2020 ANNUAL REPORT Partnering For Gender Equality UMBRELLA FACILITY FOR GENDER EQUALITY Table of Contents Acknowledgments ii Abbreviations iii Foreword iv Executive Summary v 1. Overview 1 2. New Grants in FY20 by Region: Foundations for Greater Country Impacts 9 3. From Evidence to Influence: Results from 2012–2020 15 4. Highlights of FY20: Boosting Women’s Access to More and Better Jobs 19 5. From Pilot to Umbrella 2.0: Lessons Learned and the Way Forward 31 6. Annexes 33 Financials 33 Results Framework 35 List of Active Grants 36 List of Closed Grants 41 List of Gender Innovation Lab Impact Evaluations 63 Acknowledgments The 2020 Annual Report for the Umbrella Facility for Gender Equality (UFGE) was prepared by the Secretariat, led by Fareeba Mahmood, Program Manager, under the leadership of Caren Grown, Senior Director of the Gender Group. Core team members included Stefan Agersborg, Maria Lourdes Abundo, Maine Astonitas, and Sandra Jensson. The team is grateful for inputs, edits, and support from Andrea Kucey, Malcolm Ehrenpreis, and Shepherd, Inc., and acknowledges the task teams implementing and reporting on grants financed by the UFGE. The UFGE Secretariat extends its gratitude to the following UFGE development partners for their contributions and collaboration: AUSTRALIA NORWAY Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Ministry of Foreign Affairs CANADA REPUBLIC OF LATVIA Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Ministry of Finance DENMARK SPAIN Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation FINLAND* SWEDEN Ministry for Foreign Affairs Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) GERMANY Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche SWITZERLAND Zusammenarbeit (BMZ) Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) UNITED KINGDOM Department for International Development (DFID) ICELAND Ministry for Foreign Affairs UNITED STATES United States Agency for International NETHERLANDS Development (USAID) Ministry for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation *Finland was a contributing donor to the UFGE multidonor trust fund from November 26, 2012, to October 31, 2018. The report was designed by Gimga Group. ii UFGE Annual Report 2020 Abbreviations AFR Africa Region AFR GIL Africa Gender Innovation Lab DPO Development Policy Operation (policy-based financing instrument) EAP East Asia and Pacific Region EAP GIL East Asia and Pacific Gender Innovation Lab ECA Europe and Central Asia Region FCS Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDA International Development Association IDP Internally Displaced Persons IFC International Finance Corporation IFI International Financial Institution FY Fiscal Year of the WBG, running July 1 through June 30 GBV Gender-Based Violence GIL Gender Innovation Lab GP Global Practice in the World Bank Group LAC Latin America and the Caribbean Region LAC GIL Latin America and the Caribbean Gender Innovation Lab MGF Mashreq Gender Facility MNA Middle East and North Africa Region MNA GIL Middle East and North Africa Gender Innovation Lab NGO Nongovernmental Organization PforR Program for Results SAR South Asia Region SAR GIL South Asia Gender Innovation Lab SME Small and Medium Enterprise UFGE Umbrella Facility for Gender Equality WBG World Bank Group iii Foreword As the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic started to come into view during the first half of 2020, it became clear that impacts went far beyond the most immediate and obvious consequences in health and education. Around the world, sectors where women work were being particularly hard hit: hospitality, retail, food services, and the garment industry. A contraction in demand also led to significant challenges for those informally employed in areas such as domestic work, waste picking, and street vending. And the increased care burden caused by closures of school systems worldwide fell predominantly on women, adding a constraint to labor force participation and earning opportunities. Alarmingly, following lockdowns, isolation, and economic and mental stress, reports of intimate partner violence/gender-based violence (GBV) are increasing in many settings and is now a shadow pandemic. A review of 28 recent studies1 found increases in violence against women in countries like Bangladesh, India, Uganda, and Peru. In Argentina, the national domestic violence hotline saw a 28 percent increase in calls, mainly related to psychological violence. The World Bank Group (WBG) works with government and private sector counterparts to find solutions to build forward stronger. COVID-19 response operations now support governments to strengthen health, education, and social protection systems, with the aim to save lives, maintain maternal and child health care, aid and protect survivors of GBV, protect the most vulnerable through expanded safety nets, (including for informal workers), make care services a key component of economic infrastructure, close the gender digital divide, and help the private sector ensure female-owned firms have access to finance and markets. In tandem with these efforts, WBG teams are realigning research, pilots, evaluations, and data collection with the new challenges created by the pandemic. Priority areas include improving the design of cash transfer programs for emergency response so that they, for instance, are inclusive of the informal sector and have longer-term effects that go beyond the immediate economic recovery. Teams are now drawing on UFGE-funded work to incorporate light-touch behavioral nudges for couples in operations, and to promote more equitable sharing of household resources or intra-household allocation of labor. They are also assessing how to accelerate the distribution of mobile phones and other technology (which have become critical instruments to share information) to women and girls, deliver digital payments, and allow for remote monitoring in the COVID-19 context. Teams are looking at lines of credit to provide much needed liquidity to women-owned firms in times of crises. And they are modifying data collection methodologies through phone surveys and other innovations to capture sex-disaggregated impacts. The crisis remains traumatic. It is also providing an opportunity to strengthen policies, structures, and systems. If well designed, initiatives can have impacts that last longer and help create more inclusive economies that will be more resilient to future shocks. It is time not to go back to business as usual, but rather to strive for a business “unusual” response, making sure outcomes work for everyone—women, men, girls, and boys. The work highlighted above and results showcased in this report would not have been possible without the strong support of UFGE’s 15 development partners—Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. We look forward to a continuing and fruitful partnership with them and others in support of gender equality. Caren Grown December 2020 1 Amber Peterman and Megan O’Donnel. September 2020. COVID-19 and violence against women and children: a second research round up. iv UFGE Annual Report 2020 Executive Summary OVERVIEW Since its 2012 inception, the UFGE remains the only World Bank Group (WBG) instrument to systematically and deliberately close gaps between males and females and provide WBG teams, International Financial Institutions (IFIs), and other development partners with evidence-based solutions to demonstrate how to do this better as part of country and sector approaches to reduce poverty and boost shared prosperity. By June 30, 2020, the UFGE portfolio included 208 operational grants in 92 countries, of which 55 are International Development Association (IDA)-eligible and 20 are in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations (FCS). The UFGE is designed with built-in flexibility to enable adaptation when necessary. A rapidly changing landscape in 2020 poses stark challenges, with the outbreak of COVID-19 undermining progress toward the SDGs and raising the risk of a sharp reversal of recent decades’ hard-won gains in closing gender gaps in human capital, economic opportunity, and voice and agency. In March 2020 many entities, such as the WBG, went into lockdown. People worldwide faced new challenges and struggles, while industries and economies contracted sharply. To counterbalance the issues, countries looked for rapid assistance, including from the WBG. The knowledge foundation enabled by the UFGE is being put to use in the WBG’s work to help countries respond to the crisis, and to build forward stronger. Financials A central idea of the UFGE is to direct trust fund resources strategically toward areas where they can be most effective in delivering results. The facility allocates grants on a programmatic basis. To date, donors have signed $144.5 million in pledges, of which $117.6 million has been received; remaining pledges to be received are substantially preferenced toward specific initiatives designated by the donor, while ‘core‘ contributions2 received to date from the UFGE’s 15 donors total $35.9 million. NEW GRANTS IN FY20 BY REGION: FOUNDATIONS FOR GREATER COUNTRY IMPACTS Starting in July 2020, the World Bank moved toward an organizational realignment with a greater country and regional focus. The UFGE was well placed to adapt to this change as it has always prioritized strengthening country and regional linkages; the core goal of the facility has and continues to be the development of evidence to inform client policies and programs to help leverage investment financing from the WBG. Africa The Africa Gender Innovation Lab (AFR GIL) continued to expand its impact evaluation portfolio and body of evidence, and with it, its influence on development policies and programs. Early estimates suggest the AFR GIL has influenced over $4.93 billion worth of projects on three continents. The team adapted quickly in the face of the coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis, drawing on its rich body of evidence to provide just-in-time advice to World Bank project teams, policy makers, and implementing partners. It has helped shape nearly 60 COVID-19 response-and-recovery projects within the World Bank and with six development partners so far. East Asia and Pacific The East Asia and Pacific Gender Innovation Lab (EAP GIL) leveraged ongoing partnerships to launch surveys on the impact of COVID-19. While the EAP GIL had already fully committed its $7.5 million allocation from 2015, savings from recently concluded evaluations and additional small amounts from the UFGE allowed the team to expand their ongoing support to governments in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and in the Philippines to carry out phone surveys on the impacts of the coronavirus pandemic. Core contributions refer to funds provided by donors where allocations to target specific needs and priority areas are left to the discretion 2 of the Bank. v Latin America and the Caribbean The Latin America and Caribbean Gender Innovation Lab (LAC GIL) initiated its program by supporting eight countries to identify effective, scalable ways to close gender gaps in jobs and assets. With $1 million in seed funding from the UFGE, the LAC GIL launched five rigorous impact evaluations and six inferential studies, exploring social norms and attitudes about women, work, and care in Brazil, Uruguay, Honduras, Mexico, and Chile, along with a focus on helping women entrepreneurs by testing different training models. Middle East and North Africa The Middle East and North Africa (MNA) region now houses two key initiatives generating and using evidence to enhance policies and programming in support of women’s economic opportunities: the MNA Gender Innovation Lab (MNA GIL) and the Mashreq Gender Facility (MGF). Both of these programs became fully operational in FY20. The MNA GIL began support to Egypt, Tunisia, and Yemen to identify effective ways to close gaps in employment and productivity. MGF is a World Bank International Finance Corporation (IFC) platform providing technical assistance to the governments of Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon to boost women’s economic empowerment in Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon. South Asia The South Asia Gender Innovation Lab (SAR GIL) completed its first year of implementation, supporting three countries— Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and India—with identifying solutions to close gaps in employment. The SAR GIL is expanding the literature on school-to-work transitions for adolescent girls by evaluating large projects in Bangladesh and India and has launched surveys on the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan to understand the differential impacts on men and women. FROM EVIDENCE TO INFLUENCE: 2012–2020 The four mutually reinforcing areas of work of the UFGE leverage expertise across the WBG sectors to support data, analytics, and innovation. These activities are often undertaken in the context of ongoing policy support or lending, and shared directly with government ministries, local partners, and WBG staff to help generate client interest and leverage other finance to strengthen results on the ground. The UFGE Results Framework, revised in 2015 to reflect the evolving portfolio and the newly established private sector window, reflects this value proposition. In the past eight years, the UFGE has supported 92 countries, in all regions, with better knowledge on what drives persistent gaps between women and men, and boys and girls, and recommendations for how governments and the private sector can most effectively reduce these constraints. Key data points include informing policy; scaling effective approaches; helping companies close gender gaps; and contributing to the global evidence base. vi UFGE Annual Report 2020 BOOSTING WOMEN’S ACCESS TO MORE AND BETTER JOBS— HIGHLIGHTS IN FY20 Over the past year, the UFGE made important contributions to the global knowledge on how countries and firms can more effectively close gaps between women and men in human endowments, jobs, assets, and voice and agency. A total of 27 working papers, policy briefs, and analytical reports were published with financial support from the UFGE during this period and widely shared with policy makers, WBG staff, academia, and local and global partners. UFGE-funded work has helped shape WBG response and recovery projects. Regional Gender Innovation Labs (GILs) were quick to seize on existing country engagements, local partnerships, and available funds to launch surveys and provide lessons and advice on the design of World Bank and development partners’ COVID-19 emergency and recovery projects. The UFGE was part of the first cohort (1.0) to establish umbrella trust funds in 2013 and has moved easily to the Umbrella 2.0 modality with a replenishment proposal that presents an opportunity to update the results framework and the associated theory of change. Under the replenishment, the UFGE will focus greater efforts on scaling country-level programs for women’s labor force participation/entrepreneurship and reductions of gender- based violence. This approach will allow greater WB-IFC collaboration, targeting both supply and demand side aspects of women’s economic empowerment and gender- based violence, in addition to the core activities of testing and producing global public goods to close gender gaps. The UFGE remains ready to build on the accomplishments described in this report toward more ambitious areas of endeavor. vii 1 8 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Overview THE UFGE AT A GLANCE its operating model to support that shift by adapting its country-focused area of work to enable in-country scale-up Since its 2012 inception, the UFGE remains the only World of interventions that have proven effective in closing gaps Bank Group (WBG) instrument to systematically and between women and men. deliberately close gaps between males and females and provide WBG teams, IFIs, and other development partners As pandemic response activities evolve into new phases and evidence-based solutions to demonstrate how to do this the landscape continues to change, the UFGE will retain the better as part of country and sector approaches to reducing flexibility to adapt and add new modalities and associated poverty and boosting shared prosperity. By June 30, 2020, the trust funds—including potentially from the private sector, to UFGE portfolio included 208 operational grants in 92 countries, meet emerging issues and new needs. of which 55 are IDA- eligible and 20 are in Fragile and Conflict- The UFGE is governed by the Gender Leadership Council Affected Situations (FCS). The activities help to sharpen the (GLC), which is comprised of a cross-section of WBG focus on closing economic gaps, enable more targeted and management. The GLC receives strategic guidance from the effective development finance, and stimulate policy change to donor Partnership Council which includes representatives of bring innovations to scale. the group of development partners that support the facility. The UFGE is a multi-donor trust fund designed to enable the A Program Management Unit (secretariat) is responsible for road-testing of innovative solutions to close key gender gaps administration and coordination, knowledge dissemination, and generate rigorous evidence of what works and what partnerships, and communication. does not. It operates on a public good principle, adding value But this year has brought in critical changes that will reshape in areas that are not financed as part of the WBG’s operational the UFGE. In March 2020 many entities, such as the WBG, budget for country engagement. It is an instrument to promote went into lockdown. People worldwide faced new challenges innovation in programs that can be scaled- up or adapted by and struggles, while industries and economies contracted governments and development agencies, including the WBG, sharply. To counterbalance the issues, countries looked for to develop evidence and data, and leverage limited resources rapid assistance, including from the WBG. The knowledge in policies and interventions that are the most promising. foundation enabled by the UFGE is now being put to use in The facility takes a programmatic approach, supporting the WBG’s work to help countries respond to the crisis, and to individual initiatives that clearly align with the objectives build forward stronger. of the WBG Gender Strategy and interlink to form a comprehensive approach to gender equality. For instance, it THE UFGE PORTFOLIO AND FINANCIALS helps develop knowledge across the four pillars of the Gender IN BRIEF Strategy to close gaps in human endowments, employment The facility’s funding structure includes support for: (a) and entrepreneurship, asset ownership and control, and voice inferential research and analytics on cross-cutting issues; (b) and agency, with a portfolio of activities and approaches. impact evaluations and pilots through a federation of Regional The UFGE is designed with built-in flexibility to enable Gender Innovation Labs; (c) innovations in data collection, adaptation when necessary. A rapidly changing landscape in curation, and dissemination; and (d) evidence for the private 2020 poses stark challenges, with the outbreak of COVID-19 sector on the links between women’s economic equality undermining progress toward the SDGs and raising the risk of and business outcomes, and practical solutions they can a sharp reversal of recent decades’ hard-won gains in closing put in place. gender gaps in human capital, economic opportunity, and In FY20, the Facility allocated funding to 20 new grants, voice and agency. At the same time, the UFGE has now built which mostly focused on advancing women’s economic a robust evidence base that can support country-level scale- empowerment, while some were adjusted to explore the up to mitigate the effects of the pandemic and build back ramifications of COVID-19 in the research and data collection. inclusive economies that are more resilient to future shocks. These grants were built on knowledge gained from earlier The July 1, 2020, realignment of the World Bank shifts the work and are detailed in Section 2. emphasis toward country-level impacts; the UFGE will adapt 1. Overview 1 UFGE at a Glance The UFGE’s portfolio helps focus national policy engagements on gender economics gaps, enables more targeted and e ective development finance, and brings innovations to scale. MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA $8.1 million allocated | 34% disbursed 21 grants 208 $144.5m COUNTRIES SUPPORTED 55 92 IDA TOTAL GRANTS TOTAL PLEDGES EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA TOTAL 20 FRAGILE SITUATIONS $9.3 million allocated | 89% disbursed 32 grants EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC $14.5 million allocated | 90% disbursed 39 grants GLOBAL $11.2 million allocated | 95% disbursed 13 grants SOUTH ASIA $5.3 million allocated | 79% disbursed 24 grants LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN $5.1 million allocated | 87% disbursed 28 grants AFRICA $29.9 million allocated | 89% disbursed 51 grants 2 UFGE Annual Report 2020 1. Overview 3 FINANCIALS IN BRIEF its main objectives and the WBG’s Gender Strategy. Since inception, donor-preferenced funds have steadily increased, A central idea of the UFGE is to direct trust fund resources as shown in Figure 1. To date, donors have signed $144.5 strategically toward areas where they can be most million in pledges, of which $117.6 million have been received; effective in delivering results. The facility allocates grants remaining pledges to be received are substantially preferenced on a programmatic basis, ensuring flexibility in responding toward specific initiatives designated by the donor. For to evolving opportunities while continuously building on example, in FY20, 91 percent of newly signed contributions previous lessons. This approach has been greatly facilitated by were soft-preferenced, largely for the AFR GIL, but also for core contributions3 from the UFGE’s 15 donors, totaling $35.9 the Mashreq Gender Facility, and for a recipient-executed million to date. project in Senegal which will provide technical assistance to The UFGE also incorporated donor contributions that are the government and generate country knowledge that will be soft-preferenced4 toward specific priorities and align with transformed into global goods. Figure 1. Contributions Signed: Core and Preferenced, by Fiscal Year 3  ore contributions refer to funds provided by donors where allocations to target specific needs and priority areas are left to the discretion C of the Bank. 4 ‘Soft-preferencing’ means that the WBG commits to honor the request by the donor to route their funds to specific types of work. 4 UFGE Annual Report 2020 As seen in Figure 2, as of June 30, 2020, funds had been At the end of FY20, limited funds were available for new provided for 208 operational5 grants, of which 52 were active allocations (Figure 4), since incoming tranches were soft- and in varying stages of implementation. preferenced, or grants were already allocated from prior donor pledges. Figure 3 depicts the allocation between the four areas of work of the UFGE, with the largest allocations implemented Annex 1 of this report provides additional details on by the Regional Gender Innovation Labs,6 followed by finances from FY20, including allocations, disbursements, country-led research and experimentation under regional and pledged funds. windows, private sector–focused work, and funding for improving data collection methods. Figure 2. Status of UFGE Figure 3. Allocation by Areas of Work – Operational Grants Operational Grants 5 Operational as opposed to administrative; these operational grants are used for research and analytics and to generate global goods. 6 Of the $81.4 million allocated/preferenced to GILs to date, $68.9 million is allocated/preferenced to the AFR GIL and $7.8 million to the EAP GIL. 1. Overview 5 Figure 4. Breakdown of Pledges Note: Pledges include signed contributions but exclude investment income and administrative fee. Committed to grants are total amount of grants that have been set up. Preferenced/Promised--grants to be created are the difference between allocated to programs and committed to grants. Disbursements are total amount disbursed from committed to grants. Unpaid contractual obligations are amounts not paid from vendor contracts. Unspent balance in grants is the balance between committed to grants, disbursements, and unpaid contractual obligations. 6 UFGE Annual Report 2020 1. Overview 7 2 8 UFGE Annual Report 2020 New Grants in FY20 by Region: Foundations for Greater Country Impacts Starting in July 2020, the World Bank moved toward an AFRICA organizational realignment with a greater country and regional The Africa Gender Innovation Lab (AFR GIL) continued to focus. The UFGE was well placed to adapt to this change as it expand its impact evaluation portfolio and body of evidence, has always prioritized strengthening country and regional and with it, its influence on development policies and linkages—the core goal of the facility has and continues to programs. Early estimates suggest the AFR GIL has influenced be the development of evidence to inform client policies and over $4.93 billion of projects on three continents. The team programs to help leverage investment financing from the World adapted quickly in the face of the coronavirus (COVID-19) Bank Group (WBG). In this past fiscal year (FY), new grants built crisis, drawing on its rich body of evidence to provide just-in- on the knowledge and lessons gained from earlier research and time advice to World Bank project teams, policy makers, and analytics, helped deepen the WBG’s engagement in specific implementing partners. It helped shape nearly 60 COVID-19 countries while generating global knowledge that can be response-and-recovery projects within the World Bank and shared across countries, and indeed, Regions. with six development partners so far. In FY20, Regional Gender Innovation Labs (GIL) and the Years of impact evaluation work in countries can translate Mashreq Gender Facility (MGF) initiated work7 on gender gaps into focused and long-term partnerships. In FY20, the AFR in work and productivity. Support to 21 countries was initiated GIL launched the Ethiopia: Innovations in Financing Women through nineteen impact evaluations, six inferential studies, Entrepreneurs (IFWE) project—a five-year project to pilot, and several diagnostics intended to inform government scale up, and evaluate approaches to empowering women policies and programs. The lessons from these grants may entrepreneurs. It builds on AFR GIL’s earlier research and ultimately help leverage funding from the International Bank aims to reach at least 25,000 women-owned firms by 2024 by for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), IDA, and IFC working through Bank operations in the country to bring pilots toward greater impact. At the same time, the evidence and to scale. The project is part of the Ethiopia country-lab (Gender lessons will be published for use by practitioners and policy Innovation Policy Initiative for Ethiopia) launched in FY19, a makers in other countries and regions. Another more “hands- natural next step after conducting 13 impact evaluations in on” beneficial effect of UFGE evidence is the training and the country. The Ethiopia Lab focuses on (i) equalizing yields advice provided by the GILs and the MGF to World Bank project between male and female farmers; (ii) improving the quality teams in their respective regions. of jobs for the mostly female factory workers in the fast- These project teams also leveraged past lessons coupled growing number of industrial parks; and (iii) lifting constraints with recent surveys to help governments prevent COVID-19 to access to finance for women entrepreneurs. The ongoing from further widening existing gaps between women and collaboration with Ethiopia’s Planning and Development men. Several GILs guided the design of aspects of World Bank Commission centers on devising evidence-based performance emergency and recovery loans and launched phone surveys— indicators to empower women economically. These indicators using recently completed in-person impact evaluation surveys are meant to be integrated in the 10-year national development as baselines—to help countries understand the gendered plan and become a guiding set of targets for all line ministries. impacts of the pandemic. It is expected the work underway, In Nigeria also, the AFR GIL has intensified engagement with along with the UFGE’s rich portfolio of evidence, will generate government partners, WB project teams, and key donor, civil rigorous evidence on building more inclusive economies that society, and private sector stakeholders, laying the foundation are resilient to future shocks. This section provides a brief for the Nigeria Gender Innovation Lab to be launched in FY21 overview of these new activities by region. with a focus on enhancing women’s and girls’ education and economic trajectories.8 Once the initial diagnostic phase has been completed, a call for expressions of interest will be held to identify projects for evaluation. 