19156 April 1999 Culture in Sustainable Development Investing in Cultural and Natural Endowments 4f** Conference sponsored by the World Bank and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Isniall Serageldinl Joan fartihi-Browi Editors We must respect the rootedness of people in their own societal context. We must protect the heritage of the past. But we must also foster and promote living culture in all its many forms. As recent economic analyses have consistently shown, this also makes sound business sense. From tourism to restoration, investments in cultural heritage and related industries promote labor-intensive economic activities that generate wealth and income. James D. Wolfensohn President World Bank C ulture draws on the boundless human capacity for creative diversity and is both a key ingredient and an essential goal of endogenous, sustainable development. UNESCO works to improve understanding of the unique relationship between culture, diversity, and development, which forms a central foundation of a culture of peace. Federico Mayor Director-General UNESCO Culture in Sustainable Development Investing in Cultural and Natural Endowments Proceedings of the Conference on Culture in Sustainable Development: Investing in Cultural and Natural Endowments held at the World Bank in Washington, D.C. on September 28-29, 1998. Conference proceedings can be found on the World Wide Web: http://www.worldbank.org/csd Conference sponsored by the World Bank and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Ismail Serageldin Joan Martin-Brown Editors Copyright @ 1999 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing April 1999 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. Permission to photocopy items for internal or personal use, for the internal or personal use of specific clients, or for educational classroom use is granted by the World Bank, provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, U.S.A., telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470. Please contact the Copyright Clearance Center before photocopying items. For permission to reprint individual articles or chapters, please fax your request with complete information to the Republication Department, Copyright Clearance Center, fax 978-750-4470. All other queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the World Bank at the address above or faxed to 202-522-2422. Cover artwork designed by Tomoko Hirata from photos by Curt Carnemark (World Bank), Michel Christen (Council of Europe), and Tom Lam. Ismail Serageldin is vice president, Special Programs, at the World Bank. Joan Martin-Brown is adviser to the vice president, Special Programs. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Culture in sustainable development: investing in cultural and natural endowments: proceedings of the conference sponsored by the World Bank and UNESCO, held at the World Bank, Washington, DC, September 28 and 29, 1998 / Ismail Serageldin and Joan Martin-Brown, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8213-4466-8 1. Sustainable development-Social aspects-Congresses. 2. Economic development-Social aspects-Congresses. 3. Cultural property-Congresses. 4. Cultural policy-Congresses. I. Serageldin, Ismail, 1944- . II. Martin-Brown, Joan, 1940- III. World Bank. IV. Unesco. HD75.6.C85 1999 306.3-dc2l 99-10521 CIP Contents Letter from Hillary Rodham Clinton vii Preface ix Acknowledgments xi PART ONE THE PLENARY 1 The Culture and Development Paradigm 3 Welcome Maritta Koch-Weser 3 Culture and Sustainable Development: Investing in the Promise of Societies James D. Wolfensohn 5 Opening Keynote Address: Sustaining Culture and Creative Expression in Development Elie Wiesel 8 Commentaries and Contemplations 12 Introduction Hernan Crespo Toral, presiding 12 The Natures of Culture: The Natural and Human Environment Vann Molyvann 13 The Social Dimensions of Culture and Contemporary Expressions Ali Mazrui 16 Cultural Heritage: Economic Challenges and Opportunities Enrique Iglesias 21 The Intrinsic Value of Heritage Israel Klabin 24 Cultural Heritage in the Global Information Millennium Ikuo Hirayama 27 iii iv Culture in Sustainable Development Economics and Culture 31 Introduction Bonnie R. Cohen, presiding 31 Economic Benefits and Public Finance: The Role of Governments Sheila Copps 33 The Role of Private Financing in Sustainable Cultural Development Francesco Frangialli 37 The Contributions of Women in Culture and Sustainable Development 44 Introduction Gloria Davis, presiding 44 A Vision of Gender in Culture Mahnaz Afkhami 47 Culture, Gender, and Heritage in Development Lourdes Arizpe 51 Shadow Hands: Culture and Survival in Nature Dianne Dillon-Ridgley 61 Cultural Heritage and National Sustainable Development 66 Introduction, Sheltering People in the Culture of Cities Wally N'Dow, presiding 66 The British Experience Lord Jacob Rothschild 69 Reconstructing the Past to Build the Future: Rescue and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Aliza Cohen-Mushlin 72 Investing in Cultural Industries Milagros Del Corral 78 Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development: Requirements for the 21st Century 81 Introduction Franco Passacantando, presiding 81 Supporting the Contemporary Expression of Culture James H. Billington 82 Conserving Cultural Heritage James Allen Smith 87 Promoting Cultural Partnerships Francisco C. Weffort 92 Closing Keynote Session 95 Introduction C6sar Gaviria, presiding 95 Partnerships in the International Community for the Stewardship of Cultural Heritage and the Living Arts Federico Mayor 97 Summary of Conference Ismail Serageldin 101 Concluding Remarks James D. Wolfensohn 105 Contents v PART TWO SEMINARS, REGIONAL ROUNDTABLES, STUDY TOUR, AND EXHIBITION 107 Seminars 109 Creative Urban Transformations: Culture in Economic Development 109 Valuing the Invaluable: Approaches and Applications 111 Conserving Culture and Nature: The Common Ground 114 Culture and the Social Development Agenda 117 Learning and Innovation Loans for Culture and Development 120 Regional Roundtables 123 Sustaining Development through Culture in Africa 123 Heritage and Sustainable Development in Latin America and the Caribbean 130 Infrastructure Study Tour 135 Cultural Resource Preservation and Economic Development 135 Preservation as Economic Generator in the United States Donovan D. Rypkema 136 Exhibition 144 Culture and Development at the Millennium: The Challenge and the Response 144 PART THREE RESOURCES 147 UNESCO World Heritage List 149 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, The Hague Convention, Adopted 1954 160 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, Adopted in Paris, 1970 162 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, The World Heritage Convention, Adopted in Paris, 1972 165 U. S. Historic Preservation Tax Incentives Program 168 Federal Tax Incentives Program for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings: A Successful Federal/State Partnership 169 Culture and Sustainable Development: Projects in Partnership 172 Conference Program 179 Bios of Conference Speakers 183 Contact Information for Conference Speakers 192 THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON September 28, 1998 Dear Friends, I would like to extend my greetings and best wishes to all of you who are gathered for this most important convening on culture in sustainable development. You represent governments, multinational institutions, nonprofit organizations and businesses. Indeed, you represent the public-private partnerships that will ensure that the work of this conference will become a powerful, ongoing global initiative. I want to salute Jim Wolfensohn for his visionary leadership and for recognizing the centrality of cultural heritage for the social and economic progress of people around the globe. Jim and I share a common commitment to this proposition, and I congratulate him on the World Bank's important contribution. I also want to welcome back to Washington my good friend, Elie Wiesel, who has given our world so much and who will provide this conference with his wise perspective. Under the theme "honor the past and imagine the future," my husband and I have embarked on a millennial program for our nation that embodies the core principles of this conference. The importance of America's cultural heritage and its living, expression in our diversity, we believe, should help chart our nation's future well into the next century. In this era of globalization, it is more critical than ever to work to create a global community where diversity is a source of strength, not division, and where values relating to family, religion and the identities of peoples are respected. Connecting culture to the social and economic well being of people is an essential element in creating the kind of world we all seek. Much good work has been undertaken, and I applaud you for what you are doing. In the months ahead, I hope you will forge a concerted global commitment with partners from all sectors of society. For my part, I offer my wholehearted commitment to this objective and, although I regret that I cannot be with you today, I look forward to joining you at a future gathering that will build on the promise of this conference. With best wishes, 14 " ,1 )_ t Hillary Rodam Clinton vii Preface uring the past years, many international, opportunities to redress conditions of poverty, national and local organizations-both and the collective capacities to preserve and con- public and private-and foundations serve cultural and natural heritage through part- have worked diligently to focus attention on the nerships. critical role and contributions of culture, cultural The conference provided an opportunity to heritage, and creative expression in society. The learn from leaders in the cultural development importance of these contributions to sustainable arena about the options for action and innova- development cannot be underestimated. tion at the national level. Plenary speeches gave Central to the World Bank is understanding the enlightenment to the potential for linking the crucial importance of a cultural base for national economic and social aspects of sustainable de- development, as well as the relevance of culture velopment to the work of all institutions and to such diverse issues as tourism, investments in communities engaged in cultural heritage and cultural activities, and its essential role in educa- related social endeavors. tion. It is important that we understand both the Related to the conference, a series of events, problems and the promises in light of the many training seminars, and concurrent meetings en- threats to the cultural realm. abled a deeper examination of the issues and Diverse actions are needed to enable the arts options for conserving and financing cultural and cultural heritage to make their full contribu- heritage and the living arts. The conference and tions. This requires both public and private fi- these associated initiatives were meant to ad- nancing, as well as a variety of institutional vance progress toward achieving important ob- capacities. The World Bank is committed to tak- jectives, namely: ing into account the cultural dimensions of its * Raising awareness of the need to promote and development work. The World Bank recognizes preserve cultural and natural heritage, the strength of partnership in this commitment, * Engaging external experts with Bank manag- and invites the many experts in the field to par- ers and country staff, ticipate with us in addressing the issues associ- * Providing a unique opportunity for major pro- ated with culture and sustainable development. fessional groups to interact over requirements The 1998 Conference on Culture in Sustainable to link cultural and social solutions at the Development, sponsored by the World Bank and country and global levels, and UNESCO, addressed the social and economic * Promoting understanding of how best prac- opportunities and requirements to mainstream tice and innovations can be used to promote investments in cultural heritage and the living the conservation and preservation of cultural arts. The two-day deliberations included atten- heritage in sustainable development plan- tion to questions of equity, social inclusion, the ning. ix x Culture in Sustainable Development The conference, its presentations, seminars, and strengthened partnerships among the stake- and informal dialogues resulted in better under- holders. standing of the roles and relationships among Because the message coming from this confer- global systems regarding culture, cultural heri- ence should be shared around the globe, these tage, and development; access to examples of best proceedings are available to the global com- practice and innovative processes; contributions munity via the World Bank's website: go to to the content of country development strategies; www.worldbank.org/csd, then go to the confer- assistance to development practitioners in better ence icon. assessing the global connections of their work; Ismail Serageldin Joan Martin-Brown Acknowledgments On behalf of all in the World Bank, our ence at the last minute. His presence and insight enormous thanks go to President Jim were missed. Wolfensohn, without whom the Confer- Several conferees participated in an infra- ence on Culture in Sustainable Development would structure study tour jointly sponsored by the not have been possible. His vision, his leadership, Bank and the National Park Service. I want to and his commitment have created the space thank the organizers of the tour, Brooke Shearer which enables us to act. In that spirit, we have and Michael Auer, and the director of the Na- acted and we have tried to live up to his lofty tional Park Service, Robert Stanton. vision. We wanted the conference to live up to I would like to thank the Getty Conservation his vision in a big way because it is the first pub- Institute for loaning to the conference its out- lic forum on the issue of culture and development standing photography exhibit, LANDMARKS, in the World Bank. which was on view in Preston Auditorium. The Support for this vision was clearly voiced by exhibit included photographs by 9- to 18-year- the more than two dozen speakers who shared old boys and girls from Los Angeles, Cape Town, their expertise on culture and development. Their Mumbai (Bombay), Mexico City, and Paris, cap- perspectives were enlightening and universal. turing the environments of their home cities They came from many parts of the world-Bra- through youthful eyes. I would like to give spe- zil, Cambodia, Canada, France, Iran, Israel, Ja- cial thanks to Mahasti Afshar, the exhibit cura- pan, Mexico, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the tor; and Barry Munitz, president of the J. Paul United States-and spoke of a common goal. My Getty Trust, for making these powerful images heartfelt thanks go to these distinguished lead- available to us. ers who gave of their time to make presentations A special Urban Age magazine (September and participate in all aspects of the conference. 1998) issued for the conference explores some You will read their eloquent words and their names broad topics connecting culture to development in the following pages of these proceedings. and its implications for the World Bank's pro- I would like to acknowledge the Right Rever- gram. I extend my gratitude to the staff of Urban end Njongonkulu Winston Hugh Ndungane, the Age, in particular Margaret Bergen and Annabel Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Af- Biles, for the work on this informative and attrac- rica, who was scheduled to speak on the mate- tive publication. rial and spiritual dimensions of cultural heritage. A conference like this does not come about just Due to unforeseen events in his country, he was by participants giving of their time, important as forced to cancel his participation in the confer- that is. It takes the work of many individuals. xi xii Culture in Sustainable Development Above all, the extreme dedication of Joan Mar- Guillermo Cintron, Siriyana Cumine, Barbara tin-Brown must be acknowledged. Joanie took it Eckberg, Mark Fraser, Mark Halcrow, Dory upon herself to organize everything and ensure Morao, Betty Nega, Susan Perez, and Mehert that everything was done properly. But it is not a Wossene, who did all the behind-the-scenes ac- job for one and we must acknowledge the many tivities that make a conference come together so people who did the real work for several months seemingly effortlessly. I would like to also include in preparation for this event: Tom Blinkhorn, Tia the World Bank's staff who provided security, Duer, Bronwyn Dunn, Katrinka Ebbe, Yoko printing, food, audiovisual, and interpretation Eguchi, Arlene Fleming, Phil Fox, Sandra services. Granzow, Gita Hemphill, Alicia Hetzner, Tomoko And finally, thanks go to all who worked at Hirata, Bonnie Howell, Sarwat Hussain, Sylvia getting these proceedings published, especially Gottwald, Sheldon Lippman, Helen Meade, Carol Wendy Guyette for the cover design, Tomoko Ann Reed, Eugenia Sander, Ephim Shluger, Steve Hirata for the cover artwork, Gaudencio Dizon Stern, as well as members of the Bank's Cultural for typesetting, and Sheldon Lippman for man- Council and their colleagues. And in particular, aging the editorial process. PART ONE THE PLENARY The Culture and Development Paradigm Welcome Maritta Koch-Weser Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, And yet, for too long, progress remained slow. guests who have come from afar, dear The 1990s saw primarily the struggle for our so- colleagues, dear friends. It is truly a called safeguard policies. We tried to establish tremendous pleasure to welcome you to this first rules for some of the most delicate develop- joint UNESCO-World Bank event, our Conference ment issues-the protection of indigenous on Culture in Sustainable Development. Thank you peoples in voluntary resettlement, environmen- for joining us to make a bit of history together tal assessment, social assessment and public par- today. ticipation, and for the protection of cultural Never in the more than 50 years since the property. founding of the World Bank have we hosted a But then, in this decade, we have moved de- forum like this, bringing together culture minis- cidedly from a do-no-harm to a proactive portfo- ters and such a most distinguished group of lio in all of these social and cultural fields. Today thinkers and practitioners in the field of culture we lend specifically to assist the cause of indig- and development. The recognition that culture enous peoples. We have a large portfolio of envi- and development are so very closely intertwined ronmental projects, and we have made lending is young in our organization. Had you come for cultural heritage the normal line of business. here 25 years ago, you would not have found a In this very context, I have the pleasure of in- single social scientist working at the World troducing our first speaker today, World Bank Bank, and in 1980 there were no more than two President James Wolfensohn. We have never or three of us. moved more vigorously toward the inclusion of The first sociologists and anthropologists were culture as a most fundamental element of devel- hired in the late 1970s, because then World Bank opment than under his leadership. It was our President Bob McNamara had given marching good fortune that three years ago, we gained not orders that this Bank needed to reach the poor- only a banker of world renown, but also a pro- est of the poor, and to reach the poor, you need tector and manager of the arts. Jim Wolfensohn to know more about them, about their way of had previously been in charge of the Kennedy life, their institutions and their beliefs, and thus Center here in Washington. He shared the val- came the first sociologists and anthropologists. ues as well as the business acumen that need Editor's Note: Bios and contact information for conference speakers can be found in Part III: Resources. 3 4 Culture in Sustainable Development to come together in the protection of cultural tors and, very importantly, that we could define heritage. "social projects" as the target of our lending. As he came to the Bank, Jim Wolfensohn made Examples in our work today include projects it clear that the institution was on its way out for violence reduction in Colombia, post-conflict unless it changed, and he made it clear that a fun- reconstruction in several places around the damental part of this change had to be greater world, indigenous peoples programs, and of attention to the social dimensions of develop- course, cultural heritage lending. ment. He reached out in numerous field trips, Numbers tell their own story. Today more than trying to get close to the people themselves. 200 social scientists work at the World Bank. And He, as he might coin it true to his Australian when we submitted to Mr. Wolfensohn that an roots, "gave us hell". He asked: What was our institution like ours should be ready to join hands strategy? What was our message? And in 1996 with UNESCO and other eminent institutions Mr. Wolfensohn called together a Social Devel- working in the field of culture, he not only agreed, opment Task Group. Half of this ten-person team but he appointed himself as chairman of our were, to their very own surprise, the Bank's emi- working group. And he has ever since been on nent economists. Mr. Wolfensohn was deter- our case, living up to his promise and personal mined to move social considerations from the commitment that no matter how tight his sched- sidelines to mainstream. ule was going to be, this would remain a high And when our Social Task Group called for priority. significant changes, he supported us. He helped As a result, we have established partnerships us innovate the lending instruments of the World with many of you, and we have started to work Bank, making them more adaptable and respon- with you on concrete cultural heritage projects sive to local participation. He allowed us to lend in the developing world in all regions. Thank you for small learning and innovation loans. He again for meeting with us here today to share agreed that our Country Assistance Strategies thoughts on a fundamental change in the devel- had to look at social and not only economic fac- opment paradigm. Culture and Sustainable Development: Investing in the Promise of Societies James D. Wolfensohn Let me welcome all of you on behalf of the I was in Uzbekistan a little over two years ago World Bank, our partner in this enterprise, in the Aral Sea. I was in a fishing village in which UNESCO, and our many partners: the the people had discovered that with the erosion Getty, World Monuments Fund, OAS, IDB, the of the sea, they were now 15 kilometers from the Smithsonian, the World Tourism Organization, water. It was a fishing village and all they knew ICRON, ICOMOS, the Aga Khan Trust for Cul- was how to catch fish and dry them. So they had ture, and many more. It is indeed a remarkable created a few ponds and they were eking out an and wonderful event for us that we are linked existence which gave them $15 per month per with you in this common endeavor which is com- family. So the conditions were terrible. ing 50 years too late for the Bank, but of which And in this condition of poverty and despair, we are delighted now to be a full part. I met with a teacher who spoke some English and The issue of culture and development is not a along with my wife, Elaine, met with a class of subject that we regard as controversial. We start children dressed sparsely in the cold weather, but from the proposition that you simply cannot have full of excitement at a visit by someone coming development without a recognition of culture by helicopter with all sorts of security and so on and of history. In a world that is becoming in- all around. It was quite an event. At one moment, creasingly globalized and where there are pres- a little child came up to me as I was leaving and sures for a similar culture throughout all our pressed into my hand a note equivalent to about countries, what is abundantly clear is that it is 10 cents American. I looked down and found this essential for us to nurture, to prize, to revere, and money in my hand, and looked for the kid, and to support the culture and the history of the coun- he was running away. So I asked the teacher, tries in which we operate. Very simply, we do "What is this?" not believe that you can move forward unless you He said, "Mr. President, in our culture, when have a recognition of the base and the past from a traveler comes to your village, it is our tradi- which we have come. tion to give money to help you on the next phase This is not some wild, exotic idea. This is not a of your journey." view of an elitist. This is a view that you find in I cried. I was deeply moved. And I was set on villages and in slums, and in parts of countries a course of thinking that if this village is going to that you go to where people, however bereft of go forward, and all villages like it, we have got physical resources, turn back on their culture and to help that kid to preserve that culture. We have their history. got to help that village to maintain its roots. We 5 6 Culture in Sustainable Development have got to help villages and people throughout have lending for culture, we will make additional the world have a base that no one can take from loans. Whether it be $5 or $10 or $20 million or them. up to a certain percentage of the funding that we So we at the Bank have started to expand sig- are providing to them, they can call on us for nificantly our involvement in this aspect of de- funding, but it cannot be used for anything else; velopment. It is not some glossy addition; it can only be used for cultural purposes. That is although for some members of our Board, it does very important because it saves the political seem a little bit elitist. We are trying to convince leader the embarrassment of saying that he is our Board, as we have already convinced the taking money from sewerage or housing and team in the Bank, that without cultural continu- putting it into culture. ity, without a preservation of the things that mat- We are also saying that if you want to borrow ter in a society, there can be no stable from us for cultural purposes, there has to be an development. I believe that passionately. element in it which relates to current creativity You may be interested to know how we orga- and performance. We are not there just as histo- nized this group in the Bank. This was not an rians, although the historic aspect is important. allocation of work. I simply called a meeting, and We are there also to support creativity. We are I said if any of you are interested in this subject, there also to support artists. We are there also to come along to my conference room, and we'll see be part of the vital life of countries so that there what together we can do. There are no alloca- is a regeneration of interest and support for the tions of time that you will be able to write down arts and for cultural activities. on your timesheets. This is not something that is We are feeling our way, and we are getting a a job for you, but if you believe it, come along, remarkable response. But we need help, we need and together we will try to see what we can move guidance, and we need partners. And so for us, in the institution. this is not just a singular meeting, this is a first At the first meeting, I guess we had 40 or 50 meeting. It is a remarkable one in terms of the people. At the second meeting, we had an over- interest that it has created. We hope that in many flow crowd. This is not something which is a ways, in bilateral meetings, in smaller groups and determined exercise from the Bank imposed in plenary sessions such as this, you will learn from above. This is something that is within our that the Bank is a reliable and committed part- institution. It is something that is within the ner to this enterprise. people. And my leadership may be useful, but I had hoped that I would be able to give you a it would be nothing