2022/121 Supported by K NKONW A A WELDEGDEG E OL N ONTOET E S ESREI R E ISE S F OFRO R P R&A C T HTEH E NEENREGRYG Y ETX ITCREA C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E THE BOTTOM LINE Access to Clean Cooking and Electricity: Righting the Policy ESMAP’s Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE; Balance in Sub-Saharan Africa and Fragile Settings ESMAP 2020a) capture the status of national policy and regulatory frameworks for sustainable energy, What is the status of global progress toward universal assessing support for access access to electricity and clean cooking solutions? Box 1. RISE’s traffic-light rating system to score the to electricity, access to clean policy environment In 2019, 759 million of the world’s people still lacked cooking fuels and technologies, energy efficiency, and renewable access to electricity; the figure for access to clean • Green zone countries have scores between 67 and 100. Most elements of a strong policy framework for sustainable energy energy. This Live Wire analyzes cooking was 2.6 billion are in place. data from the 2020 edition of RISE and presents the trends in policy Goal 7.1 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by • Yellow zone countries score between 34 and 66. Significant opportunities remain to strengthen the policy framework. the United Nations in 2015 calls for universal access to electricity and on access to clean cooking and electricity, with a focus on Sub- to clean cooking fuels and technologies by 2030. Electricity access • Red zone countries have scores below 33. Few or no elements of a supportive policy framework have been enacted. has progressed farther and faster than access to clean cooking, Saharan Africa and the countries but even here the momentum has stalled in recent years. In 2019, within the region affected by 759 million of the world’s people still lacked access to electric power. fragility, conflict, and violence. The The access deficit is concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa, where in rural areas, as well as to improve electricity networks in dense imbalance in policy effort on the 570 million people were still without access to electricity. Nearly city environments, has dwarfed investment in cooking programs two forms of access is explored. half of the unserved Africans lived in countries affected by fragility, (ESMAP 2020b). conflict, and violence (FCV). ESMAP’s Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (ESMAP Sharmila Bellur is a The picture for clean cooking is worse. In 2019, 2.6 billion 2020a) capture the status of national policy and regulatory frame- consultant in sustainable energy at the Energy Sector people—a third of the earth’s people—lacked access to clean works for sustainable energy, assessing support for access to Management Assistance cooking fuels and technologies. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the share is electricity, access to clean cooking fuels and technologies, energy Program (ESMAP) at the much higher: 84%, or 894 million people. About half of them live in efficiency, and renewable energy. This Live Wire analyzes data from World Bank. FCV countries. the 2020 edition of RISE and presents the trends in policy on access Paul Mathew is a Clean cooking lags electrification in almost every country (IEA to electricity and clean cooking. The RISE rating system is summa- consultant at ESMAP. et al. 2021), and policies to promote access to electricity are much rized in box 1. Of the world’s countries, 54 had a significant deficit in stronger and better funded than those to promote access to clean access to electricity in 2019; 55 had a significant deficit in access to cooking (ESMAP 2020a). In 2019, USD 12.87 billion was spent to fund clean cooking. Yet the average country score for policy performance electrification, compared with USD 133.5 million for clean cooking on the two types of access showed a marked disparity: 37 for Juliette Besnard is an (SE4All 2021). The scale of capital deployed to extend electrical grids policies on clean cooking; 53 on electricity (figure 1). energy specialist at ESMAP. 2 ACCESS TO CLEAN COOKING AND ELECTRICITY Figure 1. RISE scores: Electricity access v. clean cooking, 2010–19 Figure 2. Indexed growth of RISE scores: Electricity access v. clean cooking, 2010–19 RISE zones shown in pale green, yellow, and red horizontal bands 100 400 cooking pillar average (2010=100) 90 RISE electricity access and clean RISE electricity access and clean Electricity access Electricity access cooking pillar average (0–100) Clean cooking 350 Clean cooking 80 2.6 billion people— 70 300 a third of the earth’s 60 50 250 people—lack access to 40 200 clean cooking fuels and 30 20 technologies. 