CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Revision: 02 Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 1 of 114 Revision History Rev Date of Prepared Checked by Approved by Description of Change Issue by 06.12.2021 01 Issued firstly Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 2 of 114 Table of Contents List of Tables 5 List of Figures 6 Lists of Maps 6 Definitions, Abbreviations & Acronyms 7 Executive Summary 8 1 Introduction 10 1.1 Project Overview 10 1.2 Objectives of Resettlement Framework 12 1.3 Scope of RF 13 1.4 RF Methodology 13 2 Project Description 22 2.1 Purpose of the Project 22 2.2 Location of the Project 22 2.3 Components of the Project 24 2.4 Nature of Subprojects Under Component 2 26 2.5 Project Implementation Arrangements 28 2.6 Project Beneficiaries 28 3 Policy, Legal and Regulatory Framework 29 3.1 Zoning Law No. 3194 29 3.2 Evaluation of Regulations Regarding the Registration of Illegal Buildings in the Scope of Preparedness for Disaster Risks 30 3.3 Law No. 6306 on Transformation of Areas Under Disaster Risk 31 3.4 Expropriation Law No. 2942 37 3.5 Settlement Law No. 5543 37 3.6 Law No. 6698 on Protection of Personal Data 38 3.7 Building Earthquake Regulation in Türkiye (Official Gazette dated 18.03.2018 and numbered 30364) 38 4 International Environmental and Social Standards: World Bank Environmental and Social Standards 40 4.1 Gap Analysis between Country Legal Framework and World Bank ESF 43 5 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Project Areas 46 5.1 Socio-Economic Baseline 46 5.2 Specific details on socio-economic characteristics of each project location 50 5.3 Vulnerable Groups 71 6 Eligibility and Categories of Project-Affected People (PAPs) 73 6.1 Principles for Eligibility as per WB ESS 1 and ESS5 73 6.2 Eligibility Criteria 75 6.3 Categories of Project Affected Persons 76 6.4 Approximate numbers of PAPs 83 7 Entitlements and Supports 84 7.1 Main Principles as Per WB ESS1 and ESS5 84 7.2 Entitlement for Support under the Project and Other Details 84 7.3 Entitlement Matrix 90 7.4 Calculation for Compensation Payments Error! Bookmark not defined. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 3 of 114 8. Preparation of Resettlement Plans (RPs) 94 9 Institutional Arrangements 95 9.1 Project Management Unit (PMU) 95 9.2 Contractors 96 9.3 Institutional Capacity 97 10 Consultation Framework, Disclosure Strategy and Grievance Mechanism 98 10.1 Grievance Mechanism Management Procedure 100 10.2 Receiving & Registering Grievance 101 10.3 Assessment of the Grievance 102 10.4 Resolving the Grievance 102 10.5 Close out of the Grievance 102 10.6 GRM contact information 103 11 Monitoring and Evaluation 105 11.1 Levels of Monitoring 105 11.2 Monitoring Indicators 105 12 Implementation Procedure, Budget and Schedule 108 13 References 109 Appendix-1 Template for Resettlement Plans 112 Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 4 of 114 List of Tables Table 1 Site Visit Summary .................................................................................................................... 14 Table 2 TurkStat, Gross Domestic Product by Provinces, 2020 .................................................................. 23 Table 3 Overview of Project components and budget ............................................................................... 24 Table 4 Socioeconomic Development Rankings of Izmir's Districts ............................................................ 47 Table 5 Socioeconomic Development Rankings of Manisa Districts ............................................................ 48 Table 6 Socioeconomic Development Rankings of Tekirdağ Districts .......................................................... 49 Table 7 Socioeconomic Development Rankings of Kahramanmaraş Districts .............................................. 50 Table 8 Izmir Population Change ............................................................................................................ 51 Table 9 Distribution of Population by Age Groups in İzmir ........................................................................ 52 Table 10 Izmir District Populations .......................................................................................................... 53 Table 11 Manisa Population Change ........................................................................................................ 58 Table 12 Manisa District Populations ....................................................................................................... 59 Table 13 Distribution of Population by Age Groups in Manisa .................................................................... 60 Table 14 Tekirdağ Population Change ..................................................................................................... 63 Table 15 Tekirdağ District Populations ..................................................................................................... 64 Table 16 Distribution of Population by Age Groups in Tekirdağ ................................................................. 65 Table 17 Kahramanmaras Population Change .......................................................................................... 67 Table 18 Kahramanmaraş District Populations ......................................................................................... 68 Table 19 Distribution of Population by Age Groups in Kahramanmaraş ...................................................... 69 Table 20 Rental Assistance Amounts ....................................................................................................... 77 Table 21 Entitlement Matrix ................................................................................................................... 90 Table 22 Workflow of the GRM ...................................................................................................... 101 Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 5 of 114 List of Figures Figure 1 Pilot Provinces ......................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 2 Population Increase Rate of Izmir Province ................................................................................ 52 Figure 3 Manisa Province Population Growth Rate ................................................................................... 59 Figure 4 Tekirdağ Population Growth Rate .............................................................................................. 64 Figure 5 Kahramanmaraş Province Population Growth Rate ...................................................................... 68 Figure 6 Project Management Unit Structure ........................................................................................... 96 Lists of Maps Map 1 Map of İzmir Districts ................................................................................................................. 55 Map 2 Map of Manisa Districts .............................................................................................................. 62 Map 3 Map of Tekirdağ Districts ............................................................................................................ 66 Map 4 Map of Kahramanmaraş Districts ................................................................................................. 71 Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 6 of 114 Definitions, Abbreviations & Acronyms Definition, Abbreviation Description or Acronym GDIUTS General Directorate of Infrastructure and Urban Transformation Services ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESS Environmental and Social Standards ESCP Environmental and Social Commitment Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment GDP Gross Domestic Product KBA Key Biodiversity Area KPI Key Performance Indicator MoEUCC Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change OHS Occupational Health and Safety PAP Project Affected People PMU Project Management Unit WHO World Health Organization RF Resettlement Framework RP Resettlement Plan IFC International Finance Corporation TOKİ Turkish Mass Housing Administration Ministry Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change WB World Bank IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development FI Financial Intermediaries GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism GRF Grievance Registration Form SEA/SH Sexual Exploitation and Abuse / Sexual Harrassment ESHS Environment, Social, Health and Safety LMP Labor Management Procedures FGD Focus Group Discussion A.R.A.A.D. Afet Riski Altındaki Alanların Dönüşümü (Transformation of Areas at Disaster Risk) Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 7 of 114 Executive Summary This Resettlement Framework has been prepared by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change as part of ongoing Climate and Disaster Resilient Cities Project. The main objective of the Resettlement Framework is to minimize the social impacts of proposed improvement, mitigate negative impacts and assist the Project Affected Persons to improve the living conditions. In this context, this document covers project information, potential impacts on livelihood and socioeconomic conditions and vulnerable groups in the target Provinces İstanbul, Tekirdağ, İzmir, Manisa, Kahramanmaraş. Project consisting of five components, aims to increase urban resilience in the provinces of Istanbul, Kahramanmaraş, Tekirdağ, Manisa and İzmir, and the Resettlement Framework focuses on the 2nd Component of the project. Within the scope of the Climate and Disaster Resilient Cities Project, fieldwork, qualitative and quantitative research methods were used; primary and secondary data were evaluated together. Field visits and stakeholder engagements for RF studies were held on the following dates. • İzmir Province: 9-11 November 2021 • Manisa Province: 11-12 November 2021 • Tekirdag Province: 18-19 November 2021 • Kahramanmaraş Province: 18-19 November 2021 The groups that benefit from Project directly or indirectly are considered as Project beneficiaries. Under the Project, the beneficiaries can be listed as follows; • Owners of risky buildings, who will have taken precautions against disaster risk by using loans with appropriate interest rates within the scope of Component-2, and will have longer-lasting residences/workplaces built/reinforced according to the latest standards, • Tenants/limited real rights holders, superintendents (supers) who will live and/or work in more resilient residences or workplaces that will be retrofitted/reconstructed within the scope of Component 2, • MoEUCC directly in line with the technical support under Component-1, and the municipalities of the pilot provinces selected within the scope of the Project; and indirectly, citizens and stakeholders of institutions benefiting/receiving services from institutions that will benefit from such technical assistance, and • Citizens in the pilot provinces who will benefit from the positive environmental impacts of the project. The categorization of people and groups that will be subject to involuntary displacement within the scope of the project and who are covered by the entitlement matrix that was created is listed below. The entitlement matrix includes the definition of displaced persons and criteria for determining their eligibility for compensation and other resettlement assistance. • Owner or joint ownership • Tenants • Businesses (owners of the buildings/ workplaces) • Businesses (tenants of the buildings/ workplaces) • Workers/ livelihoods affected (working for the business/ workplaces who are the owners of the building) • Workers/ livelihoods affected users(working for the business/ workplaces who are the tenants of the building) • Vulnerable Groups (owner) Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 8 of 114 • Vulnerable Groups (tenant) • Supers are entitled PAPs within the scope of the Project. [Executive Summary to be completed when RF is finalized.] Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 9 of 114 1 Introduction 1.1 Project Overview The project serves as a pilot project how the government's urban resilience policies can be implemented in selected provinces and expanded over time. Within the scope of the project, a pilot program will be developed to support the implementation of the urban regeneration strategy, which also addresses key policy and sector bottlenecks through technical assistance and capacity building. In addition, it is aimed to develop a financing framework to support the strengthening/reconstruction of risky structures and large-scale urban resilience investments. The Climate and Disaster Resilient Cities Project, whose implementing agency is the MoEUCC, is an inclusive project that will support the development of a multi-hazard risk assessment methodology, addressing key policy and sectoral bottlenecks through World Bank financing, in order to increase resilience to earthquake risk and manage the effects caused by natural disasters in pilot provinces (Kahramanmaraş, Tekirdağ, Manisa, İzmir, Istanbul). In this sense, the Project will support the development of a pilot program that takes into account the needs of vulnerable groups in order to disseminate the urban regeneration strategy with a participatory approach. The pilot provinces where the project will be implemented are shown in the map below. Figure 1 Pilot Provinces The Project will support the Government of Türkiye to develop and establish an innovative approach for urban resilience with climate change and disaster risks and energy efficiency considerations that can be expanded Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 10 of 114 over time with various sources of financing. The cornerstones of this multi-faceted approach include; the development of a new financing mechanism targeting households for the durable retrofitting or rebuilding of risky residences/businesses, development a methodology for prioritizing climate and disaster risk considerations in urban infrastructure investments and incorporating them into the design, and approaches to increase stakeholder participation. The Project is expected to demonstrate in selected provinces how this approach can put the government’s urban transformation policies into practice comprehensively. To this aim, Components 2 and 3 will benefit the provinces of Istanbul, Izmir, Manisa, Kahramanmaras, and Tekirdag, which represent different typologies of highly vulnerable cities in terms of population, socio-economic development and capacity levels, as well as geographical locations. Component 1 will provide capacity building and technical assistance to the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change (MoEUCC) and Project provinces. The Project includes five components: (1) Institutional strengthening to enable conditions for urban resilience; (2) Expanding access to resilient housing/workspaces; (3) Investments in climate and disaster resilient municipal infrastructure; (4a and 4b) Project management, monitoring and evaluation by MoEUCC and Ilbank; and (5) Contingent emergency response component. MoEUCC is implementing Components 1, 2, 4a (project management) and 5; ILBANK is implementing Components 3 and 4b (project management). This Resettlement Framework (RF) has been prepared by MoEUCC to address resettlement issues in the Project activities it is supporting, in particular, with regard to Component 2. A separate RF has been prepared by ILBANK to guide resettlement issues with regard to Component 3. Component 2 will provide demand-side support for resilient housing/workspace in the Project provinces by financing loans (in Turkish lira) at below-market conditions for eligible homeowners/workplace owners to retrofit or reconstruct their risky housing/workspace units to meet resilient building code and energy efficiency standards. The objective of this new financial product is to address the issue of limited affordability and access to finance for a specific niche market segment that is not served through the existing mortgage market (i.e., owners of risky housing/workspace units who cannot afford seismic retrofitting or reconstruction of their property) with the aim to save lives. As such, it is not intended to be rolled out to a wider market segment nor to become an integral part of the mortgage industry in Türkiye. In addition, World Bank funding will not be made available directly to finance developers or for the direct construction of buildings. The loans funded by IBRD under this Component will be channeled through participating commercial banks and will be paired with the government’s existing rental subsidies (which will continue to be financed by MoEUCC with their own funds) to support families to relocate temporarily during the retrofitting or reconstruction process. Eligibility and targeting: Owners of units in residential or mixed-use buildings located in the Project provinces that are assessed as “risky� according to the provisions of Law 6306 will be eligible to apply for the loans financed under this component. This includes owners of units in multi-family buildings (who are expected to be the majority) as well as owners of single-family houses/workspaces. Owners of risky housing units are eligible to apply for the loans regardless of their income level; however, financial terms will be differentiated to provide incentives and ensure affordability of the loans for the vulnerable groups. In particular, middle to lower-income households (those whose household income are below a certain threshold, e.g., 4th or 3rd income quintile), those that only own one unit, and households that are female-headed or include persons with disabilities, deceased military/public servants, or retirees/elderly will be eligible for more favorable loan terms. A multidimensional vulnerability analysis using Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) 2019 cross- sectional data showed that in general, households in these target categories are relatively more vulnerable compared to the regional averages in Project provinces. In addition, within the scope of the Regulation on Energy Performance for Buildings, more favorable loan terms will be provided for upgrading to a higher energy efficiency standard (Class A or B Energy Performance Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 11 of 114 Certificates) than required by the 2019 building code (Class C Energy Performance Certificate) to incentivize climate change mitigation and help reduce household energy bills. Communications and outreach activities, which will be financed under Component 4 to make potential beneficiaries in the Project provinces aware of and elicit demand for the new loans, will have a particular focus on more vulnerable groups, including lower income and female-headed households, and highlight the benefits of resilient housing/workspaces retrofitting and reconstruction including energy efficiency measures. Loan terms: A fixed, below-market interest rate determined based on affordability criteria, will be charged for the loans. There will be further (cumulative) interest rate deductions for eligible owners falling in the categories listed above and for upgrading to higher energy efficiency standards. The interest rates, maximum loan maturity, and maximum principal amounts will be agreed between the MoEUCC and the participating commercial banks considering affordability while at the same time ensuring that payment capacity of households is adequately leveraged. All such loan terms shall be reasonable and acceptable to the Bank and will be specified in the Project Operations Manual (POM), in addition to eligibility criteria and the application forms. Eligible expenditures: The loan proceeds can only be used for civil works and consultant services required for the seismic and climate-resilient retrofitting or reconstruction of risky housing/workspaces units, including energy efficiency measures. MoEUCC will continue to finance existing rental subsidies with their own funds. 1.2 Objectives of Resettlement Framework This RF defines the objectives, principles, procedures and measures that should be adopted before, during and after construction/rehabilitation that may require the physical or economic displacement of people and assets affected by the Project. The RF also provides guidance/instructions for preparing the Resettlement Plan, which will be prepared on the basis of meaningful consultations and stakeholder engagement. As explained above, Component 2 of the project will provide demand-side support for resilient housing/workspaces in the Project provinces by financing loans at below-market conditions for eligible homeowners/workspace owners to retrofit or reconstruct their risky housing/workspaces to meet resilient building code and energy efficiency standards. World Bank funding will not be made available directly to finance developers or for the direct construction of buildings. The eventual reconstruction/retrofitting of buildings will lead to the temporary displacement of homeowners/workspace owners; tenants and superintendents who live in these buildings will also need to relocate. This RF focuses on Component 2 of the project. The aims of RF are as follows: • Anticipate and avoid, or, where avoidance is not possible, minimize, mitigate and compensate adverse social and economic impacts resulting from land acquisition or restrictions on land use. • Identify the land and income-based impacts of the project, where applicable. • Develop and implement a fair, transparent and negotiated resettlement process in which all stakeholders and affected parties can participate; • Define rental assistance, compensation and mitigation measures, consistent with national laws and international good practice, that allow to minimize the impact of land acquisition and compensate loss of income and livelihood; • Establish appropriate management procedures and systems for the implementation and monitoring of the RF; • Ensure compliance with World Bank standards in the implementation of physical and economic resettlement and compensation activities; • Implement relocation and livelihood restoration activities together with affected parties; Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 12 of 114 • Disclosure of this RF to the stakeholders and ensuring their participation in the project processes through continuous consultation during the resettlement process; • Develop and implement appropriate grievance procedures and mechanisms; • Monitor (and, if necessary, revise) resettlement and restoration activities during and after resettlement; and • Ensure that vulnerable people/groups receive adequate support when necessary. 1.3 Scope of RF While the project is not directly financing rehabilitation/construction of structures, participation in the program will require owners to temporarily relocate while their properties are being rehabilitated or reconstructed. In addition, tenants will need to relocate permanently.1 This RF provides detailed information on the Project's impacts on affected people/assets and explains in more detail the approaches and measures to be adopted to prevent or minimize these impacts. The local socio-economic context of the RF is prepared to describe and discuss the resettlement (physical or economic) impacts associated with Project activities. The Project will be implemented in accordance with WB Environmental and Social Standards 1 (ESS1) and 5 (ESS5) and explains how to implement measures to minimize the resettlement impacts of the Project and how to monitor mitigation measures through this RF. The RF will address the following: • Identification and assessment of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) who will be/will be directly or indirectly affected by the rehabilitation/reconstruction of risky buildings. (owners, users of buildings without formal agreement, tenants, superintendents (“supers�), etc.). • Identification of fixed assets such as residential and commercial buildings that are affected by project rehabilitation/reconstruction activities. • Developing a strategy and preparing a framework in line with WB ESS principles for entities and persons affected by land acquisition. 1.4 RF Methodology Within the scope of the Climate and Disaster Resilient Cities Project, fieldwork, qualitative and quantitative research methods were used together. Primary and secondary data were evaluated together in the RF study carried out to plan the physical and economic resettlement that will be caused by the project. In line with the data obtained from the MoEUCC within the scope of the RAP field study, stakeholders in 5 provinces were determined and the field work schedule was planned. The World Bank's environmental and social standards state that persons subjected to displacement should be assisted in achieving their pre-relocation or pre-project conditions. In line with these requirements and standards, the RF framework of the Project has been determined. Within the scope of the RF framework; • Stakeholders have been identified, • Socioeconomic impacts of the project have been evaluated, • Project Affected persons and groups have been identified, 1 Some tenants may return to the rehabilitated/reconstructed structures, but, for the purposes of rental and other relocation assistance, they are considered as those who are permanently leaving their apartments/workspace. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 13 of 114 • In line with the potential environmental and social risks of the Project, an assessment of the people directly or indirectly affected by the Project and the population exposed to resettlement has been made. • Vulnerable groups have been identified. Following these evaluation studies, the rights of the people and groups affected by the Project were identified by categorizing them. Site visits and stakeholder engagements for the RF studies were carried out on the following dates. • Izmir Province: 9-11 November 2021 • Manisa Province: 11-12 November 2021 • Tekirdag Province: 18-19 November 2021 • Kahramanmaraş Province: 18-19 November 2021 Once the draft RF is disclosed, MoEUCC will conduct consultations on the resettlement process. The results of the consultations will be incorporated in the final version of the RF, which will be re-disclosed prior to the effective date of the loan. The interviews conducted within the scope of the field studies are summarized in the table below. Table 1 Site Visit Summary Engagement Date Province Stakeholder Main topics Method Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change World Bank ILBANK Istanbul Provincial Directorate of Infrastructure and Urban Transformation İzmir Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and In order to promote the Climate Change project, presentations 24.11.2021 Ankara Online regarding the project Tekirdağ Provincial Directorate were made to the of Environment, Urbanization stakeholders. and Climate Change Manisa Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change Kahramanmaraş Metropolitan Municipality Manisa Metropolitan Municipality Tekirdag Metropolitan Municipality Face to face Municipalities, General information 09.12.2021 Ankara meeting provincial about the project was Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 14 of 114 Engagement Date Province Stakeholder Main topics Method directorates, given, and opinions and water and suggestions of sewerage stakeholders were administrations, received. ILBANK and World Bank representatives of the cities within the scope of the project Face to face Ministry of After giving general meeting Culture and information about the Tourism, project to the General stakeholders, their Directorate of 26.11.2021 Ankara opinions and suggestions Cultural regarding the Heritage and transformation of risky Museums, structures in their own Department of fields were received. Boards Face to face After giving general meeting AFAD - Disaster information about the and Emergency project to the Management stakeholders, their 26.11.2021 Ankara Presidency opinions and suggestions Planning and regarding the Risk Reduction transformation of risky Department structures in their own fields were received. Face to face After giving general meeting information about the project to the TMMOB stakeholders, their 27.11.2021 Ankara Chamber of City opinions and suggestions Planners regarding the transformation of risky structures in their own fields were received. Face to face After giving general meeting information about the project to the Izmir 09.11.2021- stakeholders, their İzmir Development 11.11.2021 opinions and suggestions Agency were received regarding the transformation of risky structures Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 15 of 114 Engagement Date Province Stakeholder Main topics Method throughout the Izmir Province. Face to face After giving general meeting information about the project to the Provincial stakeholders, information Directorate of on where the risky 09.11.2021- Environment, structures are İzmir 11.11.2021 Urbanization concentrated in İzmir and Climate Province, and their Change opinions and suggestions regarding the transformation of risky structures were received. Face to face After giving general meeting information about the project to the stakeholders, information İzmir Provincial on where the risky 09.11.2021- Directorate of structures are İzmir 11.11.2021 Disaster and concentrated in İzmir Emergency Province, and their opinions and suggestions regarding the transformation of risky structures were received. Face to face After giving general meeting information about the project to the İzmir stakeholders, information Metropolitan on where the risky 09.11.2021- Municipality structures are İzmir 11.11.2021 Urban concentrated in İzmir Transformation Province, and their Directorate opinions and suggestions regarding the transformation of risky structures were received. Face to face After giving general meeting information about the Kemalpaşa project to the Municipality stakeholders, information 09.11.2021- İzmir License and on where the risky 11.11.2021 Inspection buildings are Directorate concentrated in the district and their opinions and suggestions about Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 16 of 114 Engagement Date Province Stakeholder Main topics Method the transformation of risky buildings were received. Face to face After giving general meeting information about the Bayraklı project to the Municipality stakeholders, information Building Control on where the risky 09.11.2021- Directorate- buildings are İzmir 11.11.2021 Bayraklı concentrated in the Municipality district and their opinions Plan Project and suggestions about Directorate the transformation of risky buildings were received. Face to face After giving general meeting information about the project to the stakeholders, information Menemen on where the risky Municipality 09.11.2021- buildings are İzmir Urban 11.11.2021 concentrated in the Transformation district and their opinions Directorate and suggestions about the transformation of risky buildings were received. Face to face After giving general meeting information about the project to the stakeholders, information on where the risky 09.11.2021- Karabaglar buildings are İzmir 11.11.2021 Municipality concentrated in the district and their opinions and suggestions about the transformation of risky buildings were received. Face to face It is a neighborhood meeting where risky buildings are in the majority, and it is a 09.11.2021- Rafet Pasha neighborhood formed by İzmir 11.11.2021 Headquarters immigration from the North East. Opinions and suggestions were received from the Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 17 of 114 Engagement Date Province Stakeholder Main topics Method headman regarding the neighborhood and risky buildings. Face to face It is the neighborhood meeting where Izmir Metropolitan Municipality implements 09.11.2021- Ornekkoy urban transformation. İzmir 11.11.2021 Headquarters Experiences in the transformation of risky buildings were learned from the headman. Face to face It is the neighborhood meeting where Izmir Metropolitan Municipality implements 09.11.2021- Semikli urban transformation. İzmir 11.11.2021 Mukhtarship Experiences in the transformation of risky buildings were learned from the headman. Face to face Opinions and suggestions meeting were received about the risks in İzmir Province, the nature of the TMMOB structure, structural and 09.11.2021- Chamber of İzmir disaster-related risks, 11.11.2021 Geological vulnerable groups and Engineers priority areas throughout the province, and a situation assessment was made. Face to face After giving general meeting Environment, information about the Urbanism and project to the Climate Change stakeholders, information Provincial on where the risky 11.11.2021- Directorate- structures are Manisa 12.11.2021 Infrastructure concentrated in Manisa and Urban Province, and their Transformation opinions and suggestions Branch about the transformation Directorate of risky structures were received. Face to face Within the scope of Yunus Emre meeting urban transformation 11.11.2021- District New Manisa/Yunus Emre İlçesi that started in the 12.11.2021 Neighborhood neighborhood, opinions Headman and experiences about Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 18 of 114 Engagement Date Province Stakeholder Main topics Method the transformation process of risky buildings, socio-economic conditions and risks of the neighborhood were taken. Face to face In the meeting held with meeting the neighborhood headman, opinions and experiences about the transformation process of Salihli District risky buildings, socio- 11.11.2021- Kocaçeşme Manisa/Salihli İlçesi economic conditions and 12.11.2021 Neighborhood risks of the neighborhood Headman were obtained within the scope of urban transformation that started in the neighborhood. Face to face KADEM especially helps meeting women with their activities to participate in socio-economic life. When asked about their views on families living in KADEM Manisa risky buildings, their 11.11.2021- Manisa Representative opinions and suggestions 12.11.2021 Office were received about the problems especially women experience in risky buildings and what contributions they make to them as an association. Face to face Kahramanmaraş meeting Metropolitan Municipality, Opinions and suggestions Department of were received about Reconstruction where the risky buildings 18.11.2021- and are concentrated and Kahramanmaraş 19.11.2021 Urbanization, what kind of problems Reconstruction they may encounter with and Urban the transformation of Transformation- risky buildings. Planning Branch Offices Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 19 of 114 Engagement Date Province Stakeholder Main topics Method Face to face The association provides meeting social counseling, legal support and counseling and psychological support for asylum seekers and immigrants to integrate into social SGDD ASAM- life. Opinions and (Association of suggestions were 18.11.2021- Kahramanmaraş Solidarity with received about where 19.11.2021 Asylum Seekers vulnerable groups live and Migrants) and what kind of problems they may encounter with the transformation of risky structures since they are insufficient in terms of socio-economic conditions. Face to face Opinions and suggestions meeting were received about where the risky buildings TMMOB 18.11.2021- are concentrated and Kahramanmaraş Chamber of 19.11.2021 what kind of problems Civil Engineers they may encounter with the transformation of risky buildings. Face to face Opinions and suggestions meeting were received about TMMOB where the risky buildings 18.11.2021- Chamber of are concentrated and Kahramanmaraş 19.11.2021 Geological what kind of problems Engineers they may encounter with the transformation of risky buildings. Face to face Risky building detection meeting studies, areas open to risk, social and economic Tekirdağ risks, priority areas, Metropolitan beneficiaries, Project 18.11.2021- Municipality risks that may arise Tekirdağ 19.11.2021 Infrastructure during the urban Coordination transformation process Branch Office were evaluated. Approaches and projects that will ensure the inclusion of vulnerable Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 20 of 114 Engagement Date Province Stakeholder Main topics Method groups in urban transformation have been evaluated. Face to face Risky building detection Süleymanpaşa meeting studies, areas open to Municipality risk, social and economic Urban risks, priority areas, 18.11.2021- Transformation Tekirdağ beneficiaries, Project 19.11.2021 Branch, risks that may arise Infrastructure during the urban Branch transformation process Directorate were evaluated. Face to face The problems and urban meeting living conditions of the Roman in Tekirdağ, social Aydogdu 18.11.2021- and economic conditions Tekirdağ Neighborhood 19.11.2021 and risks, views and Headman demands on urban transformation were discussed. Face to face Çorlu meeting Municipality Directorate of In Çorlu, risky areas, Reconstruction vulnerable groups, and 18.11.2021- opinions and suggestions Tekirdağ Urbanization, 19.11.2021 on urban transformation, Directorate of and the current situation Plans and were evaluated. Projects, Directorate of Building Control • During the site visits, settlements and neighborhoods where the indicated and vulnerable groups live intensely were visited, • Settlements and local architecture and buildings were observed, photographed, • Local resources and literature related to cultural and social structure were searched, • All interviews were transcribed, analyzed and evaluated. • Qualitative data obtained from the fieldwork, together with the quantitative and statistical data on the pilot provinces, provided input to the report. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 21 of 114 2 Project Description 2.1 Purpose of the Project The project objective is to support the Government of Türkiye by developing and implementing pilot approaches to building climate and disaster resilience in participating municipalities. 2.2 Location of the Project The project will focus on increasing urban resilience in the provinces of Istanbul, Kahramanmaraş, Tekirdağ, Manisa and İzmir. These provinces are at risk from disasters and the effects of climate change and have many areas that require urgent urban resilience investments. These provinces were selected based on their socio- economic profiles, poverty, vulnerable population and GDP per capita figures, different geographic areas, municipal capacities, exposure to different types of natural disasters (eg earthquakes) and on-site redevelopment potential. All five provinces are exposed to a series of natural disasters, especially earthquakes and river floods. Istanbul, Tekirdağ, Kahramanmaraş, İzmir and Manisa, which are the 5 main provinces determined for urgent urban resilience infrastructure investments, will be the pilot locations of the project. These cities, which are geographically distributed throughout Türkiye, have different socio-economic development levels. Istanbul is the largest city in Türkiye, serving as the country's economic, cultural and historic hub. The city straddles the Bosporus strait, lying in both Europe and Asia. Its total area is 5,343 km2 and a population of over 15.6 million residents, comprising 19% of the population of Türkiye. Istanbul is the most populous city in Europe and the world's fifteenth-largest city. Tekirdağ is located in the West Marmara region of the country and has a total area of 6,339 km2 and a population of 1.113.400. Tekirdağ ranks 30th among 81 provinces in Türkiye in terms of general welfare. According to the Gross domestic product per capita by provinces, 2018-2020 data of the TurkStat, Tekirdağ's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is 84 522 ₺, which is above the Turkish average of 60.525 ₺. Tekirdağ province does not have a protected area or an Important Biodiversity Area (IBA). Kahramanmaraş, is located in the Mediterranean region with a total area of 14,327 km2 and a population of 1.171.298. Kahramanmaraş ranks 48th among 81 provinces in Türkiye in terms of general welfare; It ranks 63rd in terms of income and welfare. Kahramanmaraş is below Türkiye's average with a GDP of 39.977 ₺. Manisa, located in the Aegean region, has an area of 13,810 km2 and a population of 1.456.626. Manisa's GDP is 59.442 ₺ which is below the national average. İzmir is located in the west of Türkiye and in the middle of the Aegean Region's coastline, with a total area of 11,891 km2 and a population of approximately 4.4 million and GDP of İzmir is 70.010 ₺. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 22 of 114 Table 2 TurkStat, Gross Domestic Product by Provinces, 2020 Statistical Regions (Level Per capita GDP (TRY) Per capita GDP ($) 3) 2018(r) 2019(r) 2020 2018(r) 2019(r) 2020 TR Türkiye 46 172 52 286 60 525 9 793 9 208 8 598 TR100 İstanbul 76 932 86 723 97 950 16 317 15 272 13 914 TR211 Tekirdağ 63 077 70 801 84 522 13 378 12 468 12 006 TR310 İzmir 54 905 60 505 70 010 11 645 10 655 9 945 TR331 Manisa 44 458 49 407 59 442 9 429 8 700 8 444 TR632 Kahramanmaraş 28 718 33 977 39 416 6 091 5 983 5 599 Source: 2020 TurkStat, Although all five provinces are highly exposed to earthquakes and river floods, they are also vulnerable to a number of natural hazards. More than 30 people died in the flood disaster in Tekirdağ in 2009 and many buildings and infrastructures were damaged. There were 356 floods requiring intervention in Kahramanmaraş in 2018. In the Aegean Sea earthquake of October 30, 2020, buildings in İzmir suffered significant damage. After the earthquake, flash floods occurred, which caused property damage and loss of life caused by prolonged heavy rains (mid-December and early February). Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 23 of 114 2.3 Components of the Project The Project includes five components as described below: (i) Institutional strengthening to enable conditions for urban resilience; (ii) Expanding access to resilient housing; (iii) Investments in climate and seismic resilient urban infrastructure; (iv) Project management; and (v) Contingent emergency response component. Table 3 Overview of Project components and budget Cost estimates Component Name (in million EUR) Institutional strengthening to enable conditions for 5 1 urban resilience (MoEUCC) Expanding access to resilient housing/workspaces 323 2 (MoEUCC) Investments in climate and disaster resilient 167 3 municipal infrastructure (ILBANK) Project Management, Monitoring and Evaluation 5 4 For Component 1, 2, and 5 (MoEUCC) 2.5 For Component 3 (ILBANK) 2.5 5 Contingent Emergency Response Component 0 Total 500 The project components are described below: Component 1: Institutional strengthening to enable conditions for urban resilience ( €5 million MoEUCC) – The aim of this component is to strengthen the institutional framework for urban resilience and to establish a scalable and sustainable approach to climate and disaster resilience investments in provinces in Türkiye. Component 1 will provide technical assistance to MoEUCC and selected local government institutions, including Project provinces as well as additional municipalities vulnerable to disaster risks, to strengthen their capacity to develop, implement, and monitor green and resilient urban transformation programs. It will finance consultant and non-consulting services, training, and goods for, inter alia: (i) the preparation of municipal urban transformation strategies for selected provinces vulnerable to climate and disaster hazards, jointly with local government officials, including city-wide climate and disaster risk assessments to inform spatial plans and investment prioritization, definition of financing modalities, implementation plans, and citizen engagement strategies for green and resilient urban transformation; (ii) the improvement of systems and procedures for managing, monitoring, and evaluating urban transformation programs with the involvement of relevant stakeholders at national and local levels, including spatial hazard and climate risk datasets; (iii) the preparation and execution of targeted capacity building programs (including training, study tours, etc.) for MoEUCC and municipal staff on relevant topics such as conducting disaster and climate risk assessments, integration of energy efficiency measures into resilient housing design, and use of green and nature-based solutions to mitigate climate and disaster risks in the urban environment; and (iv) the strengthening of MoEUCC’s capacity to provide technical support to homeowners applying for the loans provided under Component 2 during all stages of the resilient housing retrofitting or reconstruction process, especially on technical and legal matters, and to carry out technical verification and inspections during housing reconstruction. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 24 of 114 Component 2: Expanding access to resilient housing (€323 million MoEUCC) – This RF document has been prepared for Component 2. This component to be implemented under the responsibility of MoEUCC shall structure financing to support private households to increase the seismic resilience of residences located outside the urban transformation areas targeted by the proposed Project. The purpose of this Component is to define a pilot program to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of resilient housing support programs as well as improve the targeting of support to vulnerable groups. Additionally, the Component can help create more systematic ways to increase financing for resilient building nationally by engaging with private sector. Funds under this Component can provide beneficiaries with financial support to access longer-term soft loans or low-interest loans to finance resistant housing construction or retrofitting. (See description above) Component 3: Investments in climate and disaster resilient municipal infrastructure (€167 million Ilbank) – Component 3 will support Ilbank to on-lend loans with longer maturities and lower interest rates than the comparable domestic market to Project provinces and their affiliated utilities to undertake infrastructure investments that increase resilience against the impacts of climate-related and/or seismic hazards. Ilbank will be the Financial Intermediary (FI) for this component and Project provinces and affiliated utilities will be sub-borrowers. Ilbank will ensure the financial viability of the sub-borrowers per standard practice. The Component will finance works, goods, non-consulting and consultant services for: (i) demand- driven resilient and green municipal infrastructure investments in Project provinces, and (ii) technical assistance to sub-borrowers to strengthen their capacity to plan, prepare, and implement infrastructure investments that mainstream climate and disaster risk considerations. Sub-project eligibility and prioritization. Sub-projects eligible for financing under this Component include, inter alia: the construction or rehabilitation of stormwater, drainage, and flood management systems, of water and wastewater systems and treatment plants, and of bridges and roads to climate and disaster-resilient standards; the creation of permeable public and/or green spaces and other nature-based solutions; as well as the resilient and energy-efficient retrofitting or construction of municipal buildings (e.g. fire stations, municipal service buildings, community centers, etc.). Additionally, subprojects will need to fulfill the following eligibility criteria: (i) be in areas designated as hazard risk prone in the Project provinces or require improvements for climate and disaster resilience as per existing risk assessment studies , (ii) be aligned with existing municipal plans and policy documents (such as city development plans, climate action plans, transport master plans, disaster risk reduction plans, etc.); and (iii) be complementary to other investments being financed in the Project provinces. Any municipal investment with high environmental or social risks will not be eligible for financing. Prioritization among eligible sub-projects will consider how sub-projects contribute to climate mitigation and adaptation, adopt innovative and integrated approaches to building resilience, create demonstrative impacts for increased inclusion, and have a high degree of readiness for implementation. The eligibility and prioritization approach for subprojects will be elaborated in the POM, including a cap for borrowing per municipality taking into account their municipal borrowing limits and creditworthiness, population size, as well as equity considerations. Technical assistance to sub-borrowers. This may include (i) subproject management and implementation support, including subproject design, procurement, contract management, construction supervision, environmental and social management, monitoring and evaluation, outreach and citizen engagement; and (ii) activities to strengthen the institutional and technical capacity of municipal authorities to mainstream climate and disaster risk considerations in planning, design, supervision, and implementation of investments. Component 4a and b: Project management, monitoring and evaluation (€2.5 million Ilbank and €2.5 million MoEUCC) – Component 4 will have two sub-components that finance consultant and non- consulting services, goods, training, and operating costs as required by Ilbank and MoEUCC to implement the project per Bank policies and guidelines, including but not limited to monitoring and evaluation, reporting, procurement, financial management, and disbursement, environmental and social management, grievance redress mechanisms, as well as communication and outreach activities especially for Component 2 to ensure potential beneficiaries, in particular women and lower-income households, are aware of the resilient housing Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 25 of 114 program and its benefits. This Component will also support annual assessments of how the new mechanism to support resilient housing/workspaces retrofitting or reconstruction is performing to identify adjustments and course-correction during implementation as needed. Component 5: Contingent Emergency Response Component, CERC ( € 0 million) – This Component is included in accordance with World Bank Operational Policy/Bank Procedure 10.00 (Investment Project Financing), paragraphs 12 and 13, for contingent emergency response through the provision of immediate response to an Eligible Crisis or Emergency, as needed. It will allow the GoT to respond promptly and effectively to an eligible emergency or crisis, that is a natural or human-made disaster or crisis that has caused or is likely to imminently cause a major adverse economic and/or social impact by requesting a rapid reallocation of project funds. An Operations Manual for this Component will be prepared by MoEUCC. The direct beneficiaries of the Project will be homeowners receiving the loans and their families who currently reside in risky residential buildings in the five Project provinces and whose housing units will be transformed under the Project, as well as people who will benefit from continuous service provision due to more climate and hazard-resilient urban infrastructure and municipal buildings in the five Project provinces. In addition, all city residents and taxpayers will indirectly benefit from reduced operating costs and more efficient use of energy in municipal buildings. Other beneficiaries will include staff of MoEUCC, Ilbank, Project provinces, as well as other municipalities who would benefit from the technical assistance and capacity building activities under Components 1 and 3. 2.4 Nature of Subprojects Under Component 2 As indicated above, MoEUCC is responsible for implementing all of the Components, except for Component 3 and 4b, which will be implemented by ILBANK. This RF provides guidance on addressing involuntary resettlement under Component 2. This Component (€323 million) will provide demand-side support for resilient housing in project municipalities by financing loans at below-market conditions for eligible households to retrofit or replace (i.e., demolish and reconstruct) their risky housing units to meet resilient building code and energy efficiency standards. MoEUCC will pay from its own resources any fees to commercial banks as required to administer the mortgage loan funds on its behalf, including to and recollect repayment from beneficiaries on behalf of MoEUCC. The loans funded by IBRD will be paired with existing rental subsidies funded by MoEUCC to provide families with adequate resources to relocate temporarily during the retrofitting or reconstruction process. The first requirement determined for sub-projects within the scope of Component 2 is that the buildings have been identified as risky structures within the scope of the Law and have met the legal conditions for transformation. Accordingly, Non-Eligible Sub-Projects which will not be financed by the WB, and therefore excluded from the scope, are listed below (and also listed in ESMF Appendix 1): • Any sub-project that is included in the World Bank Group/International Finance Corporation Exclusion List • Any sub-project that includes the buildings registered as Cultural Heritage. • Any sub-project that will have impacts on Natural Habitats/Critical Habitats and trigger an overall ESS6 such as alteration of environmentally important areas, including wetlands, native forests, grasslands, and other “critical� natural habitats and ecosystem services. • Any sub-projects that in-situ transformation is not possible. • The buildings which are not registered as risky building within the scope of Law and Implementation Regulation. • Risky buildings within designated Disaster Exposed Areas. • Any sub-project that would affect the quality and/or quantity of international waterways as defined in WB OP 7.50 and that would benefit from existing hydroelectric dams in a way, triggering any dam safety issues under the scope of ESS4 (Community Health and Safety). Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 26 of 114 • Any Type III sub-project, whose demolishing works had been completed maximum two years before the effective date of Project. • Any sub-project which would be classified as “High Risk�2 in terms of environmental risks. Sub-projects are divided into three types according to their activities, as described below: • Type-I: Sub-projects that have been identified as risky structures but have not been demolished, and demolition and reconstruction activities will be carried out accordingly. • Type-II: Sub-projects that have been identified as risky structures, but have applied for a loan for retrofitting instead of demolition and reconstruction, and for which only retrofitting activities will be carried out3. • Type-III: Sub-projects that have been demolished after being registered as a risky structure and only reconstruction activities will be carried out under Component 2.4 The risk category of sub-projects will be determined according to four criteria: “type and scale�, “location�, “sensitivity� and “size�. The criteria to be considered in the classification of a sub -project within the scope of Component-II as “High Risk� are defined below. Within the scope of the “Scale� criterion, the existence of the following conditions may place the Project in the “High Risk� category; • Irreversible alteration or impact of environmentally important areas such as wetlands, native forests, meadows and other critically important natural habitats and ecosystem services due to the sub-project, • Sub-project activities require discharges and emissions that will cause direct pollution and large enough to cause deterioration of environmental components such as air, water and soil, • Sub-project activities will consume or transform the ecosystem or its components, • Sub-project activities will change the hydrological cycle measurably, • Sub-project activities which could lead to significant livelihoods loss or social conflict, • The sub-project activities will include the use or management of dangerous substances to a degree that cannot be managed with the prescribed management and capacity. Within the scope of the “Location� criterion, the existence of the following conditions may place the Project in the “High Risk� category; • The sub-project is located in sensitive and valuable ecosystems and habitats of high importance, • The sub-project is located within areas designated as Cultural Heritage, such as urban sites (most likely within the scope of the project), • The sub-project is located in areas subject to intensive development activities or where there are conflicts over the allocation of natural resources and/or other significant social conflicts, and along watercourses, in aquifer recharge areas or in storage basins used for drinking water supply. Within the scope “Sensitivity� criterion, the existence of the following conditions may place the Project in the “High Risk� category; 2 A “High Risk� rating generally would entail the following impacts (a) significantly impact on human populations, including settlements and local communities (b) alteration of environmentally important areas, including wetlands, native forests, grasslands, and other “critical� natural habitats and ecosystem services; (c) direct pollutant discharges that are large enough to cause degradation of air, water or soil, endangered species and “critical� habitats; (d) largescale physical disturbances of the site and/or surroundings; (e) extract ion, consumption or conversion of substantial amounts of forest and other important natural habitats, including above and below ground and water-based ecosystems; (f) measurable modification of hydrologic cycle; (g) hazardous materials in more than incidental quantities; and (h) involuntary displacement of people and other significant social disturbances. It should be noted here that, as the whole Project is rated as “High Risk� due to social risks, sub projects with “high risk� in terms of social risks will not be ineligible. Therefore, professional judgement will be used to identify “high risk� categorization in terms of environmental aspects during screening phase. 3 Type II sub-projects may require an environmental and social audit, as set out in the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan prepared by MoEUCC. 4 Type III sub-projects would require an environmental and social audit, as set out in the ESMF prepared by MoEUCC. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 27 of 114 • The sub-project will affect endangered species and their habitats, as well as sensitive areas such as protected areas or sites, • The sub-project will have an impact on international waterways, • The sub-project will affect sensitive buyers who are currently under heavy environmental and social pressure (pollution, health and safety, security, etc.). 2.5 Project Implementation Arrangements The responsibility for general project management and coordination will belong to the General Directorate of Infrastructure and Urban Transformation Services (GDIUTS) under the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change (MoEUCC). GDIUTS, established in 2011 to manage the transformation of areas under disaster risk, carries out its activities in close cooperation with other subsidiaries of the Ministry, including TOKİ (Turkish Mass Housing Administration), ILBANK and local authorities. GDIUTS is also defined as the main institution responsible for the implementation of the Law on Transformation of Areas Under Disaster Risk (Law No. 6306). 2.6 Project Beneficiaries The groups that benefit from the Project directly or indirectly are considered as Project beneficiaries. Therefore, the beneficiaries of the project can be listed as follows: • Owners of risky buildings, who will have taken precautions against disaster risk by using loans with appropriate interest rates under Component 2 and will own longer-lasting residences/workplaces according to the latest standards, • Tenants5/limited real rights holders6 /supers who will reside and/or work in more resilient buildings that will be retrofitted/reconstructed within the scope of the Project, • Directly MoEUCC and the municipal administrations of the selected provinces in line with the technical support under Component-1, indirectly the citizens who will benefit from the said technical support thorough benefiting / getting service from MoEUCC, selected municipalities, and relevant institutions, and stakeholders of the relevant institutions, and • Citizens who will be indirectly exposed to less pollution in the provinces in question, in line with the positive impacts of the project (for example, changing heating system to natural gas through reconstruction of a risky building whose heating system is coal). 5 It should be noted that tenants who do not return to their apartments/workspaces will not benefit from the project. They are receiving assistance to move to another location. 6 Under this Project, the definition of the limited real right holder is related to the users who have the "usufruct" right. The usufruct right is the right to benefit (use) the whole of a real estate owned by someone else. Persons who have registered this right in the land registry are the owners of limited real rights and "beneficial rights" named "owner". Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 28 of 114 3 Policy, Legal and Regulatory Framework Article 46 of the Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye deals with expropriation issues in the 3rd paragraph of Chapter 3 titled “Social and Economic Rights and Responsibilities�. The article states that if a development project serves the public interest, the government has the authority to initiate and execute an expropriation process. All hydroelectric, airport, highway and other roads and similar large-scale infrastructure projects are considered for public benefit and form the basis of Article 46. The article refers to the Expropriation Law. There is no constitutional principle regarding resettlement in Türkiye. However, Articles 44 and 56 of the Constitution are indirectly related to resettlement activities. Article 44 deals with land ownership and stipulates the government's responsibility to protect the landless. Article 56 affirms the right of everyone to live in a healthy environment. 3.1 Zoning Law No. 3194 The Law No. 3194 on Zoning was accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 03.05.1985. The Law entered into force by being published in the Official Gazette dated 09.05.1985 and numbered 18749. Article 8 of the Zoning Law determines the principles in the preparation and implementation of the plans. The following principles are included in the relevant paragraphs of the article. a) Regional plans; When deemed necessary, the State Planning Organization makes or has the regional plans prepared to determine the socio-economic development trends, the development potential of the settlements, sectoral targets, the distribution of activities and infrastructures. b) Zoning Plans; it consists of the Master Zoning Plan and the Implementation Zoning Plan. If available, the master and implementation zoning plans of the places within the municipality's borders are prepared or made by the relevant municipalities by ensuring that they comply with the regional plan and environmental plan decisions. It goes to validness by being approved by municipal council. … (1) The plans to be made in places other than the municipality and the adjacent area are made or made by the governorship or the relevant person. Governorship enter into force if approved by appropriate. … (1) Changes to be made in approved plans are also subject to the above procedures. A copy of the finalized zoning plans is sent to the Ministry. The zoning plans are public. It is the responsibility of the relevant authorities to ensure openness. The Mayor's Office and the civil authorities copy all or part of the zoning plan, or make booklets and reproduce them and give them to those who want it, for a fee to be determined. d) Only spatial strategy plans, environmental plans and zoning plans decisions are complied with in land use and construction. … f) Urban minimum standards may be determined by the environmental plan in line with the principles determined by the Ministry. Decisions regarding the implementation are determined in the implementation development plan according to the principles determined by the Ministry, taking into account the conditions of the region, the general characteristics of the area where the parcel is located, the nature and need of the building, accessibility, sustainability, impact on the environment and giving its measurements. g) Ministry; Works and processes and construction materials related to spatial planning, map and parceling, survey and project design, issuance of building permit and occupancy permit, preparation of energy identity certificate by relevant administrations, public institutions and organizations and real and legal persons; It is authorized to inspect, to take action on violations, to make changes and Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 29 of 114 approve them to eliminate the violations and make them compatible with the legislation, to issue and seal the construction holiday report, to take and carry out the demolition decision, and to issue administrative sanctions against the relevant persons. Among these duties, the tasks related to issuing and sealing the building holiday report, preparing a report on the decision of demolition and supervision are performed by the personnel holding the auditor certificate in the central and provincial organizations of the Ministry. Those concerned are obliged to submit all kinds of information and documents requested by the Ministry auditors, within the required time. The selection, training, duties, powers and responsibilities, working procedures and principles of the Ministry auditors are determined by the Ministry. Article 9 of the Zoning Plan Law defines the authority of the Ministry in Zoning Plans. The Article of the Law is as follows: Article 9 – When deemed necessary, the Ministry, when deemed necessary, makes the necessary plans and changes to be made due to disasters affecting public life or for the implementation of the Slum Law or the zoning plans for infrastructure, superstructure and transmission lines related to public buildings and energy facilities. To carry out or have the whole or part of the metropolitan zoning plans concerning more than one municipality, or the zoning and settlement plans in or around the railway or highway passing, an airport or an air or seaway connection, by informing the relevant municipalities or other administrations in this way and by cooperating when necessary. is authorized to change and approve ex officio. The Zoning Law also defines the practice of tawhid (unification), which is an important practice within the scope of the Climate and Disaster Resilient Cities Project. The principles regarding the application of tawhid, which is defined as the conversion of two or more parcels into one parcel, are set out in Article 15; Article 15 – Allotment or consolidation of these parts of real estates that coincide with places reserved for public services such as roads, squares, green fields, parks and car parks according to the zoning plans is not allowed. It is obligatory that allotment or unification to be made in places where the zoning parceling plan has been completed should comply with these plans. The minimum front widths and sizes of the parcels to be made in places where parcel fronts are not determined in the zoning plans are determined according to the principles specified in the regulation. In areas other than the zoning plan, small allocations are not allowed in the amounts to be determined in the regulations. The zoning law also includes the regulations on the construction start time and licensing, occupancy permit, structures started in violation of the license and its annexes, temporary structures in places reserved for public services, measures and obligations related to construction, repair and garden arrangement, concierge apartments and shelters, parking lots. 3.2 Evaluation of Regulations Regarding the Registration of Illegal Buildings in the Scope of Preparedness for Disaster Risks In the urbanization process in Türkiye, rapid migration from rural to urban has brought along some problems, including irregular urbanization. In this process, illegal construction, which increased in the cities, emerged as one of these problems. In the urbanization process of Türkiye, which has been going on since 1950 and accelerated after 1980, illegal settlements have emerged in the areas inside the cities, which concentrated on the peripheries of the cities and with the growth of the cities over time. The slums built by the people who migrated to the empty areas of the cities, treasury lands or municipal lands without permission have become the neighborhoods and districts of the cities, and the areas with dense population. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 30 of 114 The buildings in these areas contain many risks, especially in the cities that are prone to disasters and in disaster situations, due to their poor material quality and poor physical conditions. Arrangements made in order to reduce the risks posed by these buildings, which have increased in Turkish cities until today and can become more risky by adding additional floors, to register the structures, to identify and transform unqualified and irregular housing, have come to the fore. Slum Law No. 775 The Slum Law No. 775 is a law that has been prepared and put into effect in order to enable the transformation of slums, most of which are seen as risky structures, especially in provinces with disaster risk. In accordance with the Law No. 6306 on the Transformation of Areas Under Disaster Risk, with the decision of the Council of Ministers "On Providing Aid to Those Who Use Risky Buildings Without Owners, Tenants or Limited Real Rights within the Scope of Law No. 6306", those living in slums will be able to benefit from rental assistance and will be able to benefit from the housing or property they will acquire under the law. It has become possible for businesses to benefit from low-interest loan support. The scope and description of the law are given as follows; Article 1 – The provisions of this law shall apply to the rehabilitation and liquidation of existing slums, prevention of re-construction and measures to be taken for these purposes. Article 2 – The term (slum) mentioned in this law refers to unauthorized constructions built on land or plots that do not belong to them without the consent of the owner, regardless of the legislation and general provisions regulating zoning and construction works. Article 4 – Foundation immovable properties with and without buildings, which are located within the rehabilitation, liquidation and prevention zones of slums, outside the scope of the second paragraph of Article 3, become the property of the relevant municipalities to be used for the purposes specified in this law, under the following conditions and by paying the price in accordance with the general provisions: a) The cost of land and plots; It is determined by agreement between the relevant municipality and the Foundations Administration, taking into account the characteristics of the city, town and region where it is located, the state of the public services and facilities that have been made or to be made, and other issues. b) If there is any building belonging to the Foundations Administration on these lands and plots, the cost of this building is also taken into account. c) Disputes regarding the price are settled by the local courts of first instance with a simple procedure. These disputes cannot prevent the registration of title deed. The Foundations Administration and the title deed offices are obliged to notify the relevant municipalities within 2 months at the latest, upon their request, the lists clearly stating the type, quantity, location and other characteristics of the foundation immovable properties. Municipalities may request the registration of these immovable properties in whole or in stages, according to their own financial strengths and programs. Foundation immovable properties necessary for public services and facilities to be built by the State or other public legal entities in the aforementioned regions are also transferred to these Administrations in accordance with the above principles. Article 5 – If necessary, privately owned lands and plots located within the municipalities' slum rehabilitation and liquidation areas or coinciding with the prevention zones to be re-established in accordance with the provisions of this law, and if there is a building or any other facility in them, these structures and facilities, as specified in this law. With the permission of the Housing Development Administration, they can purchase or expropriate in agreement with their owners, to use them for other purposes. 3.3 Law No. 6306 on Transformation of Areas Under Disaster Risk The process related to the retrofitting / demolition / reconstruction of risky structures against disaster risk in Türkiye is regulated by “Law No. 6306 on Transformation of Areas Under Disaster Risk� (hereinafter referred to as “Law No. 6306� or simply “Law�) and “Implementation Regulation of Law No. 6306� (hereinafter referred to as the "Implementation Regulation"). Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 31 of 114 According to the Law, "risky area" is defined as "an area decided by the President that carries the risk of causing loss of life and property due to the ground structure or the construction on it"; “risky structure� is defined as “a structure that is inside or outside the risky area, has completed its economic life, or is at risk of collapse or severe damage, which is determined on the basis of scientific and technical data�. In the first article of the Law, the purpose of the Law is defined as “The purpose of this Law; It i s to determine the procedures and principles regarding the improvement, evacuation and renewal of the areas in order to create healthy and safe living environments in accordance with the norms and standards of science and art. In this respect, the Law and Implementation Regulation are the applicable national legislation components for “risky structures outside the areas formalized as risky areas and/or urban transformation areas� within the scope of the Project. Risk Identification Identification of risky buildings is done principally by the building owners or their legal representatives, at their own expense, within the framework of the procedures and principles set forth in the Implementation Regulation. Within the scope of the law, the risky building detection process starts with the application of any of the building owners to the relevant licensed institution, and upon the acceptance of the application by the relevant licensed institution, the building record is created by obtaining the "Building Identity Number" through the Ministry’s / GDUITS’s, ARAAD information system for about the building, and subsequently, the report for the said structure prepared by technical examinations in accordance with the procedures and principles specified in the "Principles Regarding the Risky Building Detection" presented in Annex-2 of the Implementation Regulation, signed with electronic signature by the relevant licensed institution and sent to the relevant Administration through the ARAAD information system. Risky Structure Detection According to the Annex-2 Principles Regarding the Risky Building Detection, the reports regarding the buildings which are determined as risky by the Licensed Institution/Organization through application of the owners, are submitted to the relevant Governorate (Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change) by the Licensed Institution/Organization, or to the Administration7 (“Municipality�) in case the Ministry transfers its authority. The reports are reviewed by the relevant Governorate (Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change) or the Municipality, and if any deficiencies are detected, they are sent back to the Licensed Institution/Organization for necessary corrections. In the event that no deficiencies are detected, or the deficiencies are corrected, risky buildings are reported to the Directorate of Land Registry within ten working days at the latest. Informing the Owners After any building is determined as "risky building" within the scope of the Law No. 6306 and the risky structure is determined by the relevant Governorship (Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change) or by the Administration in case of transfer of authority, the relevant land registry directorate will register the real estate with the declarations section of the land registry. A "risky building annotation" is placed and the necessary notifications are made to the real and personal rights holders under the scope of Law No. 7201 that the building has been determined as a "risky building". Thus, with the risky building annotation being placed in the declarations section of the land registry of the building that was determined as a risky building; it is ensured that the structure in question poses a risk in terms of life and property safety in transactions such as purchase, sale and rental. In addition, it is highly likely that the tenants or limited real rights holders residing in the risky building are aware of the risky transactions made about the building. 7 In the Law and the Implementing Regulation, the Administration refers to “Municipalities within the boundaries of municipalit ies and adjacent areas, special provincial administrations outside these boundaries, metropolitan municipalities in metropolitan provinces and, if authorized by the Ministry, sub-provincial municipalities within the boundaries of metropolitan municipalities�. Since all of the provinces within the scope of the Project are metropolitan cities, the “Administration� shall be used as the Municipality within the scope of the Project. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 32 of 114 Objection to Risky Building Detection The owners of the building or the legal representatives of the building can object to the risky structure determination issue with a petition to the Directorate in the place where the risky building is located (or to the Administration in case of transfer of authority by the Ministry). It is checked by the Directorate (MoEUCC Provincial Directorate) or the Administration whether any objections are made within the period of the objection. Pursuant to the provision "Objections not filed within the time limit and objections not filed by the owner of the building or, in case of the owner's death, by the heirs, shall not be processed", it is necessary to check whether the objection is made within the objection period. Objection petitions and reports regarding the objectionable determination are sent to the Directorate in the province where the technical committee authorized for that province is located, by the Directorate or the Administration at the location of the building. Checked objections will not be processed if they do not comply with the above-mentioned conditions. In order to evaluate the objections to be made against the risky building detections, sufficient technical committees are assigned where deemed necessary by the Ministry. The technical committee is established as seven members, with the participation of four members reported from universities and three members, two of whom are civil engineers and one of them a geology or geophysics engineer, working in the organization of the Ministry, and their alternates. In the event of an objection to the detection of a risky structure, the Technical Committee examines whether the risky structure determination report has been prepared in accordance with the Principles Regarding the Detection of Risky Structures in Annex 2, regardless of the reason for the objection shown in the objection petition. In case of technical deficiencies in the risky structure detection report, it is decided to send the report to the licensed institution or organization for necessary corrections. After all the deficiencies in the report are corrected, the final decision is made as to whether the building is risky or risk-free. If deemed necessary, the technical committee may personally inspect the object of objection on site, or may request an on-site inspection of the structure from the Directorate or, in case of delegation of authority by the Ministry, from the Administration. However, the final decision on whether the building is risky or not is made according to the state and characteristics of the building at the time of the risky structure determination. Decisions taken by the technical committee are written by stating their technical reasons; signed by the chairman and members. All decisions taken by the technical committee are notified to the Administration that makes or has made the determination, and only the final decision is notified to the objecting owner. In case the risk status of the building changes according to the final decision taken by the technical committee, the decision is also sent to the Ministry. Due to the provision, quoted; “A re-examination cannot be carried out upon an objection made by another owner against the risky structure determination report, which was decided by the technical committee.� the risky building detection reports are examined and finalized by the Technical Committee with all their elements (whether they are prepared in accordance with the Principles Regarding the Detection of Risky Buildings) and the final decision is made as to whether the building is risky or not-risky. If the risk status of the risky structure changes as a result of the examination of the Technical Committee, the situation in question is reported to the Ministry. At this point, it should be noted that in case of an objection to the risky structure determination described in the Law and Implementation Regulation or at any point in the process, legal remedy is open. Demolition of Risky Buildings In the event that the risky structure is determined, the Directorate requests the relevant Municipality to make the necessary notifications and demolish the risky structure. The owners of the immovable properties registered in the land registry as risky buildings by the Municipality are granted a period of not less than sixty days to demolish the risky buildings. In the notification made to the owners in this context, it is informed that the owners who use the risky building as tenants or limited real rights holders should be notified by the owner for evacuation. The demolition license is issued within six working days, without the consent of the owners, upon the application of one or more of the owners, after it is determined that the building to be demolished has been Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 33 of 114 evacuated and the electricity, water and natural gas services have been shut down and the demolition supervisor is determined. Whether the risky buildings are demolished by their owners within the given period (i.e., at least sixty days) is checked on site by the Municipality, and if it is determined that the risky building has not been demolished, a notification is made, stating that the building will be demolished by the administrative authorities, giving an additional period of less than thirty days. At the end of this period, if the risky structures are not demolished by the owners, the relevant institutions and organizations are requested not to provide electricity, water and natural gas to the risky structures and to stop the services provided, by taking the opinion of the right holders. Upon the request of the municipality, it is obligatory for the relevant institutions and organizations to stop the services such as electricity, water and natural gas provided to risky structures. In such cases, evacuation and demolition of risky structures from people and goods; It is made or made to be done by the Municipality with the support of the law enforcement to be provided by the local authorities. At this stage, the risky structures that cannot be demolished are reported to the Provincial Directorate by the municipality in two-month periods, and the structures that cannot be demolished are demolished or got demolished by the Ministry or the Provincial Directorate. The owners are responsible for the costs of the evacuation and demolition made or commissioned by the Ministry or the municipality in proportion to their shares8. Post Demolition Process and Application After the demolition of the risky building, since it has become a land, the risky structure annotation in the declaration section of the land registry of the immovable is canceled by the relevant land registry directorate, upon the notification of the Ministry or Administration, based on the documents regarding the demolition of the risky building. All the works and practices to be carried out in the parcel after the risky building annotation is canceled are still carried out within the scope of the Law. In parcels where risky buildings are located, without seeking the requirement of demolition of the buildings and regardless of whether they are a stakeholder in the risky building or not, the decision on their allotment, division, abandonment, creation and registration to the land registry processes, re-construction of a new building, sale of shares, re-utilization in return for flat or revenue sharing and/or other methods is taken by at least two-thirds majority of the stakeholders in proportion to their shares. This decision, together with the proposal including the terms of the agreement, is notified to those who disagree with the decision. In this notification, it is stated that if the decision and the offer are not accepted within fifteen days, the land shares will be sold by auction method to other stakeholders who have reached an agreement, not less than the fair value to be determined or to be made to be determined by the Ministry and if they are not sold to the stakeholders who agreed they will be sold to third parties on the condition that they agree on processing pursuant to the concluded agreement. Afterwards, in line with the procedure determined in the Implementing Regulation, the sale of the land shares of the owners who do not agree with the decision taken with at least two-thirds of the stakeholders in proportion to their shares is carried out by the Directorate or, if the authority has been transferred, by the Municipality. When the sales transactions are completed, the implementation starts. Specific Provisions and Practices Regarding Risky Construction Process Structures and Buildings Where the Process Can Be Applied Risky structures are detected in accordance with the Principles Regarding the Detection of Risky Structures in Annex-2 of the Implementation Regulation. Risky structure detection as specified in the Implementation Regulation; it can be made about structures that can be used on their own, that are covered and that people can enter and that allow people to sit, work, have fun or rest or worship, and structures that serve to protect animals and goods. Buildings that are under construction but are not inhabited, and structures whose structural 8 Expenses are followed up and collected from the owners in accordance with the provisions of the Law No. 6183 on Collection Procedure of Public Receivables. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 34 of 114 integrity has been disrupted due to being abandoned or partially demolished cannot be subject to risky structure determination. Provisions Related to Blocking the Process According to the Law, a criminal complaint may be filed with the Office of the Chief Public Prosecutor, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Turkish Penal Code No. 5237, depending on the action and state of affairs committed against those who prevent the detection, evacuation, demolition and other operations (e.g. valuation) of risky structures. In addition, criminal and disciplinary provisions are applied to public officials who do not fulfill the requirements of their duties regarding the detection of risky structures, the evacuation and demolition of risky structures. On the other hand, the owners may request risky structure detection for their unlicensed structures. In other words, in order to be able to request risky structure detection, it is not considered whether the structures are licensed or unlicensed Retrofitting Rather Than Demolition of Risky Buildings In the event that the risky structure is to be strengthened instead of demolished, within the given periods of not less than sixty days for the risky structure to be demolished; It is necessary for the owners to determine that the retrofit is technically possible, to take a strengthening decision as specified in the Condominium Ownership Law, to have a retrofitting project prepared and to obtain a license within the framework of the zoning legislation. After the retrofit work is completed within the period to be determined by the administration issuing the license according to the nature of the strengthening to be made, an application is made to the Directorate to remove the risky structure annotation in the land registry. Guarantees and Termination Procedures If real and private law legal entities are applying on the parcels where the risky building(s) are located, a guarantee of 10% of the approximate cost of the building must be given to the Administration before the construction license is obtained by the construction contractor who undertakes the construction work. If a contract has been signed between the owners and the contractor company, but the construction work of the new building has not been started, it is possible to terminate the contracts in accordance with the provisions of the fourteenth paragraph of Article 6 of the Law. On the other hand, in order to carry out the termination procedures, first of all; despite the fact that the right holders have fulfilled their obligations in accordance with the provisions of the contract to start the construction work within one year from the date of the contract signed with the last contracted owner, and there is no judicial or administrative decision or similar valid reason to prevent the construction work, due to reasons arising from the contractor the construction work of the new building has not been started and alternatively a decision must be taken with at least two- thirds majority of the owners (no requirement as to form is needed for this decision) in proportion to their shares. In this case, if an application is made to the relevant Provincial Directorate together with the decision taken with at least two-thirds of the owners for the termination of the contracts and the information and documents indicating that the construction work has not started due to the reasons arising from the contractor company, it can be examined whether the termination conditions are fulfilled. Rental Assistance and Other Supports under Law 6306 According to the Law and Implementing Regulation, the following parties may be supported as described below: • Rental assistance can be provided to the owners of the buildings evacuated by agreement provided that they reside in the building. The duration of assistance is 18 months in risky buildings outside the risky area. • According to the Decision Regarding Assistance to Those Who Use the Risky Building without Owner, Tenant or Limited Real Rights, which was enacted by the Council of Ministers Decision No. 2016/8663 within the scope of the Law, it is possible to provide rental assistance for: o 18 months to those having rights in risky buildings Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 35 of 114 o For slum owners, two months rental assistance is provided in a lump sum amount o For real right holders, five months rental assistance for those who rent residences/workspaces o For tenants, two months rental assistance for those who rent residences/workspaces • Interest support can be given to those whose building is determined to be risky and who will use loans from banks to build or acquire their residence or workplace with their own means. Principles regarding interest support are determined by Presidential Decree. • Tenants who wants to buy a house after moving from the risky building can also benefit from the interest support. • If the parcels where risk buildings are located are processed by real persons and private entities after the risky building process, municipalities do not charge any fees for the new construction area up to one and a half times the existing construction area, regardless of the change in function. • Temporary housing or workplace allocation can be made from the date of evacuation to the delivery date of residences and workplaces instead of rental assistance, if possible. As a final note, it should be noted here that, only one of the implementations (i.e., interest support or rental assistance) is utilizable within the scope of Law and Implementing Regulation provisions. In other words, relevant party cannot benefit from both rental assistance and interest support 9. Some Provisions Regarding Rights and Practices After Demolition of Risky Buildings Once a building has been demolished, the land remains; once the building is rebuilt and all owners retain their rights to the land and rebuild condominium, the previous condominium servitude or condominium is canceled ex officio by the relevant land registry directorate upon the request of the Ministry, without seeking the consent of the relevant parties, by making a valuation with its previous qualification or by specifying the terms of the agreement made with the owner in the land registry, and registered in the name of the owners in proportion to their shares. The nature of the buildings is registered ex officio according to the current situation. All kinds of annotations that restrict or prohibit the rights in kind and personal rights and the right of assignment in the registry of these immovables continue on the shares. The specified rights and annotations that are in the deed do not prevent the transactions related to unification, subdivision, area correction, division, creation, abandonment, registration, construction servitude and condominium establishment, and the consent of the owners and relevant persons is not sought in these transactions. For new buildings, the rights and annotations specified at the stage of construction servitude and condominium establishment are continued only on the independent sections that will fall to the owner who is liable for the said rights and annotations, without seeking consent. In risky buildings, on the parcels where the buildings are located, before the buildings are demolished, the consolidation of the parcels, individual or combined or application on the basis of the zoning island, allotment, abandonment, creation and registration to the land registry, re-building, sale of shares, flat or revenue sharing and other procedures, Re-evaluation is decided by at least two-thirds of the stakeholders in proportion to the shares they hold, regardless of whether they are shareholders of the structure or not. The land shares of those who do not agree with this decision are sold by auction method, after determining the current value by the Ministry, and not less than this value, to other stakeholders who have reached an agreement. If the sale to the stakeholders cannot be realized in this way, the sale process is repeated until the sale is made to the other stakeholders who made an agreement or to third parties on the condition that they accept the transaction in accordance with the agreement made with the decision of the stakeholders who made the agreement. In the event that the lands or land shares of the owners who do not agree with the decision taken with at least two-thirds of the stakeholders in proportion to their shares, are sold to third parties other than 9 It is important to note that this will be different under the proposed Project, i.e. homeowners will be eligible to receive both the rental assistance and the favorable loan under the Project. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 36 of 114 the stakeholders who have agreed, until the sale is made in accordance with the Law, it is obligatory for the purchaser to notify the electronic notification address to the land registry office in order for the registration process to be carried out. In one parcel; • In case there is more than one risky building and all of these buildings are identified as risky buildings, the implementations to be carried out after demolition are decided by at least two-thirds of all owners in proportion to their shares, regardless of whether they are shareholders of the building or not, • If there is more than one building and some of these buildings are identified as risky structures; o The applications to be carried out are decided by at least two-thirds of the structures that are determined to be risky in proportion to the shares they own, o The construction license to be issued for the reconstruction of the buildings identified as risky is issued upon the request and consent of only the owners of risky buildings, not all owners, provided that the rights of other owners are not adversely affected, o In the construction servitude to be established for the reconstruction of risky structures, only the request and consent of the owners of the risky structures is sought, provided that the other owners do not affect the land share, and o If it is possible to allocate the area where the buildings identified as risky are located, from the area where the risk-free or risky structures have not been determined, allotment, division, abandonment, creation and registration to the land registry are done ex officio. 3.4 Expropriation Law No. 2942 As stated in Article 1 of this Law; When and if necessary in the public interest; • Expropriation of immovables belonging to real or legal persons subject to private law, • calculation of expropriation fee, • registration of the immovable property and its commons in the name of the expropriation administration, • recovery of unused immovable assets, • It includes mutual rights and obligations and procedures and methods for resolving disputes related to them. Article 1 – This Law; In cases where the public interest requires, the procedures to be carried out in the expropriation of immovable properties owned by real and private legal entities by the State and public legal entities, the calculation of the expropriation cost, the registration of the immovable property and the right of easement in the name of the administration, the recovery of the unused immovable property, the transfer of immovable property between the administrations, mutual rights and obligations and the procedures and methods of settlement of disputes based on them. The provisions of this Law shall also apply in expropriations to be made on behalf of real and private legal entities based on their special laws. 3.5 Settlement Law No. 5543 Settlement activities are regulated by the Settlement Law No. 5543 and the Regulation on the Implementation of the Settlement Law. The Settlement Law deals with families applying to relevant government institutions in the Project area and requesting government-sponsored resettlement. While resettlement assistance is provided to beneficiary families by the state, expropriation compensation payments are made to all individuals who own immovable property in the Project area. The Resettlement Law provides for state-sponsored resettlement in rural and urban areas. Definitions ARTICLE 3 – (1) According to this Law; Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 37 of 114 a) Agricultural resettlement: It is the resettlement made by giving one or more of the agricultural land, business building, housing, livestock, tools, equipment, benches and loans to a family in the amount foreseen in the project. b) Non-agricultural resettlement: It is the resettlement made by giving one or more of the land, housing, tools, equipment, benches and loans to a family in the amount foreseen in the project. c) Physical settlement: It is the settlement made to a family with the aim of transferring the villages due to the inconvenience of the settlement area, or consolidating the scattered settlements and the villages fragmented as a result of the disaster, or with the credit support to be given over the loan amount to be determined by the Ministry after the sale of the land to be made from the village development area to the needy. ç) Nomad: Nomadic: Those who have been excluded from settled agricultural activities, who make their living with nomadic livestock without being dependent on a fixed and permanent residence, who migrate between summer pastures and winter quarters in the country according to the natural and climatic conditions, who have maintained this lifestyle since ancient times, who have kinship relations with each other, and who have animal husbandry activities together. They are Turkish citizens who conduct business as a group. d) Immigrant: Those who are of Turkish ancestry and adhere to Turkish culture and who come to Türkiye alone or collectively for the purpose of settling and are accepted in accordance with this Law. e) Free immigrants: Those who are of Turkish descent and adhere to Turkish culture, who come to Türkiye alone or in groups to settle and are accepted into the country on the condition that they do not want them to be resettled by the State. f) Immigrants with resettlement: Those who are of Turkish descent and are connected to Turkish culture, brought from abroad under special laws and provided for resettlement by giving immovable property in accordance with the provisions of this Law. g) Individual immigrants: Those who are of Turkish descent and adhere to Turkish culture and come as a family to settle in our country. h) Mass immigrants: They are families of Turkish descent and Turkish culture, who come collectively to settle in our country according to the agreement between the two countries. 3.6 Law No. 6698 on Protection of Personal Data The purpose of this Law is to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals, especially the privacy of private life, in the processing of personal data, to regulate the obligations of real and legal persons who process personal data, and the procedures and principles regarding this. Data on race, ethnicity, political thought, philosophical belief, religion, sect or other beliefs, costume and dress, association membership, criminal conviction and security measures, biometric and genetic data, etc. are personal data. The processing of sensitive personal data without the express consent of the person concerned is prohibited. Personal data other than health and sexual life may be processed without seeking the explicit consent of the person concerned, in cases stipulated by the laws. However, necessary precautions should be taken regarding data security. Personal data cannot be transferred without the explicit consent of the person concerned. 3.7 Building Earthquake Regulation in Türkiye (Official Gazette dated 18.03.2018 and numbered 30364) The main principle of earthquake resistant design of new buildings according to this Regulation; It is to limit the formation of permanent structural damage in order to ensure that the structural and non-structural system elements in the buildings are not damaged in mild earthquakes, the damage that may occur in structural and Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 38 of 114 non-structural elements in moderate earthquakes is limited and repairable, and to ensure life safety in severe earthquakes. “Definition of Irregular Buildings Regarding the definition of irregular buildings, the design and construction of which should be avoided due to their negative behavior against earthquakes, the situations that cause irregularities in the plan and in the vertical direction are given in Table 2.1, and the conditions related to them are given in. 2.3.2. Conditions Regarding Irregular Buildings The conditions for irregularity conditions defined in Table 2.1 are given below: 2.3.2.1 – A1 and B2 type irregularities are the irregularities that are effective in the selection of the earthquake calculation method, as specified in 2.6. 2.3.2.2 – In buildings with A2 and A3 type irregularities, in first and second degree seismic zones, it shall be verified by calculation that floor slabs can safely transfer seismic forces within their own planes between vertical structural system elements. 2.3.2.3 – In buildings with B1 type irregularity, if the sum of the infill wall areas on the ith floor is more than the one on the upper floor, the infill walls will not be taken into account in the calculation of ηci. I n the range of 0.60 ≤ (ηci)min < 0.80, the structural system response coefficient given in Table 2.5 will be multiplied by the value of 1.25 (ηci)min and applied to the entire building in both earthquake directions. But it will never be ηci < 0.60. Otherwise, the earthquake calculation will be repeated by increasing the strength and stiffness of the weak floor. 2.3.2.4 – Conditions for buildings with type B3 irregularity are as follows to be applied in all seismic zones: (a) It is never allowed to place columns on top or end of cantilever beams or gussets formed in the lower columns at any floor of the building.� Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 39 of 114 4 International Environmental and Social Standards: World Bank Environmental and Social Standards The World Bank Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs) describe standards for identifying, assessing and mitigating social and environmental risks and impacts associated with projects supported by the Bank through Investment Project Financing. In this sense, it determines the requirements to be met within the scope of the Project. Nine of the ESSs (as ESS 7 is not relevant) are relevant to the Project will be implemented throughout its life cycle: • ESS1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts; • ESS2: Labor and Working Conditions; • ESS3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management; • ESS4: Community Health and Safety; • ESS5: Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement; • ESS6: Conservation of Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources; • ESS8: Cultural Heritage; • ESS9: Financial Intermediaries; and • ESS10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure. The priority standards within the scope of the RF document are ESS 1 and 5. However, the directly related standards are ESS’s 1, 2, 4, 5 and 10. ESS1 Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts: The World Bank requires that the environmental and social risks and impacts of projects supported by the Bank be assessed, managed and monitored to ensure that projects are environmentally and socially sound and sustainable. ESS1 applies to all projects supported by the Bank through Investment Project Financing. The ESS1 identifies the Borrower's responsibilities for assessing, managing and monitoring the environmental and social risks and impacts associated with each phase of a project. Objectives of ESS1 are as follows10; (i) identify, assess and manage the environmental and social risks and impacts of the project in a manner consistent with ESSs; (ii) adopt the mitigation hierarchy approach a) Anticipating and avoiding risks and impacts, b) To minimize the risks and impacts or to reduce them to acceptable levels in cases where it is not possible to avoid them, c) after risks and impacts are minimized or mitigated, mitigate and (d) compensate or offset where significant residual impacts remain, where technically and financially feasible (iii) take differentiated measures to avoid adverse impacts being disproportionately imposed on the disadvantageous; 10 https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/142691530216729197/ESF-Guidance-Note-1-Assessment-and-Management-of- Environmental-and-Social-Risks-and-Impacts-English.pdf Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 40 of 114 (iv) when it is appropriate to utilize national environmental and social institutions, systems, laws, regulations and procedures in the evaluation, development and implementation of projects; and (v) Promote improved environmental and social performance in ways that recognize and enhance the Borrower's capacity. In accordance with the requirements of ESS1, the Borrower; (i) carry out an environmental and social assessment of the proposed subprojects, (ii) undertake stakeholder engagement and share appropriate information in accordance with ESS10; (iii) Develop an Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP) and implement all measures and actions outlined in legislation, including the ESCP (iv) Provide monitoring and reporting of the project's environmental and social performance against ESSs. ESS2 Labor and Working Conditions The objectives of the ESS2 are: (i) to promote safety and health in the workplace; (ii) promote fair treatment, non-discrimination and equal opportunity for project workers; (iii) appropriately protect workers, including women, persons with disabilities, children (of working age pursuant to ESS2) and vulnerable workers such as migrant workers, contract workers, community workers and primary supply workers; (iv) prevent all forms of forced and child labor; (v) uphold the principles of freedom of association and collective bargaining of project workers in accordance with national laws; and (vi) provide accessible tools for project workers to raise concerns in the workplace. The applicability and scope of application of ESS2 depends on the environmental and social assessment described in ESS1 and the type of employment relationship between the Borrower and project workers. The ESS will include a description of the following; (i) employment terms and conditions, non-discrimination and equal opportunity, and the management of working conditions and worker relations, including workers' organizations (such as the development and implementation of workforce management procedures applicable to the project); (ii) labor protection, including setting a minimum age for workers, prohibiting child and forced labor; (iii) grievance mechanism (for workers); (iv) occupational health and safety; (v) contract workers; (vi) community workers; and (vii) primary supply workers. ESS4 Community Health and Safety It addresses potential health, safety and security risks and impacts on project-affected communities and Borrowers' associated responsibilities to prevent or minimize them, with particular attention to vulnerable people. For the purposes of ESS4, the primary objective is to prevent adverse impacts on the health and safety of project-affected communities throughout the project lifecycle, from both routine and non-routine conditions. The applicability of ESS4 depends on the environmental and social assessment described in ESS1. ESS4 requirements cover: (i) infrastructure and equipment design and safety (including the safety of dams), safety of services, traffic and road safety, ecosystem services, community health and safety, including management and safety of hazardous materials, and emergency response preparedness and response; and (ii) security personnel. ESS5 Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement The objectives of ESS5 are: (i) to avoid involuntary resettlement or, when unavoidable, to minimize involuntary resettlement by exploring project design alternatives; (ii) avoid forced eviction; (iii) mitigate the unavoidable negative social and economic impacts of land acquisition or restrictions on land use by: (a) providing timely compensation for loss of assets with replacement costs, and (b) assisting displaced persons in their recovery or at least restoration efforts, and livelihoods; and living standards, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or levels prior to the start of project implementation, whichever is higher; (iv) improve the living conditions of the physically displaced poor or vulnerable by ensuring adequate shelter, access and use of services and facilities; (v) design and conduct resettlement activities as sustainable development programs by providing Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 41 of 114 sufficient investment resources to enable project-affected people (PAPs), due to the nature of the project, to directly benefit from the project; and (vi) ensuring that resettlement activities are planned and implemented with appropriate information disclosure, meaningful consultation and informed participation of those affected. The applicability of ESS5 is dependent on the environmental and social assessment described in ESS1 and applies to permanent or temporary physical and economic displacement resulting from land acquisition or land use restrictions undertaken or implemented in connection with project implementation described in ESS5. ESS5 requirements cover the preparation and implementation of a resettlement framework or plan that will form the basis for: (i) general requirements such as suitability classification, project design, compensation and benefits for affected persons, community engagement, grievance mechanism, planning and implementation; (ii) physical and economic displacement; (iii) cooperation with other responsible bodies or sub-national jurisdictions; and (iv) technical and financial assistance. ESS 10 Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure The objectives of ESS 10 are: (i) to establish a systematic approach to stakeholder engagement that will help Borrowers identify stakeholders and build and maintain a constructive relationship with them, in particular project-affected parties; (ii) to assess the level of stakeholder interest and support for the project and to enable stakeholders’ views to be taken into account in project design and environmental and social performance; (iii) to promote and provide means for effective and inclusive engagement with project-affected parties throughout the project life cycle on issues that could potentially affect them; (iv) to ensure that appropriate project information on environmental and social risks and impacts is disclosed to stakeholders in a timely, understandable, accessible and appropriate manner and format; and (v) to provide project-affected parties with accessible and inclusive means to raise issues and grievances, and allow Borrowers to respond to and manage such grievances. ESS 10 applies to all projects supported by the Bank through Investment Project Financing. The Borrower will engage with stakeholders as an integral part of the project’s environmental and social assessment and project design and implementation, as outlined in ESS1. For the purpose of this ESS, “stakeholder� refers to individuals or groups who: (i) are affected or likely to be affected by the project (project-affected parties); and (ii) may have an interest in the project (other interested parties). ESS 10 requires Borrowers to engage with stakeholders throughout the project life cycle, commencing such engagement as early as possible in the project development process and in a timeframe that enables meaningful consultations with stakeholders on project design. The nature, scope and frequency of stakeholder engagement will be proportionate to the nature and scale of the project and its potential risks and impacts. Borrowers will engage in meaningful consultations with all stakeholders. Borrowers will provide stakeholders with timely, relevant, understandable and accessible information, and consult with them in a culturally appropriate manner, which is free of manipulation, interference, coercion, discrimination and intimidation. The process of stakeholder engagement will involve the following, as set out in further detail in ESS 10: (i) stakeholder identification and analysis; (ii) planning how the engagement with stakeholders will take place; (iii) disclosure of information; (iv) consultation with stakeholders; (v) addressing and responding to grievances; and (vi) reporting to stakeholders. The Borrower will maintain, and disclose as part of the environmental and social assessment, a documented record of stakeholder engagement, including a description of the stakeholders consulted, a summary of the feedback received and a brief explanation of how the feedback was taken into account, or the reasons why it was not. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 42 of 114 4.1 Gap Analysis between Country Legal Framework and World Bank ESF There are some gaps between international standards (World Bank ESSs) and national legislation. It should be noted that, as the project will not be financing civil works, not all aspects of ESS 5 are relevant. The gaps are in the following subjects: • Avoidance and Minimization • Census and Basic information • Interruption Dates • Valuation Methodologies – Full Exchange Value and Compensation for lands and fixed assets • The necessity of preparing a Resettlement Action Plan • Compensation before land acquisition/relocation • Treatment of squatters / informal land users • Precautions for Sensitive Persons • Migration Support • Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) • Community Engagement / Consultation / Negotiation / Level and timing of participation • Information Disclosure • Project Level Grievance Mechanisms (GM). Avoidance and Minimization: There is no provision in the Turkish Expropriation Law regarding resettlement avoidance and minimization. Census and Basic information: Turkish Law requires the preparation of an inventory of assets. Land acquisition by expropriation requires the preparation of a census (full count) of affected immovable assets and a full list of their owners. Expropriation compensation is provided to legal title holders in accordance with the Expropriation Law No. 2942. In order to prevent new arrivals from settling in the expropriation area, the public benefit decision announcement posted in the village headman is used as the cutoff date in large-scale investment projects. In order to prevent fraudulent claims, a digital cadastre and population registration system based on the current addresses of the individuals are used. Valuation Methodologies – Full Replacement Value and Compensation for Loss of Buildings : Buildings are compensated using construction costs given by reference values and market value as defined by the MoEUCC. However, depreciation and demolition costs are deducted from the calculated values. Requirement to prepare a Resettlement Action Plan: No legal provision compels the Project owners to prepare a resettlement action plan under Turkish Law. Loss of Job: National legislation only compensates for loss of property and/or structure. It does not require livelihood restoration measures. Rights and regulations for squatters/informal land users : The Slum Law Implementation Regulation, prepared in accordance with Article 36 of the Slum Law No. 775, defines the support to be made to municipalities and individuals and the principles in the implementation of the law. According to this regulation, the following assistance can be provided to individuals: a. land allocation, b. loan allocation from the slum fund, c. in-kind assistance, d. technical assistance and other conveniences, e. housing aid. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 43 of 114 Measures against Vulnerable Persons: The Expropriation Law does not specify vulnerable groups. However, according to the Turkish Constitution, the State guarantees its citizens to lead their lives in peace and security, and also encourages them to reach a higher socioeconomic standard of living. In this context, the State applies various rules and measures to protect and support its needy, weak, helpless and orphaned citizens. Transition Livelihood Support (TLS): Transitional support is only available for government-assisted resettlement. Monitoring and Evaluation: There are no provisions for the implementation or monitoring of the effects of expropriation or resettlement. Disclosure: Public participation meetings are held as part of the EIA process in accordance with national EIA Regulation requirements. This allows for some degree of consultation with Project affected communities during the scoping phase of the national EIA process. Upon completion, the EIA disclosure is mandatory. The public disclosure/information meeting is officially announced 10 days before the meeting. Project Level Grievance Mechanisms (GM): Expropriation involves the mandatory allocation of immovable property by the State for the public benefit. However, the Expropriation Law No. 2942 allows the owner of the immovable subject to expropriation and other interested parties to file a lawsuit against the expropriation procedure or the appraised value and material errors in the courts of appeal. Reference can also be made to the Law No. 3071 on the Use of the Right to Petition and the Law No. 4982 on the Right to Obtain Information. Documents/information are provided to the applicants quickly, effectively and accurately, with the exceptions set forth in this law. In general, it is envisaged to close the main differences between WB EAs and national environmental and social legislation as follows: For ESS1: Environmental and social assessment studies specific to subprojects; • Preparation of ESMPs for each province (Details within the scope of the Project are included in the ESMF of the Project), • Evaluation of Inappropriate Sub-Projects, • Implementation of environmental and social screening, integrated with the above assessment, • Subsequently, identification and preparation of relevant environmental and social assessment & management tool. This can be a neighborhood level ESIA / sub-project specific ESMP Checklist/ Type III sub-project specific Environmental and Social Action Plan, which will be prepared as per to the outcomes of the E&S Audit and / or combination of them, and • Implementation of relevant environmental and social assessment and management tool(s) during the relevant demolition / retrofitting / reconstruction stage. With the implementation of the above process, it is aimed to close the gap between ESS1 and national legislation. For ESS2: The Labor Management Procedure (“LMP�) is being developed as part of the Environmental and Social Framework documents. The LMP will also provide guidance on necessary mitigation or management practices, such as the worker grievance mechanism, code of conduct, as envisaged in the ESS2 and relevant World Bank EHS guidelines. The LMP developed for the project will be implemented in a sub-project-specific manner; minimum requirements will be met. In accordance with the LMP developed, each contractor who will undertake any retrofitting / reconstruction work will be responsible for collecting, evaluating and if possible, resolving complaints/concerns/opinions/suggestions expressed by any stakeholder including workers. Besides, the LMP includes the Code of Conduct which will be applicable to all kinds of personnel working within the scope of the Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 44 of 114 Project, including contractors’ workers. Contractors are responsible for raising awareness and educating all workers about the procedures and principles in the CoC and grievance mechanism. For ESS3: Risks and impacts related to ESS3 will be addressed primarily through ESMPs that will be integrated into each subproject by implementing the process described for ESS1. Sub-management plans such as Pollution Prevention and Waste Management will also be prepared for each province and integrated in a way that is specific to sub-projects. For ESS4: Risks and impacts related to ESS4 will be addressed primarily through ESMPs and sub-management plans that will be integrated into each subproject by implementing the process described for ESS1. Sub- management plans (e.g. Community Health and Traffic Management Plan etc.) will be developed as part of the ESMPs, depending on the level of risks/impacts to be identified for each situation. For ESS5: The Resettlement Framework (“RF�) was developed as part of the Environmental and Social Framework documents. It provides guidance for the preparation of the Resettlement Plans RPs). For each sub- project, the RP will be implemented in line with the sub-project requirements. For ESS6: The sub-projects that have significant adverse impacts on Critical Habitat or key biodiversity areas will be ineligible for the project support. This assessment will be carried out through the process described for ESS1. However, it should be noted that the management of issues such as air emissions and waste disposal that indirectly affect biodiversity and the ecosystem will be carried out through the implementation of the relevant ESMPs and other environmental and social documents. For ESS7: This standard does not apply to the Project. For ESS8: The Project shall not finance any activities on the registered objects of cultural heritage or in their immediate vicinity from where Project activities may cause physical damage of cultural heritage objects or have adverse aesthetic impacts on them. However, impacts on the unknown elements of cultural heritage may not be excluded. Therefore, the Chance Find Procedure (See Appendix-13) shall be implemented for all sub- projects for possible issues during construction. For ESS9: Commercial bank(s) will be administering funds on behalf of MoEUCC, rather than acting as Financial Intermediaries. Therefore, ESS9 does not apply to Components 1, 2, 4a and 5 of the Project. For Component 3, ILBANK has prepared an ESCP, ESMF, RF and SEP. They are also preparing an Environmental and Social Management System. For ESS10: The Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) is part of the ESF documents and will be used throughout Project implementation, including general information disclosure about subprojects and grievance mechanism. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 45 of 114 5 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Project Areas The social status of the provinces where the project will be implemented has been evaluated in three contexts: • Socioeconomic development level and general characteristics of provinces and districts • Socioeconomic structure and demographic characteristics of the provinces, • Vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. Socioeconomic characteristics of project areas have been assessed through the social, economic and demographic data of the pilot provinces İzmir, Manisa, İstanbul, Tekirdağ and Kahramanmaraş. Data has been obtained from the updated TURKSTAT national data, Development Agecies, municipalities, institutions visited during the site visits in the field study of the Project and stakeholder interviews and focus group meetings held during the site visits. Detailed information on the site visits and stakeholder engagements have been given in the section 1.4 RF Methodology. 5.1 Socio-Economic Baseline Istanbul [To be completed] İzmir İzmir is the socio-cultural and economic center of the Aegean Region, as well as a province that receives immigrants from many provinces of Türkiye, has an increasing population and is gradually expanding its metropolitan area. The population of İzmir is 4,425,789 according to 2021 data of TURKSTAT. The population of İzmir increased by 31,095 compared to the previous year. Of the population, 2,199,287 are men and 2,226,502 are women. As a percentage: 49.69% are men and 50.31% are women. According to the Socio-Economic Development Ranking of Provinces and Regions Research, which was last carried out by the Ministry of Industry and Technology, General Directorate of Development Agencies in 2017, the province of İzmir is among the first-level developed provinces. According to the Socio-Economic Development Ranking Research conducted in 2003 and 2011, İzmir was identified among the first -level developed provinces within the scope of development level. It is seen that the provinces in group I, which include the most developed provinces, generally increase the welfare levels of other provinces around them. According to the socioeconomic development level of the districts of İzmir Konak District ranks first in terms of socioeconomic development in the study conducted in 2017. Konak District is in the 1st level developed districts group in the development ranking of districts in Türkiye. Considering the index values of the districts in the ranking, the districts are classified in six development levels. Accordingly, there are 56 districts in the first level, 173 districts in the second level, 229 districts in the third level, 205 districts in the fourth level, 197 districts in the fifth level and 110 districts in the sixth level. In the first development level, which covers the most developed districts, there are districts from Marmara, Central Anatolia, Aegean and Mediterranean Regions in general. These are the counties in the first 56 places. The majority of these districts are located in the most developed provinces of Türkiye. It is understood that the net migration rate of these districts is generally positive in direct proportion to their socio-economic development and they receive immigration from other settlements. These districts are districts with strong industrial infrastructure, attraction centers in terms of tourism, whose basic infrastructures have been completed, and which have higher education, health and life quality values compared to other districts. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 46 of 114 Second-tier developed counties mostly consist of metropolitan cities that are not included in the first stage, tourism center counties that are not included in the first stage, and central counties of other provinces. It can be stated that there are districts that have developed with the effect of being close to the developed districts, the socio-economic advantages provided by tourism and the opportunities in the central districts. Although there are districts with high agricultural production among the districts at this level, it is seen that employment is concentrated in the manufacturing industry and service sectors. However, the share of employment in these sectors lags behind the districts in the first tier. In these districts, the education variables related to socio- economic development and representing human capital are above the country average. When the distribution of the 3rd tier districts within Türkiye is examined, it is seen that the employment shares in the manufacturing industry and service sectors have started to decrease, starting with the third tier developed districts. Approximately 10 percent of the manufacturing industry employment in Türkiye belongs to the districts at this level. Despite the decrease in the share of employment in the manufacturing industry and services sector in Türkiye, the high level of agricultural production in the districts at this level draws attention. The total agricultural. Approximately 30 percent of the production value is in these districts. İzmir-Ödemiş is in this category. Districts in the 4th level constitute 6.2 percent of the country's population. As a result of their socio-economic development levels, it is seen that the net migration values of 163 of 205 districts in this level are negative and they give net migration to other settlements in total. The share of the districts in this level, where the employment share in the manufacturing industry and services sectors is low, in the total agricultural production is around 17 percent. Table 4 Socioeconomic Development Rankings of Izmir's Districts District National Development Development Ranking Development Level Ranking in İzmir Province 2004 (872 2017 (970 2004 (19 2017 (30 2004 2017 district) district) district) district) Konak* - 6/970 - 1/30 - 1 Balçova* - 12/970 - 2/30 - 1 Bornova* - 20/970 - 3/30 - 1 Çeşme 19/872 22/970 2/19 4/30 2 1 Çiğli* - 43/970 - 5/30 - 1 Karşıyaka* - 44/970 - 6/30 - 1 Gaziemir* - 45/970 - 7/30 - 1 Aliağa 5/872 54/970 1/19 8/30 1 1 Güzelbahçe* - 77/970 - 9/30 - 2 Narlıdere* - 80/970 - 10/30 - 2 Bayraklı* - 92/970 - 11/30 - 2 Urla 43/872 93/970 3/19 12/30 2 2 Foça 79/872 115/970 8/19 13/30 2 2 Buca* - 121/970 - 14/30 - 2 Seferihisar 61/872 130/970 5/19 15/30 2 2 Karabağlar* - 133/970 - 16/30 - 2 Selçuk 75/872 146/970 7/19 17/30 2 2 Kemalpaşa 62/872 153/970 6/19 18/30 2 2 Torbalı 54/872 156/970 4/19 19/30 2 2 Karaburun 84/872 172/970 9/19 20/30 2 2 Menemen 142/872 178/970 12/19 21/30 2 2 Menderes 124/872 181/970 10/19 22/30 2 2 Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 47 of 114 District National Development Development Ranking Development Level Ranking in İzmir Province 2004 (872 2017 (970 2004 (19 2017 (30 2004 2017 district) district) district) district) Dikili 130/872 182/970 11/19 23/30 2 2 Tire 174/872 192/970 13/19 24/30 3 2 Bergama 180/872 209/970 14/19 25/30 3 2 Ödemiş 199/872 236/970 15/19 26/30 3 3 Kınık 418/872 417/970 17/19 27/30 3 3 Bayındır 392/872 477/970 16/19 28/30 3 4 Beydağ 450/872 562/970 18/19 29/30 3 4 Kiraz 644/872 623/970 19/19 30/30 4 4 *Central districts Source: TURKSTAT 2020 Manisa The population of Manisa is 1,456,626 according to 2021 data of TURKSTAT. The population of Manisa increased by 6,010 compared to the previous year. This population consists of 731,208 men and 725,418 women. As a percentage: 50.20% are men, 49.80% are women. With a population of approximately 1.5 million, Manisa is the second industrial and commercial center of the Aegean Region. Manisa is the fourteenth province of Türkiye in terms of population size. Agricultural activities are carried out intensively in the majority of the districts of Manisa, which has 17 districts in total. Manisa is located in a fertile basin. In addition, being close to İzmir contributes to the rapid development of the province. According to the Socio-Economic Development Ranking of Provinces and Regions Research conducted by the General Directorate of Development Agencies of the Ministry of Industry and Technology in 2017, Manisa province is in the category of second level developed provinces. Manisa has been identified as the 23rd province in Türkiye in terms of socioeconomic development level. The socioeconomic development level rankings of the districts of Manisa and the socioeconomic development rankings of the districts within the Province of Manisa are presented in the table below. Table 5 Socioeconomic Development Rankings of Manisa Districts District National Development Development Ranking in Development Level Ranking Manisa Province 2004 (872 2017 (970 2004 (19 2017 (30 2004 2017 district) district) district) district) Yunusemre* - 63/970 - 1/17 2 Soma 117/872 150/970 2/15 2/17 2 2 Şehzadeler* - 171/970 - 3/17 2 Akhisar 178/872 184/970 4/15 4/17 3 2 Turgutlu* 82/872 189/970 1/15 5/17 2 2 Salihli 136/872 202/970 3/15 6/17 2 2 Demirci 439/872 316/970 11/15 7/17 3 3 Alaşehir 284/872 362/970 5/15 8/17 3 3 Kula 366/872 415/970 9/15 9/17 3 3 Sarıgöl 446/872 429/970 12/15 10/17 3 3 Gördes 594/872 434/970 14/15 11/17 4 3 Kırkağaç 398/872 445/970 10/15 12/17 3 3 Saruhanlı 363/872 481/970 8/15 13/17 3 4 Köprübaşı 539/872 495/970 13/15 14/17 4 4 Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 48 of 114 Ahmetli 300/872 527/970 6/15 15/17 3 4 Gölmarmara 354/872 584/970 7/15 16/17 3 4 Selendi 689/872 621/970 15/15 17/17 5 4 *Central districts Source: TURKSTAT 2020 When the data in the table is evaluated, after 2004 and after the changes made in 2012, Yunusemre and Şehzadeler districts were ranked high in socioeconomic development. These districts are also central districts. In Gölmarmara and Ahmetli Districts, which are the two districts with a decline in development ranking, the main source of income is agricultural activities and it can be stated that the decrease is due to deficiencies in terms of creating added value in agricultural activities. The establishment of Celal Bayar University and the emergence of cherry production and sales as a new agricultural activity in recent years have played an important role in Demirci district, which is one of the districts with an increasing socioeconomic development level.When the districts with the most risky structures are evaluated, central districts such as Şehzadeler, Turgutlu and Yunusemre and Saruhanlı district can be specified as risky districts. Tekirdağ Tekirdag population is 1,113,400 according to 2021 data of TURKSTAT. Tekirdag population has increased by 32,335 compared to the previous year. This population consists of 570,355 males and 543,045 females. As a percentage: 51,23% are men, 48,77% are women. Tekirdağ is the 21st largest city in Türkiye with a population of over 1 million as of the end of 2020. The population of Tekirdağ, which has 11 districts in total, has increased since 2007 according to TUIK data. According to these data, the population growth rate of Tekirdağ ranks second in Türkiye. According to the Socio-Economic Development Ranking of Provinces and Regions Research conducted by the Ministry of Industry and Technology, General Directorate of Development Agencies in 2017, Tekirdağ province is among the first-tier developed provinces and ranks 9th in Türkiye. Considering the socioeconomic development level within the scope of the districts of Tekirdağ Province, the socioeconomic development rankings of Tekirdağ districts and the socioeconomic development rankings of the districts in Tekirdağ Province between the years 2004 and 2017 between 2004 and 2017 are presented in the Table below. Table 6 Socioeconomic Development Rankings of Tekirdağ Districts District National Development Development Ranking in Development Ranking Tekirdağ Province Level 2004 (872 2017 (970 2004 (19 2017 (30 2004 2017 district) district) district) district) Çorlu 15/872 24/970 1/8 1/11 1 1 Çerkezköy 29/872 26/970 3/8 2/11 2 1 Süleymanpaşa* - 75/970 - 3/11 - 2 Saray 154/872 157/970 5/8 4/11 2 2 Muratlı 111/872 199/970 4/8 5/11 2 2 Malkara 252/872 219/970 7/8 6/11 3 2 Marmaraereğlisi 18/872 234/970 2/8 7/11 2 3 Şarköy 166/872 254/970 6/8 8/11 2 3 Hayrabolu 267/872 310/970 8/8 9/11 3 3 Ergene - 311/970 - 10/11 - 3 Kapaklı - 363/970 - 11/11 - 3 *Central districts Source: TURKSTAT 2020 Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 49 of 114 When the districts with the most risky structures are evaluated, Süleymanpaşa central district and Çorlu come to the fore. Kahramanmaraş The population of Kahramanmaraş has increased by 3,135 compared to the previous year. The population of Kahramanmaraş is 1,171,298 according to 2021 data of TURKSTAT. This population consists of 594,776 males and 576,522 females. As a percentage: 50.78% men, 49.22% women. Kahramanmaraş is the eighteenth largest city in Türkiye with a population of 1,168,163 as of the end of 2020. The population of Kahramanmaraş, which has 11 districts in total, has increased regularly since 2007, according to TUIK data. According to the Socio-Economic Development Ranking Research of Provinces and Regions, conducted by the Ministry of Industry and Technology, General Directorate of Development Agencies in 2017, Kahramanmaraş is among the fifth-tier developed provinces and ranks 58th among all provinces. The index value of all the provinces in the fifth tier is negative, expressing the provinces with a low level of development. In 2003 and 2011, when the study was carried out, Kahramanmaraş was determined as the 48th and 60th provinces, respectively, within the scope of socioeconomic development level. The socioeconomic development rankings of the districts of Kahramanmaraş are presented in the Table below. Table 7 Socioeconomic Development Rankings of Kahramanmaraş Districts District National Development Development Ranking Development Level Ranking in Tekirdağ Province 2004 (872 2017 (970 2004 (19 2017 (11 2004 (872 2017 (970 district) district) district) ilçe) district) district) Dulkadiroğlu* - 145/970 - 1/11 2 Onikişubat* - 233/970 - 2/11 3 Elbistan 236/872 339/970 1/9 3/11 3 3 Afşin 476/872 549/970 2/9 4/11 3 4 Pazarcık 593/872 627/970 4/9 5/11 4 4 Türkoğlu 613/872 729/970 5/9 6/11 4 5 Göksun 572/872 744/970 3/9 7/11 4 5 Nurhak 671/872 745/970 6/9 8/11 5 5 Andırın 707/872 760/970 7/9 9/11 5 5 Ekinözü 788/872 849/970 9/9 10/11 6 5 Çağlayancerit 768/872 853/970 8/9 11/11 6 5 *Central districts Source: TURKSTAT 2020 As the data in the table reveals, after the central district of Kahramanmaraş was divided into two in 2012, Dulkadiroğlu and Onikisubat districts were determined as the first two districts in the socioeconomic development ranking in the study conducted in 2017. These districts are also central districts. After the change, there was no remarkable change, apart from the statistically reflected change. According to the information obtained during the field studies, Dulkadiroğlu is the district with the most risky structures. There are also risky structures in Onikisubat District. 5.2 Specific details on socio-economic characteristics of each project location İstanbul Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 50 of 114 Istanbul is one of the provinces included in the scope of the Project. In addition to the analysis of the 4 provinces made in the first stage, updates regarding the Province of Istanbul will be made. İzmir According to the 2021 data of İzmir, the total population is 4.425.789. Considering the distribution of the population by gender, it is seen that the male population is 2.199.287 and the female population is 2.226.502. Table 8 Izmir Population Change Year İzmir Population Male Population Female Population 2021 4.425.789' 2.199.287 2.226.502 2020 4.394.694 2.187.226 2.207.468 2019 4.367.251 2.174.319 2.192.932 2018 4.320.519 2.152.585 2.167.934 2017 4.279.677 2.133.548 2.146.129 2016 4.223.545 2.104.632 2.118.913 2015 4.168.415 2.078.224 2.090.191 2014 4.113.072 2.050.424 2.062.648 2013 4.061.074 2.027.334 2.033.740 2012 4.005.459 1.999.246 2.006.213 2011 3.965.232 1.979.088 1.986.144 2010 3.948.848 1.985.368 1.963.480 2009 3.868.308 1.933.681 1.934.627 2008 3.795.978 1.897.792 1.898.186 2007 3.739.353 1.872.579 1.866.774 Source: TURKSTAT 2020 The surface area of İzmir is 11,891 km 2. According to the 2020 TUIK data, the population density has been determined as 370/Km2. İzmir is the third largest city in Türkiye with its population reaching 4.4 million as of the end of 2020. The population of İzmir, which has 30 districts in total, has increased regularly every year since 2007, according to TUIK data. Izmir's population, which was 3,739,353 in 2007, increased to 4.425.789 in 2021. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 51 of 114 Figure 2 Population Increase Rate of Izmir Province The distribution of İzmir by age groups is shown in the table below. According to the data, 76% of İzmir's population is active population. Table 9 Distribution of Population by Age Groups in İzmir Age Population % 0-4 253.745 % 5,77 5-9 281.157 % 6,40 10-14 274.606 % 6,25 15-19 264.232 % 6,01 20-24 309.465 % 7,04 25-29 321.848 % 7,32 30-34 334.109 % 7,60 35-39 356.632 % 8,12 40-44 360.205 % 8,20 45-49 327.879 % 7,46 50-54 281.611 % 6,41 55-59 277.543 % 6,32 Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 52 of 114 Age Population % 60-64 231.977 % 5,28 65-69 192.668 % 4,38 70-74 139.825 % 3,18 75-79 88.782 % 2,02 80-84 55.660 % 1,27 85-89 29.938 % 0,68 90+ 12.812 % 0,29 Source: TURKSTAT 2020 When the distribution of the population according to the districts is evaluated, the biggest district of İzmir is Buca (507.773 people) and the smallest one is Karaburun (11.329) according to the population size. Table 10 Izmir District Populations District Total Population Male Female Population in 2021 population population ratio in the province BUCA 517.963 257.169 260.794 11,70% KARABAĞLAR 478.788 235.862 242.926 10,82% BORNOVA 452.867 224.889 227.978 10,23% KARŞIYAKA 347.023 162.189 184.834 7,84% KONAK 336.545 164.439 172.106 7,60% BAYRAKLI 296.839 147.606 149.233 6,71% ÇİĞLİ 209.951 104.609 105.342 4,74% TORBALI 201.476 101.543 99.933 4,55% MENEMEN 193.229 98.451 94.778 4,37% GAZİEMİR 137.856 69.308 68.548 3,11% ÖDEMİŞ 132.769 66.077 66.692 3,00% KEMALPAŞA 112.049 56.978 55.071 2,53% BERGAMA 104.980 52.773 52.207 2,37% MENDERES 104.147 52.432 51.715 2,35% ALİAĞA 103.364 56.673 46.691 2,34% TİRE 86.758 42.773 43.985 1,96% BALÇOVA 80.513 39.422 41.091 1,82% URLA 72.741 36.339 36.402 1,64% NARLIDERE 63.438 31.253 32.185 1,43% SEFERİHİSAR 52.507 26.270 26.237 1,19% Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 53 of 114 ÇEŞME 48.167 24.477 23.690 1,09% DİKİLİ 46.587 23.254 23.333 1,05% KİRAZ 43.674 22.172 21.502 0,99% BAYINDIR 40.049 19.937 20.112 0,90% SELÇUK 37.689 18.771 18.918 0,85% GÜZELBAHÇE 37.572 18.481 19.091 0,85% FOÇA 33.611 18.642 14.969 0,76% KINIK 28.513 14.191 14.322 0,64% BEYDAĞ 12.197 6.128 6.069 0,28% KARABURUN 11.927 6.179 5.748 0,27% Source: TURKSTAT 2020 When the migration data of İzmir is evaluated, it is seen that there is a mutual mig ration movement with the provinces of Istanbul and Ankara. Izmir both gives immigration to Istanbul and Ankara and also receives immigrants from these provinces. In addition, İzmir has a similar population exchange with the surrounding provinces in its immediate vicinity. Nearby cities that migrated to İzmir can be counted as Manisa, Aydın, Balıkesir, Muğla and Denizli. The immigration of Izmir from big cities, the immigration of the population whose education level and economic situation are relatively good; Migration from nearby provinces; Migration from low-development provinces in East-North and Central Anatolia can be defined as chain migration based mainly on citizenship relations and to find a job, to live in a city with better educational-social conditions. The provinces that send the most immigrants to İzmir from Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia can be listed as Diyarbakır, Mardin, Erzurum, Van, Şanlıurfa. Approximately 40% of the building stock of İzmir Province is located in 11 central districts (Balçova, Bayraklı, Bornova, Buca, Çiğli, Gaziemir, Güzelbahçe, Karabağlar, Karşıyaka, Konak and Narlıdere). Considering that 70% of the total population is located in these 11 central districts and according to the observations made during the field visit and the information received from the interviewed stakeholders, only 12% of the buildings in these 11 central districts were built according to the post-1998 legislation; It can be said that the majority of risky buildings are concentrated in the central districts. Based on the field studies and stakeholder interviews in İzmir, the prominent features of the districts can be summarized as follows. All districts of İzmir are heterogeneous. There are both qualified and risky residences in each district. There are also socially risky or regular areas in every district. Map of İzmir is given below. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 54 of 114 Map 1 Map of İzmir Districts Bayraklı: Bayraklı, one of the central districts of İzmir, was the most affected district in the İzmir earthquake in 2020. In Bayraklı, the ratio of residences/workplaces that may be risky due to the nature of the building is high. The main reason for this is that most of the construction in the district was completed before 2000 and the building inspection process for these buildings has not been completed. This situation should be considered as a common source of risk for all buildings built before 2000 throughout İzmir. The population density of Bayraklı district is high. The increase in population density also leads to insufficient infrastructure in the district. Bayraklı is a district with a high rate of young population. It is considered as a priority district in terms of urban transformation needs. Konak: Konak District is one of the biggest districts of İzmir and it is a heterogeneous district where both the disadvantaged population and the high-income population live. This district can also be considered as a district where there are residential areas that will respond to urban transformation. Karşıyaka: In Karşıyaka, another District affected by the 2020 earthquake, buildings with heavy, medium and little damage were detected. Karşıyaka can be considered as a district where the number of buildings completed before 2000 is high, and the number of renovated buildings is also high. Karabağlar: Urban transformation Project is being carried out in 2 areas in the district. Karabakh is mostly populated by immigrants. Most of the buildings in the district are low-quality residences/workplaces that were Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 55 of 114 built before the building inspection regulations before 2000. The district is an area where furniture, shoes and small manufacturing are concentrated, and low-income households live predominantly. Buca: Buca, which is the largest district of İzmir in terms of population, is a district that receives immigration and its population is increasing rapidly. In Buca, there are many buildings before 2000, which need both new housing projects and urban transformation. Torbalı: Torbalı, located in a region where industry is concentrated, is an economic development region where the organized industry and furniture sector are dominant. The region receives intense immigration from the Eastern provinces. Ayrancılar Mahallesi is a region where new residences/workplaces are built and the district center expands towards here. The presence of industrial areas such as furniture and OIZ has been a factor in İzmir being the district where the population coming from less developed provinces and Eastern Provinces has settled. Therefore, it can be said that tenancy is higher than property ownership. Çiğli: Çiğli, as an area advancing from Karşıyaka to Manisa, is an area where both agricultural and industrial economic activities are carried out. When the population mobility is examined, it has been determined that according to the evaluations of the Development Agency, it has the characteristics of a transition zone as one of the areas where the immigrant population first settled. However, due to the fact that it is a region that receives immigration, the number of housing projects is high. Bornova: Rafet Paşa Neighborhood, located within the borders of Bornova, is a neighborhood that was formed mostly by immigration in the 1980s. The houses are very old and usually have 4 floors. Population density is high. Generally, there are buildings built by adding floors on the side of the owners. The entry of excavation trucks into the streets may pose a risk due to the narrowness of the roads. Menemen: In addition to being a developing area, Menemen is a district that receives immigration since it is on the pass road. It can be stated that tenancy is higher than property ownership since it constantly migrates, is close to universities, and the number of workers is high. Most of the buildings in Menemen District were built between 1985 and 2000. For this reason, it is an important issue that the majority of Menemen District gain resilience with urban transformation. Applications are made frequently from all over Menemen within the scope of Law No. 6306. Applications for urban transformation are made especially from the central neighborhoods İsmet İnönü District, Camikebir District, Tülbentli District, Esatpaşa District, Kazımpaşa District, Seydinnasrullah District. It is a district on the transit route of Menemen District, close to Bird Paradise, easy to access and clean air. Within the scope of the High-Speed Train Project, the station is also planned to be built in this district. The construction industry is intense and there are many construction projects. In the district, which has a heterogeneous structure, there are also cotton and corn warehouses besides the industry. The textile industry has developed. That's why it migrates. Asarlık Region in Menemen District is a region formed mostly by immigration from Southern and Eastern Anatolia. Menemen has a population of 45,000 and mostly consists of buildings that have been licensed later. The people in this region are mostly temporary and insecure in constructions or as workers; women work in daily jobs such as picking spinach and cotton. Selçuk: It is a region where mostly protected areas are concentrated. It is developing for tourism as one of the tourist attraction centers. Ödemiş: It is a district where rural livelihood resources are predominant. In agriculture and animal husbandry activities, mainly cattle breeding is carried out. Since there is no district that receives immigration, mostly the local population of the district lives. Especially in the city center, there are neighborhoods that were built before 2000 and can respond to the transformation in order to strengthen urban resilience. Tire: The most important problem in Tire, there are many old buildings in the center of the district. In Tire, which is a district that receives immigration, agriculture and animal husbandry are also intensely carried out along with industry. Since the population with a high-income level is dense and their livelihoods have a diverse structure, new housing production is also high. There is a population mobility from aging urban areas to new residences. It is a district where urban transformation is needed and there are dense pre-2000 buildings. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 56 of 114 Kemalpaşa: It is a district that continues to receive immigration. There is cherry production in the district. Since industry and agriculture are intertwined, industrial, residential and agricultural areas coexist. Urla: There are many historical and protected structures in the district. After the pandemic permanently living population has increased. Since Urla is a rapidly developing district and center of attraction, it has become a self-transforming area. Seferihisar: Inner areas not close to the sea are suitable for transformation. E.g; Tepecik Mahallesi and Çolak İbrahim Mahallesi are the neighborhoods where transformations take place. Güzelbahçe: In the last 10 years, there has been a significant increase in housing prices. It is a district where urban transformation continues. Karaburun: It is a touristic area with protected areas. Çeşme and close settlements: Gumuldur, Urkmez, Ozdere; These are the neighborhoods where the middle- income people live. There are old buildings. In general, the following conditions came to the fore in stakeholder interviews and field studies; • Narlıdere, Hatay, Üçyol District, Karşıyaka-Girne Street are places where mostly retired people reside. • İzmir is not a city where it is possible to produce new land. • Slums were not destroyed in the earthquake. The damage was higher in urbanized areas with multi- storey buildings. • Urban transformation practices is being realized in most parts of the Karabağlar District. The construction works was completed in one phase and planning studies in the remaining areas is being carried out. • More island-based transformation continues in adjacent areas. • Since the buildings built before the year of 2000 have not passed the technical inspection and their projects are made and implemented without building inspections, they are defined as buildings with a high probability of being risky. • More than 60% of İzmir can be defined as a slum area. These areas are not only the single -storey detached buildings, but also the densely populated areas of apartment-like structures built with illegal floors. These areas are considered to be areas where risky buildings are concentrated, since the building quality is low and the number of floors is higher than the precedent defined in the zoning plans. In the focus group meeting held at the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization, stakeholders provided their perspectives on the socio-economic state of some of the neighborhoods: • Gültepe Neighborhood; It is an area with large families. The rate of illegal floors and buildings is also high. • Aegean Neighborhood; It is a residential neighborhood. It is a neighborhood with a high rate of poor population. • Karşıyaka, Buca, Bornova, Konak Districts are districts with high socio-economic status. • Bornova District: It is a region where there are also illegal constructions. There are also social risks as industry and houses are intertwined in Naldöken District. • In the Headman of Semikler neighborhood, there are around 30% unlicensed buildings in the neighborhood. The infrastructure of the neighborhood is insufficient and there is no building stock. The roads are narrow. It is a residential neighborhood. It is a neighborhood with a high rate of poor population. • Çamdibi Neighborhood: The houses are very old and risky structures. The roads are very narrow. There is a residential texture where ambulances and firefighters cannot enter the side streets. • Kemeraltı 1st and 2nd site old city area. It is a region subject to a conservation development plan. • There is an urban transformation area of 43 hectares in Narlıdere. It is a region where treasury lands and private lands coexist. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 57 of 114 • Bayraklı District is one of the areas where the need for transformation is highest. Multi-ownership structure is high in small parcels. Manisa According to the data of 2020, Manisa has a total population of 1.456.626, and considering the population distribution by gender, it is seen that the male population is 731.208 and the female population is 725.418. Table 11 Manisa Population Change Year Total Population in 2021 Male population Female population 2021 1.456.626 731.208 725.418 2020 1.450.616 728.724 721.892 2019 1.440.611 725.238 715.373 2018 1.429.643 720.337 709.306 2017 1.413.041 710.378 702.663 2016 1.396.945 701.094 695.851 2015 1.380.366 691.955 688.411 2014 1.367.905 686.379 681.526 2013 1.359.463 682.097 677.366 2012 1.346.162 673.700 672.462 2011 1.340.074 671.361 668.713 2010 1.379.484 714.064 665.420 2009 1.331.957 669.724 662.233 2008 1.316.750 656.051 660.699 2007 1.319.920 667.061 652.859 Source: TURKSTAT 2020 The surface area of Manisa is 13,269 km2. According to the 2020 TUIK data, the population density has been determined as 110/Km2. It is seen that the population of Manisa, which was 1,319,920 in 2007, approached 1.5 million by the end of 2021 and its population followed a fluctuating course. Regarding the structure of the migrating population, it should be noted that the share of qualified population in Manisa's migration is quite high. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 58 of 114 Figure 3 Manisa Province Population Growth Rate According to population size, the largest district of Manisa is Yunusemre and the smallest district is Köprübaşı. Table 12 Manisa District Populations District Total Population Male population Female Population ratio in 2021 population in the province Yunusemre 257.993 129.885 128.108 17,71% Akhisar 176.000 88.452 87.548 12,08% Turgutlu 172.413 86.677 85.736 11,84% Şehzadeler 167.661 85.253 82.408 11,51% Salihli 164.710 81.969 82.741 11,31% Soma 111.218 55.752 55.466 7,64% Alaşehir 105.380 53.876 51.504 7,23% Saruhanlı 56.166 28.272 27.894 3,86% Kula 43.421 21.419 22.002 2,98% Demirci 37.699 18.907 18.792 2,59% Kırkağaç 37.021 17.639 19.382 2,54% Sarıgöl 35.766 17.746 18.020 2,46% Gördes 26.858 13.221 13.637 1,84% Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 59 of 114 District Total Population Male population Female Population ratio in 2021 population in the province Selendi 19.505 9.741 9.764 1,34% Ahmetli 16.807 8.401 8.406 1,15% Gölmarmara 15.197 7.661 7.536 1,04% Köprübaşı 12.811 6.337 6.474 0,88% Source: TURKSTAT 2020 Manisa population increased by 0.69% compared to the previous year. Manisa is a province that both sends and receives immigration to İzmir. However, it also receives immigrants from less developed provinces due to industrial areas. When the structure of the population is evaluated according to age groups, it is seen that 68% of the population of Manisa is the active population. Detailed data of the distribution by age groups are given in the table below. Population analysis made by the Development Agency with the evaluation of population data sheds light on both the migration process and the change in age groups; “While the median age is 30.1 across the country, this value is higher in Manisa and the surrounding provinces. The population projection made by TURKSTAT gives a clue about the quality of the workforce that Manisa and its surroundings will have in 2023. Accordingly, the population in Manisa, which is older than the country in general, will maintain this structure in 2023. The median age is increasing due to factors such as the prolongation of the average life expectancy and the migration of the young population out of the Region.�11 Table 13 Distribution of Population by Age Groups in Manisa Age Population % 0-4 91.742 % 6,32 5-9 100.693 % 6,94 10-14 99.589 % 6,87 15-19 96.511 % 6,65 20-24 106.036 % 7,31 25-29 100.229 % 6,91 30-34 104.584 % 7,21 35-39 112.270 % 7,74 40-44 108.489 % 7,48 45-49 99.874 % 6,88 50-54 91.058 % 6,28 55-59 91.597 % 6,31 60-64 76.554 % 5,28 11 https://zafer.gov.tr/Portals/0/dys/faaliyetler/planlama/yegep/eksen-bazinda-yegepler/manisa/insan-ve-toplum.pdf Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 60 of 114 Age Population % 65-69 64.844 % 4,47 70-74 44.955 % 3,10 75-79 28.721 % 1,98 80-84 19.144 % 1,32 85-89 9.912 % 0,68 90+ 3.814 % 0,26 Source: TURKSTAT 2020 Considering the economic structure in the province, it is seen that the number of employers or self-employed workers is high. The rate of employers or self-employed in Manisa constitutes 27% of all employees. According to TURKSTAT 2011 Population and Housing Survey, the rate of paid, salaried or casual employees is 55%, the rate of self-employed is 27%, and the rate of unpaid family workers 12 is 18%. According to the economic reports of the Development Agency regarding Manisa, there are 7 OIZs in total, 4 of which are in production.. In addition to the OIZs in Manisa Merkez (Yunusemre), Akhisar, Salihli and Turgutlu, Soma OIZ and Akhisar Olive and Olive Oil Derivatives (Specialized) and Kula Deri (Specialized) OIZs were established. Electrical equipment and food sectors stand out in the manufacturing sector. Electrical equipment manufacturing has a share of 19%. This sector is followed by the production of food products with a share of 18%, based on the high agricultural yield and intensive agricultural activities in the province. The importance of agricultural activities in livelihoods is also seen in the data. Manisa ranks second among the surrounding provinces in terms of plant production. The area covered by olive trees stands out in the areas covered by perennial plants in the province. While the share of such areas is 26.3% throughout the country, it is 48.2% in Manisa. The prominent issues related to urban transformation and building quality throughout Manisa Province can be listed as follows; • The fact that the Manisa Organized Industrial Zone grows day by day and the number of facilities increases, also increases the demand for labor and is a factor in the continuation of migration to the city. This situation also causes the need for new development areas for the city. When the general problems in Manisa are evaluated, the priority situations can be described as follows; o Provincial and district centers receive intense immigration, o The cramped structure of the city center, o Manisa is located in the earthquake zone, • Social, economic and cultural interaction with İzmir has a positive impact on the social development of Manisa, settlement areas between Manisa and İzmir are developing rapidly, and livelihoods are diversified with the combination of industry and agriculture. • Manisa Akhisar is a district where both agriculture and industry are developed. It is a district that receives immigration because of the opportunities it has. Its population, which was 79,230 in 2007, increased to 86,047 by 2020. • Manisa Yunusemre is the central district and the district with the fastest growing population. 12 https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2813 Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 61 of 114 • The area of 69.34 ha within the borders of Laleli and Mesir Neighborhoods in Manisa Province, Yunusemre District, was declared as "Risky Area" with the decision of the Council of Ministers dated 08.04.2015 and numbered 2015/7599 within the scope of the “Law on Transformation of Areas Under Disaster Risk�. • The area of 10.81 ha within the borders of Lalapaşa and Mutlu Neighborhoods in Manisa Province, Yunusemre District, has been announced as "Risky Area" with the decision of the Council of Ministers dated 08.04.2015 and numbered 2015/7561 within the scope of the "Law on Transformation of Areas Under Disaster Risk". • Manisa and its Districts Soma, Sarıgöl, Salihli, Kırkağaç, Alaşehir, Ahmetli are settlements located on active faults. • The determinations set forth in the 1/100,000 Scale Environmental Plan for the İzmir-Manisa Planning Region point to the importance of on-site transformation for Manisa. Map of Manisa is shown below. Map 2 Map of Manisa Districts Tekirdağ According to the 2021 data of Tekirdağ, the total population is 1.113.400, and when the population distribution by gender is examined, it is seen that the male population is 570.355 and the female population is 543.045. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 62 of 114 Table 14 Tekirdağ Population Change Year Total Population in 2020 Male population Female population 2020 1.081.065 552.587 528.478 2019 1.055.412 542.646 512.766 2018 1.029.927 527.975 501.952 2017 1.005.463 516.496 488.967 2016 972.875 499.819 473.056 2015 937.910 482.404 455.506 2014 906.732 466.956 439.776 2013 874.475 450.149 424.326 2012 852.321 439.124 413.197 2011 829.873 427.452 402.421 2010 798.109 406.744 391.365 2009 783.310 402.789 380.521 2008 770.772 398.898 371.874 2007 728.396 375.703 352.693 Source: TURKSTAT 2020 The population density of Tekirdağ, which has a surface area of 6,339 Km2, has been determined as 17 6/Km2 according to the 2021 TUIK data. The population of Tekirdağ, which was 728,396 in 2007, exceeded 1 million in 2017. When the population growth rate of Tekirdağ Province is evaluated, a fluctuating course is observed. Population growth rate graph is given below. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 63 of 114 Figure 4 Tekirdağ Population Growth Rate According to its population size, Çorlu has a larger population than Süleymanpaşa, which is the central district, and is the first district in terms of population. Marmaraereğlisi is the district with the lowest population in Tekirdağ. Table 15 Tekirdağ District Populations District Total Population Male population Female Population ratio in 2021 population in the province Çorlu 284.907 145.330 139.577 25,59% Süleymanpaşa 210.547 106.592 103.955 18,91% Çerkezköy 196.736 101.592 95.144 17,67% Kapaklı 130.813 67.830 62.983 11,75% Ergene 66.028 34.313 31.715 5,93% Malkara 51.616 26.335 25.281 4,64% Saray 50.394 25.718 24.676 4,53% Şarköy 33.062 16.627 16.435 2,97% Hayrabolu 31.245 16.129 15.116 2,81% Muratlı 29.716 15.160 14.556 2,67% Marmaraereğlisi 28.336 14.729 13.607 2,54% Source: TURKSTAT 2020 Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 64 of 114 Tekirdag is both a sending and receiving city. Tekirdağ gives the majority of its migration to Istanbul. Edirne and Kırklareli are other provinces where immigration exchanges are experienced. The most important reason for the population increase in Tekirdağ province was the internal migration flows that occurred due to the development of industry in Çorlu and Çerkezköy districts after 1990. Parallel to this, between the years 1990-2000, the unplanned construction increased rapidly. Distribution of Tekirdağ population by age groups is given below. Table 16 Distribution of Population by Age Groups in Tekirdağ Age Population % 0-4 75,021 6.94% 5-9 75,184 6.95% 10-14 71,308 6.60% 15-19 79,772 7.38% 20-24 83,770 7.75% 25-29 88,679 8.20% 30-34 93,637 8.66% 35-39 88,772 8.21% 40-44 76,347 7.06% 45-49 63,068 5.83% 50-54 59,996 5.55% 55-59 78,456 7.26% 60-64 48,989 4.53% 65-69 39,235 3.63% 70-74 26,083 2.41% 75-79 15,520 1.44% 80-84 9,977 0.92% 85-89 5,253 0.49% 90+ 1,998 0.18% Source: TURKSTAT 2020 The economic structure in the province is developing mainly industry. There are thousands of industrial establishments in Çerkezköy, Çorlu, Ergene, European Free Industrial Zone, Hayrabolu, Malkara, Murtlı, Türkgücü, Velimeşe, Kapaklı and Çorlu-Çerkezköy region. Map of Tekirdağ is given below. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 65 of 114 Map 3 Map of Tekirdağ Districts Rapidly increasing industrialization after 1990 brought about unplanned industry and unplanned urbanization. The prominent issues related to urban transformation and building quality in Tekirdağ Province can be l isted as follows; • Tekirdağ Metropolitan Municipality Department of Earthquake Risk Management and Urban Improvement, in cooperation with the Tekirdağ Branch of the Chamber of Civil Engineers, conducts earthquake resistance tests on buildings within the project area. • By the Presidency's decision published in the Official Gazette in January 2021, an area of 14.5 hectares in Altınova District was declared as an Urban Transformation and Development Project Area. • In addition to unplanned urbanization, unplanned industrialization is also an important problem. • Tekirdağ Province still continues to receive labor migration. Unskilled or unskilled labor migration is high. Population coming from rural areas increases the population density in urban areas. In a way, this increases the demand for unqualified buildings and provides rental income for the owners of these houses. In this case, on-site transformation and the transformation of potentially risky residences are delayed. Kahramanmaraş According to the 2021 data of Kahramanmaraş, the total population is 1.171.298, and when the population distribution by gender is examined, it is seen that the male population is 594.776 and the female population is 576.522 Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 66 of 114 Table 17 Kahramanmaras Population Change Year Total Population in 2020 Male population Female population 2021 1.171.298 594.776 576.522 2020 1,168,163 592,920 575,243 2019 1,154,102 586,616 567,486 2018 1,144,851 580,410 564,441 2017 1,127,623 572,111 555,512 2016 1,112,634 565,816 546,818 2015 1,096,610 556,607 540,003 2014 1,089,038 553,493 535,545 2013 1,075,706 546,943 528,763 2012 1,063,174 539,998 523,176 2011 1,054,210 534,845 519,365 2010 1,044,816 528,711 516,105 2009 1,037,491 526,401 511,090 2008 1,029,298 521,728 507,570 2007 1,004,414 506,711 497,703 Source: TURKSTAT 2020 Kahramanmaraş, which has an area of 14,525 km2, has a population density of 8 1/km2 according to 2021TUIK data. When the population growth rate of Kahramanmaraş is evaluated, it is seen that there is no high growth rate. The population, which was 1.004.414 in 2007, became 1.171.298 in 2021. Population growth rate graph is given below. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 67 of 114 Figure 5 Kahramanmaraş Province Population Growth Rate The ranking of Kahramanmaraş districts by population size is shown in the table below. Onikisubat and Dulkadiroğlu Districts, which are the central districts of Kahramanmaraş, are in the first two ranks i n population size. The district with the lowest population of Kahramanmaraş is Ekinözü. Table 18 Kahramanmaraş District Populations District Total Population Male population Female Population ratio in 2021 population in the province Onikişubat 448.317 224.415 223.902 38,28% Dulkadiroğlu 223.532 114.316 109.216 19,08% Elbistan 141.977 72.335 69.642 12,12% Afşin 80.138 40.759 39.379 6,84% Türkoğlu 78.588 41.875 36.713 6,71% Pazarcık 69.879 35.207 34.672 5,97% Göksun 51.255 25.954 25.301 4,38% Andırın 31.765 16.163 15.602 2,71% Çağlayancerit 22.893 11.760 11.133 1,95% Nurhak 12.323 6.389 5.934 1,05% Ekinözü 10.631 5.603 5.028 0,91% Source: TURKSTAT 2020 Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 68 of 114 Considering the net migration rate of Kahramanmaraş it is seen that the population of Kahramanmaraş is decreasing due to migration. However, the high birth rate reveals the population growth. The distribution of Kahramanmaraş population by age groups is given below. Table 19 Distribution of Population by Age Groups in Kahramanmaraş Age Population % 0-4 75,021 6.94% 5-9 75,184 6.95% 10-14 71,308 6.60% 15-19 79,772 7.38% 20-24 83,770 7.75% 25-29 88,679 8.20% 30-34 93,637 8.66% 35-39 88,772 8.21% 40-44 76,347 7.06% 45-49 63,068 5.83% 50-54 59,996 5.55% 55-59 78,456 7.26% 60-64 48,989 4.53% 65-69 39,235 3.63% 70-74 26,083 2.41% 75-79 15,520 1.44% 80-84 9,977 0.92% 85-89 5,253 0.49% 90+ 1,998 0.18% Source: TURKSTAT 2020 Kahramanmaraş is a city where agriculture and industry come together. However, the employment participation rate is 47%, which is below the average of Türkiye (50.8%). According to 2016 data, the Total Employment Rate of the Employees in Agriculture is 1.38%. The Total Employment Rate of the Employees in Industry is 37.68. The Total Employment Rate of the Employees in the Services is 55.71%. While Kahramanmaraş's Share in Provincial Industry GDP is 1.1% in Türkiye's Industrial GDP, the Per Capita Industrial GDP Value is still below the Türkiye average and is 6,701 TL (2014). When the data is evaluated, it indicates an unbalanced socioeconomic distribution in Kahramanmaraş . The rate of literate population aged 6 and over in Kahramanmaraş increased from 88.7% in 2009 to 91.6% in 2014, but it was below the Turkish average of 88.2% and 92.6% in literacy rates. The prominent issues related to urban transformation in Kahramanmaraş were as follows; • Kahramanmaraş Disaster Risk Reduction Plan was created within the framework of 3 different purposes and works were started. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 69 of 114 • The fact that urbanization and infrastructure do not develop at the same pace causes the infrastructure to be insufficient, especially in neighborhoods with high population density, • Increasing immigration in the province in recent years has brought about demographic, social and economic changes. • With the migration from rural areas and other cities to Kahramanmaraş, housing need arises to a large extent. An important part of this need has been tried to be met with illegal and shanty settlements. As a result of such irregular construction, imbalances in the use of urban areas and social problems arise together with infrastructure problems. • The area where Kahramanmaraş city center was established is generally the fill (alluvial) ground formed as a result of the floods from Ahır Mountain. While the first settlements were on the slopes of Ahır Mountain, they later spread towards the plain. In the settlement opened on the plain, the ground water is close to the surface. Since the ground water is close to the surface and the soil type is filling, the bearing capacity of the ground is low. • It can be stated that the rent aids given within the scope of the current loan conditions in Kahramanmaraş are not sufficient in the center, but they are more sufficient since the rent s are low in the far districts. • During the meeting with the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization, it was evaluated that the neighborhoods in distant districts such as Pazarcık, Çağlayancedid, Elbistan and Göksun are more suitable for the Project. • It has been stated that there are lawsuits filed due to disputes in the risky structure transformation process, and therefore, there are practices that are interrupted or stopped due to legal processes. • Dulkadiroğlu District and Namık Kemal Neighborhood as Neighborhood are the places where risky structures outside the risky area are concentrated, although it has been stated that the applications mostly come from the west of the city center. The main reasons for this were economic factors, but high level of education and more developed awareness were also stated as a major factor. Kahramanmaraş map is given below. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 70 of 114 Map 4 Map of Kahramanmaraş Districts 5.3 Vulnerable Groups Although the demographic structure and socio-economic conditions of the application areas differ from the project, there are similar conditions regarding the existence of vulnerable groups in each province. During the life of the project, the vulnerable groups that will be particularly sensitive in the project implementation areas and sub-projects are as follows; • Women heads of households • Disabled, • Elderly persons, • Poor households (including those with many children) & people without any social security insurance, • Unemployed young population, • Households with child workers, • Immigrants/Refugees/Ethnic Groups, • Persons and Groups whose Livelihoods are Dependent on the Structures Subject to the Project who will be permanently displaced, economically and physically (e.g. superintendents). Detailed evaluations on vulnerable groups are presented in Section 6.3.1.8 Disabled individuals, female- headed households, poor households with many children, informal sector workers, unemployed youth, Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 71 of 114 Households with child workers, ethnic groups or immigrants and superintendents may be eligible for rental assistance when they are involved in the project as tenants or owners. In addition, measures were defined for all vulnerable groups within the scope of the Project, and stakeholder engagement activities were planned. Field findings regarding the Roma population: In the interviews held in İzmir within the scope of field studies, the neighborhoods in Bayraklı where the Roma population, working predominantly in the informal sector, live were given as an example. The Roma population living in the Aegean District is in the middle of the newly built high business centers. Ornekkoy Neighborhood is another district where Roma people are concentrated. According to the headman of Ornekkoy, the Roma mostly work in basket weaving and scrap scavenging. While the Roma population in Tire is mostly integrated with the urban structure and works intensively in agricultural activities, the Roman people in Menemen mostly reside in Ağadır Mahallesi and Kazımpaşa Mahallesi, which are urban protected areas. Among the Roma in Menemen, 60% are property owners and 40% live in treasury land or barracks. Aydoğdu in Tekirdağ and Kore quarter in Çorlu are the neighborhoods where the Roma population is densely populated. The way of life in these areas can be defined as introverted. When the living conditions in these neighborhoods are evaluated, it can be said that crowded families live in unqualified, small buildings. In Manisa, the Roma population lives in the neighborhoods of the city with low structural quality. The living standards and building qualities of the houses in which the Romans live in Şehzadeler, Yunusemre, Saruhanlı, Kırkağaç and Soma districts are very low. In addition, the Roma population, who is a beneficiary such as a tenant, an apartment worker, and is the beneficiary of the buildings included in the Project, will be able to participate in the process by benefiting from the rights and supports defined in the 7th Entitlement section. Field findings on the Syrian population: In Kahramanmaraş, immigrants and asylum seekers mostly live in areas where the old and low-quality structures of the cities are dense. These areas can also be considered as places where risky structures are concentrated. Neighborhoods where immigrants and asylum seekers live and where risky structures are concentrated are also neighborhoods where the poor local population lives. The number of immigrants in Kahramanmaraş is around 98,000 according to official figures, but it is stated that the real number is around 100,000. Syrian or other asylum seeker/migrant households living in residences as owners or tenants in other Project provinces, especially in Kahramanmaraş, will benefit from supports or rent assistance when they meet the conditions to apply for the loan and become owners or when their tenants are subject to transformation within the scope of the Project. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 72 of 114 6 Eligibility and Categories of Project-Affected People (PAPs) 6.1 Principles for Eligibility as per WB ESS 1 and ESS5 Before setting out the eligibility criteria for PAPs, it is important to understand the urban transformation process. This process for risky building is usually a voluntary process that is initiated with an individual building vulnerability assessment by a licensed evaluator at the request of a homeowner per existing regulations under Law 6306, except for cases where buildings are deemed at risk of imminent collapse. Any homeowner can request a building assessment by a licensed company or institution at any time if they are concerned about the safety of their building, but it is not mandatory. The right holders pay for this assessment from their own resources. The building risk assessment report prepared by the licensed company/institution are submitted to the relevant MoEUCC Provincial Directorate (or the relevant Municipality in case the Ministry transfers its authority) for review. If the Provincial Directorate notes any deficiencies in the report, they return it to the licensed evaluator for necessary revisions. If the report is acceptable to the Provincial Directorate and deems the building as “risky�, this risk classification is reported to the Directorate of Land Registry within ten working days. The relevant land registry directorate puts a “risky building annotation� in the declarations section of the land registry of the property and notifies all owners of units in this building. Owners are requested to notify tenants and limited real right holders. Owners may appeal the risk designation of their building within 15 days of notification. If the case of an appeal, a technical committee consisting of seven members with participation from universities, civil and geology/geophysics engineers will be formed to examine whether the risk assessment report was prepared in accordance with the principles under Law 6306. If the review of the technical committee concludes that the building should not have been designated as risky, this is reported to the Ministry. If the review of the technical committee confirms the building as “risky�, the urban transformation process proceeds as per the provisions of Law 6306. In case of an objection at any point in the process, legal remedy is open to owners13. Once a building is confirmed as risky, owners are granted a period of at least 60 days prior to eviction and demolition of the building. The law requires that agreement on the reconstruction of the risky building be reached by at least two-thirds majority of the owners in proportion to their shares. If the building is not demolished after 60 days, the Administration14 will make a notification granting an additional period of up to thirty days. If the building is not demolished by owners by the end of this period, the relevant institutions and organizations are requested to suspend electricity, water and natural gas services to the risky buildings. At this point, after 90 days, municipalities have the right to evict people living in the risky building (at the cost of the owners), but this rarely happens in practice. In most cases, owners of a building that they think may be risky start negotiations among each other and with a developer well before even requesting the risky building assessment. The units/shares of opposing owners (i.e., up to 1/3 in case of demolition and reconstruction) are first offered for sale to the other owners in the building. If other owners are not interested or there is no agreement, the Ministry is informed, and a property value assessment is done by a licensed appraiser. The second negotiation process starts internally in the building to ensure that other owners can buy these units at a price not less than the value identified by the licensed appraiser. If there is still no agreement, then these units are put up for auction and can be bought by third parties (e.g., developers) for a fair market price which cannot be lower than value identified by the licensed appraiser. Opponents who feel they did not receive a fair price for their unit can submit complaints to the Ministry or go to the court. The developer cannot obtain a construction 13 It is at this point that tenants would be notified that the building is likely to be reconstructed/retrofitted. 