if my colleagues did not surprise by having Hillary Clinton join us, be- feel the same way. And there is now an out- cause she was very keen to come. I thought it pouring of excitement in terms of developing was for me, but of course, it was for Elie, and projects in which we can have this cultural and then I thought it was for all of you. So when I historic base. talked to her on Friday, she had hoped to come, But we are very conscious that we are not the but I have just gotten a letter which I have not arbiters of culture. We are very conscious that we even yet read, so let me read it to you, because it don't have the experience that many of you have. was just handed to me one minute ago. We are very conscious of the fact that we don't It says: "Dear Friends, I would like to extend have the depth that many of you have. So this my greetings and best wishes to all of you gath- meeting for us is an opportunity to exchange ered for this most important convening on cul- ideas and to say to you that there is a new Bank, ture in sustainable development. You represent that it is a Bank that wants to cooperate with you, governments, multinational institutions, non- that it is a Bank that is prepared to provide fi- profit organizations and businesses. Indeed, you nancing, that it is a Bank that is prepared to help represent the public-private partnership that will organize and demonstrate its own commitment ensure that the work of this conference will be- by providing funding and resources. come a powerful, ongoing global initiative. We are talking in terms of lending which is "I want to salute Jim Wolfensohn for his vi- additional. I have told presidents and prime min- sionary leadership and for recognizing the cen- isters throughout the world that if they want to trality of cultural heritage for the social and The Culture and Development Paradigm 7 economic progress of people around the globe. that I cannot be with you today, I look forward Jim and I share a common commitment to this to joining you at a future gathering that will build proposition, and I congratulate him on the World on the promise of this conference." Bank's important contribution. That is a very sincere letter from someone who "I also want to welcome back to Washington is deeply committed to this subject. my good friend, Elie Wiesel, who has given our world so much and who will provide this con- Introduction of Keynote Speaker ference with his wise perspective. "Under the theme, 'Honor the Past and Imag- Let me move to introduce someone whom I have ine the Future', my husband and I have embarked the honor of calling a great personal friend and on a millennial program for our nation that em- for whom my admiration knows no bounds. It is bodies the core principles of this conference. The Elie Wiesel, a Nobel Laureate and one of the great importance of America's cultural heritage and its thinkers and great people of our time. living expression in our diversity we believe Never has there been an embodiment in one should help chart our nation's future into the next man of a sense of history and culture which has century. brought him to the position in which he is today. "In this era of globalization, it is more critical He is a spokesman of our time and a creature of than ever to work to create a global community his past. You cannot read his works without be- where diversity is a source of strength, not divi- ing moved, whatever faith you come from, what- sion, and where values relating to family, religion ever background you have experienced. and identities of people are respected. Connect- Elie is a man who has drawn on his life's ex- ing culture with the social and economic well periences to coalesce an approach to life which being of people is an essential element in creat- must reflect the central part of our own thinking ing the kind of world we all seek. today. It is a commitment to his past, a recogni- "Much good work has been undertaken, and I tion of his history, but a positive and construc- applaud you for what you are doing. In the tive view for the future. months ahead, I hope you will forge a concerted There is no one I know who could better open global commitment with partners from all sec- this conference, and there is no one whom I ad- tors of society. mire more than Elie Wiesel. Let me introduce "For my part, I offer my whole-hearted com- with enormous pleasure and with great personal mitment to this objective, and although I regret pride, Elie Wiesel. Opening Keynote Address Sustaining Culture and Creative Expression in Development Elie Wiesel resident Wolfensohn, Ismail, Mrs. Culture may be termed as the soul of economy, Wolfensohn, friends. I think I should just as economy may be defined as the arm of thank my friend, Jim, for inviting me to culture. Both can be-must be-nationally in- speak to you. This is the first time I have ad- spired and universally applied; in other words, dressed a group of bankers and I was wonder- rooted in national aspirations but open to out- ing actually, why did he want me to come and side ideals. speak to you. He knows that my knowledge in An example of the universality of culture has this field is so limited that if I were to say that he already been given by Mr. Wolfensohn. He gave is my teacher, I would offend him: I would be you this very moving vignette of this little child such a poor pupil. Maybe it has to do with his who gave him a lesson that when a person comes, sense of humor, because if my friends would hear you help him continue on his way. In my tradi- about my being here, they surely would laugh. tion, in the Jewish tradition, when a person Now on the other hand, Jim and I have been leaves, we give him money to give it to some friends for so many decades. We know each other other people in need in the place where he ar- so well that we realize that what we all have in rives. We call it Shaliach Mitzvah or a messenger common is a quest for certain ideals to be formu- of good deed. We turn every person who travels, lated, for certain links to be created, and for cer- into a messenger. We are all messengers. tain ideas to be deepened. And today because of So perhaps culture and development, the two the extraordinary power that you represent, both topics that are combined in your endeavor here, in the field of politics, political science, and do go together. One is helped by the other. economy, it is perhaps important for you to hear Now, Edouard Herriot, the old Speaker of the the few questions that I would raise related to French Parliament, used to quote this ancient my life and yours. Japanese saying about culture. "Culture is what Do finances and culture have things in com- you remember when you have forgotten every- mon? Most people know what economy is, but thing else." In other words, culture is that which what is culture? Is there a definition of culture? remains with us when all that you have learned We know one thing surely. We know that culture and acquired from your teachers, friends and is not and must not be separated from people. foes, is erased. Only people create culture, and people's lives are Thus, culture would be that which is so pro- governed by economic factors as well by spiri- foundly identified with a person almost on an tual ones. ontological level that it can never be taken away 8 The Culture and Development Paradigm 9 from us. Culture would then be that which makes that our ideas of yesterday have to be altered and any human being unique. perhaps adjusted, adapted today. Now is this definition correct? Does it reflect Was Athens' democratic culture of a higher the passion and the truth? It is supposed to com- quality than that of military Sparta? Were municate. Ethnologically, culture has more to do Antigone's cultural values loftier and more re- with agriculture than with literature, art, or mu- fined than those of Creon? Aren't they all part of sic. In various dictionaries that you may consult, the great and sublime ancient Greek culture? Was under the word culture, there is more about cul- defeated Etruscan culture totally separate from tivating the soil than about spiritual or artistic victorious Rome? Isn't culture always inclusive endeavors. In this respect, culture means bread rather than exclusive? In painting, aren't and vegetables. It feeds the body, perhaps the yesterday's modern painters and musicians brain. The image is not inspired by it, but the today's classics? image has been transposed in our language to This interrogation may apply to modern prob- higher levels, and there culture is what nourishes lems as well. I use the word advisedly, because the mind and the soul. It is an exchange always. what development and culture have in common In both cases, one must give or sow in order to is a sense of urgency when it comes to morality. get it back multiplied and enriched. Both need the ethical dimension for them to be For a project of individuals, men and women, fulfilled. whose creative impulse is often accompanied by Is man's or woman's humanity our ultimate a sense of solitude, if not isolation, culture is what concern? The answer must be affirmative, but transcends them and binds them. Whether pes- what is the meaning of humanity? Would it be simistic or optimistic, agnostic or believer, in love fair to declare that even when men or women are with classicism or modernity, we can still belong inhuman, where their culture, their absence of to the same culture. Culture is what surrounds culture is also part of culture, which their per- and penetrates a society by the intellectual curi- version of culture becomes culture-isn't that osity and the artistic appetite of its individual also part of our collective heritage? In other members. words, is it psychologically and ethically plau- Thus even primitive culture is part of our own. sible to propose a frightening idea that inhuman- The culture of a forgotten tribe in Africa or Latin ity itself can still be human? America is culture, and we should never view it Your subject of development and culture is so as second-rate or, God forbid, retarded. We would important because it raises these questions. Your see our own culture impoverished and dimin- work is to define economy in moral terms. You ished if we would not take it into our own and heard it from your President. Economic devel- say we are all therefore members of the same opment must be measured not only as a finan- cultural family, which is, so to speak, that we are cial endeavor but also as a moral and cultural all elevated by that culture as well. challenge. That applies even to counterculture, which Do culture and economic development help was so popular with so many young people. the human condition in making it more human? These poor didn't realize that when they were That is the question. Going one step further, protesting against our culture with their shock- may we proclaim a postulate that culture with- ing theories, they actually enriched it; they be- out its development component is doomed to came part of it. Yesterday's rebels are today's remain sterile? With rare exceptions, the pres- bourgeois. tige that culture can offer individuals has at- Can culture be limited to any given definition? tracted men and women of destiny. Napoleon Can economy be limited to any given situation? was proud of being a military genius just as he Isn't development precisely the word that tran- was of being a member of the French Institute. scends all definitions? We are all in a state of de- Stalin wanted his people to know that he loved velopment-biologically, scientifically, and reading poetry, and he would call up poets at culturally. We develop means we may change our night. The poor poets lost their sleep soon after, outlook. We may decide that what was good yes- never knowing whether the telephone call meant terday is no longer good today. We may decide fame or death. Only in Germany did a Nazi 10 Culture in Sustainable Development leader exclaim that when he heard the word cul- waited a year? Couldn't Sartre been more pa- ture, he would seize his gun. tient? Which nation, wealthy or not, does not wish Still these two giants had a moral compass. to boast of its cultural achievements and there- Camus became the moral leader to his readers to fore of its cultural heroes? Were they all ethically this day. In spite of their mistakes, their books inspired? Plato who accepted slavery hated po- belong to this century's cultural treasures and one ets. He actually expelled them from his Republic. cannot speak of development without taking In antiquity some great men were notoriously their words, their heritage, into the picture. For anti-feminist. Socrates, the great Socrates with- we believe in culture as a fascinating adventure out whom no philosophy could be envisioned, of the soul and of society. We believe that art, called women "the source of all evil". Euripides music, painting, literature, philosophy, the very found them "worse than snakes". Thucydides, process of the idea being formulated, shaped, all the historian who was also a general, did not hesi- we offered as gifts from the artist to himself or tate to write, "All one can wish for women is to herself and through them to others. We believe be talked about very little." that just as the body cannot live without bread Are we thus going to give up on history? Are or dreams, the soul cannot vibrate without cul- we going to reject philosophy because of the fool- ture. ishness of these very great minds who forgot their Culture is meant to be a shield against com- ethical obligation as philosophers and historians? placency and indifference. Culture means the Skip many centuries. Rambaud, the idol of setting of a limit which one cannot cross with French poetry, was a drug merchant. Did his impunity. For a person of culture, there are cer- work contribute to economy or culture? Ezra tain things that he or she will not do. And yet, I Pound in America was a vicious anti-Semite and would lie to myself and to you if I were not to racist-both usually go together; any racist must remind you, as I remind myself as a teacher and be an anti-Semite and any anti-Semite ultimately as a writer, that there were times when this propo- is a racist-as was Louis Ferdinand Celin. Can sition failed to withstand the test of reality. Those and must their works be erased from 20th cen- who in the early Forties in Eastern Europe par- tury literature? ticipated in massacres-daily massacres of men, Now what about ethics? What about ethical women, and children simply because of their concerns? What about compassion for the other? Jewishness-took pride in seeing themselves as After all, culture means compassion. Camus said, men of culture. They would kill children and their "There is passion in compassion." We must pas- parents during the day and go home in the sionately be compassionate. That means compas- evening to read Schiller and listen to Brahms. sion with passion, including others in that What does it all mean? The day I discovered passion. that most of the commanding officers of these What about decent and honorable bearers of murder units had college degrees was a dark day culture? Are they allowed to compromise with in my life, because I believe in education as I be- dictatorship so as to be able to continue their lieve in culture, and the two go together. I be- work and help their own economic welfare and lieve that both education and culture-and, in strengthen this social status? In the Communist your case, economy-do help the development empire talented people, great poets, would write of the human being and raise his or her position stupid poems glorifying Stalin. Was it fear? Was in absolute terms. Because we know how to read it money? Maybe something else. a novel, because we know how to admire a paint- On a different level, Jean Paul Sartre's plays ing, because we are taken by a specific melody, were performed in German-occupied Paris. our souls, our minds, our lives have changed for Albert Camus' "Myths of Sisyphus" was pub- the better. lished at the same time. Camus, the great hu- Here I realize that there were exceptions. Were manist who was a teacher to so many of us, they exceptions? Numerous with Ph.D. in phi- nevertheless accepted a German censor's de- losophy, in the arts, in the sciences, in medicine, mand to omit the chapter on Franz Kafka, the and in theology. They were proof that culture is Jew, from the book. Now couldn't Camus have neither necessarily nor inevitably a magic The Culture and Development Paradigm 11 weapon to save a person from yielding to the in a museum, in a theater, people who don't know seduction of evil. one another experience for an hour the same Enemies of culture have power and today wonder, which creates a connection between these enemies are the fanatics. I suggest to you, them. Goethe was German; Shakespeare, English; friends, that we have common enemies. Those Pascal, French; and Jeremiah, Jewish; but they who deal with development in economic terms belonged to the universal cultural heritage which and those who work for development in cultural they shaped and the universal sensitivity which terms, our enemies are the fanatics. To fanatics they all ignited. under their brutal rule, the spirit is not free to And here is where you, my friends, come in. create works of art and tales of anguish. Fanatics Your dedication to international welfare is inspir- believe that only their truth is eternal, only their ing. You help those who need help, and under faith is absolute, only their law is immutable. your President and my friend's wise and imagi- They are convinced that God listens to them alone native leadership, you try to encourage govern- and that they alone are worthy of his attention. ments to show more concern for their desperate Due to its inherent quest for diversity, Ibelieve, populations. You bring consolation to families culture and education and development should in grief, to children without shelter, and to pris- constitute themselves as the best remedy against oners of misery. And you remember that the fanaticism for, in spite of everything, I still be- thirst for culture is as strong as the hunger for lieve in culture as a way of ennobling the human bread. person whose freedom is determined by that. It Who knows? Perhaps Alexander the Great was is the otherness of the other that moves me to pay great not because he conquered half of the world, attention to him or to her and to see in them, my but because he built libraries. And above all- fellow human beings, part of a design whose ul- this is something which I like for personal rea- timate goal and end elude us. sons-perhaps Alexander the Great was great Culture is destined to serve as a bridge be- because he had chosen as a tutor a man of vast tween individuals and collectivities. At a concert, culture, Aristotle. Commentaries and Contemplations Introduction Hernan Crespo Toral, presiding This conference opens a new chapter not own fate, can be the prime movers in the drive only in the relationship between the World to improve the quality of their lives. Bank and UNESCO, but also in the search Nor is there any other way to increase the par- for sustainable human development. Both orga- ticipation in the democratic process and to en- nizations agree that cultural should be its chief sure proper citizenship. Culture, above all, is a ingredient. relentless seeking that is unique to human be- The terms "culture" and "development" are ings and societies. It represents the values, nur- no longer alien, nor in any way incompatible. In tured for generations that lie at the very roots of fact, they are interactive. Providing development the diversity of the human condition and the with a cultural dimension is bringing in untold building of the future. By acknowledging its im- returns, for it is the only way in which human portance, we shall attain justice, which is so vital beings, who are both subjects and actors of their to building peace. 12 The Natures of Culture: The Natural and Human Environment Vann Molyvann Mr. Vice President, the representative of are abandoned as such. Objects of religious wor- the Director-General of UNESCO, Ex- ship are considered without value; Buddha stat- cellencies, ladies and gentlemen. May ues are broken off their pedestals, decapitated, I express my sincere thanks to the World Bank and reduced to dust. Cambodian youths receive and UNESCO for allowing me to present the mea- an exclusively political education as the Khmer sures taken by my Government for the preserva- Rouge deliberately strive to eradicate the Bud- tion and development of Cambodia's cultural dhist religion from Khmer culture. heritage. My report is entitled, "Angkor: A Recent Past Immediate Measures Taken of Destruction, Future Prospects of Conservation for the Safeguarding of Angkor and Sustainable Development". In 1970 General Lon Nol carries out a coup In 1991 during a UNESCO international round- d'etat bringing down the Khmer monarchy and table conference of experts on the Angkor monu- drawing Cambodia into the Vietnam War. The ments, His Majesty King Norodom Sihanouk, at Angkor Region is immediately taken over by that time President of the Supreme National guerrillas fighting in resistance to the Lon Nol Council, seeks UNESCO assistance to register the regime. The Archaeological Park is occupied by Angkor monuments on the World Heritage List. the Vietcong. On November 13,1991, facing the Angkor Wat Following the 1973 signature of the Paris Ac- Temple, the Director-General of UNESCO, His cord on Vietnam, the Park of Angkor falls under Excellency Mr. Federico Mayor, launches a vi- Khmer Rouge control. In 1975 the Khmer Rouge brant appeal to the international community to transform the country into a mass collective. Siem conjoin its efforts to save Angkor. The Angkor Reap's urban population is displaced to the coun- site was registered on The World Heritage List tryside. The merchant, intellectual, and urban of sites in peril in December 1992. The Commit- classes were to be either re-educated or physi- tee recommended that within three years the fol- cally eliminated. Family structures were dis- lowing five measures be implemented by mantled, the population dispersed according to Cambodia, the depository of this heritage: age and sex. Adolescents assigned to mobile bri- * Promulgation of adequate protective legisla- gades and children separated from their parents. tion, Angkorean temple sites, spiritual havens for * Establishment of a national cultural protection the population since the dawn of Khmer history authority, 13 14 Culture in Sustainable Development * Establishment of permanent protective bound- gun to progressively implement a Five-Year aries, Emergency Plan for the safeguarding of the * Definition of significant buffer zones, and monuments of Angkor. This Plan comprises * Establishment of the coordination of interna- seven objectives: tional conservation efforts. * Institutional framework for the management These five measures have been implemented of cultural heritage; within the delays imposed by the World Heri- * Comprehensive research program on and pro- tage Committee: motion of cultural heritage; * The Law for the Protection of Cultural Heri- * Comprehensive program for the restoration, tage was promulgated by His Majesty the King preservation, and valorization of the monu- on 25 January 1996. ments at the site of Angkor; * The APSARA Authority, (Authority for the * Development of human resources; Protection of the Site and the Management of * Education of Khmer nationals, directed toward the Angkor Region) was established by Royal enhancing knowledge of Khmer culture; Decree of 19 February 1995. * Development of a tourism industry capable of * The definition of permanent boundaries and securing investment necessary for regional de- significant buffer zones was made possible velopment; and through the assistance of UNESCO in its * Integrated development of Siem Reap Town project known as ZEMP, the Zoning and Envi- and Province. ronmental Management Plan for the Region Due to the instability of the country after the of Siem Reap. Khmer Rouge period, the implementation of * The fifth measure was implemented during the the seven fields of operation of the Emergency Inter-governmental Conference on the Safe- Plan has presented great difficulties. Neverthe- guarding and the Development of the Histori- less, most of these have been realized; a few are cal area of Angkor, held in Tokyo on 12-13 still ongoing, and some are projects in search of October 1993. Thirty countries and five inter- funding. national institutions participated at this Con- The first measures are taken in the cultural ference. sector, the second ones will be taken in the socio- The Tokyo Declaration concluding the meet- economic sector, and the third one in the ecologi- ing recommends the establishment of a Coordi- cal and environmental sector. nating Committee at Ambassador's level in De-mining, commenced in 1992 with French Phnom Penh as the international mechanism for and European funding, has been fully completed the coordination of assistance. The committee is within the Archaeological Park. placed under the honorary presidency of His The Heritage Police, trained and financed by Majesty, the King of Cambodia; it is co-chaired France, is very active. Considerable efforts are by France and Japan; and UNESCO is in charge being deployed against the illicit traffic of Khmer of the Secretariat of this committee. cultural properties. Thanks to ICOM, over twenty The Tokyo Declaration recognizes that the art objects and statues have been returned to people of Cambodia have sovereignty over and Cambodia by museum and private collectors. primary responsibility for the safeguarding and Beginning in 1998, the World Monument Fund development of the historic area of Angkor. It established in Siem Reap the American Center recommends that the international efforts should for International Research in Cambodia, dedi- be carried out in a coordinated manner for the cated to advanced scholarly research and train- safeguarding and preservation of the monuments ing with an emphasis on architectural and historical area, taking into account their cul- conservation. tural, socio-economic, and ecological dimensions. Now the monuments. The Angkor historic area is a very large archaeological worksite, at present The Five-Year Emergency Plan probably the largest in the world. Since 1993, al- most five million US dollars have been invested Since its inauguration in mid-1993, the Royal every year in the restoration program. Nineteen Cambodian Government has prepared and be- countries and institutions are active on the 17 Commentaries and Contemplations 15 work sites of restoration and archaeological ex- running from north to south and parallel to the cavations ongoing or due to be opened shortly. Tonle Sap Lake. Each band forms a coherent unit One percent of the technical assistance bud- with its own distinct level of humidity, soil com- get is consecrated to the training of nationals. The position, morphology, vegetation and animal Emergency Plan gave high priority to the train- habitat. These ecological units are: ing of national historians, archaeologists, archi- * Kulen Mountain Range and its piedmonts to tects, painters, sculptors, and craftsman. Thanks the north, unique in its flora and fauna, this to UNESCO and other international organiza- zone is included in the list of National Park tions operating on Angkor sites, the emergence Reserves. of future Khmer specialists capable to progres- * Ancient terraces, Zone of the Angkor Complex, sively take over the Angkor conservation work, recommended for total reforestation. slowly concretizes. * Young dry terraces, the zone where hotel dis- In regard to the second measures taken in the trict is located has poor soil, unsuitable for ag- socio-economic sector, the Government foresees riculture. the development of small- and medium-size ho- * Young flooded terraces, protected zone for tels in the old town of Siem Reap and a larger maximal rice cultivation. one in a hotel district to be entirely created on * Lacustrine Plain to the south, vast ecological the model of Bali's Nusa Dua. Presently, on the reserve to be left in its natural state. 