10 150 0 100 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Source: ESMAP 2020a. Source: ESMAP 2020a. In short, policies on clean cooking have lagged those on elec- overall than those for clean cooking. By 2019 more than a quarter tricity access around the world. Policy progress on electrification is of the electricity-access-deficit countries had mature policy struc- fueled by integrated approaches based on data-driven, least-cost tures—among them Bangladesh, South Africa, and Tanzania. planning. Meanwhile, the policy apparatus for clean cooking has few Those countries lacking universal access to clean cooking monetary and fiscal initiatives to spur sector growth. The dearth of (55 countries) and electricity (54 countries) reveal scant correlation funding is compounded by the many cross-sectoral aspects of clean between policy preparedness for clean cooking and for electrification cooking policy—energy, health, environment, climate, and gender. (figure 3). Perhaps electricity access has remained a priority across Without a champion and lacking intersectoral coordination, clean nations because lack of access is seen worldwide to slow economic cooking has often been unable to gain traction. development, endanger public health and safety, and hold back Yet since 2010 the clean cooking frameworks have grown faster social development, whereas access to clean cooking is not viewed than those for electrification, albeit from a much lower base. Average with the same sense of urgency. It may be that, to expand, access RISE scores for clean cooking in 2019 were 3.5 times those recorded to clean cooking will require stronger political commitment, longer- in 2010 (figure 2). In 2019 only 15 percent of the countries with term planning, more private financing, and suitable incentives access deficits had advanced policy frameworks. Those countries, (IEA et al. 2021). which include Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, and Kenya, represent more In 13 of the 54 electricity-access-deficit countries, policy making than half the world’s unserved population. Still, between 2010 to for clean cooking has caught up to or overtaken that for electricity 2019 the number of people lacking access to clean cooking fuels access, according to the RISE 2020 results (figure 4). Of these, eight and technologies dropped by just 9 percent—from 3.0 billion to are in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2.6 billion. Policy frameworks for electricity access have more than Planning that incorporates both electrification and clean doubled their scores since 2010, despite growing at a slower rate cooking priorities can help mainstream solutions and avoid large 3 ACCESS TO CLEAN COOKING AND ELECTRICITY discrepancies in progress toward the two access pillars. When Figure 3. Correlation between RISE scores at the country level: cooking solutions are integrated into large development investments Electricity access and clean cooking, 2019 (urban and rural) and broad energy policy, clean cooking diffuses at a more rapid rate, moving the needle on universal access. 100 RISE electricity access score, 2019 90 80 When cooking solutions What is the status of access policy in Sub-Saharan 70 R² = 0.3592 are integrated into large Africa? 60 50 development investments Policy performance across the continent is uneven— 40 (urban and rural) and but good performers show a path forward 30 20 broad energy policy, clean Sub-Saharan Africa contains 35 of the world’s access-deficit 10 cooking diffuses at a more countries. With a regional average score of 35 on the RISE clean 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 rapid rate, moving the cooking index, the region has the lowest regional average in the RISE electricity access score, 2019 needle on universal access. world. One in three of the region’s countries are in the RISE red Source: ESMAP 2020a. Figure 4. RISE scores: Electricity access vs. clean cooking, 2019 Countries where policy Countries where policy making Countries where policy making making for clean cooking Electricity access for electricity access outperforms for electricity access and for outperforms that for Clean cooking that for clean cooking clean cooking are on par electricity access 100 90 80 70 RISE pillar score 2019 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 es ola ea n ea e ar ua u o n s l an i p. frica ala e ia in ep. ia . esh ria o ique . eria as nda we on i wi rea d iopia bia alia na nda er n ya al nia r PDR ia India Mali a ega und Hait Rep Rep sca land goli eon Ivoir ista uat Fas ista Tog Cha uda zan bod Nep nes Ben . Re nm Nig dur ippin Ken Mala Guin Guin arag Sud Gha Libe ero tem Ang Zam rita bab an R Erit Som glad Rwa Uga Nig Sen aga amb Bur th A Van Lao Mon Eth han Pak ra L th S en, go, Mya Tan Indo n Is kina e d' Cam Hon Dem Cam Mau Zim Nic Gua Phil Afric ew Ban Mad Con Yem Sou Afg Sier Moz mo Sou Côt Bur ua N go, Solo tral Con Pap Cen Source: ESMAP 2020a. 4 ACCESS TO CLEAN COOKING AND ELECTRICITY zone, and many have yet to adopt policies on clean cooking, such as momentum in these countries, these policies are bolstering institu- planning documents and policies to raise awareness, collect data, tional capacity by assigning clean cooking responsibilities to govern- and strengthen institutional capacity. The 16 Sub-Saharan countries ment agencies. In addition, the policies provide financial incentives to in the RISE yellow zone have moderately well developed policy suppliers and financing mechanisms for