7 D  ue to limited “core” funding in the main fund, new activities in FY20 were funded from balances of past allocations to these programs, or from preferenced funding provided for such work. 8 In keeping with the WBG Umbrella 2.0 principles, funding for the Nigeria Lab will be routed through the new Supporting Women and Adolescent Girls (SWAG) Umbrella, intended for all future WB gender work in Nigeria. 2. New Grants in FY20 by Region 9 The AFR GIL also approved six new impact evaluations in on registering the title with a woman’s name. The successful FY20. Two evaluations in Mozambique will expand evidence on Personal Initiative Training is being tested in the Democratic women’s land tenure security in rural areas: the government- Republic of Congo, while a family dialogue intervention is led US$100 million MozLand project and the Promotion of being evaluated as part of a new cash transfer program in Conservation Agriculture (PROMAC) project. The former Mauritania. The Lab is also testing community-based childcare includes proactive measures for women to fully participate and centers under a productive safety net program in Ethiopia, and benefit from land formalization, including engaging husbands mobile childcare in Burkina Faso (see Box 1). Page 63, Annex 5 to address social norms on women’s roles in agriculture. provides more details on these. PROMAC offers land-use titles to households, conditional Box 1. The UFGE brings teams together to build on and strengthen promising approaches In FY17 the UFGE awarded funds to develop and pilot mobile crèches [childcare] for young children of labor-intensive public works participants in Burkina Faso. Today, the AFR GIL is evaluating this highly scalable and cost-effective model under the Burkina Faso Youth Employment and Skills Development project. They are also embedding lessons from previous work on changing norms by adding monthly household visits—couples’ training—on the roles of fathers, collaborative decision making and planning, child development, and roles in the household. 10 UFGE Annual Report 2020 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC support to governments in Lao PDR and the Philippines to carry out phone surveys on the impacts of the coronavirus The East Asia and Pacific Gender Innovation Lab (EAP GIL) pandemic. The team used recently completed in-person leveraged ongoing partnerships to launch surveys on the surveys as a baseline for follow-up phone surveys—an impact of COVID-19. While the EAP GIL had already fully adaptation for COVID-19—to detect impacts in areas such as committed its $7.5 million allocation from 2015, savings from employment and gender-based violence. Findings will be recently concluded evaluations and additional small amounts available in FY21 (for more details see Box 5, page 27). from the UFGE allowed the team to expand their ongoing Figure 5. How do Gender Innovation Labs work? LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN To support female entrepreneurs in the region, the GIL is testing types of innovative training for greater impact. In The Latin America and the Caribbean Gender Innovation Lab Guatemala, the GIL is testing digital tools, such as e-extension (LAC GIL) initiated its program by supporting eight countries services and digital farm development plans, to better position to identify effective, scalable ways to close gender gaps female-led agribusinesses to fill the increased demand from a in jobs and assets. With $1 million in seed funding from the new school feeding law. In Mexico, evaluators are hoping to UFGE, the LAC GIL launched five rigorous impact evaluations show the cost-effectiveness of complementing managerial and six inferential studies. skills training with soft-skills training to help women One set of work takes aim at social norms and attitudes about entrepreneurs break into more profitable sectors commonly women, work, and care. In Brazil, two evaluations explore dominated by male entrepreneurs. how to close gender gaps in employment and productivity by The LAC GIL is also exploring various dimensions of women’s changing norms and attitudes early in life in high school. In agency related to economic opportunities. In Argentina the Uruguay, a behavioral campaign is being tested to encourage team is testing a mixed-methods approach on the factors that more fathers to take advantage of the country’s paid, shared facilitate or constrain the upward mobility of young women. parental leave for private sector workers. In Honduras, Mexico, In El Salvador the GIL is assessing how exposure to crime and Chile, the Lab is carrying out inferential studies to map impacts girls’ and women’s decisions regarding employment, childcare provision, estimate impacts of a proposed expansion education, migration, and entrepreneurship. In Brazil, they of social security benefits for childcare support to fathers, and are testing whether improvements in women’s economic study the effects of employer-mandated childcare on women’s status relative to men is correlated with lower intimate employment and productivity, respectively. partner violence. 2. New Grants in FY20 by Region 11 Figure 6. Mashreq countries have set ambitious targets for raising female labor force participation MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Expanding work on childcare to the MNA region, the MNA GIL has also partnered with the global research lab Abdul Latif The MNA region now houses two key initiatives generating Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) to test if subsidized access and using evidence to enhance policies and programming to childcare provided by Egypt’s Ministry of Social Solidarity in support of women’s economic opportunities: the improved mothers’ labor market outcomes. MNA Gender Innovation Lab (MNA GIL) and the Mashreq Gender Facility (MGF). Both programs became fully operational The Mashreq Gender Facility (MGF) is a World Bank–IFC in FY20. platform providing technical assistance to the governments of Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon to boost women’s economic The MNA Gender Innovation Lab began support to Egypt, empowerment. Implementation began in earnest in Tunisia, and Yemen to identify effective ways to close gaps in FY20 with approval of grants supporting detailed country employment and productivity. In a region with relatively few workplans. These have been developed by each country to impact evaluations exploring gender gaps to date, the MNA GIL close employment gaps through multipronged reforms and completed its first year of implementation with seed funding programs in Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon, as shown in Box 2. of $1 million, approving four9 out of seventeen proposals received. These aim to identify effective, scalable solutions In FY20, the MGF began the following support to governments that can later be scaled through other IDA and IBRD operations. in all three countries to amend their legal and regulatory frameworks: a code of conduct related to sexual harassment To identify effective ways to support predominantly small, and gender-based discrimination in public transport (Jordan), rural, women-led businesses, evaluation teams in Tunisia are a revision of legal frameworks in Lebanon, including the labor assessing if a one-time unconditional cash grant to women code (e.g., criminalizing sexual harassment), and a law on graduating from a community works project can better domestic violence that includes medical service provision position them to start and sustain their own small businesses. for survivors (Iraq). The MFG also launched work to increase In Yemen, women are receiving a combination of livestock economic opportunities for refugee and internally displaced training and grants to purchase livestock and other inputs. In women, and completed a regional flagship report, State of Egypt, the MNA GIL is testing the efficacy of digital marketing the Mashreq Women: Women’s Economic Participation in Iraq, tools to connect micro and small women-led firms to new Jordan and Lebanon (see Section 4, page 19). markets to help them grow. 9 Five impact evaluations were initially approved; later a proposed evaluation in Jordan was dropped due to lack of feasibility. 12 UFGE Annual Report 2020 SOUTH ASIA The South Asia Gender Innovation Lab (SAR GIL) completed its first year of implementation, supporting three countries with identifying solutions to close gaps in employment. With $2 million in seed funding from the UFGE, it launched five impact evaluations in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and India. For extremely poor and vulnerable women in Afghanistan, evaluation teams are measuring the effectiveness of two models that target multiple constraints at the same time. The teams using a “big-push” package (combination of livestock, cash stipends, skills training, and coaching) and a community- based pilot are providing hard and soft skills training, business support, and financial access to poor and vulnerable women. The SAR GIL is exploring solutions to improve safe travel to work or training. In India, it is evaluating whether an innovative app-based safety response system can increase women’s sense of safety and willingness to use public transportation to access work or employment related training. The GIL is also expanding the literature on school-to-work transitions for adolescent girls by evaluating large projects in Bangladesh and India that were designed using evidence from other countries, including by the AFR GIL, to change norms and behaviors that may lead to better job outcomes. The GIL also launched surveys on the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan to understand the differential impacts on men and women (see Box 5, page 27). 2. New Grants in FY20 by Region 13 3 14 UFGE Annual Report 2020 From Evidence to Influence: Results from 2012–2020 The four mutually reinforcing areas of work of the UFGE leverage expertise across the WBG sectors to support data, analytics, and innovation (see Figure 7, page 14). These activities are often undertaken in the context of ongoing policy support or lending and shared directly with government ministries, local partners, and WBG staff to help generate client interest and leverage other finance to strengthen results on the ground. The UFGE Results Framework, revised in 2015 to reflect the evolving portfolio and the newly established private sector window, reflects this value proposition. In the past eight years, the UFGE has supported 92 countries, in all regions, with better knowledge on what drives persistent gaps between women and men, and boys and girls, and recommendations for how governments and the private sector can most effectively reduce these constraints. • Informing policy. New data and evidence have been used in direct discussions with government and other local stakeholders in 92 countries. So far, in 80 countries, Helping companies close gender gaps. 34 companies • the evidence has provided important analytical have so far adopted new practices and policies to create underpinnings for policy changes, such as removing more gender equal workplaces or better services and restrictions related to home-based work (which previously products for women. This includes electronic wage disadvantaged women) in Vietnam’s new labor code, payments for garment workers in Bangladesh, to which takes effect January 1, 2021 (see page 26). This respectful workplace practices for one of Myanmar’s evidence has also contributed to the design of policy and leading companies. institutional actions in several WB Development Policy Contributing to the global evidence base. All the data • Operations in Albania, Jordan, and Niger (see page 28). and research financed by the UFGE is made public • Scaling effective approaches. UFGE grants to date through papers, policy briefs, and reports. When possible, have influenced design and implementation of over 150 data sets are also published. By end of fiscal year 2020 government, World Bank, and development partner the UFGE has supported over 170 publications, which are projects, with a total of $4.5 billion leveraged. This available to the public. includes scaling up evaluated approaches that are often In fiscal year 2021, the UFGE Results Framework will be very cost-effective, such as reference letter templates and further strengthened to reflect the increased focus on action planning for young job seekers now being used in scaling solutions at the country level. This will be finalized Kenya and South Africa to help young women overcome in consultation with contributing donors and used for the first smaller networks and lower skills. time in the 2021 Annual Report. 3. From Evidence to Influence 15 FIGURE 7. RESULTS FRAMEWORK10 UFGE RESULTS FRAMEWORK & Achievements 2013 - 2020 FOUR MUTUALLY REINFORCING AREAS OF WORK Country research Impact evaluations Private sector Better gender data and innovation Rigorous evidence solutions Scalable Country-led research, on ‘what works’, led Good practice for methodological innovative pilots, and by Regional Gender companies on how to innovations in data scale-up. Innovation Labs. close gender gaps. collection and analysis. OUTPUTS 92 countries supported 131 impact evaluations funded 71 initiatives to improve gender data 184 studies published 30 private sector case studies published TOWARD RESULTS IN THREE SPHERES Gender informed policy Improved design of Awareness and demand for making at country level projects and programs gender equality solutions Leveraging ongoing WBG country Creating demonstration effects Direct engagement with policymakers, dialogue with new data and and working with project teams south-south exchanges, and company evidence to change policies. to promote effective solutions. peer learning. OUTCOMES New evidence has 170 projects have 34 private sector Evidence has led informed policy applied new evidence companies have to requests for dialogue in in their design or incorporated new new or expanded 80 countries implementation approaches models WBG engagement in 32 countries 10 Figure 7 is a simplified rendition of the UFGE results framework. See Annex 2 for details. 16 UFGE Annual Report 2020 16 UFGE Annual Report 2020 3. From Evidence to Influence 17 4 18 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Highlights of FY20: Boosting Women’s Access to More and Better Jobs Over the past year, the UFGE made important contributions Women’s Work: A Holistic Approach to the global knowledge on how countries and firms can more effectively close gaps between women and men in human endowments, jobs, assets, and voice and agency. A total of 27 working papers, policy briefs, and analytical reports were published with financial support from the UFGE during this period and widely shared with policy makers, WBG staff, academia, and local and global partners. The section below highlights how 16 countries are using new UFGE-supported data and evidence to boost women’s access to more and better jobs. This is a sample of UFGE-funded work. A complete list of the grants that closed in FY20 and the corresponding results are available in Annex 3 (page 36). The grants aim to address the factors underlying gaps in the world of work, such as unbalanced household care responsibilities, limited access to and ownership of productive capital and financial services, skills gaps, mobility/transportation needs, harassment and gender-based violence, legal discrimination, and norms. This section is organized around these fundamental constraints that women face. Box 2. Recognizing Outstanding Achievements Among UFGE-Supported Work In FY20, AFR GIL team members received four AFR Vice Presidency Team Awards, including for their contribution to the first gender pillar in an African policy loan (see In Focus on page 28). In addition, their paper, Teaching personal initiative beats traditional training in boosting small business in West Africa,11 received the Path to Scale Award, the Templeton World Charity Foundation’s accolade for High-Potential Innovations in SME Development. This award recognizes innovative ideas that have proven to be effective in addressing key constraints faced by entrepreneurs and SMEs in developing countries and supports replication efforts to test these ideas in a new context with the goal of helping advance their path to scale. 11 Authored by Francisco Campos, Michael Frese, Markus Goldstein, Leonardo Iacovone, Hillary Johnson, David McKenzie, and Mona Mensmann. 4. Highlights of FY20 19 DISPROPORTIONATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR CHILD, ELDER, AND DEPENDENT CARE Unpaid care work is one of the main barriers to women placement office. It seems this may be driven by care-related working and taking better jobs. The UFGE continues to support time constraints, as local brokers are often in the villages and governments and firms to launch effective programs to ease the can visit homes for recruitment or assistance. An important care responsibilities of potential and current employees (female first policy step is simplifying and shortening the process for and male). The UFGE also helps inform policy makers on the formal migration. Additionally, ways to reach time-constrained correlation between demand for care services, the effectiveness prospective migrants may help reduce their propensity to rely of current policies and programs, and the economic gains they on informal sources. can expect to see from better policies. The following highlights progress in 2020 in three countries in the East Asia and Mongolia: Assessing the Worth of Universal Pacific region. Free Childcare In 2020, an experimental study supported by the UFGE Indonesia: Rethinking Government Programs demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of added investments Through The Lens Of Unpaid Care Work in Mongolia’s preschools, since mothers’ wages increased The EAP GIL’s work in Indonesia illustrates how women’s by a large amount and formal employment increased in disproportionate unpaid care work has implications for a place of seasonal work. The Government of Mongolia seeks range of policies and government programs. An inferential to increase the preschool enrollment rate to 90 percent by study, Preschool Availability and Female Labor Force 2030, coupled with a labor force participation rate of 70 Participation in Indonesia (2017) found a positive correlation percent. To achieve this, it is increasingly investing in free between preschool enrollment and mothers’ labor force public childcare. Continued expansion of this program hinges participation. These findings led to a new pilot by the WBG’s on the benefits outweighing the significant cost of more than Social Protection Global Practice that incentivizes mothers 20 percent of the public education expenditure. The study benefiting from the country’s conditional cash transfer showed that in addition to positive impacts on mothers’ program to enroll children aged 3–6 in local preschool facilities wages and employment, public childcare also significantly and assess whether the additional child-free time is used for increased fathers’ hourly wages. The study provided advice productive economic activities. If the pilot is successful, the to the Municipality of Ulaanbaatar on the need for further aim is to scale the approach through additional financing expansion of the program to cover the high demand. The grant for the government’s Social Assistance Program-4-Results also funded a future paper, which will examine the correlation loan. The EAP GIL also found likely linkages between unpaid of outcomes with the quality of kindergartens, lessons that will care work and the safety and earnings of women migrants. inform dialogue on early childhood education. Undocumented migrants face significant risks, from physical violence to unsafe workplaces and economic exploitation. Vietnam: Manufacturing Needs to Invest in They also earn less than documented migrants. The EAP Childcare to Retain Workers GIL is working with Indonesia’s Ministry of Manpower and Employers in Vietnam, especially those in high-growth its Desmigratif program to test the effectiveness of SMS- sectors like export-oriented manufacturing and banking, based information and ‘edutainment’ campaigns to protect are looking for ways to attract and retain workers as the prospective migrants and their families. An initial survey of labor market tightens. Tackling Childcare: The Business over 13,000 migrants suggests migration preferences among Case for Employer-Supported Childcare in Vietnam, is the women without children are almost identical to those of men, second UFGE-supported study of this kind,12 exploring how but mothers with children under the age of 15 are more likely forward-looking employers tackle the challenge by investing to use an informal broker instead of a government agency or in childcare support for their employees. It includes in-depth 12 A similar study was carried out in Myanmar in 2019, see Box 3 on page 23. 20 UFGE Annual Report 2020 case studies on six large manufacturing employers in Vietnam, business case for not just providing care, but also for creating and documents the significant business and social returns family-friendly workplaces that help employees combine from their investment in childcare support, including reduced work with parenting. The study has attracted significant absenteeism and turnover and enhanced relationships with attention from WBG teams, partners, and companies, and was customers and local government. It draws on lessons from used as input to discussions of the country’s new labor code businesses in the banking and energy sectors, making a strong (see page 26). LIMITED OWNERSHIP OF AND ACCESS TO PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL AND FINANCIAL SERVICES In previous years the UFGE has helped introduce banking Indonesia: Low-Cost Financial Literacy Boosts innovations, such as electronic wage payments for garment Earnings for Businesswomen workers in Bangladesh, and the use of psychometric testing as The results of a new study by the EAP GIL finds convincing an alternative to collateral in countries like Ethiopia. In 2020, the evidence that alleviating skills constraints in the presence UFGE continued its support to the banking sector to promote of agent banking13 can support women’s business low-cost, scalable products that have proven to increase profits development. Businesswomen who received group training for women-run businesses. on financial and business literacy, coupled with mentoring to reinforce the concepts, saw on average a 15.2 percent Iraq: Banks Begin Offering Financial Services and increase in their profits and improvements in their say over Business Training for Women household purchases. The increase in profits was likely In 2020, the Mashreq Gender Facility (MFG) discussed loan driven at least partially by increases in savings and the value initiatives for women’s financial inclusion with the Central of their business assets, the use of good business practices, Bank of Iraq, the Commercial Bank’s League, and private and having decision-making authority. In the face of recent commercial banks. This led to the launch of a $500,000 loan analytics suggesting Indonesia’s agent banking service initiative without guarantees or collateral. Building on recent provision is suboptimal, the findings from the UFGE study offer evidence, this initiative will include training courses for women relevant solutions for improvement. The training also proved on starting and managing a business, as well how to obtain cost effective, generating increases in profits that are more loans and financial services. The Mashreq Gender Facility than five times the cost of the intervention. The EAP GIL is team is working with the Commercial Bank’s League to deliver proactively promoting these lessons that are likely to influence these courses. financial sector reform in Indonesia. 13 T  he Indonesian model of branchless banking uses local agents and digital technology (such as mobile phone text messaging) to provide basic banking services. 4. Highlights of FY20 21 Box 3. For the poorest women, safety nets as a foundation for future work An evaluation by the AFR GIL of the Feed the Future Nigeria Livelihoods Program showed that cash transfers to women in extremely vulnerable households had an immediate, positive impact: women were more likely to work, and the entire household ate more food more regularly, and diversified their diet. These households also increased their investment in assets, women engaged more in economic activity. The evaluation also found that the positive impacts remained the same whether the cash was delivered monthly or quarterly. It also looked at the frequency of payments: quarterly installments can be delivered at a lower cost than monthly payments. Based on this evidence, the National Social Safety Nets project intends to expand gradually to cover over 4 million households in at least 24 states. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, an evaluation of the $80 million (IDA) labor-intensive public works project, Eastern DRC Recovery Project, found that women benefited in the medium term from a combination of work, incentivized savings, and hard-skills training. The program increased women’s labor force participation, decreased their debt levels, and allowed them to turn the positive income shock into longer positive welfare improvements. This was the case for others beyond those men and women who participated in the labor portion of the project, suggesting a multifaceted approach is more effective. These positive welfare impacts do come with a trade-off, as the work increased women’s exposure to the presence of armed group activity and women reported feeling less socially integrated, compared to men. LACK OF MARKETABLE SKILLS AND INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES Finding a job is hard; for young people it is particularly of not finding employment since they on average have less overwhelming. Information asymmetries make it harder to marketable skills and smaller networks. The South African match jobs with the right workers. This can be more prominent Labor department is now adopting and scaling the use of for young women, and some may also face biases or outright reference letters and action planning after an impact evaluation discrimination in the hiring process. The UFGE is therefore by the AFR GIL showed the effectiveness of these low-cost investing in rigorously evaluated strategies that are relatively strategies. For example, using a standardized reference letter cost effective and easy to scale. template and encouraging job seekers to use it improved women’s likelihood of receiving a response from an employer South Africa: Helping Young Female Job Seekers (more than men) and increased their likelihood of becoming Market Their Skills employed by 50 percent, compared to not having a reference South Africa’s youth unemployment rate is higher than letter. The positive findings, and the low cost and scalability 50 percent. Firms have very little information with which of this approach, led the Ministry of Public Service, Youth, and to sort job applicants; this, coupled with the fact that Gender Affairs in Kenya to adopt this model in the $150 million unemployed youth have trouble searching for jobs, amplifies (IDA) Youth Employment and Opportunities project. the unemployment problem. Women in particular are at risk 22 UFGE Annual Report 2020 IN FOCUS: MYANMAR COMPANIES TAKE ON NORMS AROUND WOMEN’S WORK As Myanmar finds itself in rapid political and economic transition, women are significantly under-represented in public and private sector leadership and economic participation. There is a substantial gap in the labor force, with approximately 59 percent of women aged 15 and over participating in employment, compared to 84 percent for men. Since FY16, the IFC has been demonstrating the business case for the country’s private sector to invest in closing employment gaps between men and women through the $2.3 million multisectoral Get2Equal program.14 To boost employer-supported childcare in the country, lessons and experiences from companies across various sectors were leveraged in a report,15 an accompanying practical guide, and a fact sheet targeting human resource departments and government representatives on how to better support the needs of working parents. The launch brought together 80 members from Myanmar companies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and UN Agencies and was covered by local news outlets. To help companies put in place policies and procedures that address bullying and sexual harassment, a study16 was conducted to determine the prevalence and cost of bullying and harassment in the agribusiness, finance, retail, and tourism sectors. It provides a set of practical recommendations that target business leaders, human resource managers, and employees, and was presented to the Department of Social Welfare and various development partners, and at the Care International Business of Women at Work Conference in Cambodia. As a result organizations, including the Business Coalition for Gender Equality, Care International, and the Myanmar Centre for Responsible Workplace, have adopted the terminology “Respectful Workplaces” in their programs. The findings also led Shwe Taung, one of Myanmar’s leading corporations with a workforce of over 6,000 employees, to implement a mentoring program, roll out Respectful Workplaces training, and publish policies and procedures, including grievance mechanisms. The research methodology is now being used for work on respectful workplaces in Sri Lanka. The program also targeted occupational sex segregation by creating Powered by Women, a renewable energy industry peer learning platform comprising seven active member firms committed to making measurable improvements to bring more women into the sector. Members have been sharing their achievements and lessons learned based on their specific commitments. An end of program report will be launched as soon as COVID-19-related restrictions ease. A similar platform has now been established in Nepal. 