560 hectares retained for this purpose, the In conclusion, an important academic question APSARA authority develops a first section of 37 needs to be answered. Should the site of Angkor hectares. This part of the Emergency Plan is the be preserved as a dead city or as a living histori- most delicate because of the enormous specula- cal site with its villages and populations? We have tive pressure on the cost of land. Uncontrolled definitely opted for the concept of a living his- expansion of mass tourism, especially in the so- torical site. Consequently, the aim for an envi- cially weakened context of today's Cambodia, ronmentally sustainable development is to would have a destructive effect on the viability progressively rehabilitate the hydraulic network of Khmer culture, traditional beliefs, and systems and ancient dikes, according to new regional of values for fostering social cohesion. needs. New infrastructures, canals, and roads The World Bank intervenes now in Siem Reap should be conceived as coherent complements to for the rehabilitation of National Road Number the Archaeological Park. 6 from the town of Kompong Thom to Siem Reap The Angkor Historic Area corresponds nota- Town. This road follows the trace of an ancient bly to the exploited surface area of Siem Reap Khmer causeway. Province today. Its population now is around The last measures are to be taken for the pro- 600,000 inhabitants. As a result of the past de- tection of the Angkor environment. A major prob- cades of war, this population currently lives be- lem concerning the Angkor environment is the low the poverty line. How may we best utilize illegal lumbering. The forests of the entire Siem what we have learned from the Angkorian past Reap Province are being massively logged. As of in working with these populations, the descen- the latest statistics, 75 percent of the trees in the dants of those very people who conceived and Park have been cut over the past 15 years. built the Angkor monuments, to improve their Pedagogical studies of the Angkor site allowed daily living conditions their prospects for the the definition of an ecological model for the pro- future? This is the challenge of developing the vision of adapted actions. The model reveals an Siem Reap/Angkor Region for the next millen- ensemble of ecological units distributed in bands, nium. The Social Dimensions of Culture and Contemporary Expressions Ali Mazrui Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. I am out of the 53 members of the Organization of the very grateful for this opportunity. Both Islamic Conference, Iran, has now been lifted, and UNESCO and the World Bank are two in- that is a matter of some relief certainly to Rushdie, ternational organizations that I have had the who has been leading a rich but insecure exist- privilege to serve before, and it is therefore a ence since 1989. triple honor to be playing a role on an occasion Culture as motivation is the second major area. when both of them are cooperating. Dr. What induces us to work, what constitutes ad- Serageldin and I, when I was serving on the equate inducement or spiritual satisfaction, is Council of African Advisors of the World Bank, often conditioned by culture. Some cultures pro- used to discuss issues of relevance to culture duce disproportionate numbers of workaholics, in development. It is therefore a great pleasure while other cultures produce a leisure class. to see that the World Bank has made a lot of The third major area is culture as a standard of progress in this regard. In those days, culture judgment. Culture can condition our ethical stan- was a case of paradigm lost. It is now in the pro- dards, our moral norms, our aesthetics and taste, cess of becoming paradigm regained, and both and our legal standards. the individuals concerned and the institution of I know that Muslims who are also Americans the Bank itself ought to be congratulated. Of are caught up on two related issues-is adultery course, UNESCO has always been committed to more serious than lying? As Americans, the scale culture. of value is that lying is the more serious offense, I see culture as serving the following func- especially lying under oath; but as Muslims, adul- tions-and some of you who are already famil- tery is the more serious offense, a much more iar with my work may recognize these serious offense. In fact, in traditional Sharia, or concerns-first, culture as perception. When cul- Islamic law, adultery seen as a violation of the ture conditions how we view the world, it be- foundation of the family can even be a capital comes a lens of perception. We are glad that the offense, so it is viewed very seriously indeed. I death penalty on Salman Rushdie seems to have have been receiving faxes from friends in the been lifted, although the fatwah that his book is Muslim world asking, "What is going on in that blasphemous stands. This perception of the book country? Why are Americans saying it is not the is still a divisive factor between most Muslims adultery that matters?" This is an issue of cul- and most Westerners. But the death penalty, ture as a standard of judgment, and the two cul- which in fact was passed by only one country tures obviously view it differently 16 Commentaries and Contemplations 17 Fourth, culture as a foundation of identity- already know the standard example. It has been who am I? Am I a Jew? Am I a Gentile? Am I pointed out that, while in 1957 Ghana had a per Black? Am I White? Am I believer or an unbe- capita income of $490 and South Korea, $491 (in liever? Am I an Arab or a non-Arab? That is very 1980 valuation of dollar); by the early 1990s, central to our very being. Culture helps to define Ghana had only $400, while South Korea had shot our identity. up to $6,000. Yet by some measurements of West- Fifth, culture as a basis for stratification-who ernization, Ghanians spoke better English than is up, who is down-the rank order in a particu- South Koreans, were more Christianized than lar society and what justifies different levels of South Koreans, had universities which were more social recognition. Rank, caste, prestige, and even Western than South Korean, and had syllabuses class are partly determined by culture. which were more Eurocentric than South Korean. Sixth, culture as consumption and production. Among civilian presidents, Ghana had one In human history, humans consumed before they president who had written some 10 books in En- produced, because originally we just went glish, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah; one president with around gathering nuts and fruits and leaves. a Ph.D. in anthropology and strong postdoctoral Then later on we started producing ourselves, links with Oxford University, Dr. Kofi Busia; and cultivating. So consumption came before produc- one president who was medically trained in the tion, but the two of then became interrelated and West, Dr. Hilary Lehman. Every civilian ruler of were heavily influenced by culture, and exerted Ghana has been a highly Westernized intellec- counter-influence on culture in return. tual. But the most successful and longest serving Finally, culture as a means of communication in military ruler, Jerry Rawlings, has gone just one language, in literature, and in other forms includ- stage further. He is half-Western in parentage; one ing in dress. Indeed, there can be communica- of his parents was Scottish. tion in strange ways in dress. I have a nephew Yet these high profile Western qualifications who is a much more traditional Muslim than I in Ghana have failed to help Ghana keep pace can claim to be, because he observes all the ritu- with South Korea's relentless pace of economic als and dresses Muslim, and has a beard. He is performance until 1997. By 1997 South Korea had now a Canadian, but in everything else, he is become the sixth or seventh industrial power in Muslim in visible ways. He traveled to Muslim the world, and its economic slowdown sent shock countries two years ago. One thing which struck waves through the World Bank and the Interna- him was that at every Middle Eastern airport, this tional Monetary Fund. So Africa has got to learn man who looks Muslim was regarded with sus- that when it comes to culture, it is not enough to picion to Muslim eyes. At almost every entry be Westernized. We must pick and choose what point, they put him aside to wait for interroga- it is in the Western culture that is relevant for tion. In the Muslim world, the fact that he was development; otherwise make sure there is as dressed Muslim spoke something. It conveyed much as possible that is authentically African. In fundamentalism, it ironically conveyed at Middle reality, it may well be a combination of Western Eastern airports. He had the shock of his life. He technique and indigenous culture which is the said, "I get away with this Islamic dress much secret of dramatic modernization and develop- more easily in Canada than I did at one airport ment. after another in the Muslim world." Robert McNamara, whom I respect very much, When we borrow from the West, we should was in India a year or so ago as a guest of Sonia also be careful not to mistake borrowing cultures Ghandi. So was I. McNamara and I had a little from the West as methods of development. This debate about the relevance of culture, in which I is a message I go around preaching to my fellow emphasized that it is important that we deal with Africans, because sometimes there is a tendency this cultural variable. I am sure Mr. McNamara to say, well, the West is developed, and their cul- would not mind my relating this story, because ture is relevant for that. he felt that Africa's problems are too urgent for Higher cultural Westernization in the Third us to wait for cultural reform. My answer was in World has not necessarily meant higher economic two parts. First, not all of Africa's problems re- and developmental returns. Some of you may quire a culture change; sometimes, it may just 18 Culture in Sustainable Development require greater attention to African culture than In Islamic culture, liberty and dignity are we have done before. Second, culture change deemed to be a trade-off with regard to the sta- need not take too long when it is required. I ar- tus of women. Women in the Muslim world prob- gued that Japan was occupied only briefly by the ably enjoy greater dignity than women in the Americans under General Douglas MacArthur. West, but Muslim women enjoy less liberty than The General imposed the Constitution on Japan, women in the West. Sons in the Muslim world yet a liberal, competitive, multi-party system has are more respectful and more loyal to their moth- taken root in Japanese political culture through ers than sons in the West, but husbands in the an exchange which would have been inconceiv- West are more respectful, although not necessar- able when Japanese planes set out to bomb Pearl ily more loyal, to their wives than husbands in Harbor in 1941. After Douglas MacArthur, Japan the Muslim world. Muslim women living in the experienced a rapid and fundamental transfor- West may, if they are lucky, synthesize the best mation in its political culture. It just goes to show of both traditions as they enjoy more liberty than that fundamental culture changes need not take women in the mainstream Muslim world and too long. There is therefore hope for Africa even more dignity than women in the mainstream when it requires culture change, that that change Western world. need not take too long. But very often the prob- Some cultures center women, but fall short of lem is that we do not do enough to protect cur- empowering them. In traditional Africa, women rent culture-our own. are far from marginalized; they are centered. Bertrand Russell used to argue that civiliza- Women are custodians of fire, a symbol of light tion was born out of the pursuit of luxury. On and heat; custodians of water, symbol of life and one side, we may feel why should we celebrate cleanliness; and custodians of earth, linked to the luxurious extravagance of those who built the dual fertility-the fertility of the womb, woman Taj Mahal in India or Abu Simbel in Egypt or the as mother, and the fertility of the soil, woman as Castles of Gondar in Ethiopia or the Blue Mosque cultivator. By traditional culture, women are at in Istanbul, or the Brooding Majesty of Great Zim- the center of water supply, custodian of water, babwe. Are not these monuments of past opu- and they trek long distances fetching it. At the lence, measurements of ancient stratification and center of supply of rural fuel, firewood, they work privilege? very hard to make sure of its availability. At the That is one perspective. But the other perspec- center of production, food cultivation, we see tive is to view them as monuments to the labor- women as farmers. The men may go to the cities ers and toilers and masons who actually built and the mines to work for wages. They may tend them. In actual process, the Pyramids were not the bigger animals, like cattle. They may fell the built by the pharaohs. They were built by Egyp- trees so that the women can collect the branches. tian workers toiling day after day in conditions African women have often been more centered of hardship. It is to them that the Pyramids are a than Western women, but not necessarily more monument. empowered. The Suez Canal, it is true, is in part a tribute Reform until recently, has often been to edu- to a French engineer, Ferdinand de Lesseps, but cate African women in the Western style and it is above all a tribute to Egyptian workers, thereby de-center them. Many African women many dozens of whom literally died building with high school diplomas wind up as telephone the Canal. operators and typists. They move from the triple- So symbols of past stratification become sym- custodial role of fire, water, and earth to the lower bols of current identity of us as a people every- ranks of the service sector. We need to find ways where in the world. However there are current of keeping women central on the land and add forms of stratification which may have to be empowerment to the equation, increasing the watched carefully even if they are culturally rights of landownership, improving independent sanctioned, even if they also provide different credentials for bank loans, improvement of skills, perceptions. Preeminent among these is gender betterment of equipment for water supply, for stratification. fuel use, and for methods of farming. Commentaries and Contemplations 19 There is an additional thing that the World tion, with potential mothers in danger of unsafe Bank and UNESCO should take into account. childbearing, why waste time going to beg Most of the time, certainly with UNESCO and these white terrorists to stop fasting unto death? now increasingly with the World Bank, the con- Of all the priorities, Nelson, why should the cern is preservation of the works of the great fate of the terrorists even been paramount in masters, conservation of historical buildings, safe- your mind? guarding of the collective memory of humankind. Mandela went to have tea with Mrs. Hendrik But should we also invest in deliberate amnesia? Verwoerd, the unrepentant widow of the archi- Should cultures be given space to forget? tect of apartheid. Mr. Mandela, it is enough, now I have in mind as one example the horrendous that you are president, to leave her undisturbed. problem of the Hutu-Tutsi cleavage in Rwanda, It is enough to leave her undisturbed. For good- Burundi, and in a different context in the Demo- ness' sake, why go and pay your respects to her cratic Republic of Congo. Hutu-Tutsi is a split and have tea with her? It isn't as if she were say- identity. I have gone around Africa and in dip- ing, "My husband was wrong." She was totally lomatic circles saying, look, there is something unrepentant. cultural in Africa which constitutes a short Mandela illustrates this short memory of hate. memory of hate. Cultures differ in animosity re- Across the board, Ian Smith unleashed a war tention. upon Zimbabwe, which killed thousands and My dear Irish friends have long animosity then, when independence came to Zimbabwe in retention capacities so that events which took 1980, what happened? Ian Smith was in Parlia- place in the 17th century can be celebrated this ment, continuing to abuse the black government year and cause tremendous tensions in North- of the day. Where else but in Africa does this sort ern Ireland. of thing happen? I really don't know of anywhere Armenians have tremendous animosity reten- else where this happens. tion because they suffered under the Ottoman Let us also look at the example of Nigeria. We Empire. Although the Turkish Republic did not were worried in 1971 when the Nigerian civil war exist during World War I, Turkish Ambassadors was coming to an end, that the streets of Enugu even today are in great danger anywhere in the and Nsuka in the defeated Biafra would be awash world from Armenians who want to exact re- with blood. The Pope was worried in Rome. venge for the awful massacres of Armenians Why? Because many of the people in the East, in which occurred in 1915. Biafra, were a part of his flock. So we held our But Africans have a short memory of hate and breath-the Nigerians are not always among the this is a great cultural resource. My former presi- most disciplined of the human race-and we dent, Jomo Kenyatta, was put in jail by the Brit- waited anxiously. But they were disciplined in ish, rotted away on unjust charges, came out, the most supreme test of their entire existence. published a book entitled, Suffering without Bit- They were much more forgiving than Americans terness, embraced the British and turned Kenya were after their own Civil War 100 years earlier. around into one of the most pro-Western coun- There was no spiteful Reconstruction, no tries in Africa where it has remained to the Nuremberg trials, no vengeance. There was no present day. exaction of revenge within post-war Nigeria. Nelson Mandela loses 27 of the best years of Once again, Africa's short memory of hate pre- his life in jail, comes out of jail and not only pro- vailed. So what do we do with the Hutu and motes a policy of reconciliation, but actually does Tutsi? They are cramped in short space. Rwanda things which sometimes I regard as absurd. There in 1994 was the most densely populated country are some white terrorists fasting unto death. on the African continent. It is a small country with These were indeed white terrorists sentenced by just two groups, a dual society. Dual societies are a white government before Mandela became beset with tendencies toward polarization and president; but after he was released. They were stalemate. Watch Cyprus as a dual society with fasting unto death as protest. Of all the causes in its long stalemate. Watch Northern Ireland as a South Africa, with children dying of malnutri- dual society with its sectarian history. Watch Sri 20 Culture in Sustainable Development Lanka as a dual society with its ethnic violence. So we need to invest in amnesia between the There are major tensions with dual societies as Tutsi and the Hutu. They will not unite unless contrasted with plural societies. So dual societ- donors, including the World Bank, one day re- ies have special problems. gard regional integration as something worth Political amnesia could be cultivated if we supporting-encouraging them to unite, not just could get these two groups in Rwanda and in for economic reasons, but also because otherwise Burundi to form part of a larger entity which is every few years, the Hutu and Tutsi will kill each itself stable. I have been recommending that we other. We need to invest not just in cultural try to get them to federate with Tanzania and memory, but also in cultural amnesia. become a plural society, a larger entity. We would I just want to make one last point. Should the then disarm the armies of Rwanda and Burundi. World Bank enter into the business of repatria- They would discover what they have in common tion of artifacts of arts and culture? I am a mem- which at the moment they seem to forget. In the ber of a group of eminent persons appointed by political process of the new Tanzania, the Hutu the Organization of African Unity to explore and Tutsi may discover that they want to vote modalities and logistics for campaigning both for for the same political party as against other Tan- reparations in the sense of returning things and zanians who are voting for a different party. reparations in the sense of compensating Africa. There is a precedent. There is the Iru and the That may be legitimate for the OAU, but is it le- Hima in Uganda. These are the same people as gitimate for the World Bank and UNESCO? the Hutu and Tutsi, but in Uganda they bear dif- Should the World Bank help us get back works ferent names. They live in Uganda in a plural of sculpture that are scattered around the world, society and therefore tend to act together on most provided they can be assured of their safety in issues in the political process as Banyankole dis- Africa? I think the Bank should be considering tinct from other Ugandans. I have even spoken these challenges-safety of the treasures and con- to former President Nyerere of Tanzania on this, sensus between those who have them now and and he is interested in the idea of regional inte- those who are going to receive them in Africa. gration as a solution, but thinks it would take Italy has been responsive since we started send- several countries to federate rather than just ing appeals for things stolen by Benito Mussolini Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania. from Ethiopia. There are Westerners who are pre- What am I trying to do? I am trying to find pared to help us regain some of our treasures. ways to give them space so that Africa's short The World Bank could also help in facilitating memory of hate could begin to work. This criti- such transactions. cal element in our culture doesn't work in Once again, the seven functions of culture cast crowded conditions of space where people don't a spell on the destiny of development, and the have time to forget at all, because the stress is seven pillars of wisdom will constitute our para- upon them all the time. dise regained. Cultural Heritage: Economic Challenges and Opportunities Enrique Iglesias would like to begin by thanking the World In the World Commission on Culture and De- Bank for inviting me to join you today. I con- velopment report, Our Creative Diversity, fess, however, that I feel somewhat at a dis- UNESCO defined culture as "the whole complex advantage after Professor Mazrui's in-depth and of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and inspiring presentation. emotional features that characterize a society". I have always believed that culture has a cen- Culture is the way we live, the way we want to tral role in our struggle for economic and social live. UNESCO has defined a key determinant of development. Therefore, I have been pleased to development, as "the process that increases the see our success at the Inter-American Develop- effective freedom of the beneficiaries to under- ment Bank in raising among our people the con- take whatever they consider valuable". In other sciousness of having culture at the center of our words, in a people's cultural roots lie the basic policies. This development is being reflected in elements of the dynamism essential for under- our policies as well as in our work in the region standing what development is all about. It is very on three different levels. The first is the relation- refreshing to note a growing tendency among ship between culture and development. The sec- economists to get away from the purely reduc- ond is the economic dimension of culture. And tionist approach of looking at society as a set of the third is how we, as financial institutions, can economic pieces to appreciating that it is a glo- really cooperate with governments in building bal set of values, beliefs and traditions. The in- up this consciousness of the role of culture. clusion of these elements in our approach to In the relationship between culture and devel- policies will be the key to the success of our work opment, I see a very refreshing movement from in the development field. both sides: the people involved with culture are I was very impressed on reading a book by moving toward development and those involved Douglas North in which he advances the argu- with economic development are moving from a ment that culture plays a key role in determin- purely economic approach to take account of the ing local institutions, as well as the political and cultural dimension. More and more I see a com- economic organizations created to operate within mon ground on which they will meet. The real those institutions. Professor Putnam's book on challenge is to integrate cultural and economic democracy in central Italy also challenges us to issues in a mutually reinforcing, comprehensive appreciate the broader context in which economic approach to development. development takes place. It shows how these 21 22 Culture in Sustainable Development provinces, these areas, these cities were becom- proach, so much as anchoring it in our history ing rich and highly developed in contrast to other our common heritage, our traditions. regions, thanks to the influence of the deepest These examples illustrate how culture is a and most profound values of their societies on major ingredient in shaping our economic poli- the economic process. cies. This is the first level on which we must con- How do cultural values relate to our economic tinue working, and it is important to do so in close activities and become powerful instruments of collaboration with such institutions as UNESCO. development? The second level is to value the economic di- Take solidarity for instance. We have in Latin mension of cultural activities. In some of our America very moving examples of solidarity. It countries, 20 percent of employment is in cultural is found in the indigenous communities and activities, particularly entertainment. We may be among the poor. We may even say that the poor underdeveloped in many areas, but not in mu- owe their survival, as much as anything, to their sic. Everybody in the world is dancing to our willingness to work together toward common music. This type of activities is an important as- goals. We at the IDB are working now with in- set that can contribute creatively in our process digenous communities, which are taking the re- of economic development. sponsibility as main actors in the selection and With respect to tourism, there is a growing execution of projects. Our role is to help them to demand for something more than sea, sand, and accomplish their own objectives-and they do it sun. We are seeing in Latin America that tourists very well. I should also mention the volunteer coming from Europe and the United States are movements. We have a number of institutions looking for two options, beautiful beaches and working in Latin America in different areas: in some cultural activities. We are now trying to health, in education, in housing. Their ability to develop cultural activities in many areas of Latin mobilize resources and community participation America, including the Maya traditions in Cen- is a major factor in improving the quality of life tral America and Mexico, or the local tradition of of the poorer segments of society. Northeast Brazil. Likewise, local crafts can exploit Let us take a look at another value-self-es- a fruitful market niche. teem. When people feel pride in belonging to a Another very important activity is integrating region or to a city (for instance Cartagena in Co- cultural heritage and cultural conservation in lombia or Curitiba in Brazil), they eagerly do ev- urban development. This linkage opens oppor- erything to defend their city, including seemingly tunities for solving housing problems and at the mundane tasks such as maintaining the cleanli- same