purchasers of clean cooking frameworks. Having established the necessary policies, countries in solutions. Awareness-raising and last-mile distribution strategies are For progress on clean the yellow zone turn to last-mile strategies and monetary policies to also gaining popularity among the countries that are improving their cooking policy since 2010, boost uptake, deploying financing mechanisms for consumers and scores on the RISE index. financial incentives to suppliers. Incremental policy additions in the Of the three subregions of Sub-Saharan Africa with substantial look to Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, region’s three green zone countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda) coverage in RISE (East Africa, West Africa, and Central Africa2) the Rwanda, and Tanzania; include efficient clean cooking solutions, emissions standards, and best performer on the RISE clean cooking index is East Africa, with since 2017 the latter three infrastructure to test those standards. an average score of 48; West Africa follows (37), trailed by Central have implemented policies For the 2020 RISE index on electricity access, Sub-Saharan Africa (21). African countries had an average score of 51, trailing other develop- East Africa, the regional exemplar, displays the entire spectrum to expand access. ing regions such as East Asia and the Pacific (55), Latin America and of clean cooking practice. At one end, it is home to the top regional the Caribbean (60), and South Asia (62).1 performers (Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda), but it includes laggards More than a quarter of the Sub-Saharan African countries have Burundi, Somalia, and South Sudan, which have yet to institute remained in the red zone, displaying few policies on electricity any clean cooking policies. In the middle are Malawi, Rwanda, and access. About half are in the yellow zone, having passed some Tanzania, which have meaningful clean cooking policies on planning, regulations to improve public access to electricity. This group tends awareness, last-mile distribution, and financial incentives. But they to perform well on frameworks for grid electrification, consumer have yet to establish standards and labeling. affordability of electricity, and utility transparency and monitoring. Of West African countries, except for Guinea, have all launched the remaining quarter of Sub-Saharan countries that have risen to some clean cooking policies. Although the region has no countries in the green zone, Ethiopia and South Africa have the most advanced RISE’s green zone, most West African countries have plans to scale policies on electricity access; these are focused on improving the up access to clean cooking (including Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, and scope of access for all segments of society using decentralized Senegal, all in the RISE red zone) and some institutional capacity to energy sources and promoting consumer affordability. support the clean cooking agenda. Other policies commonly found in Since 2010, Nigeria and Rwanda have made the most progress the region are awareness campaigns, financing mechanisms for end on national regulations on electricity access, apparently because of users, and financial incentives for suppliers. a range of policy improvements in planning, consumer affordability, In Central Africa, plans to scale up access to clean cooking and utility transparency and monitoring, and better frameworks for mini- engage in awareness strategies to drive adoption are among the grids and standalone systems. Since 2017, Ethiopia and Kenya have emerging policy actions. But fragility and conflict affect countries made notable improvements in their national frameworks to boost throughout Central Africa (except for Angola), deterring policies and electricity access by working on affordable access, strong planning, regulations from taking root. and decentralized energy policies (figure 5). For progress on clean cooking policy since 2010, look to Kenya, 2. Of the countries in Southern Africa, only South Africa is covered in RISE. East Africa comprises Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, and Tanzania; since 2017 the latter three Burundi, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe; for the purpose of this analysis, South Africa have implemented policies to expand access (figure 5). Now gaining has been grouped with East Africa. West Africa includes Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Central 1. The Middle East and North Africa is not covered by the 2020 RISE index because only one Africa includes Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Con- country in the region (Yemen) participates in RISE. go, and Congo Republic; for the purpose of this analysis, Sudan is grouped with Central Africa. 