14 G  et2Equal supports activities in Myanmar and Vietnam through preferenced contributions from the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 15 Tackling Childcare: The Business Case for Employer Supported Childcare in Myanmar, IFC, 2020. 16 Respectful Workplaces: Addressing Bullying and Sexual Harassment in Myanmar Workplaces, IFC, 2020. 4. Highlights of FY20 23 PHYSICAL MOBILITY RESTRICTIONS IN ACCESSING EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES The UFGE invests in analytics that help municipalities and tackling multiple constraints, identified in part by a previous transport providers understand the underlying factors and UFGE-supported study on social norms in Jordan.17 This conditions that shape women’s mobility choices, ability, and includes transforming the experience of women using public willingness to access jobs and training. This means looking transport by introducing a Code of Ethics and Professional beyond just infrastructure at factors such as norms and safety Conduct issued by the Ministry of Transport to regulate in public spaces. The UFGE also supports testing of scalable passenger, driver, and operator conduct with clear rules innovation that municipalities and public transit companies against sexual harassment and gender-based discrimination. can adopt. An app being developed will be used to report infringements to the code of conduct. This work is part of the government’s Argentina, Brazil, and Peru: Mobility Demands policy commitments under the Second Equitable Growth & a Holistic Approach Job Creation Policy Loan and is being designed with technical A new qualitative study of the large metropolitan regions of support from the Mashreq Gender Facility. Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, and Lima (Why does she move? A study on women’s mobility in Latin American cities, 2020), In Mexico City, analytical work will likely inform the design helps practitioners, companies, and municipalities think of new projects under the country’s Infrastructure Finance beyond infrastructure improvements to improve women’s Vehicle (FONADIN 2.0) umbrella program, including the mobility. The results show that women prioritize safety over use of gender audits as a standard practice for transport affordability and overall spend more of their earnings on subprojects. To help the city improve public transportation getting around because they must combine different transport safety, the World Bank developed a methodology for modes (buses, minivans, moto-taxis, etc.) to reach their calculating the social cost of sexual harassment in public destinations. And when it comes to jobs, proximity is more transport. The review of the city’s transport services also important than quality. The report makes a compelling case noted that single one-size-fits-all strategies are not enough for collaboration across relevant sectors and provides concrete to improve women’s safety, given that women often use suggestions, based on good practices in the region, on fare multiple modes of transportation to reach their destinations. schemes, urban planning and regulatory restrictions, and Reforms also need to account for the fact that while the city’s “last mile” connectivity. It also suggests how to supplement public transport services have lower staff turnover in publicly such improvements with affordable, accessible childcare and operated systems, making introduction of new protocols improve safety on and off transport systems. easier, the opposite is the case for smaller private operators that face less oversight and have higher rates of staff turnover. Jordan And Mexico: Safe Public Transport This is especially true if government concession agreements as a Policy Lever for Women’s Labor are weak or semiformal. While political constraints, lack of Force Participation data, and the 2017 earthquake that hit Mexico City limited The Government of Jordan has committed to increasing the planned work, the grant laid an important foundation female labor force participation from 15 percent to 24 percent for future reforms and programs. The lessons have also been in the next five years (see Figure 6 on page 12). This involves shared with World Bank transport teams in South Asia. 17 Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan: Understanding How Gender Norms in MNA, Impact Female Employment Outcomes (2018). 24 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Brazil and Globally: Navigating the Debate on Gender-Segregated Transport Some municipal transportation service systems and ride- hailing companies have opted to create sex-segregated transportation. However, do these benefit women or do they only serve to further reinforce gender norms? Two UFGE- supported studies in 2020 helped unpack this issue. An impact evaluation of women-reserved spaces on Rio de Janeiro’s metro system18 suggests they reduce the risk of physical harassment by half, but only the few times when riders obey the policies of segregation (compliance often erodes during peak hours). Moreover, reserved spaces implicitly place the responsibility on women to protect themselves against harassment. This also means women who choose to ride in nonsegregated spaces get blamed for not protecting themselves, or for being more provocative. As an increasing part of the transport ecosystem, ride-hailing companies are looking for products and policies that support women as drivers and riders. A new IFC report19 discusses the experiences of 30 ride-hailing companies and their impacts on women riders and drivers. More companies are offering products that particularly appeal to women, or increasingly, are for women specifically. For instance, Uber’s “Women Rider Preference” feature allows women drivers to indicate a preference for receiving only women riders in select markets. In Saudi Arabia, the model helped more women transition into the sector after new legalization on women driving. Women spend more of their income on transport, so options where multiple passengers share rides better meet their needs. For women, safety and security are also key factors in making travel choices. For ride-hailing companies, this should mean not only continuous innovation in safety features, but also increased collective action as a sector, including sharing, reporting, and aggregating safety and incident data. Ride-hailing alone may only provide a single solution, but by better serving women, the sector can help get markets moving. In 2021 the project team will focus on report dissemination and communication, which given the COVID-19 context, will likely be online based. 18  ondylis, Florence; Legovini, Arianna; Vyborny, Kate; Zwager, Astrid; and Andrade, Luiza. 2020. Demand for ‘Safe Spaces’: Avoiding Harassment K and Stigma. Policy Research Working Paper No. 9269. World Bank, Washington, DC. 19 Gender-Segregated Transportation in Ride-Hailing: Navigating the Debate (2020). 4. Highlights of FY20 25 LEGAL BARRIERS TO WOMEN’S ACCESS TO JOBS In past years, the UFGE’s investments in better data and evidence and contextualizes women’s low labor force participation in led to several legal reforms, such as changes in land registration a way that proves more useful for project teams in designing in Kosovo and Rwanda. In 2020, analytical deep dives on the targeted actions based on income and education levels multiple underlying barriers women face in taking jobs, and of women and their households. This body of work details better ones, have proved fruitful in shaping commitments to normative barriers (marriage, mobility, safety, and attitudes level the playing field through various legal reforms in Lebanon, toward women and work), household constraints (e.g., Pakistan, and Vietnam. childcare), and structural and human capital barriers. During the high-level Pakistan@100 policy series and the 2020 Human Lebanon: Bringing Together National Capital Summit in Islamabad, these findings, including new Stakeholders for Legal Reform higher estimates of female labor force participation, informed With funding for the Mashreq Gender Facility, the World interactive discussions among a range of high-level policy Bank Group (WBG) is working directly with the Government makers on the best ways to improve women’s entry into and of Lebanon to develop and implement a Women’s Economic experiences in the labor market. The grant helped shape legal Empowerment Action Plan to increase the female labor reform commitments and actions as part of the country’s force participation rate by 5 percentage points in the next new $500 million (IDA) Securing Human Investments to Foster five years. Through collaboration with the private sector, civil Transformation (SHIFT) policy loan. As a result, the loan now society organizations, and development partners, the country aims to improve legal protection for women home-based workplan balances national-level strategic interventions workers through workers’ bills at the federal and provincial with selective activity-level pilots. During FY20, this included levels. The policy loan also aims to amend the shops and bringing together a range of stakeholders to engage with the establishments act and the factories act to promote better National Commission for Lebanese Women and technical working environments for women in the private sector, assistance to revise legal frameworks, such as labor code including safer workspaces, day care, and transport options. amendments on equal pay, maternity and paternity leave, breastfeeding policies, flexible working conditions, and Vietnam: Research On Occupational childcare services. As a result of this collaborative effort, Sex-Segregation Informs New Labor Code amendments to criminalize sexual harassment in the In 2020, Vietnam revised its labor code. Inferential research workplace and in public spaces are now on the agenda to from previous years on occupational segregation, led by the be presented and discussed in a parliamentary commission. EAP GIL, was used by the World Bank’s Social Development The government has since requested for the Mashreq Gender team in its policy advice leading up to the labor code Facility to participate in additional legal reviews, including on revisions. Based on this, one of the changes introduced was regulations for access to finance and the possible creation of a the removal of restrictions related to home-based work. Article movable asset registry (in coordination with the Central Bank). 185 of the old labor code allowed employees to negotiate home-based work with their employers but excluded those Pakistan: An Analytical Deep-Dive Draws a engaged in processing activities (e.g., food and agricultural Roadmap for Legal Reform processing). Based on evidence by the EAP GIL that a large Between 2017–2020 the UFGE supported a series of analytical proportion of processing workers are women, likely pushed studies on female labor force participation in urban Pakistan. into these jobs by their disproportionate care responsibilities, This new and far more nuanced analysis of qualitative and the new labor code no longer excludes processing employees quantitative data has been published in three policy notes20 from the right to negotiate home-based work. 20 F  LFP in Pakistan: What do we know? (February 2018); Labor Force Experiences for Urban, Low-Income Pakistani Women (December 2019); Labor Force Aspirations, Experiences, and Challenges for Urban Educated Pakistani Women (February 2019). 26 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Box 4. Supporting women’s livelihoods during COVID-19: Shaping WBG response and recovery projects Regional Gender Innovation Labs (GILs) were quick to seize on existing country engagements, local partnerships, and available funds to launch surveys and provide lessons and advice on the design of World Bank’s and development partners’ COVID-19 emergency and recovery projects. The AFR GIL leveraged its strong relationships and reputation to serve as an effective partner in crisis response efforts. It produced a COVID-19 response brief which was downloaded over 2,700 times in its first few weeks. The team also contributed to response efforts by providing just-in-time evidence-based policy and program design support to World Bank (WB) project teams, policy makers, and implementing partners. With proactive outreach and knowledge syntheses, the team has so far shaped nearly 60 COVID-19 response and recovery projects by the WB and six development partners. For example, they supported SWEDD (Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend) project teams and government counterparts in developing COVID-19 response plans, considering interventions such as the provision of e-readers and other learning materials to girls, as well as information to girls and their community through a “Multimedia and Proximity Campaign.” The AFR GIL is also assessing the possibility of teaching Personal Initiative—an effective training for female entrepreneurs on a virtual basis. The EAP GIL built on recent in-person surveys, using the data as baselines for follow-up COVID-19 phone surveys. In Lao PDR, for example, the GIL, together with the Social Development Global Practice, are carrying out phone surveys to understand how households in villages with road maintenance groups (RMG) are coping with COVID and if public works projects can, to some degree, mitigate the impacts. In the Philippines, a phone survey aims to capture the impacts of COVID-19 on the beneficiaries of the government’s conditional cash transfer program,21 and assess if the program is mitigating any of these impacts. The survey’s findings will inform a new COVID-19 loan, the Beneficiary FIRST Social Protection Project. The approach of using impact evaluation data collected shortly before the onset of COVID-19 as a baseline can be replicated for other contexts and has proven to yield a high response rate. The SAR GIL is following a two-pronged strategy for responding to needs emerging from COVID-19. The first prong focuses on capturing the gender impacts of COVID-19 through phone surveys and administrative data. For instance, a mobile survey was implemented in Bangladesh with the Overseas Development Institute’s Gender and Adolescence Global Evidence (GAGE) program to understand knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral changes among adolescents; and another survey, carried out in collaboration with academic and local partners in Pakistan, assessed labor market impacts. The second prong of the strategy is operational, adding specific interventions in the World Bank’s SAR COVID-19 response projects. One example is a pipeline impact evaluation of the Afghanistan Drought Early Warning, Finance and Action Project (P173387): here the SAR GIL proposes embedding and evaluating a female-friendly Cash-for-Work (CfW) pilot designed and targeted to women within a larger labor-intensive public works program to provide cash/in-kind support to seasonally food insecure households. This would not only promote women’s and communities’ resilience to COVID-19, but also compensate women for unpaid work that would typically substitute women’s productive work. 21 Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program. 4. Highlights of FY20 27 IN FOCUS: UFGE EVIDENCE COMPELS THE FIRST-EVER GENDER PILLAR IN A DEVELOPMENT POLICY OPERATION IN AFRICA In Niger, UFGE-financed work by the AFR GIL formed a rationale for the government to establish new policy and legislation designed to change deeply rooted social norms on child marriage. The multisectoral $350 million First Laying the Foundation for Inclusive Development is the first ever development policy operation (DPO) in Africa to include a ‘gender’ pillar. The report, Economic Benefits of Gender Inclusion, revealed that extremely high rates of child marriage (at more than 75 percent), low educational attainment for girls, and lack of access to reproductive health services drive Niger’s fertility and population growth rates to be the highest in the world. Niger’s high fertility rate and women’s lack of empowerment hamper per capita income growth and poverty reduction efforts. These findings provided the basis for dialogue between the Bank’s Macroeconomics, Trade, and Investment–led team preparing a Development Policy Loan (DPL) and the high- level governmental committee in charge of the Development Policy Loan. The Committee comprised all public entities involved in gender issues, as well as local and international NGOs (CARE, Save the Children) and United Nations agencies (UNICEF, UNFPA, UN Women) working to eliminate child marriage and increase girls’ education and access to sexual and reproductive health. As a result of this dialogue, the DPL incorporates reforms designed to change deeply rooted social norms around child marriage; the government is: (1) establishing Child Protection Committees at the national, regional, departmental, commune, and village levels to promote the abandonment of child marriage; (2) issuing a Ministerial Order allowing access to family planning assistance to married adolescent girls without parents or husbands’ mandatory accompaniment, to improve their access to health services; and (3) issuing a Joint Ministerial Order allowing adolescent girls to remain enrolled in school in the event of pregnancy or marriage, to improve educational attainment. SECRETARIAT COMMUNICATIONS AND In FY20, the UFGE Secretariat also launched a new webinar series in partnership with the Bank’s Open Learning Campus. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT The Solutions for Women’s Empowerment webinar series The UFGE website has been completely revamped to provide features experts from across the World Bank Group (WBG), as easy access to all knowledge products that have been well as implementation partners and clients, presenting the financed since inception (over 170 publications, as of June very latest evidence and innovation, and its implications for 30, 2020). The website also includes a new series of results policies and programs, to help close gaps between women and briefs and improved visibility for donor partners. In tandem, men, and boys and girls. These public webinars have attracted the UFGE Secretariat updated its quarterly newsletter, which attendance from a range of bilateral and multilateral agencies, is distributed to donors, NGOs, the private sector, and other NGOs, the private sector, client ministries, and WBG staff. development partners. 28 UFGE Annual Report 2020 4. Highlights of FY20 29 5 30 UFGE Annual Report 2020 From Pilot to Umbrella 2.0: Lessons Learned and the Way Forward The UFGE was part of the first cohort22 (1.0) to establish main objectives and the WBG’s Gender Strategy. This umbrella trust funds in 2013. The design of the Umbrella has proven useful to support initiatives such as the 2.0 approach has drawn on the lessons from this cohort, as Africa Gender Innovation Lab and the new Mashreq outlined below from the example of the UFGE: Gender Facility. 1. Appropriate governance for maximizing impact: An  ollaborating with the IFC to facilitate supply and 4. C external donor body, the Partnership Council (PC), demand side solutions to diminish constraints to chaired by the WB, with a seat for each donor to the gender equality. The UFGE established a dedicated UFGE. The PC provides strategic guidance and direction window in 2015 to support advisory services and on the implementation of the Facility —and any future analytics, which led to closer collaboration with associated trust fund(s)—and reviews progress reports the Bank for innovative work in the Mashreq and provided by the Bank based on the results framework for South Asia regions. the trust fund(s) under the Umbrella.  sing techniques to introduce new types of work to 5. U A  n internal body, the Gender Leadership Council stimulate demand. The UFGE initiated Regional Block (GLC) comprising a cross-section of WBG Management Grants to lead country teams to infuse gender equality to ensure fair and effective allocations of “core”/ in their analytics and operations. These block grants unpreferenced funds and ensuring complementarity laid the groundwork for a significant portfolio of country in areas of potential overlap. diagnostics and pilots. While largely driven by clear country demand, these instruments also offered some 2. Limit proliferation of new trust funds for gender opportunities to “push” the gender agenda in various equality. Wherever possible, shepherding new funding countries in anticipation of stimulating demand. related to gender equality to be routed through the UFGE to maximize impact, reduce administrative burdens, and The UFGE has easily moved to the Umbrella 2.0 modality. In increase the potential for cross-country/regional uptake addition, the 2020 UFGE Replenishment Proposal presents an and lessons learned. Using a common results framework opportunity to update the results framework and the associated to track achievements and a single Annual Report for a theory of change. Under the replenishment, the UFGE will focus clearer storyline. greater efforts on scaling country-level programs for women’s labor force participation/entrepreneurship and reductions 3. Working with donor partners to accommodate their of gender-based violence. This approach will allow greater administrative constraints. Some donors are required WB-IFC collaboration targeting both supply and demand side by specific budget lines to “Preference” their activities aspects of women’s economic empowerment and gender- by region or country. The Umbrella Facility for Gender based violence, in addition to the core activities of testing and Equality (UFGE) has always allowed, and honored, producing global public goods to close gender gaps. The UFGE development partners’ contributions to be soft- remains ready to build on the accomplishments described in preferenced toward specific priorities that align with its this report toward more ambitious areas of endeavor. 22 Together with the JOBS Umbrella Multidonor Trust Fund (MDTF), and the Umbrella Facility for Trade (UFT). 5. From Pilot to Umbrella 2.0 31 6 32 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Annex 1: Financials Contributions in US$ Reporting Period: July 1, From inception to period 2019-June 30, 2020 ended: June 30, 2020 A. Funds committed by Development Partners 11,557,393 144,471,393 Australia 12,682,325 Canada 7,162,298 28,837,078 Denmark 1,061,571 Finland 145,568 Germany 3,354,513 9,812,542 Iceland 2,146,407 Latvia 46,586 Netherlands 9,534,535 Norway 8,435,243 Spain 551,151 Sweden 1,040,583 13,668,912 Switzerland 4,260,480 United Kingdom 28,895,256 United States 4,395,000 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 19,998,740 B. Funds received from Development Partners 22,486,969 117,641,929 Australia 12,682,325 Canada 8,571,399 21,161,078 Denmark 1,061,571 Finland 145,568 Germany 1,220,128 7,684,048 Iceland 200,000 1,746,407 Latvia 46,586 Netherlands 1,666,667 9,534,535 Norway 2,086,801 7,767,535 Spain 551,151 Sweden 1,037,619 13,668,912 Switzerland 4,260,480 United Kingdom 3,208,812 27,363,610 United States 245,000 3,770,000 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 4,250,543 6,198,123 C. Investment Income earned 820,466 2,931,837 D. Total Funds Available (B+C) 23,307,435 120,573,766 E. Total Disbursements 13,690,151 75,910,198 Grant Disbursements 13,357,033 72,962,490 Program Management 333,119 1,570,948 Administrative Fee 1,376,760 F. Cash Balance at end of reporting period (D-E) 44,663,568 G. Outstanding Development Partner Commitments at end of reporting 26,829,464 period (A-B) Annexes 33 Allocation and Actual Disbursements (For Period Ended: June 30, 2020) Disbursements Allocated* of which Reporting From (Breakdown) period ($) inception ($) Country-Led Research, Innovation & Multi-Sectoral Solutions 46,795,222 2,373,985 28,434,225 Strategic Country Allocations (include Mashreq, Turkey, 28,477,059 Western Balkans, etc.) Multi-Regional Allocations 18,318,163 Regional Gender Innovation Labs 81,371,693 8,804,391 36,530,593 Africa GIL 68,941,693 EAP GIL 8,140,000 LAC GIL 1,290,000 MNA GIL 1,000,000 SAR GIL 2,000,000 Private Sector 6,013,991 1,099,248 5,615,059 Better Gender Data 2,069,350 905,613 1,700,947 Program Management Costs (including Secretariat functions, 6,393,180 506,914 2,252,613 central and Knowledge Management and Learning) Program Management (Secretariat, oversight of 2,539,482 windows/sub accounts) Knowledge Management, Learning & Communications 3,853,698 TOTAL 142,643,436 13,690,151 74,533,437 *Allocated includes funds not yet received, but soft-preferenced for particular areas of work. 34 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Annex 2: Results Framework Development Objective The objective of the Umbrella Facility for Gender Equality is to strengthen awareness, knowledge, and capacity for gender-informed policy making and programs. Outcome: Better gender informed policy making at the country level Alignment with Gender Strategy Output Indicators FY20 / FY19 Number of activities in which new or improved gender data has been produced 71 / 63 or made available Deepening the Country Driven Approach Number of analytical reports covering frontier issues and persistent gaps 184 / 137 More and better data & enhanced Number of case studies on integrating women into business operations 30 / 8 diagnostics Number of impact evaluations providing new evidence (in progress/complete) 131 / 112 Outcome Indicators FY20 / FY19 Number of countries in which policy dialogue has been informed by UFGE 80 / 57 supported evidence, data, and/or analytical work. Developing a better understanding Number of Systematic Country Diagnostics in which understanding of gender 27 / 24 of what works equality gaps has been deepened by drawing on UFGE supported evidence, Regional Gender Innovation Labs data, and/or analytical work. Outcome: Improved design of operations and programs Alignment with Gender Strategy Output Indicators FY20 / FY19 Number of Country Partnership Frameworks informed by UFGE activities 32 / 28 Number of dissemination and learning events with task teams. ** Number of projects receiving design, implementation and/or M&E support ** based on UFGE evidence and lessons Deepening the Country Driven Approach Aligning country planning Number of client advisory products developed (IFC) 9/5 Number of tools developed (private sector) 20 / 16 Building on what works Making gender-smart practices the norm Outcome Indicators FY20 / FY19 Number of projects which have applied UFGE funded evidence, data, 170 / 137 analytical work, or approaches Number of private sector companies that incorporate scalable/ 34 / 16 replicable models Outcome: Heightened awareness and demand for gender equality interventions Alignment with Gender Strategy Output Indicators FY20 / FY19 Number of global reports informed by analytical and data work funded 9/8 Number of regional reports informed by analytical and data work funded 10 / 8 Building on what works Number of dissemination and learning events with country ** Better disseminating results stakeholder participation Number of South-south learning exchanges 16 / 12 Outcome Indicators FY20 / FY19 Number of country requests for new or expanded engagement with the WBG 32 / 16 resulting from UFGE work Leveraging partnerships Increasing capacity Number of client advisory requests (IFC) resulting from UFGE work 22 / 20 1 Includes reports, papers, and policy notes published 2 FY19 numbers have been revised as these previously did not include data from Gender Innovation Labs in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. **Numbers not available due to limited consistent data Annexes 35 Annex 3: List of Active Grants Activity Country Start Closing Funding Description (FY) (FY) granted (US$) Sub-Saharan Africa Gender and Youth Benin 2014 2022 506,475 To build the evidence base of interventions Employment to promote employment of girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa. Women’s Participation in Burkina Faso 2017 2021 250,000 Pilot a mobile childcare model to improve Labor Intensive Public Works women’s access to temporary labor-intensive public works and evaluate the program’s effectiveness. LONDO Impact Evaluation Central African 2018 2022 376,041 How does the impact on a household differ Republic depending on whether a woman or a man participates in a public works project? Land Policy Improvement Cote d'Ivoire 2019 2022 1,000,000 What is the impact of a systematic land & Implementation Project certification project on agricultural Impact Evaluation productivity, social cohesion, and household well-being? Does strengthening women's land rights improve bargaining power, income, and marital quality? Youth Employment and Cote d'Ivoire 2019 2022 1,000,000 How do school and community-based Adolescent Girls and Women safe spaces impact sexual reproductive Empowerment health, schooling, employment, and other socioeconomic outcomes for young girls? Impact Evaluation of DRC Democratic 2015 2022 551,777 Evidence on growth poles interventions and Western Growth Poles Republic of Congo mechanisms of reducing gender inequality through these programs. Impact evaluation of DRC Democratic 2020 2021 400,000 Evaluation of impact on farmer’s agricultural SME Development and Republic of Congo yields, profits, food security, and real income. Growth Project This includes any observed changes in the NEW IN allocation of agricultural tasks between men FY20 and women within the household. Innovations in Financing Ethiopia 2020 2022 1,000,000 Pilot and rigorously test the impacts of Women Entrepreneurs (IFWE) innovative, disruptive, and potentially transformative approaches to increase access to finance and provide necessary NEW IN skills and services to about 25,000 female FY20 entrepreneurs. Ghana MSME Investment and Ghana 2015 2021 963,300 Evidence on the effectiveness of different Gender mechanisms of providing capital to female- owned small businesses in greater Accra. Guinea Women Guinea 2018 2021 290,000 Evaluate whether expanding women Entrepreneurship Sector entrepreneurs’ access to information, skills Selection Study and mentoring can increase the number of women who start businesses in more profitable male-dominated sectors. Promoting Young Women's Kenya 2017 2021 230,000 Two complementary evaluations exploring Economic Opportunities gender-differentiated effects of expanding and Empowerment Through youth access to skills and capital by providing Productive Self-Employment cash grants and business development and Entrepreneurship services to youth and cost-effectiveness of a large-scale business plan competition. Kenya Coding Bootcamps Kenya 2018 2021 800,000 Evaluate the impact of improving coding Impact Evaluation recruitment strategies on increasing the number of women applying to coding courses and understanding the impact of coding bootcamps on labor market outcomes for women. 