time developing the pride of the people in ness of their buildings. the beauty and the quality of life in their cities. Or take the case of the social contributions of The question of the economic dimension of cultural values. We have many intractable prob- cultural activities is far reaching, but often com- lems in Latin America, such as violence and pletely overlooked. That is why we are under- crime, which are very difficult to solve without taking studies to evaluate what culture means in reaching into the values of the community. You terms of employment, generation of foreign ex- must be able to count on the solidarity of the change, development of tourism, and other eco- people, the unity of the family, the sense of com- nomic benefits. munity of the neighborhood, and the shared vi- Finally, the third level refers to raising the con- sion of social groups that are willing to work and sciousness of governments about the economic cooperate tirelessly to improve their situation. opportunities associated with cultural heritage. Professor Mazrui mentioned another dimen- This is no easy task because normally culture has sion, namely, integration. Latin America and the been considered either a residual or a luxury. It Caribbean is the region with the strongest move- must be recognized however that expenditure on ment toward economic integration. The reason culture is not simply consumption, but has many why integration is so vibrant and dynamic in this characteristics of investment. Spending on cul- region lies in our historical roots. We are not ture is like spending on education. It is investing building integration from a purely economic ap- in human development. Therefore it is very im- Commentaries and Contemplations 23 portant for governments to have the right crite- better to have them playing music than being in ria to set priorities and to consider those invest- the streets? I say this is a social program, it is not ments as part of their normal action in society. a luxury. It is extremely important to bring these As to the work of the Inter-American Devel- children together to nurture their cultural heri- opment Bank in the fields mentioned before, we tage and at the same time to keep them off the have many examples that will probably interest streets. you. For instance, we have participated in the These programs are illustrative of the kind of rehabilitation of historic Quito, one of the jewel activities we are developing with national gov- cities of Latin America. This project also included ernments and local authorities. We recognize that the provision of housing, water, relocation of success depends on involving the people, public street vendors, which all contribute to preserv- institutions, as well as the private sector. An ex- ing the heritage and at the same time creating a ample of private-public partnership is a project better environment for people to live and work. in which the Bank is participating with a major At present, we are working in several cities in TV network in Brazil to provide information on Brazil, in an effort to preserve the cultural heri- protecting cultural heritage. tage and at the same time to enhance the sense of The Inter-American Development Bank is pride of the people in their cities and environ- committed to forging closer links between cul- ment. We are also working in Uruguay to trans- ture and development in its work with its bor- form old railway stations into a focal point for rowing member countries. Our Board of cultural activities, as the Europeans are doing. Directors is currently considering a policy docu- In our activities of rehabilitation of cities, we ment which would provide guidelines for chan- have had to confront the question of children in neling our efforts. Meetings such as this forum the streets. For example, we are engaged in a today serve as inspiration to us, and are valu- promising project of the Youth Orchestra Pro- able contributions in articulating strategies to gram in Venezuela which encompasses 150 or- foster the synergy between our cultural heritage chestras, 15 choirs, and 100,000 children. Isn't it and our economic and social development. The Intrinsic Value of Heritage Israel Klabin First, I want to praise the man who has pro- To begin, I would like to quote a short text by posed his own ideas as a frame and refer- Einstein, hoping with that to give some credibil- ence for what we should say today about ity to what I have to say: "Through harsh experi- culture and sustainable development. To praise ence, we learn that rational thought is not enough James Wolfensohn demands more skill than those to solve the problems of our social life. The intel- I have-a man whose capabilities are ahead of lect has a sharp eye for the methods and tools, and beyond the tasks of his enterprise. So he in- but is blind to the ends and values." dulges in creating far-reaching goals for the About today, three elements are intertwined projects that his creativity purports. in the general theme of this meeting-culture, He is not a Don Quixote, though, and he is development, and heritage. From the regional definitely not a Sancho Panza. He is a man for all cultures of Mother Africa and through the pre- seasons; but for me personally he has been a Colombians from the great cultures of the Egyp- friend and a brother for 30 years, and that is one tians from which the Mesopotamians and of the prides of my life. Mediterranean cultures were direct beneficiaries, I would also like to praise another man, Ismail from monotheistic Jews, Islam and Christianity, Serageldin, who dwells in this house and whose through Zoroastrian, Persian and Indian Panthe- personality is today projected around the world. ism, to the Chinese Ethical Confucianists, and You, Ismail, minted this conceptual design of the from many other cultures that during the past 35 relationship between culture and development. centuries came to light, disappeared, but all leav- You have helped create and are enhancing the ing their marks on humanity, we have inherited mission of the World Bank to project it in the fu- a cultural matrix that is represented by a com- ture based on the memories and values of the mon moral code. past. Thank you. The permanence of values and principles is Last, but never least, I have here today two of common to all and pervades every group of coun- my mentors, Maritta Koch-Weser and Thomas tries on this planet, but the most important sign Lovejoy-are you there, Thomas? No, he is not. I that we read either from the written memory of hope that what I have to say has lots to do with those cultures or in the monuments that have enhancement that I gain from their own beliefs survived them is the search for transcendence and the knowledge that I have acquired from and a desire to reach the essence and meaning of their teaching and their own lives. life. 24 Commentaries and Contemplations 25 In all the great codes, from Hammurabi no longer menaced by nature. But we have ev- through Moses from the Solon Code to the 12 ery reason to think that now, nature is seriously Tables of the Roman Republic, we will find the menaced by man. moral code, either as an aspect of cosmic law or The war between man and nature has reached, as a formal prescription for life or effective in- I could say, a terminal stage. We cannot go any tent. But the moral code is contained in all of farther. We, mankind, are becoming the victims them. of our own lack of moral code in our relation- Our own culture is the recipient of that accu- ship with nature. I have seen the destruction of mulated knowledge, and we hope that we will rain forests in different parts of the world caused be able to cross the bridge over which that heri- by the market economy that ignores the casual- tage will project itself in the future. ties that it produces. I have seen catastrophic and But the ideal world governed by principles has devastating effects of global warming caused by in itself the antithesis of positive values that is man himself. We still ignore the normal spread also embedded in our cultural DNA. We are of future catastrophes by continuing to pollute products of and a living testimony to that genetic this thin layer of air surrounding our planet. truth. Here is the great challenge for our immediate The universal cultural genome contains good consideration. Are we capable of using the intrin- and evil. The remedy in order to advance to the sic values of our heritage to change our head- future includes the protection, conservation and long course toward self-destruction, or are we preservation of our cultural heritage and our capable of producing a covenant between man common differences. Each one of us is a part of and nature and among the cultural plurality of the human repertoire. mankind? Holocausts of culture are even more damag- We have many tools at our disposal in science, ing and devastating than the mass murder of in technology, in the development of speculative groups or tribes of humans. I have seen how in- and social sciences. Above all, we now see the vasions of different cultures by the so-called high- convergence of religion and science. No more est civilizations-mainly our own-have caused duality or differentiation that has for centuries the disappearance of groups of Indians in my kept men divided between the absolute and the country that have kept for centuries their own relative, between nature and its Creator. special relationship with nature and have sur- This is the scenario. Scientists are working on vived precisely because of that. I have seen the threshold of knowledge, thriving to produce Mother Africa and how the colonizing countries, a code, for instance, for bioethics. An enormous with a heavy arm, have dismantled and pervaded number of scientists collectively have acknowl- the bonds that ancient tribal cultures have with edged the threat to our thin layer of air becom- their own land. They were not capable of absorb- ing polluted and causing climate changes and ing what was offered them as a better way of life, immeasurable disasters. We can see the pollution and they forgot their past. Their heritage for sure of our waters, the rivers and the seas caused by became a void, and their future without a hori- the uncaring use of artificial means such as zon. chemicals. We can see the depletion of the oceans Yet I have also seen cultural and ethnic and as a consequence of greed and alienation. tribal civilizations survive holocausts of their For many years, I have been dealing with dif- people. They survived by relying on their moral ferent attempts to try to model the concept of and ethical heritage and by doing so, produced sustainable development. I am afraid that we all the seed of resistance that allowed them to keep have failed on that endeavor. What we receive the covenant of their culture that they inherited from our previous generation as assets of natu- from the past. ral resources, we will be unable to pass on to fu- Today, we are living a similar type of holo- ture generations if we do not search our caust, and most of us are privy to it. In the past conscience and commit ourselves to a different 50 years, man developed an upgraded science, way of life. Are we able to do so? We can only do tools, and mechanisms that allowed him to feel it if we reaffirm the intrinsic value of heritage we 26 Culture in Sustainable Development received as a universal moral code that should mits its parties without conditions. Men and na- be more than just mere words. ture have a covenant. We will forever, whether But if we, on the one hand, still don't know we like it or not, be the guardians and the custo- how to model the concept of sustainable devel- dians of the creation. opment, we do, on the other hand, know exactly But are we keeping our side of this primordial what is not sustainable in the present model of obligation in order to safeguard life itself? We development. really have to re-establish with nature the origi- It is not sustainable that the present financial nal covenant, the idea of reciprocity, the give-and- model has disengaged itself from the real take, the mutual responsibility. economy and no longer represents the link be- The intrinsic value of the heritage we receive tween goods and services and the original con- from the past is represented by the heritage that cept of money. It is not sustainable to maintain we will leave for the future. Today political the isolation and accumulation created by devel- boundaries are less and less important. Original oped countries vis-a-vis the urgent needs of the groups of countries with an economic interest are great majority of mankind. finding ways to align themselves through creative It is not sustainable to maintain the energy institutional arrangements. Tribes and minorities matrix and the systems of transportation based inside countries are retrieving their identity on fossil fuel which is suicidal. It is not sustain- through the search for their original cultural roots able to condone the indiscriminate use of native and surviving over and above the political, so- forests, whether tropical or boreal, to satisfy the cial or economic scenarios in which they live. greed for consumption without being aware of Living with diversity and plurality is the chal- its consequences-not only for the people who lenge that we all face on the verge of the 21st cen- live near and depend on the forests, but for hu- tury. It is no longer possible to enhance tools and manity as a whole. It is not sustainable to con- ideologies that have divided us into political, re- done the use of poisonous chemicals to increase ligious or ethnic factions. Man has developed the the yield of the crops with the direct consequence capacity to destroy that is far beyond our capac- of deterioration of our waters and soil erosion ity to rebuild. Man has developed the use of natu- that is equivalent to murdering the Earth. ral resources without a projection of his needs in It is not sustainable to use children as a source the future. Man has developed niches of wealth of cheap labor and ignore that women present and waste, ignoring the vast populations de- the most important asset for humanity-our very prived of food and health. future. Because of that, it should be in our moral Our common boundaries should contain the code to promote the dignity and equal sharing intrinsic values of our heritage. I sincerely hope of responsibilities of the present and of the fu- that you, masters of politics, leaders of govern- ture between men and women. ments, you who are knowledgeable, will use com- I learned from a very wise man the difference mon sense and the basic principles of justice to between a contract and a covenant. While the mold the future. That will be the greatest asset, contract is signed with certain conditions, and if the most important ingredient through which our you break it, the contract is off; a covenant com- children will inherit the earth. Cultural Heritage in the Global Information Millennium Ikuo Hirayama Distinguished guests, ladies and gentle- His translations had a major impact on Nara cul- men. It is a great pleasure to speak about ture in 7th century Japan, and Japan owes a lot the Red Cross spirit of world cultural to this monk. heritage. I was born in 1930 on a peaceful island I was very moved by the courage exhibited by in Japan's inland sea. When I entered elementary this monk and his wish for peace. This inspira- school, the Sino-Japanese War had started, and tion allowed me to regain my health, little by when I was 15 years old and entered junior high little. The monk traveled through China, school, the Pacific War had already broken out. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, On August 6, 1945, when I was 15 years old Pakistan, and India. I too have traveled to the and a senior in junior high, I was exposed to ra- Silk Road, where exchanges between the East and diation when the bomb was dropped on the West has taken place. I have painted many Hiroshima. I narrowly escaped death, and in my paintings, and my experience has culminated in school, 13 teachers and 188 pupils, a total of 201 my mural at the Yakushiji Temple in Nara. This people, died instantaneously. I suffered from ra- is still a work in progress and will be completed diation sickness for a long time, and 41 of my in the early 21st century. I have traveled several classmates died of radiation sickness. dozen times for this purpose in the last 30 years. I became a painter, and my theme was to "pray While I was traveling, civil war broke out in Af- for peace". My first work in 1959 was entitled, ghanistan. I saw cultural heritage being de- "The Propagation of Buddhism". At that time, stroyed by nature as well as civil war. the number of white cells in my body was drop- In fact, with the end of the Cold War, people ping very rapidly, and I was on the verge of death, all over the world were quite hopeful that peace Based on this experience, I depicted my prayer would finally arrive, but we see that regional for peace through my work. This was my debut conflicts in fact have increased. There have been as a painter, and I still paint to this day. ethnic conflicts and religious conflicts all over the "The Propagation of Buddhism" had to do world. This has to do with the desire of ethnic with a Chinese monk in the Tang Dynasty, who groups to assert themselves and their cultural traveled over a 17-year period. He risked his life identity. We have seen many such instances. traveling through the deserts of Central Asia and Other major factors are the economic gap that the Pamirs, all the way to India, and brought exists between the South and the North and the many sutras back to China and translated them. acquisition of wealth through force. 27 28 Culture in Sustainable Development Self-help is necessary for a destroyed country One such example is the Dunghuang cave to rebuild itself. Along with economic and tech- Preservation Project. In order to preserve this nological aid, we need to provide people with world cultural heritage, the Japanese Govern- assistance that enables them to take pride in their ment provided a cultural grant which enabled culture. the establishment of an exhibition and research With my experience in Hiroshima, I have seen center. The Foundation of Cultural Heritage how quickly people can lose their possessions was set up and has provided training in the and their lives. Those who survived were in a areas of historic archaeology, scientific re- state of shock. Even though they had lost their search, and restoration technology for a 10-year families and were bleeding from their wounds, period. Fifty researchers have studied at the To- they were not reacting to their situation. In order kyo National University of Fine Arts and Music, for people to feel suffering and sorrow, they need and instrumentation was also provided for this to have a certain level of humanity. purpose. Many citizens of the city of Hiroshima lost As far as Chinese cultural heritage is con- their lives with nobody there to see them as they cerned, the Han and Tang Dynasty ruins along died. When there is a major disaster and we pro- rivers as well as a palace in Sung are now in the vide help to the survivors and send emergency process of being restored using UNESCO's Fund supplies, it is important for us to support them in Trust. Also, the Angkor ruins in Cambodia, in a way that these individuals can regain their there is a cooperative project underway, initiated will to live and restore their humanity. No mat- by the Japanese Government, in the spirit of cul- ter how much food or money we provide, the tural Red Cross. I believe it is important for in- victims will not be happy because they have lost ternational cooperation to be provided for the their spouses and children. recovery of Cambodia. Based on my experience, I have proposed the Also, a cultural restoration project is under- following proposition in the spirit of the cultural way to restore the Castle of Nanjing. As you may Red Cross. Man does not live on bread alone. Like know, the Japanese Imperial Army committed the humanitarian activities undertaken by the grievous deeds in Nanjing. Many people feel Red Cross, I have proposed that in order for guilty about this and have avoided the subject. I people to experience recovery from strife, they believe both countries still to this day feel the pain need to be helped on a spiritual as well as mate- after all these years, and in the spirit of cultural rial level. Through the preservation and restora- Red Cross, I have proposed cooperation for the tion of cultural heritage, we need to enable them restoration of the Nanjing Castle as an integral to recover cultural pride through technological part of urban planning, I believe this is impor- and economic benefits, and these benefits must tant in order for healing to occur. be spread to as many people as possible in the I have painted the City of Nanjing and sur- form of wages. rounding areas and have engaged in fundraising. I have been proposing the mobilization of I have called upon the various levels of the Japa- spiritual, technological, and economic factors so nese public and especially to the younger people that individuals can stand on their own and help and have asked them to visit the City of-Nanjing themselves over time. There are times when rapid where they can carry bricks together with Chi- recovery is required and industrialized countries nese youth to help the restoration of the Castle. may help. This will enable an historic understanding and Having said that, I believe it is necessary for bring healing to both peoples. This effort has con- people to use what is available locally and to ac- tinued for three years, and we have had some quire technological economic power in a stead- 20,000 Japanese visitors and have been able to fast fashion through their daily labor. If we have collect large amounts of donations. The Chinese a project that develops into a large project, that Government truly appreciates this. could become a part of an urban development Last year in Afghanistan, the Bamyan Cave project, and by incorporating cultural Red Cross was bombed by the Taliban. This cave is a very ideas into this type of recovery plan, we will be significant site for eastward propagation of able to accomplish two purposes at once. Buddhism, and a truly valuable piece of heri- Commentaries and Contemplations 29 tage for central Asia. As a goodwill ambassador In order to fulfill these requirements, the D.P.R. of UNESCO, I have proposed a campaign to put Korea signed the Protection of World Cultural an end to the destruction of the cave. I have had and Natural Heritage Convention of UNESCO the cooperation of the curators of national muse- last July. With support from UNESCO in the next ums in the United States, the UK, Germany, year, I will cooperate in the project by installing France, China, and Japan and have presented our various instrumentation in the tombs and pre- joint statement to the Director-General of paring study documents. I am sure that this ef- UNESCO, and he has made an announcement fort will take a long time, but I would like to regarding this statement. participate in this project in the Red Cross spirit Moreover, over the international shortwave for cultural heritage in order to promote interna- broadcast of NHK, a Japanese Public Broadcast- tionalization of the D.P.R. Korea by peaceful ing station, I broadcast a message for 30 minutes means. in two languages to Taliban commanding offic- Japan provides a fair amount of official devel- ers appealing for the termination of bombing and opment aid, but a very small portion of the offi- stressed importance of world cultural heritage cial development aid budget is used for the in humankind. I am staging a campaign to save preservation of cultural heritage. If only one-hun- cultural assets in Afghanistan by holding exhibi- dredth of ODA budget could be used for cultural tions of my art work all over Japan. preservation, we would be able to save many In December this year, the Ministry of Foreign valuable cultural assets in the world. I have been Affairs of Japan will host an international con- making financial contributions personally to vari- ference to discuss issues on Afghanistan and the ous preservation projects, but there is a limit as preservation of Bamyan Cave. I have been asked to what an individual can do. Great contributions to give a keynote address there. can be made for the preservation of cultural heri- Several days ago, I had an opportunity to see tage if a few percent or the total official develop- Afghanistaninthe distance fromUzbekistanand ment aid budget for urban development or I am determined to visit Afghanistan some time capital investment can be earmarked as grants very soon. I have been to Afghanistan many times for the preservation of cultural heritage. to paint. We often discuss in international symposia in I also visited the D.P.R. Korea in October last Japan how to save world cultural heritage from year in order to examine how the D.P.R. Korea emergencies such as natural disasters. I propose currently isolated in the international community, the idea of CPKO, Cultural Peacekeeping Opera- could be opened up to the rest of the world peace- tion, as part of efforts to maintain peace by cul- fully. There are tombs built between the 4th and tural activities. The world would be divided 7th century in the suburbs of Pyonyang which into several regions, and countries in one re- have a close historical relationship with Nara gion would cooperate with each other to pre- culture in Japan. I propose these tombs to regis- serve cultural heritages in that region. I hope ter on The World Heritage List. The people of the this idea will be discussed in the United Nations D.P.R. Korea are very proud of the idea of regis- and UNESCO. tering their own cultural heritage on The World When the National Art Museum of Kabul in Heritage List. As you know, unfortunately Ko- Afghanistan was bombed, Japan with coopera- rea is now divided in two. However, I approached tion from Guimet National Art Museum in France the Republic of Korea for possible support for and upon a request from UNESCO played a role this matter, setting aside political issues, and I in successfully removing remaining cultural as- received positive response. sets to safe areas temporarily. When a country is However, there are certain requirements to be in civil war, we need to consider methods to keep fulfilled by a country in order for its cultural as- valuable assets in the third country until the war sets to be listed on The World Heritage List, which ends. Much valuable artwork in Afghanistan has includes becoming a signatory to the Protection been looted and sold all over the world. We have of World Cultural and Natural Heritage Conven- to find a way to collect them, because if we do tion of UNESCO and allowing the investigation not do anything, these valuable objects will be in by The World Cultural Heritage Committee. danger of being destroyed or being owned pri- 30 Culture in Sustainable Development vately forever, resulting in permanent loss of cul- area of Tel Mez and promised that I would coop- tural heritage. erate with them in preservation efforts. I am ask- As a result of unprecedented floods in China, ing the Japanese Government to make a financial many cultural assets along the Yangtze River are contribution to the trust fund in UNESCO to pro- in danger of being destroyed. I went to China mote cultural exchange between East and West personally and met with the Director-General of on the Eurasian continent covering Asia and the Cultural Heritage in the Ministry of Culture in Middle East and Europe. As a first step forward, China and received the request for relief formally we would like to establish a facility which can be from him. I personally made financial contribu- open to researchers from all over the world. tion to that effort. I have been appealing in Japan In the 1940s Japan fought a reckless war to the Japanese Government and the business against the world. Having learned lessons from