2022/122 Supported by K NKONW A A WELDEGDEG E OL N ONTOET E S ESREI R E ISE S F OFRO R P R&A C T HTEH E NEENREGRYG Y ETX ITCREA C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E THE BOTTOM LINE Opportunities for Direct Uses of Geothermal Energy Türkiye1 has substantial geothermal potential, and the country’s in Türkiye government is committed to exploiting it, both for economic What is the potential for the direct use of geothermal can be put to direct use, but, depending on the market conditions, it reasons and to meet its obligations may be more economical to use them to produce electricity. When energy in Türkiye? as a signatory of the Paris demonstrating the feasibility of a geothermal project involving direct Agreement on Climate Change. The potential is very great indeed use, a market analysis should be done to evaluate the domestic and Türkiye has more than 400 known Geothermal energy is extracted from thermal sources in the earth. It export markets for the planned products. geothermal fields in 63 different can be used directly to supply heat or extract gas and minerals—or Located in a tectonically active zone, Türkiye has more than provinces. The country’s total indirectly to generate electricity. The earth’s crust will provide heat 400 known geothermal fields in 63 different provinces (MTA 2019). estimated geothermal potential for billions of years, so with proper resource management geother- Low-temperature resources with temperatures ranging from 20°C is more than 60,000 megawatts mal energy can be used sustainably for a very long time. to 120°C are widespread. The country’s total estimated geothermal thermal. Developing that The use of geothermal energy depends on its source tempera- potential is more than 60,000 megawatts thermal (MWt) (Şener et al. potential could create more ture, which can range from 20˚C to more 300˚C. When the tempera- 2022). Of that, the potential for direct applications is approximately than 120,000 direct jobs, with ture is below 100°C, it is more suitable for direct uses. Those uses 15,000 MWt; the potential for electricity generation is 4,500 mega- ample opportunities for women’s include district heating systems; space heating and cooling; thermal watts electric (MWe), assuming a 10 percent conversion factor. The participation. baths at spas; and geothermal greenhouses and food-drying facili- higher-temperature resources are concentrated at the country’s ties; and extraction of chemicals and minerals from geothermal fluids western and eastern ends. 1 The Turkish government has set an (figure 1). Geothermal fluids with temperatures higher than 100°C ambitious goal of 11,150 MWt in 1. On June 1, 2022, the United Nations accepted the Turkish government’s position that Turkey direct uses of geothermal energy should henceforth be known as Türkiye. by 2025. Meeting that goal will require raising awareness, building capacity, ensuring a favorable regulatory environment, and Oumaima Idrissi is an intern at Almudena Mateos Merino Alper Baba is a professor at the increasing access to funding for the World Bank. is a senior energy specialist at Izmir Institute of Technology. both public and private entities. the World Bank. The World Bank is supporting the Turkish government’s A. Yasemin Orucu is a senior Elin Hallgrimsdottir is a senior efforts through the Geothermal energy specialist at the World Bank. energy specialist at the World Bank. Development Project and the recently approved Climate Smart and Competitive Agricultural Growth Project. 2 OPPORTUNITIES FOR DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN TÜRKIYE Figure 1. Examples of direct uses of geothermal energy Temperature (ºC) 10 50 100 150 200 Space heating Snow melting/de-icing Space heating and cooling Ground source heat pumps Absorption cooling Geothermal electricity Bathing and Pools and spas generation in Türkiye has recreation grown rapidly in the last Agro-industry Greenhouse heating decade, from 30 MWe in Aquaculture Food processing 2008 to 1,665 MWe by the Soil warming Mushroom culture Sterilization Fishmeal drying end of 2021, an average Pickling Beet pulp drying Timber drying Pasteurization Malt beverage annual increase of almost Beeswax melting Distilled liquors 40 percent. The increase in Milk evaporation Sugar evaporation Fruit/vegetable drying direct uses has been much Soft drinks Grains/fish drying slower, from 2,886 MWt in Whey condensing Absorption cooling 2015 to 5,113 MWt in 2022. Washing Pre-heating and heating Industrial Biogas processes Coal drying Cement drying uses Concrete curing Textile mills Leather Pulp and paper Acrylic Aggregate drying Absorption cooling Styrene Rubber vulcanization Electricity Binary cycle (indirect use) Flash cycle Source: ESMAP 2022. How does Türkiye compare with other countries in 3 percent. Others in the top ranks are the United States (21 percent), Sweden (7 percent), Germany (5 percent), France (3 percent), Japan direct use of geothermal energy? (3 