36 UFGE Annual Report 2020 PASEF II Impact Evaluation Madagascar 2018 2021 400,000 Identify gender differences in reliable and secure incomes; constraints to savings; and intrahousehold bargaining power. Impact Evaluation of Mauritania 2020 2022 321,000 Evaluate a family dialogue pilot intervention Mauritania Family Dialog and aiming to transform norms around gender Safety Nets Pilot roles and women’s participation in economic activities. NEW IN FY20 Nigeria APPEAL Women & Nigeria 2019 2022 400,000 Measure impact of teaching technical, Youth IE personal initiative, and negotiation trainings and giving in-kind business grant to women and youth in small and medium scale agribusinesses. Gender and Skills Republic of Congo 2014 2022 792,231 Evaluate the impact of a new job and Development entrepreneurship training program on male and female youth to generate practical and effective solutions to address youth unemployment throughout the region. CHOICES Impact Evaluation Somalia 2018 2022 $370,000 Measuring the impacts of the CHOICES in Somalia training model in increasing gender equality and shifting the attitudes of the boys and girls who participate in the training. CEDP Gender Innovation Lab Uganda 2014 2022 $1,259,493 To inform operations and policies that aim Impact Evaluation to promote how best to secure women's property rights. Impact evaluation of Zambia 2018 2022 $640,000 Assess whether a one-time infusion of Supporting Women's capital (both monetary and human) can Livelihoods (SWL) boost women’s self-employment and increase their incomes more than the cost of the intervention. East Asia & the Pacific Research on Female Cambodia, 2018 2020 290,000 Evidence on the constraints to female Entrepreneurs Operating in Indonesia, Lao entrepreneurs in the region and provide Male-Dominated Sectors PDR, Vietnam, guidance on how to tackle these constraints Timor-Leste by using existing data from a subset of countries in the region. Get2Equal - South East Asia East Asia and 2016 2021 2,289,388 Increase quality of employment and Pacific business leadership opportunities for women, and expand opportunities for female entrepreneurs, using targeted studies and engagement with companies to share solutions and encourage change. EAPGIL: Pillar 2 - East Asia and 2016 2021 2,515,025 Inferential research on intra-household Intervention, Deep Dive Pacific decision making on labor and care, and Research occupational segregation, gender gaps in agricultural productivity, and female entrepreneurship. EAPGIL Inferential Research East Asia and 2016 2020 70,000 Inferential research on intra-household Pacific decision making on labor and care, occupational segregation, gender gaps in agricultural productivity, and female entrepreneurship. Impact Evaluation of the Indonesia 2018 2021 820,000 Evidence on international migration and Desmigratif Program: the choice between documented and Supporting Safe Migration undocumented migration. Annexes 37 Impact Evaluation of Clean Lao People's 2019 2020 413,600 Evidence on how access to modern cooking Cooking Technology Democratic technology impacts women’s time use, labor Republic market activities, and health. Europe & Central Asia Evaluation of a Serbia 2018 2021 150,000 Increase fathers’ involvement in Communication Campaign early childhood development with a on Fathers’ Attitudes and communications campaign aimed at changing Practices in ECD parents’ views and behaviors related to investing time in child stimulation and care. Increasing Access of Women Turkey 2013 2021 3,690,369 Multi-sectoral work on women’s economic to Economic Opportunities opportunities examining barriers to employment such as childcare supply and other work-life policies. Latin America & the Caribbean Improving Human Capital Brazil 2020 2021 180,000 Experimental study in Bahia, Brazil aiming Through Increased to measure the effects of a goal-setting skills Aspirations in Bahia peer-led program on high school students’ NEW IN educational attainment, self-esteem, FY20 aspirations, and teenage pregnancy rates. Enhancing Opportunities Dominican 2017 2021 124,000 Develop a new credit scoring model to through Access to Republic predict characteristics and behaviors of Productive Assets for Female creditworthiness for women and men using Entrepreneurs: Testing machine learning techniques. Gendered Credit Scoring Models Knowledge Management Latin America 2014 2021 820,000 Expand and share operationally relevant knowledge to improve gender equality. Regional knowledge contests targeting government agencies, civil society, and academia and dissemination around agency-related topics. LAC Gender Innovation Lab Latin America 2019 2021 1,000,000 Generate, disseminate and help operationalize evidence-based scalable policy solutions to enhance gender equality in the region. Analysis of Cross-Over: Mexico 2019 2021 290,000 What are the drivers of and barriers to female Promoting Female participation in male-dominated sectors? Entrepreneurship Promoting Female Mexico 2020 2021 140,000 Are soft-skills training and hard managerial Entrepreneurship Through skills training complementary with regard to Rigorous Experiments sectorial barriers and high-potential business NEW IN opportunities? FY20 Middle East & North Africa Assessing the Impact of Arab Republic of 2020 2022 170,000 Evaluating the impact of improved access to Providing Access to Nurseries Egypt and affordability of nurseries on female labor on Female Labor Force force participation in Egypt. Participation NEW IN FY20 Using Digital Technology to Arab Republic of 2020 2021 200,000 A randomized controlled trial encouraging Expand Markets for Female Egypt technology adoption in clothing, prepared Entrepreneurs food, and electronics industries, with a NEW IN significant share of women-led businesses to FY20 overcome market frictions for firm growth. 38 UFGE Annual Report 2020 IRAQ/MGF - Women's Iraq 2020 2022 1,500,000 Technical assistance to the government of Economic Opportunities Iraq to lift legal constraints and normative barriers to women’s access to the work force, NEW IN employment in the private sector, and access FY20 to finance and ownership of agricultural land. JD/MGF - Women's Economic Jordan 2020 2022 1,500,000 Technical assistance to the government of Opportunities Jordan to lift constraints to women’s access. NEW IN FY20 State of the Mashreq Women Jordan, Iraq, 2020 2021 200,000 Report describing the current situation of Flagship Report Lebanon women in Mashreq countries in terms of their access to economic opportunities, as well NEW IN as analyze factors that might lie behind the FY20 observed outcomes. MGF Forcibly Jordan, Iraq, 2020 2021 200,000 Generate new or consolidate employment Displaced Women Lebanon opportunities for displaced women living in the Mashreq through supply/ NEW IN demand activities and supporting the FY20 enabling environment. LEB/MGF - Women's Lebanon 2020 2021 1,500,000 Technical assistance to the government of Economic Opportunities Lebanon to lift constraints to women’s access NEW IN to the work force, providing care services, and FY20 legal reform on sexual harassment. MNA Gender Innovation Lab Middle East and 2019 2021 3,500,000 Generate, disseminate and help North Africa operationalize evidence-based scalable policy solutions to enhance gender equality in the region. Mashreq Conference Middle East and 2020 2021 220,000 High-level conference to elevate the dialogue on Women's Economic North Africa and overall awareness of the importance and Empowerment II benefits of enhanced economic participation NEW IN of women in the Mashreq region. FY20 Evaluating the Impact of Republic of Yemen 2020 2021 150,000 Evaluation of a livestock and productivity SMEPS’ Livestock Program project on 1,100 women livestock breeders on Women’s Empowerment across 70 villages in Yemen whose businesses NEW IN have been negatively affected by the FY20 ongoing conflict. Enhancing Female Tunisia 2020 2021 200,000 Evaluating the impact of a capital injection Entrepreneurship through intervention targeting women entrepreneurs Capital Injections graduating from Labor Intensive Public Works NEW IN in one of the most under- served regions of FY20 rural Tunisia. South Asia SAR GIL IE of the Afghanistan Afghanistan 2020 2021 150,000 Evaluate a community-based pilot Strengthening Women's intervention providing tailored hard and Economic Empowerment soft skills training, business support Project (SWEEP) services, and financial access to poor and vulnerable women in Afghanistan’s rural and peri-urban areas. NEW IN FY20 SAR GIL Afghanistan Afghanistan 2020 2022 150,000 Evaluate the impact of a one-off "big-push" Targeting the Ultra Poor package of transfer of livestock assets, cash consumption stipend, skills training, and coaching on poverty reduction and women’s NEW IN empowerment across 80 villages in the Balkh FY20 province in Afghanistan. Annexes 39 SAR GIL Impact Evaluation Bangladesh 2020 2022 150,000 Evaluates strategies, such as training on of Bangladesh Adolescent sexual harassment and growth mindset, Girls Program for improving school retention and overall well-being, including safety, voice, agency, NEW IN and empowerment of adolescent girls and FY20 boys in Bangladesh. SAR GIL Tejaswini Impact India 2020 2021 150,000 Evaluate the impact of a skills training and Evaluation in India education intervention on secondary school completion and employability outcomes NEW IN of adolescent girls in the state of FY20 Jharkhand in India. Using Safety Technology India 2020 2021 150,000 Test new transport safety technology and to Improve Training evaluate its impact on women's participation Opportunities and in training opportunities and work. Labor Force Participation for Women NEW IN FY20 South Asia Gender South Asia 2019 2021 600,000 Generate, disseminate and help Innovation Lab operationalize evidence-based scalable policy solutions to enhance gender equality in the region. Global/Multi-regional Improving Availability and Cambodia, 2019 2021 2,069,350 Increase availability and quality of individual- Quality of Individual-Level Ethiopia, Nepal, level data on ownership of and rights to Household Survey Data in Tanzania physical and financial assets, work and IDA Countries employment, and entrepreneurship. Digital2Equal World 2019 2021 190,000 Contribute to evidence-based policy recommendations in support of women's ability to participate in the platform economy by documenting the business case and best practices. 40 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Annex 4: List of Closed Grants (2013-2020) Activity Country Start Closing Funding Description (FY) (FY) granted (US$) Sub-Saharan Africa Impact Evaluation of Gender Africa 2014 2017 4,747 Dropped as the evaluation proved infeasible. Norms and Empowerment GIL Africa Regional Report on Africa 2014 2015 92,317 An evidence-based regional policy report Gender and Agriculture drawing on nationally representative micro- econometric evidence from several African countries to uncover the factors that drive productivity gaps between male and female farmers. The findings and recommendations are being implemented and adopted by client countries and World Bank projects. Gender and Private Sector Africa 2014 2020 1,649,366 A number of results from the studies financed Development in Africa by this grant are being used not only in Africa but across the World. The personal initiative training evaluated in Togo has been expanded elsewhere including in DRC, Ecuador, CLOSED Ethiopia, Jamaica, Mauritania, and Mexico, IN FY20 both in World Bank and other partners’ work. Gender-Informed Mobile Africa 2014 2017 899,593 Mobile phone surveys collected high Phone Surveys in Africa frequency and timely gender disaggregated information for pilot countries: Madagascar, Malawi, Senegal, and Togo. A handbook was published entitled Mobile Phone Panel Surveys in Developing Countries: a practical guide for micro data collection. IEs for Gender & Property Africa 2014 2019 61,826 Working paper and journal article on how Rights in AFR improved land tenure for women in Benin led to increased productive investment and widow-headed households could remain in their original dwellings as a result of formalized customary land rights. Africa Regional Africa 2016 2019 397,385 The report, Profiting from Parity: Unlocking Report on Gender and the Potential of Women’s Businesses in Africa, Entrepreneurship proved to be at the cutting edge of research on female entrepreneurship, and has more than 10,000 online downloads. The report received substantial media coverage and has influenced at least 15 WBG projects. Gender Innovation Africa 2014 2020 6,291,445 Administration and governance of the Africa Lab - Governance Gender Innovation Lab. CLOSED IN FY20 What Works for Girls' Africa 2018 2019 113,727 Review of 270 educational interventions Education - The Missing from 177 studies in 54 low- and middle- Evidence income countries and their impacts on girls, regardless of whether the interventions specifically target girls. Impact Evaluation of Gender Burundi 2014 2017 82,646 Dropped as the evaluation proved infeasible. Norms and Empowerment in Burundi Gender and Employment in Cote d'Ivoire 2014 2020 761,333 A direct-deposit commitment savings account Cote d'Ivoire enabled workers to convert productivity increases into private savings which cannot be accessed by others. In the first phase, workers increased their labor productivity and earnings by ten percent, which translates CLOSED into an eighteen percent increase for workers IN FY20 who opened an account. Annexes 41 Deepening the Jobs Impact Democratic 2018 2020 204,895 Men and women assigned to incentivized of the Public Works Programs Republic of Congo savings groups had increased savings, lower through Capital Injection and debts levels and higher employment levels, Social Network Stimulation: compared to their counterparts in other A Randomized Control Trial treatment groups or the control group, and in Eastern DRC (UFGE) the impacts were larger for women. CLOSED IN FY20 Impact Evaluation of Democratic 2014 2015 111,086 The experimental impact evaluation examines DRC PARRSA Republic of Congo the project's regeneration of the market for improved seeds, the diffusion of improved farming practices through agricultural extension, and the improvement of rural roads infrastructure, specifically analyzing how male and female farmers learn about new technologies and access markets. Gender and Technology Ethiopia 2014 2017 26,723 Dropped as the evaluation proved infeasible. in Selected Agricultural Value Chains IE Women Agricultural Ethiopia 2014 2019 1,185,443 Evaluation of WALN, a business training, Leaders Project mentoring, and networking program targeted at high-potential women entrepreneurs in five regions of Ethiopia. It aims to increase business performance and community leadership of participating women by improving their business skills, self- confidence and business networks. Gender and Wage Ethiopia 2015 2020 454,935 Findings suggest industrial parks can provide Employment in Ethiopia a better earning potential for workers, compared to work opportunities that young female jobseekers typically hold. In addition, simple supports to facilitate the job application process can have large impacts on applicant success rates in finding employment, and their earnings potential. The work is likely to influence policy dialogue in Ethiopia since it is being intensively disseminated with government counterparts CLOSED by the Gender Innovation Policy Initiative IN FY20 for Ethiopia. Evidence for Addressing the Ghana, 2014 2017 136,878 Dropped as the evaluation proved infeasible. Gender Gap in Agriculture in Mozambique, Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Gender and Access to Guinea 2014 2017 21,584 Dropped as the evaluation proved infeasible. Finance in Guinea Gender and Property Rights Kenya 2014 2019 339,345 Dropped as the evaluation proved infeasible. in Kenya Impacts of Microfranchising Kenya 2015 2019 48,894 In the short-term, both the franchise and cash on Young Women in Nairobi grant treatments had significant positive impacts on young women's lives, with substantial increases in women's income. In the long term women who participated in the program were more likely to be self-employed than women who did not participate in the program. A long-term follow-up is ongoing. 42 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Mobile Technologies and Kenya, Tanzania, 2017 2020 497,786 The publication, Mobile Technologies and Digitized Data to Promote Uganda Digitized Data to Promote Access to Finance Access to Finance by Women for Women in Agriculture, provides an in Agriculture overview of digital financial services for female farmers. Three partner companies (DigiFarm in Kenya, Fenix in Uganda, and MyAgro in Tanzania) adopted new approaches CLOSED and a lessons learned publication is IN FY20 forthcoming. Economic Empowerment of Liberia 2013 2017 3,550,000 The project revealed that literacy and Adolescent Girls and Young numeracy is critical. The project also revealed Women, Round 3 Activities the psychological, social, and financial needs of adolescent girls and young women during the Ebola crisis. The project informed the country's Education Sector Plan, particularly on female vulnerability. Liberia EPAG Supervision Liberia 2013 2017 49,287 Evidence on the particular psychological, social, and financial needs of adolescent girls and young women during the Ebola crisis. Gender and Empowerment Liberia 2014 2019 904,874 Evaluation of a 12-month employment in Liberia program with 6 months of classroom training and 6 months of follow-up support for adolescent girls. Agricultural Inputs Liberia 2014 2017 12,197 Dropped as the evaluation proved infeasible. and Gender Cash for Change in Madagascar 2017 2020 195,000 The work supported by the grant provided Southern Madagascar critical insights into the development of a social welfare and nutrition project called “FIAVOTA” (which means “assistance” in the southern local dialect), implemented in order to assist households in the districts most affected by the 2016 drought, particularly regarding extreme poverty and food insecurity in the south of the country. Based on promising results to date, including from results of the work financed by the UFGE grant, the Government of Madagascar has decided to consolidate the cash transfer program in Southern Madagascar and bring it into the fold of Madagascar’s overall safety CLOSED net system, with a transition in focus from IN FY20 emergency response to resilience. Enhancing Women’s Market Mozambique 2016 2018 246,016 This agricultural extension intervention is Access in Agribusiness one of the first to combine traditional training on farming best practices with innovative psychology-based training aimed at fostering an entrepreneurial mindset. IE of Supporting Vulnerable Nigeria 2014 2019 1,298,162 The evaluation showed that cash transfers to Households project in women in extremely vulnerable households Nigeria had an immediate, positive impact: women were more likely to work, and the entire household ate more food, more regularly, and diversified their diet. These results were embedded into the Nigerian Government’s design of their national livelihoods and cash transfer program. Annexes 43 Adolescent Empowerment Sierra Leone 2014 2020 1,073,285 Results show how policy interventions can be and Livelihoods effective even in times of aggregate shocks, and highlights how the lack of safe spaces in low-empowerment contexts such as Sierra Leone is a key channel through which CLOSED aggregate crisis damage the economic lives IN FY20 of young women. IE South Africa Skill South Africa 2015 2020 234,272 The use of template reference letters and job Certification & Counselling search action plans led to increases in job offers and hiring, particularly for women. The results influenced the new Supporting Innovations for Youth Employment in South CLOSED Africa and Kenya’s Youth Employment and IN FY20 Opportunities project. IE South Africa Youth Job South Africa 2015 2020 707,614 The intervention indicated higher Search Assistance employment rates, higher earnings, and more accurate beliefs about their skills among work seekers who received a skills certificate. This has been integrated into the offering of the CLOSED South African Western Cape Department IN FY20 of Labor. Gender and Safety Nets South Sudan 2014 2017 200 Dropped as the evaluation proved infeasible. Impact Evaluation in South Sudan Gender and Agricultural Uganda 2014 2020 644,149 The dietary diversity of women and the Technology Adoption youngest child are found to improve during midline; and in agriculture intervention households, young boys are less likely to report a problem with eyesight. However, there is no evidence of any of the interventions having an impact on overall CLOSED household food security, income, or other IN FY20 maternal- and child-health outcomes. Uganda Farm & Family Uganda 2016 2019 707,650 Testing ways to increase women’s Balance Gender Innovation participation in agricultural markets and Lab Impact Evaluation their control over cash crop profits: in-kind incentives to husbands to transfer out grower contracts in the name of their wives, and a couples' intervention. The results suggest that simple encouragement can be an effective tool to nudge men to include their wives in household commercial activities. Impact Evaluation of Uganda, Tanzania, 2014 2018 317,072 The activities under this trust fund have Youth Skills Training South Sudan significantly contributed to strengthening the Programs in Africa evidence base on how to design interventions aimed at empowering adolescents both economically and socially. A policy note on effective interventions has been published and informed adolescent girls programming in several countries. East Asia & the Pacific Effect on Female Knowledge Cambodia 2015 2017 99,846 The impact evaluation showed the maternal and Behavior Towards and child health and nutrition pilot (cash Nutrition from a Maternal transfers) can play a role in achieving and Child Health & Nutrition improved nutrition outcomes, particularly Cash Transfer Pilot among children 0-1, for whom the evaluation observed a reduction in stunting. 