community the need for fundraising for relief that experience, we would like to contribute to efforts. I have already reported this matter to Mr. the world with policies based on peace and cul- Mayor, the Director-General of UNESCO, and ture. We need to deal with many different issues asked him to extend cooperation. Taking this in the world, including environment, food, en- opportunity, I would like to ask all of you to co- ergy, and welfare. As an artist, with a Red Cross operate in this endeavor. spirit for cultural heritage, I would like to con- Last week, I went to visit Uzbekistan and tribute in passing beautiful cultural assets of toured around a series of cultural assets in the mankind on to future generations. Economics and Culture Introduction Bonnie R. Cohen, presiding personally have had a strong interest in this divisions and preventing misunderstandings. In subject for many years. I spent four years at her travels, she has affirmed the importance of the United States Department of the Interior honor and respect for diverse cultural traditions. as the Assistant Secretary for Policy Management We are very conscious today that some of the and Budget. For those of you who don't know, antagonism to the United States comes not just that is our department that runs the National from economic issues or foreign policy positions, Park Service and various aspects of our own cul- but from the perceived relentless advance of what tural heritage program. even many of us see as the worst in our cultures For twelve years before that, I was the Chief spreading across the globe. And while the world's Operating Officer of the National Trust for His- elders try to hold the line and the world's teen- toric Preservation, which in America is the larg- agers race towards the latest songs and clothes, est nonprofit devoted to cultural and historic Secretary Albright will be asking Americans more preservation in the United States. and more to work with you all and to work with So I come here today already convinced of the the World Bank to honor and to help preserve importance of linking the economic and the cul- indigenous cultural artifacts that bind people tural, the public and the private in a long-term together and build pride. mutually sustainable relationship. As Mr. Wolfensohn read, First Lady Hillary As this conference so clearly indicates, the Clinton is also committed to the importance of theme of cultural heritage is gathering momen- culture in sustainable development. I have seen tum and recognition for the contributions it can the impact in the United States of her important make. In its broadest sense, cultural heritage en- heritage bus tour, and I think it is wonderful news compasses material and living culture from ob- that she will be echoing the same themes as she jects and sites to performing arts, crafts and travels outside the country. language. As this session will emphasize, cultural heri- By showing respect for other cultures, we build tage is also a source of development opportuni- a foundation for mutual understanding and ties. We have seen that in the United States. I hope peace among the diverse peoples of the world. many of you will have a chance to visit the places Secretary of State Madeleine Albright is commit- where it has been most successful in the United ted to the value of cultural heritage in healing States: places like Santa Fe, New Mexico; Nan- 31 32 Culture in Sustainable Development tucket, Massachusetts; or Savannah, Georgia; in In fact, culture tourism is one of the major in- fall heritage tours to New England; the historic dustries in the world today. In the United States, industrial canals of the Midwest; and the mining I have been told it is second only to our medical towns of the West. Activities have been under- industry, which is in fact quite large here. In this taken to promote and preserve the heritage and session, we will discuss the roles of the public yet create educational opportunities, sustainable and private sectors in the integration of culture jobs and improved economies. and sustainable development. Economic Benefits and Public Finance: The Role of Governments Sheila Copps irst of all, I am honored to represent Canada Why do we support such a concept? We be- in what I believe to be an historic confer- lieve very strongly that promoting and preserv- ence. I want to start by congratulating ing cultural heritage is not just a job for World Bank President Wolfensohn because I individuals, but it is also a job for governments, think his work to broaden this approach within and that governments have a central and posi- the Bank is desperately needed. I think we as a tive role to play in supporting cultural diversity world community understand his commitment and in promoting cultural heritage. to bringing NGOs to the table in World Bank One week from now, the World Bank and the projects. In fact, last year, almost 50 percent International Monetary Fund will be engaged in of the Bank's projects across all major sectors a joint discussion on the international monetary included NGOs, and I think this speaks to his crisis. The average person could pose the ques- commitment. tion: What does culture have to do with the world We know that today we are confronted with economy, and what does the world economy the question of whether culture constitutes a key have to do with culture? element of sustainable development. And I think To find the answer, we should hearken back the discussion should be framed in the context to the groundbreaking 1995 report of the Perez of where we are on the eve of the 21st century. de Cuellar Commission, entitled Our Creative We are living in the first time in the history of the Diversity, where they spelled out the central role world where the number of languages spoken is that culture in its widest sense plays in the peace- actually on the decrease, not on the increase. ful development and growth of individuals and We are not going to find all the answers here nations. today, but the fact that we are holding this con- I say that because in my own country our view ference under the joint auspices of UNESCO and of culture includes nature, parks, historic sites, the World Bank I think speak volumes about the sports, official language minorities, and culture fact that things are moving in the right direction. support. Why does it include sport? Because I must tell you right at the start that Canada sport is also part of our indigenous culture. supports all efforts to move cultural consider- Last week, President Nelson Mandela was in ations in from the margins, as the Council of Eu- Canada reflecting on the courageous struggle that rope puts it, and we are very pleased with the he and his countrymen undertook. And I couldn't steady progress that is being made. help but think that culture and economy were 33 34 Culture in Sustainable Development interlinked in the struggle against apartheid. about the global village. We trace our roots back Who could forget the impact that a sports boy- to more than 100 ethnic origins. Members of our cott had on increasing the sense of isolation felt Parliament, one of whom is here today, the high- by purveyors of racial discrimination? That iso- est elected office in the land, were born in twenty- lation, coupled with economic sanctions, ulti- two countries around the globe. Our most recent mately turned the tide. Olympic team included athletes that were born This is one example of how culture, including in twenty countries from around the world. And people culture, is at the heart of every nation. It it is largely because of our diversity that in the is central to our being and to our existence as the UNESCO conference in Stockholm last March, we lakes and the rivers and the lands that form the were enthusiastic supporters of the call to arms geographical space we occupy. It is the shared for every nation to take up the challenge of pro- experience of nations. moting cultural and linguistic diversity. For Canadians, it is not only the pure arts or We encourage nations to sign the action plan the high arts, as we sometimes call them. It is of UNESCO and we want to work to reinforce our collective heritage built and natural, every- the recognition of cultural diversity in trade and thing from our extensive system of national parks investment discussions. And we need to create to our museums and galleries. It is also our cul- some worldwide inter-communications so that tural industries-broadcasting, film, publishing, those messages can be brought home to every sound recording and multimedia, all of which are nation. framed under one department called the Depart- Only a few short decades ago, the effects of ment of Canadian Heritage. globalization were not yet understood or known And it is more than just goods and services; to us. But as they become evident, so is our re- it is also our identity as different peoples, plu- sponsibility to ensure that the universal declara- ral, within a set of geographic borders. In ad- tion of human rights is more than words on paper dition to aboriginal Canadians, we are a nation for individuals and nations. The decision of the with two founding peoples, speaking two dif- World Bank to hold this conference is proof posi- ferent tongues. tive that the linkages are being understood in the Au mime moment, nous sommes aussi une nation highest corridors of power. The role played by qui accueille des gens des 4 coins du monde. Au UNESCO and its Director-General, Federico Canada, nous encourageons le multiculturalisme. Mayor, in bringing these issues to the world stage Nous croyons d l'importance, pour tous et chacun, de is crucial. priserver ses origines. Le multiculturalisme est un UNESCO must be as important to culture as investissement qui gin re d'importants revenus.....des the World Trade Organization is to trade. We revenus culturels qui viennent renforcer notre identit6 must push harder to continue the momentum commune en tant que canadiens et canadiennes. toward a greater appreciation of the importance That identity also includes the encourage- of cultural diversity in all of our lives. ment of citizenship and participation in the Already this commitment resulted in my Bra- promotion of human rights and the equality of zilian colleague, Minister Francesco Correo treatment. This year marks the fiftieth anniver- Weffort, hosting recently an important meeting sary of the Universal Declaration of Human of ministers of culture of Latin America and the Rights. It was in that declaration that access to Caribbean. In June of this year Canada hosted and participation in cultural life was first under- an international meeting of culture ministers in scored as a fundamental right of individuals and Ottawa to continue the momentum of the work communities. begun in Stockholm. We discussed a broad For the past several decades, successive Ca- agenda of support for linking culture more nadian Governments have taken measures to closely with international challenges. nurture and encourage an open participatory At the same time, I want to stress the impor- cultural life. We believe in diversity and we sup- tant point made by your Vice President, Ismail port it in legislation and in practice. Serageldin. In some parts of the world, the de- As a microcosm of the world, we understand fense of tradition or culture is sometimes used to what Marshall McLuhan said when he talked legitimize oppression. Clearly, this is wrong and Economics and Culture 35 we can never accept an argument that the denial From 1981 to 1991, the cultural labor force in of basic human rights is somehow necessary for Canada grew by 32 percent compared to 12 per- the preservation of culture. cent in the growth of the general population. In Canada, we believe it is in the best interest Cultural services are clearly a growing and dy- of every nation to nurture and strengthen their namic part of our economy. own cultures while at the same time welcoming And the effects of our investments are signifi- the great contributions of other cultures in our cant for communities across the country. For ex- lives. ample, in one of our lesser populated provinces, It is this work that governments cannot do on the Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature alone their own. We need partners. This is why culture generates annually $21 million in direct and in- ministers from around the world gathered in direct economic activity. Ottawa and decided to face this challenge by es- We accomplish this living next door to what is tablishing a new informal network of culture undoubtedly the most powerful cultural force in ministers. The Canadian Government has part- the world. How? We used a wide range of policy nerships abroad but also domestically. instruments that have the goal of amplifying our The private sector, voluntary groups and in- voices, not crowding out other voices. They dividuals see themselves as part of the whole. range from direct funding to content rules for As we see it, the role of government is two-fold: television and radio, to ownership rules in book to provide the climate for many parts of our cul- publishing. ture to flourish and to provide direct financial To give you one example, in return for a tele- support and other necessary regulations to help vision license in our country, we require the pri- us realize our goals. vate sector to invest in Canadian content, and I should also point out that this does not mean we underscore a distribution ratio of one Ca- turning over the keys of the National Treasury. nadian television channel for every foreign We have to underscore the fact that over the last channel carried on cable. That coupled with a three decades, Canada's commitment to culture direct investment of almost $1 billion on pub- policy has reaped important dividends for our lic television and a new Canada Television country. For example, the government and our Fund of partnered funding with the private partnerships in Young Canada Works have pro- sector of $200 million, ensures that 40 percent vided career-related experience in heritage insti- of the television that Canadians watch is made tutions for more than 800 Canadians for the first in Canada. year of the program development. In prepar- Our policies are not based on building walls. ing for the future, we understand the work of Our policies are based on freedom of expression new media, and we recently announced the for creators and freedom of choice for consum- creation of a $30 million multimedia fund for ers. I underscore freedom of choice because we the development and marketing of multimedia want Canadians to have a chance to choose also products. some of our own stories. But the fact is that, even the most culturally The majority of our cultural institutions are not committed governments, Canada included, government driven; they are private entities, spend on average only 1 to 3 percent of total pub- some profit making, some nonprofit. We work lic expenditures on culture. In Canada, for ex- with them to help civil society build and rein- ample, governments spend over $6 billion per force a sense of identity and a sense of ourselves year on culture with the federal government's as Canadians. share representing only 2 percent of federal I want to stress that as a government we do spending. But the return on that investment is not make the cultural decisions. We do not hand enormous! down edicts from on high about what is cultur- In 1994-95, the cultural sector contributed over ally correct. What we have attempted to do is to $20 billion to the gross domestic product. In that create a framework that ensures access to our same year, there were more than 600,000 people own voices in our own spaces by encouraging a employed in our cultural labor force, a figure that range of expression that reflects the diversity of has been growing by leaps and bounds. our cultural heritage. 36 Culture in Sustainable Development For example, our equivalent of the National As Mr. Wiesel said so well this morning, cul- Endowment for the Arts, the Canada Council, ture is a reflection of our societies, is our win- receives a mandate from the government to dis- dow on the world. Culture is the reflection of our tribute $110 million per year in support, but the soul and the way we see ourselves as citizens of decision about whom to support is not made by the world. politicians, but it made by people in the sector. It was just a few short years ago that the con- Our cultural wealth and diversity is not an cept of sustainable development was applied first accident. It is the result of a deliberate commit- in the Brundtland Commission Report and sec- ment to providing a healthy public space for our ondly embraced at the 1992 Rio Summit. The con- own voices. And there is a larger purpose. cept of sustainable development built on the Our objective is to foster the creation of a more knowledge that the world's biodiversity was be- cohesive society where people are not strangers ing challenged. I would suggest to you, ladies to one another, a society based on government and gentlemen, that the diversity of the human support for a multitude of cultures which listen species must be the next wave of commitment to to each other and talk to each other and begin to sustainable development. understand and learn from each other. We now understand, because of the work of We know that in doing so we are helping to Rio and the Brundtland Commission, economic create jobs and profits. But, at the same time, the development at the expense of the environment primary objective is to create greater levels of is not true development. In the same way, a world understanding and tolerance among people who economy without cultural diversity diminishes may speak different languages and come from our real wealth. different backgrounds. The World Bank and UNESCO have begun a And that is why we very much favor encour- process that will lead to a richer world. This will aging all governments to invest in the cultural not be an easy journey and as Mahatma Gandhi heritage of their own people. We very much sup- said, "I do not want my house to be walled in port seeing the World Bank refine its lending from all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I policies to help developing countries create stron- want the cultures of all lands to be blown about ger and more cohesive societies, along with their my house as freely as possible, but I refuse to be economic goals. blown off my feet by any." The Role of Private Financing in Sustainable Cultural Development Francesco Frangialli Mme. Under-Secretary, Mme. Minister, vidual owner of a cultural good who is rightfully Mr. Vice President, excellencies, ladies willing to conserve it or to enrich it - enterprises and gentlemen. Elie Wiesel quoted this which notably for reasons of image want to in- morning a politician of my country, Edouard vest and position itself in this area? Nonprofit Herriot, and his definition of culture as "what making associations or foundations which have remains when all else has been forgotten". I sus- taken this task upon themselves? Or local or na- pect that when Mr. Herriot said that, he had al- tional governments which believe that they have ready forgotten a lot of what he learned before. a responsibility in culture and re duty bound to Anyway, with a definition of this nature, the earmark a share of public receipts to it? problem of financing this vague, diffuse and We are, therefore, in the presence of a very somehow ethereal component of the human complex set of problems which we will not be mind would not be too acute. But this is not the able to deal with exhaustively today. case. Culture is intimately linked to education, Let us, nonetheless, attempt to tackle it by de- but is not reduced to education. The intellec- veloping three considerations. tual development of human societies, like that The first consideration is that in the face of lim- of individuals, should rest on a certain num- ited public budgets, private sector financing of ber of landmarks, and should find expression cultural activities and goods is increasing in scale in different intellectual and artistic practices and and is showing a tendency to diversify, and this activities. leads to the emergence of new balances. The conservation and indeed the enrichment Let us try and gauge the impact by starting of these landmarks which form the elements of with the most economically advanced countries. our cultural heritage, like the expression of these With the Renaissance, the commissioning of practices and activities, has a cost, and this cost works from artists or writers began to gain mo- is high. mentum. For over three centuries, the border re- It is therefore important to know who is going mains hazy. From Russia to France, from Prussia to shoulder it. The citizen whose right to have to Austria, the sovereigns of Europe's Age of access to culture is now acknowledged? The con- Enlightenment show that as late as the 18th cen- sumer who is increasingly being induced to ar- tury, the watershed between public encourage- bitrate between buying cultural services and ment of arts and letters and personal or private acquiring other goods and services? The indi- sponsorship is not so evident. 37 38 Culture in Sustainable Development With the French Revolution, the big cultural chaeological sites are closed to the public, while institutions were established or created. In France others are only open for short periods of the year. itself, the Louvre came into being in 1793; the In France, the public budget allocated to culture, Com6die Franqaise was created by virtue of the after having dropped with the completion of famous Moscow Decree of 1812; and the Institut works at the major sites in Paris, les grands de France opened its doors in 1816. Overall the chantiers is now rising again and will reach in 1999 19th century and the first half of the 20th cen- a symbolic one percent of the total state budget. tury were characterized in Europe by the pervad- Privatization policies are being followed with ing notion that cultural activities were a matter varying results. In the Netherlands, they are ap- of general interest and therefore called for pub- plied to numerous museums. In Spain, the lic intervention. privatization (announced several times) of the Today, yet again, the panorama seems to be chain of Paradores which encompasses some 90 changing. Throughout the world the resources establishments, just under half of which are his- that governments are in a position to allocate to toric monuments, have not been brought to a preserving and enriching the cultural heritage are successful conclusion. It is still under public man- becoming scarce in the face of increasing demand. agement like the chain of Pousadas in neighbor- A study conducted a few years ago encompass- ing Portugal. Meanwhile in France's chain of ing ten European countries put Germany first Relais et Chdteaux, which solely consists of pri- among the countries considered in terms of pub- vate establishments, doubtless constitutes the lic spending on culture (particularly due to the best example of historical residences being used efforts of the Linder and the Gemeinden) ahead for strictly commercial purposes. of Italy and France, ranking a joint second; and We should add that in certain circumstances, followed by Spain, whereas the Netherlands had public ownership and management of cultural the highest public contribution per inhabitant. goods does not necessarily mean that those in Public sector outlay is clearly much higher in charge of them have no freedom of action: big Western Europe than in the United States where museums or establishments can well be endowed culture, particularly at the federal level, is not with an independent corporate personality and deemed to be the responsibility of the public sec- an autonomous financial management, and the tor. In my country, in France, in the 1980s the same can hold true for bodies responsible for a Ministry of Culture provided public assistance group of sites, such as the English Heritage or in not only to monuments and museums, the the- France, the R6union des musies, nationaux and the ater, classical and modern music, opera, dance, Caisse nationale des monuments historiques. books, photography, the plastic arts, the film in- For want of synthetic data, it is difficult to out- dustry, and audio-visual productions, but also to line a general trend relative to the sharing out of rap music and cartoons, policies that would public/private sector roles. Generally speaking, doubtless, Mme. Under-Secretary, astonish the private financing is, if not marginal, at least very U.S. Congress were it to be proposed. secondary. For the countries of the European In Europe, the dividing line between public Union, there is no doubt that the implementa- and private sector contributions is changing. In tion of convergence criteria linked with the in- Great Britain and in Italy, after having increased troduction of the common currency is not at the end of the last decade and the beginning conducive to increasing public sector culture of this one, public budgets have been falling in budgets. On the other hand, the tendency to de- the last few years. To compensate, the role of non- centralize responsibilities in this area is encour- profit making bodies such as the National Trust, aging the increasing intervention of the the biggest private landowner in Britain, and the decentralized local authorities. In Great Britain Fondo per l'Ambiente italiano have been growing. with the standard spending assessment or in Conversely in the Netherlands, there are many France with the dotation globale defonctionnement, examples of private cultural institutions which, state contributions to the local authorities are in order to survive or develop, are having to turn adjusted to take account of the additional costs to the public sector for financing. In Italy, mainly linked to the frequentation of monuments and for want of resources, 1,000 museums and ar- sites. Economics and Culture 39 Against this admittedly basic backdrop, there lar, instruments for granting works or public ser- is call to mention the particular situation of the vices or build-operate-transfer (BOT) procedures countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Many are enabling the public authorities which own of them (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, these cultural goods by virtue of the laws in force Slovakia) dispose of a considerable heritage, or by the virtue of history to entrust their reno- whether we are talking about castles or country vation or development to private managers. This estates, historical town centers or religious build- is the case in Lebanon with the Emir Amine de ings. Four-thousand significant monuments, Beft Eddine Palace or the Jeita Grotto tourism mostly state owned, have been identified. The complex. In Egypt, the Manial Palace in Cairo lack of public resources, the inadequacy of pri- (previously developed by Club M6diterran6e) vate initiatives in economies still in transition, the and the King Farouk Palace in Alexandria have quasi-absence of foreign aid, and the legal prob- also been placed under private management. In lems linked with privatization or with the iden- Mexico it is in the immediate vicinity of the tification of the owners of goods, combine to major archaelogical sites and the government has make their conservation and their development promoted the implantation of Club M6diter- for cultural or tourism purposes difficult. It is in ran6e's villa-hotels. this context that the World Tourism Organization In some cases, if putting the overall develop- (WTO) has backed the project presented by the ment and management of a museum or monu- International Fund for the Conservation of the ment into private hands does not appear to be European Historical Heritage with a view to cre- desirable for reasons of convenience or principle, ating a chain of chateaux-hotels. the maintenance of the public service for the good If we turn now to developing countries, it is itself can be combined