5 ACCESS TO CLEAN COOKING AND ELECTRICITY Figure 5. Annual change in RISE scores on access to clean cooking and electricity indices, 2017–19 30 Change in RISE Electricity Access score (2017–19) Change in RISE Clean Cooking score (2017–19) 25 Change in score between 2017–19 In 2010 East Africa had the most advanced policy 20 frameworks on electricity 15 access in Sub-Saharan Africa. But West Africa 10 has since overtaken it, becoming the most 5 advanced subregion, with 0 an average score of 54 in ola in o i on blic d p. . e rea iopia na ea ya ria r wi Mali nia ique er eria nda l e alia frica n an ia o nda bia we und ega Rep sca Ivoir eon Fas Cha uda Tog zan Ben . Re Nig Ken Mala Guin Gha Sud ero Libe Ang 2019. rita Zam bab Erit Som epu Rwa Uga Nig Sen aga amb Bur th A Eth ra L th S go, Tan kina e d' Dem Cam Mau Zim an R Mad Con Sou Sier Moz Sou Côt Bur go, Afric Con tral Cen Source: ESMAP 2020a. In 2010 East Africa also had the most advanced policy frame- countries in the subregion score in the yellow zone, with moderate works on electricity access in Sub-Saharan Africa. But West Africa regulations in place. The remainder have entered the green zone. has since overtaken it, becoming the most advanced subregion, with Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda lead the region with strong policies an average score of 54 in 2019. East Africa (53) is close on its heels, that minimize access deficits, including expanded plans for national but Central Africa (41) lags, with much weaker policies. electrification, decentralized energy sources, and improved con- Within West Africa, most of the region’s countries are in the yel- sumer affordability. low zone, having moderately good policies and structures in place for In Central Africa, more than half of the countries remain in electricity access. The remaining countries are split evenly between RISE’s red zone because of weak progress in their electricity access the red and green zones, with Benin, Nigeria, and Togo leading the policies, with indicators such as utility transparency and monitoring region. Their advanced regulatory moves on electricity access are dragging down the scores. About a third of the Central African improving consumer affordability and frameworks for mini-grids and countries lie in the yellow zone; they have moderately developed grid electrification. regulations. Cameroon is the only country in the green zone. With A fifth of the countries in East Africa remain in the red zone, with its well-defined electricity access public frameworks, Cameroon has scanty frameworks for electricity access. About 40 percent of the made significant improvements in consumer affordability. 6 ACCESS TO CLEAN COOKING AND ELECTRICITY Figure 6. RISE clean cooking score v. GDP per capita, Sub-Saharan Figure 7. RISE electricity access score v. GDP per capita, Sub- Africa, 2019 Saharan Africa, 2019 RISE zones shown in pale green, yellow, and red horizontal bands RISE zones shown in pale green, yellow, and red horizontal bands Institutional and 100 100 RISE electricity access score, 2019 90 90 social instability, RISE clean cooking score, 2019 80 80 forced displacement, 70 70 60 60 extreme poverty, and 50 50 poor governance are 40 40 impediments to the 30 30 20 20 development and 10 10 implementation of policies. 0 0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 GDP per capita, 2019 GDP per capita, 2019 Source: ESMAP 2020a. Source: ESMAP 2020a. In RISE 2020, 21 of the 35 access-deficit countries in Sub-Saharan strides on consumer affordability, utility transparency and monitoring, Africa were low-income countries (and 13 of the 21 fell into RISE’s and frameworks for standalone systems. Of the lower-middle-income red zone). Only 1 of the 35 was upper-middle-income (South Africa); countries, around half were in the yellow zone, while five were in the remaining 13 were in the lower-middle-income group. Viewed the green zone and just two were red. Sub-Saharan Africa’s only through the lens of per capita income and bundled by income group, upper-middle-income country, South Africa, is in the green zone, with clear trends emerge (figure 6). Clean cooking policies in low-income strong policies in place. Sub-Saharan African countries are at a nascent stage, with an average score of 30. Just seven of the thirty-five low-income countries are in What do sustainable energy policies look like in the yellow zone; two, Ethiopia and Uganda, are in the green zone. the fragile and conflict-affected countries of The lower-middle-income countries as a group have moderately well-developed clean cooking policy frameworks. The average clean Sub-Saharan Africa? cooking score of the group is 43. Nine of the thirteen lower-middle- FCV countries are among the poorest performers on income countries are in the yellow zone, two are in the red zone, the RISE electricity access and clean cooking indices and one (Kenya) is in the green. South Africa, the only upper-middle- income country, has a score of 53 on the RISE clean cooking index. Institutional and social instability, forced displacement, extreme pov- For electricity access, a third of low-income countries fell into erty, and poor governance are impediments to the development and the red zone, with weak and outdated electricity policies in place, implementation of policies. The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened and most of the rest were in the yellow zone (figure 7). Only three the development barriers, very probably reversing progress made scored in the green zone, having strong policies in place to ensure over the past decade.3 consistent and sustained access to electricity for their populations. 