44 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Childcare Provision in Cambodia 2018 2020 15,210 The evaluation of factory-based childcare Garment Factories: Impacts was deemed unfeasible, but the initial review on Productivity, Economic revealed regulatory shortcomings which the Empowerment, Early government has committed to strengthening Childhood Development and and identified community-based childcare as Gender Norms a potentially better model; now being tested CLOSED with support from IFC and the World Bank. IN FY20 Banking on Women Cambodia, 2016 2019 777,446 Market study on the specific financial and (BOW) - EAP Indonesia, non-financial needs and opportunities Philippines, for women-owned SMEs in Vietnam. The Vietnam methodology is being used in other regions and informed the Indonesia Country Strategy 2018. Mekong Informal Cambodia, 2014 2015 79,971 Survey of small and informal traders at border Trade Facilitation and Lao People's checkpoints in Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Gender Study Democratic Vietnam. Recommendations informed the Republic dialogue with customs departments in both Lao PDR and Cambodia through ongoing trade programs. Unpacking the Linkages Cambodia, 2017 2019 125,000 Literature review, secondary data analysis, Between Women’s Lao People's qualitative data collection on linkages Endowments, Economic Democratic between women’s economic activities, Opportunity, and Republic endowments, and malnutrition. Malnutrition Improved Employment Cambodia, 2018 2019 121,937 An in-depth understanding of key constraints for Women in Cambodia: Lao People's to improved employment for women in Constraints and Democratic Cambodia as well as recommendations Opportunities Republic, for addressing these constraints in existing Myanmar policies and programs. Gender Dimensions of China 2014 2016 99,028 Study, titled Gender Dimensions of Collective Collective Forest Tenure Forest Tenure Reform in China, found women Reform in China are disadvantaged in the reform process. The survey of 3,500 households in seven provinces shows 95 percent of the land tenure certificates are signed by male heads of households. The study identifies income generating options for women in the forestry and related sectors, and recommends policy actions to improve the property rights, income security, and status of women in the rural areas. Gender Impacts of Intelligent China 2015 2017 82,323 Study showed intelligent transport systems Transport Systems contribute to bridging the gender gaps in transportation, enhancing satisfaction with public transport and providing greater safety for female riders. Meeting Needs for Long- China 2016 2018 196,393 Findings informed the design of aged care Term Care and Implications projects in Anhui ($110m) and Guizhou for Female Labor Supply: ($350m), emphasizing sustainable delivery Evidence from Anhui and financing models for home- and province in China community-based care. They also informed IFC dialogue on eldercare in China and led to acknowledgement of how formal care increases female labor force participation and the importance of professionalization of care for women's wages and job prospects in China's Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) and Country Partnership Framework (CPD). Annexes 45 Gender Dimensions of China, Vietnam 2014 2017 94,402 The studies help understand the dynamics Urbanization: Generating of how men and women experience lessons learned from China different changes in terms of income, job and Vietnam opportunities, access to social services and information. Rural Accessibility Mapping China, Vietnam 2017 2019 120,909 An open-source platform to evaluate efficacy of World Bank projects on rural accessibility to include gender-specific indicators on access to financial services, markets, jobs, and maternal health clinics. Regional Funding for East Asia and 2014 2020 606,263 The grant’s piloted code of conduct In-Country Capacity Building Pacific informed the Bank’s Good Practice Note on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse. Over 20 WB investment projects participated in south- CLOSED south learning on good practices in urban IN FY20 and transport sectors. Female Labor Force East Asia and 2014 2016 125,440 New care research informed the report Live Participation and Care Pacific Long and Prosper and a book on China Aged Care. Informed public dialogue on aging and long-term care in China, which has resulted in a lending request for the China Anhui Aged Care System Demonstration Project, and a planned multi-province PforR operation on aged care in China. EAPGIL Governance and East Asia and 2016 2020 194,691 Governance and administration of the EAP Administration Pacific Gender Innovation Lab. CLOSED IN FY20 Improving Maternal Health Indonesia 2014 2017 93,132 Service Delivery Survey of private maternal in Indonesia health providers consisting of maternity clinics and midwife practices, in the 64 districts prioritized by the government. Data was used to inform the preparation of I-sphere project. Findings were shared at a stakeholder forum for the evidence summit to reduce MMR in Indonesia. Aspirations and Indonesia 2018 2020 787,236 The grant generated evidence about how Career Choices socioemotional skills learning may close gender gaps in human capital. It feeds into ongoing dialogue between the World Bank and the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture on the development of CLOSED socioemotional skills among IN FY20 lower-secondary students. Promoting Agent Banking Indonesia 2018 2020 528,123 The evaluation found convincing evidence in Indonesia that alleviating skills constraints in the presence of agent banking can support women’s business development and agency in Indonesia. The business and financial literacy training and mentoring program led to a 15.2% increase in women’s profits and CLOSED increased women’s decision-making authority IN FY20 over household purchases. 46 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Generating Evidence on Lao People's 2014 2016 59,521 Three policy notes and a consultation Supply-Side Capacity to Democratic workshop on healthcare in Lao PDR. Informed Inform the National Free Republic the design of the Health Governance and Maternal and Child Nutrition Development Project, preparations Health Policy for SCD, and other analytical work in Lao PDR. IE of Laos Road Lao People's 2019 2020 609,975 The research suggests that though men Maintenance Groups Democratic and women both benefit from better roads, Republic women benefit less than men, and points to CLOSED complementary programming as a way to IN FY20 improve benefits for women. Stopping Gender-Based Mongolia 2014 2016 76,931 A Men’s Strength Survey on male attitudes Violence by Engaging and behaviors on issues like childcare, and with Men the drivers of adverse outcomes (e.g., GBV, alcoholism, school dropout). A national media campaign along with community outreach was rolled out and was well received with requests to replicate the campaign at the provincial levels. The campaign also led to the inclusion of specific activities targeting men and boys in the National Gender Action Plan 2016-2021. Constraints Underlying Mongolia 2016 2017 92,970 The study contributed to a significant public Gender Disparities in dialogue in Mongolia, leading to improved Mongolia’s Labor Market: design of the Mongolia Employment Support Launch of a Piloted Project and request for an impact evaluation Qualitative Tool on childcare. The study methodology is being used in Cambodia, Malaysia, the Solomon Islands, and Vietnam. Child Care and Female Labor Mongolia 2018 2020 196,691 The study showed that in addition to positive Market Outcomes: Evidence impacts on mothers’ wages and employment, on What Works from a public childcare also significantly increased Rigorous Impact Evaluation fathers’ hourly wage. The study provided advice to the Municipality of Ulaanbaatar on the need for further expansion of the program to cover the high demand. The grant also funded a future paper, which will examine the correlation of outcomes with the quality CLOSED of kindergartens, lessons that will inform IN FY20 dialogue on early childhood education. Board Gender Diversity Myanmar 2016 2019 323,330 IFC Corporate Governance team launched the Board Gender Diversity in ASEAN study on June 27 in Jakarta. The study provides extensive research on the current state of board diversity in ASEAN countries (plus China) and, among other things, draws interesting correlations between diversity and performance. Analyzing Forced Myanmar 2017 2019 37,094 Analytical work on both the Thai and Displacement in EAP: Myanmar sides has been undertaken to Opportunities & Challenges identify knowledge gaps with respect to to Supporting Myanmar return of Myanmar refugees from Thailand. Refugees Returning The findings of this work have informed the from Thailand design of the Inclusion and Peace Lens (IPL) in Myanmar, which is used to screen all new proposed investment operations, and which the social development team administers. Annexes 47 Gender Based Violence Papua New Guinea 2016 2017 149,273 Research on how women in urban settings in Urban PNG: Improving deal with experiences of violence; strategies, Knowledge, Evaluation and networks of support and pathways of resort. Interventions The research has informed policy dialogue at the country level on how best to deal with the devastating levels of GBV, including how to support the role out of the Family and Sexual Violence Act. The research has provided much needed granular knowledge about how these issues are currently being dealt with within urban settlements. Comprehensive Agrarian Philippines 2018 2020 738,537 The grant made significant contributions Reform Program IE to the measurement of intra-household decision-making by identifying reasons behind spousal disagreement on survey questionnaires and designing and testing new measures of intra-household decision- making. Lessons on ways to improve the process of parcelizing collective land titles are being scaled up under the World Bank- CLOSED financed Support to the Parcelization of IN FY20 Lands for Individual Titling project. CCTs, Women's Philippines 2019 2020 508,916 Analysis is ongoing on whether benefitting Empowerment and Agency from the Philippines CCT program “Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program” during the transition to adolescence leads to CLOSED long term empowerment in the social IN FY20 and economic realms. Hem No Leit Tumas: Evidence Solomon Islands 2014 2014 35,750 Study on improving outcomes through the for Improved Outcomes in women’s literacy program in Solomon Islands. Solomon Islands Women's Informed policy dialogue and led to the Literacy Programs government to allocate more funds towards Adult Literacy Programs. Pacific Gender Indicators Solomon Islands 2014 2015 26,096 Gender gaps in the Solomon Islands fishing in Fisheries sector. Informed IFC engagement with SolTuna and additional analytical work. Enhancing Women’s Skills Solomon Islands 2018 2020 150,261 The study identified skills gaps, challenges to in the Informal Economy in accessing financial resources, and gender- Solomon Islands related barriers that young women face in generating an income in Solomon Islands. Findings led the CAUSE project to pilot literacy classes for CAUSE participants to enhance the confidence of women participants, training completion rates and results. Furthermore, CLOSED CAUSE has expanded the post-training IN FY20 support services. Situation Assessment for Thailand 2014 2015 69,191 A study and a situational assessment of Men and Youth in Conflict- young and adult men impacted by conflict in affected Areas in southern Thailand. Informed the Expanding Southern Thailand Community Approaches in Conflict Situations project in Thailand. Expanding Knowledge Timor Leste 2018 2019 96,448 A new visual tool to identify areas of poverty on Gender Gaps in and gender inequality down to the village Timor Leste Using level. This data and the associated maps Gender-Disaggregated Data enable government, civil society and development partners to pinpoint areas where development outcomes are lagging, highlighting gender gaps in access to economic activities, education, health, and power and agency. They reveal that female disadvantages in education and high levels of domestic violence against women are higher in poorer areas of Timor-Leste. 48 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Making Resettlement Vietnam 2016 2017 192,647 Developed a toolkit for integrating gender Gender Informed: Handling dimensions into development-induced land the Intersections Between acquisition and resettlement processes Practitioners, Policy Makers in Vietnam. and Development Partners Non–Experimental Impact Vietnam 2017 2019 108,106 Evaluation of the Third Rural Transport Evaluation with a Gender Project to inform future operations Focus of the Third Rural and increase client demand for Transport Project in Vietnam gender-smart operations. Europe & Central Asia Life in Transition Survey III Europe and Central 2015 2016 211,096 The survey pilot revealed that the adding Asia gender-relevant questions/modules were applicable across a large geographical and cultural space spanning the entire Europe and Central Asia region. The survey data is expected to inform both SCD and CPF in the ECA region, as well as contribute to gender assessments, and analyses of labor markets and poverty. Land and Leadership Albania, Bosnia 2013 2014 115,793 Two working papers and three regional and Herzegovina, conferences to design and present country Kosovo, North action plans to improve women’s land rights Macedonia, in six countries in the Western Balkans. Montenegro, Serbia Informed policy dialogue and World Bank Group-financed land administration projects in the region and created new demand to address gender and property rights in the Western Balkans. Land and Gender - Improving Albania, Bosnia 2014 2016 43,793 Sex-disaggregation of property data in Data Availability and Use in and Herzegovina, seven countries in the Western Balkans. the Western Balkans Kosovo, North The grant influenced the project design of Macedonia, a new land administration project in Serbia Montenegro, Serbia and standardized reporting on gender disaggregated data. Improving Gender Data in the Albania, Bosnia 2018 2019 125,427 Report on the gender norms of Roma and Regional Roma Survey and Herzegovina, non-Roma men and women in marginalized Kosovo, North neighborhoods of Serbia, and the impact Macedonia, of these norms on schooling, work, and Montenegro, Serbia household decision-making. Gender Evaluation of Child Armenia 2014 2018 16,890 The evaluation of Armenia's policy reform that Related Benefits in Armenia introduced differentiated subsidies by birth order to promote fertility found a positive impact on the fertility of women who already had two births and found no heterogeneity in response to the policy by wealth, schooling or residence in rural versus urban area. Armenia’s Wild Harvest Armenia 2017 2020 55,392 The grant financed a pilot to promote and Value Chain develop women’s economic outcomes in the wild-harvest sector through collaboration with the Armenian Young Women’s Association. It sought to improve entrepreneurial skills and enhance value- chain participation, and provide policy support to the Ministryof Agriculture to improve the wild-harvest sector’s regulatory CLOSED environment and include more women in IN FY20 formal decision making. Annexes 49 Missing Girls in the South Armenia, 2013 2015 139,187 Working paper and knowledge brief Caucasus Azerbaijan, Georgia published with findings and lessons on how to tackle norms and behaviors related to son preference and to promote gender equality and the value of girls. Informed Georgia SCD and CPF and a follow-up behavioral intervention campaign requested by client to tackle son –preference. Gender Sensitivity in Energy Armenia, Belarus, 2014 2015 195,192 Report and toolkit to understand social issues Investments Bulgaria, Croatia, in energy tariff and subsidy reforms in ECA. the Kyrgyz Informed policy dialogue in Kyrgyz Republic Republic, Romania, and Belarus, and the preparatory process Tajikistan, Turkey for SCDs in Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine. Informed eight country-level PSIAs, and WBG projects. Report and key findings are also part of a WBG Open Learning Campus Institute’s e-Course on Gender and Energy, and informed a regional report, titled Adapting to Higher Energy Costs. Promoting Gender Equality Bosnia and 2013 2020 2,085,850 The grant financed a large body of analytical in the Western Balkans Herzegovina, work on care services, labor market inequality Kosovo, North and associated productivity losses, skills Macedonia, Serbia mismatch and barriers to mobility. The findings have been used in country policy dialogue and contributed to the Bank’s CLOSED first-ever gender development policy IN FY20 loan in Albania. Jobs and Shared Prosperity Bosnia and 2014 2017 99,670 The qualitative methodology developed in ECA: A Gender Lens Herzegovina, and applied in this regional study provides North Macedonia, innovative and valuable analysis both at Georgia, the regional level, but also in terms of the Kazakhstan, broader global agenda on economic mobility Kosovo, Kyrgyz and jobs. The work was used for analytical Republic, Serbia, products (e.g. employment strategy and SCD Tajikistan, Turkey in Kyrgyzstan, poverty and equity work in the Western Balkans, ECA Care work, upcoming ECA Social Contract flagship, etc.), operations (e.g. Gender DPL, Kazakhstan youth project etc.), and Kosovo CPF consultations at the World Bank. Addressing Behavioral Bulgaria 2016 2018 48,782 Empowerment pathways for Roma girls and and Social Norms to Train, women and their families to make strategic Educate and Empower Roma decisions on education. The grant led to an Girls in Bulgaria early design of a behavioral intervention to boost aspirations. ECAGEN Database Europe and 2013 2018 140,742 A searchable database of harmonized Central Asia microdata on gender dimensions of poverty and shared prosperity to support meaningful diagnostics by those working on Systematic Country Diagnostics, lending projects and results frameworks. Gender Aging and Care Issues Europe and 2014 2016 84,787 Working paper on the role of informal in ECA Central Asia childcare and eldercare in aging societies in ECA. Main findings included in regional report on aging titled, Golden Aging: Prospects for Healthy, Active, and Prosperous Aging in Europe and Central Asia. Research and methodology informed RAS’ in Estonia, Poland, and Chile, the SCD and CPF in Serbia. Informed policy dialogue on the expansion of childcare services in Kosovo, and aging and care in Poland. 50 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Beyond Women in STEM Europe and Central 2016 2019 149,207 Examination of women’s participation in STEM Fields: Gender Differences in Asia fields of study and sectors of employment in Fields of Study and the Labor Europe and Central Asia, including causes of Market in ECA gender gaps and effective interventions to address them. Strengthening the Gender Europe and Central 2017 2019 149,763 Evidence on gender-specific issues related Lens in Building the Asia to inflow and integration of migrants and Evidence Base on Refugees refugees in Europe to inform policymaking. and Migrants in the European Union Can Communication Georgia 2016 2019 204,202 Study on attitudes related to son preference, Campaigns Change Son perceived value of daughters, and sex Preference and Raise Value of selection in Georgia, and a communication Daughters? Evidence from a campaign to change prevailing attitudes. Pilot in Georgia New Technology to Record Kosovo 2016 2017 125,340 Support to the national cadastral agency to Property Rights integrate use of technology into the national registration program and legal support to families to complete the complicated inheritance and other legal procedures with the court. The results on the use of the new technology are also being used as case studies for the World Bank Big Data Briefs and a forthcoming WB "Emerging Technology for Land Administration" report. Women’s Economic Kosovo 2017 2019 59,281 Study on barriers to women’s economic Empowerment in Kosovo empowerment and policy advice on how to improve design and implementation of skills formation and intermediation services. Impact of Productive Kosovo 2018 2020 59,862 A report “Gender inclusion in productive Investments on the Inclusion investments in the Western Balkans” and of Women in Agriculture two briefs were prepared. They succinctly present the findings on how selection criteria and preconditions potentially disadvantage farming women and how statistics and survey data can be improved to highlight the contribution of women in farming. Findings CLOSED are being disseminated and are likely to IN FY20 influence projects in the region. Exploring Gender Norms in Kyrgyz Republic 2016 2018 77,606 The study complements a recent nation- Kyrgyz Republic wide survey by UN Women and the UNFPA. The study explored the dynamics of gender norms following the political and economic transition in Central Asia and generated new information about norms and behaviors governing the practice of bride kidnapping and women's participation in local decision making. Busting the Labor Supply - Poland 2017 2018 56,086 Analysis of labor market incentives for family Fertility Trade-Off in Poland. benefits and the long-term care system Towards a More Gender- showed labor supply constraints are only Sensitive Design of Child likely to get worse in the future absent policy Care Services and Subsidies action on family and Long-Term Care benefits. It also showed Poland's 500+ family program, while reducing child poverty, creates severe labor market disincentives, especially for women. Findings led to high-level policy dialogue with the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister in Poland, and have been published in the paper Can Mothers Afford to Work in Poland? The findings formed part of recommendations set forth by the European Commission for Poland which led to increased government financing for childcare. Annexes 51 Gender Innovation in Private Russian Federation 2014 2016 149,768 A report on female entrepreneurs and access Sector Finance to finance in Russia. Report was meant to support a potential IFC project on women entrepreneurs in Russia but due to the geopolitical environment, the project was cancelled, and the dissemination efforts of the UFGE-funded grant were curbed. Gender Informed Road Serbia 2014 2018 206,559 The global road safety and gender review Safety Strategies conducted led to development of a gender- informed Road Safety Action Plan approved by the Government of Serbia in 2016. It also led to improvement of the country's crash database and data collection tools to include gender-disaggregated data. The grant also supported piloting of gender sensitive road safety actions for adolescent students in secondary schools that are cost effective and scalable. Roma Adolescents - Serbia 2014 2015 22,233 Study on the situation of Roma adolescent Qualitative Research boys and girls, compared to Serbian youth. Serbia Access to Justice for Serbia 2014 2015 27,000 Review of access to justice which informed Poor Women and Men policy dialogue in Serbia and informed the government's Chapter 23 Action Plan for EU accession. Youth in Central Asia: Tajikistan 2017 2019 195,660 Study to understand prevalence of male Development Approaches to and female youth exclusion and linkages Prevent Extremism to extremism. Gender Employability and Turkey 2014 2019 92,587 Study on the role of behavioral skills and Soft Skills conscious or unconscious labor market discrimination in Europe and Central Asia. PREM Expertise - Turkey Turkey 2014 2017 309,631 Multi-sectoral work on women’s economic Women’s Access to Economic opportunities examining barriers to Opportunities employment such as childcare supply and other work-life policies. A Profiling of Employment Turkey 2014 2015 34,974 Policy note and modeling tool to profile Services Beneficiaries in job seekers, with a focus on women, and to Armenia and Turkey with a provide them better assistance. The new Focus on Female Workers modeling tool was delivered to the Public Employment Services of Turkey. Diagnostic of Rural Women's Uzbekistan 2016 2017 149,994 Research providing a more nuanced Empowerment in Uzbekistan understanding of the opportunities and constraints women face in developing new income generating initiatives both in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors in rural Uzbekistan. As a follow-up, the Uzbekistan Women's Committee requested assistance in conducting value chain analysis and training for women-led business in eight most depressed districts of Uzbekistan. Finding from the report also informed the design of Jobs and Skills for Modern Economy Project. 52 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Latin America & the Caribbean Gender-Smart Interventions Argentina 2017 2018 119,999 Four municipal employment offices (MEO) in Employment Programs for adopted new inclusion measures for women NEET Youth and LGBTI participants, including offering childcare services on site, and/or monetary compensation for childcare. The Ministry of Labor is working to scale this pilot in 10 MEOs in urban centers. Changing Odds Among Argentina 2017 2019 122,830 The piloted public-school curriculum for Vulnerable Teenage Girls improving self-esteem and educational and by Promoting Goal setting labor aspirations led to increases in school and Preventing Unplanned enrollment among teenage girls in vulnerable Pregnancies communities, along with an increase in the use of contraception and general health services. Women’s Mobility in Argentina, Brazil, 2017 2019 119,947 A qualitative study of the large metropolitan LAC cities Peru regions of Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, and Lima that helps practitioners, companies and municipalities think beyond infrastructure improvements to improve women’s mobility. Advancing Gender Agency Argentina, 2014 2016 149,628 Published report, Roads to Agency, which in LAC: Experiences from the Nicaragua, Peru informed the policy dialogue in Nicaragua and Transport Sector strengthened the design of a follow-up project titled Rural and Urban Access Improvement Project in Nicaragua. Understanding Agency Bolivia 2014 2015 118,157 Perception survey on gender and ethnicity in by Measuring Women’s Bolivia which informed public dialogue, WBG Perception on Exclusion and country engagements instruments SCD, and Discrimination a regional flagship report on Indigenous Latin America in the Twenty-First Century. Expanding Women’s Brazil 2014 2016 103,597 Assessment of productive value chains among Agency through Productive 32 organizations based on an adaptation of Inclusion in Rural Areas at IFPRI’s Women Empowerment in Agriculture Northeast Brazil Index (WEAI) framework. Urban Mass Transport: Brazil 2014 2017 145,792 The grant supported development and Gender Agency and Inclusion implementation of 40 electronic information (Via Lilas Program) kiosks in SuperVia stations and Barcas (ferries) with information on how women could seek support for gender-based violence. The grant also supported a training course for public transport employees aimed at raising awareness of and addressing violence against women in public transportation. Strengthening Sub-national Brazil 2017 2019 119,652 In response to a request from Piaui’s Government Capacity government, a community-based model to Promote Economic was piloted in two municipalities with UFGE Empowerment and Prevent support. The pilot developed a toolkit for Violence Against Women community-level activism, engaging with men and young people to strengthen prevention of violence against women and girls. With resources from the Piaui Pillars of Growth and Social Inclusion project, the state government will fund the expansion of training activities to additional municipalities, and the development of systematized lessons learned about the entire process. Annexes 53 Expanding Women’s Brazil 2017 2018 103,597 Findings suggest that encouraging Agency through Productive the formation of women’s producers’ Inclusion in Rural Areas of organizations is an effective way to stimulate Northeast Brazil women’s empowerment as well as for targeting resources to female producers who do not generally benefit from the same level of access to agricultural inputs as male producers. The project team is also working closely with the State (Rio Grande do Norte) Secretariat of Education to make training materials available for pedagogical activities in state schools to educate children and youth on gender issues. Women’s Economic Colombia 2017 2018 119,973 A profile of caregivers and households that Empowerment: Challenges could benefit from the provision of care of the Care Economy in services as part of a national care system Colombia being developed by the government. The grant also supported a stocktaking of existing public programs and services (cash transfers, incentives) addressing the different needs of households with dependents. The work will be used in continued dialogue with Colombia's new government and the methodology can be replicated elsewhere in the region. Text Me Maybe! Peer-to-Peer Ecuador 2014 2015 63,553 Impact evaluation, data collection, and Sexual Education and Mobile report. Informed country dialogue about Texting to Reduce The Risk of teenage pregnancy. Led to the Chimborazo Teenage Pregnancy Development Investment Project to adopt an SMS component to improve children’s nutrition; and a project by the municipality of Quito to adopt the peer-to-peer component to work on social issues of at- risk youth. Expanding Labor Market El Salvador 2014 2016 47,489 Qualitative evaluation of the El Salvador Opportunities of Women in Temporary Income Support Program (PATI), El Salvador which combined income support with training targeting women. The evaluation focused on the role of these interventions in promoting women’s agency. Lessons led to changes such as integrated support for childcare to address constraints to women’s participation. Migration and Women’s Guatemala 2014 2015 108,555 Study on the impacts of male-out Agency in Agriculture: The migration on agriculture and women’s Case of Central America agency in Guatemala. Tackling Teenage Pregnancy Guatemala 2017 2020 14,892 Project was canceled. in Guatemala CLOSED IN FY20 Haiti Adolescent Girls Haiti 2013 2015 581,211 Impact evaluation, report, and videos on a Initiative pilot program aimed to foster labor market opportunities for young women in Haiti. Informed the LAC regional gender strategy and the SCD about jobs for vulnerable groups, gender gaps, and GBV. Informed country dialogue on issues, such as youth inclusion, skill-development, and labor market programs. 