with the granting of cer- clear that the meagerness of resources contrast tain supplementary commercial activities (pho- tragically with the immensity of their needs. tography, sale of reproductions, restaurants, bars, Numerous cultural sites have been neglected, like souvenirs), the revenues from which can be use- some of the monuments that we mentioned this fully allocated to preserving the site. morning with the State Minister of Cambodia, Taken together, these mixed formulae should like the monuments in the Angkor temple com- certainly be encouraged in a context which de- plex, and this despite the international mobiliza- notes a lack of public resources, just as original tion in their favor. Twenty-five sites of the experiences of financial engineering should be UNESCO World Heritage have been declared in sought associating contributions from different danger. Other prestigious sites, such as the For- sources. Both should nonetheless be treated with bidden City in Beijing, are only partially open to some precaution and need to be closely followed the public and attempts to privatize the manage- up since corruption can only too easily go hand- ment of some of them, like Machu Picchu in Peru, in-hand with the overlapping of public and pri- come up against understandable opposition or vate interests if not sufficiently transparent. simply the absence of operators capable of tak- In these developing countries, the public aid ing charge of them. which is allocated to them, sought for their most These countries are not free of inconsistencies. pressing needs, vis-a-vis food, education or Thanks to the efforts of the public sector, four health, broadly ignores the cultural arena. And millennia of civilization and twenty dynasties are tourism, closely linked to culture and being, as mirrored in the new and sumptuous Shanghai we shall see, both a key resource and develop- museum, while at the same time the ancient ment vehicle in this respect, merely represents urbanistic heritage of this city is disappearing less than one per thousand of the aid granted by amidst the din of office-block building sites and UNDP, and which is, moreover, globally narrow- the roar of new highways, resulting from the ing. This is why this conference is particularly outrush of a market economy, both prodigiously timely and rightfully places the promotion of creative and sadly destructive. culture in the context of sustainable development. In certain countries, however, formulae com- On a general level, these observations bring bining market economy and public interventions us to a second point in our reflection. Interesting are being successfully experimented. In particu- as it may be, private financing of sites, monu- 40 Culture in Sustainable Development ments, museums, and cultural activities is sub- requires extremely flimsy formalities and, which ject to internal constraints and is not without insofar as they are not commercially oriented, are adverse effects. From my personal point of view, exempt from all forms of taxation. In Spain par- private financing is not the only response- ticularly since the enactment of a law in 1994, a doubtless not even the principal one-to the chal- great many big cultural foundations have been lenge of cultural development. created through private initiative (Juan March, Even if private investment for strictly commer- Guggenheim, Thyssen) or the sponsorship of big cial purposes in culture activities exists, it is not banks (Banesto, Caixa, Caja de Madrid). This last a significant means of financing them, at least at tendency is also marked in Finland and Switzer- the international level. Its importance obviously land. In Great Britain where similar instruments depends on real available cultural demand, and exist and where voluntary help is also highly the few OECD countries where it predominates developed, there is call to mention the impor- are certainly exceptions at the global level. Con- tance of the contribution of the National Lottery versely, there are many channels for private fi- to financing cultural activities, as is also the case nancing of an altruistic nature, for which the in Greece. advantages sought are only indirect or remote. The list of examples is endless. I would also Briefly, two main channels can be used. point out that in Denmark-and this should come The first is that of the nonprofit making asso- as no surprise since cultural activities can some- ciations or foundations which are of benefit to a times contribute to working up quite a thirst!- country. Legal entities, they are generally set up it is the Carlsberg and Tuborg breweries which on the basis of a donation or private legacy. Gen- have traditionally been the most active in terms erally benefiting from tax relief, they become the of corporate sponsorship. vehicle for sponsorship actions by developers out A second channel of private investment in cul- to link their image to works and undertakings ture consists of the aid provided directly or indi- which are of general interest or simply to those rectly to the owners of cultural goods in exchange which are likely to create a considerable stir in for their investments and for opening up duly public opinion. identified and classified private monuments to As everyone knows, the United States of the public, either on a permanent basis or on the America constitutes the composition of these occasion of open days, such as those organized foundations or donations, some of which- in 44 European countries and countries of the American Express, Getty, Rockefeller, Guggen- Mediterranean. In France last weekend, eleven- heim and others-extend their activities to and-a-half million visitors were able to tour the numerous regions of the world. Thanks to them, 12,000 sites which were open to them free of foreign private funds in many countries cover a charge during the weekend. part of what is lacking at the local level. These policies are supported by the chain of At a seminar which it organized in 1995 in owners' associations which have been set up at Milan on the future of museum foundations, European level (Europa Nostra) and in different WTO analyzed some of these examples in Eu- countries such as Great Britain, Italy (Associazione rope (Gulbenkian in Lisbon, Cartier in Paris, dimore storiche italiane) or France (Vieilles maisons Goulandris in Greece). The organizations had frangaises, la Demeure historique). studied the development of some 15 or so of these The aid granted to private owners generally types of foundations, which exist in Italy where consist of subsidies or advantageous loans or tax they nonetheless do not benefit from the ad- deductions or relief, generally based on the cost vantageous fiscal instruments set up in 1991 for of the work which needs to be done and which associations. can apply to income tax or capital gains or death The mechanism is also used in France (FACIM, duties. There is also the possibility of payment Royaumont, Maeght, for example), but sponsor- in kind for objets d'art instead of income tax or ship, or simply voluntary help, is generally chan- inheritance tax like in Spain or in France. neled through associations which are governed These instruments are really beneficial. They by the Law of 1901, the creation of which only often palliate the most serious public shortcom- Economics and Culture 41 ings and, whatever the advantages accruing to tender, places less importance on its scientific and those who invest them whether enterprises or educational value than on its capacity to attract individuals, they should be welcomed. tourism and the market value of the services com- But such tools have their limits and in no event ing with tourism. Free admission or reduced rates constitute a panacea, especially for developing for certain priority groups (researchers, students, countries. Let me take some of these limits. the elderly, school groups) disappear and prices In the first place, insofar as they are based on are rising. Cultural tourism is therefore turning tax-exemption techniques, their effectiveness into a privilege reserved for a well-off or moti- depends on the soundness of the actual taxation vated elite. When in the 1980s, an admission fee system. In developing countries and in transition was introduced at the Victoria and Albert Mu- economies, where these systems are weak and seum due to cutbacks in public spending, visitor mainly centered on consumer and import taxes, rates dropped by some 40 percent. But this ex- the granting of fiscal deductions is neither attrac- ample is perhaps not entirely probative, and tive nor does it provide any incentives. No one other studies in Great Britain and Italy give us would dream of introducing them in today's reason to believe that the elasticity of cultural Russia where tax evasion has become the national demand in relation to prices is happily often more sport and where altruistic sponsorship is not a limited. priority concern of the new capitalist class. The second reservation concerns the activities Likewise, encouraging investments by the of nonprofit making bodies which are sponsored owners of private cultural goods in developing by big enterprises or financial establishments. By countries, assuming that they exist, involves nature, these interventions are limited and spec- speculation as to the risk that any aid granted to tacular since they can only be justified to man- them really will not be used to improving these agers or shareholders by the benefits that can be goods but invested in some shares on Wall Street reaped in terms of image for the company. But or placed in some distant bank account, both dis- this is not a moral judgment; it is a reality and creet and protected! this is normal. In these circumstances, granting priority, with- The salvaging of Abu Simbel by UNESCO, out taking any precautions at the international thanks to the sponsorship of the Aga Khan, the level to private as opposed to public financing restoration of Strasbourg cathedral with the help in this domain is liable to accentuate further of American Express, or the aid granted by nu- the North/South imbalance in terms of access to merous American donors in the 1950s and 1960s culture. to Versailles castle have contributed to saving Even in industrialized countries, where these these classical treasures. But what about the less techniques can be more easily deployed, certain prestigious monuments? Big Japanese enterprises questions arise. Direct aid granted to the owners are financing the renovation of the Sistine Chapel, of private monuments is to their advantage, even but are not taking any interest in the thousands if they have to give something in return. It is of churches which are falling into decay through- clearly very efficient insofar as owners are out the Italian peninsula. Baremboim or strongly motivated to keep their property in good Rostropovitch are more far readily sponsored condition and to increase its value. But does not than young musicians, doubtless deserving and this simply translate into using limited public naturally full of promise, but sadly unknown. resources to help the rich when the idea is to place Finally, the third reservation-and I am com- priority on helping the poor for whom access to ing to the theme of tourism-is linked with an- culture is obviously more difficult? other consequence of this creaming off and hence Above all, these techniques involve three prin- discrimination. cipal reservations. During the course of a seminar that we orga- The first concerns the outcome of management nized in San Marino in 1995, WTO focused its transfers. There is no doubt that strictly commer- attention on the concentration of tourism flows cial management, irrespective of whether the in historical town centers and at certain monu- good in question is privatized or offered up for ments and famous sites. These are very heavily 42 Culture in Sustainable Development frequented whereas other neighboring and not You would doubtless be surprised if the Sec- so well-known sites, which are nevertheless of retary General of the World Tourism Organiza- remarkable quality, are being ignored and ne- tion had said anything else, but this is a reality! glected. The polarization of the media on Thenotionofsustainabledevelopment,which UNESCO World Heritage sites is accentuating has brought us together here today, was popu- this shift of attention which is further amplified larized six years ago at the moment of the Rio by phenomena of seasonality and the shortening Summit in 1992. And tourism was one of the con- of average duration of stay. This tendency is par- cerns discussed and on the initiative of my orga- ticularly marked in the case of long-haul travel. nization was entered in Agenda 21. For example when a group of Japanese or Ameri- Let me give you some figures that will show can tourists visit five, six, seven countries in Eu- the evolution. In 1992, my predecessor in Rio rope in a single trip lasting only a few days, they spoke out on behalf of an industry which then can only visit one or two monuments in each accounted for 463 million international visitor country. arrivals. Last year the figure stood at 612 million, Of the 38,000 historical monuments, 4,000 a third more. And according to our estimates, it museums, and 1,000 or so other natural and cul- will reach 700 million by the turn of the century, tural sites which exist in France, a mere 1,500 re- one billion in 2010 and 1.6 billion in 2020. In other ceive over 20,000 tourists per year, and only 15 words, it will in fact triple in the space of a gen- receive more than 1,000. Of Italy's 1,700 public eration! I might add that these figures do not take cultural structures (museums and other) and the into consideration domestic tourism. 700 private ones, only 8 receive over 800,000 visi- In 1997, world tourism receipts climbed to 443 tors and 15 more than 300,000. In Spain, out of 1,250 billion dollars, more than half as much again in museums, only 26 register more than 100,000 an- 1992. They will multiply several times between nual entries, the same visitor rate registered by now and 2020. And this growth rate, resting on 25 of the country's 7,500 other cultural sites. In freedom of travel, the endlessly renewed taste for England, out of 1,900 national monuments open discovery and cultural exchanges, the progres- to the public (just under half of which are pri- sive increase of free time and the constant reduc- vate), only 17 attract more than 150,000 visitors tions in relative airfares should not slacken. It is and amass one-third of visitor frequentation. this basic fact, namely the strong and stable The creaming-off effect which stems from growth of international tourism-inevitable in overly exclusive resources to private sponsorship the long run-that makes the recommendations increases these imbalances. The result is a drop in Agenda 21, six years after the Earth Summit, in quality of tourist services, higher prices, con- more pertinent than ever and calls for their im- gestion, long queues, and a marked degradation mediate implementation. of the sites and monuments themselves. It can In 1992, we were already pondering, and also result in the imposition of a cultural model, rightly so, over the negative repercussion of tour- that is an imported one, which distorts the origi- ism: highly precarious wage conditions, child nal. I am sorry for my example, Mrs. Chairper- exploitation, prostitution, the degeneration of arts son. We have everything to fear when Hollywood and crafts and cultural products, the degrada- rewrites the Old Testament or when Disney tion of the environment of tourist sites and of comes up with a new version of Charles natural areas. Sadly, this observation holds good Perrault's tales. With sponsorship, money attracts to this day as I reported last year to the General money, but beauty does not systematically attract Assembly of the UN at the special anniversary beauty; beauty grows to fame rather than neces- session five years after Rio. sity, whereas it should be one of the best shared But in its often blind and sometimes brute things in the world. strength, tourism, like Janus, has two faces. And my third consideration is that faced with If we look at the happy face, we will see that the ceiling or restriction on public budgets, faced for poor countries, tourism is an unexpected with the interest, but also the internal limits of source of the foreign currency that they so des- private financing, culture stands a chance. And perately need in order to lower their debt, pay this chance is tourism. for their imports and create jobs. Economics and Culture 43 Properly managed and suitably planned, tour- ship. On the one hand, tourism springs from ism is one of the best friends of the environment the need to discover other people, their spe- and of culture. A smokeless industry, it is liable cific nature and their culture; on the other, it is to generate, in the States which lack them, the the mainspring of cultural production and the resources, particularly fiscal, required to preserve vehicle for preserving the heritage of the com- and enrich the natural and cultural potential that munities visited. underpins it. Properly managed and suitably Irrespective of where they spring from, planned, it develops along with the products of whether direct commercial private receipts for ecotourism, sports, cultural and adventure tour- cultural establishments or state tax revenues, ism, a product which meets the consumer expec- and therefore public contributions paid back tations. It enables monuments to survive along by these establishments-the resources gener- with artisanal traditions and cultural practices ated by tourism activity constitute with each which would otherwise face an uncertain future passing day, the heart of the problem of cul- as it provides them with a new clientele. tural development. Thanks to tourism, a large I am going to conclude but let me just before fraction of humanity will henceforth be able to that say a word about what has been mentioned gain direct access to its global tourism heritage this morning by the State Minister of Culture of and not only to a geographically limited frac- Cambodia, because he took a very striking ex- tion of it. ample, the example of the temples of Angkor. My On the long road of human progress, the civi- feeling is that the temples of Angkor have suf- lizations which have succeeded one another and fered from the war, from looting and trafficking, which Paul Val6ry described as "now" knowing from the climatic effects, from encroachment of themselves to be "mortal" can be regarded as forests and particularly from lack- of upkeep. dated cultures. Civilizations and cultures which They have not suffered from an overabundance history piles up like just as many geological lay- of tourism, but rather from a lack of tourism. ers on the bed of a sea which has since vanished. Tourism can save them, but this does not mean As Oswald Spengler argues, civilizations go turning them into some kind of leisure park or through natural cycles of growth and decay, each building hotels in the immediate vicinity, as may culture having "its childhood, its youth, its ma- have been envisaged. turity and its old age". The path of cultural de- Cultural discovery in the broad sense of the velopment is lined with literary and artistic term is already one of the strongest motivations works which, like so many milestones, are its for travel in the world. A study conducted by the landmarks, as are the exhibitions put on to dis- European Commission found that 20 percent of seminate knowledge of them and the museums tourist visits in Europe were made for essentially which house them. cultural purposes and that for 60 percent of visi- Preserving our cultural heritage, restoring, tors, culture was a major concern. The World enriching, embellishing and presenting it to in- Tourism Organization forecasting studies show quiring minds, handing it down from generation that this tendency will be stronger in the future to generation, but also increasing its scope than in the past. The number of foreign tourists through creation, is an expensive business. Too who visited the two big Rembrandt exhibitions expensive to be shouldered by one financing for- organized in Amsterdam in 1969 and 1992 mula alone. But enough for all forms: national doubled in the space of 23 years. In Central Asia, public resources, foreign aid, private commercial the positive endeavors of the WTO/UNESCO receipts, corporate sponsorship and voluntary project to revitalize the ancient Silk Road are al- assistance, to be made to contribute in a spirit of ready making themselves felt. In Bilbao, Spain, real partnership. the recently opened modern art museum of the But more than this is doubtless required. Noth- Guggenheim Foundation has created a tourism ing can be achieved without an awareness, a de- phenomena in a city which has hitherto attracted sire and an affection for culture. "Love alone very few visitors. can ...take possession of (works of art)" wrote All in all, between culture and tourism, we are Rainer Maria Rilke, "cherish them and treat them clearly in the presence of a one-to-one relation- fairly." The Contributions of Women in Culture and Sustainable Development Introduction Gloria Davis, presiding What are we trying to do and what is ciety, and we are also learning from the poor what the social development agenda within we can do. the Bank that we are trying to pro- I would like to give you one example of how mote? The first thing is to try to identify the key the development initiatives that we are under- social development issues. These are issues which taking is changing. We are now doing participa- limit or expand people's opportunities to partici- tory poverty assessments where we are actually pate fully in economic and social development. listening to poor people. We are going out and When I came to the Bank, we talked a lot about finding out who they are and what opportuni- issues like access to land, which limited people's ties they see to better their lives. opportunities if they did not have it. Later we One of the things that we were learning was talked about access to education, particularly for that among the poorest and most excluded girls which was an important variable that was people in a country like India-where even low conditioned by social and cultural conditions caste groups after all had households and villages around them. But the agenda has significantly to rely on-they were poor, but they were not broadened, and today we are talking about things excluded and they were not helpless. By far the like discrimination, violence, and corruption most disadvantaged and the most vulnerable of which can undermine development opportuni- groups we encountered were widows in India. ties just as surely as the lack of capital. These are women who were not only excluded Culture, attitudes, values, traditions, percep- from their own households, but from their com- tions can also contribute to it just as much as munities as a whole because their husbands had money can. died. The second thing that we are trying to do is to The question is what can be done? What we contribute to the Bank's agenda of poverty re- found working with the people and working with duction, by helping to identify the poorest and the Indian Government, because they had ex- most vulnerable parts of the population and to plored these issues long before we did, was that target benefits to them, building, where possible, what we had to do was bring widows together on their own institutions and cultures. This im- so that they could form new communities for plies that we are breaking down views of the poor both economic and social purposes, so that they and categories of them by gender and other so- could feel less vulnerable and more protected. cially significant features within a particular so- When brought together to explore economic 44 The Contributions of Women in Culture and Sustainable Development 45 opportunities, they relied on their own cultures, cohesion and reduces conflict. Maritta mentioned their own traditions, and what they knew. They this morning that we have a post-conflict unit. are producing crafts and they are also engaged There is an important reason for this. Sixteen of in many other economic opportunities. the poorest countries in the world are in or emerg- This is where we need to bring together the ing from conflict and conflict can eradicate de- knowledge which people have for what they can cades of development within just a matter of do, our own interest in who they are and how months. they can be reached, and our concern about cul- But when we are looking at conflict, there is ture, tradition, and sustainability. a reason why it is within our family. We want We are also trying to understand social impacts to know what are the social, cultural, and in- and risks on different people under different con- stitutional preconditions for social cohesion ditions. And just as the previous example, this and peace. This is not only strong identity be- requires the participation of people themselves. cause you will all recognize that identity can We could never determine what the priorities are work in both ways. It can be both an instru- to the poor. We could never work out what the ment for social cohesion but also a mechanism specificity of their cultural conditions are, except for division. It involves common over-arching for the fact that we have their participation and values. It involves equity and access. It involves we are encouraging them to tell us what they strong institutions and, in fact, these issues of need done. equity, equity and access affect all of the things We are trying to strengthen social institutions. that we do. These are the associations through which people So for me as an anthropologist, the ways in achieve their ambitions and through which de- which behavior, institutions, attitudes, values, velopment occurs. These institutions are formal. and, yes, our arts and our traditions are patterned Many of our colleagues deal with formal public over time, this is culture. And not surprisingly, sector bureaucracies and so on, but they are also cultures are diverse. informal. The question of how we can respect and build Households are the first-in-line safety nets for on this diversity, including gender diversity, most people in the world, and in times of crisis while promoting social cohesion, reducing con- those people whose households and communi- flict, contributing to change and sustaining de- ties are still working are more protected than velopment is central to our concerns. In this those whose communities are not. Households, respect, gender is one of the most important and communities, markets associations, these can culturally specific issues on which we ever touch. be gendered. Again, they lead to sustainable Gender differences are real. The significance of development. gender differences is socially constructed and We are doing fascinating work today on social culturally sustained. capital, which demonstrates that the number of You have only to look at Sweden and Afghani- relationships and the heterogeneity of those rela- stan to know the truth of that statement. Women tionships within communities is more important have a central role in culture and development. than education as a predictor of wealth. The chain Yes partly as cultural transmitters, when all else of causality could be assumed to be either way. is gone. Mr. Wolfensohn and Mr. Wiesel said this You might think that wealthier people have more morning, culture is what we have; it is something chances to be engaged in associations, but even we learn in our earliest youth. But women also controlling for this and looking at causality, we have a role partly as cultural actors. They are find that the number of associations causes people producers and in most low-income households to be better off. They have more people to depend they are also managers of household income and on, more access to information, more opportuni- wealth; and partly as cultural creators, shaping