Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate Migration Development Nexus A World Bank Portfolio Review with a Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa Kanta Kumari Rigaud Silke Heuser Nathalie Abu-Ata Anmol Arora September 2021 © 2021 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate Migration Development Nexus A World Bank Portfolio Review with a Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa Kanta Kumari Rigaud Silke Heuser Nathalie Abu-Ata Anmol Arora September 2021 Acknowledgments This study Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate- Migration-Development Nexus—A World Bank Portfolio Review serves as a background paper for the workstream Mainstreaming Climate Migration into Development Planning and Policy (P170862). This effort was led by Kanta Kumari Rigaud (Lead Environmental Specialist) with strategic guidance from Iain G. Shuker (Manager). In addition, the leadership and counsel of Mark R. Lundell and Simeon K. Ehui, (Regional Directors for Sustainable Development for Eastern and Southern Africa and West and Central Africa) was much appreciated. The report was written by a team led by Kanta Kumari Rigaud and included Silke Heuser, Nathalie Abu-Ata, and Anmol Arora.  The team thanks peer reviewers whose feedback helped to strengthen the content and strategic thrust of the report: David Maleki, Caroline Bahnson, Varalakshmi Vemuru, Susan Martin, and Sonia Plaza. Feedback from the regional consultations for West Africa and the Lake Victoria Basin (conducted as part of the larger work) provided a further validation of experiences and lessons from this operational review. The team thanks Yesmeana N. Butler and Esther Bea (World Bank) who provided administrative support throughout the project. The report benefited from editing by Cath Croxton and design by Owen Design Company LLC. Seyiram Kweku Contents Acknowledgments������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ii Glossary �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vi Acronyms �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������viii Foreword�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ix Executive Summary�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 1. Context and Scope �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9 1.1 Framework of Analysis������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10 1.2 Methodology and Approach ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10 1.3 A Word of Caution������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 2. Portfolio Overview Results ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 2.1 Types of Projects Reviewed����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 2.2 Lending Instruments and Engagement of Global Practices ������������������������������������������������������� 17 2.3 Scope of Interventions Supported in Migration-Focused and Development-Focused Projects �����20 3. Understanding the Project Interventions���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 3.1 Opportunities Embedded within Entry Points and Project Interventions�������������������������������������25 3.1.1 Migration-Focused Projects���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 3.1.2 Development-Focused Projects���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27 3.1.3 Opportunities for Cross-Learning and More Integrative Project Design and Delivery���������28 3.2 Cluster Intervention Types to Address Underlying Causes �������������������������������������������������������29 3.2.1 Migration-Focused Projects���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 3.2.2 Development-Focused Projects���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32 3.2.3 Leverage Intervention Areas and Activities for Sustained Outcome����������������������������������36 3.3 Proactive and Anticipatory Interventions Drive Sustainable Outcomes �������������������������������������40 3.3.1 Reactive Approaches �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40 3.3.2 Proactive Approaches�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40 3.3.3 Anticipatory Approaches������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41 3.3.4 Towards a Continuum of Approaches����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41 4. Conclusion �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43 4.1 Learning from the Portfolio�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43 4.2 Opportunities for Change �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43 4.3 Call to Action���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus iii 5. References ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47 Annex 1: List of Migration-Focused Projects �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������49 Annex 2: List of Development-Focused Projects �����������������������������������������������������������������������������55 Figures Figure ES.1 Moving from Reactive to Proactive to Anticipatory Project Activities������������������������������5 Figure 1.1. Theoretical Framework for Interventions for Mobility-Related Risks and Impacts��������� 11 Figure 2.1. Migration-Focused and Development-Focused Projects by Fiscal Year (2006-2019) ��� 16 Figure 2.2. Commitment Amounts in US$ Billion for Migration-Focused and Development- Focused Projects (2006-2019)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Figure 2.3. Regional Breakdown of Migration-focused and Development-focused Projects (2006-2019) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 Figure 2.4. Lending Instrument Breakdown by Migration-focused and Development-focused Projects (2006-2019) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 Figure 2.5. Global Practices Engagement in Migration-focused and Development-focused Projects (2006-2019) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 Figure 2.6. Number of Migration-Focused Projects by Global Practice Type (2006-2019) ������������� 21 iv Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Tables Table 1.1. Keywords and Search Terms Used for Identification of Projects that Relate to Migration-Development Nexus ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 Table 2.1 Illustrative Examples of Migration-Focused and Development-Focused Projects Supported by Global Practices������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22 Table 3.1 Types of Interventions and Project Activities in Migration-Focused Projects ���������������30 Table 3.2 �����������34 Types of Interventions and Project Activities in Development-Focused Projects Table 3.3 Priorities intervention areas in migration-focused projects and development- focused projects��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38 Table 3.4 Proactive and Anticipatory Approach Depending on Scope of Interventions ���������������39 Boxes Box ES.1 Types of Human Mobility Considered in this Study���������������������������������������������������������2 Box 2.1 Types of World Bank Lending Instruments ������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Box 3.1 Migration-Focused Projects that Integrate the Needs of the Displaced Using a Broad Suite of Adaptation Interventions (FY2017–FY2019)�����������������������������������������26 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus v Glossary Adapt in place: The cost of relocation in response Hotspot: For the purposes of this study, hotspots to adaptation can often be high. Adapt in place is are areas that will see increases or decreases the process of adjustment without relocation. in population in scenarios that consider climate impacts compared to a population projection that Climate adaptation: Process of adjustment to does not consider climate impacts. actual or expected climate change and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate Immobility: Inability to move from a place of risk or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. or choosing not to move away from a place of risk. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate change Internally displaced person (IDP): Refers to and its effects. persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of Development-focused: A project which includes habitual residence. mobile populations at the component or sub- component level. Migration-focused: A projects where the development objective directly targets Displacement: Forced removal of people mobile populations. or people obliged to flee from their places of habitual residence. Migration: A long-term physical movement of people from their usual place of residence. In Early warning system: A system that reduces demographic research and official statistics, harm and loss by disseminating warnings about it involves crossing a recognized political or hazards and vulnerabilities in a group of people administrative border. who are considered at risk. Mobility: Movement of people, including temporary Energy security: The uninterrupted availability of or long-term, short- or long-distance, voluntary, energy sources at an affordable price. or forced, and seasonal or permanent, as well as planned relocation. Gross domestic product (GDP): The monetary value of all finished goods and services made Peri-urban: An area immediately adjacent to a within a country during a specific period. city or urban area. Hazard: The potential occurrence of a natural or Planned relocation: People moved or assisted human-induced physical event or trend or physical to move permanently away from areas of impact that may cause loss of life, injury, or other environmental risks. health impacts, as well as damage and loss to property, infrastructure, livelihoods, service provision, ecosystems, and environmental resources. vi Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Rapid-onset event: Event such as cyclones Social safety nets: Refers to specific provisions and floods which take place in days or weeks (in or programs that are designed to protect contrast to slow-onset climate changes that occur vulnerable people from the adverse impacts of over long periods of time). crises or shocks. Remittance: The money or goods that Transhumance: A form of pastoralism or migrants send back to families and friends nomadism which involves moving livestock in origin countries. to accommodate seasonal changes and the agricultural cycle. Resilience: Capacity of social, economic, and environmental systems to cope with a Vulnerability: Propensity or predisposition to be hazardous event, trend, or disturbance by adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain a variety of concepts and elements including their essential function, identity, and structure sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of while maintaining the capacity for adaptation, capacity to cope and adapt. learning, and transformation. Slow-onset climate change: Changes in climate parameters—such as temperature, precipitation, and associated impacts, including water availability and crop production declines—that occur over long periods of time. This is in contrast to rapid-onset climate hazards, such as cyclones and floods, which take place in days or weeks. Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus vii Acronyms APL Adaptable Program Loan IDP Internally displaced person CDD Community-driven development IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on DPF Development Policy Finance Climate Change DPL Development Policy Loan IPF Investment Project Financing DRC Democratic Republic of Congo LVB Lake Victoria Basin EAP East Asia and Pacific Region MGCS Mancomunidad Gran Ciudad del Sur ECA Europe and Central Asia Region MIS Management information system ERL Emergency Recovery Loan MNR Middle East and North Africa Region FATA Federally Administered Tribal Area NRM Natural resource management FCR Fragility crises response PDO Project development objective FCV Fragility, conflict, and violence PforRs Program for Results FY Fiscal year SAR South Asia Region GDP Gross domestic product SIL Specific Investment Loan GP Global Practice SLM Sustainable Land Management HOA Horn of Africa SSNRMP Sudan Sustainable Natural Resources Management Project IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development UN United Nations ICT Information and communications UNFCCC UN Framework Convention technology on Climate Change IDA International Development Association UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees viii Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Foreword Climate change is widely recognized as an support from development, humanitarian, and important driver of migration dynamics. The World security agencies. The World Bank has played an Bank’s flagship report Groundswell: Preparing for integral role in development and support activities Internal Climate Migration predicts that up to 86 catering to migrants, refugees, displaced people, million people in Sub-Saharan could be forced to and the host-communities worldwide. A range of move within their own countries by 2050 due to instruments, activities and partnerships have been climate change. The impacts of climate change developed to meet this challenge. influence people to move due to water stress, reduced crop yields, and sea level rise, working This report sets out an expansive portfolio review alongside social, economic and political factors. of the design features of 165 World Bank projects. This is the first exercise to examine a large pool of The Groundswell Africa series, with expanded World Bank projects that operate at the climate- analysis on West Africa and the Lake Victoria migration-development nexus, with an eye on future Basin, reaffirms the potency of climate change challenges, complexities and uncertainties that may as a driver of migration within countries. The arise. It attempts to look inwards and these reflect emergence of climate migration hotspots will on the design features of World Bank projects to have consequences for climate sensitive sectors, seek improvements, efficiencies, and learnings. It like agriculture and water, as well as urban draws out lessons from the World Bank’s wealth infrastructure and social support systems. of experience and engagement on the climate- migration-development nexus with this issue and Concerted climate and development action could ultimately challenges practitioners to usher a new reduce these numbers significantly. While the onus era of projects in which innovation, partnerships, to reduce, avert, and minimize distress-driven and dynamism are at the core of delivering green, mobility falls on national actors, they must receive inclusive, and resilient development. Mark Lundell Simeon Ehui Regional Director Sustainable Development Regional Director Sustainable Development Africa East and South Africa West and Central World Bank World Bank Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus ix Climate change is emerging as a potent driver of mobility-immobility dynamics, and it carries wider development implications that cannot be ignored. x Omotayo TajudeenExperiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Operational Executive Summary This portfolio review examines the design features of World Bank interventions operating at the intersection of climate- migration-development with the aim to draw actionable insights and recommendations. The review identifies 165 projects against a set of mobility-related keywords with commitments totaling to US$197.5 billion for the period from 2006 to 2019 classified into two thematic The review underscores categories: migration-focused projects that cater the wealth of good specifically to migrants, refugees, displaced, or practice that can inform the host-communities as their beneficiaries; and projects to innovate and development focused projects which have a devise more integrative broader remit but include within its components a focus on mobility. The Inter-Governmental Panel solution by sharpening of Climate Change (IPCC) risk framework is used to attention to underlying assess how project interventions can be effective causes of migration along and deliver durable outcomes—through cross- with immediate and learning across the two categories of projects. urgent needs of the Climate change is emerging as a potent stakeholders; and where driver of mobility-immobility dynamics, and possible to design it carries wider development implications interventions that are that cannot be ignored. The World Bank proactive in anticipating flagship report Groundswell: Preparing for Internal future climate risks from Climate Migration (Rigaud et al. 2018) projects that by 2050 just over 143 million people across slow- and rapid-onset Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South climate impacts. Asia could be forced to move within their own countries to escape the slow onset impacts of climate change. Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 1 Box ES.1 Types of Human Mobility Considered in this Study The Conference of the Parties (COP21), under This portfolio review paper draws upon this the United Nations Framework Convention on terminology and applies the term migration to Climate Change (UNFCCC), in adopting the Cancún refer to the abovementioned forms of human Adaptation Framework, noted three forms of mobility in the context of climate change, while mobility that could arise as a consequence of the also considering non-climate drivers. adverse impacts of climate change: displacement, migration and planned relocation. Displacement Migration1 Planned relocation Displacement refers to reactive Migration refers to Planned relocation is part of an movements that occur because movements in anticipation adaptive strategy that includes of acute natural hazards such of worsening conditions preventative or remedial as cyclones or flood peaks that because of climate change or measures generally employed have become more frequent as other drivers. by individual states and used a result of climate change. on an exceptional basis. 1 UNFCCC https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf#page=4 2006 US$197.5 BILLION PROJECTS -2019 commitments Migration-focused projects Development-focused projects f directly targeting mobile f broad approach targeting populations or host-communities environment, land management, f proximate and urgent needs livelihoods, and climate adaptation and resilience f do not directly engage with climate response measures f near- and long-term needs f migrants supported as sub-groups 2 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus These trends, alongside the emergence of ‘hotspots’ of climate in- and out-migration, will impact climate-sensitive sectors, urban infrastructure, and social support systems. There is an urgent need to better understand how the climate-migration-development nexus has been approached by World Bank interventions in Without concrete the past with the aim to become more effective and durable across spatial and temporal scales. climate and development action, as many as 86 Early planning and preparation, including million people in Sub- through well designed projects that apply Saharan Africa could be integrative and far-sighted project becomes compelled to move within increasingly important. This process entails scrutiny of entry points for cross-learnings, their countries by 2050, as strategic selection of areas of interventions, focus a consequence of slow- on the underlying drivers of migration and a shift onset climate factors. towards anticipatory approaches. The overarching focus of this portfolio review is to examine and draw actionable insights from the design features of World Bank Groundswell II (Acting on Internal Climate projects operating at the climate-migration- Migration) extended the analysis to three development nexus between 2006-2019. additional regions: East Asia and the Pacific, It applies a reflective lens, leveraging the Inter- North Africa, and Eastern Europe and Central Governmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) risk Asia, putting the global figure for the six regions framework, to render how projects can become as 216 million (Clement et al. 2021). more effective and durable across spatial and temporal scales. The learnings from the portfolio of Sub-Saharan Africa with a projection of projects proves instructive as we seek to address as many as 86 million internal migrants by future challenges, complexities and uncertainties 2050 will be the highest across the regions. that arise particularly from slow- and rapid- The Groundswell Africa series, with expanded onset climate impacts and influence mobility and analysis on West Africa and the Lake Victoria immobility dynamics in the near and long-term. Basin (Rigaud et al. 2021a, Rigaud et al. 2021b), reaffirms the potency of climate-induced migration patterns and trends within countries. Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 3 The projects reviewed by this study were Between 2006 and 2015, 40 percent of identified through the Business Intelligence the projects were migration-focused (67 (BI) portals and the World Bank’s Image projects) while 60 percent (98 projects) were Bank.1 The study applied 31 search terms development-focused. However, from 2017 to identify and analyze a portfolio of projects onwards, there was a spike in migration-focused extending over a 13-year period. The projects projects which made the distribution between selected covered all the World Bank regions, with the two thematic categories of projects more a special focus on Africa. The study benefited balanced. This spike coincided with the creation from consultation with World Bank task teams. In of the fragility crises response (FCR) window addition, the IPCC risk framework was adapted to under International Development Association understand how exposure and vulnerability can (IDA)18, and the work on the fragility conflict and be reduced with respect to climate risks. violence (FCV) agenda in the World Bank. This also coincided with greater media attention to the A total of 165 projects were identified topic, country demand, and the growing body against a set of mobility-related keywords of analytical work—including at the World Bank. with commitments amounting to US$197.5 These developments can, in part, be traced to a billion for the period from 2006 to 2019. This surge in violent conflicts in the past 30 years (UN process saw the classification of projects into two and World Bank 2018) and record high number of broad thematic categories: forced displacement (UNHCR 2019). 1. Migration-focused projects The average financing for migration-focused projects is higher than the development- 2. Development-focused projects. focused projects, at US$157 million and US$101 million, respectively. However, the Migration-focused projects directly target average cost of migration-focused projects at mobile populations and host communities US$157 million was 50 percent larger compared as their beneficiary. Development-focused to the development-focused projects which projects include mobile populations at the stood at US$101 million. The financial range component or sub-component level. of migration-focused projects (US$3 million to US$1 billion) was much higher in comparison to development-focused projects at (US$1million to US$600 million). The main lending instrument in migration-focused project was Investment Project Financing (IPF) at six percent. 1 The search was conducted on the World Bank’s Image Bank and Business Intelligence (BI) Portals. Image Bank is a repository for World Bank reports and allows for full-text searches of project documents, and the BI Portal represents a repository of all projects-related information, including objectives and components 4 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Figure ES.1 Moving from Reactive to Proactive to Anticipatory Project Activities Migration-focused projects Anticipatory Reactive Proactive (policies, systems) caters to immediate supports mobile Addresses future and often survival populations become needs and need resilient emergencies Development-focused projects Africa had the largest share of projects in Key Takeaways both portfolios. There were 52 development- focused projects and 30 migration-focused Overall, there are three key observations projects. The other regions (East Asia and Pacific noted by this portfolio review that can guide (EAP), Latin America and Caribbean and South future World Bank interventions in the climate- Asia) also had a higher number of development- migration-development nexus. These are: focused projects than migration-focused projects. Development-focused projects, with their broader • Incorporate cross-learning between suite of interventions, as would be expected, saw migration- and development-focused engagement from a higher number of Global projects and their key entry points Practices (GP)2 in comparison to migration- to leverage more holistic and integrative focused projects. The Social, Urban, Rural and outcomes. Resilience GP, Social Protection & Jobs GP, and the Agriculture and Food GP had the highest level • Sharpen the common instruments and of engagement in migration-focused projects. interventions used by both project types to address the underlying drivers of migration. • Ensure the design and approach of interventions for both project types moves from reactive, to proactive, and anticipatory approach to achieve more durable and sustainable outcomes. 2 World Bank experts are organized across teams of global practices and global challenge areas. They work in concert with country-based staff, IFC, MIGA, and country partners to prioritize the Bank Group’s program of financial, analytical, advisory, and convening support. Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 5 Entry Points and Cross-Learning Sharpening Common Instruments and Interventions The contrasting entry points for the migration-focused and development- The key instruments and interventions used focused projects provide an opportunity by migration-focused and development- for cross-learning and integrative action. focused projects are similar and can be The entry point for migration-focused projects is clustered under four main themes. These are: migrants, the displaced, or refugees. In contrast, the entry point for development-focused projects 1. Social protection measures are the activities that help communities adapt to climate change, rehabilitate and enhance 2. Livelihood strengthening environmental management, and be better prepared to respond to future disasters. Migrant 3. Institutional strengthening, and populations are not the primary beneficiaries of the development-focused projects. 4. Capacity building including legal support. The entry points of projects can be Migration-focused projects are usually sharpened. Migration-focused projects that designed to respond to more immediate address the proximate needs of the migrants and and urgent situations compared to displaced could (where context and feasibility development-focused projects which allow) attempt to explore underlying factors as tend to focus on the longer-term needs their entry points for sustainable interventions. of a community. Migration-focused projects Similarly, development-focused projects could aim to increase the resilience of mobile expand and integrate migrants and host populations by strengthening their livelihoods communities in their project designs for more and providing emergency assistance where socially cohesive outcomes between hosts and needed. Development-focused projects include migrant communities. In addition, attention to the interventions and activities that take a far- vulnerabilities of migrant and displaced populations sighted view to managing climate risks, while could avert social tensions and conflicts. also addressing near-term needs. Sharpening these interventions so that they also address the underlying causes and factors of migration will help the World Bank increase resilience of the affected population. 6 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Moving from Reactive to Proactive to Anticipatory It is critical that project design shift from a reactive, to a proactive, and ultimately an anticipatory design towards more sustainable and durable outcomes. Across the portfolios, the project activities (depending on The entry point for the nature of the design) can be: (1) reactive; (2) migration-focused proactive; or (3) anticipatory. A reactive approach caters to the immediate and often survival need projects is migrants, the of the displaced, while a proactive approach displaced, or refugees. helps mobile populations become resilient. An In contrast, the entry anticipatory approach puts in place immediate point for development- systems that create solutions for evolving future focused projects are needs and emergencies. Both migration-focused and development-focused projects employ a the activities that help range of activities, which while similar in nature, communities adapt have differences in design that can help shift the to climate change, response from reactive to proactive and ultimately rehabilitate the towards being anticipatory. environment, and In Conclusion be better prepared to respond to This portfolio review provides an important future disasters. approach to better understand the design of World Bank interventions operating at the climate-migration-development nexus. It critically examines these interventions and offers crucial insights and practical ideas to with slow- and rapid-onset climate risks. It reduce exposure and vulnerability of mobile and also demonstrates the effectiveness of past host communities. It chalks out a way for future interventions to enhance climate resilience and projects to become more innovative, efficient offers an opportunity to further shape mobility and effective to improve the management of and immobility dynamics into a positive force for the uncertainties and complexities associated the benefit of vulnerable communities. Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 7 The impacts of climate change on agriculture and food, water, and energy security could translate into significant migration pressures and heightened conflict risks, with economic impacts across many regions Hanna Morris 1. Context and Scope Climate change is emerging as a potent stress, crops, net primary productivity losses driver of internal migration. The World Bank and rises in sea level. Generally, areas that see flagship report Groundswell: Preparing for positive deviations in water and crop productivity Internal Climate Migration (Rigaud et al. 2018) experience more in-migration, as reflected projects that by 2050, without concrete climate through spatial population distribution shifts. and development action, just over 143 million people—or around three percent of the population The impacts of climate change on across Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and agriculture and food, water, and energy South Asia—could be forced to move within their security could translate into significant own countries to escape the slow-onset impacts migration pressures and heightened conflict of climate change. The report found that climate risks, with economic impacts across many migrants will move from less viable locations regions (Farid et al. 2016). Migration, as to areas that are better placed to support their the human face of climate change, cannot be livelihoods. Reasons for moving will include lower separated from development especially in regions water availability and crop productivity, and rising where lives, livelihoods, and the economy are sea levels and storm surges. The poorest and integrally linked with climate sensitive sectors. most climate-vulnerable areas will be hardest hit. The potential gross domestic product (GDP) These trends, alongside the emergence of climate and growth impacts, for both developing and in- and out-migration hotspots, will have major advanced economies, are not considered in implications for climate-sensitive sectors and for standard models of the economic effects of the adequacy of urban infrastructure and social climate change. Climate shocks and stresses can support systems in both rural and urban areas. trigger conflict (Chen 2019) and climate risks are known to have a multiplier effect in reinforcing Migration in much of Africa is driven by existing conflicts (Mayoral 2012). In 2019, some of various economic, social, religious, political, the most acute food crises were linked to climate environmental, and now, increasingly, shocks and conflict.3 Unattended, climate impacts climate ‘push and pull’ factors. Climate will continue to deepen existing vulnerabilities and change is increasingly a driver of internal climate lower capacities, leading to poverty and enhanced migration acting through its impacts on water fragility, conflict, and violence. 