54 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Piloting the Delivery of Haiti 2014 2015 121,079 A study of the Adolescent Girl Initiative Agency in Haiti pilot in Haiti, which fostered labor market opportunities for young women. The grants supported context-customized modules with content on self-esteem, aspirations, empowerment, and other soft skills, which were delivered through workshops held at community organizations. Findings revealed both extremely high and substantively constrained aspirations of young women. The project reduced these constraints and the beneficiaries revealed higher aspirations. Using Innovative Haiti 2017 2019 123,981 Behavioral diagnostic found that in addition Mechanisms in the Health to structural barriers and the inadequate Sector to Reduce Gender quality of care services, behavioral biases Inequalities and Enhance and perceptions deter pregnant women from Economic Opportunities seeking medical care because they expect to for Women be received poorly at clinics and hospitals. As a result, the Ministry of Public Health and Population is developing a policy to better integrate traditional birth attendants in the healthcare system and develop training and support to enhance safety of the deliveries they assist as part of a new health project. Testing Evidence-Based Honduras 2014 2016 109,444 Published a global review of community- Approaches to Foster based interventions to address intimate- Collective Action in partner violence. The well-known SASA! Addressing Intimate intervention was adapted to the LAC Partner Violence context and was adopted by the Safer Municipalities Project. Developing Gender Data Mexico 2016 2019 349,809 A new data analytics tool gives valuable Analytics in LAC insights to banks on their performance with women customers, assisting in the design of value propositions to reduce the financial gender gap. Initially, the tool was used by financial institutions in South America. Mobility and Access to Mexico 2017 2020 123,425 To help the city improve public transportation Economic Opportunities in safety, the World Bank developed a Mexican Cities methodology for calculating the social cost of sexual harassment in public transport. In Mexico City, analytical work will likely inform design of new projects under the country’s Infrastructure Finance Vehicle (FONADIN 2.0) umbrella program, including the use CLOSED of gender audits as a standard practice for IN FY20 transport sub-projects. Economic Empowerment of Panama 2017 2020 123,814 A demand and supply study of indigenous Indigenous Women women's economic empowerment in Panama as well as a pilot intervention that strengthened the ecosystems for indigenous women in four communities through soft skills training and other issues critical to enable and support women to build their community women's agency, confidence and CLOSED capacity to become economic actors. The IN FY20 grant also established four community banks. Annexes 55 Developing a Model for St. Lucia 2014 2015 87,719 A gender-informed household demand Gender-Inclusive Climate assessment and a marketing strategy Adaptation Finance published in the Operations Manual of Climate Adaptation Finance Facility (CAFF). Capacity building for the Central Statistics Office in St. Lucia. Informed the design of a national survey on climate change adaptation and the development of an outreach plan to finance household upgrades. Informed the CAFF component of the Saint Lucia Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project. Evaluating the Impact St. Lucia, Grenada 2017 2018 119,999 A tourism, gender and competitiveness of the Non-All-Inclusive survey was developed and conducted among versus All-Inclusive Tourism employers and employees in St. Lucia and Development Grenada to look at the different experiences of men and women in two models of tourism, all-inclusive and non all-inclusives. The report finds women represent most of the employees and managers in the hotel industry in St. Lucia and Grenada. Yet, women still face significant disadvantages compared to men, finding evidence of occupational segregation and a gender compensation gap. Middle East & North Africa Socio-Economic Mobility Arab Republic 2018 2020 138,275 The qualitative study supported by this Across Genders and of Egypt grant has provided a nuanced and a deeper Generations in Egypt: The understanding of how men and women, Role of Jobs and Resilience young and old, experience macroeconomic shocks, juxtaposed against their own individual shocks, and changes in life situation. This understanding will be useful in guiding policy dialogue on social mitigation policies in Egypt. Civil Legal Aid for Women Jordan 2014 2018 199,531 The grant helped the Justice Center for Legal Aid build capacity in designing and implementing quantitative and qualitative surveys. The findings showed that providing legal aid to poor women to resolve legal problems did not end their poverty but did mitigate their poverty situations and provided some increase in agency that could be carried to other aspects of social and economic life. Understanding How Jordan 2017 2018 246,753 Innovative study on the impact of social Changing Gender Norms norms on women’s labor market outcomes Impact Education and in Jordan. Findings informed the design of Employment Outcomes the Jordan First Equitable Growth and Job Creation Programmatic Development Policy Financing. Syrian Refugee Crisis Impact Jordan, Lebanon 2016 2018 272,837 Data on the socio-economic and living conditions of a representative sample of Syrian refugees in Lebanon and Jordan using both quantitative surveys and qualitative fieldwork. 56 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Cooperation Among Middle East and 2017 2019 229,996 The grant led to invaluable data on the Syrian Refugees North Africa socio-economic and living conditions of a representative sample of Syrian refugees in Lebanon and Jordan using both quantitative surveys and qualitative fieldwork. The data was analyzed and used in the main report: "Syrian Refugees and their hosts: Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq." Research techniques and ideas were shared internally with other teams planning qualitative work at the World Bank. Measuring Gender Impacts of Morocco 2014 2017 178,290 The initial findings showed that empowering a Micro-enterprise Project for young women from disadvantaged Disadvantaged Youth backgrounds through economic opportunities is possible. The results of the evaluation have informed the Morocco SCD/CPF process at the World Bank, by highlighting the importance and feasibility of targeting youth from disadvantaged backgrounds. The baseline results of the evaluation have also been shared with the Ministry of Youth in Rabat to inform the ongoing policy dialogue and project preparation of a scale-up project. Morocco Urban Transport Morocco 2015 2017 144,876 The study enhanced the World Bank’s Program - Gender Survey knowledge of the urban transport sectors as it confirmed that women as well as other vulnerable subgroups face the most acute challenges in the transit system of Moroccan cities (particularly in terms of security and safety). It also recommended important actions (CCTV, patrols, etc.) to mitigate these issues. This work is supporting the implementation of the Morocco Urban Transport PforR, a Program-for- Results project. Increasing Women's Morocco 2017 2019 145,754 Increase knowledge of effects of Plan Maroc Economic Opportunities Vert (agri-food productivity project) on Under the Plan Maroc Vert women’s economic opportunities in agri- food sector; identify interventions that have increased women’s economic opportunities; develop recommendations for expansion of successful initiatives. Enterprise Revitalization Republic of Yemen 2014 2017 34,886 Data collection and working paper to and Employment Pilot evaluate a youth internship program in (EREP) in Yemen Yemen. Outbreak for civil war caused the second wave of the internship program to be cancelled—based on the limited data, a paper was published but policy dialogue was not possible. Enhancing Female Tunisia 2017 2019 229,996 Randomized controlled trial of public works Entrepreneurship through program to test effect of additional small Labor Intensive Public Works: business grant given to subsample of former A Randomized Control Trial female participants aiming to strengthen of the Community Works and female leadership and sustain livelihoods Local Participation Project in over long term. Results are pending end-line Rural Tunisia data collection under a separate UFGE grant. Annexes 57 Investigating Gender Tunisia 2017 2020 193,607 A randomized controlled trial to provide Discrimination in the Labor unbiased estimates of whether (and to what Market through a Field extent) gender-based discrimination in Experiment in Tunisia labor markets hinders women’s economic opportunities. The study found that women CLOSED with identical qualifications as men do not IN FY20 have equal chances to find jobs in the IT field. South Asia Impact Evaluation of the Afghanistan 2018 2019 62,938 Evaluate the impact of a skills training and Afghanistan SWEEP education intervention on secondary school completion and employability outcomes of adolescent girls in the state of Jharkhand in India. The evaluation is ongoing under a separate UFGE grant. Women Mobile Bangladesh 2016 2018 350,000 A nationwide market study of 4,000 women, Financial Services to demonstrate the commercial potential of mobile financial services to serve more women and reveal barriers to women’s adoption and use of these services. Findings were used to develop a roadmap to guide private sector providers and other stakeholders, including development institutions and regulators, to better involve women in the sector. Financial Inclusion of Women Bangladesh 2016 2019 240,297 A joint IFC and Bangladesh Bank initiative Ready-Made Garments developed the business case for electronic Workers through Mobile wage payments and helped secure buy-in Financial Services from the mobile financial services (MFS) sector. The result was that between 2016 and 2018, more than 70,000 female garment workers opened mobile financial accounts. This success helped convince the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) and international retail brands to advance the adoption of digital wage payments across the sector. Addressing Barriers to More Bangladesh 2017 2019 92,476 The paper explores constraints women in and Better Jobs Among Low slums and low-income neighborhoods in Income Women Dhaka face. Using unique individual-level data it finds that female labor force participation is higher in low-income neighborhoods and among women with little education, and younger unmarried women. It also finds correlations with soft skills and type of work, need for childcare, as well as safety in public spaces and in the workplace. Stopping Child Marriage in Bangladesh 2017 2019 119,788 A pilot conducted in partnership with the Bangladesh: Developing Ministry of Education targeted the factors a Behavior Change that influence the decision-making process Intervention Using of parents to prevent child marriage. An Social Media accompanying study showed the importance of targeting factors that influence parents’ decisions. 58 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Energy Access and Women’s India 2017 2019 45,472 This paper investigates the link Empowerment between electricity access and women's empowerment. It finds that electrification enhances all measures of women's empowerment and is associated with an 11-percentage point increase in the overall empowerment index. Employment and education are identified as the two most important causal channels through which electrification enables empowerment. Deepening the Analytical India 2014 2018 195,706 Produced several working papers on Foundation for Operations factors that explain low female labor force participation in urban India. Insights from these papers were integrated into a special edition of the World Bank’s India Development Update (IDU), which unpacks why India has the lowest female labor force participation rate in the world. The IDU has been widely disseminated, cited in the media, and shared through different forums, including with the Indian government. Data Driven Insights India 2016 2018 45,321 Findings from the global review of how to Enhancing Women e-commerce platforms support women Entrepreneurship and and entrepreneurship revealed that access Access to Finance Through to finance is a key constraining factor, with E-Commerce more than 80% of women entrepreneurs interviewed quoting issues in accessing financing through informal sources. Stringent collateral requirement, continuity of business, and digital comfort were also identified as key challenged faced by women entrepreneurs. DIME Edutainment and Mass India 2017 2018 49,635 The impact evaluation workshop on Media BCC IE Workshop in entertainment education brought together Gender & Development media producers (e.g. MTV, BBC, Discovery), development partners (e.g. DFID, Gates and Ford foundations), policy makers, and project teams interested in developing edutainment research projects, especially in the gender and GBV space. The workshop also launched two social media impact evaluations, which will be among the first to study the effectiveness of GBV edutainment interventions delivered online. Pilot Impact Evaluation India 2017 2019 45,111 Impact evaluation of series of WEvolve online of Online Intervention entertainment-education products that aim against GBV to change social norms and behaviors regarding gender and GBV. Final results are forthcoming in FY21. Urban Transport and Gender: India 2018 2019 124,707 Identify and evaluate barriers to and A case study of Mumbai opportunities for women’s access to and use of urban transportation and implications for female economic empowerment and agency in urban India by expanding data and evidence. Report is forthcoming in FY21. Annexes 59 Youth, Gender and ICT Nepal 2014 2016 196,754 The grant resulted in the development Program in SAR of the Nepal FightVAW (Violence Against Women) platform, which introduced a helpline and full-fledged case management system to improve response to GBV based on ideas generated during a Hackathon. The platform is now being scaled up in four districts of Kathmandu through a new project -- Integrated Platform for Gender Based Violence Prevention and Response ($2m) in Nepal. The project will improve the quality and reach of services for GBV response in four districts of Kathmandu through a comprehensive response system with a 24-hour helpline and referral service for better coordination among existing service providers. Women’s Jobs Diagnostic Pakistan 2017 2020 110,949 Analytical studies on female labor force participation in urban Pakistan providing more nuanced analysis of women’s low labor force participation in a way that proves more useful for project teams in designing targeted actions based on income and education levels of women and their households. Findings helped shape legal reform commitments and actions as part of the country’s new $500 million Securing Human Investments to Foster Transformation (SHIFT) policy loan. As a result, the loan now aims to improve legal protection for women homebased workers CLOSED through workers’ bills at the federal and IN FY20 provincial levels. An Evidence-Based Roadmap Pakistan 2018 2019 118,896 The report, Revitalizing Pakistan’s Fisheries, for Female Transformation provides a roadmap for women-led through Small Fish enterprises. It draws on a UFGE-funded Enterprise Solutions background study in June 2018, to in Pakistan recommend that policies for the revitalizing of fisheries substantially benefit poorer households and women. The planned $150 million IDA project Sustainable Aquaculture For Economic Growth And Nutritional Security in Pakistan has taken up these recommendations, including promotion of small-fish aquaculture for nutrition and women-led enterprise development, women’s empowerment in decision making, strengthening the aquaculture postharvest value chain which already has 80-90 percent women participation, and GBV prevention. Conflict and Female Labor Pakistan 2018 2020 42,525 This paper explores the link between the Participation in South Asia prevalence of violent conflicts and extremely low female labor force participation rates in South Asia. The Labor Force Surveys from Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan are merged with the Global Terrorism Database CLOSED to estimate the relationship between terrorist IN FY20 attacks and female labor supply. 60 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Gender Innovation Lab South Asia 2014 2019 1,001,790 Generate, disseminate and help South Asia operationalize evidence-based scalable policy solutions to enhance gender equality in the region. Addressing Gender-Based South Asia 2014 2018 967,450 The work has resulted in an increase in Violence in South Asia the number of projects in the region that include GBV as well as in policy dialogue. GBV activities were integrated in six World Bank operations. In Nepal, the work helped strengthen collaboration with the National Women Commission which led to the preparation of a stand-alone GBV project in the country. An extensive mapping of interventions and programs focused on GBV was conducted and turned into a searchable database on the South Asia gender website. Identifying Constraints Sri Lanka 2017 2018 99,898 The study, identifying constraints to women’s to Women’s Economic economic empowerment in the conflict- Empowerment in the Conflict affected areas of Sri Lanka, found that Affected Areas of Sri Lanka demographic imbalances have contributed to growing vulnerability of women within social institutions, including family, marriage, and the public spheres in the Northern and Eastern Provinces. While the conflict in Sri Lanka ended in 2009, the assessment is directly informing the Bank’s operational engagements in these provinces and have been used in the dialogue with the government for projects currently under preparation. Global/Multi-regional Bootcamps for Female Digital Argentina, 2017 2020 500,000 While the evaluation of the bootcamps is still Employment Colombia, Pakistan, ongoing, participants in the treatment group Kenya indicated that having a women-centered alternative to learn coding influenced their decision to enroll to the program. Anecdotal evidence collected throughout the implementation suggests that targeted amenities offered by the bootcamps – s uch as childcare, professional female mentoring, practical experience, soft-skills CLOSED development – were essential to attracting IN FY20 female participants. Tackling Gender in Brazil, Solomon 2016 2018 196,547 5 business cases of companies that have Agribusiness: Improving Islands, South experienced business benefits as a result of Business, Changing Lives Africa, Vietnam improvements in women’s working conditions or an increase in women’s employment opportunities. The case studies informed the IFC Manufacturing, Agribusiness and Services (MAS) Department’s Gender Strategy Implementation Plan and helped MAS staff identify approaches with agribusiness clients. It also led to the adoption of a new IFC Advisory Services project on women’s employment. Annexes 61 Gender Housing Colombia, India, 2016 2020 369,681 The report, Her Home, provides country- Finance Initiative Kenya specific insights into the barriers women currently face in obtaining housing finance, details the size and nature of women’s housing finance markets, and offers recommendations for policymakers and financial institutions to overcome barriers, improve women’s access to finance, and CLOSED ultimately improve the lives of millions of IN FY20 women and their families around the world. Gender Responsive Extractive World 2016 2018 300,000 A toolkit for natural resources companies Industries to integrate gender into their operations. The tools have been applied in client engagements such as in the Nachtigal hydro project in Cameron, where they were used in an awareness workshop. The tools were also used in the design of the gender strategy and approach for the IFC-Canada Partnership for Africa. Innovation in Banking World 2017 2020 119,682 The UFGE grant helped IFC solidify the Women Through a partnership with Financial Alliance for Women Partnership with GBA and share knowledge on how to support women SMEs through financial and non- financial services. Knowledge events allowed experts, including banks and practitioners, to connect, disseminate research findings and knowledge pieces, and showcase and CLOSED recognize banks that have effectively served IN FY20 women SMEs and women customers. We Care, We Heal: Aging World 2017 2019 187,658 Grant cancelled. and Gender 62 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Annex 5: List of Gender Innovation Lab Evaluations As of June 30, 2020, a combined 111 impact evaluations—completed and ongoing—had been supported by regional Gender Innovation Labs in Africa, East Asia and the Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, and South Asia. These are listed below and were financed through grants listed in Annexes 2 and 3 (a single grant may support multiple evaluations). Activity Country Description Sub-Saharan Africa Addressing Capital and Benin The World Bank’s Benin Youth Employment Project is supporting the Government of Skills Constraints to Youth Benin to offer business and life skills trainings and cash grants to vulnerable male and Self-Employment female youth. Half of the project beneficiaries are women, and some aspects of the training were designed to ensure high female participation. Another component of the project is providing 500 young women with technical trainings in non-traditional sectors. Empowering Adolescent Girls Benin The Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (SWEDD) is a six-country in the Sahel: Evidence from project aiming to accelerate the demographic transition by addressing both supply- and a Multi-Country RCT of the demand-side constraints to family planning and to reproductive and sexual health. All Sahel Women Empowerment the projects fall into one or more of three windows of eligible interventions: life skills and and Demographic sexual and reproductive health knowledge projects that build adolescent girls’ capacity Dividend Project to lead healthy and productive lives; improving economic opportunities through support for income-generating activities; and improving girls’ school enrollment and retention. Plans Fonciers Ruraux Benin The land registration program under evaluation consisted of two key steps: each community identified and demarcated all parcels, and customary land ownership was legally documented through land use certificates. The improved land tenure security increased long-term investments in cash crops and trees and erased the gender gap in land fallowing--a key soil fertility investment. However, some women shifted their agricultural production to un-demarcated (and less productive) plots of land so that they could now guard these plots. Empowering Adolescent Girls Burkina Faso The Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (SWEDD) is a six-country in the Sahel: Evidence from project aiming to accelerate the demographic transition by addressing both supply- and a Multi-Country RCT of the demand-side constraints to family planning and to reproductive and sexual health. All Sahel Women Empowerment the projects fall into one or more of three windows of eligible interventions: life skills and and Demographic sexual and reproductive health knowledge projects that build adolescent girls’ capacity Dividend Project to lead healthy and productive lives; improving economic opportunities through support for income-generating activities; and improving girls’ school enrollment and retention. Mobile Creches Burkina Faso Evaluation of childcare services to labor-intensive public works (LIPW) participants, for children under the age of five. The creches are operated by trained LIPW participants. Embedded into the Burkina Faso Youth Employment and Skills Development project, the couples' training intervention sensitizes couples on men’s roles as fathers, intrahousehold communication, collaborative decision-making and planning, child development, and gendered roles in the household. Promoting Livelihoods, Burkina Faso The Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program includes a regional activity that supports Productive Inclusion and country-level programs to design, implement, and evaluate productive accompanying Resilience Among the Poor: measures to promote productive inclusion and resilience among the poor in the Sahel. A Multi-Country RCT for This productive measures package includes: sensitization on aspirations and social/ the Sahel Adaptive Social gender norms, VSLA, life skills training, business skills training, individual coaching, a Protection Program one-time cash injection of about $200, and information on prices and markets. Cameroon Social Safety Cameroon The project involves a specially designed group workshop, where couples unpack their Nets Project beliefs about the acceptability of intimate partner violence and social or gender norms. The second component focuses on changing behaviors and shifting gender norms through community edutainment: designing and implementing a media message (through television, radio, street theatre, social media, music etc.) to both entertain and educate. LONDO: “Stand Up” Central African The Londo project provides temporary employment to vulnerable people by providing Public Works Republic the opportunity to participate in a road maintenance public work scheme. Each worker receives a daily wage and a bicycle which he or she can keep after successful completion of a contract period. Among other questions, the IE explores how a woman can benefit in terms of increased bargaining-power. Annexes 63 Empowering Adolescent Chad The Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (SWEDD) is a six-country Girls in the Sahel: Evidence project aiming to accelerate the demographic transition by addressing both supply- and from a Multi-Country demand-side constraints to family planning and to reproductive and sexual health. All RCT of the Sahel Women the projects fall into one or more of three windows of eligible interventions: life skills and Empowerment and sexual and reproductive health knowledge projects that build adolescent girls’ capacity Demographic to lead healthy and productive lives; improving economic opportunities through support Dividend Project for income-generating activities; and improving girls’ school enrollment and retention. Agriculture Support Project Cote d'Ivoire Working with the Ministry of Agriculture in Cote d’Ivoire, the GIL is examining the impact of receiving subsidized, improved seedlings and agricultural extension trainings on households--and of spouse participation in agricultural extension trainings. In the cotton sector, GIL is investigating how providing inputs--like oxen and traction equipment-- improves agricultural productivity or shifts intrahousehold allocation of labor. Employment for Women in Cote d'Ivoire GIL is testing a financial innovation among workers in cashew-processing plants: a Agro-Processing direct-deposit commitment savings account to generate evidence on the impact of redistributive pressure on workers’ labor supply and earnings. In the first phase of our project, workers offered the account increased their labor productivity and earnings by 10 percent, which translates into an 18 percent increase for workers who opened an account. The effect appears driven by increased effort of workers while on the job. Preliminary evidence suggests that the visibility of an account to one’s social network and the degree of redistributive pressure a worker faces are strong determinants of account take-up. Empowering Adolescent Girls Cote d'Ivoire The Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (SWEDD) is a six-country through Safe Spaces and project aiming to accelerate the demographic transition by addressing both supply- and Accompanying Measures in demand-side constraints to family planning and to reproductive and sexual health. In Cote d’Ivoire Cote d’Ivoire, the government is implementing safe spaces for both in- and out-of-school adolescent girls and young women aged 8 to 24, as well as a series of accompanying measures such as academic tutoring, support for income-generating activities, and parallel clubs for boys and men. Land Policy Improvement Cote d'Ivoire As part of its efforts to strengthen rural land rights, the Government of Cote d'Ivoire and Implementation is carrying out a systematic land registration process in selected areas: it includes clarification, village boundary demarcation, land certification, and formalization of contracts. In addition, a set of two complementary, cross-randomized interventions will be designed to increase women’s access to and documented ownership of land. One will attempt to influence underlying social norms around women's land rights and effect behavior change, and another will subsidize the certification process for those household heads willing to register land in the name of a wife or daughter. Pro-Jeunes Cote d'Ivoire PRO-Jeunes targets 10,000 vulnerable youth between the ages of 15-24 in urban and rural Cote d’Ivoire. The project includes foundational skills training through an e-learning platform and coaching/mentoring; entrepreneurship and employment search support; and the support for entrepreneurship and employment search paired with intensified mentorship/coaching. Agricultural Rehabilitation Democratic Within the World Bank PARRSA project, an experimental impact evaluation examines and Recovery Republic of Congo the project's regeneration of the market for improved seeds, the diffusion of improved Support Project farming practices through agricultural extension, and the improvement of rural roads infrastructure - analyzing how male and female farmers learn about new technologies and access markets. Cross-Border Traders Project Democratic The World Bank-led program in North and South Kivu provinces of the DRC aimed to Republic of Congo strengthen the capacity of DRC border officials, traders, and trader associations and to facilitate policy dialogue and improved coordination between traders and government officials. The intervention provides training on taxes and tariffs and information on gender-based violence to small-scale, cross-border women traders on the borderland of the Great Lakes Region. The program induced a strategic response to legal ambiguity and harassment among traders: those offered the training were 16 percent more likely to cross the border before border officials typically arrive at their post. Consistent with COMPLETED this finding of avoiding the border officials, women traders assigned to the training experienced a 29 percent drop in physical and sexual harassment. 