ties for development. It is independent of income, the present and the future with it, and also the and it is true of women as well as of men. traditions of the next generation. Finally, we are looking at people in their soci- But gender and tradition are a two-edged eties, and we are asking what promotes social sword, honoring the past while imagining the 46 Culture in Sustainable Development future. From Hillary Clinton's letter this morn- No, I don't have all the answers. That is why ing, she spoke of the millennium initiative which the World Bank is seeking partnerships and the is central to women's identity, to their futures, knowledge of people who know a lot more than and to the issues of gender, culture and sustain- we do. And for this we have a panel of experts able development. for a discussion of gender and development. A Vision of Gender in Culture Mahnaz Afkhami My task is to talk about a vision of gen- painting, architecture, and cuisine. Many of us der in culture to an assembly that who are in this room today live, or have lived, in wishes to integrate culture in its poli- societies whose history goes back thousands of cies to achieve sustainable development. The rea- years and whose culture contains traditions that son why the World Bank is interested in this have become pillars of world civilization. We are proposition, I assume, is two-pronged: On one heirs to cultures that have produced all the ma- hand, you cannot have long-term sustainable de- jor prophets-Zoroaster, Moses, Jesus, Buddha, velopment if half the population of the world is Lao-tse, Mohammad-as well as many moralists kept out of the developmental process. On the and philosophers who together have defined our other hand, to achieve women's participation in ethical principles and mapped out our moral the development process, you need to consider compass. These are points of pride for each of the requirements of the prevailing culture. us. It is therefore natural for us to value and honor Women have been at once preservers and de- them. stroyers of culture. They preserve culture by Culture also denotes a whole set of concepts transmitting it to new generations. They destroy about social relations, including the place of in- it by seeking values, facts, and esthetic arrange- dividuals in society-their rights, their worth, ments that correspond to their vision of a just and their standing-all that directly affect their iden- equitable society. In their acts of destruction, tity. Women have struggled for many years to women seek to be creators of better cultural ar- make the point that they have the right and abil- rangements for everyone. In this process they try ity to become vocal in their cultures. Traditional not to confuse arrangements of power with as- culture however has wanted women silent; but signments of value to societal arrangements. I it has not been silent about women. On the con- wish to deal with the subject of gender in culture trary, it has proclaimed vociferously who we are, in these terms. where our place in society is, and what the limits Culture is the medium by which we commu- of our ambitions and aspirations ought to be. nicate with our social and physical environment. It is important to note that women's status in It structures our facts, values, likes and dislikes. society-socially, politically, legally, economi- Involved in this is the whole set of manners- cally-has been fundamentally the same across the terms of civility we have inherited from our history for a majority of the world's population. traditions-and artistic creations like music, Except for surface differences in manner and 47 48 Culture in Sustainable Development style, the basic arrangements for division of la- life through a full and equal share in eco- bor and power between men and women have nomic, social, cultural and political decision- been the same across the world. A woman's rights making. This means that the principle of over major decisions about her children's future, shared power and responsibility should be place of residence, marriage, inheritance, employ- established between women and men at ment and the like have been severely curtailed home, in the workplace and in the wider na- in most of the world during most of human his- tional and international communities. tory. Until the turn of the century, when New Equality between women and men is a mat- Zealand became the first country to give women ter of human rights and a condition for so- the right to vote, there was no place on earth cial justice and is also a necessary and where women shared in the political process. Nor fundamental prerequisite for equality, de- did they have the same chance to train for a job, velopment and peace. A transformed part- get a job, or once having gotten it, receive equal nership based on equality between women pay or equal opportunity to advance. and men is a condition for people-centered In recent decades, women have been moving sustainable development. A sustained and from the margins to the center of history playing long-term commitment is essential, so that increasingly important roles in families, commu- women and men can work together for nities, and States across the world. As women themselves, for their children and for so- became increasingly aware and assertive, their ciety to meet the challenges of the 21st demands for equality, participation, and access century. elicited reactions that range from curtailing their right to the privacy of their bodies and minds to The task of achieving the goals of Beijing be- policies that deny them experiences that are es- comes particularly difficult when veneration for sential to their ability to compete in society. The the past creates enormous barriers against the infringement of women's rights is usually exer- idea that there may be values, beliefs, and cus- cised in the name of tradition, religion, social toms in one's culture that deserve to be changed cohesion, or morality. Always it is justified in the because they are out of date, impractical, unfair, name of culture. or simply bad. We do remember that not long Some of us who have worked in the field of ago in Europe the church burned women it de- women's rights know how difficult it is to get clared to be witches in order to cleanse their souls the idea across that the whole concept of devel- and to keep the society pure. People watched and opment and progress hinges on culture change hailed and clapped in approval. This was part of and that culture change involves a change in the the culture. No one I believe now supports the relation of women to each other and to other act or condones it on the theory that it must have members of society. We have worked hard over been appropriate to the culture of the late Middle the years to achieve a consensus, at least in theory, Ages. No one, I believe, approves the ancient that unless women are admitted to an equal, par- practice of slavery or the more modern one of ticipatory partnership in the affairs of domestic racial discrimination on the theory that they were and international society we will not be able to or are upheld by some cultural norm. We must achieve the goals of fairness, justice, and devel- pose the question: why is it that in so many soci- opment that humanity seeks. This consensus, re- eties women encounter so much opposition when flected in a number of international documents they demand the most rudimentary rights to civil of rights, is encapsulated in the first paragraph treatment? Why is it that the denial of these rights of the Mission Statement of the final Platform for is always based on some fundamental point of Action of the Fourth World Conference on culture? Is this culture real, or is it a fetish that is Women held in Beijing in 1995. It declares: used to maintain some economic, social, or sim- ply psychological privilege? The Platform for Action is an agenda for Culture is often used as an effective tool for women's empowerment. It aims at remov- those who wish to prevent change by glorifying ing all the obstacles to women's active par- the past or justifying the existing order of things, ticipation in all spheres of public and private both in the West and in the developing world. The Contributions of Women in Culture and Sustainable Development 49 Change however is an elemental feature of con- tory. It must allow us to retain our identity with- temporary life. But change does not happen to out imprisoning us in the confines of the patriar- everybody in the same way or with the same chal historical structures. To achieve this we must speed. All development therefore is uneven, var- maintain our roots as we transcend them by led, and consequently multi-cultural. Develop- achieving a synthesis and a synergy between the ment in the Global South is doubly so because of local and the global. many things, first among them the colonial ex- The indispensable factor in the movement for perience. This I believe is precisely why we are creation of a culture of equality is the nurturing now faced with this thorny question of reconcil- of a sense of self, sense of identity, and a sense of ing rights with cultural multiplicity within states. empowerment in individual women across the We must face the fact that there is no longer a globe. Central to this is the global program of culture that defines what truth is for everyone, women's rights education. We now have several Within every society there live many groups with women's rights education models in various differing views they have acquired as a result of stages of development and testing. The Sister- their relative position on a matrix of time and hood is Global Institute, the organization I rep- space. resent, has developed a dialogical, participatory Let us take the idea of Muslim culture as an model that stresses the linkages between univer- example. Some half-a-billion women in the Mus- sal rights and indigenous cultures. This model lim world live in vastly different lands, climates, has proven very successful in test after test in ten cultures, societies, economies, and politics, different Muslim countries. The model recognizes spread from the Pacific Rim to the coasts of the that all cultures contain within them the seeds of Atlantic. Few of them live in a purely traditional moving forward with history. History every- environment. For most of them modernity means, where moves from law to right-that is, from the above all, conflict-a spectrum of values and idea of truth as given to the idea that we partici- forces that compete for their allegiance and pate in the discovery and interpretation of the beckon them to contradictory ways of looking at truth. The central concept in this model is the themselves and at the world that surrounds them. individual's right to choose. The most taxing contradiction they face today is We must emphasize and follow this kind of the one between the actual everyday demands program as seriously as possible. This is not a of living in the contemporary world and the substitute for other projects-education, eco- requirements of tradition as determined and nomic empowerment, political participation, and advanced by the modern fundamentalist the like. But it is fundamental in the sense that it worldview. This worldview, conforming variably mobilizes the grassroots for re-imagining the to many domestic and international political truth. And it is imperative in the sense that if we needs and necessities, invariably insists on sin- are to realize a future worthy of the lofty vision gling out women's relation to society as the su- we have set forth for ourselves and for our chil- preme test of the authenticity of the Islamic order. dren, we must succeed in integrating women's If the purpose of the struggle for women's human rights in the structure of development rights is to achieve equality in freedom, then there policy as well as development politics. is no escape from the necessity to challenge and We need to rethink society in order to ensure change the discourses that assign women to a equal rights to women. But, equal rights is not particular niche in the society. The Beijing Plat- enough. As we move toward the 21st century, we form identifies some 12 subjects as priorities for need to develop new insights, new ways of look- implementing women's rights. Culture change ing at the world, if we are to have a fighting is a common requirement for all of them. Cul- chance to achieve the values of freedom, equal- tural development must be a creative process. It ity, justice, and humanity that most of us agree must include the elements in our collective past on and wish for. We need to develop a frame of that give us our sense of identity while exclud- reference that transcends the notion of equality ing those aspects that inhibit our blossoming into with men under conditions that are fundamen- free and whole human beings. It must allow us tally unequal and unjust for everyone. We need to move in history without losing control of his- to challenge the idea that the contemporary op- 50 Culture in Sustainable Development erative forces in the present global market, together to effect and control a culture change- whether of goods and services, or of politics, or not in relation to East or West, or North and of technology, or of gender relations, will lead us South-but in terms of the best we can salvage to a better life. We need to question and challenge from our collective heritage of humanity the present forms of generation and distribution I believe the time is finally at hand for women of knowledge. We need to give shape and sub- everywhere to break the silence, to become part- stance to the notion, now acknowledged by the ners in the design of our future, our changing international community, that all issues are cultures. We are on our way to open up new ways women's issues. We must reconceptualize and re- of imagining our cultures, including our origi- cast issues of war, peace, poverty, economic justice, nal myths, texts, and traditions. We are on the freedom, identity, cultural authenticity, individual way to redefine our cultures. We mean to say that dignity, and a hundred others that humanity faces culture is dynamic, changing with time and cir- in new and different ways, in non-patriarchal cumstance, and that women represent a new time ways. We must, all of us, women and men, work and a different circumstance. Culture, Gender, and Heritage in Development Lourdes Arizpe The real voyage of discovery lies not in seek- is not framed in some kind of cooperative set- ing new landscapes but in having new eyes. ting leads to divisive conflicts along ethnic, ter- ritorial, gender, racial or religious fault lines. A - Marcel Proust violent demonstration of this has just been en- capsuled in the after-effects of the economic cri- A turning point was reached a few years ago in sis in Indonesia. And the way to begin to rethink international development that makes it neces- these basic trade-offs is to look at culture. sary to associate the driving forces of globaliza- Economic globalization has proceeded at an tion to those that ensure long-term stability and accelerated rate in recent years with the rapid sustainability. This is the time to balance compe- deployment of investments but there is the risk tition with cooperation, opportunity with conti- that the gains made may be short lived. That is, nuity and comparative advantages with if the polarization of profits from liberalization partnerships. fractures the political and social fabric of societ- A fleeting glance at history shows that mar- ies, interest groups will develop narrow interests kets always functioned within political and cul- that will make it impossible for them to work tural patterns and institutions that organized together for common, long-term goals. reciprocity, solidarity and predictability. Indeed, To put it bluntly, there can be no sustainability it would seem that such is the inherent need of without conviviability. This is an unusual term, I humankind for symmetry, that societies have know, but I have coined it to mean what is aptly tended to create balanced spheres for competi- described by the term convivencia in Spanish. That tion and cooperation, by assigning such actions is, the capacity of individuals and groups to es- to public/private spheres in which male/female tablish and manage harmonious relationships roles were socially defined. Now that the borders among themselves, whether groups be based on of such spheres and roles have been "liberalized", gender, ethnic, religious or other kinds of alle- so to speak in modernized societies, we have to giances. Governance implies vertical relation- rethink the fundamental balance between com- ships whereby elected bodies organize societies petition and cooperation, that is, between the through political institutions. Conviviability or economy and society. Little will we have gained convivencia, by contrast, implies horizontal re- if we have economies that keep growing and so- lationships which arbitrate reciprocity among cieties that are falling apart. Competition which diverse interest groups in civil society through 51 52 Culture in Sustainable Development self-organization. Gender is one of the main prin- yet another alternative. Those who had not had ciples of self-organization. economic mobility in Mexico City, were now mi- Such issues have now been recognized as im- grating to the United States. portant for development. Capacity building for Later on, when I studied women and rural cooperative partnerships has now being incor- development in other regions, I found that many porated into the international development aspects of this whole process have been replicated agenda, mainly in terms of social development, in many other developing countries, sometimes as the World Bank has been doing for a number at a much more rapid pace and with much larger of years. Yet, there is still a missing link and that populations. The main point I wish to make is is culture. My definition of culture is the setting that the driving force of this migration/urban in which the principles of self-organization of self-employment process was economic, yet in societies are defined and negotiated. If develop- deploying strategies to take up opportunities and ment is to mean improving people's lives and not improve their living conditions, households had only facilitating economic exchanges, then culture mobilized gender, age, fertility and community- must be part of the self-reflexive process needed solidarity possibilities. Revisited two decades to create a sustainable future. As the World Com- later, it is clear that the latter were the factors that mission on Culture and Development has stated, made a difference in the success of individuals it is not culture that is inserted in development, it and households in adapting to the new economic is development that is embedded in culture.' An circumstances. example would be very helpful to illustrate how But the Marias in their inventiveness, had also culture is the setting for development. done something which was entirely new. Con- trary to what had been happening until then with The "Marias" rural Indian migrants to Mexican cities, the Marias kept their traditional Indian dress. They I was asked by the Mexican President back in the had cleverly found a way to protect their eco- Seventies to explain why Indian women dressed nomic and territorial niche by making their In- in their traditional Indian dress were flocking into dian identity blatantly visible. This became Mexico City to sell peanuts in the streets. Col- explicit when Consuelo said offhand, "Now I am leagues said, "But this is not important. You going to dress up as a Maria because I am going should be studying marginalization, tertiariza- to sell." In other words, they turned their tion, and migration." I soon found out, however, ethnicity into ethnicism-an emblem to be used that the Mazahua women, called "Marias" were, to win in a tight competition with other street in fact, the most visible tip of the iceberg of these vendors. They became a beacon for other indig- three major processes. After a few weeks the field- enous peoples, especially through an actress work data showed that, indeed, women outnum- whose films and television show became very bered men in rural-urban migration, and were popular. This led to a change of mentality with the first to take up work in the tertiary sector or respect to indigenous peoples in the Mexican self-employment in the marginalized informal government and in society, just at a time sector. Furthermore, the study found that the when Indians began consciously and purpose- women chose to be street sellers in Mexico City fully to re-vindicate their identity in carving because it was the most rational economic choice out a path of social and political mobility in for Mazahua households at that time. One could Mexican society. foresee importantly, that in the long run this eco- Twenty years later, we find that the end of this nomic rationality would eventually break down process hasn't been reached. In 1989 the Programa the traditional gender and family division of la- Nacional de Solidaridad (PRONASOL) was bor and the pattern of recurrent migration, made launched by the Mexican government, acknowl- possible by very high fertility rates, which was edging that peoples whose rural livelihoods had their strategy to offset their decreasing income been destroyed by the process of modernization from agriculture.2 When I revisited the villages, could not be left unattended. But it was in the as well as the migrant families in Mexico City in one region, Chiapas, where the PRONASOL 1983, I found that many families had opted for made little headway because the colonial politi- The Contributions of Women in Culture and Sustainable Development 53 cal structure did not allow poor communities to by the United Nations Decade on Culture and have access to the new opportunities being of- Development, by the World Commission on Cul- fered by the market. Chiapas is the region in ture and Development and its report Our Creative which the Zapatistas rose against their exclusion Diversity, and just last June, by the UNESCO pub- from the benefits of modernization. The rallying lication of the first issue of the World Culture Re- around cultural identity that the Marias had port. In spite of this, however, culture has still not started at the local level in the Seventies, the been embedded in the mainstream programs of Zapatistas have now turned into an international economic development and this is where the issue through the use of the new communication activities of the World Bank are of great im- technologies, portance. Mr. Wolfensohn has had the vision The major point I wish to make is that culture to understand not only the instrumental, but must be understood in relation to development also the constitutive value of culture for economic in two ways: both the Marias and the Zapatistas development. Other important institutions, such have used their Indian identity as emblems in as the Getty Foundation, is also mobilizing in- their struggle, but their attempt to come to terms tellectual and artistic resources to recast inter- with new conditions goes beyond the instrumen- national discussions on cultural heritage. The tal function of culture. As households gradually partnership between all these institutions opens changed their gender division of labor, altered the way to demonstrate how cooperation and their fertility behavior, became geographically continuity maybe vital in assisting countries and mobile and are now living among cultures other civil society in consciously dealing with their than the ones they had known, it is the constitu- cultural needs in their development policies tive role of their cultures that is touched. In my and programs. view, it is vital to understand this analytical dis- tinction, which was recognized by the World Gender and Cooperation Commission on Culture and Development in Our Creative Diversity, to formulate general develop- Culture, cooperation, and convivencia: many ment strategies, and to set up development pro- would say this is the soft side of development. It grams on gender and culture and other specific is considered as soft only because it is the invis- themes. ible web in which the more materialized ex- The constitutive aspects of culture have to do changes take place. In the customary sense, it is with cultural heritage as a symbol of collective such a temptation to think that it is women who ideals and group cohesion, with intra-group re- will choose to be engaged in these aims. It may lations of identity and belonging, with bonds of be true, although this is an extremely elusive dis- reciprocity and solidarity and with rules and ritu- cussion, that women do develop an intuitive in- als which reinforce community cooperation. terest in these fields. But men also have this Needless to say, all of these elements are impor- interest so we refrain from accepting the conven- tant to ensure success in development projects. tionalized gender roles which push men and It seems to me then, that the issues of culture women into stereotyped extremes of competitive, which were in the fringes of the development self-interested profiting, on the one hand, and agenda of the Seventies must now, in the Nine- self-effacing generosity, on the other. ties, move "In from the Margins" as the Report What we women are well aware of is that all of the Council of Europe on Culture and Devel- individuals-competing, taking opportunities, opment is very aptly called. Importantly, culture and profiting in markets-live personal lives in must be placed in the mainstream of develop- settings in which cooperation, continuity, and ment and globalization agendas as we begin the partnerships are purportedly the main organiz- momentous task of writing the introduction to ing principles; in spite of the fact that patriarchy the new millennium. is still the hierarchical principle in most societ- The institutional context for debating cultural ies. That is, in families, kin groups, or territorial- issues in development is now in place. It has been ized communities, and in groups that define their set up by three decades of UNESCO programs boundaries through ethnicity, religion, or spiri- on international conventions on cultural heritage, tual commitments. 