3 See: https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2020/11/5fbf73384/climate-change-defining-crisis-time-particularly-impacts-displaced.html Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 9 While some level of climate-induced migration (Figure 1.1). The list of interventions presented in cannot be avoided due to the lock-in of the framework are illustrative and do not represent climate effects of past emissions, the future the full range of activities in the World Bank or trajectories of climate migration are not wider portfolio. predetermined. Concerted action on climate change mitigation, together with inclusive and A range of natural hazards (such as slow- resilient development policies that embed climate or rapid-onset events), conflicts, soil migration into policy and planning, could help to degradation and the over exploitation of substantially reduce the number of internal climate natural resources may further drive the migrants (Rigaud et al. 2018). This highlights the risk of mobility. These risks include internal need for targeted investments to manage the reality displacement, forced migration, entrapment, cross- of climate migration along each phase of its life cycle border migration, or return-migration. Development (before, during, and after moving) while taking a and humanitarian projects support activities to longer-term view to the issues by integrating climate reduce the exposure and vulnerability to such risks. migration into national development plans and policy. Examples of these activities include putting in place early warning systems, skills training in climate This portfolio review set out to learn from adaptation and disaster prevention, employment the operational experience of the World services for migrants or refugees, food assistance, Bank’s migration related portfolio to livelihood programs, and social safety nets. better inform project and program design, planning, and policy on issues relevant to 1.2 Methodology and Approach the climate-migration-development nexus. What was revealed was a clear opportunity to The review used a set of search terms to explore cross-learning and synergies across identify mobility-related projects from the migration-focused and development-focused portfolio of World Bank projects extending projects. With the window of opportunity to over 13 years from 2006 to 2019. A total of 30 keep warming levels to below 2°C narrowing, terms and their variations were used to screen and consequent slow- and rapid-onset climate the portfolio. This included terms: (1) related to impacts intensifying and influencing mobility and migration (such as displaced, internally displaced immobility dynamics, learning from successful person (IDP), refugee, transhuman, mobility); projects can be instructive as we address future (2) to capture both the individual or individuals challenges, complexities, and uncertainties. concerned with mobility (migrant, refugee); (3) livelihoods (pastoral, transhumance); (4) coping 1.1 Framework of Analysis and response mechanisms (remittances, rehouse, relocate); and (5) other related terms (Table 1.1). To analyze mobility-related projects, the While not comprehensive, this set of keywords IPCC risk framework was adapted to provides a way to capture a wide enough range of understand how exposure and vulnerability projects to support a substantive analysis. can be reduced with respect to climate risks 10 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Figure 1.1. Theoretical Framework for Interventions for Mobility-Related Risks and Impacts Hazards Risks/Impacts Interventions to Reduced reduce exposure Vulnerability Slow onset & rapid Internal displacement Early warning systems Increased onset disaster remittances Forced migration Regional Climate Conflict Secretariat Portable insurance Entrapment Crises Incentives for Protection of Cross-border voluntary relocation workers’ right Soil degradation migration Skills training Affordable housing Economic Return migration opportunities in cites Employment services Disaster Legal advice preparedness Information Food assistance Livelihoods programs Safety nets Source: Adapted from the IPCC framework (2014) for assessing and managing the risks of climate change and activity from the portfolio review of this report. Seyiram Kweku Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 11 The selected portfolio of mobility-related resilience while addressing migration or migrants projects was assessed using a qualitative as one of the target groups. Both cluster of software program called Atlas.ti. 4 The projects were subject to text analysis guided by projects were divided into two clusters: the following questions: (1) migration-focused5 projects which have a distinct focus on migration and migrants; and • What are the range of interventions designed (2) development-focused projects that have a in the projects? broader remit focusing on development and • Do the projects address the short-term (emergent and urgent) needs of the displaced and migrant groups? Table 1.1. Keywords and Search Terms Used for Identification of Projects that Relate to Migration-Development Nexus Keyword Search diaspora adaptive capacity refugee (environmental) exodus emigration rehouse population livelihood labor (migration) immigration shelter settle* inundate frag* fish* evacuation “left behind” relocate* (relocated, relocation) rural-urban conflict land use change disaster move* (move, movement) - freedom of remit* (remit, remittances, remitting) displace* (displacement, displaced, displace, migra* (migrant, migration, migrate, migratory)— internally displaced persons—IDP) facilitated/forced/voluntary/internal/outmigration transhuman* (transhumance, transhumanism) pastoral* (pastoralist, pastoralism) trap* (trapped, entrapment, mobil* (mobile, mobility, immobile, involuntary entrapment) immobility, voluntary immobility) 4 See: https://atlasti.com/ 5 The term migrant-focused or migration-focused is used interchangeably to refer to a project wherein the project development objective directly targeted different arrays of mobile populations. 12 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus • Do the projects address or deploy longer-term 1.3 A Word of Caution risk management strategies? The assessment of the design features of • To what extent do the interventions address interventions does not offer judgment or the underlying causes of migration, including criticism of the past and ongoing World Bank climate change? projects. Instead, it uses a reflective lens through the risk framework (Figure 1.1) and a set of guiding • What is the cross-learning from these projects questions to render how migration-related projects that can lead to better informed and more could, by consideration of some questions upfront, durable outcomes? deliver more effective and durable outcomes. The analysis does not seek to establish causal links Project interventions were assessed with on the drivers of mobility or causal linkages with respect to mobility-related risks and impacts: conflict or climate change and different forms of (1) mobility features in the context of hazards and mobility. In addition, the assessment does not impacts; (2) type of interventions to reduce exposure intend to downplay the role of crisis response. to hazards and or impacts; and (3) viability of However, it does challenge practitioners to explore these interventions to reduce vulnerability (across opportunities for interventions that could enable a spatial and temporal scales) (Figure 1.1). All more holistic response in mobility-related projects project documents were coded and reviewed, that could subsequently reduce vulnerability or and project examples are used to support and recurrent state of crises. illustrate the argument in each sub-section. Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 13 Both migration- and development-focused projects offer a broad spectrum of solutions to address climate risks by reducing exposure and vulnerability of mobile populations and host communities. 14 Operational Carles Martinez Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 2. Portfolio Overview Results The review was confined to approved and adapt in place and development completed World Bank projects between interventions. Planned relocation projects 2006 and 2019. A list of all the projects is provided were also included to this category as in in Annexes 1 and 2. Several projects (88 percent) the context of this study the ‘planned and referred to climate change and had components voluntary’ nature of these projects was in line and interventions to address its impacts. with the broader development remit. 2.1 Types of Projects Reviewed There were 67 migration-focused projects (40 percent) and 98 development-focused Categories of projects projects (60 percent). In the migration-focused projects, the project objectives addressed Migration-focused projects: Projects the needs of mobile populations. These were where the development objective identified by words such as migrants, refugee, directly targeted mobile populations with host community, or by referring to vulnerable migrants, refugees, displaced, or the host- populations or beneficiaries, and then specifying in communities as their beneficiaries. In this the document that vulnerable populations consisted case, the term migrant was used liberally of migrants, refugees, and host communities. to cover the human face of mobility as In contrast, the development-focused projects the entry point to its project development addressed underlying factors to drive more objective (PDO). sustainable outcomes in relation to environmental aspects, land management, and livelihoods, and Development-focused projects: had one or more of the project’s activities or sub- Projects where the overall development activities addressing the mobility issues. objective took a broader approach to addressing near-term and underlying Rural farmers or urban low-wage workers factors in relation to environmental issues, were the most prominent occupational land management and livelihoods. This groups among mobile populations and their included climate adaptation and resilience host communities in project documents. and support to migrants at component Project documents listed farmers and pastoralists or sub-component level. These projects addressed migration through enhanced Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 15 in Africa, farmers and fishers in Sri Lanka, and projects. The spike in 2017 onwards of a migration- small-scale entrepreneurs in Azerbaijan, China, related portfolio coincided with the creation of the the regional Djibouti, Ethiopia and Uganda project, FCR window under IDA186 and the work on the FCV Kenya, and Nigeria. agenda in the World Bank. Until 2015, the share of migration-focused The total share of financing across the two projects was smaller compared to types of projects was equally distributed, development-focused projects (Figure 2.1). but the average size of a migration-focused Since 2016 (through to 2019), there was a more project (US$157 million) was 50 percent larger balanced representation across the two types of compared to a development-focused project (US$101 million) (Figure 2.2). Both types of projects had a wide range in financing, with migration- Figure 2.1. Migration-Focused and Development-Focused Projects by Fiscal Year (2006-2019) 40 35 30 17 20 Number of Projects 25 20 15 15 10 21 2 15 7 11 5 5 2 2 5 5 5 5 7 4 3 0 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Migration-focused Development-focused 6 The IDA is the part of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries. IDA is one of the largest sources of assistance for the world’s 74 poorest countries and is the single largest source of donor funds for basic social services in these countries. IDA lends money on concessional terms. This means that IDA credits have a zero or very low interest charge and repayments are stretched over 30 to 40 years, including a 5- to 10-year grace period. IDA also provides grants to countries at risk of debt distress. 16 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Figure 2.2. Commitment Amounts in US$ Billion for Migration-Focused and Development- Focused Projects (2006-2019) 47% 53% Migration-focused Development-focused Total spend - 53% (US$105b) Total spend - 47% (US$92b) Average - US$157m Average - US$101m Range - US$3m-US$1.5b Range - US$1m-US$600m focused projects having a wider range (US$3million MNA. While the SAR regions showed similarly high to US$1.5 billion)—reflecting ‘crises response’ at migration-focused projects driven by acute migration large scale. Development-focused projects had a and refugee crises. range spanning US$1 million to US$600 million. 2.2 Lending Instruments and While all regions were represented in the Engagement of Global Practices portfolio, the largest number of migration- focused projects and development-focused A range of lending instruments was projects were in the Africa region (Figure 2.3). represented in the portfolio, but Investment In addition, there were a larger number of Project Financing (IPF) accounted for the development-focused projects in the Africa region. majority (65 percent) (Box 2.1). This was followed This was also true for the East Asia and Pacific by Specific Investment Loans (SILs) with a much Region (EAP), and in the Latin American and lower percentage of 16. Other instruments showed Caribbean Region. In the other three regions—the much smaller numbers (Figure 2.4). Between 2006 Middle East and North Africa Region (MNA), the and 2016, lending instruments for migration-related South Asia Region (SAR), and the Eastern Europe projects consisted of Adaptable Program Loans and Central Asia (ECA) regions—migration-focused (APLs), Emergency Recovery Loans (ERLs), IPFs, projects had slightly larger shares. The relatively large and SILs. However, the last three years saw the share of migration-focused projects (30) in Sub- emergence of Development Policy Loans (DPLs) Saharan Africa region reflected the refugee crises in and Program for Results (PforRs), which were fewer Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and in numbers, but with higher financing per project. Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 17 Box 2.1 Types of World Bank Lending Instruments Investment Project Financing Development Policy Adaptable Programme Loans (IPF) provides International Financing (DPF) provides (APLs) the simultaneous piloting Bank for Reconstruction and IBRD loans, IDA credit or grant of a variety of interventions Development (IBRD) loan, IDA and guarantees budget support to determine the most cost- credit or grant and guarantees to governments or a political effective approach and the use financing to governments subdivision for a program of of monitoring and evaluation for activities that create the policy and institutional actions to data to inform decisions in the physical and social infrastructure help achieve sustainable, shared field—both hallmarks of an necessary to reduce poverty and growth and poverty reduction. adaptive approach. create sustainable development. Program-for-Results (PforRs) Specific Investment Loans Emergency Recovery Loans links disbursement of funds (SILs) support the creation, (ERLs) support the renewal directly to the delivery of defined rehabilitation, and maintenance of assets and production results, helping countries improve of economic, social, and levels immediately after an the design and implementation of institutional infrastructure. extraordinary event—such as their own development programs war, civil disturbance, or natural and achieve lasting results by disaster that seriously disrupts a strengthening institutions and borrowers economy. building capacity. Source: Products and Services World Bank https://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/products-and-services#IPF 18 Keegan Checks Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Operational Figure 2.3. Regional Breakdown of Migration-focused and Development-focused Projects (2006-2019) 90 80 17 70 20 Number of Projects 60 52 50 15 40 30 21 20 7 9 30 17 10 4 15 12 8 6 0 3 1 AFR MNA SAR EAP ECA LCR Regions Migration-focused Development-focused Figure 2.4. Lending Instrument Breakdown by Migration-focused and Development-focused Projects (2006-2019) 120 100 Number of Projects 80 59 60 40 49 20 20 7 6 2 4 7 3 4 4 0 IPF SIL ERL DPL PforR APL Lending instruments Migration-focused Development-focused Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 19 Development-focused projects, given Environment & Natural Resources GP, the Health, their wider ambit and thematic diversity, Nutrition & Population GP, the Water GP, the showed a higher number of GP engagement Finance, Competitiveness, and Innovation GP, and compared to migration-focused projects the Macroeconomics, Trade, and Investment GP. (Figure 2.5). The spike in migration-focused engagement after 2015 by GPs can be partly 2.3 Scope of Interventions Supported in explained by the corporate focus on migration Migration-Focused and Development- under IDA18 and IDA19 and the nature of crises. Focused Projects Not surprisingly, the Social, Urban, Rural The expansion in the number of GPs and Resilience GP, Social Protection & Jobs engaged in migration-focused and GP, and the Agriculture and Food GP had the development-focused projects in recent highest level of engagement in migration- years reflects attention to and engagement focused projects due to the focus on social with a broader set of development issues safety nets, social resilience, and food related to mobility. These projects not only security (Figure 2.6). This was followed by provide host communities and migrants with access to basic services, food provision and improved health care services, but also extend Figure 2.5. Global Practices Engagement in Migration-focused and Development-focused Projects (2006-2019) 9 9 9 Number of Global Practices Engaged 8 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Fiscal Year Migration-focused Development-focused 20 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Figure 2.6. Number of Migration-Focused Projects by Global Practice Type (2006-2019) Poverty and Equity 1 Statistical Capacity Building 1 Energy & Extractives 1 Global Practice and Global Themes Climate Change 1 Transport & ICT 2 Governance 2 Education 2 Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment 6 Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation 6 Water 7 Health, Nutrition & Population 7 Environment & Natural Resources 14 Agriculture and Food 23 Social Protection & Jobs 40 Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice 52 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Number of migration-focused projects to education, access to water and electricity Both migration- and development-focused (Table 2.1). Diversification of livelihoods and projects offer a broad spectrum of solutions job creation are important activities as well. A to address climate risks by reducing exposure project in Rwanda (P164130) facilitated socio- and vulnerability of mobile populations and economic inclusion of refugees and host host communities (Table 2.1). For example, we communities by improving access to basic see that migration-focused projects use instruments services and economic opportunities, as well such as: (1) socio-economic inclusion of refugees as environmental management. A project in and host communities in Rwanda, West Africa, and Zambia (P163732) increased access to rural water Turkey; (2) rural enterprise in Djibouti; (3) cash transfer supply and sanitation services, strengthened the programs in Colombia; and (4) service delivery and capacity of select sector institutions and enabled employability in Uganda and Central African Republic. sustained service delivery for host communities Meanwhile, development-focused projects include: and refugees. Non-traditional GPs (such as the (1) livelihood resilience in Kenya and Uganda; (2) Governance and Poverty and Equity GP) financed access to assets, services, and markets in West identification cards for migrants and statistical Africa, Ethiopia, and Vietnam; and (3) social protection capacity of countries to register migrants and and foster education ecosystems in China and Mali. IDPs, to improve the targeting of social services. These projects serve refugees, host communities, pastoralists, farmers, IDPs, poor, and public sector institutions against multiple hazards. Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 21 Table 2.1 Illustrative Examples of Migration-Focused and Development-Focused Projects Supported by Global Practices Global Practice Project Name Scope of the Project Project Jordan Emergency Support the Government of Jordan in maintaining the delivery of Health Project Additional primary and secondary health services to poor uninsured Jordanians Financing (Migration- and Syrian refugees at the Ministry of Health facilities. focused) Health, Nutrition & Population Support for the Second The proposed project would finance Colombia’s conditional cash Phase of the Expansion transfer program, Familias, which was expanded during 2007 to of the Program of cover about 1.7 million poor families (including about 250,000 Social Protection Conditional Transfers- displaced families). and Labor Familias en Acción Project (Migration-focused) The principal project development objectives are: (1) complement the income of poor families with minors under 18 (SISBEN level 1 and the displaced); (2) promote human capital formation of poor children by increasing regular check-ups, including growth monitoring, and vaccinations and by increasing enrollment and school attendance (basic and secondary education); (3) strengthen program quality. Employment Support Improve the employability of Syrians under Temporary Protection Project for Syrians Under (“SuTP”) as well as Turkish citizens residing in selected localities. Temporary Protection Social Protection and Turkish Citizens and Jobs (Migration-focused) Yemen Emergency Crisis Providing short-term employment and access to selected basic Response Project services to the most vulnerable; preserving existing implementation capacity of two service delivery programs and providing emergency Yemen Fourth Additional cash transfers to poor and vulnerable IDPs in Yemen in response to Financing (P170241) the food crisis. (Migration-focused) Kenya and Uganda The objectives of the project are to enhance livelihood resilience (Regional Pastoral of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in cross-border drought Livelihoods Resilience prone areas of selected countries and improve the capacity of the Project) (Migration-focused) selected countries’ governments to respond promptly and effectively Agriculture and to an eligible Crisis or emergency. Food India (Tamil Nadu Rural The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to promote rural Transformation Project) enterprises, access to finance, and employment opportunities in (Development-focused) selected blocks of Tamil Nadu. West Africa (Regional The PDO is to improve access to essential productive assets, Sahel Pastoralism Support services, and markets for pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in Project) (Development- selected trans-border areas and along transhumance axes across focused) six Sahel countries and strengthen country capacities to respond promptly and effectively to pastoral crises or emergencies. Mali Rural Electrification Fostering inclusive growth; supporting pro-poor (decentralized) Program (Development- transfers and social protection. focused) Djibouti Sustainable Increasing access to electricity to reduce rural urban migration. Energy and Electrification Program Extractives (Development-focused) 22 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Global Practice Project Name Scope of the Project Project Jordan Education Reform The development objective of this Education Reform Support PforRs Support Program is to expand access to early childhood education, and to improve (Migration-focused) student assessment and teaching and learning conditions for Jordanian children and Syrian refugee children. Education China Gansu Technical and Improving the quality and relevance of vocational schools in Gansu, Vocational Education and China, and strengthening the school and industry linkage while also Training Project (P154623) improving access to these schools for migrants. (Development-focused) Sudan Sustainable Natural Financing community-based sustainable management of rangelands, Resources Management forests, and biodiversity for IDPs and the host communities in Sudan. Project (SSNRMP). (Development-focused) Environment & Natural Resources Lebanon Creating Improving economic opportunities for targeted beneficiaries Economic Opportunities in Lebanon. – Lebanon National Jobs Program (P163576) Finance, (Migration-focused) Competitiveness, and Innovation Jordan Second Arresting the accumulation of fuel, health, and water-sector arrears Equitable Growth & Job while continuing to support Syrian refugees in Jordan by creating Creation Programmatic more flexible and integrated labor markets and providing better and Development Policy more efficient social assistance. Macroeconomics, Financing (DPF) (P168130) Trade, and (Migration-focused) Investment Djibouti Public Developing an e-ID system to improve services for migrants. Administration Modernization Project (P162904) (Development- Governance focused) Republic of Congo Strengthening the National Statistical System in the production and Additional Financing dissemination of timely and robust statistics relevant for policies (RoC) Statistics Capacity and decision-making and promoting the demand for statistical Building Project (P162345) information to better serve the large number of IDPs within Congo. Poverty and Equity (Development-focused) Samoa Enhanced Road Restoring key road sector assets damaged by extreme weather Access Project Additional events in the island of Samoa and relocating people (residential Financing (P165943) structures) away from the coast. (Development-focused) Transport & Information Communications Technology (ICT) Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 23 Migration-focused and development-focused projects are increasingly seen to adopt more integrative project designs—especially where the data and information allows them to do so. There is a real opportunity for cross-learning across these portfolios. 24 Spratt Annie Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 3. Understanding the Project Interventions 3.1 Opportunities Embedded within Entry between 2017 and 2019 reflected a broader Points and Project Interventions suite of entry points. These included provision of education (such as schools for refugees and host communities, vocational education in Rwanda MESSAGE 1: and Congo), services (such as access to water, While the entry point for and roads connecting communities to markets in Uganda and Beirut), social safety nets (Chad and migration-focused and Iraq), and enhanced livelihood strategies (Ethiopia development-focused and Jordan) for both refugee and host communities. projects are distinct and This was the case in 16 of 47 projects during that important, there are period. Some examples are laid out in Box 3.1. opportunities for cross- A small number of projects facilitated and learning to leverage more strengthened migration ecosystems in holistic and integrative response to climate impacts and risks. For outcomes. instance, fiscal 2015 Regional Sahel Pastoralism Support Project for the countries of Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal 3.1.1 Migration-Focused Projects (P147674), supported trans-boundary migration as an adaptation strategy for pastoralists threatened The entry point of migration-focused projects by droughts and conflict. This was done by is migrants, the displaced, or refugees. Of the providing: (1) improved sub-regional infrastructure 67 migration-focused projects reviewed, 59 were for migration corridors; (2) markets for regional designed in response to crises and conflicts and trade in livestock products; (3) shared water points catered specifically to the abovementioned groups. for livestock and people; (4) building capacity for These projects undertook provisions that catered regional collaboration; and (5) coordination to to the specific needs of migrants such as food prevent and manage shocks affecting livestock, and nutrition service (Ethiopia), set up ID systems including drought and disease. for migrants (Djibouti), emergency response for basic provisions (Yemen) and essential health care (Jordan). Migration-focused projects approved Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 25 Box 3.1 Migration-Focused Projects that Integrate the Needs of the Displaced Using a Broad Suite of Adaptation Interventions (FY2017–FY2019) Lowlands Livelihood Socio-economic Inclusion Development Response to Resilience of Refugees & Host Displacement Impacts Project Communities in Rwanda in the Horn of Africa (HOA) Project: (P164336) FY2019 Ethiopia Project (P164130) Project: (P164101) Cost: US$350 million FY2019 Rwanda FY2019 Uganda Objective: to improve livelihood Cost: US$60 million Cost: US$150 million resilience of pastoral and agro-pastoral Objective: to improve access to basic Objective: to improve access to basic communities in Ethiopia. services and economic opportunities social services, expand economic for refugees and host communities, and opportunities, and enhance environmental support environmental management, in management for communities hosting The project was designed to actively the target areas in Rwanda. refugees in the target areas of Djibouti, engage with the dynamic nature of Ethiopia, and Uganda. the Lowlands, recognizing that many livelihoods are in transition, that mobility Project activities provided: (1) is a key feature of that transition, and access to basic services and socio- The project finances livelihood support, that these trends will continue. This economic investments to address natural resource management, and was a relatively new approach in the strain that refugee populations infrastructure that can potentially the Ethiopian context driven by the place on education, health and water deliver resilience support at the assumption that the development of services; (2) expanding economic community level that is necessary for rangelands is a better mechanism to opportunities and promoting addressing climate change adaptation efficient natural resource allocation access to finance and private sector and increasing disaster risks. The in Ethiopian Lowlands compared to investment in the six districts hosting project’s displacement crisis response alternate usages. refugee camps; and (3) supporting mechanism is based on risk financing environmental management. principle and seeks to enhance funding Environmental management included: to districts and the respective host (1) the rehabilitation of ravines and communities for enhanced service construction of reservoirs to harvest delivery that see a significant uptick in stormwater; (2) commissioning a refugee presence. This helps ensure review of the socio-economic and that basic services are available and the environmental sustainability of the social cohesion between the hosts and refugee camps, including a cost- refugees is maintained. benefit analysis of three scenarios; and (3) enhancing the guidelines for operation and management of emergency settlements. 