percent), and Iceland (2 percent). Türkiye is among the global leaders in direct uses Geothermal electricity generation in Türkiye has grown rapidly in In 2019, the installed capacity for direct use of geothermal energy the last decade, from 30 MWe in 2008 to 1,665 MWe by the end of in 88 countries was 108 GWt, an increase of 52 percent since 2015 2021, an average annual increase of almost 40 percent. The increase (Lund and Toth 2020). Driving the increase was the widespread in direct uses has been much slower, from 2,886 MWt in 2015 to installation of ground source heat pumps. China, not known for 5,113 MWt in 2022, an average annual increase of 11 percent (Şener high-temperature geothermal resources, accounts for about et al. 2022). The major uses of that capacity were heating (district 41 percent of the total installed capacity. Türkiye is in fifth place with heating systems, individual homes, thermal space heating), at 3 OPPORTUNITIES FOR DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN TÜRKIYE Figure 2. Direct uses of geothermal energy in Türkiye in 2022 utilization of geothermal resources having a 90°C inlet temperature and 85°C outlet temperature. The result is a 6°C inlet cooling Total installed capacity: 5,113 MWt temperature for the coolers in the buildings, which return to the system at 9°C. In 2020 Balçova’s installed geothermal heating capacity was Türkiye has a wide network 250 MWt. The system can provide heat to 50,500 residences. By of thermal baths and 2022, 76 percent of the installed capacity was being used, providing Thermal tourism Heating heat for 38,460 residences. Through the use of geothermal energy for hot springs, including 35% 41% heating and cooling, emissions of approximately 77,106 metric tons 520 geothermal spas of CO2 are prevented annually, compared with the use of natural gas. that receive about 23 Thermal tourism. Türkiye has a wide network of thermal baths million visitors annually, and hot springs, including 520 geothermal spas that receive about Agriculture 23 million visitors annually, consume the production of 1,763 MWt of consume the production 24% installed geothermal capacity, and generate approximately $3 billion of 1,763 MWt of installed in revenues (figure 3a). geothermal capacity, and The Kozaklı district of Nevsehir province is the most famous Source: Adapted from Şener et al. (2022). location for geothermal health facilities in Türkiye. It also has the generate approximately most thermal tourism facilities, which provide an important source $3 billion in revenues. of income and employment for the district. Nevsehir province is 41 percent; thermal tourism (bathing, swimming, spas), at 35 percent; the largest single component of the Konya Plain Project region, and agriculture, at 24 percent (figure 2). Each of these major uses, as containing 19 of the 50 thermal tourism and health facilities in the well as nascent industrial applications, is described briefly below. The KOP region (Çarıkcı et al. 2021). Together these facilities can sleep information is drawn largely from Şener et al. (2022). 7,947 people in 3,243 rooms. Heating—including district heating, residential heating, hotels, Agriculture and agribusiness. Greenhouses (1,230 MWt) and and ground source heat pumps—accounts for 2,110 MWt of Türkiye’s food drying facilities (9.5 MWt) account for nearly all of the 1,240 MWt installed geothermal capacity. District heating alone accounts for of installed capacity dedicated to agriculture and agribusiness in 1,422 MWt. Currently 18 district heating systems are in operation in Türkiye (figure 3b). In 2020 Türkiye’s greenhouses covered 79,000 17 cities, some using water as cool as 40–45°C to serve the equiva- hectares, of which only 450 hectares were heated with geothermal lent of 156,744 residences. Approximately 680 MWt is used to heat energy, suggesting a vast potential for expansion (HortiDaily 2019). hotels and other spaces equivalent to 48,600 single-family residences. Three food-drying facilities presently use geothermal energy: Sandıklı Given the cold winters in some parts of Türkiye, geothermal energy (Afyon), Seferihisar (İzmir), and Karakurt (Kırşehir). could play an important role in decarbonizing the heating sector. The Sultan Greenhouse in Aydın-Salavatlı is an example of a Ground source heat pumps can provide both heating and cooling, but cascaded system, as the greenhouse uses geothermal fluid from their use in Türkiye is still limited (8.5 MWt in 2022). the Dora-2 geothermal power plant before the fluid is reinjected.2 Absorption cooling systems are another option, although only The fluid is supplied to the facility at about 80°C and used to heat one such system is present in use in Türkiye: Balçova’s (İzmir) 4.2 hectares of greenhouse with a heating capacity of 16 MWt. The 45 kW cooling unit, which is part of the city’s geothermal district heating system. The cooling system was commissioned in 2018 to cool 1,900 m2 of indoor area by absorption of lithium bromide and 2. Cascaded utilization is a way to implement multiple direct use applications, and often indirect applications by employing a central geothermal source in a cascade sequence. 