64 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Empowering Women Democratic The proposed evaluation in the SME Development and Growth Project will use an RCT Entrepreneurs through Republic of Congo to study the relative impacts of personal initiative (PI) training—with and without the Personal Initiative Training spouse—and in-kind grants on women-owned MSMEs in Goma. The study will examine the impacts of PI training, and PI training in couples, with a social norms component. Engaging Men through Democratic Engaging Men through Accountable Practice (EMAP) intervention aims to engage men to Accountable Practice Republic of Congo reflect on how they can reduce and prevent intimate partner violence and, more broadly, prevent violence against women and girls in their communities. The program consists of 16 weekly group discussion sessions that explore existing understandings of masculinity; discuss the types, causes, and consequences of violence against women and girls; and create more positive role models, promoting self-reflection and pushing men to analyze and change their own power and privilege. The program had no impacts on women's physical, sexual, or emotional experience of violence, but the study found a significant decrease in men’s intention to commit violence. There was a large and positive impact on the sharing of housework. Great Lakes Sexual and Democratic The Great Lakes Emergency Sexual and Gender Based Violence and Women’s Health Gender-Based Violence Republic of Congo project is a World Bank regional project that supports the governments of Burundi, Project: Narrative Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo to address and prevent sexual and Exposure Therapy gender-based violence (SGBV) in the Great Lakes region. Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) is a short-term intervention to reduce PTSD symptoms resulting from exposure to multiple traumatic events, including SGBV. Focusing on the traumatic events, the client constructs a chronological narrative of their life story and a coherent narrative is then structured with the assistance of the therapist. Clinical experts from the NGO Vivo International, employ a "training of trainers" approach to build local capacity and ensure sustainability of the intervention. Competitiveness and Job Ethiopia The Competitiveness and Job Creation Project aims to contribute to job creation by Creation attracting investments and improving enterprise competitiveness in the targeted industrial zones and their linked domestic enterprises. The impact evaluation examines the impact of access to jobs in the industrial zone on employee welfare, and conducts ancillary research on issues prioritized by CJC firms, including analyses on employee performance and retention, and impacts of wage subsidies. Farmer Innovation Fund Ethiopia The Farmer Innovation Fund (FIF) is a sub-component of the Rural Capacity Building Project, designed in response to low turnout of female participants in other RCBP components. It is an intervention that involves farmers who decide on training methodology options and innovative pilot approaches. The project is designed to increase women's participation in extension services and enhance productivity by providing start-up capital for their group activity, and trainings in agricultural production and commercialization. Food Security Project Ethiopia This World Bank-funded program offered recurring loans to vulnerable households in food-insecure communities in Ethiopia. It comprised grants to communities/kebeles, including three main activities: (i) Community-level Assets Building such as rural roads, rural water supply, and water and soil conservation activities; Household Asset Building and Income Generating Activities (IGA) to support technical advisory services to beneficiary groups; and (iii) Child Growth Promotion (CGP) for social mobilization. The study found that participation in the program resulted in reduced food insecure months, COMPLETED lowered the likelihood of shock experiences, increased off-farm activities, and enhanced the use of financial institutions. Public Safety Nets Program - Ethiopia This impact evaluation focuses on a pilot of community-based childcare centers under Childcare Pilot the Productive Safety Nets Program Project in Ethiopia. The pilot will open 45 childcare centers in 45 randomly selected kebeles across 6 woredas. The childcare centers will provide 20 households (15 public-works households and 5 non-public-works households) in each kebele with access to childcare for nine months. Rural Capacity Ethiopia The Rural Capacity Building Project (RCBP) comprised a series of investments into the Building Project physical infrastructure, training, and administrative apparatus aimed at improving and enhancing the delivery of agricultural extension service systems throughout Ethiopia. For COMPLETED agricultural extension services, the intervention mainstreamed gender concerns into the program and increased the number of female extension agents. Annexes 65 Second Agriculture Ethiopia The Second Agriculture Growth Project (AGP2) aims to increase agricultural productivity Growth Project and commercialization of smallholder farmers. The focus of the impact evaluation is on the use of video-based extension (building on small, mobile projectors to deliver video messages to small groups) to generate demand for nutrition-dense crops and nutrition- sensitive technology. SME Finance Project Ethiopia With the Small and Medium Enterprise Finance Program (SMEFP), the Gender Innovation Lab (GIL) plans to conduct a study to investigate enterprises who get a lease for productive capital and explore the impact on business growth, employment generation, and employee satisfaction. Women Entrepreneurship Ethiopia Through the Women Entrepreneurship Development Project, loans and entrepreneurship Development Project training were provided to growth-oriented, women-owned MSMEs in six cities across Ethiopia. The evaluation measures the impact of both project components (loans and training) on women's well-being via increased business knowledge, income, and employment levels. The results suggest that large, individual-liability loans can make a significant difference in accelerating growth in the business incomes and employment levels of women-owned enterprises. Women Entrepreneurship Ethiopia Digital Opportunity Trust (DOT), a social enterprise, offers training to women to help Development Project - DOT entrepreneurs learn basic technology and business skills, and to foster the self-esteem Business Training and entrepreneurial spirit needed to build sustainable livelihoods. We find that the training had a significant, positive impact on profits. Approximately one year after the training, entrepreneurs who were offered the training recorded 30% higher profits than COMPLETED the control group. We find a positive effect on proxies for confidence and motivation, which suggests a change in mindset among training participants. Women Entrepreneurship Ethiopia This study offers a rigorous evaluation of two types of training programs offered Development Project - to women entrepreneurs in Ethiopia who are part of the World Bank’s Women Personal Initiative Training Entrepreneurship Development Project (WEDP). We will compare an innovative action-based entrepreneurship skills training course, called “Personal Initiative (PI) Training” with a more traditional business training, called “Basic Business Skills and Entrepreneurship Development (BSED) Training.” Women Entrepreneurship Ethiopia The project tests psychometric technology that predicts the likelihood that an Development Project - entrepreneur will be able to repay a loan, as an alternative to traditional collateral Psychometrics in Ethiopia. Psychometric loan appraisal technology assesses ability (business skills, intelligence) and willingness (ethics, honesty, attitudes, beliefs) to repay a loan. If participants score above a certain cut-off they can get an uncollateralized loan of up to $7,500. We found that customers who scored at a high threshold on the psychometric test were seven times more likely to repay their loans compared to lower-performing customers. Women in Agribusiness Ethiopia WALN is a business training, mentoring, and networking program targeted at high- Leaders Network potential women entrepreneurs in five regions of Ethiopia. It provided business and leadership training for a small cohort of high-performing business women who would go on to become mentors, and organized mentoring sessions provided by mentors to promising businesswomen they had nominated as mentees--and seeded a network of business entrepreneurs. Financial Inclusion and Ghana This study included two interventions. First, it utilized a savings deposit collection service Savings Promotion in in which collectors visit customers regularly to collect savings deposits. Deposits were Eastern Ghana placed in their bank account and available for withdrawal at any time. Second, customers were given wooden boxes that had a lock and key, to be used as the customer saw fit. These were tested alone and in combination. Deposit collection increased total value of bank deposits. Lockboxes had no impact of value of bank deposits, but did reduce number of bank deposits. There were no impacts on total savings (further analysis ongoing). There was a positive impact on bank loans. Gender, Insurance and Ghana The specific objectives for this project include assessing the effects of regular extension Agricultural Productivity services on output of women farmers as part of a larger effort in providing community- based extension services to a larger population in northern Ghana, integrating a gender dimension into a project that was previously focused only on men, and testing the effects of counterpart funding of drought index insurance support to women and its influence on household allocation of resources including land. 66 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Impact of Commitment Ghana This study evaluates the impact of mobile phone-based bank savings accounts on Savings Accounts Linked to customers, including one with a hard, fixed, and mandatory withdrawal restriction Mobile Money ("hard commitment"), and one with a soft, flexible, optional withdrawal restriction ("soft commitment"). A spousal information treatment is cross-randomized. Impact of Formal Savings on Ghana This study evaluated the impact of a savings product for salaried workers that receive pay Salaried Workers’ Spending via direct deposit in which they commit to having a fixed amount taken directly from their and Borrowing salary and put in a commitment savings account for an 18-month period. At the end of 18 months, all contributions, plus a “completion bonus” equal to one month’s contribution, are released to the saver. Overall, the product significantly increased savings with the bank without increasing overdrafts. However, we find that clients with above-median baseline overdraft histories draw down other savings to offset the committed amount and take on new debt. In contrast, individuals with below-median overdraft histories significantly increase savings both during and after the commitment period. Land Titling Registration Ghana In close collaboration with ISSER at the University of Ghana, this study looks at the difference between men and women in the impact of providing formal land titles to rural and semi-urban plot-holders in a pilot title registration district. In conjunction with this project, the Lab is investigating whether the provision of financial literacy skills helps women overcome informational constraints and facilitates access to financial services. Making Cash Grants Work for Ghana This experiment tests the effectiveness of providing (i) unconditional cash grants; (ii) Female Entrepreneurs grants conditional on reaching a pre-defined savings goal; and (iii) grants conditional on both the beneficiary and her partner attending a training on allocation of resources within the household. We find that household division of roles and responsibilities affects the way that women microentrepreneurs manage their finances, and women often prioritize savings over business investment. Women Entrepreneurs and Guinea This evaluation studies the impact of providing women entrepreneurs with adequate Crossing Over information, technical support, coaching, and know-how, as well as internship exposure, in their success as entrepreneurs in male-dominated productive sectors. Industry and Kenya This World Bank Group project will offer financial incentives for technology bootcamp Entrepreneurship Project providers that provide coding courses in Kenya, to increase the number of women among their cohorts. The study aims to evaluate the impact of improving coding recruitment strategies on increasing the number of women applying to coding courses and understanding the impact of coding bootcamps on labor market outcomes for women. The impact evaluation is currently in its design phase. The Impacts of Kenya This impact evaluation focused on the Girls Empowered by Microfranchise (GEM) program Microfranchising on in Nairobi, which aimed to help out-of-school young women launch branded franchise Young Women in Nairobi businesses connected to two well-known Kenyan brands. The intervention combined a number of distinct elements: business and life skills training, franchise-specific training, start-up capital, and ongoing business mentoring. In the medium-term both the franchise and cash grant treatments led to substantial increases in women's income. Women who participated in the program were also more likely to be self-employed than those who did not participate. However, the positive impacts on income observed in the medium term were not sustained over the longer term. The main lasting impacts are on self- employment: women in both the franchise and cash grant programs were more likely to be self-employed than women who did not participate. Economic Empowerment of Liberia Part of the World Bank’s Adolescent Girls Initiative (AGI), EPAG was implemented in Adolescent Girls and Young Liberia and offered a 12-month employment program with 6 months of classroom Women (part of Adolescent training and 6 months of follow-up support. Classroom training included socio-emotional Girls Initiative) skills as well as either vocational training or business skills training. Additional support included free childcare during classroom training, savings accounts, transportation stipend, and completion bonus. The EPAG program increased employment by 47 percent and earnings by 80 percent. In addition, it had positive effects on a variety of empowerment measures, including access to money, self-confidence, and anxiety about circumstances and the future. The evaluation finds no net impact on fertility or sexual behavior. Annexes 67 Sisters of Success: Measuring Liberia Sisters of Success (SOS) Program, in which mentors and girls’ groups were used to deliver the Impact of Mentoring and life skills (specifically social and emotional skills) to adolescent girls aged 12-15. Relative Girls Groups in Supporting to control girls, in just under a year, treatment girls are about 4 percentage points and Girls’ Transition into 3 percentage points more likely to have completed primary school and to have ever Adolescence and Adulthood enrolled in secondary school, respectively. They also noted significant improvement in the quality of girls’ relationships with their peers and parents. These impacts are concentrated among the younger girls, aged 12-13. Cash for Work Madagascar This impact evaluation measures the impact of cash for work among beneficiaries. Cash for work was provided to the poorest members of the village (known as fokontany) as determined by a combination of a means test validated by a local social protection committee. Cash for Work Savings Madagascar This impact evaluation tests the comparative impact of two interventions: behavioral nudges to encourage beneficiaries to save their earnings and use them on productive activities, and trainings on group savings, evaluating business opportunities, and making a business plan. Business Registration Malawi The intervention tested in this impact evaluation included: (1) assistance in registering Impact Evaluation a business; (2) assistance in obtaining a Tax Payers Identification Number; and (3) an information session from a bank where business bank accounts are offered. In the study, when registration is made virtually costless, an overwhelming number of women-owned firms (73%) choose to register. However, when offered the chance to engage in costless registration for taxes, almost no firms select to pursue this option. Combining business registration with an information session at a bank including the offer of a business bank COMPLETED account leads to an increased use of formal financial services, and results in increases in women-owned firms' sales and profits of 28% and 20%, respectively. Graduation Program Malawi The Irish NGO Concern is implementing a graduation approach in 200 villages of Impact Evaluation Mangochi and Nsanje districts. The intervention consists of a cash transfer for the extreme poor with the following accompanying productive measures: skills training and coaching, access to savings facilitations, and an asset transfer. In addition, in selected villages in which the women receive the package, a couple’s empowerment training known as “family first” will be provided for households receiving the package. Empowering Adolescent Girls Mali The Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (SWEDD) is a six-country in the Sahel: Evidence from project aiming to accelerate the demographic transition by addressing both supply- and a Multi-Country RCT of the demand-side constraints to family planning and to reproductive and sexual health. All Sahel Women Empowerment the projects fall into one or more of three windows of eligible interventions: life skills and and Demographic sexual and reproductive health knowledge projects that build adolescent girls’ capacity Dividend Project to lead healthy and productive lives; improving economic opportunities through support for income-generating activities; and improving girls’ school enrollment and retention. Empowering Adolescent Girls Mauritania The Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (SWEDD) is a six-country in the Sahel: Evidence from project aiming to accelerate the demographic transition by addressing both supply- and a Multi-Country RCT of the demand-side constraints to family planning and to reproductive and sexual health. All Sahel Women Empowerment the projects fall into one or more of three windows of eligible interventions: life skills and and Demographic sexual and reproductive health knowledge projects that build adolescent girls’ capacity Dividend Project to lead healthy and productive lives; improving economic opportunities through support for income-generating activities; and improving girls’ school enrollment and retention. Promoting Livelihoods, Mauritania The Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program includes a regional activity that supports Productive Inclusion and country-level programs to design, implement, and evaluate productive accompanying Resilience Among the Poor: measures to promote productive inclusion and resilience among the poor in the Sahel. A Multi-Country RCT for This productive measures package includes: sensitization on aspirations and social/ the Sahel Adaptive Social gender norms, VSLA, life skills training, business skills training, individual coaching, a Protection Program one-time cash injection of about $200, and information on prices and markets. Three versions of the package are being tested: full package, package without the sensitization and life skills training, package without the cash injection. Tekavoul: Cash Transfers and Mauritania The World Bank is supporting the Government of Mauritania to develop a social safety Accompanying Measures net program to support the resilience and human capital investment of extreme poor households in Mauritania. The program consists of cash transfers for five years, a package of production measures--including social/gender norms sensitization, VSLA, life skills trainings, individual coaching, a one-time cash injection, and information on prices and markets--and beneficiary households are required to attend social promotion activities every three months. 68 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Integrated Growth Poles Mozambique This study will assess the impact of three key interventions: (i) rural road rehabilitation, Project (Personal Initiative (ii) agricultural extension, (iii) personal initiative training. Trainings for Women Farmers) Matching Grant Scheme for Mozambique One of the components of the Competitiveness and Private Sector Development Project Business Performance is focused on matching grants for business development services (BDS) of MSMEs in Mozambique. Micro firms would receive a matching grant of 70% of the BDS cost and SMEs would receive matching grants of 50% of the cost. This evaluation will assess the impact of the Mozambique Government’s matching grant program on business performance. It will also assess the effects of the program by gender of the entrepreneur and for sectors where the majority of the employees are women. Securing Women’s Land Mozambique The intervention aims to improve women’s land tenure security in rural Mozambique by Tenure in Mozambique providing land use permits to female-headed households and to married households through Innovative conditional on co-titling. An add-on intervention aims to relax constraints to long-term Technology from the land investments (e.g. poor access to inputs, markets, and limited human capital) Bottom Up through access to a discounted bundle of trees. The two interventions will crosscut each other, and there will be pure control group. Terra Segura Mozambique This study tests the impact of two community-level interventions on female farmers’ land tenure security, investment decisions, incomes, and empowerment levels. This first intervention is a low-cost, fit-for-purpose participatory methodology to deliver community delimitation and parcel land tenure regularization at scale. The second intervention provides targeted support to help women smallholders expand their yields and income and strengthen their food security and resilience to shocks. Empowering Adolescent Niger The Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend (SWEDD) is a six-country Girls in the Sahel: Evidence project aiming to accelerate the demographic transition by addressing both supply- and from a Multi-Country demand-side constraints to family planning and to reproductive and sexual health. All RCT of the Sahel Women the projects fall into one or more of three windows of eligible interventions: life skills and Empowerment and sexual and reproductive health knowledge projects that build adolescent girls’ capacity Demographic to lead healthy and productive lives; improving economic opportunities through support Dividend Project for income-generating activities; and improving girls’ school enrollment and retention. Export and Agro-pastoral Niger PRODEX seeks to increase the value of targeted agro-pastoral export products, with a Market Development Project broader view towards boosting incomes of project-supported producers and stimulating agricultural growth. The intervention under evaluation delivered matching grants to provide support services (training, access to credit, market facilitation, and technical assistance) and targeted infrastructure to male and female farming and livestock groups. Promoting Livelihoods, Niger The Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program includes a regional activity that supports Productive Inclusion and country-level programs to design, implement, and evaluate productive accompanying Resilience Among the Poor: measures to promote productive inclusion and resilience among the poor in the Sahel. A Multi-Country RCT for This productive measures package includes: sensitization on aspirations and social/ the Sahel Adaptive Social gender norms, VSLA, life skills training, business skills training, individual coaching, a Protection Program one-time cash injection of about $200, and information on prices and markets. Three versions of the package are being tested: full package, package without the sensitization and life skills training, package without the cash injection. Texting for Change: Mobile, Niger The Texting for Change program under evaluation consisted of two key interventions. The Messages and Savings first intervention involved the provision of a simple lockbox, which offered individuals a secure place to put their money, but without any commitment to make deposits or limit withdrawals. The second intervention was a series of SMS reminders about household spending on religious festivals and other savings goals. It found that providing lockboxes does not yield strong impacts on household expenditures for religious, ceremonial, or health expenses. However, households in the lockbox villages were more likely to use COMPLETED cash savings and less likely to sell livestock to finance these expenditure needs and sent more children to school -- and these effects did not vary by gender. Annexes 69 Business Process Nigeria Occupational segregation is a central contributor to the gap between male and female Outsourcing Youth earnings worldwide. As new sectors of employment emerge, a key question is whether Employment Project this pattern is replicated. This study focuses on the impacts of an information and communications technology training intervention on employment of targeted university graduates in five major cities. Treatment group received training for employment in IT industry jobs as well as general office skills training. After two years, the treatment group was 26 percent more likely to work in the information and communications technology sector. The program appears to have succeeded only in shifting employment to the new sector, as it had no average impact on the overall likelihood of being employed. For women who at baseline were implicitly biased against associating women with professional attributes, the likelihood that the program induced switching into the COMPLETED information and communications technology sector was more than three times as large than that of unbiased women. Feed the Future Nigeria Nigeria Feed the Future Nigeria Livelihoods Project (FNLP) offers a wide range of services, Livelihoods Project including agricultural extension services, input vouchers, business and financial literacy skills training, mentoring, and improved access to finance. The IE will evaluate the overall bundled FNLP program in Kebbi state and also focuses on two key components: the caseworker mentoring scheme and unconditional cash transfers offered to extremely vulnerable households. The cash transfers were structured in order to research the best delivery mode by varying the size and timing of payments. Receiving cash transfers monthly or quarterly made no difference on the impacts of the cash transfer. National Social Safety Nigeria The project aims to provide targeted regular cash transfers to poor and vulnerable Nets Project households across Nigeria through a consolidated national social safety nets registry. The project includes three packages: i) a basic cash transfer package; ii) a human capital top-up package; and iii) a livelihoods package. We compare three alternative delivery mechanisms for the livelihoods package: i) using government workers; ii) using community agents to complement the government workers; and iii) requiring that CTFs and community agents are female. We proposed a novel couples training intervention to support households to make the most efficient decision about the productive member to target for the livelihood package. Productivity Enhancement Nigeria Women and Youth Empowerment, a component of the APPEALS program, will provide and Livelihood Improvement technical and business training, grants, and mentorship to 10,000 women and youth in Support Project the agri-business sector. As part of the study, we expect a portion of beneficiaries to also receive socio-emotional skills training and a gender norms intervention. Skills for Jobs Nigeria Skills for Jobs is a training program provided by the Nigerian government. It is made up of three components: life skills, vocational/sector-specific skills, and entrepreneurship skills; and providing internships and apprenticeships with public and private sector organizations. Skills Development for Republic of Congo The Skills Development for Employability Project has been launched by the Government Employability of the Republic of Congo to address the challenge of youth unemployment in urban areas. This project offers young men and women the opportunity to enroll in six-month long vocational training courses, followed by a "support to transition" period during which beneficiaries complete internships and receive regular assistance with their job search or entrepreneurial endeavors. Adolescent Girls Initiative Rwanda Skills development and entrepreneurship support for 2,000 vulnerable girls and young women aged 16-24 included: two weeks of life skills trainings, six months vocational training (culinary, arts and crafts, food processing, and agriculture), and 5.5 months of placement or cooperative formation. Innovations included life skills training and creation of safe spaces (girls’ rooms) in vocational training centers. The vocational training project led to a substantial increase in non-farm employment among beneficiaries, with the share of girls reporting businesses, wage employment, or internships rising from 50 percent to 75 percent. Respondents reported wider social networks and moderate COMPLETED improvements in their relationships with friends, family and community members following their participation in the project. 