26 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Other projects have included adapt in place measures in response to climate stressors. The Great Lakes Region: Displaced Persons and Border Communities Project carries the development objective “to improve access to livelihoods and socio-economic infrastructure for displaced people and host communities in the 59 of the 67 migration- targeted areas.” Its result indicators include climate focused projects reviewed resilient infrastructure built or rehabilitated and were designed in response number of plans in districts or wards mainstreamed to crises and conflicts. with climate resilience (World Bank 2017). The Post Tsunami Reconstruction Project for Samoa “assist the Government of Samoa in its efforts to support the relocation and rehabilitation of communities addition, they included interventions to reduce living in the island of Upolu affected by the tsunami these risks. For example, the Moldova Disaster and of September 29, 2009, through the provision of Climate Risk Management Project (P115634) helps improved infrastructure access to relocation sites, individuals, particularly farmers, become aware of, enhanced transport infrastructure, and assistance and adapt to natural hazards and climate variability. to local communities to address future natural Six of the 93 projects, funded by the Global disasters.” The project incorporated longer-term Environment Facility (GEF), undertook location- climate risks by leveraging design inputs from specific climate risk assessments. Thirty-five of drainage engineers and hydrologists to assess them addressed both rapid- and slow-onset climate flood risks and flood management options, aimed related events, and measures to increase resilience. to safeguard the new road infrastructure.7 A further 11 projects focused on preventive measures (financing disaster vulnerability reduction, 3.1.2 Development-Focused Projects environmental restoration, erosion control, and increased climate resilience). At least 15 projects The entry point of development-focused helped pastoralists adapt to a changing climate, projects is to help communities achieve while mitigating conflicts with sedentary farmers development outcomes and to be better (Niger and Benin). At times, the climate adaptation prepared to respond to recurrent and strategies involved the creation of alternative emerging risks. Of the 98 development-focused livelihoods for pastoralists. The remainder, as projects reviewed, 93 of them explicitly addressed discussed below, were conflict-related, with several climate change and weather-related risks, in focusing on social safety nets. 7 Samoa Post Tsunami Reconstruction Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 27 • Forced and seasonal migrants (2 of 98 development-focused projects each). Development-focused projects that included migrants amongst other vulnerable groups 93 of the 98 development- tended to focus on internal migrants and focused projects reviewed IDPs. For example, the Sudan Sustainable Natural Resources Management Project explicitly addressed climate (SSNRMP) is financing community-based change and weather- sustainable management of rangelands, forests, related risks. and biodiversity—and will benefit communities and IDPs. Another example is the Emergency Food and Livestock Crisis Response Project which seeks to improve the availability of and Migrant populations were only integrated in access to food and livestock productive capacity a few of the development-focused projects for targeted beneficiaries affected by the and were not the primary beneficiaries. conflict in Chad. Refugees constituted a sub- The breakdown of migrant populations in the component of the targeted beneficiaries receiving development-focused projects included: food vouchers, nutritional packets for children, vaccines, and animal feed. The other targeted • IDPs due to conflicts or disasters (60 of 98 beneficiaries included returnees who received, in development-focused projects) addition, agricultural inputs to restore their food production capacity and livestock restocking, • Pastoralists and farmers (15 of 98 and host population who received agricultural development-focused projects) inputs to increase their food production capacity, vaccines and animal feed. • Rural to urban migrants (8 of 98 development-focused projects) 3.1.3 Opportunities for Cross-Learning and More Integrative Project Design and • Return migrants (7 of 98 development- Delivery focused projects) Both migration-focused and development- • Labor migrants (11 of 98 development- focused projects are beginning to adapt focused projects) their entry points to incorporate more integrative project designs. Some migration- • Ex-combatants (2 of 98 development-focused focused projects have evolved their entry projects), and points from the common focus on proximate needs and provision of basic services for migrants and displaced groups, to include more 28 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus integrated support, especially where the data 3.2 Cluster Intervention Types to Address and information is more readily available. This Underlying Causes is especially the case when timely availability of data, information and analytics can inform the design of projects so that they are more MESSAGE 2: responsive to migrant needs while addressing Migration- and underlying drivers. In addition, while development- focused projects seek to address the broader development-focused context within national boundaries, with a less projects share common direct focus on the migrant and displaced types of interventions population (either the current or future), their even though their range interventions are increasingly providing for more of activities respond integrative interventions that extend to the full range of beneficiaries, including on food and to the more proximate livestock services provisions, social safety nets, and longer-term and inputs to agriculture. objectives, respectively. There is a real opportunity for both types of projects to cross-learn and integrate entry points. For example, depending on context and 3.2.1 Migration-Focused Projects feasibility, migration-focused projects that address the proximate needs of the migrants and displaced could Migration-focused projects are designed to attempt to explore the drivers of the migration as their increase the resilience of mobile populations entry points for sustainable interventions. In fact, there by strengthening their livelihoods and providing are indications that this learning is already happening emergency assistance where needed (Table as some of the more recent migration-focused 3.1). Other activities covered include social protection projects show a greater integration of underlying and community-driven development, legal assistance, climate-change-related and environmental concerns information, skills training, and employment services, as demonstrated through the projects in Table as well as microfinance. 3.1. Similarly, development-focused projects could expand and integrate migrants and host communities more effectively in their project designs for more socially cohesive outcomes between hosts and migrant communities. Attention to the vulnerabilities of migrant and displaced populations could also avert social tensions and conflicts. Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 29 Table 3.1 Types of Interventions and Project Activities in Migration-Focused Projects Intervention Areas Intervention Areas Increased resilience of migrants Livelihoods strengthening for beneficiaries Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards f Prevent crises f Provide access to markets f Prepare for disaster f Provide access to productive assets f Establish early warning systems f Improve animal health f Eliminate discrimination of migrant workers f Provide access to social services f Improve social cohesion f Provide access to water f Conduct peace-building activities f Enhance agricultural productivity f Use reconciliation filter f Fund alternative energy resources f Provide trauma support for returnees. f Provide liquid petroleum gas cylinders for cooking and heating f Support more efficient land utilization f Strengthen agricultural value chains Intervention Areas f Provide veterinary services f Enhance environmental management. Social protection for migrants Intervention Areas Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards f Fund cash grants for immediate recovery support Capacity building and skills training f Fund cash transfer mechanism at all administrative levels f Install grievance redress f Provide one-time cash grants f Fund case for work programs Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards f Fund public works f Decentralize government administrative functions f Establish safety net delivery systems. f Support government capacity building f Support capacity building for grassroots institutes f Support community-based organizations f Improve capacity for training delivery to migrants f Combine training with employment services f Develop different training modalities for rural and urban areas f Develop mobile training bases for rural areas f Support business development f Establish accreditation process for training centers f Support vocational training. 30 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Intervention Areas Intervention Areas Emergency assistance for IDPs Legal support for migrants Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards f Fund basic household commodities (such as food) f Increase awareness of workers’ rights f Provide emergency travel documentation for f Provide land dispute support return-migrants (for example from Bangladesh) f Provide legal services to migrant workers f Strengthen emergency response f Relax residency status support f Build road access for resettled communities f Strengthen worker protection. f Fund homeowner-driven construction of houses f Reconstruct seawalls f Restore bridges and main routes f Restore existing roads f Fund voluntary relocation. Intervention Areas Community Driven Development projects Intervention Areas Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards Employment services for migrants f Mobilize communities f Fund community-driven investments f Finance micro-projects Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards f Provide healthcare services f Fund schools. f Improve institutions for employment services f Improve policies for employment provision f Improve the employment condition of migrants f Support informal enterprises and firms f Support private sector apprenticeship. Intervention Areas f Provide labor market information f Establish migrant worker registration hubs f Establish one-stop-shop for job counseling Micro-finance f Establish one-stop-shops for IDPs willing to return. Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards Source: Information compiled from projects in Annex 1 f Convert currency for return migrants f Support micro-credit schemes f Support saving schemes. Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 31 Migration-focused projects in Rwanda and in the Sahel over the past three decades. The Horn of Africa (HOA) where climate change prevailing political, ethnic, and religious tensions was identified as a driver of migration provide have intensified the situation. The project design good examples of how interventions can be strengthened early warning systems, enhanced more flexibly responsive. The Socio-economic crisis response at the national and regional Inclusion of Refugees & Host Communities in levels, and supported diversification of incomes Rwanda Project (P164130) included anticipatory leading to reduced exposure of the beneficiaries. measures to address climate change impacts such In addition, it worked with neighboring countries as the rehabilitation of ravines and construction to facilitate transboundary migration as an of reservoirs to harvest stormwater, review of the adaptation response to address drought and socio-economic and environmental sustainability water constraints. By doing this, it created of the refugee camps and enhanced the guidelines systems to ensure disaster preparedness of the for operation and management of emergency region to better anticipate future responses to settlements. Whereas the HOA Development drought, using migration as part of the overall Response to Displacement Impacts Project adaptation response. (P152822) project prioritized the immediate needs of migrants through energy efficient cooking 3.2.2 Development-Focused Projects stoves and soil and water conservation. Both these projects reflect a diversity in the range of activities Development-focused projects often include employed in migration-focused projects to achieve interventions and activities that take a far- their objectives. sighted view to managing climate risks, while also addressing near-term needs The Regional Sahel Pastoralism Support of beneficiaries, including migrants. This Project (P147674) is another good example was observed in 32 of the 98 (33 percent) of of a response to a complex situation where the development-focused projects which took climate and other factors interact with the proactive and anticipatory approaches to address mobility patterns of the target beneficiaries. climate change, natural disasters, environmental Droughts, conflict, instability, and competition degradation, and migration. These projects over natural resources, especially land and financed several targeted measures such as water, along with the erosion of traditional range early warning systems, voluntary relocation, management and tenure systems, have amplified contingency financing, and portable social safety conflicts among pastoralists and between nets to ensure more sustainable outcomes for the pastoralists and settled farming populations beneficiaries (Table 3.2). 