4 OPPORTUNITIES FOR DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN TÜRKIYE Figure 3. Three applications of geothermal energy greenhouse also uses CO2 from the power plant to enrich the soil. Thirty-six of the 40 employees are women (Business News 2018). a. Thermal facilities at Kestanbol hot springs The Kırşehir geothermal vegetable and fruit drying facility was established in 2012 in the town of Karakurt, with the cooperation of the Kırşehir Municipality and Provincial Special Administration. In an Given the cold winters indoor area of 200 m2, the facility’s six employees dry approximately in some parts of Türkiye, 39 metric tons of produce per month—eleven types of fruit and two types of vegetables. The thermal energy required is obtained from geothermal energy could the Karakurt 1 (K1) well, which is 147 meters deep and has a flow play an important role in rate of 12 liters per second at a temperature of 52°C (Boyaci, Boyaci, decarbonizing the heating and Gürdal 2018). sector. Ground source heat Industrial applications. In their first years of operation, Türkiye’s geothermal power plants emit considerable amounts pumps can provide both of CO2. Emissions drop considerably with use, often resulting in a heating and cooling, but need to install pumps to extract the fluid (Idrissi et al. 2021). The CO2 their use in Türkiye is still b. Greenhouse in Dikili geothermal field released from the plants can be utilized in methanol production limited. (Carbon Recycling International n.d.) or in the food industry, as described below. One of the leading providers of industrial and medical gases in Türkiye is Linde Gas, based in Germany. The company has a cascade facility in Denizli with a daily capacity of 240 metric tons of gas (figure 3c). The plant uses the CO2 released during operation of the Zorlu Energy geothermal power plants. The gases are purified, liquefied, then stored in specialized vessels for used on demand in liquid or gaseous form. Linde is also building pipelines to supply CO2 for the geothermal agricultural industrial area of Sarayköy. Through pipelines, the CO2 will be pumped to greenhouses in the industrial area to increase production. Liquid CO2 is used in greenhouses and c. Linde gas production facility in Denizli in carbonated beverages. Industrial applications of geothermal energy, though still in a nascent stage, have received increased global attention in recent years, including in Türkiye. Mineral extraction from geothermal fluids is today used in food supplements (e.g., GeoSilica Iceland n.d.), algae production in Türkiye (Richter 2017), cosmetics (Blue Lagoon Iceland n.d.), or extraction of lithium (Cantù 2021). Photo credits: © Alper Baba. Used by permission. Reuse requires copyright holder’s explicit permission. 5 OPPORTUNITIES FOR DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN TÜRKIYE Is there interest in further development of could be created, generating ample opportunities for women’s participation. geothermal energy in Türkiye? But even where a suitable geothermal resource is available, Interest in geothermal is strong—but obstacles the viability of projects depends on the existence of an adequate must be overcome enabling environment. The key challenges identified in the survey of Potential community Turkish developers were as follows: For this Live Wire, the World Bank and a consulting firm surveyed benefits of direct • Limited access to finance and grants Turkish developers and other stakeholders in direct uses of geother- • Inadequate price and incentives use projects include mal energy to understand their views of the benefits of direct uses • An unsupportive legal framework increased demand for and the obstacles to realizing those benefits. The survey consisted • Limited willingness of local authorities to participate in projects of questionnaires and interviews touching on investment interests, local resources, low • Cumbersome licensing procedures market and workforce challenges, and management of gender emissions of greenhouse • Drawn out permitting procedures (environmental and social). equality. gases, creation of local The survey revealed deep interest in developing and exploiting Addressing some of these challenges will require government employment, greater geothermal resources for direct uses, both as stand-alone projects leadership to ensure that a strong legal and regulatory framework and in connection with power generation (so-called cascaded utili- energy independence, is in place to govern permitting, land planning, and industrial and zation). Interest is expected to increase, especially in district heating, opportunities for women’s rural development. Responsibility for surmounting other challenges agriculture, and thermal