14 “Administration� refers to Municipalities within the boundaries of the municipality and adjacent areas; Provincial Special Administrations outside these borders; Metropolitan Municipalities in metropolitan areas; and district municipalities within the boundaries of metropolitan areas if authorized by the Ministry. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 73 of 114 permit from the municipality unless opposing owners have been bought out and there is a management plan signed by all owners of a building (including share and location of unit). A construction permit is a requirement for owners to obtain a Project-financed loan. While the apartments/workspaces in buildings are being rehabilitated or reconstructed, owners who have opted not to sell their apartments/workspaces, will need to relocate temporarily. Tenants will be considered as people who are permanently displaced, even if they agree at a later stage with the owners to rent the apartment/workspace they vacated. The World Bank's ESS5 includes measures to address and mitigate risks arising from involuntary resettlement within the scope of implemented projects and covers any involuntary land acquisition. It is important to emphasize that owners of buildings/apartments/workspaces are not being involuntarily resettled under the project. They may either sell their property or receive benefits under the project (loans and rental assistance) to finance the rehabilitation/reconstruction of their buildings/apartments/workspace. However, tenants will have to relocate involuntarily – and permanently in most cases – so that buildings/apartments/workspaces can be rehabilitated/reconstructed. Normally, tenants would be notified of the termination of the lease and then relocate on their own. The project provides two months rental assistance to them (with additional social assistance for vulnerable tenants). Superintendents and others who live and work in buildings which, due to the project activities, result in lost employment and accommodation, are also a key group in terms of involuntary resettlement (economic displacement, in particular). The project provides two months’ rental assistance to supers who must move out of the apartments. For supers who do not live in the buildings in which they work, but lose their jobs, the project will assist in providing them with social support (e.g., training, employment opportunities). The World Bank ESS5 sets out the three eligibility criteria given below: I. Those who have official rights to the land, ii. Those who do not have an official legal right to the land at the time of the census 15, but have a right to such land or assets, provided that they are recognized under national law, iii. Those who do not have rights to the land they occupy or use 16. The World Bank lays out the following policies regarding involuntary resettlement; (a) Involuntary resettlement should be avoided or minimized as far as possible by exploring all viable alternative project designs. (b) Where resettlement cannot be avoided, resettlement activities should be designed and implemented as sustainable development programs, providing adequate investment resources for people displaced by the project to receive a share of the benefits of the project. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and given the opportunity to participate in the planning and implementation of resettlement programmes. (c) Displaced persons should be assisted in improving their livelihoods and living standards or at least restoring them, in real terms, to pre-relocation levels or, if higher, to levels they had before project implementation began. According to WB ESS5, if there is physical relocation between Project impacts, the Resettlement Plan or Resettlement Framework should include and define the following measures; 15 https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/837721522762050108-0290022018/original/ESFFramework.pdf#page=67&zoom=80 : “Where land acquisition or restrictions on land use are unavoidable, the Borrower will, as part of the environmental and social assessment, conduct a census to identify the persons who will be affected by the project, to establish an inventory of land and assets to be affected,17 to determine who will be eligible for compensation and assistance,18 and to discourage ineligible persons, such as opportunistic settlers, from claiming benefits.� 16 Informal tenants in buildings that will be reconstructed/rehabilitated will receive the same benefits as formal tenants. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 74 of 114 (i) Providing support to displaced persons during relocation (relocation allowance), (ii) Compensation for the loss of land and assets on the land at the cost of full replacement value and assisting PAPs in improving or at least restoring their previous standard of living, income earning capacity and production levels. As explained above, the project is not financing land acquisition per se, but project activities will lead to temporary displacement of owners and permanent relocation of tenants and some superintendents and thus the project includes measures to assist PAPs in improving or at least restoring their previous standard of living. ESS 1 and 5 cover everyone affected by the Project and calls for particular attention to the needs of vulnerable people. 6.2 Eligibility Criteria The relevant legislation in Türkiye and the World Bank's Environmental and Social Standards Climate and Disaster Resilient Cities Project (Project) form the basis of the environmental and social management system framework and RF. Within the scope of the project, in case of a gap between Turkish legislation and World Bank requirements, compliance with World Bank's Environmental and Social standards will be ensured. ESS 5 is the standard that defines the management of the impacts of Projects on land and on communities and persons related to the land and together with ESS1 it forms the basis for the RF, identification of Project- affected persons and groups and definition of entitlement and eligibility criteria within the scope of the Project. The ESS 5 definition of involuntary resettlement covers two key areas. • Physical resettlement: refers to physical displacement, relocation and/or loss of shelter of people as a result of project-related land purchases and/or land use restrictions. • Economic resettlement: refers to economic displacement, loss of income or other livelihoods due to loss of assets or access to assets. Bank experience shows that involuntary resettlement under development projects often poses serious economic, social and environmental risks if not mitigated. These risks are; • Disruption of production systems, loss of means of production and/or sources of income, • Moving the people and groups affected by the project to environments where they can apply their productive skills less and where there is more competition for resources, • With the weakening of community solidarity relations and social networks, it may manifest as the disintegration of kinship groups, a decrease or loss of cultural identity, traditional structure and mutual aid potential. MoEUCC’s assessment is that the bulk of the physical and economic displacement in the project is related to the temporary relocation of owners whose structures are being reconstructed/rehabilitated and tenants who relocate permanently. Project activities may also result in temporary lack of access to areas around structures that are being reconstructed/rehabilitated. MoEUCC will ensure that Contractors minimize such access restrictions, provide alternate routes of access and ensure that any damage to nearby structures is repaired and restored to a pre-construction state. In line with these requirements and standards, the Project's RF has been drawn. While drawing the RF; • Stakeholders have been identified, Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 75 of 114 • Socio-economic impacts of the project have been evaluated, • Project Affected persons and groups identified; Within the RF, an assessment of the people directly or indirectly affected by the Project and the population exposed to displacement was made in line with the potential environmental and social risks of the Project. • Vulnerable groups have been identified. Following these evaluation studies, the rights of the people and groups affected by the Project were put forward by categorizing them. 6.3 Categories of Project Affected Persons Based on the field surveys, stakeholder interviews and desktop studies conducted within the scope of the project, the persons and groups that will be exposed to displacement have been identified. In the studies to identify the groups affected by the project, a common approach covering all the cities has been put forward by evaluating the findings obtained from the field studies of the 5 provinces İzmir, Manisa, Tekirdağ, Istanbul and Kahramanmaraş, which are within the scope of the Project, together with the data of the social and economic current situation. 6.3.1 Evaluation of Displaced Persons and Project Affected People (PAPs) The categorization of people and groups that will be subject to voluntary and involuntary displacement within the scope of the project is as follows: 1. Owners or Shareholders 2. Tenants 3. Limited Right Holders 4. Informal users 5. Workplaces/employers, 6. Employees 7. Vulnerable groups Specifically, financial support will be provided to the groups stated above within the scope of this Project; • 18-months rental assistance to risky building owners (apartment or businesses), • Two-months rental assistance to tenants (apartment or businesses), with additional social support for vulnerable tenants, 2 months' rental assistance only for supers who have lost their flat, with additional social support for supers who have lost their jobs as a result of rehabilitation or transformation, • 5 months rental assistance to limited real rights holders who reside or operate a workplace in risky building. Detailed evaluations of these groups and the current situation according to the provinces are presented in the sub-headings. 6.3.1.1 Property Owners In line with the objectives of Component 2 of the project, property owners are one of the main beneficiaries of the project and are the group that will be subject to temporary relocation while their buildings/apartments/workspaces are being rehabilitated/reconstructed. Ownership status is a common category in all 5 provinces. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 76 of 114 People who have built illegal structures on land they do not own or lease will not be included in the project. People who have built additional floors without a license and who are also land shareholders registered in title deed will not be able to access financing under the project to re-build the extra floor; they may be able to finance the reconstruction/rehabilitation of the additional floor through other means – and only with proper zoning permission. 6.3.1.2 Shareholders Shareholders are considered as property owners within the scope of the Project. 6.3.1.3 Tenants Tenants are included in the category of both affected by the Project and entitled to support within the scope of the project. The tenants of the dwellings subject to urban transformation can receive relocation support for permanent relocation. Since the tenant is not given a guarantee, such as renting the same flat in the new building to be built, the relocation of the tenants should be considered as permanent rather than temporary displacement. Rental prices in Türkiye have increased rapidly in the last year. With the rapidly rising rents in the last quarter of 2021, tenants who have to leave their house as a tenant may face higher rents. It should be taken into account that the rental prices vary according to the location, the nature of the building, features such as the seaside, a valuable land, central location and its width. Considering these evaluations and approaches, it can be stated that the rental support amounts determined by the Ministry at the provincial level are based on the averages for the current situation. Rental assistance has been determined based on establishing a transparent, consistent and fair compensation mechanism for all owners and tenants affected by urban transformation. In general, rental assistance does not cover the entire rent for each unit. MoEUCC considers that any additional rental support other than the national subsidy program may have negative effects especially for people outside the scope of the Project such as increases in rental prices and rent speculation. Rental supports to be given as a high amount within the scope of the project may increase the housing prices especially in areas where low-income households live, and negatively affect the vulnerable groups living there. Therefore, rental assistance at the provincial level were determined based on averages, excluding outliers. This situation was brought to the agenda during the institution visits and stakeholder meetings held in 5 provinces and the risks of high rent subsidies, especially for poor neighborhoods and households, were mentioned. The amount of support given for 2021 is given in the table below. Table 20 Rental Assistance Amounts Urban Transformation Provinces Rent Aid Amount İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir 1150 TL Adana, Antalya, Bursa, Konya 1085 TL Aydın, Balıkesir, Van, Şanlıurfa, Denizli, Diyarbakır, Tekirdağ, Trabzon, Erzurum, Eskişehir, Samsun, Sakarya, Muğla, Mardin, Gaziantep, Hatay, Mersin, Kayseri, 995 TL Malatya, Manisa, Kahramanmaraş, Kocaeli Adıyaman, Ağrı, Afyonkarahisar, Batman, Çanakkale, Çorum, Elazığ, Ordu, 905 TL Kütahya, Sivas, Zonguldak Amasya, Aksaray, Bitlis, Düzce, Edirne, Isparta, Kars, Kastamonu, Kırklareli, 810 TL Giresun, Muş, Niğde, Rize, Siirt, Yozgat, Şırnak, Osmaniye Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 77 of 114 Artvin, Bilecik, Bingöl, Bolu, Burdur, Hakkari, Kırşehir, Çankırı, Erzincan, Gümüşhane, Nevşehir, Tunceli, Kırıkkale, Bartın, Bayburt, Ardahan, Iğdır, 715 TL Karaman, Yalova, Karabük, Kilis 6.3.1.4 Limited real rights holders Under this Project, the limited real right owner is related to users who have "usufruct" right. Usufructural right is called the right to benefit (use) a whole real estate owned by someone else. Persons who have registered this right in the land registry are limited real rights holders and are called beneficial owners. For example, if a father, who is the formal owner of an apartment or workspace, avails the use of his apartment/workspace to his child and registers it on the title deed, the child is considered as limited real right holder. The condition for this consideration is that the child has to reside in the apartment or use the workspace. Informal Users Under this Project, owners of buildings built on their own land without a license, although a license is required are considered as the owners of risky buildings and benefit from rental assistance for 18 months. A second category of informal users is those who live in unregistered apartment floors or in unregistered annexes of buildings. There are floors that have a building registration certificate but are not included in the title deed, that is, only the right of use has been given, and the apartments on these floors are only rented, not sold. Households residing in these flats as tenants will also be considered as tenants and will receive 2 months rental assistance within the scope of the Project (with additional social assistance for vulnerable tenants). 6.3.1.6. Workplaces Workplaces can benefit from the conditions of ownership, tenant or entitlement defined above, as owners or tenants or as limited real rights holders. In addition to this entitlement, workplaces located in structures that may be included in the Project can also be considered as a segment that may face loss of livelihood, whether they are property owners, tenants or informal tenants. When owners or tenants of workplaces are subject to temporary or permanent relocation, risks and impacts include: • Loss of customers and acquisition of new customers: Due to relocation, if it has to move to a more remote district, it may take a certain time to acquire new customers. • Loss of employees: Employees of the workplace, which had to move to a remote area, may want to leave the job due to additional costs that may arise due to reasons such as transportation, a need for new employees may arise, • Loss of revenue: The customer potential in the new location may be insufficient or the need may be lower • Increase in expenses: Renovation of the new workplace, signboard, renovation expenses of the workplace, moving, etc. will be faced with an increase in expenses due to processes, If the owner of the workplace cannot find a new workplace, he may have to wait for the completion of the renovated building. 6.3.1.7 Workers/ Livelihoods Affected The economic negativities reflected in the workplaces and the effects of displacement may also directly affect the employees. • For the employees of the workplaces, additional expenses such as transportation etc. may occur due to the move of the workplace to a remote area. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 78 of 114 • The workplace may reduce the number of its employees due to additional expenses, job loss may occur, • The workplace may be temporarily closed, and temporary unemployment may occur. For this reason, employees in workplaces that are subject to urban transformation will be subject to compulsory temporary or permanent economic displacement. 6.3.1.8 Vulnerable Groups The project will assess project-affected vulnerable groups living in Istanbul, İzmir, Manisa, Tekirdağ and Kahramanmaraş provinces. The following groups are potentially vulnerable when taking into consideration adverse economic, social and other risks and impacts: • Women heads of households • Disabled, • Elderly persons, • Poor households (including those with many children) & people without any social security insurance, • Unemployed young population, • Households with child workers, • Immigrants/Refugees/Ethnic Groups, • Persons and Groups whose Livelihoods are Dependent on the Structures Subject to the Project who will be permanently displaced, economically and physically (e.g., superintendents). All vulnerable groups listed above, if they are owners, tenants, limited real rights holders, will be defined as beneficiaries within the scope of the Project. Resettlement Plans will include more specific criteria for vulnerability, such as income, economic status and poverty indicators. Poverty is a cross-cutting issue for all vulnerable groups. One of the key poverty criteria is to have an income below the minimum wage 17. Apart from this common criterion, the criteria specific to vulnerable group categories are explained under the following headings. Women-headed households The participation of women in socio-economic life may differ depending on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the place of residence. Being a decision maker within the scope of the project may also differ according to provinces and even districts. Insufficient participation of women in the project process is considered as one of the social and economic risks of the Project. Women are the group most directly affected by their living conditions and housing situation. For this reason, it is necessary to support the meaningful participation of women in the project, establish information exchange mechanisms that will enable them to be one of the main decision makers with regard to urban transformation, and to inform women directly about the project information and stakeholder meetings. Women-headed households can be considered as a vulnerable group disadvantaged by the impacts of the Project. One of the primary reasons for this is the negative impact on livelihoods. Considering that women's participation in employment is lower than men, based on the socioeconomic status of the provinces, it can be said that women headed households are more disadvantaged. Such disadvantages are exacerbated by the fact that the urban transformation process could result in women and their families being displaced from social life, the workplace, and the institutions where their children or themselves are 17 See https://www.csgb.gov.tr/asgari-ucret/asgari-ucret-2022/ Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 79 of 114 educated. This could cause them to be separated from social support networks, increase their expenses, and decrease their quality of life. Therefore, the project will encourage their meaningful participation in the Project, to identify and operate appropriate tools to maintain information exchange and stakeholder relationship during the Project process, and to provide appropriate support defined within the scope of the Project. In addition to economic and social indicators of vulnerability, other considerations for beneficiary support of women-headed households include: - if they have to move to a distant area to the schools of their dependent children, - If the transportation cost increases because it must be moved to a place far from the workplace, it will be considered as a beneficiary within the scope of the Project. Disabled people The project will ensure the full participation of disabled people in the project. Disabled residents are considered as PAPs affected by Project as well as being shareholders, tenants or informal users. Persons with disabilities are considered as vulnerable, both as persons affected by the Project and as beneficiaries of the Project. Alternative accessible tools will be defined to support the meaningful participation of disabled people in the Project process to establish information exchange mechanisms that will enable them to be one of the main decision makers in the process of being involved in urban transformation, and to directly inform disabled persons about stakeholder meetings to be made within the scope of the Project. The grievance mechanism and stakeholder participation process to be established within the scope of the project will be structured to include the disabled population. If a disabled individual is the owner or tenant of the building subject to the Project, he or she will be subject to temporary or permanent displacement. In this case, the participation of disabled right holders in social life and employment could be difficult -- their expenses may increase, they may stay away from social life, they may be disconnected from social support networks or economic areas. Thus, their quality of life could decrease. Necessary measures will be taken and implemented to prevent such impacts. Households with a disabled person will be considered vulnerable. In addition to economic and social indicators of vulnerability, other considerations for beneficiary support would be: - if they have to move to a distant area to the schools of their dependent children, - If the transportation cost increases because it has to be moved to a place far from the workplace, it will be considered as a beneficiary within the scope of the Project. Elderly persons Although old age is not considered as a vulnerable condition in itself, there are people who need care, are ill, etc. Elderly people are considered as a vulnerable group within the scope of the Project. The elderly population has been evaluated both as a retired population with limited livelihoods and in the middle and lower-middle income group, and as a disadvantaged group that will be subject to temporary or permanent forced displacement within the scope of the project when they live alone. During stakeholder meetings and visits to the headmen and neighborhood in İzmir, it was revealed that the majority of the elderly population who retired from a job bought their houses with their retirement savings and paid additional rent, travel expenses, etc. within the scope of the Project. It was stated that they would not have sufficient funds for extra expenses. For this reason, the prevention of the impacts of the Project that will make it difficult for the right holders to participate in social life and employment or increase their expenses will cause them to stay away from social life, social support networks or economic area during the urban transformation process. This could increase Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 80 of 114 their expenses, expose risks in the process of participating in urban life, and decrease the quality of life. Necessary measures will be taken and implemented to mitigate project impacts. In addition to economic and social indicators of vulnerability, other considerations for beneficiary support for elderly heads of households would be: - if they have to move to a distant area to the schools of their dependent children, - If the transportation cost increases because it has to be moved to a place far from the workplace, it will be considered as a beneficiary within the scope of the Project. Poor households & people without any social security insurance When the poor and people without any social security insurance are subject to temporary or permanent forced displacement as a property owner, shareholder, tenant or informal user, they are considered as a disadvantaged group as they would not have sufficient funds for extra expenses such as additional rent payment, travel expenses etc. For this reason, poor rights holders' participation in social life and employment becomes more difficult or their expenses increase, they can be separated from social and support networks or economic areas, education and health opportunities during the urban transformation process. Their expenses could increase, and other risks could arise in the process of participating in urban life. Necessary measures will be taken and implemented to prevent project-related impacts such as decreased quality of life. Immigrants/Refugees/Ethnic Groups Migrant and refugee groups were evaluated as both a project-affected group and a beneficiary population that will be subject to forced resettlement within the scope of the Project in the 4 provinces where the project will be implemented. They are vulnerable tenants who would be entitled to project support measures, as is the case with other vulnerable groups. To clarify this category, definitions of the groups are given below. Migrant and refugee groups are used in the "Dictionary of Migration Terms" of IOM (The International Organization for Migration) with the following meanings. Migrant: There is no universally accepted definition of 'migrant' on an international scale. The term immigrant is generally understood to encompass all situations in which an individual makes the decision to migrate of his own free will and for reasons of 'personal suitability' without the interference of compelling external factors. Therefore, this statement has been accepted as valid for persons and family members who move to another country or region in order to improve their material and social conditions and to improve their expectations for themselves and their families. The United Nations defines a migrant as an individual who has resided in a foreign country for more than one year, regardless of reasons, whether voluntary or not, migration routes, regular or irregular. Under this definition, people who travel for shorter periods with tourist or businessman status are not considered as immigrants. However, widespread use also includes some types of short-term migrants, such as seasonal agricultural workers who travel for short periods to plant or harvest agricultural products. Refugee: “A person who is outside the country of his/her nationality due to a w ell-founded fear of persecution because of his/her race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group and political views, and who does not want to benefit from the protection of the relevant country due to such fear� (with the 1967 Protocol, different Refugee 1951 Convention Relating to its Legal Status, Article 1A(2). or persons who are forced to leave their country because of foreign aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in all of them. Similarly, the 1984 Cartagena Declaration states that refugees also include persons who have fled their country “because their life, safety or freedom is threatened by widespread violence, external aggression, internal conflicts, widespread human rights violations or other circumstances seriously disrupting public order�. See also 'applicant', 'de facto refugee', 'externally displaced persons', 'forced Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 81 of 114 migration', 'primafacie', 'refugees in circulation', 'refugee determination', 'refugees in transit', ' 'sur place refugees', 'displaced persons'. Based on the stakeholder interviews and as a result of the current conditions, migrant and refugee groups are unlikely to be apartment or workspace owners within the scope of the Project due to social, economic and legal conditions or constraints; however, since they can be tenants or limited real rights holders, they will be entitled as in other vulnerable group categories. The definition of ethnic group is explained in various sources as follows: An ethnic group or ethnicity describes a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of common characteristics that distinguish them from other groups. Ethnic groups can share a common and different culture, religion, language. Sociologically, an ethnic group can be defined as a group that has significant differences from the social norms, lifestyle and cultural characteristics, and has different elements and practices from the others. Within the scope of the project, households defined within the ethnic group may be entitled as owners, tenants, limited real rights holders, since they do not have any legal or socioeconomic difference or constraint. In the realized sub-projects, when these groups are subject to temporary or permanent forced displacement as a property owner, tenant or informal user, additional rent payment, travel expenses etc. It has been evaluated in the fragile group as it may be insufficient against the extra expenses. For this reason, when this population is subject to temporary or permanent displacement as a property owner, tenant or informal user in sub-projects in the areas where they live, additional rent payments, travel expenses, etc. they are evaluated in the fragile group as they will be insufficient against the extra expenses. Exposure of this population to displacement within the scope of the project may reveal effects such as being away from health and education opportunities, solidarity or social support networks, increased expenses, and disruptions in the process of participating in social and economic life. As for other vulnerable groups, measures to mitigate project impacts will be implemented for these groups as well. Immigrants, refugees and minority ethnic groups often live in low-quality residences located in urban areas with low land value or outdated areas. These groups, which are the poor and marginalized population in the cities, work predominantly in temporary and precarious informal business areas, and continue their social and economic lives in social networks in certain areas of the cities. Therefore, when this population is subject to temporary or permanent displacement within the scope of the project as a property owner, tenant or informal user in sub-projects in the areas where they live, additional rent payments, travel expenses, etc. they are considered a disadvantaged group as they have insufficient funds for extra expenses. However, within the scope of the project, in case of involuntary displacement, there is a need to eliminate the impacts of the project that will cause them to stay away from social life, health and education opportunities, social support networks. Without support, they could face increased risks in participating in urban life, and a decreased quality of life. Necessary measures will be taken and implemented. Persons and Groups whose Livelihoods are Dependent on the Structures Subject to the Project Superintendents (“supers�) and others18 who live in buildings providing maintenance and other support are included in this group. Regardless of whether the property is registered or not, supers make up a significant proportion of those whose livelihood depends on the properties subject to the Project and are considered as a vulnerable group that is disadvantaged by the project. 18 These could include doorkeepers, guards, janitors, attendants, officials, workers, etc. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 82 of 114 This group works in different ways. Supers and others who live in the common areas of the apartments with their families and provide the maintenance, cleaning and daily shopping of the apartment residents, mostly by using domestic labor, are not defined as the right holders in the transformation process of the residences subject to the Project. This group should be considered as PAPs who will be subject to permanent displacement, as these individuals or households are not guaranteed to continue working as a janitor in the new building to be rebuilt. Apartment workers and janitors are also considered to be people or households that are negatively affected economically by the Project and lose their livelihoods, although they are under similar conditions with the unofficial tenants/users of the houses that will be included in the urban transformation in the Project regarding the right to housing. In addition, the following entitlement is defined in the Rent Assistance Guide: Those residing in a risky building as an apartment worker will be able to benefit from the rent assistance as a tenant if they certify that they are working as an apartment worker (with notary approved decision book, monthly service list obtained from SGK). However, due to the absence of the apartment attendant's flat in the Risk Assessment Report, A.R.A.A.D. In the event that rent entry cannot be made to the Information System; Following the correction of the number of independent sections and the approval of the Risk Assessment Report of the Directorate/Municipality by the licensed institution issuing the Risky Building Detection Report, the requests of the beneficiaries will be evaluated. 6.4 Approximate numbers of PAPs Within the scope of the project, it is planned to transform 8 thousand to 12 thousand residences. Since it is not possible to know the number of flats and households in the residences, an assessment can be made regarding at least how many PAPs will be affected by the project. The lowest number of PAPs that can be directly affected by the conversion of 8 thousand to 12 thousand houses within the scope of the project can be calculated according to the average household size of Türkiye. The average household size of Türkiye is 3.30 people in 2020. Based on this figure, it can be stated that the number of PAPs that can be affected by the Project will be between 26,000 and 39,600 people, but the final number could be higher. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 83 of 114 7 Entitlements and Supports 7.1 Main Principles as Per WB ESS1 and ESS5 The project will aim to achieve the following objectives with the support provided to beneficiaries, in line with the World Bank's ESS1 and ESS5 targets: • Avoid involuntary economic and physical displacement or, when unavoidable, minimizing such displacement, • Avoiding forced eviction, • Mitigating unavoidable adverse social and economic impacts from land acquisition or restrictions of land use by (a) providing timely financial and other support for relocation and (b) assisting displaced persons in their efforts to improve, or at least restore, their livelihoods and living standards, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher. Considering that the decision by owners to take part in the project is based on the principle of voluntariness, different types of right holders have been identified based on the current situation of the groups and people affected by the Project. Compensation proposals and mitigation measures for these beneficiaries are developed as follow; • Will not harm the sense of social justice, • Move PAPs to at least pre-project status, • Applicable, • Sustainable, • Transparent, • Compatible with project effects, • Will not adversely affect the efficiency and execution of the project, • Consulted and accepted options by PAPs. 7.2 Entitlement for Support under the Project and Other Details During the implementation phase of the RF, it is accepted as a basic principle that people who are temporarily or permanently displaced as a result of project activities should not be in a worse socio-economic situation than their current situation. Physical displacement and resettlement will take place within the scope of the project. Permanent or temporary physical and economic displacement will occur within the scope of the project 19. Therefore, the measures developed for the people affected by the Project are planned within the following scope: • Avoidance of adverse impacts from Physical Resettlement • Avoidance of adverse impacts from Economic Resettlement • Restoration of lost livelihoods • Other Mitigation Measures. While determining the principles on rental assistance the status of the beneficiary PAPs due to the above effects also determines the level of compensation and support to which they are entitled. Therefore, PAPs have been evaluated in the following categories: 19 See: Table 21 Entitlement Matrix Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 84 of 114 • Persons who have official legal rights over the buildings subject to transformation, • Persons who do not have official legal rights over the buildings subject to transformation, but whose requests are or may be accepted under national laws. • Persons who do not have any recognized legal rights or claims on the structures subject to transformation, but whose claims are or may be accepted under national laws. 7.2.1 Urban Transformation Interest Support and Beneficiaries "Urban Transformation Interest Support" are interest supports within the scope of the "Law No. 6306 on Transformation of Areas Under Disaster Risk", which envisages the transformation of structures under disaster risk. The people who can benefit from the interest support are as follows: • Rights holders who want to rebuild their houses, • Limited real rights holders or tenants, provided that they reside in risky buildings for at least one year. 7.2.2 Supports to be Provided to Residences and Workplaces The beneficiaries whose structures are subject to retrofitting or reconstruction within the scope of the Project can benefit from both loan support and rental assistance. With the inclusion of residences and workplaces in urban transformation, tenants and limited real right holders included in other groups that will be affected by the Project are also entitled to rent support within the scope of the Project. Other supports and implementations under the scope of this topic are provided below: • Rental assistance to the owners: Rental assistance will be provided to the owners of the residence/workplace in the determined amount for (18) months. If they are required to wait longer to return to their rehabilitated/reconstructed apartments/workspaces, the Contractors carrying out the works shall pay for their rental assistance until they can return to their apartments/workspaces. • Rental assistance to owners of illegal buildings/structures: Owners of buildings built on their own land without a license, although a license is required are considered as the owners Of risky buildings and can benefit from rental assistance for 18 months. 20 A second category of informal users is those who live in unregistered apartment floors or in unregistered annexes of buildings. There are floors that have a building registration certificate but are not included in the title deed, that is, only the right of use has been given, and the apartments on these floors are only rented, not sold. Households residing in these flats as tenants will also be considered as tenants and will receive 2 months rental assistance within the scope of the Project (with additional social assistance if they are vulnerable tenants). People who have built illegal structures on land they do not own or lease will not be included in the project. People who have built additional floors without a license and who are also land shareholder registered in title deed will not be able to access financing under the project to re-build the extra floor; they may be able to finance the reconstruction/rehabilitation of the additional floor through other means – and only with proper zoning permission. • Rental assistance to tenants: It will be paid to those residing as tenants in the residence/workplace, based on the monthly rental assistance amount determined for the owners in the province where the building is located, rental assistance equivalent to two months’ rent will be paid in one installment. Vulnerable tenants will receive additional social assistance. Tenants will also be advised when a building is identified as risky or the landowner has decided to apply for a loan to rehabilitate or rebuild 20 In cases where owners may have to wait more than 18 months to return to their reconstructed/rehabilitated apartments/workspaces, the Contractor will be required to pay the rental assistance above and beyond 18 months until they can move into the reconstructed/retrofitted structure. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 85 of 114 the building/apartment/workspace. This will allow them more time to look for another place to rent and to move. • Rental assistance to the owners of limited real rights: Based on the monthly rental assistance amount determined for the owners in the province where the building is located, five months’ rental assistance will be paid in one installment to those residing in the residence/workplace as the owner of limited real rights. Tenants will also be advised when a building is identified as risky or the landowner has decided to apply for a loan to rehabilitate or rebuild the building/apartment/workspace. • To the apartment staff: Those who live in a risky building as apartment staff, to certify that they work as apartment staff (Notarized decision book, monthly service list from SGK with) the tenant who will be displaced from their apartment will be able to benefit from two months’ rental assistance. Apartment staff who are displaced from their apartment and their employment will be able to benefit from two months’ rental assistance as well as additional social assistance. • In the case of real persons and legal entities of private law, on parcels with risky buildings, after the risky construction process, municipalities do not charge fees and charges for the new construction area up to one and a half times the existing construction area, regardless of the change in function. 7.2.3 Income and Livelihood Improvement Supports Within the scope of the project, compensation and supports to be applied during the Housing and Access to Work process have been determined. In this context, the following measures will be implemented in order to restore the housing and work conditions of the tenants, and to restore their livelihoods. Housing Loan Support Within the scope of the project, buildings will be rehabilitated/reconstructed and entitlement has been defined in order to support the tenants who were living in these buildings to become homeowners by benefiting from the government's existing interest-supported loan program under Law 6306. PAPs affected by the Project will be able to benefit from these housing loans with interest rates subsidies provided by the Ministry in order to contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of the tenants after the Project, to support the tenants who want to buy their own housing instead of rented housing, to contribute to the improvement of the livelihoods of the Project-affected households. Livelihood Improvement Support The additional supports to be applied for tenants and workplaces exposed to involuntary resettlement due to the project are in-kind supports as support for finding a new apartment to rent, moving support for elderly or disabled households, skill improvement trainings or supports etc. In this context, livelihood supports are planned with the following approach: • Participation support to PAPs will be provided for entrepreneurship training, vocational training, on- the-job training and grant support trainings provided by Stakeholders such as İŞKUR, KOSGEB, Development Agency that support the local economy in the project implementation provinces, • Providing awareness trainings for PAPs who want to have a job, such as savings, budget management, to reduce expenses and improve livelihoods, • Providing capacity building, savings and budget management trainings to support the livelihood of PAPs who are operators, responsible and owner of the workplaces affected by the project Developing cooperation with İŞKUR for registration with İŞKUR, accessing employment opportunities, with priority given to unskilled or semi-skilled PAPs, to carry out information and guidance activities to increase the awareness and capacity of PAPs. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 86 of 114 7.2.4 Compensation and Additional Social Support for Vulnerable Households Vulnerable Groups benefit from the above-described supports if they are the owners, shareholders and tenants of the structures involved in the transformation within the scope of the Project. In addition, additional support and compensation rights have been introduced for vulnerable groups, who are more disadvantaged compared to other segments of the society, as they are more difficult to compensate for the loss of livelihood, social and economic losses in the face of the risks they face or when a crisis arises. Compensation and supports will be provided in order to keep the livelihoods and income levels of PAPs included in the vulnerable group that will be affected by the Project at a minimum pre-Project status and, if possible, to improve upon them. Persons and groups defined under the Chapter 6.3.1.8 Vulnerable Groups are as follows: • Women-headed households • Disabled (including families with a disabled head of household) • Elderly (elderly household heads) • Poor households & people without any social security insurance • Immigrants/refugees/ethnic groups • Persons and groups whose livelihood depends on the structure that is the subject of the project, such as supers and others who live in the buildings and provide maintenance and other support. Supers who have to leave their apartments, but will otherwise keep their jobs, will receive two months’ rental assistance. Supers who lose their employment temporarily or permanently will receive additional social assistance, including support in finding new employment elsewhere. The PMU social team will assist vulnerable tenants and supers in moving, finding places to live/work and availing themselves of various programs, including family benefits, training and supporting in looking for temporary or permanent employment. Such social assistance would include: • moving support from the current residence/work-space to a new residence/work-space • assistance in finding a new apartment to rent • provision of information on and support in accessing relevant social programs (e.g., transportation to/from work, scholarships for children, etc.) • skill improvement trainings or supports, • assistance in finding temporary or permanent employment [More details on social assistance to be included in the final version of the RF which must be completed and disclosed prior to the loan effective date.] The PMU social unit will maintain detailed records on the resettlement of vulnerable tenants and supers, including information on the social assistance they have received, apartments/workspaces to which they have been relocated and, where relevant, livelihood restoration. MoEUCC will ensure that vulnerable tenants have located a place to live or work after vacating their residences/workspaces. MoEUCC will also ensure that superintendents will receive support to find temporary or permanent employment, if they require it. No vulnerable tenant should be left homeless as a result of project activities. No superintendent should be permanently unemployed as a result of project activities. Reconstruction/rehabilitation works will not commence until: 1) the owners and tenants have received their rental assistance from MoEUCC and, where applicable, moving assistance for the vulnerable tenants and superintendents. In addition, MoEUCC should demonstrate that they have provided support to vulnerable tenants and superintendents on accessing other social support measures; and 2) the PAPs have vacated the apartments/workspaces. MoEUCC will notify PAPs as soon as possible about impending evictions, typically 85 days in advance of their departure. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 87 of 114 The project will be closely supervised, commencing with an initial review of the resettlement process six months after the effective date of the loan during project supervision, and followed by annual reviews on the resettlement process, including a particular focus on vulnerable tenants and superintendents. In addition, at the mid-point of implementation, MoEUCC will also undertake an independent review of the resettlement process (See Section 8 below). In summary, for the property owners and tenants of the structures that will be rehabilitated/reconstructed within the scope of the Project and the vulnerable groups/superintendents from the Project; • To arrange the loss of livelihoods and expenses arising from the project, • To ensure that vulnerable groups stay in their social and economic life areas, • Supporting them to maintain their pre-project conditions, • To prevent additional costs arising from the project, • Arrangements and supports are planned in order to eliminate the impact caused by the project. • Additional interest discounts will be provided on the Project loan support for property owners belonging to the vulnerable groups affected by the Project. • Preferential access to Project construction employment opportunities will be offered in order to prevent income reductions and improve the vulnerable groups. These possibilities include; o To ensure that PAPs primarily benefit from the procurement of goods, services and employment opportunities that will arise within the scope of the project, o Identify the affected workplaces as priority service and/or goods providers and compensating for potential loss of customers through this prioritization o To ensure that PAPs benefit from employment opportunities that will develop within the scope of sub-projects in line with their qualifications and job opportunities. o Providing assistance to tenants to find places they can rent to live or work. • The Resettlement Plans will also explain how the assistance will be coordinated by MoEUCC, including responsible agencies, programs, budgets, timelines etc. • The rental assistance and social support process will be monitored carefully, in particular with regard to vulnerable tenants and supers; additional measures to support the PAPs may be put in place as and when required. 7.2.5 Conditions of Supports and Compensations Rental Assistance to Owners Owners (including owners with joint ownership) will apply for rental assistance for risky residences and workplaces with the following basic information and documents. a) Application petition, b) If the applicant is a legal person, the signature circular of the person authorized to represent the company, c) Address Information Report 2 or a letter from the relevant municipality stating that the risky building has been evacuated, d) Deed document and Current Real Estate Record, e) The documents required for the demolition information of the risky building will be provided through the A.R.A.A.D Information System. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 88 of 114 Rental Assistance in Shared Ownership In the shareholding ownership; In the event that the property is transformed into shared ownership, rental assistance will be provided to the owners in proportion to their shares. If the property has not been converted into shared ownership, the owners may be given rental assistance in proportion to their shares, based on the share rates specified in the inheritance certificate or the building property tax return showing the share rates or the court decision showing the share rates. Limited Real Rights Holders Rent Aid 1) Limited real rights holders residing in a risky structure will apply for rental assistance with the following basic information and documents; a) Application petition, b) Title Deed document showing limited real right ownership and Current Immovable Record of the real estate (Deeds with condominium/floor servitude will have an annotation showing limited real right ownership.), c) Address Information Report showing the old and new addresses of residing in the building and evacuating the risky building on the date the Building Identification Number was obtained through the Information System (ARAAD) d) Registration of the information about the demolition of the building to the Information System e) T.R. Ziraat Bankası A.Ş. A copy of the current TL passbook. 2) Owners of limited real rights with workplaces with a risky structure will apply for rental assistance with the following basic information and documents; a) Application petition, b) Signature circular of the person authorized to represent the company, c) Title Deed document showing limited real right ownership and Current Real Estate Record of the real estate (There will be an annotation showing limited real right ownership in condominium/condominium servitude title deeds.) d) A.R.A.A.D. Information System records and other additional documents will be required. Limited real rights holders applying with the above conditions can be beneficiaries of rental assistance in risky buildings within the scope of Transformation of Areas Under Disaster Risk No. 6306. Resettlement and Relocation Assistances 1) Tenants residing in a risky structure will apply for rental assistance with the following information and documents; a) Application petition, b) Tenant's A.R.A.A.D. Documents requested through the Information System c) A.R.A.A.D. Information System records. 2) Tenants operating a workplace with a risky structure; a) Application petition, b) Signature circular of the person authorized to represent the company, c) Tenant's A.R.A.A.D. Documents requested through the Information System d) A.R.A.A.D. Information System records and other additional documents will be requested. Resettlement and Relocation Rental Assistance for Supers and others with apartments in risky buildings Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 89 of 114 PAPs working as apartment attendants in buildings subject to urban transformation will be able to benefit from two months’ rental assistance as tenants. If they must vacate their apartments and also lose their employment permanently, they will be able to benefit from six months’ rental assistance. In case the rent entry cannot be made to the A.R.A.A.D Information System due to the absence of the apartment attendant's flat in the Risk Detection Report, the number of independent sections will be corrected by the licensed institution issuing the Risk Detection Report. Following the approval of the Risk Determination Report of the Directorate/Municipality, the requests of the beneficiaries will be evaluated. 7.2.6 Temporary Loss Temporary losses that may occur during the project process will appear as temporary economic and physical displacement. Losses that may arise temporarily will be arranged with the rental support to be given to the owners and shareholders, and the rental supports to be provided to the apartment officials, owners with limited rights, and tenants, the titles of which are given above. 7.3 Entitlement Matrix As a result of the analyzes and evaluations, the entitlement matrix was developed. The supports defined above and the PAPs/ beneficiaries who can benefit from these supports are given together under this title. The entitlement matrix includes the definition of persons to be permanently or temporarily displaced, their compensation and support, and criteria for determining their eligibility for other resettlement assistance. In addition to the compensation and support listed below, all eligible people will receive legal or administrative support in filing any applications and petitions required in order to prove their eligibility status, with fees waived or reimbursed for such applications. Table 21 Entitlement Matrix21 Compensations Impact Title holder Physical Economic Temporary Permanent and Supports Temporary Owners with Credit support physical full or joint Up to 18 months displacement ownership22 Rental assistance to owners while X X awaiting rehabilitation and interest rate discount support under the scope of Law no. 630623 21 All support mentioned in the matrix will be applied for only one unit belonging to the same owner. 22 This includes owners of buildings built on their own land without a license, although a license is required. They are considered as the owners of risky buildings and benefit from rental assistance for 18 months. 23 In cases where owners may have to wait more than 18 months to return to their reconstructed/rehabilitated apartments/workspaces, the Contractor will be required to pay the rental assistance above and beyond 18 months until they can move into the reconstructed/retrofitted structure. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 90 of 114 Compensations Impact Title holder Physical Economic Temporary Permanent and Supports 2 months’ rental Permanent Tenants24 assistance or physical interest rate displacement discount support X X under the scope of Law no. 6306 for tenants Temporary Businesses Credit support displacement (owners of Up to 18 months the buildings/ Rental assistance workplaces) X X X to owners and interest rate discount support under the scope of Law no. 630625 2 months’ rental Permanent Businesses assistance or economic (tenants of interest rate displacement the buildings/ discount support workplaces) X X X under the scope of Law no. 6306 for tenants 5 months’ rental Temporary Limited real assistance or or rights holders interest rate permanent discount support physical or X X X X under the scope of economic Law no. 6306 for displacement limited real rights holders Temporary Workers/ Income and economic livelihoods Livelihood displacement affected Improvement (working for Supports, such as the business/ X X assistance in workplaces finding temporary who are the employment; skills owners of the training. building) 24 This includes tenants who live in unregistered apartment floors or in unregistered annexes of buildings. There are floors that have a building registration certificate but are not included in the title deed, that is, only the right of use has been given, and the apartments on these floors are only rented, not sold. 25 See Footnote 17 above. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 91 of 114 Compensations Impact Title holder Physical Economic Temporary Permanent and Supports Permanent Workers/ displacement livelihoods Income and affected Livelihood users(working Improvement for the Supports, such as X X business/ assistance in workplaces finding permanent who are the employment; skills tenants of the training. building) Temporary Vulnerable In addition to physical and Groups entitlement economic (owner) provided to all displacement owners, as listed above: Additional interest discount on Project loan support for Vulnerable property owners, X X Income and Livelihood Improvement Supports such as assistance in finding a new apartment to rent, moving support for elderly or disabled households, skill improvement trainings or supports Permanent Vulnerable Rental support physical and Groups amount economic (tenant)26 corresponding to displacement X X X 2-month rental assistance Income and Livelihood 26 This includes vulnerable tenants who live in unregistered apartment floors or in unregistered annexes of buildings. There are floors that have a building registration certificate but are not included in the title deed, that is, only the right of use has been given, and the apartments on these floors are only rented, not sold. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 92 of 114 Compensations Impact Title holder Physical Economic Temporary Permanent and Supports Improvement Supports, such as moving assistance from the current residence/work- space to a new residence/work- space, providing assistance in finding a new apartment to rent, providing support in accessing relevant social support programs (e.g. transportation to/from work, scholarships for children, etc.) skill improvement trainings or supports, assistance in finding temporary or permanent employment Temporary Supers Rental assistance or for 2 months for permanent Supers and others physical or who lose their economic apartments, but displacement not their employment For supers who X X X lose their employment, Income and Livelihood Improvement Supports: Assistance in finding temporary or permanent employment Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 93 of 114 8. Preparation of Resettlement Plans (RPs) Once the project has identified owners and tenants who will be required to leave the apartments/workspaces they own or rent – whether temporarily or permanently – MoEUCC will prepare, consult upon, clear with the World Bank and disclose the Resettlement Plans (RPs). The RPs will either cover an entire city, with addenda for each building or neighborhood, or they will be prepared at the building or neighborhood level, whichever is most efficient. The RPs will be prepared on the basis of meaningful consultations and stakeholder engagement and in compliance with the requirements of the RF. Rehabilitation/construction or other project activities with environmental and social impacts will commence only after the PAPs have received their entitlements and RPs have been implemented in accordance with the RF. MoEUCC will do an initial review of the resettlement process six months after the effective date of the loan. Then, the annual performance review of the resilient housing activities in Component 4a – which includes a review of environmental and social management – will assess progress on resettlement. This would include a focus on vulnerable tenants’ relocation to new accommodation and superintendents’ relocation to new accommodation, where necessary, and/or employment in those cases where they lose part or all of their employment as a result of project activities. At the Project mid-term review, MoEUCC will engage an independent social consultant to review the resettlement aspects, with a focus on outcomes for vulnerable tenants and superintendents, per ToRs acceptable to the Bank. The RPs will include a budget for implementation. The RP template is included in Appendix 1. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 94 of 114 9 Institutional Arrangements 9.1 Project Management Unit (PMU) PMU shall be managed by the Project Director and be responsible for procurement, financial management, urban development, disaster risk management, environmental and social issues (including the issues in ESMF, and LMP, RF and SEP such as OHS, stakeholder engagement and grievance management), as well as for communication, monitoring and evaluation issues. In addition, individual specialists will be hired to be based on GDIUTS PMU head office and to be based on each province as detailed below: • Four (4) personnel, i.e. one environmental specialist, one OHS specialist and two social specialists (one for community engagement and other for relocation related issues) to work in the head office of GDIUTS, • Two (2) personnel, i.e. one environmental specialist and one social specialist (community / stakeholder engagement specialized), to work continuously in the office to be established only for the Project in İzmir Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, • Two (2) personnel, i.e. one environmental specialist and one social specialist (community / stakeholder engagement specialized), to work continuously in the office to be established only for the Project in Manisa Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, • Two (2) personnel, i.e. one environmental specialist and one social specialist (community / stakeholder engagement specialized), to work continuously in the office to be established only for the Project in Tekirdağ Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, and • Two (2) personnel, i.e. one environmental specialist and one social specialist (community / stakeholder engagement specialized), to work continuously in the office to be established only for the Project in Kahramanmaraş Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change. • Two (2) personnel, i.e. one environmental specialist and one social specialist (community / stakeholder engagement specialized), to work continuously in the office to be established only for the Project in İstanbul Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change at Asian side. • Two(2) personnel, i.e. one environmental specialist and one social specialist (community / stakeholder engagement specialized), to work continuously in the office to be established only for the Project in İstanbul Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change at European side. These specialists will work in coordination. Joint responsibilities of province based individual specialists and PMU head office are presented below. • Assessing the documents related to issues such as permits to be obtained, protocols to be made, personnel to be assigned within the scope of national environmental, social and OHS legislation, • Conducting field visits to perform monitoring of the activities to be implemented in the scope of ESMF and province based ESMPs to be prepared, • Performing successive reporting activities as described in Section 11 and in ESMF, • Ensuring preparation of neighborhood level ESIAs, if needed, • Site-specific implementation of the actions in their responsibility in the prepared SEP, LMP, RF/RP documents and supervision of the activities described in the ESMP Checklist to be prepared by Contractor for each sub-project, • Site-specific implementation of the actions in their responsibility and supervision of the activities to be described in the neighborhood level ESIAs to be prepared, if needed, • Ensuring realization of E&S Audits and preparation / implementation of Environmental and Social Action Plans as described in ESMF for Type III sub-projects, if needed, and following of the defined corrective actions, • Notification of each accident/incident successively to the Project Director and WB Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 95 of 114 • Guiding and supporting during preparation and implementation processes of the ESMP Checklists to be prepared by the sub-project contractors in terms of quality of the said documents, and ensuring adequacy of the sub-project Environmental, Health, Safety and Social (ESHS) personnel of the Contractors who will continuously implement the ESMP Checklists at sub-project site. Director General of GDIUTS Deputy Director General of GDIUTS Contracted PMU Manager Individual (Project Director) Specialists Implementing Financial Financial Housing Benefits Procurement Environmental Regulations Social Specialist Management Instruments Specialist Specialist Specialist Specialist Specialist Specialist Figure 6 Project Management Unit Structure 9.2 Contractors For the sub-projects under Component-2, the contractors and the risky building owners shall make a contract. However, the risks related to the use of loan will be managed by the MoEUCC, and the MoEUCC will approve the applications of the beneficiaries deemed eligible for the loan allocation. Within that scope, a Commitment Letter was prepared by MoEUCC as an annex of contract between rightholders and the Contractors. The sample of the Commitment Letter is provided in ESMF. Accordingly, the contractor will be responsible for implementation of the province based ESMPs to be prepared by PMU, preparation & implementation of the sub-project Environmental Method Statements, implementation of neighborhood level ESIAs (if required) and hiring an ESHS expert for on the site implementation of said documents. It will be preferable for the personnel in question to have the ESF experience. However, hiring an ESHS expert with the ESF experience is not always possible. Therefore, the occupational health and safety expert whose service must be taken in accordance with national legislation, will be hired and will be trained within the scope of environmental & social aspects as per to the scope presented in ESMF and to be detailed in province based ESMPs. Besides, the PMU individual specialists in the provinces will continuously support contractors’ ESHS experts regarding fulfillment of contractors’ responsibilities included in SEP, RF, LMP, and GM. Contractors and Contractor ESHS personnel will be responsible from; • Along with the implementation of the mitigation measures defined in the province based ESMPs, neighborhood level ESIAs (if needed), and sub-project specific Environmental Method Statements, reporting the implementation of these measures to the PMU individual specialists in the provinces in each month, • Ensuring that the trainings defined in the province based ESMPs are given to the sub-project employees and informing them about their responsibilities, Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 96 of 114 • Inspecting the work sites of sub-projects daily in line with national legislation and the ESF requirements and presenting evidence of relevant inspections to PMU individual specialists in the provinces; and • The SEP prepared for the project will be responsible for fulfilling their own responsibilities during the implementation of the RF and LMP specific to the relevant subproject (for example, an issue that can be resolved by the contractor corrective action during the implementation of the SEP and the grievance mechanism, or the resolution of any complaints of the contractor employees; will be the responsibility of the contractors with the support of PMU individual specialists). 9.3 Institutional Capacity The PMU will ensure that both GDIUTS personnel and the individual Environmental & OHS and social specialists to be recruited are provided with relevant trainings as part of Component-4, including the ESF requirements and, as a minimum, the following: • OHS, environmental and social assessments • Risk categorization and E&S impact screening, ESMP & ESIA preparation, RP preparation • Specific aspects of the implementation and monitoring of environmental and social risk management, including waste management and OHS management • Stakeholder engagement and grievance mechanism • Measures on the SEA/SH and Gender-Based Violence • Code of conduct and • Monitoring and reporting The PMU shall ensure that the following trainings will be given and documents will be provided to the GDIUTS personnel, who are not specialists in Environment, OHS and social issues, as well as to the personnel of the units responsible for environmental, OHS and social issues in the relevant Provincial Directorates and, if necessary, to the personnel of the infrastructure and urban transformation units of the Provincial Directorates: • The World Bank Environmental and Social Framework • The Project-specific tools, i.e., ESMF, LMP, SEP and RF • Environmental and social assessment methods, • Community health and safety • Stakeholder engagement and close out of grievances • Code of conduct, and • Measures on the SEA/SH and Gender-Based Violence Additionally, As the details are given under the section 2.2.1 of the ESMF, the trainings of the inspection companies within the scope of the current national Building Inspection System legislation and the applications within the scope of this legislation are quite detailed within the scope of processes such as design, architecture and construction technique. In addition, detailed training for (1) all personnel, (2) occupational physicians and health professionals, and (3) occupational safety specialists, who will work within the scope of current occupational health and safety legislation, sub-project activities, namely demolition / strengthening / reconstruction activities. However, training to be provided to contractors should also be in line with the WB EHS and WBG EHS General and Sectoral Guidelines. In addition to training on how to comply with environmental and social requirements for the sub-project as a whole, contractors should train their employees on how to comply with applicable mitigation requirements when performing their work. In addition to the Health and Safety training, other environmental and social training (e.g. Code of Conduct, waste management and sanitation) will be described in detail in the ESMPs to be prepared for each province. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 97 of 114 10 Consultation Framework, Disclosure Strategy and Grievance Mechanism Disclosure is one of the fundamental steps of stakeholder engagement. The following methods and materials will be used within the scope of engagement from the scoping phase of the project to the completion of the transformation of risky structures. Consultation Meetings: Consultation meetings will be held as needed throughout the project process. Detailed information about the project will be given and questions and opinions of stakeholders will be evaluated. Consultation meetings will be held as needed during periods or issues that require the Project's consultation with stakeholders. In cases where consultation is required, consultations will be carried out using online tools during the Covid-19 process, and stakeholder consultations can be made face-to-face with the conditions after the new normalization process. In these meetings, the current developments of the project will be explained, information will be given about the resettlement / relocation process, and ideas and expectations will be discussed during these processes. In-Depth Interviewing: In-depth interviewing is a qualitative research technique that involves intensive individual interviews with a small number of participants to examine their perspectives on a particular idea, program or situation. In this case, in-depth interviews will be conducted with stakeholders such as national and local government agencies/organizations, cooperatives etc. to analyze the potential impacts of the Project and to evaluate their expectations/advice. In-depth interview interviews are planned to be held online through online tools during the Covid-19 process instead of face-to-face meetings. Focus Group Discussion: Focus group interviews can be conducted when there is a need for data collection and qualitative fieldwork during the monitoring process. Focus group studies, which are held in the form of face-to-face meetings, can be carried out online during the Covid-19 process or face-to-face if conditions allow after the new normalization process. FGD is an effective way to bring together people from similar experiences to discuss a specific topic related to the Project. Socio-Economic Researches: Economic and social conditions affect each other positively or negatively. There is a direct connection between economic factors such as livelihoods of the society, income level, job and unemployment and social life. Therefore, economic parameters determine social standards. Within the scope of the project, researches will be carried out in order to reveal the socio-economic status of stakeholder groups. Surveys: Survey studies will be used when data collection is required during the Project process, and it is planned to be carried out online through online tools during the Covid-19 process. Presentations: Visual material will also be used during the informing phase of the stakeholders. Presentations containing summaries of written documents will be made. Project Brochure: At the first stage, brochures / flyers with communication channels, announcements and information about the Project will be left in the common public areas in the surrounding settlements, in the headman's offices, in the municipalities, in the provincial directorates, and in the professional chambers. Grievance Mechanism: The Grievance Mechanism will be open to all stakeholders throughout the duration of the project, including recording grievances, taking action for resolution, and closing grievances by proving necessary information. Letter/mail: Project brochures, postings, reports or announcements can be sent by mail, courier or letter when necessary so that stakeholder groups or individuals who do not have access to the Internet, smart phones, social media or e-mail so that they can access Project information. Hotline: There will be a hotline that all stakeholders can use to voice their concerns and complaints. This method is important in terms of solving the urgent problems of the stakeholders and being fast. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 98 of 114 Corporate Website: The corporate website provides announcements, Project documents, reports and contact information for further information requests. Within the scope of the stakeholder engagement, oral, written and visual tools can be used as information tools. Social Media: Within the scope of social media tools, the Ministry's website (https://csb.gov.tr/), the ministry's social media accounts (https://twitter.com/csbgovtr) will be used as tools to disseminate the announcements of the Project. In addition, following the initiation of the Project, if needed, social media accounts can be created to convey announcements, announcements and developments specific to the Project. COVID-19 Conditions: The COVID-19 epidemic has affected the whole world and measures such as wearing masks and maintaining social distance in society have become the new normal of our daily lives. If the COVID 19 pandemic conditions continue during the operation phase of the project and the implementation of this SEP, the stakeholder engagement plan and its activities will be aligned and implemented in accordance with the guidelines of relevant and responsible national and international organizations such as WHO, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. Within the scope of SEP, face-to-face meetings will be held in accordance with mask and social distance rules of Ministry of Health (MoH) and World Health Organization (WHO). In cases where face-to-face meeting is not possible due to the COVID- 19 conditions, online interview methods can also be used. In addition, it will be ensured that the meetings to be held will be organized in open areas, in accordance with social distance and other regulations of MoH and WHO. Apart from these measures, other practices outlined in the “Interim Advice for IFC Clients on Safe Stakeholder Engagement in the Context of COVID-19� and the World Bank ESF/Safeguards Interim Note: COVI D-19 Considerations In Construction/Civil Works Projects note will also be used on planning stakeholder engagement activities. Stakeholder and public information meetings, brochures, posters and advertisements are the written and visual tools to be used in the information process. The project official website is the most useful and effective mechanism for communication and information, by containing different information sources. These tools are also defined in detail in the SEP document of the Project. An online information meeting was held on 24 November 2021 and the participants are given below. • Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change • World Bank • ILBANK • Istanbul Provincial Directorate of Infrastructure and Urban Transformation • İzmir Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change • Tekirdag Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change • Manisa Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change • Kahramanmaraş Metropolitan Municipality • Manisa Metropolitan Municipality • Tekirdag Metropolitan Municipality In this information meeting, general information about the project was given and the evaluations of the participants about the project were received. Field work were conducted as follows; • Fieldwork for Izmir Province 9-11 November 2021 • Fieldwork for Manisa Province 11-12 November 2021 • Fieldwork for Tekirdağ Province between 18-19 November 2021 • Fieldwork for Kahramanmaraş Province was carried out between 18-19 November 2021. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 99 of 114 In field studies, detailed information were obtained on the below listed subjects from the relevant institutions such as Provincial Directorates of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, Development Agencies, AFAD, relevant departments and directorates of municipalities, and Muhtars, • Specific practices in the provinces related to the transformation of risky structures, • Responsibilities of different parties within the scope of Law No. 6306 and related Implementation Regulation, • The way the Law and Implementation Regulation is implemented in the field, positive and negative situations encountered, • In which districts and neighborhoods in the provinces, the owners of the buildings can respond to the loan, • In which districts and neighborhoods more risky buildings can be found, • Regions where vulnerable groups live in provinces, • Building stock of the provinces, • Waste storage capacity of provinces and • The current situation, which can be evaluated within the scope of the Project, both environmental and social, in particular the environmental risks that have occurred or may occur in the risky building transformation, OHS risks and how these risks are managed and audited. In addition to the above mentioned engagement activities, the process steps to be followed in order to explain and update the RF by receiving feedback from the stakeholders are as follows; • The electronic copy of the RF draft will be published on the project website and the websites of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. • Hard copies of the draft RF will be sent to the municipalities and district governorships of the districts to which the affected settlements are affiliated. • Information meetings will be held for all mukhtars, where the contents of the RF will be presented in a simplified and accessible manner. • Information meetings will also include organizations that represent vulnerable groups (organizations for disabled persons, women, migrants etc). Mukhtars will be invited by letter to be sent. The following will be included in the written document and within the scope of the meeting: • How to reach the draft RF (district governorships, website) • It is possible to make changes by giving feedback to the RF draft. • The need to communicate this right to PAPs • Feedback channels (e-mail, mail, phone) • RF feedback phone line, e-mail address and postal address will be determined. Stakeholders will be able to give feedback by petitioning district governorships. 10.1 Grievance Mechanism Management Procedure The grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is an arrangement that provides channels for project stakeholders to provide feedback and/or voice their concerns and grievances about project activities. In accordance with the international requirements, a grievance redress mechanism has been established to receive, resolve and follow up the concerns and complaints of the project-affected and relevant stakeholders within the scope of the Project. The PMU, which will be established under the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, will be accessible to stakeholders and will respond to all complaints as soon as possible. Stakeholders will be able to use ALO 181, CIMER, hotline, face-to-face meetings, grievance registration forms and the website contact form to voice their grievances. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 100 of 114 The steps to be followed during the grievance management will be as follows; 10.2 Receiving & Registering Grievance • All complaints received by the relevant administration through the telephone line, contact form or other channels are recorded using the Grievance Registration Form (GRF) and a hard copy of the form is given to the Complainant. The completed form is entered into the PMU grievance registration system of the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change within the same business day. • If the GRF cannot be filled, the following basic information is recorded: o Complainant's first and last name (complainants also have the right to register an anonymous complaint); o The subject of the grievance; o Place of Grievance; o Contact information (phone / mobile number, address, e-mail, etc.); o Organization name (if relevant) o Date and time • Project teams complete the GRF according to the information provided and register the grievance. • All corrective actions suggested by the complainant are recorded through the GRF. Table 22 Workflow of the GRM Name of Step in Data File Principles and Standards Workflow steps System: “Status of Notification� Complaints can be made verbally or in Receiving the writing using any of the tools described in Notification has been received. complaint the section “Stakeholder Engagement Program and Methods� of SEP. Incoming complaint is recorded within 2 days at the latest to the GRM database Registering the The notification has been saved. system. System will automatically define the complaint complaints to the site specialists according to Provinces. Site Social Specialists will conduct the initial complaint assessment immediately after the complaint is registered to define Evaluation It is under evaluation. the subject of the complaint and convey it to the relevant unit-authority for investigation. The stakeholder will be notified that the Confirmation The relevant stakeholder was grievance has been received and recorded. notification of informed that the notification was Feedback will be sent based on the receipt of received. transmission method of the complaint (mail, complaint telephone, etc.). Site Social Specialist will assign the Assign/ take complaint to the relevant unit or person who The action is assigned. action needs to develop a solution according to the complaint, and define his or her task. The relevant unit will develop a solution and Research / corrective action within 15 days, obtain the It is in the research/review phase. Review necessary approvals, and report the result to the Site social specialist. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 101 of 114 Name of Step in Data File Principles and Standards Workflow steps System: “Status of Notification� Communicating Corrective action will be explained to the Final feedback was given to the feedback to the complainant, consulted and agreed. stakeholder. stakeholder Implementation The existing complaint will be eliminated by of corrective The action has been taken. applying a solution / corrective action. action It will be determined that the existing problem or complaint has been resolved / Closing the Actions regarding notification are approval of the complainant will be complaint closed. obtained, and then the complaint will be closed within 30 days at the latest from the date of registration. 10.3 Assessment of the Grievance • All grievances are reviewed to be classified according to whether they are genuine or not related to project activities. If the issues/disputes raised are not related to the project activities, guidance is provided to the Complainant to contact the relevant person. Eligible Complaints will be answered in accordance with the project's social and environmental standards. • All Grievances received via hotline, email, face-to-face meetings/communications are recorded and project teams contact the Grievance owner to explain the response process within two (2) Business Days after registration. • The GRM will include a channel to receive and address confidential complaints related with Sexual Exploitation and Abuse/Sexual Harassment (SEA/SH) with special measures in place to ensure confidentiality and sensitive treatment of such complaints, as well as measures to ensure such complaints are handled in accordance with national or local laws. • The PMU has fifteen (15) Business Days to investigate and respond to grievances. If the situation requires a more complex investigation, the Complainant will be provided with updated information describing the necessary actions and possible timeline for resolving the Grievance. 10.4 Resolving the Grievance • Necessary corrective actions will satisfy the complainant. • All parties agree on corrective actions throughout the resolution process. • The PMU aims to resolve each complaint within thirty (30) Business Days after responding, which may be extended by written order of the Ministry. • Complainants may appeal the decision of the GRM. The processing, hearing and report on the appeal’s outcome shall be concluded within 30 Business Days of the receipt of the appeal. • Complainants can apply to the court when they are not satisfied with the decision of the PMU or the Ministry regarding their complaints. 10.5 Close out of the Grievance Evidence of the corrective actions taken (photographs or other evidence documents on the Site, pertaining to the subject) is collected and a “Grievance Closure Form� is signed between the PMU and the Complainant. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 102 of 114 10.5.1. Registration and Evaluation of Anonymous Complaints When both external and internal stakeholders have issues, concerns or difficulties in providing their contact information and identity information, the complaints submitted by the stakeholders will be first evaluated and recorded as anonymous complaint or anonymous suggestion. Stakeholders can submit all their wishes and complaints to the request – complaint hotlines without specifying their names. As another method, they can convey their complaints about the Project by any other defined communication tool they prefer, without giving their name and contact address. Complaints received anonymously will be evaluated by implementing the steps defined in the workflow. Within the scope of the complaint, it will be evaluated by going through the investigation / examination processes and each stage will be processed into the complaint mechanism system. Third parties will not be informed about complaints that should be kept confidential, and no official notification/return will be made. Although there will be no official feedback on the solution to be applied when the complaint is finalized, if it is a matter that needs to be informed to the public and if deemed necessary, it can be announced to the stakeholders via joint boards/public and general communication tools. 10.6 GRM contact information Channels to be used by stakeholders to formally voice their grievances are as follows: ALO 181: The Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change examines complaints, notices and information requests from 81 provinces of Türkiye, intervenes and carries out inspections. Citizens can send their complaints and notices about environmental problems, air, water, soil, radioactive pollution, urban transformation, noise and waste by calling Alo 181. The notifications recorded from the call center are transferred to the relevant General Directorates regarding the legislation area of the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change and their answers are received through the system. The information received from the relevant units on the subject is transferred to the applicant via telephone by the authorized person in the call center. In this way, citizens are given feedback as soon as possible about the records they leave. Stakeholders can also contact GDIUTS for any complaints, notices and information requests by calling this number. CIMER will be able to make all kinds of requests, complaints, notices, opinions and suggestions of the stakeholders within the scope of the project, as well as their applications regarding their right to information, by using all communication channels through CIMER. Hotline: Stakeholders can call the phone number 0 (312) 410 10 00 and request a contact with a contact person. Face to face: Stakeholders can convey their complaints to the relevant staff of the PMU face to face. Web page contact form: a project specific website will be established. It should be noted here that as a final note, the stakeholders and affected parties will be made aware from the GRM through the web page to be established and especially through awareness campaigns and information disseminations -such as advertisements, brochures, posters etc. to be prepared and disseminated. World Bank Grievance Redress System: Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by a World Bank (WB) supported project may submit complaints to existing project-level grievance redress mechanisms or the WB’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS). The GRS ensures that complaints received are promptly reviewed in order to address project-related concerns. Project affected communities and individuals may submit their complaint to the WB’s independent Inspection Panel which determines whether harm occurred, or could occur, as a result of WB non-compliance with its policies and procedures. Complaints may be submitted at any time after concerns Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 103 of 114 have been brought directly to the World Bank’s attention , and Bank Management has been given an opportunity to respond. For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank’s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS), please visit http://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/products-and- services/grievance-redress-service. For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank Inspection Panel, please visit www.inspectionpanel.org Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 104 of 114 11 Monitoring and Evaluation The monitoring procedure designed within the scope of RF and to be carried out during the Project includes internal and external monitoring activities. 11.1 Levels of Monitoring 11.1.1 Internal Monitoring Internal monitoring activities carried out within the institution with monthly reports are the activities carried out with the reports prepared within the implementing institution and showing that the Project is implemented according to the commitments and standards. Monthly monitoring reports will be prepared and presented as progress reports that will include numerical, statistical and quantitative data, not qualitative evaluations. 11.1.2 Monitoring to World Bank Project monitoring reports, which will be carried out by PMU, will also be prepared, including the qualitative evaluations of the project, which will be carried out quarterly. This quarterly monitoring report will include the following results of the Project; • current situation, • evaluation of the differences between the foreseen and the current situation in the planning process, • evaluation of the current socio-economic conditions of PAPs, including any problems in the resettlement process, • stakeholder interviews MoEUCC will notify the Bank immediately if they are encountering difficulties: 1) with owners and tenants receiving the rental assistance in a timely manner; 2) ensuring that vulnerable tenants and superintendents receive social assistance and/or are able to relocate to residences/workspaces, or, where relevant, receive assistance in locating new employment opportunities. 11.2 Monitoring Indicators Monitoring Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Monitoring Responsible Subject Frequency Parties Head of • Distribution of the number of completed sub - department projects by provinces Provincial Internal • Distribution of the number of ongoing sub - Monthly Directorate Monitoring projects by provinces Central Social • Distribution of the number of sub -projects Specialist evaluated by provinces in case of application Site Social • Number of temporarily physically displaced PAPs Specialist • Number of permanently physically displaced PAPs General Directorate of Monitoring to Semi-Annually • Number of permanent economically displaced the Ministry World Bank PAPs Head of department Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 105 of 114 Monitoring Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Monitoring Responsible Subject Frequency Parties • Number of temporary economically displaced Central Social PAPs Specialist • Number and total amount of loan support for individual resettlement Specialist • Number and total amount of rental assistance to the owners • Number and total amount of rental assistance in shared (collaborative) ownership • Number and total amount of rental assistance for limited real rights holders. • Number and total amount of Resettlement and Relocation Assistance (for tenants) • Number of PAPs benefiting from housing loan support • Number and content of Income and Livelihood Improvement Supports implemented • Number and percentage of vulnerable tenants and Supers who have moved to new residences/workspaces • Number of Planned Income and Livelihood Improvement Supports and their contents • Number and total amount of Income and Livelihood Improvement Supports • Number of Income and Livelihood Improvement Supports participants • For vulnerable property owners, number and total amount benefiting from additional interest discount on Project loan support • Information on: relocation support for vulnerable tenant households; number of beneficiaries and total amount of support amount corresponding to 2-month rental support; relocation residences/workspaces of vulnerable tenants and superintendents • Number and total of rental assistance for Supers who have to relocate permanently • Number of Supers receiving Income and Livelihood Improvement Supports Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 106 of 114 Monitoring Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Monitoring Responsible Subject Frequency Parties • Number of Supers who obtained new employment after they ended their current employment as a result of project activities • Number of stakeholder consultations (types of stakeholders, issues raised/discussed and gender distribution of participation) and Feedback from the Consultations, • Number and types of complaints about resettlement issues. • Identification of nonconformity and suitability of solutions Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 107 of 114 12 Implementation Procedure, Budget and Schedule [Information to be provided when the RF is finalized with additional section on Istanbul] Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 108 of 114 13 References 1. 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Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 110 of 114 34. Treweek, J., Butcher, B. and Temple, H.J. Biodiversity offsets: possible methods for measuring biodiversity losses and gains for use in the UK. In Practice. 2010, 69: 29-32. 35. International Finance Corporation (IFC). Stakeholder Engagement: A Good Practice Handbook for Companies Doing Business in Emerging Markets. [https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/affbc005-2569- 4e58-9962-280c483baa12/IFC_StakeholderEngagement.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=jkD13-p] Washington, D.C. : s.n., 2007. 36. Addison, P.F.E., Carbone, G., McCormick, N. The development and use of biodiversity indicators in business: an overview. Gland, Switzerland : IUCN, 2018. 37. ELTEM-TEK. 380 kV Karaburun RES TM - Karaburun GİS Havza TM Enerji İletim Hattı Nihai Ç ED Raporu. Ankara : s.n., 2011. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 111 of 114 Appendix-1 Template for Resettlement Plans The following is a template for RPs prepared under the project. Where the issues are already covered in the RF, the RP may reference the RF or summarize the key issues. • Description of the project. General description of the project and identification of the project area. • Identification of Potential impacts: (a) the project components or activities that give rise to displacement, explaining why the selected land must be acquired for use within the timeframe of the project; (b) the zone of impact of such components or activities; (c) the scope and scale of land acquisition and impacts on structures and other fixed assets; (d) any project-imposed restrictions on use of, or access to, land or natural resources; (e) alternatives considered to avoid or minimize displacement and why those were rejected; and (f) the mechanisms established to minimize displacement, to the extent possible, during project implementation. • Objectives. The main objectives of the resettlement program. • Census survey and baseline socioeconomic studies. The findings of a household-level census identifying and enumerating affected persons, and, with the involvement of affected persons, surveying land, structures and other fixed assets to be affected by the project. The census survey also serves other essential functions: (a) identifying characteristics of displaced households, including a description of production systems, labor, and household organization; and baseline information on livelihoods (including, as relevant, production levels and income derived from both formal and informal economic activities) and standards of living (including health status) of the displaced population; (b) information on vulnerable groups or persons for whom special provisions may have to be made; (c) identifying public or community infrastructure, property or services that may be affected; (d) providing a basis for the design of, and budgeting for, the resettlement program; (e) in conjunction with establishment of a cutoff date, providing a basis for excluding ineligible people from compensation and resettlement assistance; and (f) establishing baseline conditions for monitoring and evaluation purposes. Additional information/analysis on the following subjects may be required to supplement or inform the census survey: (a) the patterns of social interaction in the affected communities, including social networks and social support systems, and how they will be affected by the project; and (b) social and cultural characteristics of displaced communities, including a description of formal and informal institutions (e.g., community organizations, ritual groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)) that may be relevant to the consultation strategy and to designing and implementing the resettlement activities. • Legal framework. The findings of an analysis of the legal framework, covering: (a) the scope of the power of compulsory acquisition and imposition of land use restriction and the nature of compensation associated with it, in terms of both the valuation methodology and the timing of payment; (b) the applicable legal and administrative procedures, including a description of the remedies available to displaced persons in the judicial process and the normal timeframe for such procedures, and any available grievance redress mechanisms that may be relevant to the project; (c) laws and regulations relating to the agencies responsible for implementing resettlement activities; and (d) gaps, if any, between local laws and practices covering compulsory acquisition, imposition of land use restrictions and provision of resettlement measures and ESS5, and the mechanisms to bridge such gaps. • Institutional framework. The findings of an analysis of the institutional framework covering: (a) the identification of agencies responsible for resettlement activities and NGOs/CSOs that may have a role in project implementation, including providing support for displaced persons; (b) an assessment of the institutional capacity of such agencies and NGOs/CSOs; and (c) any steps that are proposed to enhance the institutional capacity of agencies and NGOs/CSOs responsible for resettlement implementation. 9. Eligibility. Definition of displaced persons and criteria for determining their eligibility for compensation and other resettlement assistance, including relevant cutoff dates. • Assistance for PAPs. A description of the proposed types and levels of rental and other assistance measures. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 112 of 114 • Community participation. Involvement of displaced persons (including host communities, where relevant): (a) a description of the strategy for consultation with, and participation of, displaced persons in 62 the design and implementation of the resettlement activities; (b) a summary of the views expressed and how these views were taken into account in preparing the resettlement plan; (c) a review of the resettlement alternatives presented and the choices made by displaced persons regarding options available to them; and (d) institutionalized arrangements by which displaced people can communicate their concerns to project authorities throughout planning and implementation, and measures to ensure that such vulnerable groups as indigenous people, ethnic minorities, the landless, and women are adequately represented. Implementation schedule. An implementation schedule providing anticipated dates for displacement, and estimated initiation and completion dates for all resettlement plan activities. The schedule should indicate how the resettlement activities are linked to the implementation of the overall project • Costs and budget. Tables showing categorized cost estimates for all resettlement activities, including allowances for inflation, population growth, and other contingencies; timetables for expenditures; sources of funds; and arrangements for timely flow of funds, and funding for resettlement, if any, in areas outside the jurisdiction of the implementing agencies. Grievance redress mechanism. The plan describes affordable and accessible procedures for third-party settlement of disputes arising from displacement or resettlement; such grievance mechanisms should take into account the availability of judicial recourse and community and traditional dispute settlement mechanisms. • Monitoring and evaluation. Arrangements for monitoring of displacement and resettlement activities by the implementing agency, supplemented by third-party monitors as considered appropriate by the Bank, to ensure complete and objective information; performance monitoring indicators to measure inputs, outputs, and outcomes for resettlement activities; involvement of the displaced persons in the monitoring process; evaluation of results for a reasonable period after all resettlement activities have been completed; using the results of resettlement monitoring to guide subsequent implementation. Arrangements for adaptive management. The plan should include provisions for adapting resettlement implementation in response to unanticipated changes in project conditions, or unanticipated obstacles to achieving satisfactory resettlement outcomes. When project circumstances require the physical relocation of residents (or businesses), resettlement plans require additional information and planning elements. Additional requirements include: Transitional assistance. The plan describes assistance to be provided for relocation of household members and their possessions (or business equipment and inventory). The plan describes any additional assistance to be provided for households choosing cash compensation and securing their own replacement housing, including construction of new housing. If planned relocation sites (for residences or businesses) are not ready for occupancy at the time of physical displacement, the plan establishes a transitional allowance sufficient to meet temporary rental expenses and other costs until occupancy is available. • Consultation on relocation arrangements. The plan describes methods of consultation with physically displaced persons on their preferences regarding relocation alternatives available to them, including, as relevant, choices related to forms of compensation and transitional assistance, to relocating as individual households families or with preexisting communities or kinship groups, to sustaining existing patterns of group organization, and for relocation of, or retaining access to, cultural property (e.g., places of worship, pilgrimage centers, cemeteries). • Loss of access to land or resources, where applicable. For those whose livelihood is affected by loss of land or resource use or access, including common property resources, the resettlement plan describes means to obtain substitutes or alternative resources, or otherwise provides support for alternative livelihoods. • Livelihood Support. For all other categories of economically displaced persons, the resettlement plan describes feasible arrangements for obtaining employment or for establishing a business, including provision of relevant supplemental assistance including skills training, credit, licenses or permits, or specialized equipment. As warranted, livelihood planning provides special assistance to women, minorities or vulnerable groups who may be disadvantaged in securing alternative livelihoods. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 113 of 114 • Consideration of economic development opportunities, where feasible. The resettlement plan identifies and assesses any feasible opportunities to promote improved livelihoods as a result of resettlement processes. This may include, for example, preferential project employment arrangements, support for development of specialized products or markets, preferential commercial zoning and trading arrangements, or other measures. Where relevant, the plan should also assess the feasibility of prospects for financial distributions to communities, or directly to displaced persons, through establishment of project-based benefit-sharing arrangements. Title: CLIMATE AND DISASTER RESILIENT CITIES PROJECT Revision: 01 Resettlement Framework DocID: REP-URP-3 Page: 114 of 114