32 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Seyiram Kweku Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 33 Table 3.2 Types of Interventions and Project Activities in Development-Focused Projects Intervention Areas Intervention Areas Early warning systems Voluntary relocations Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards f Monitor weather and issue early warnings of f Cost of airfare weather-related hazards by providing timely f Screening and evaluation and accurate hydrometeorological forecasts f Transport, and post-arrival handling (Bangladesh). and services f Manage and coordinate responses to natural and man-made disasters; help individuals, particularly farmers, be aware of, and adapt to natural hazards Intervention Areas and climate variability (São Tomé and Principe) f Provide equipment and training; early warning and dissemination and support Contingency financing to quickly f Strengthen emergency operation centers (India) respond to future disasters f Strengthen early warning systems by establishing real-time data communication network linking the existing volcano, seismic and weather observing Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards stations with the national data and warning center f Strengthen multi-hazard standard operating f Disaster risk financing procedures (Vanuatu). f Safety net programs f Weather insurance for herders and pastoralist f Formulate, prioritize, finance, implement and monitor actions to support the national disaster Intervention Areas risk management (DRM) framework f Resilience to climate and disaster risk in the urban and water sectors Climate and disaster f Build national financial capacity to advance vulnerability mapping climate adaptation and mitigation f Respond to the impacts of natural hazards, drought contingency fund, reimbursement Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards of incremental (pro-poor) drought related expenditures. f Capacity building for decentralized rural development, participatory mapping f Identification and validation of sustainable land management (SLM) and watershed management issues f Monitoring of natural resource management (NRM) and income-generating micro-projects f Internalization of micro-project benchmarks sheets f Community procurement; environmental and social safeguards policy f Inter-community approach concepts for NRM f Technical negotiations related to SLM f Management of conflicts between farmers and breeders f Clear roles and responsibility in the management of shared natural resources, hazard mapping, risk assessment, improved post-disaster mapping capacity and damage assessments. 34 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Intervention Areas Intervention Areas Portability of social security data Alternative livelihoods and beneficiary entitlements Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards f Development of both small and large-scale f Social security management information irrigation infrastructure system (MIS) f Improvement in human capital f Social security data and beneficiary entitlements, f Development of market networks skill base and employment prospects, technical f Development of financial services assistance to create the database and web f Investment in road infrastructure, communication architecture for the Urban MIS including: (1) networks, alternative livelihoods, and other design and implementation of surveys; (2) infrastructure analysis of data gathered by municipalities; and f Logistics development for sustainable capture (3) annual data updates as well as maintenance of fishery and aquaculture. hardware and software of the UMIS (Afghanistan) f Carrying out of technical assistance, capacity building and community mobilization activities to support the identification and preparation of Intervention Areas subprojects in selected communities f Carrying out of small-scale infrastructure investments and prevention activities Social safety nets ready to be (subprojects) in the territory of the urban or peri- quickly scaled up in case of crises urban selected communities f Strengthen institutional capacity of Interior Ministry (Ministerio de Gobernación), CIVFSS, the Project Activities to Reduce Exposure to Hazards Mancomunidad Gran Ciudad del Sur (MGCS), and participating municipalities (through MGCS) f Drought preparedness and contingency planning f Project management, monitoring and f Strengthening of management capacity for both evaluation (Guatemala). capture fisheries and aquaculture f Development of fisheries and aquaculture value chains and enhancement of value addition f Protection and development of fishery resources f Development of key infrastructure, including fishing ports, storm-shelters, fishing vessel and catch information management and monitoring systems; and facilities and devices for fishers to reduce post-harvest losses. Source: Information compiled from projects in Annex 2 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 35 The FY2019 Guatemala DRM DPL (P159710) The range of activities in migration-focused seeks to strengthen the legal and institutional projects reflect urgency of response framework for disaster risk management compared to development-focused projects. and climate change adaptation, and to In this context, the social protection measures quickly mobilize resources in the aftermath which are an important instrument to manage of disasters. The program supports inclusion shocks, including extreme events, are mobilized of disaster risk reduction considerations in their in migration-focused projects to prioritize the local development plans, including restructuring immediate needs of migrants, be it through cash and strengthening support to the National Institute transfers, fertilizer, or legal support. of Seismology, Volcanology, Meteorology and Hydrology. Similarly, the FY2012 Nigeria Erosion Development-focused projects on the other and Watershed Management Project (P124905) hand, tend to address the medium- to aims to reduce vulnerability to soil erosion through longer-term needs and underlying causes participatory development of 31 participatory sub- of mobility. They usually focus on, for example, watershed management plans targeting different putting in place social safety net systems, or stakeholder groups, including IDPs. portable beneficiary entitlements, policies to enable income diversification, and skills to 3.2.3 Leverage Intervention Areas and monitor weather patterns and climatic changes Activities for Sustained Outcome (Table 3.3). Similarly, migration-focused projects also see the support going toward strengthening An assessment of the range of intervention local institutions and first responders in dealing areas across migration-focused and with migrant group as compared to the skill development-focused projects reveals enhancement and investments which are some common and consistent areas of more far-sighted. support. These include: social protection measures, livelihood strengthening, institutional strengthening and capacity building (including legal support) (Table 3.3). These are derived from Table 3.1 and Table 3.2. 36 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Seyiram Kweku Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 37 Table 3.3 Priorities intervention areas in migration-focused projects and development- focused projects Focus of Migration-focused Projects Development-Focused Projects Interventions Illustrative Activities IDPs, refugees, displaced, migrants, host • Migrants among the beneficiary Beneficiaries communities population • Address social safety net systems Social protection Cash transfers—immediate relief • Portability of systems • Beneficiary entitlements • Enabling income diversification Livelihoods Financing fertilizer, other inputs, and access • Developing and introducing more strengthening to markets weather-resilient crops • Setting up institutions to tackle migration and climate change, developing policies and frameworks, and collecting weather- related data and data on migrants Institutional Improving local government capacity for • Developing skills to monitor weather strengthening service provision to migrants patterns and climatic changes, as well as movements of people and thus improving decision-making under uncertainties. • Increasing awareness of migrant rights Capacity building Providing legal support to migrants, as well • Introducing systemic changes to support (including legal aspects) as support to resolve land disputes mobility and adjust land rights. The conceptualization of problems, selection of intervention areas and identification MESSAGE 3: of a range of activities is imperative to improving project design and for setting the Conceptualizing the problem, stage to addresses the underlying drivers selecting the intervention of migration. The World Bank’s portfolio of 165 areas, and identifying the projects and investments worth US$197.5 billion range of activities is vital to across the mobility continuum, GPs and lending improving project design for instruments offers rich insight to reduce exposure and vulnerability of mobile and host communities. more effective outcomes. Projects which are tailormade to different migrant populations bring out the needs and nuances necessary for effective action. Among them are conflict- and disaster-driven IDPs, refugees, ex- combatants, forcibly displaced migrants, return- migrants, labor migrants, seasonal migrants, pastoralists, rural-urban migrants. The project 38 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus interventions range from provision of services for for better understanding, learning, and people to adapt in place, to facilitating mobility enhancing responses. Sharpening these (through planned relocation) when needed to interventions so that they also address the supporting social cohesion between migrant and underlying causes and factors of migration will host communities. help the World Bank increase the resilience of the affected population, help prevent future crises, World Bank’s first-hand experience on and deliver sustainable outcomes. addressing migration along the whole life cycle of the migration (before, during, and after moving) provides a strong basis Table 3.4 Proactive and Anticipatory Approach Depending on Scope of Interventions Focus of Intervention Approach Reactive Proactive Anticipatory Provisions of basic Establishing cash-for- Scalable, country-wide Delivering cash transfers service(s) work programs social protection system Livelihoods strengthening Financing fertilizer, other Enabling income Developing and inputs, and access to introducing more for farmers markets diversification weather-resilient crops Setting up institutions Developing skills to to tackle migration monitor weather patterns Improving local Institutional and climate change, and climatic changes, as government capacity developing policies and well as movements of strengthening for service provision to frameworks, collecting people and thus improving migrants data, and monitoring and decision-making under evaluating outcomes uncertainties Providing legal support Introducing systemic Capacity building to migrants, as well as Increasing awareness of changes to support (legal aspects) support to resolve migrant rights mobility and adjust land disputes land rights Whole landscape Proactive multi-functional approach or integrated Landscape management Landscape restoration landscape sustainable solutions from the land Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 39 3.3 Proactive and Anticipatory event, be it conflict, natural disaster, or the sudden Interventions Drive Sustainable influx of large numbers of refugees. However, Outcomes these projects by nature, are not well-placed to address underlying environmental degradation or climate risks within their range of interventions. MESSAGE 4: Examples of reactive interventions include: More durable and sustainable outcomes can be achieved • The US$150 million Mitigating Impact of Syrian by using proactive and Displacement Project in Jordan (P145865) that anticipatory interventions, provided urgently needed health care services, while also learning from food, and fuel subsidies for both the host and the Syrian refugee population. and building on the suite of interventions in migration- • Cash transfers can provide relief after a natural focused and development- disaster or conflict, when productive assets of focused projects migrant workers, poor farmers, or slum dwellers are lost. This was the case in the Repatriation and Livelihood Restoration for Migrant Workers (P126263) project that helped Bangladeshi Depending on the context, project migrant workers in Libya return home by interventions (approach) can be seen as: providing them with identification documents, flight tickets, and a one-time cash grant. Reactive After the event Immediate Short- to 3.3.2 Proactive Approaches Proactive Before the event medium-term A proactive intervention helps migrants and Anticipatory Before the event Long-term the displaced become resilient in the face of adversity. Projects that address underlying Table 3.4 gives further details of how these three causes of migration in a proactive manner are approaches lead to different types of activities. conceived more holistically, but at times without addressing mobility (or migrant population) issues 3.3.1 Reactive Approaches more specifically. This type of projects tends to take a medium- to longer-term proactive approach A reactive intervention caters to the towards climate change, natural disasters, immediate needs of the displaced and helps environmental degradation, and migration. Most them cope. Projects designed to provide after proactive projects explicitly discuss climate change, the event assistance and protection for people on environmental degradation, weather-related risks, the move focus on crises or emergencies. They and almost all of them are designed to take a are largely conceived in response to a trigger proactive approach to reduce these risks. 40 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Examples of proactive interventions include: Climate Change (P111669) project. In those cases, a strong enabling environment for migration needs • The US$80 million Malawi Floods Emergency to be in place supported by direct incentives, Recovery Project (P154803) that financed such as skills training and job creation programs, farm inputs for poor farmers including for people to move to areas of low risk and migrants in return for their participation in greater opportunity. Strategies supporting internal labor-intensive community infrastructure migration need to be safeguarded and not only repair. Migrants accounted only for a small the resilience of those moving, but also of those in fraction of all beneficiaries. sending and receiving communities. • Cash-for-work programs help people improve Example of anticipatory interventions include: livelihoods as was the case with the Emergency Social Stabilization and Resilience project • Establishing a social welfare system country-wide (P165114) that expanded Iraq’s social protection that could be scaled-up or down in response system to include disadvantaged and poor to changing future needs, as was piloted in the communities in Iraq.8 This proactive intervention Additional Financing for Niger’s Community approach supports migrants and local farmers Action Project for Climate Resilience (P165397) to be more resilient in confronting the next crisis. project that financed the local populations’ adaptive social protection measures. 