tourism, following the implementation of will fall to developers or require joint efforts. Environmental and employment, and pending energy legislation that is expected to establish a framework social assessments constitute a good example of joint responsibility increased food security. for ownership and extraction of heat resources. between government and developers. Developer-specific challenges The stakeholders identified several potential community benefits often stem from the particular circumstances of a given direct use of direct use projects, apart from financial gains. These include project. Those circumstances may pose idiosyncratic questions of increased demand for local resources, low emissions of greenhouse permitting and licensing, as well as particular financial, technical, gases, creation of local employment, greater energy independence, environmental, and social challenges that must be managed. opportunities for women’s employment, and increased food security. In some regions of Türkiye geothermal power plants are viewed Many of these benefits will materialize automatically as local negatively by the local communities. However, the survey showed resources are developed. However, even though Türkiye has that views improve as people become more familiar with the multiple a well-developed geothermal sector, there is ample room for uses of geothermal. This process of improvement was observed in improvement in gender equality, and advancing equality will need the communities surrounding the thermal baths at Pamukkale (in specific attention. An assessment of gender gaps in the Turkish Denizli province). However, in regions where geothermal energy was geothermal sector carried out by the World Bank (2021) revealed that used solely for electrical generation, communities viewed projects geothermal companies in the country employ few licensed female more negatively—and those views were more resistant to change. engineers. More than half of the companies surveyed employed All stakeholders agreed that one of the main challenges they none. In addition, almost half of the surveyed companies have no faced was access to financing. If the current estimated direct use female managers. The dearth of gender disaggregated data makes it potential were to be fully developed by 2050, an estimated annual difficult to analyze gender inequality in terms other than employment investment of about USD 445 million would be required. The total numbers. Assuming that the technical potential of direct uses is fully investment over a 30-year period would therefore amount to developed with the current balance of applications, it is estimated approximately USD 14 billion (or USD 700 per MWt). that more than 120,000 direct jobs, both skilled and unskilled, 6 OPPORTUNITIES FOR DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN TÜRKIYE What is the Turkish government doing to scale up the financing approved in December 2021 goes a step further in addressing the limited availability of financing for direct use projects direct use of geothermal energy? by earmarking a minimum of 10 percent of the loan for such projects. The government is engaged in multiple projects to The additional financing instrument is also accompanied by a grant exploit the country’s geothermal potential from the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program to support Türkiye ratified the Paris the preparation of prefeasibility reports, business plans, market Türkiye ratified the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in October Agreement on Climate analyses, and feasibility reports for direct use projects. 2021 and followed by announcing a target of net-zero emissions by The Geothermal Development Project also includes an innova- Change in October 2053. Further development of renewable energy, including geothermal tive risk-sharing mechanism financed by a USD 39.8 million grant 2021 and followed by (both for electricity and heat), will be essential to meet this ambitious from the Clean Technology Fund. The objective of the risk-sharing target. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry is supporting the use announcing a target of mechanism is to increase private sector investment in geothermal of geothermal heat for greenhouses. In 2020, the Ministry established net-zero emissions by exploration in Türkiye by providing partial coverage of drilling costs in Türkiye’s first geothermally heated Agricultural Organized Industrial case of unsuccessful wells, both for electricity generation and direct 2053. Further development Zone (OIZ) in Dikili, İzmir; in February 2022 it approved a grant for use projects. Several applicants to the second round have requested of renewable energy, the previously established Kadıköy Specialized OIZ project, which support for heat and hybrid (power and heat) projects. envisages the use of geothermal energy in greenhouses in Aydın. including geothermal (both The TUCSAP project, approved by World