70 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Cross-Border Traders Project Rwanda The World Bank-led program in North and South Kivu provinces of the DRC aimed to strengthen the capacity of DRC border officials, traders, and trader associations and to facilitate policy dialogue and improved coordination between traders and government officials. The intervention provides training on taxes and tariffs and information on gender-based violence to small-scale, cross-border women traders on the borderland of the Great Lakes Region. The program induced a strategic response to legal ambiguity and harassment among traders: those offered the training were 16 percent more likely to cross the border before border officials typically arrive at their post. Consistent with this finding of avoiding the border officials, women traders assigned to the training experienced a 29 percent drop in physical and sexual harassment. Great Lakes Sexual and Rwanda The couples training intervention is based on an improved version of the SASA! program Gender-Based Violence: of NGO Raising Voices. During 22 sessions over six months, participating couples discuss MIGEPROF Couple's training violence against women and the gender imbalance of power. They are sensitized to the potential benefits of mitigating this violence and learn concrete ways to address it. National Land Title Rwanda This was a randomized roll out of a national land registration program which included Registration the demarcation of parcels, dispute resolution, and issuance of land titles. As part of the registration process, men and women who were cohabiting/married were given joint rights over the land. Equal inheritance for boys and girls was also specified. Pilot Land Title Registration Rwanda This program seeks to systematically clarify rights over land and demarcate parcels, leading to the issuance of title certificates to land holders. The program mandated that all married couples receive land titles in the names of both spouses. An impact evaluation of this program highlights four main effects; namely, (i) significant investment impacts that are particularly pronounced for women; (ii) improved land ownership for legally married women and better recordation of inheritance rights; (iii) a reduction in the probability of COMPLETED having documented land ownership for not legally married women; and (iv) a reduction in land market activity rather than distress sales. Promoting Livelihoods, Senegal The Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program includes a regional activity that supports Productive Inclusion and country-level programs to design, implement, and evaluate productive accompanying Resilience Among the Poor: measures to promote productive inclusion and resilience among the poor in the Sahel. A Multi-Country RCT for This productive measures package includes: sensitization on aspirations and social/ the Sahel Adaptive Social gender norms, VSLA, life skills training, business skills training, individual coaching, a Protection Program one-time cash injection of about $200, and information on prices and markets. Three versions of the package are being tested: full package, package without the sensitization and life skills training, package without the cash injection. Empowerment and Sierra Leone This initiative provides adolescent development centers (ELA clubs), life skills training, Livelihoods for livelihood training, and credit support to start income-generating activities. To this Adolescent Girls end, 200 target villages were randomly assigned to either a control group or one of three treatment groups: the first offered the ELA club and life skills training; the second offered all the previous plus livelihood training; and the third offered the entire package including microcredit support. A wide range of outcome indicators related to economic and health behaviors of adolescent girls were examined. In control villages, over the crisis, women spend significantly more time with men, out-of-wedlock pregnancy rates rise, and those exposed to severe Ebola-related disruption have a 16% drop in school enrollment post-crisis. These adverse effects are significantly reversed in treated villages. The intervention thus fosters a range of basic skills, as well as entrepreneurial skills and health knowledge gained from intervention clubs. CHOICES Gender Norms Somalia The CHOICES model, a component of Save the Children's programming in Somalia, and Attitudes Training for involves training young adolescents on attitudes towards gender and gender norms. This Adolescents impact evaluation will focus on measuring the impacts of the CHOICES training model in increasing gender equality and shifting the attitudes of the boys and girls who participate in the training. Skill Certification and Job South Africa Work-seekers will be offered a certificate of aptitude, a letter of recommendation Search Counseling template, and advice on how to prepare and submit job applications. The evaluation will help to discern the appropriate framing (credibility and content) of test certificates and job references, as well as identify the type of information signal that employers find more valuable. The certification and counseling interventions are potentially more valuable for women, as they have more limited job networks, and thus find more challenges to directly signaling their skills to prospective employers in a credible and relevant manner. COMPLETED We find that women who use the reference letter double their employment likelihood, while no effect is observed for men. Annexes 71 The Impact of Reference South Africa One approach to resolving the asymmetry is introducing a formal referral system: Letters on the Job Search reference letters from former employers. Through a field experiment in South Africa, we evaluated the effect of formal reference letters from former employers on youth employment outcomes. We find that reference letters improve firms’ screening ability and employment outcomes, especially for women. Reference letters allow firms to identify higher-ability candidates and increase the likelihood of employer call-backs. Women who use the reference letter double their employment likelihood, while no effect is observed for men. Despite their high value, the use of reference letters in job applications is low, COMPLETED partly due to work seekers underestimating their value. Providing job seekers with information on the benefit of reference letters increases the use of this job search tool. Youth Job Search Assistance South Africa This program assesses the cognitive and non-cognitive competences of low-skilled unemployed young people and provides them a test certificate that they can attach to their job applications to signal their qualifications to prospective employers. The project additionally provides firms with access to an online platform containing work-seeker profiles, including the results of their assessments, and tracks in real time the firms’ COMPLETED search behavior in the labor market, including how they select prospective employees and how they value different types of applicant skills. Adolescent Girls Initiative South Sudan The ELA project established 100 community-level girls’ clubs in four states of South Sudan targeting girls ages 15 to 24. The clubs operated from late 2010 to June 2013 and offered a safe space to socialize, socio-emotional and vocational skills training, support for savings, and community sensitization. The socio-emotional training covered topics such as early marriage and sexual and reproductive health (SRH). Versions of this program have been or are being evaluated in Bangladesh, Uganda, Tanzania, and Sierra Leone. Taking conflict into account as a mediator for the program’s effectiveness, we find that the intervention had positive impacts on a range of labor market and financial outcomes for girls who were not affected by the conflict. The impact of the program on girls’ social empowerment and the control over their own bodies, however, is ambiguous. Business Women Connect Tanzania This study evaluated two interventions: the first promoted the use of mobile savings accounts, and the second provided business training in addition to the use of mobile savings accounts. One year post-intervention, the results show that women save substantially more through the mobile account. Women also access more microloans through the accounts, expand their business portfolio, and report higher levels of empowerment and well-being. The business and financial literacy training further bolstered the usage of the mobile savings accounts, and it led to greater capital investment, labor effort, new products, and better business practices. Empowerment and Tanzania The ELA intervention aims to increase the economic empowerment of adolescent girls in Livelihoods for rural Tanzania through life-skills training, income- generation skills training, and access Adolescent Girls to microfinance. After launching the core interventions of ELA (i.e. setting up adolescent girls clubs and conducting life skills, livelihood, and vocational training) in all treatment communities, half of the clubs were provided with microcredit services. The results show no impact of the standard ELA model on young women’s social and economic outcomes – likelihood of being involved in any earning activity, income, savings, plans for starting new activity or financial skills, knowledge of safe sexual practices and productive health, fertility preferences, perceptions of gender roles, and control over life. However, the program led to an increase in savings among adolescent girls from communities that received the ELA program with microfinance. Labor Market Returns to Tanzania We have taken BRAC's new Empowerment and Livelihoods for Adolescents curriculum, Socio-emotional Skills which centers on an extensive set of activities covering a broad range of socio-emotional for Adolescents skills, and have split it into skills which focus on awareness, and skills which focus on management. We have used this to develop of two separate, intensive multi-day training courses for adolescents and young adults - one focused on awareness skills, and one focused on management skills. A quarter of the youth in our sample will receive both training courses. Promoting Safe Sex Among Tanzania GIL is evaluating the Promoting Safe Sex Among Adolescents project in Tanzania, Adolescents which builds on the ELA programs, to assess the relative and combined effectiveness of interventions targeting girls and interventions targeting boys on girls’ sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes. Girls are supplied with SRH training and free contraceptives, as well as help setting healthy goals to improve their SRH outcomes. Boys are offered SRH training through soccer clubs. This design will enable GIL to understand the differential impacts of demand- and supply-side interventions, as well as the added impact of working with boys, on girls’ SRH outcomes. 72 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Virtual Business Incubator Tanzania In this study, we test two kinds of trainings, one basic, in-class training and one enhanced version supplemented with individualized coaching, to test their respective impact on women with established small businesses in Tanzania. We found that targeting the right entrepreneurs can improve the effectiveness of a tailored training and even lead to improvements in performance. In the study, the participants’ level of experience influenced the degree of impact of the business trainings. While on average neither COMPLETED training led to revenue or profit growth, entrepreneurs with at least nine years of experience benefited from the enhanced program through increased revenues. Managerial Training for Togo Through an experiment in Togo, a team of researchers introduced the personal initiative Informal Firms training program, a new and effective psychology-based entrepreneurship training that outperforms traditional business training. 500 firms are offered the IFC Business Edge training and 500 firms are offered the personal initiative training. Personal initiative COMPLETED training led to a boost in profits for microentrepreneurs and was particularly effective for female entrepreneurs. Youth Employment Program Togo This research study focuses on evaluating the effects of labor market interventions in Togo: a 12-month internship program, an internship program plus a voucher for training in an area of firms’ need, and a soft-skills training. The evaluation will compare these interventions in order to learn about their impact on employment, income, living standards, financial independence, savings and investment behavior, and social status. This study will also focus on the gender disaggregated effects of the soft-skills training and internship programs. Competitiveness Uganda In Uganda, GIL tested two policy instruments to encourage female land ownership. The and Enterprise intervention offered fully subsidized land titles for rural households. The first policy Development Project instrument makes the subsidy conditional on including a wife's name in the title; the second provides household with information about the benefits of joint titling. The intervention generated high demand for titling, as well as for co-titling with the husband and wife. We find that both policy instruments further increased demand for co-titling, but adding a condition is particularly effective: with the probability of co-titling increasing by 50% under the condition, relative to a 25% increase with gender information. Empowerment and Uganda The ELA project in Uganda aims to increase the economic empowerment of adolescent Livelihoods for girls in rural areas by providing life skills training, income-generation skills training, and Adolescent Girls access to microfinance. The program increased the likelihood of participants engaging in income-generating activities by 32%; self-reported routine condom use by those who were sexually active increased by 50%; fertility rates dropped by 26%; and there was a COMPLETED 76% reduction in adolescent girls reporting having had sex against their will during the past year. Farm & Family Uganda Two interventions designed to deepen women’s participation in cash crop production Balance Project and sales are being tested: a household-level intervention to provide in-kind incentives to husbands to transfer (or newly register) outgrower contracts in the name of their wives; and ii) a couples' sensitization workshop intervention to promote gender equality and cooperation within outgrower households. A large share of men (70%) agreed to the contract offer. Being randomly assigned to a couples-based workshop on cooperation and gender awareness increased men’s willingness to accept the offer by 7%. Orange Flesh Sweet Uganda The impact evaluation will examine several interventions, including agriculture extension Potato Project and input provision, produce marketing services, knowledge of health and nutrition, and growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) for under-5 year olds, on consumption and promotion of the orange-fleshed sweet potato. The evaluation will also study credit, time inconsistency, and price risk barriers that female smallholders may face in adopting new nutrient-rich crops, by offering credit, input vouchers, and price insurance products. he adoption results suggest that providing farmers with subsidized input packages and training alone was sufficient for households to grow and eat the crop, with those households 68% more likely to cultivate OFSP and 50% more likely to eat it at least once a week, relative to a control group. he few women who sold sweet potatoes were less likely to be pregnant and report higher decision-making power on agriculture decisions prior to the intervention. Annexes 73 Workers Apprenticeship Uganda The Katwe Small Scale Industry Association (KASSIDA) Workers Apprenticeship and Managerial Training and Training Skills Program focuses on providing technical and managerial skills to Skills Program entrepreneurs and their workers in targeted small-scale sectors in the outskirts of Kampala. This evaluation assesses the impacts on performance of a technical and managerial training program in the informal sector and investigates gender differences in these effects. A qualitative study seeks to understand the constraints women face in starting businesses in male-dominated sectors. The impact evaluation also tests the effects of the two types of training on the business owners’ networks of contacts. Supporting Women’s Zambia The Supporting Women’s Livelihoods (SWL) is a government-led initiative aiming to Livelihoods reach 75,000 extremely poor women in 51 districts of Zambia by 2020. Building on the “graduation” approach, the intervention provides beneficiaries with a comprehensive package consisting of: a short business skills and life skills training, a productive grant, follow-up support and mentoring, and facilitation of savings groups. East Asia and the Pacific Promoting agent banking Indonesia The Promoting Agent Banking in Indonesia IE suggests that both demand-side and in Indonesia supply-side interventions can boost women’s profits and have benefits that outweigh the costs. On the demand-side, a short financial literacy training for female entrepreneurs and on the supply-side, higher incentives for banking agents, both increased profits COMPLETED of female entrepreneurs. The incentives were more cost-effective, but demand-side approaches led to impacts on empowerment and were stronger for the poorest women. Aspirations and Indonesia Evaluation of whether adding socio-emotional skills to the curriculum in middle career choices schools can improve students’ performance, drop-out rates and career aspirations, and potentially mitigate the role of gender norms in education and career-related decisions. IE of Indonesia’s Indonesia Evidence on international migration and the choice between documented and Desmigratif program undocumented migration. It examines the impact of “Desmigratif” interventions by the Ministry of Manpower that provide information services to potential migrants in each project village to encourage safe and documented migration. The evaluation will explore two additional modes of delivering information. Non-experimental impact Indonesia A non-experimental impact evaluation of the effectiveness of the Government of evaluation of a partial credit Indonesia’s Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) program which aims to enhance MSMEs’ access to guarantee program finance by addressing the higher perceived credit risk, thereby encouraging bank lending to this particular business segment. IE of clean cooking Lao People’s Evaluation of the Laos Clean Cookstoves Initiative to provide evidence on how access to technology in Laos Democratic modern cooking technology impacts women’s time use, labor market activities, Republic and health. IE of Laos Road Lao People’s Evaluation of a public workfare program targeting women in rural Laos. The intervention Maintenance Groups Democratic is part of a Laos Poverty Reduction Fund (PRF) project to improve rural transport Republic infrastructure. Under the project, roads that have been newly constructed or improved by PRF receive maintenance from road maintenance groups (RMGs) comprised of local women paid for their work. The IE will assess effects of participation in the RMGs on these women, with a focus on women’s empowerment. Comprehensive Agrarian Philippines Evaluation of the impacts of improved land tenure security achieved by converting Reform Program collectively owned land titles into individual land titles. It evaluates the impact of this change on agricultural investments and productivity and whether any changes come through increased perceptions of tenure security or more efficient land rental and sales markets. Conditional Cash Transfers Philippines Evidence on whether benefitting from the Philippines CCT program “Pantawid Pamilya and Women’s Empowerment Pilipino Program” during the transition to adolescence leads to long term empowerment and Agency in the social and economic realms. This covers important outcomes such as delayed marriage, higher education and integration into labor market. It will also explore impacts on empowerment of female household heads and will contribute to improving GBV measurement by combining and comparing more traditional questionnaire-based measures with recently developed measurement approaches, such as list experiments, and Audio Computer Assisted Self Interview (ACASI). Non-experimental impact Vietnam A collaboration with the World Bank’s Transport and ICT team in Vietnam to understand evaluation of rural roads the gender specific impacts of a large-scale transport project using a mixed-methods rehabilitation in Vietnam analysis. The research suggests that though men and women both benefit from better roads, women benefit less than men, and points to complementary programming as a way to improve benefits for women. 74 UFGE Annual Report 2020 Latin America and the Caribbean Improving Aspirations Brazil Experimental study in Bahia, Brazil aiming to measure the effects of a goal-setting Through Peer-Educators skills peer-led program on high school students’ educational attainment, self-esteem, in Bahia aspirations and teenage pregnancy rates. Designing Futures: From Brazil Evaluation of an innovative participatory curriculum in secondary school seeking to Information to Action. increase girls’ and boys’ motivation to stay in school and improve youth transitions from Participatory Curriculum school to work by addressing barriers related to gender norms and stereotypes. to Stimulate Boys and Girls Aspirations. Investing in Digital Guatemala Impact evaluation design for the implementation of digital tools and extension Technology to Increase program seeking to increase market access for female-led agribusinesses. Market Access for Women Agri-entrepreneurs Female Entrepreneurship IE Mexico Ongoing RCT studying the cost-effectiveness of soft-skills training as a complement Follow Up to hard managerial skills training in improving the ability of women entrepreneurs to overcome sectoral barriers and enter high-potential business opportunities. Co-responsibility in Uruguay Design of experimental approach to implement and evaluate behaviorally informed Childcare: Increasing solutions to encourage fathers to take part-time parental leave granted by Law to Fathers’ Take Up of private sector workers in Uruguay. Part-Time Parental Leave. Middle East and North Africa Using Digital Technology to Egypt The objective is to overcome barriers to the adoption of the new technology of digital Expand Markets for Female advertising, to expand markets for small firms, and spur firm growth, a significant share Entrepreneurs in Egypt of which are women-led informal MSEs. Assessing the Impact of Egypt The randomized controlled trials evaluate the impact of interventions of improved access Providing Access to Nurseries to and affordability of nurseries on female labor force participation (FLFP) and cross- on Female Labor Force randomize connecting mothers with work opportunities to assess the labor demand on Participation FLFP among the most vulnerable women in Egypt. Enhancing Female Tunisia An impact evaluation study of a capital injection intervention targeting prospective Entrepreneurship through female entrepreneurs graduating from a Labor-Intensive Public Works program, the a Public Works Program Community Works and Participation Project (CWLP) program in Jendouba, one of the and a Capital Injections most underserved regions of rural Tunisia. Intervention Evaluating the Impact of Yemen To measure the impact of training and input grants on sustainable livelihoods for women Training and Livestock on livestock breeders in a conflict context, the team will employ a cluster RCT to analyze Women's entrepreneurship, the impact of the intervention on women's empowerment, income, and indicators of employment, and livestock productivity. empowerment South Asia Targeting the Ultra Poor Afghanistan Evaluation of a ‘big push’ package to ultra-poor women (transfer of livestock, cash Impact Evaluation stipend, skills training, and coaching) on poverty reduction and women’s empowerment across 80 villages in the Balkh province of Afghanistan. Strengthening Women’s Afghanistan A community-based pilot intervention providing tailored skills training, business Economic Empowerment support services, and financial access to poor women in rural and peri-urban areas. The evaluation will measure impacts on women’s work, earnings, and savings as well mobility, attitudes and decision-making. Bangladesh Adolescent Bangladesh Evaluation of school-and community-level interventions for improving school retention Students Program and wellbeing in Bangladesh, including safety, voice, agency, and empowerment of adolescent girls and boys. Interventions include school-based training on sexual harassment, growth mindset training, and outreach for increased awareness in schools and communities. Safety Technology India Evaluation of an innovative device used by women to send an alarm seeking help to Improve Training in case of threats to safety. Research questions help understand how mobility, skills Opportunities and Work development, and work participation outcomes are affected when women’s safety Participation for Women concerns are addressed using the device. Tejaswini Socioeconomic India Evaluation of a skills training and education intervention on secondary school Empowerment of Adolescent completion and employability outcomes of adolescent girls in the state of Jharkhand. Girls and Young Women The IE explores how the selection of candidates into educational programs can be made more efficient by matching students to courses of their choice. Annexes 75 77 For more information, please contact: The UFGE Secretariat | Gender Group Email: ufge@worldbankgroup.org Web Address: www.worldbank.org/gender/ufge The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C., 20433 78 UFGE Annual Report 2020