3.3.3 Anticipatory Approaches 3.3.4 Towards a Continuum of Approaches An anticipatory intervention will put in place systems today that create solutions for It is also important to understand that evolving future needs and emergencies. In reactive, proactive, and anticipatory the face of persistent climate stress and shocks, interventions reflect a continuum rather longer-term anticipatory approaches may be than discrete stand-alone interventions. needed, while pursuing win-win and low-regret Both reactive and proactive interventions will measures. Climate impacts will likely escalate in continue to be needed, depending on the context, the coming years, with impacts on water stress, crises, and emergencies, but shifts towards a agriculture productivity, sea-level rises and more more comprehensive approach in the design extreme events including floods. This means that and delivery of programs can better deliver more longer-term anticipatory planning is critical to sustainable solutions, where projects address not ensure resilience and adaptation going forward. For only migrants’ direct needs, but also strengthen example, where the limits of local adaptation are enabling interventions (early warning systems anticipated, inclusive and well planned relocation and social safety nets) and underlying causes of to more viable areas can be a successful strategy, mobility by investing in environmental restoration. as was done in São Tomé & Principe Adaptation to 8 Iraq Emergency Social Stabilization and Resilience Project: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/116841523152841659/pdf/Project- Appraisal-Document-PAD-Iraq-Emergency-Social-Stabilization-and-Resilience-Project-P165114-03272018.pdf Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 41 This review allows us to better understand the interventions at the intersection of climate-migration-development nexus. It chalks out a pathway for future projects to become more proactive and anticipatory to better manage the uncertainties and complexities associated with slow and rapid onset climate risks. Blue Ox Studio 4. Conclusion This portfolio review set out to examine and This portfolio was classified into two broad draw actionable insights from the design thematic categories: (1) migration-focused features of World Bank projects operating projects; and (2) development-focused at the climate-migration-development projects. Migration-focused projects directly nexus between 2006-2019. It took place target mobile populations comprising of migrants, as a background study to Groundswell Africa refugees, displaced, or the host-communities as in the larger context and growing realization their beneficiaries. Development-focused projects of the potency of climate change to influence take a broader approach to addressing near-term migration dynamics, with large-scale development and underlying factors in relation to environmental, implications, especially in Africa. It responded land management and livelihoods aspects, including to the urgent need to better understand how climate adaptation and resilience. climate-migration-development nexus has been approached by World Bank projects in the past The migration-focused and development- with the aim to become more effective and durable focused projects represent two different across spatial and temporal scales. It applied a ways to address the climate-migration- reflective lens, leveraging the IPCC risk framework, development nexus. Migration-focused projects, to render how projects can become more effective with a primary focus on the displaced and migrants and durable across spatial and temporal scales. are of necessity more targeted and responsive to their proximate and urgent needs and may not 4.1 Learning from the Portfolio engage directly with climate change response measures. Development-focused projects on A total of 165 projects were identified and the other hand, address climate adaptation and analyzed against a set of mobility-related resilience in their design, but often include limited keywords with commitments amounting to attention to the migration or migrant context. US$197.5 billion for the period from 2006 to 2019. The learnings from the portfolio of projects 4.2 Opportunities for Change offers insights to address future challenges, complexities and uncertainties that arise Leverage Entry-Points particularly from slow- and rapid-onset climate impacts and influence mobility-immobility dynamics • Incorporate cross-learning between in the near- and long-term. migration- and development-focused projects and their key entry points to leverage more holistic and integrative outcomes. Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 43 Sharpen Common Intervention Types Similarly, the entry points in development-focused projects can give focused and specialized attention • Sharpen the common instruments and to the vulnerabilities of migrant and displaced interventions used by both project types populations to avoid missing residual risks. These to address the underlying causes and factors learnings allow both set of projects to achieve of migration. more integrated action that ultimately reduces the exposure and vulnerability of target groups. Dynamic Response Approaches Migration- and development-focused projects • Ensure the design and approach of use similar types of interventions even though interventions for both project types the range and scope of activities within these are seen as a continuum and moves interventions are tailored to respond to the from reactive, to proactive, and anticipatory more proximate and longer-term objectives, approach to achieve more durable and and the diversity of stakeholder groups of sustainable outcomes. each group respectively. These groups can be clustered under four main instruments. These Migration-focused projects target the are: (1) social protection measures; (2) livelihood migrants, displaced, or refugees as their strengthening; (3) institutional strengthening; and key entry point and stay focused on these (4) capacity building, including legal support. population groups (and more recently host By becoming more strategic in the choice and communities). Development-focused projects tend combination of interventions that can be deployed to include underlying factors, such as environmental and sharpening these interventions so that they degradation, as key entry points and have a also address the underlying causes and factors secondary focus on migrant and displaced groups. of migration will help the World Bank increase resilience of the affected population, help prevent These contrasting entry points provide future crises, and deliver sustainable outcomes. an opportunity for cross-learning and Leveraging the right combination of interventions integration. Migration-focused projects can from across the migration- and development- leverage underlying factors, where feasible, focused projects will enable reduction of exposure as key entry points to build more sustainable and vulnerability. interventions for migrant and host communities. 44 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Migration- and development-focused projects can be classified into three approaches: (1) reactive (after the event—immediate); (2) proactive (before the event—short- to medium-term); and (3) anticipatory (before the event—long-term). As the impacts of climate change intensify and interact with forces of environmental degradation, poverty, conflict, and inequality—the deployment of holistic solutions may become imperative to avoid cyclical or recurring crises. This will demand a shift from a reactive to a proactive, and ultimately anticipatory design towards more sustainable and durable outcomes. 4.3 Call to Action The portfolio review of 165 projects and investments worth US$197.5 billion across the mobility continuum, GPs and lending instruments offers a rich understanding of how the approach to climate-migration- development nexus has evolved in the recent past and gained importance at the World Bank, while also raising a number of questions that require deeper analysis. These projects tailormade to different migrant populations bring out the needs and nuances necessary to design effective projects. This review allows us to better understand the interventions at the intersection of climate-migration-development nexus. It chalks out a pathway for future projects to become more proactive and anticipatory to better manage the uncertainties and complexities associated with slow and rapid onset climate risks. 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IRAQ EMERGENCY SOCIAL STABILIZATION AND RESILIENCE PROJECT. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ en/210941472562969300/pdf/ICRR-Disclosable -P120594-08-30-2016-1472562955244.pdf 48 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Annex 1: List of Migration-Focused Projects # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 1 P170529 Jordan Emergency Health Jordan MNA 2019 Active Health, Nutrition & IPF 141.1 Project Additional Financing Population 2 P168130 Jordan Second Equitable Jordan MNA 2019 Active Macroeconomics, DPL 1450 Growth & Job Creation Trade and Investment Programmatic DPF 3 P164336 Lowlands Livelihood Ethiopia AFR 2019 Active Agriculture and Food IPF 350 Resilience Project 4 P170241 Emergency Crisis Response Yemen, MNA 2019 Active Social Protection & IPF 200 Project Fourth Additional Republic of Jobs Financing 5 P164130 Socio-economic Inclusion of Rwanda AFR 2019 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 60 Refugees & Host Communities and Resilience in Rwanda Project 6 P164101 Development Response Uganda AFR 2019 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 150 to Displacement Impacts and Resilience Project in the HOA 7 P167762 Emergency Multi-Sector Bangladesh SAR 2019 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 165 Rohingya Crisis Response and Resilience Project 8 P166143 LISUNGI Safety Nets System Congo, AFR 2019 Active Social Protection & IPF 22 Project II Republic of Jobs 9 P166127 Afghanistan: Eshteghal Afghanistan SAR 2019 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 150 Zaiee - Karmondena (EZ- and Resilience Kar) Project 10 P167190 Bangladesh Jobs Bangladesh SAR 2019 Closed Social Protection & DPL 250 Programmatic DPC Jobs 11 P166591 Somali Urban Investment Somalia AFR 2019 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 3 Planning Project Additional and Resilience Financing 12 P166266 Kenya Development Kenya AFR 2019 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 8.18 Response to Displacement and Resilience Impacts Project Additional Financing 13 P164748 Chad - Refugees and Host Chad AFR 2019 Active Social Protection & IPF 60 Communities Support Project Jobs Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 49 # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 14 P164563 Niger Refugees and Host Niger AFR 2019 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 80 Communities Support and Resilience Project 15 P161541 Skills and Employment for Tonga EAP 2019 Active Social Protection & IPF 18.51 Tongans Jobs 16 P167672 Additional Financing for Bangladesh SAR 2018 Active Health, Nutrition & IPF 50 Health Sector Support Population Project 17 P166360 Jordan First Equitable Jordan MNA 2018 Active Macroeconomics, DPL 389 Growth & Job Creation Trade and Investment Programmatic DPF 18 P163576 Creating Economic Lebanon MNA 2018 Closed Finance, PforRs 329.9 Opportunities - Lebanon Competitiveness and National Jobs Program Innovation 19 P163829 Ethiopia Economic Ethiopia AFR 2018 Active Finance, PforRs 202 Opportunities Program Competitiveness and Innovation 20 P165711 Additional Financing for the Lebanon MNA 2018 Active Water IPF 90 Greater Beirut Water Supply Project 21 P163782 Integrated Water Uganda AFR 2018 Active Water IPF 280 Management and Development Project 22 P161329 West Africa Unique Western AFR 2018 Active Social Protection & IPF 122.1 Identification for Regional Africa Jobs Integration and Inclusion (WURI) Program 23 P163225 Inclusive Access to Finance Turkey ECA 2018 Active Finance, IPF 400 Competitiveness and Innovation 24 P163515 Uganda Support to Uganda AFR 2018 Active Social, Urban, Rural PforRs 360 Municipal Infrastructure and Resilience Development Program - Additional Financing 25 P164954 Health System Performance Cameroon AFR 2018 Active Health, Nutrition & IPF 36 Reinforcement Project - Population Additional Financing 50 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 26 P164830 Social Safety Nets for Crisis Cameroon AFR 2018 Active Social Protection & IPF 60 Response Jobs 27 P165114 Iraq Emergency Social Iraq MNA 2018 Active Social Protection & IPF 200 Stabilization and Resilience Jobs Project 28 P163108 Iraq Social Fund for Iraq MNA 2018 Active Social Protection & IPF 300 Development Jobs 29 P161982 Municipal Services and Jordan MNA 2018 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 21.12 Social Resilience Project and Resilience 30 P161670 Employment Support Project Turkey ECA 2018 Active Social Protection & IPF 48.18 for Syrians Under Temporary Jobs Protection and Turkish Citizens 31 P162407 Jordan Education Reform Jordan MNA 2018 Active Education PforRs 147.7 Support Program 32 P157702 Tamil Nadu Rural India SAR 2018 Active Agriculture and Food IPF 100 Transformation Project (TNRTP) 33 P161515 Emergency Operation for Iraq MNA 2018 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 400 Development Project - and Resilience Additional Financing 34 P162071 Turkey - Resilience, Turkey ECA 2018 Closed Macroeconomics, DPL 400 Inclusion and Growth DPF Trade and Investment 35 P164466 Yemen Emergency Health Yemen, MNA 2018 Active Health, Nutrition & IPF 200 and Nutrition Project Second Republic of Population Additional Financing 36 P163895 Great Lakes Region Central AFR 2018 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 3 Displaced Persons and Africa and Resilience Border Communities Project Additional Financing 37 P163468 Citizens’ Charter Afghanistan SAR 2017 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 127.7 Afghanistan Project - and Resilience Emergency Regional Displacement Response Additional Financing 38 P163387 Jordan Emergency Health Jordan MNA 2017 Active Health, Nutrition & IPF 36.1 Project Population Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 51 # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 39 P163830 Somalia Emergency Drought Eastern AFR 2017 Closed Social, Urban, Rural IPF 50 Response and Recovery Africa and Resilience Project 40 P161591 Service Delivery and Central AFR 2017 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 28 Support to Communities African and Resilience Affected by Displacement Republic Project 41 P161654 Promoting the Inclusion of Iraq MNA 2017 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 2.75 Conflict-Affected Iraqi Youth and Resilience 42 P163350 Productive Safety Net 4 Ethiopia AFR 2017 Active Social Protection & IPF 108.1 Project Additional Financing Jobs 43 P161067 Development Response Eastern AFR 2017 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 103 to Displacement Impacts Africa and Resilience GP Project (DRDIP) in the HOA 44 P160445 Economic Revitalization of Pakistan SAR 2017 Active Finance, IPF 19 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Competitiveness and Federally Administered Innovation Tribal Areas (FATAs) 45 P157891 Multi-Sectoral Crisis Nigeria AFR 2017 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 200 Recovery Project for and Resilience Northeastern Nigeria 46 P162004 Education Infrastructure for Turkey ECA 2017 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 157.78 Resilience (EU Facility for and Resilience SuTP) 47 P158066 Sustainable Livelihoods for Sudan AFR 2017 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 4.3 Displaced and Vulnerable and Resilience Communities in Eastern Sudan: Phase 2 48 P147674 Regional Sahel Pastoralism Africa AFR 2015 Active Agriculture, IPF 248 Support Project Western Environment & Natural Resources • Fragile, Conflict & Violence 49 P152822 Africa - Development Djibouti, AFR 2016 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 175 Response to Displacement Ethiopia, and Resilience Impacts Project and Uganda 52 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 50 P145196 Eastern Recovery Project DRC AFR 2014 Active Social Protection & IPF 79.1 (followed by Great Lakes in Jobs Zambia and 2017 Tanzania) 51 P157303 Eastern Recovery