Bank’s board of directors The Turkish government has provided various incentives for for electricity and heat), will in March 2022, will help the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry investments in agricultural activities, including the machinery expand the use of geothermal energy in clustered greenhouse be essential to meet this and equipment components of greenhouses and drying units. production. Through a USD 30 million investment, the project will ambitious target. For example, Ziraat Bank, a state-owned bank tasked to support support pilot investments by one or two special agribusiness zones the agriculture sector, provides subsidized loans for greenhouse (TDİOSB in the Turkish acronym) to build basic enabling infrastructure investments at below-market interest rates. If a greenhouse uses for greenhouse production, including geothermal heating power and geothermal energy, even lower interest rates are available. Women related basic infrastructure (electricity, water, etc.). These moves are or young investors can receive additional subsidies. The government designed to facilitate subsequent investments by private operators. is also working on a law to promote the development of direct use, Project funds will be provided to TDİOSB as loans. especially in greenhouses and district heating. These engagements demonstrate that the Turkish government The World Bank is supporting the Turkish government’s efforts is supporting the scaling up of direct uses of geothermal energy. to scale up geothermal through the Geothermal Development An ambitious goal of 11,150 MWt by 2025 has been set (Mertoglu, Project and the recently approved Climate Smart and Competitive Simsek, and Basarir 2021). Meeting that goal will require raising Agricultural Growth Project (TUCSAP). The original Geothermal awareness, building capacity, ensuring a favorable regulatory Development Project, approved in 2016, included two credit lines environment, and increasing access to funding for both public and totaling USD 250 million for the Development and Investment Bank of private entities. Türkiye (TKYB) and the Industrial Development Bank of Türkiye (TSKB). The credit lines were to be used to support capacity-related drilling This Live Wire was peer reviewed by Luz Berania Diaz Rios, Megan Meyer, and and construction of geothermal facilities, both for power generation Joeri Frederik de Wit. and direct use applications. The USD 300 million in additional 7 OPPORTUNITIES FOR DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN TÜRKIYE References GeoSilica Iceland. N.d. 100% Natural Silica Mineral Supplement. MAKE FURTHER Blue Lagoon Iceland. N.d. Half a Century of Science, Research, and https://geosilica.com. Accessed May 3, 2022. CONNECTIONS HortiDaily. 2019. “Türkiye Tops Europe with Its Greenhouses and Unparalleled Skincare. https://skincare.bluelagoon.com/us/ Generates 2 Billion USD Revenue from Greenhouse Products.” bl-plus/bl-plus-story.html. Accessed May 3, 2022. Live Wire 2017/71. “Mobilizing Risk https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9141750/turkey-tops-eu- Capital to Unlock the Global Potential Boyaci, S., S. Boyaci, and G. Gürdal. 2018. “Kırşehir İlinde Jeotermal rope-with-its-greenhouses-and-generates-2-billion-usd-reve- of Geothermal Power,” by Roberto La Enerji ile Sebze-Meyve Kurutma Tesisinin Mevcut Durumu ve Rocca, Peter Johansen, Laura Berman, nue-from-greenhouse-products/#:~:text=Türkiye%20tops%20 Geliştirilme Olanaklarının Belirlenmesi.” Süleyman Demirel and Migara Jayawardena. the%20European%20countries,USD%20from%20these%20 Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 1, Uluslararası Tarımsal Yapılar greenhouses%20annually. Live Wire 2019/99. “Beyond the Last Mile: ve Sulama Kongresi Özel Sayısı: 337–84. https://dergipark.org.tr/ Piloting High-Efficiency, Low-Emissions Idrissi, O., Y. Orucu, E. Hallgrimsdottir, A. Mateos Merino, and S. en/download/article-file/604550. 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Üstünoldu Kandemir, F. gae-from-geothermal-hotsprings-started-in-yalovaturkey/. Şen, and H. H. Öztürk. 2021. “Use of Geothermal Resources in Accessed May 3, 2022. Konya Plain Project (KOP) Region for Tourism, Health Purposes, Sener Sener, F., A. Baba, T. Uzelli, İ. Akkuş, and O. Mertoğlu. 2022. Agricultural, Industrial and District Heating.” Turkish Journal of “Türkiye Geothermal Resources Strategy Reports,” Ministry of Earth Sciences 30: 1162–85. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/earth/ Energy and Natural Resources, Ankara, Türkiye. May. issues/yer-21-30-si-2/yer-30-si-2-11-2105-2.pdf. World Bank. 2021. “Qualitative and Quantitative Gender Gap ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program). 2022. Assessment in the Geothermal Sector in Türkiye,” World Bank Direct Utilization of Geothermal Resources. Technical Report. Group, Washington, DC. Washington, DC: World Bank. 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