3. The 2022 edition of RISE will provide extensive analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on clean Those three—Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda—have made enormous cooking and electricity policy making. 7 ACCESS TO CLEAN COOKING AND ELECTRICITY In 2010, the electricity access frameworks in Sub-Saharan Africa’s design, testing, production, marketing, and use of clean cookstoves 22 FCV countries had an average score of 23, with few policies on and fuels. electricity access. By 2019 the FCV countries had improved, with Niger and Nigeria, also low-income countries, rose into the an average score of 41, whereas non-FCV countries maintained yellow zone on clean cooking policy making while coping with a 60+ average, highlighting the enduring on-the-ground costs of fragility, conflict, and violence. As a group, FCV countries conflict and violence. Grid electrification policies and planning lag in Progress in fragile and low-income settings is often galvanized in Sub-Saharan Africa FCV countries, no doubt because of the overwhelming challenges by international donors that support financial incentives for clean involved in setting and implementing national targets. But as seen in cooking providers and users. have been the poorest Cameroon and Nigeria, policies on consumer affordability, mini- Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda have made vast improvements in performers on the RISE grids, and standalone systems are gaining momentum. This may their policies and regulations on electricity access, in comparison to clean cooking index, with be because, across fragile countries, it may be easier to achieve their Sub-Saharan African and low-income peers. They have focused an average score of 25 multiple, small-scale solutions that are suited to the locales. chiefly on rolling out strong and nationally approved electrification As a group, FCV countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have been the plans that strengthen decentralized energy sources and consumer in 2019. Still, this is an poorest performers on the RISE clean cooking index, with an average affordability. This welcome trend proves that countries can advance improvement over the 2010 score of 25 in 2019. Still, this is an improvement over the 2010 the universal access agenda when they have buy-in from local and scores, when the average scores, when the average was 8. Because many of these countries national stakeholders. was 8. benefit from the services of external aid agencies, and because Cameroon and Nigeria have both improved their electricity clean cooking is emerging as a policy priority, many FCV countries access frameworks, so they remain in the green zone despite their in Sub-Saharan Africa now track data on access, have strategies to FCV status. raise awareness, and have plans to increase uptake. Some countries, including Cameroon, Mali, Niger, and Zimbabwe, have also built their What areas of access policy need bolstering in Sub- institutional capacity. Conspicuously lacking among the region’s Saharan Africa? FCV countries are last-mile strategies, labeling mechanisms, and standards for emissions and efficiency for clean cooking fuels and The answer varies by level of policy development technologies. and type of access Clean cooking must become a national priority, one designed to Do some countries perform well despite their fragility, lower market entry costs, raise consumer awareness, eliminate low income, and remote rural populations? financing gaps for producers, encourage innovation, and develop Some countries do indeed perform well despite infrastructure for fuel production and distribution. • Green zone countries should resist policy rollbacks in the face of these obstacles COVID-19, as seen in Kenya (Clean Cooking Alliance 2021), and Having developed robust policy frameworks, Ethiopia and Uganda, advance a policy framework that embraces universal access to despite being low-income countries, climbed into the green zone on clean cooking. They should focus on labeling schemes, policies the RISE clean cooking index. Their policy-making progress was bol- that target women in the clean cooking supply chain, and uptake stered by data on clean cooking, which yielded numerous benefits. In of clean cooking solutions in Tier 3 and above of the Multi-Tier addition to informing government policies, the data enabled targeting Framework.4 and awareness raising; opened access to finance; built the technical capacity of producers and distributors; and supported innovation in 4. The Multi-Tier Framework measures household access to cooking solutions, considering six technical and contextual attributes, ranging from Tier 0 (no access) to Tier 5 (full access). 