Project AF DRC AFR 2016 Active Social Protection & IPF 50 (followed by Great Lakes in Jobs Zambia and 2017 Tanzania) 52 P090644 Community and Social Nigeria AFR 2009 Active Social Protection & SIL 200 Development Project Jobs (P090644) 53 P157898 Community and Social Nigeria AFR 2016 Active Social Protection & IPF 75 Development AF-2 Jobs (P157898) 54 P157899 Nigeria Youth Employment Nigeria AFR 2016 Active Social Protection & IPF 100 and Social Support AF Jobs (P157899) 55 P126964 Nigeria Youth Employment Nigeria AFR 2013 Active Social Protection & SIL 300 & Social Support Operation Jobs (P126964) 56 P152821 Great Lakes Region: Zambia AFR 2016 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 20 Displaced Persons and and Resilience Border Communities Project (parent project DRC Eastern Recovery Project) 57 P085376 Rural Migrant Skills China EAP 2008 Closed Social Protection & SIL 50 Development and Jobs Employment Project 58 P120594 Samoa Post Tsunami Samoa EAP 2011 Closed Transport & ICT ERL 10 Reconstruction 59 P122943 IDP Living Standards Azerbaijan ECA 2012 Active Social, Urban, Rural SIL 50 and Livelihoods Project and Resilience (P122943) 60 P155110 AF to IDP Living Standards Azerbaijan ECA 2016 Active Social, Urban, Rural IPF 66.7 and Livelihoods Project and Resilience (P155110) Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 53 # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 61 P101211 Support for the Second Colombia LCR 2009 Closed Social Protection & SIL 636.5 Phase of the Expansion of Jobs the Program of Conditional Transfers-Familias en Acción Project (P101211) 62 P145865 Mitigating Impact of Syrian Jordan MNA 2014 Closed Social Protection & IPF 150 Displacement Jobs 63 P126263 Repatriation and Livelihood Bangladesh SAR 2011 Closed Social, Urban, Rural ERL 40 Restoration for Migrant and Resilience Workers 64 P154278 FATA Temporarily Displaced Pakistan SAR 2016 Active Social Protection & IPF 75 Persons Emergency Jobs Recovery Project (P154278) 65 P100390 Sri Lanka: Puttalam Housing Sri Lanka SAR 2007 Closed Social Urban, Rural SIL 32 Project (restructured) and Resilience 66 P110317 Sri Lanka: Second North Sri Lanka SAR 2008 Closed Social Urban, Rural SIL 43 East Housing Reconstruction and Resilience Program (P110317) 67 P118870 Sri Lanka: Emergency Sri Lanka SAR 2010 Closed Agriculture and Food ERL 65 Northern Recovery Project (P118870) 54 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus Annex 2: List of Development- Focused Projects # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 1 P167826 Somalia - Water for Agro- Somalia AFR 2019 Active Water IPF 42 pastoral Productivity and Resilience 2 P168052 Tajikistan Socio-Economic Tajikistan ECA 2019 Active Social, Urban, IPF 37 Resilience Strengthening Rural and Project Resilience 3 P164509 AGRICULTURAL Niger AFR 2019 Active Agriculture and IPF 100 AND LIVESTOCK Food TRANSFORMATION PROJECT 4 P167678 Gazetted Forests Benin AFR 2019 Active Environment & IPF 75 Management Project Natural Resources 5 P166943 CAR: LONDO “Stand Up” Central AFR 2019 Active Social, Urban, IPF 100 Project African Rural and Republic Resilience 6 P165228 Smallholder Agriculture Lesotho AFR 2019 Active Agriculture and IPF 50 Development Project - II Food 7 P162623 Shaanxi Sustainable Towns China EAP 2019 Active Social, Urban, IPF 100 Development Project Rural and Resilience 8 P167260 The Gambia Social Safety Net Gambia, AFR 2019 Active Social Protection IPF 30 Project The & Jobs 9 P159710 Guatemala DRM DPL with Guatemala LCR 2019 Active Social, Urban, DPL 200 CAT DDO II Rural and Resilience 10 P164584 Integrated Development and Comoros AFR 2019 Active Finance, IPF 25 Competitiveness Project Competitiveness, and Innovation 11 P169078 HOA - Groundwater Initiative Africa AFR 2019 Active Water IPF 2.7 12 P165855 CAR-Agriculture Recovery Central AFR 2019 Active Agriculture and IPF 25 and Agribusiness African Food Development Support Project Republic (ARADSP) Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 55 # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 13 P166220 Integrated Cash Transfer and Djibouti MNA 2019 Active Social Protection IPF 15 Human Capital Project & Jobs 14 P164764 Transforming Landscapes for Zambia AFR 2019 Active Environment & IPF 100 Resilience and Development Natural Resources in Zambia 15 P167195 Yemen Emergency Health Yemen, MNA 2019 Active Health, Nutrition & IPF 200 and Nutrition Project Third Republic of Population Additional Financing 16 P168035 First Consolidation and Central AFR 2019 Active Governance DPL 100 Social Inclusion Development African Program Republic 17 P165397 Additional Financing for Niger Niger AFR 2019 Active Environment & IPF 5 CAPCR Natural Resources 18 P164762 Afghanistan Land Afghanistan SAR 2019 Active Social, Urban, IPF 25 Administration System Project Rural and Resilience 19 P165928 Second Resilience Samoa EAP 2019 Active Macroeconomics, DPL 13.7 Development Policy Operation Trade, and with a Cat-DDO Investment 20 P161304 SSNRMP Additional Financing Sudan AFR 2019 Active Environment & IPF 5.5 (Phase 2) Natural Resources 21 P163383 Ethiopia Resilient Landscapes Ethiopia AFR 2019 Active Environment & IPF 100 and Livelihoods Project Natural Resources 22 P163962 Productive Inclusion Project Congo, AFR 2018 Active Social Protection IPF 200 Democratic & Jobs Republic of 23 P163732 Sustainable Rural Water Tanzania AFR 2018 Active Water PforRs 350 Supply and Sanitation Program 24 P161562 Disaster Risk Management Kenya AFR 2018 Active Social, Urban, DPL 200 Development Policy Credit Rural and with a Catastrophe Deferred Resilience Drawdown Option (Cat DDO) 25 P154716 Anhui Aged Care System China EAP 2018 Active Social Protection IPF 118 Demonstration Project & Jobs 26 P166538 Senegal - Saint-Louis Senegal AFR 2018 Active Social, Urban, IPF 30 Emergency Recovery and Rural and Resilience Project Resilience 56 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 27 P165943 Enhanced Road Access Samoa EAP 2018 Active Transport IPF 3.36 Project Additional Financing 28 P162904 Public Administration Djibouti MNA 2018 Active Governance IPF 15 Modernization Project 29 P162337 West Africa Coastal Areas Western AFR 2018 Active Environment & IPF 190 Resilience investment Project Africa Natural Resources 30 P162345 Additional Financing - RoC - Congo, AFR 2018 Active Poverty and Equity IPF 25 Statistics Capacity Building Republic of Project 31 P163452 Ethiopia Urban Institutional Ethiopia AFR 2018 Active Social, Urban, PforRs 600 and Infrastructure Rural and Development Program Resilience 32 P160641 Mali Livestock Sector Mali AFR 2018 Active Agriculture and IPF 60 Development Support Project Food (PADEL-M) 33 P158499 Agriculture Commercialization Tajikistan ECA 2018 Active Agriculture and IPF 15 Project Additional Financing Food 34 P161794 Fourth Economic Reform Kiribati EAP 2018 Closed Macroeconomics, DPL 5 Development Policy Operation Trade and Investment 35 P162104 First Resilience Development Samoa EAP 2018 Closed Macroeconomics, DPL 5 Policy Operation Trade and Investment 36 P159653 Caribbean Regional OECS LCR 2018 Active Environment & IPF 6.3 Oceanscape Project Countries Natural Resources 37 P156210 Cameroon: Inclusive and Cameroon AFR 2018 Active Social, Urban, IPF 160 Resilient Cities Development Rural and Project Resilience 38 P159979 Commercial Agriculture Congo, AFR 2018 Active Agriculture and IPF 100 Project Republic of Food 39 P147147 URBAN DEVELOPMENT Afghanistan SAR 2017 Active Social, Urban, IPF 20 SUPPORT PROJECT Rural and Resilience 40 P158505 Djibouti: Sustainable Djibouti MNA 2017 Active Energy & IPF 23.3 Electrification Program Extractives 41 P163729 Yemen Emergency Crisis Yemen, MNA 2017 Active Social Protection IPF 200 Response Project - Second Republic of & Jobs Additional Financing Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 57 # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 42 P163559 South Sudan Emergency South AFR 2017 Closed Agriculture and IPF 50 Food and Nutrition Security Sudan Food Project 43 P159215 Mongolia Employment Mongolia EAP 2017 Active Social Protection IPF 25 Support Project & Jobs 44 P145316 Dedicated Grant Mechanism Ghana AFR 2017 Active Environment & IPF 5.5 for Local Communities Project Natural Resources 45 P159512 Guyana Payments System Guyana LCR 2017 Active Finance, IPF 6 Project Competitiveness and Innovation 46 P157752 Enhancing Coherence and World World 2017 Active Other IPF 0.91 Integration of Economic and Social Statistics in Support of the Implementation of 2008 SNA 47 P154623 China: Gansu Technical and China EAP 2017 Active Education IPF 120 Vocational Education and Training Project 48 P153591 KH - Livelihood Enhancement Cambodia EAP 2017 Active Social, Urban, IPF 20.17 and Association of the Poor Rural and Project (LEAP) Resilience 49 P154784 Kenya Climate Smart Kenya AFR 2017 Active Agriculture and IPF 250 Agriculture Project Food 50 P162925 Mali Rural Electrification Mali AFR 2017 Active Climate Change IPF 4.8 Program 51 P161806 Emergency Crisis Response Yemen, MNA 2017 Active Social Protection IPF 250 Project Additional Financing Republic of & Jobs 52 P143495 GT: Urban Infrastructure and Guatemala LCR 2017 Closed Social, Urban, IPF 45 Violence Prevention Rural and Resilience 53 P149485 Ningbo Sustainable China EAP 2017 Active Social, Urban, IPF 150 Urbanization Project Rural and Resilience 54 P129408 Regional Pastoral Livelihoods Africa AFR 2014 Active Agriculture and IPF 122 Resilience Project (Kenya & Food Uganda) 55 P150006 Regional Pastoral Livelihoods Africa AFR 2014 Active Agriculture and IPF 75 Resilience Ethiopia Food 58 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 56 P089289 Sustainable Agro-Pastoral Cameroon AFR 2006 Closed Agriculture and SIL and Land Management Food Promotion under the PNDP (P089289) 57 P149512 CAR Emergency Food Crisis Central AFR 2014 Closed Agriculture and IPF 20 Response and Agriculture African Food Relaunch Project Republic 58 P151215 Emergency Food and Chad AFR 2015 Active Agriculture and IPF 18 Livestock Crisis Response Food Project (P151215) 59 P126576 Agriculture Production Chad AFR 2012 Active Agriculture and ERL 25 Support Project (P126576) Food 60 P120631 Comoros - Emergency Crises Comoros AFR 2010 Closed Social Protection ERL 5.31 Response Project & Jobs 61 P152903 DRC Reinsertion and Congo, AFR 2015 Active Social, Urban, IPF 15 Reintegration Project Democratic Rural and (P152903) Republic of, Resilience 62 P082817 Cote d’Ivoire Emergency Cote AFR 2008 Closed Social, Urban, ERL 120 Post-Conflict Assistance d’Ivoire Rural and Project Resilience 63 P151712 Urban Productive Safety Net Ethiopia AFR 2016 Active Social Protection IPF 300 Project (UPSNP) (P151712) & Jobs 64 P113220 Productive Safety Net APL III Ethiopia AFR 2010 Closed Social Protection APL 480 (P113220) & Jobs 65 P126430 Productive Safety Nets Ethiopia AFR 2012 Closed Social Protection APL 370 Program (APL III) AF & Jobs (P126430) 66 P081297 Community-Based Land Guinea AFR 2006 Closed Agriculture and SIL Management Project Food (P081297) 67 P100762 Kenya Arid Lands Resource Kenya AFR 2007 Closed Agriculture and SIL 60 Management Project Food Emergency Additional Financing (P100762) 68 P074106 Western Kenya CDD and Kenya AFR 2007 Closed Agriculture and SIL 86 Flood Mitigation Project Food (P074106) Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 59 # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 69 P154803 Malawi Floods Emergency Malawi AFR 2015 Active Social, Urban, IPF 80 Recovery (P154803) Rural and Resilience 70 P145799 Natural Resources Mali AFR 2014 Active Environment & IPF 12 Management in a Changing Natural Resources Climate 71 P124905 Nigeria Erosion and Nigeria AFR 2012 Active Environment & SIL 500 Watershed Management Natural Resources Project 72 P073686 Second National Fadama Nigeria AFR 2012 Closed Environment & SIL Development Critical Natural Resources Ecosystem Management Project 73 P111669 São Tomé - Adaptation to São AFR 2011 Active Environment & SIL Climate Change Tomé and Natural Resources Principe 74 P143915 Safety Net and Skills South AFR 2013 Active Social Protection IPF 21 Development Sudan & Jobs 75 P156917 South Sudan Health Rapid South AFR 2016 Active Health, Nutrition & IPF 40 Results Project AF Sudan Population 76 P111633 Second Northern Uganda Uganda AFR 2009 Closed Social Protection SIL 100 Social Action Fund Project & Jobs (NUSAF2) (P111633) 77 P149965 Third Northern Uganda Social Uganda AFR 2015 Active Social Protection IPF 130 Action Fund (NUSAF 3) & Jobs (P149965) 78 P117596 Guangdong Social Security China EAP 2013 Active Social Protection SIL 80 Integration and Rural Worker & Jobs Training (P117596) 79 P086446 Chongqing Urban-Rural China EAP 2010 Active Social Urban, Rural SIL 84 Integration Project and Resilience GP 80 P099751 Sustainable Development in China EAP 2010 Closed Agriculture and SIL 100 Poor Rural Areas Food 81 P112613 Community Resilience to Solomon EAP 2014 Active Social, Urban, IPF Climate and Disaster Risk in Islands Rural and Solomon Islands Project Resilience GP, 60 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 82 P150113 Tonga Cyclone Ian Tonga EAP 2014 Active Social, Urban, IPF 12 Reconstruction and Climate Rural and Resilience Project (P150113) Resilience GP, 83 P112611 Increasing Resilience Vanuatu EAP 2013 Active Environment & SIL to Climate Change and Natural Resources Natural Hazards in Vanuatu (P112611) 84 P111297 Vietnam Sustainable Fisheries Vietnam EAP 2010 Closed Agriculture and SIL 150 Project (P111297) Food 85 P115634 Disaster and Climate Moldova ECA 2011 Closed Social, Urban, SIL 10 Risk Management Project Rural and (P115634) Resilience GP, 86 P122694 Environmental Land Tajikistan ECA 2013 Active SIL 21.1 Management and Rural Livelihoods Project 87 P111479 CO Rio Bogota Environmental Colombia LCR 2011 Active Water SIL 250 Recuperation and Flood Control Project 88 P089443 CO Social Safety Net Project Colombia LCR 2006 Closed Social Protection SIL 86.4 (P089443) & Jobs 89 P104507 Additional Financing for Colombia LCR 2007 Closed Social Protection SIL 104.8 Colombia Social Safety Net & Jobs Project (Ln. 7337) (P104507) 90 P085727 Disaster Vulnerability Colombia LCR 2006 Closed Social, Urban, APL 80 Reduction Project - APL2 Rural and (P085727) Resilience 91 P1303289 DJ Crisis Response - Social Djibouti MNA 2012 Active Social Protection ERL 5 Safety Net Project & Jobs 92 P122014 3. Emergency 2007 Cyclone Bangladesh SAR 2011 Active Social, Urban, ERL 75 Recovery and Restoration Rural and Project Additional Financing Resilience (P122014) 93 P146500 2. Emergency 2007 Cyclone Bangladesh SAR 2014 Active Social Urban, Rural IPF 140 Recovery and Restoration and Resilience Project-- AF II 9 The original project is a scale-up of the Employment and Human Capital Safety Nets Project (P120588), which was financed by the Japan Social Development Fund (JSDF) grant Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus 61 # Project Project Name Country Region Approval Status GP Area (Lead) Lending Commitment ID FY Instrument (US$M) 94 P111272 1. Emergency 2007 Cyclone Bangladesh SAR 2009 Active Social, Urban, ERL 109 Recovery and Restoration Rural and Project Resilience 95 P128276 Coastal Embankment Bangladesh SAR 2013 Active Social, Urban, SIL 375 Improvement Project - Phase Rural and I (CEIP-I) (P128276) Resilience 96 P144726 National Cyclone Risk India SAR 2015 Active Social, Urban, APL 308.4 Mitigation Project-II Rural and Resilience 97 P110762 Nepal: Peace Support Project Nepal SAR 2008 Closed Social Protection ERL 50 (P110762) & Jobs 98 P125855 LK 2nd AF for the Community Sri Lanka SAR 2011 Active Water SIL 38 Livelihoods in Conflict Affected Areas (P125855) 62 Operational Experiences and Lessons Learned at the Climate-Migration-Development Nexus