8 ACCESS TO CLEAN COOKING AND ELECTRICITY MAKE FURTHER • Countries in the yellow zone should target beneficiaries, Countries in the yellow zone should focus on maintaining and CONNECTIONS strengthen last-mile distribution, set standards and labeling for improving their policy frameworks to sustain the pace of electrifica- Live Wire 2014/9. “Tracking Access to clean cooking products, and adopt financing mechanisms for tion and mitigate the adverse impacts of the pandemic on national Electricity,” by Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and utilities, mini-grids, and off-grid solar systems. Elisa Portale. low-income end users. In low-income Malawi, clean cooking ini- tiatives have gained considerable momentum. The national plan Live Wire 2014/16. “Capturing the Multi- Dimensionality of Energy Access,” by Mikul for universal access includes a last-mile distribution network, an References Bhatia and Nicolina Angelou. awareness program, and a financial incentive structure. Clean Cooking Alliance. 2021. Clean Cooking Industry Snapshot. Live Wire 2014/22. “Scaling up Access to • Finally, countries in the red zone should begin to formalize Washington, DC. https://www.cleancookingalliance.org/bina- Electricity: The Case of Rwanda,” by Paul Baringanire, Kabir Malik, and Sudeshna Ghosh national energy planning and ensure that data are available ry-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/620-1.pdf Banerjee. while scaling up public and private financing for clean cooking. IEA, IRENA, UNSD, World Bank, WHO. 2021. Tracking SDG 7: The Live Wire 2014/33. “Tracking Progress Toward Rwanda’s micro-finance programs, subsidies for biogas stoves Energy Progress Report. World Bank, Washington, DC. https:// Sustainable Energy for All in Sub-Saharan and suppliers, and duty exemptions for stoves above Tier 2 are Africa,” by Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit. trackingsdg7.esmap.org/downloads. examples of policy actions that red zone countries can take. ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program). 2020a. Live Wire 2015/34. “Scaling Up Access to Electricity: Pay-as-You-Go Plans in Off-Grid Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE): Sustaining the Energy Services,” by Alejandro Moreno and Regarding electricity access, integrated electrification strategies Momentum. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://rise.esmap.org/ Asta Bareisaite. and planning based on updated and comprehensive data remain reports. Live Wire 2014/35. “Planning for Electricity Access,” by Debabrata Chattopadhyay, Rahul critical, as they exert a strong positive influence on investment ESMAP . 2020b. The State of Access to Modern Energy Kitchlu, and Rhonda Jordan. decisions. Policy frameworks and workable regulations should Cooking Services. Washington, DC: World Bank. https:// Live Wire 2015/51. “Scaling Up Access to leverage public and private financing to fund electrification on a large documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/docu- Electricity: Emerging Best Practices for Mini- scale and foster innovations in technology and business models to Grid Regulation,” by Chris Greacen, Stephanie ments-reports/documentdetail/937141600195758792/ Nsom, and Dana Rysankova. promote inclusive access. the-state-of-access-to-modern-energy-cooking-services Live Wire 2017/74. “Increasing the Use The unelectrified population consists largely of people who are SE4All (Sustainable Energy for All). 2021. Energizing Finance: of Liquefied Petroleum Gas in Cooking in vulnerable, poor, and living in remote areas. Over the past decade, Understanding the Landscape. Washington, D.C., and New York. Developing Countries,” by Richenda Van Leeuwen, Alexa Evans, and Besnik Hyseni. South Africa and Tanzania have, by focusing on planning in support Energizing Finance Research Series, https://www.seforall.org/ of standalone systems and consumer affordability, vastly improved energy-finance. Live Wire 2017/76. “Increasing the Potential of Concessions to Expand Rural Electrification in their electricity access frameworks. The achievements of Bangladesh Sub-Saharan Africa,” by Richard Hosier, Morgan Bazilian, and Tatia Lemondzhava. and the Philippines in expanding their electrification plans, improving support for mini-grids, and promoting transparency and monitoring The team is grateful to Elisa Portale for her guidance and Alisha Pinto and Live Wire 2018/89. “Kenya’s Strategy to Make Liquefied Petroleum Gas the Nation’s Primary of utilities could be reproduced in comparable Sub-Saharan African Raluca Golumbeanu for their feedback as peer reviewers. Cooking Fuel,” by Inge C. van den Berg. countries, given political commitment and international support. Live Wire 2019/106. “Planning Models for Electricity Access: Where Do We Go from Here?” by Rahul Srinivasan and Debabrata Chattopadhyay. Live Wire 2021/113. “Tracking Advances in Access to Electricity,” by Milien Dhorne, Claire Nicolas, Christopher Arderne, and Juliette Besnard. Live Wire 2021/115. “COVID-19’s Impact on the Transition to Clean Cooking Fuels: Initial Findings from a Case Study in Rural Kenya,” by Yabei Zhang and Zijun Li. Find these and the entire Live Wire archive at www.worldbank.org/energy/livewire.