54 Culture in Sustainable Development Because of women's nurturing roles in societ- bined. This means that historical centers of cit- ies, women are more involved in these kinds of ies, archeological sites, monuments and objects relationships. Development policies have dem- as well as non-physical heritage may be inter- onstrated, for example, that increasing women's preted in different ways over time and their con- education and incomes tends to have a direct notations may vary according to culture and to impact on their children's well-being. But we also place. This is why it is important to understand know that too much emphasis on cooperation cultural heritage as a process. Especially now that ends up constricting individual initiative, too the ways in which we think about culture have much continuity blocks creativity and too much changed. Culture is no longer conceptualized as partnership brakes individual development. In a set of norms, symbols, and customs that people fact, this is what is imposed on women in funda- inside its boundaries unanimously agree to. With- mentalist regimes in all religions, and this is the out going into the more complex questions of standard-bearing role that such regimes want representation and translation of cultural women to play. As Simone de Beauvoir would textuality, at present we must consider that the have said, if we still thought in this way, we need vitality of a given culture comes from a constant neither a conventionally stereotyped masculine debate with its own members driving it to adapt nor feminine role, we need an "angel's" touch to new contexts and to change its boundaries in for development. We cannot call it a degendered relation to other groups. touch, since gender is constitutive of our facul- In previous periods such change took decades, ties, but perhaps we could call it a bi-gendered even centuries. Today it takes a few years. More- approach. over, the images of cultural heritages go around In fact, we need a bi-gendered perspective on the world in a few minutes, to be watched by culture and development and a gendered strat- millions. We see everywhere that this process has egy for action. Just as we need a "powered" vi- accelerated and young people around the world sion of development with an empowering are contesting and wanting to create new mean- strategy for action. With this in mind, I would ings to sites and objects so as to adapt to the un- like to take up here three main clusters of issues precedented situations they are living in. When on culture and development, related to cultural young people flock to await the spring equinox heritage, cultural identities, and cultural values. in Teotihuacan or for the sunrise in Stonehenge, they are renewing their ties to history and na- Cultural Heritage ture and also creating new bonds and boundaries in their generations. We know that conserving the world heritage and At the same time, national governments are those sites and objects which are evocative for a realizing that cultural heritage offers enormous community helps create a sense of purpose and potential in terms of economic and social profits, belonging which gives meaning to their efforts and of reconstructing political and cultural alle- for development. It has also been made clear, in giances. What is needed, it seems to me, is for the decades of work on cultural and natural heri- artists, writers, inventors, and entrepreneurs to tage, that the best way to preserve heritage is for give new life to the powerful symbolism of cul- all of society, especially local communities, to tural heritage. appreciate and participate in its care. More spe- This is, of course, an extremely sensitive ques- cifically, cultural heritage must be seen not only tion because cultural heritage sites may touch on as a concrete site or monument, a landscape of the core of cultural or political of a country or a the past, but as an activity which offers individu- group's values. One illustration of this could be als the opportunity to cooperate in the present to seen when the World Commission on Culture and promote in first instance, employment, trade, Development proposed that UNESCO publish a housing, craft production, and tourism. World Culture Report. Some governments wel- More generally, cultural heritage must be un- comed it, but others said it shouldn't or couldn't derstood as having layers of meanings, much as be done. And yet, we have just done it. Interna- cultural archaeological strata, fractured and com- tional programs to safeguard cultural heritage The Contributions of Women in Culture and Sustainable Development 55 should emphasize a much stronger knowledge- opment may be illustrated by the statement of based debate. M. Bruno Megret, the ideologue of the extreme This may be encouraged by broadening the right-wing Front National in France. Earlier this understanding of cultural heritage with a deep year, he stated that "politics must no longer be historical perspective. This means also taking into seen as divided between right and left but be- account men's and women's contributions tween identity and globalization." throughout history to cultural heritage. Almost This emblematic use of cultural identities is always, cultural heritage sites are the result of becoming mixed with ethnic militancy and reli- many diverse cultures having contributed, di- gious fundamentalism. It is significant that, in rectly or indirectly, to its building. By showing some cases, it is women who become or are made that cultural achievements are not created to become the standard bearers of this cultural through unilinear processes but through ex- conservatism. Very specific local or national changes with other cultures which are then trans- mechanisms may be behind this, but in general lated into the idiom of a particular culture, it has to do with the fact that women's transmis- ethnically-driven demands on heritage may be sion of the values and rules of personal behavior better dealt with. are seen by many as the main repository of cul- In such a context, the consensus that was tural tradition. signed by 128 member states of UNESCO sus- The risk is that, unless women are free to acti- tains the Convention for the Protection of the vate and to generate their own responses to the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972- opportunities of economic globalization, also as well as those to protect cultural property in supporting those of their husbands and children, the event of armed conflict and to prohibit and these opportunities will close and turn into driv- prevent the illicit transfer of cultural property- ing forces of exclusion. Missing the opportunity must be seen as a great achievement. And it to educate women implies keeping the level of should have a demonstration effect as a concrete capacity creation and institution building in that example of international cooperation that has society at its lowest level, which means dimin- successfully enhanced a universal commitment ishing the possibility of successful human devel- to protect heritage. opment. It is not accidental, it seems to me, that the violent repression of women in the Taliban Cultural Identities regime is coupled with their resistance to mod- ernizing trends. Economic globalization is being accompanied by Simultaneously, however with so much that a process of cultural relocalization as each local- is happening in the world today, a different pro- ity or cultural minority seeks to strengthen their cess is running in the opposite direction. This is internal bonds and to reposition themselves in that young women everywhere have increased relation to other groups in a global context. This their own expectations in a remarkable way issue of cultural identities, which involves and their energies and creativity should be har- women in many ways, is in my view more di- nessed for human development. If it is not, they rectly linked to governance rather than to cul- will turn to desperate struggles. A case in point ture. As has been the case with the Marias when is that of the Zapatista uprising which has an used as an emblem to represent a group in a po- exceptionally high number of young women in litical context but also in other contexts, culture its army and its support groups. In my view, is then turned into ethnicism. That is, a number given the control that local politicians linked of identity items are flagged as constituting an to the ladino landowners have had over economic "identity" that is activated for purposes simul- opportunities, there was no way in which young taneously of group security and cohesion towards people, but especially young women, could the inside or representation towards the outside find an opening even though they have ac- in specific contexts. quired the schooling, knowledge, and motiva- That identities are becoming a more and more tion to participate in the modernization contentious issue which may impinge on devel- process. 56 Culture in Sustainable Development Cultural Values preschool children will suffer if their mother is in paid employment: both in North America and The third cluster of issues I would like to touch Western Europe, as well as in Africa, more men upon are related to values that shape behavior than women tend to believe this. There is also in development. some disagreement on whether scarce jobs The data in the surveys on values analyzed by should go to men in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Adrian Van Der Staay in the World Culture Re- Africa, with more men than women advocating port could not have shown more clearly what this in all cases. people perceive as the main problem in women's Data in the World Culture Report also showed work. Table 1 shows that 74 percent of respon- opinions about the position of women in the la- dents in all regions agreed with the statement that bor market are not closely correlated to the pre- both men and women should contribute to vailing labor force participation rates for women.5 household income (with over 90 percent of agree- Countries in which those surveyed agreed with ment in countries with as different cultures as women working in the labor market did not have China, Nigeria, Portugal, Brazil and Slovenia) a higher share of women in the labor force and and only 35 percent thought that scarce jobs vice-versa. The author explains however that should be reserved for men.3 In sharp contrast, overall correlation was extremely weak in large 69 percent endorsed the statement that preschool part due to the East European countries, which children are likely to suffer if mothers are in paid are characterized by a high percentage of work- employment, 64 percent agreed that all women ing women but also by a traditional point of view. want from life is a home and children, and 59 Public opinion surveys were also analyzed to percent that being a housewife is just as fulfill- explore the possibility of global ethics which was ing as working for pay.4 one of the main issues taken up by Our Creative The overlap of 74 percent of respondents think- Diversity. As Van Der Staay explains "coopera- ing women must contribute economically to the tion between different people with different in- household and 69 percent that preschool children terests and from different cultures will be are likely to suffer if their mother is in paid em- facilitated and conflict kept within acceptable and ployment points to the dilemma faced by women even constructive limits, if participants can see in most societies between paid work and home. themselves as being bound and motivated by This is not new but it reiterates the need for a shared commitments. It is, therefore, imperative gendered approach to development policies, to look for a core of shared ethical values and Interestingly, there is not a marked disagree- principles."6 Furthermore, he notes that given the ment among genders about these statements with importance of values and principles in policy few exceptions. As shown in Table 2, the state- discourse, it is surprising that there is a lack of ment showing disagreement is that on whether conclusive empirical research in these areas. In Table 1 Percentage agreeing that: men have more right to scarce jobs than women; pre-school children will suffer if their mothers are working; what most women want is a home and children; being a housewife is just as fulfilling as working for pay, that both the husband and the wife should contribute to household income (1990-1993,6 geographical regions) Scarce jobs Children Women Housewife Both contribute Geographical region to men will suffer want home is fulfilling to income North America 21 52 45 68 66 Western Europe 27 61 49 54 70 Eastern Europe 44 77 78 63 80 Central and South America 31 78 68 62 84 Asia 44 77 77 66 68 Africa 46 53 85 50 93 Means are equala No No No Yes Yes a. One-way analysis of variance with country as unit of analysis (f<.05, ranges=btukey). Source: "World Values Survey," cited in World Culture Report, op. cit.: 292. The Contributions of Women in Culture and Sustainable Development 57 Table 2 Percentage agreeing that: men have more right to scarce jobs than women; pre-school children will suffer if their mothers are working; what most women want is a home and children; being a housewife is just as fulfilling as working for pay, that both the husband and the wife should contribute to household income (by gender, 1990-1993,6 geographical regions) Scarce jobs Children Women Housewife Both contribute Geographical region to men will suffer want home is fulfilling to income North America Men 21 57 44 64 64 Women 21 47 45 71 67 V .01 .10 .01 .07 .04 Western Europe Men 27 65 50 52 68 Women 27 57 49 55 71 V .01 .09 .01 .03 .03 Eastern Europe Men 48 77 79 65 79 Women 40 78 78 61 82 V .08 .02 .01 .04 .04 Central and South America Men 33 79 71 64 80 Women 28 77 66 61 87 V .05 .02 .05 .03 .10 Asia Men 49 77 76 68 66 Women 39 77 76 64 69 V .10 .01 .00 .04 .04 Africa Men 52 58 87 47 95 Women 39 47 83 53 91 V .14 .10 .06 .06 .07 Note: Cramer's V coefficient shows difference between men and women responses. Source:"World Values Survey," cited in World Culture Report, op. cit.: 294. fact, in the gender analysis on values in the pub- to be small in all geographical regions. This lic opinion surveys reviewed were particularly means that even where people's opinion on these inconclusive. values differ because of cultural diversity, within In general, agreement was highest among cultures men and women do not differ greatly in countries, as seen in Table 3, on the values to be their views on each topic. Partial exceptions were taught to children as follows: good manners (76 only those values of working hard, in which men percent consider them important), feelings of re- had slightly higher percentages, and on teach- sponsibility (73 percent), and tolerance and re- ing religious faith where women had slightly spect for other people (71 percent).7 Personal higher percentages, as can be seen in Table 3. As independence and hard work have only 46 per- in other surveys in the literature, findings indi- cent agreement by of those surveyed. Lower in cate that other factors such as income, education, percentages are: thrift (36 percent), determina- and age are more important than gender in ac- tion (34 percent), and obedience (33 percent). The counting for differences in values. lowest agreement is found around unselfishness (27 percent), religious faith (26 percent), and Women on the Net imagination (20 percent). The finding which I would like to highlight in Finally, I would like to touch upon the brave new this paper is that gender differences turned out world which is opening before our eyes: that is 58 Culture in Sustainable Development Table 3 Percentage considering eleven qualities especially important to teach children at home (by gender, 1990-93, six geographical regions) Good Responsi- Toler- Indepen- Hard Determi- Obed- Unselfish- Religious Imagi- Region manners bility ance dence work Thrift nation ience ness faith nation North America Men 77 70 75 44 48 26 37 32 40 40 26 Women 76 76 77 52 36 24 36 34 40 45 24 V .01 .06 .03 .08 .12 .03 .02 .01 .00 .05 .02 Western Europe Men 74 76 74 47 28 32 33 33 30 19 27 Women 77 75 77 49 23 33 28 35 31 25 24 V .03 .00 .05 .02 .06 .01 .05 .02 .02 .07 .03 Eastern Europe Men 68 71 64 51 74 46 44 25 24 14 15 Women 72 72 69 46 74 49 36 27 25 18 11 V .04 .01 .05 .05 .00 .04 .08 .02 .01 .05 .06 Central and South America Men 80 79 70 36 36 28 33 41 13 38 29 Women 80 80 73 38 34 25 29 44 13 47 24 V .00 .02 .03 .02 .02 .04 .05 .03 .01 .09 .06 Asia Men 81 75 60 54 59 41 37 24 28 20 21 Women 84 71 61 48 58 43 35 27 29 24 20 V .04 .05 .01 .05 .01 .01 .02 .04 .02 .04 .01 Africa Men 90 39 69 16 59 13 24 63 18 58 6 Women 88 38 69 16 49 11 24 54 21 68 6 V .04 .02 .01 .00 .11 .02 .00 .10 .03 .10 .01 Note: Cramer's V coefficient shows difference between men and women responses. Source:"World Values Survey," cited in World Culture Report, op. cit.: 284. global virtual space. It has the potential, if used two things: the setting up of digital image banks freely, to consolidate democracies, to transform and of scientific data banks". The question is how knowledge and, may I be as bold as to say, to will cultural diversity be included in such un- create new kinds of cultures. Knowledge, as the dertakings. On the second issue, I will only give World Bank has shown in its reports, has become one concrete example of the UNESCO project on a crucial factor in underpinning economic Women on the Net about what can be done to growth. But the questions relating new technolo- ensure women are not left behind in the new tech- gies-driven knowledge to cultural diversity and nologies. local knowledge, as far as I know, have not been How do you think about the cyberworld with sufficiently analyzed. meanings shared with others? We don't at the Among many issues, the two most important moment, not yet. We look through screens darkly, needs in my view are to ensure free access to sensing others, finding the contours of their knowledge in the networks and to upgrade hu- selves, as we pick words here, images there for man skills and competencies to participate equi- this prodigious piecing together of a new reality. tably in this new virtual space. On the first aspect, To see this cyberworld, we need to interpret it. in the chapter on "Heritage and Cyberculture: This we can only do collectively, giving resonance What Cultural Content for What Cyberculture?" to possible symbols, reaching out for new words, I. Vinson argues that " ... actual ability to use the building new metaphors. This is what cyber- networks to disseminate knowledge is geared to explorers need to do and this is what the project The Contributions of Women in Culture and Sustainable Development 59 Women on the Net is helping women in over 50 This is why I believe that what women need countries to do. first and foremost today is freedom to create. We never expected such a prolific, image-filled outburst of enthusiasm and expertise when we Notes decided, with Wendy Harcourt of the Society for International Development, to throw a women's 1. Culture in the international agenda: Culture has project into the Net-future. Over one-hundred been firmly placed in the international agenda on de- women and men are now connected to the project velopment. The United Nations designated a Decade through virtual space saying, yes, lets build to- on Culture and Development from 1988 to 1997 and the strong interest, both enthusiastic and critical, gether the new maps and uses of cyberspace for shown in Our Creative Diversity. In the three years since development. The projects encourage a its publication it has been translated into 14 languages; multicultural gender perspective in on-going presentations and seminars on it have been held in over work by women who participate in the Internet 70 countries; and it is being used as course text in and also helps others learn to use it. schools and universities in some countries. What happens to gender when it goes through The chapter on gender and culture in Our Creative the new technologies hardware? We don't know Diversity analyzes the many processes that are chang- yet, but we will see. We do know that in other ing the cultural perceptions of women's and men's life civilizational transitions, such as the Industrial cycles, work and social participation. Migration, ur- banization and the fact that women are having fewer advnev tin weno y w re eofe ral ot children, living longer and increasingly participating advances in technology. Are women really not in the labor market are profoundly altering cultural interested in technology? Some say they aren't, patterns of gender relations. The rights and needs of but social practices everywhere show they are women and the interdependence between men and certainly interested in communication. One could women are important in redesigning their identities say it is a touching, feeling-hopefully loving- and roles in societies. It proposes to broaden the dis- kind of communication. And everyone needs this cussion and propose the following areas of policy pri- kind of communication. Can this "soft" dialogue ority: women's rights as human rights, reproductive filter through the hard-machines? If we play with freedom, gender-aware planning as culturally-sensi- words, we can then ask, is this why women are tive planning, and enhancing the civic and cultural participation of women. so good at "soft-waring" the new technologies? Since its publication, the debate on culture and de- The main point, of course, is that women be velopment has evolved very rapidly. The report of the active agents in experimenting with the new Council of Europe In From the Margins developed valu- technologies so they can fully contribute to the able insights into many of the areas not covered by interpreting of this new form of communication Our Creative Diversity and has fostered widespread and to applying it to closing the gaps that lead to interest across Europe. More recently, the Stockholm exclusions. When societies-and indeed the Plan of Action called for a broadening and deepening world-change at cyberspeed, creativity moves of research on cultural policies for development and from practice to theory and not the other way for strengthening of international networks of special- around. ists in this field. Last June the World Culture Report, to be published This is why I believe that today creativity is every two years by UNESCO, had its academic launch the key process that will allow us to reinvent the in Cambridge University. The report focuses on cul- world. Human development capacity building ture and economic growth, democracy, urban devel- to give people greater choice in their lives. In this opment, environment, cultural policies and the historical period, new possibilities of trading, international trade of cultural goods. To give you an traveling, and communicating globally have cre- example of one of its chapters, Adam Przeworski gives ated unprecedented opportunities and risks. In a detailed empirical analysis showing that statistical order to be able to make the best use of these evidence in favor of non-culturalist explanations for opportunities, women and men, individually and the viability of democratic institutions seems strong. He concludes that "there is little, if anything, that in communities, must have the shared codes and should lead us to believe that cultural obstacles to de- understandings to select and thus, step by step, mocracy are unmovable". construct better gender, social, and political One of its most important tasks has been to collect balances. and analyze indicators on culture and development 60 Culture in Sustainable Development and although it was a difficult task, it presents 30 tables Peasant Household" in J. Balan, ed. Why People Move. of statistical data on culture and cultural trends by Paris: UNESCO. 1982. pp. 292-3. country and aggregated by region. 5. . "Relay Migration and the Survival of the 2. For a summarized version of the study, see Peasant Household" in J. Balan, ed. Why People Move. Arizpe, L. "Relay Migration and the Survival of the Paris: UNESCO. 1982. pp. 270. Peasant Household" in J. Balan, ed. Why People Move, 6. World Commission on Culture and Development. Paris:UNESCO. 1982. Or Arizpe. L. Etnicismo, Our Creative Diversity. Paris: UNESCO. 1995. pp. 34. migracion y cambio economics: un estudio de migrantes 7. Data of the World Values Survey, 1990-93 and the campesinos a la ciudad de Mexico. Mexico: El Colegio International Gallup Poll Report of 1995 on People's de Mexico. 1978. Satisfaction with their Lives and Government. These per- 3. Arizpe, L. "Relay Migration and the Survival of centages are quoted from Adrian Van Der Staay, "Pub- the Peasant Household" in J. Balan, ed. Why People lic Opinion and Global Ethics: A Descriptive Study of Move. Paris: UNESCO. 1982. pp. 292-3. Existing Survey Data." World Culture Report. 1995. pp. 4. . "Relay Migration and the Survival of the 263-5. Shadow Hands: Culture and Survival in Nature Dianne Dillon-Ridgley Thank you and good afternoon. I know the When one begins to compose what to say, the hour is late and, being the last speaker, I difficulty is not to figure out what to say, but how want to thank all of you who are still here, to get all that you feel needs to be said into your and suggest you think of this presentation, and few minutes at the podium. So what is hard is to this whole panel, as a single speech given in three decide what to leave out. One of the things that parts. I watched as each of us was listening to should be clear from this panel is that particu- the other, deleting certain parts of our presenta- larly on the issues of gender and women, there is tion that the other was giving, first Mahnaz a very definite double edge to the sword of cul- (Afkhami) then Lourdes (Arizpe). So think of this ture. I want you to hear the mission of WEDO talk as one continuum, a collective whole. I had because it will help explain this. In all honesty, I several thoughts on synergy that were covered- am certain that if Bella had not died this past perhaps that speaks to the synergy of our March, that she would most assuredly be the message. person who would be standing here, maybe not I would be remiss if I did not take just a mo- giving this presentation, but she would be giv- ment to thank not only the World Bank and ing you hell, I can assure you. UNESCO for putting together this much needed The WEDO mission: WEDO is an international conference and inviting me to speak, and to thank advocacy network actively working to transform Ismail Serageldin under whose excellent leader- society to achieve a healthy and peaceful planet ship I served on the Global Water Partnership. I with social, political, economic and environmen- must especially thank Joan Martin-Brown. Let me tal justice for all through the empowerment of indulge. Part of the very reason I work on envi- women, in all their diversity, and their equal par- ronmental issues in such an integrated way is that ticipation with men in decisionmaking from early in the 1970s she made sure that I under- grassroots to global arenas. stood this as an essential part of work when I So when you see me standing before you, took my first job out of undergraduate school at know that you see not only an African-Ameri- the Environmental Protection Agency. can woman from the United States in a suit, you So from Bella (Abzug), who was one of my should also see my kimono, my sari, and my kinte personal mentors, "sheros" to Joanie, as well. I wrap cloth. You should hear my words come to have to say thank you very, very much. you in Xhosa, in Chinese and in the patois of 61 62 Culture in Sustainable Development Haiti, for the lives of every women everywhere products of our industrialization, to know how are far more similar at core and at heart than they negative they are for our societies, for humans, are different. While I'll never claim to speak for and for our ecosystems in general. all women, I promise to always speak up for We are on the threshold of the next industrial women in a strong and clear voice. The standing revolution. (I suggest an excellent article on this of women in society is always revered-always in the current October issue of the Atlantic praised, always honored-whether it is as Monthly, "The Next Industrial Revolution" by Bill mother, as wife, as daughter or sister, we are pro- McDonnough and Michael Braungart). claimed to be at the center of everyone's concerns. Regarding culture, diversity and globalization, We are forever placed on a pedestal, while I I hope you will note that none of us in talking may not have said it first, for the last 25 years I about gender and women have used any sort of have responded that a pedestal, like all small sentimental notion of motherhood and nurtur- spaces, is very confining. ing as being the rationale by which we should be The examples abound, for how just is it for a able to be equal participants in this process. In child that is born of my womb after nine months 1997 there was a study that came out of SPEA, of nurture and labor is-exists-is legitimate? Indiana University's School of Public and Envi- When I hold the baby up to the sky, there is no ronmental Affairs, which analyzed ODA since the question of its reality, but the fact is all too many Earth Summit to compare the funds that have countries still deny me, as a woman, the power gone to women especially at the grassroots level to confer citizenship and political legitimacy on that since 1992. child. That is the double edge of the sword of We all know that today no report would be which we speak today. politically incorrect enough to dare come out and We find "state-less" children because still to- not speak to gender and the appropriateness of day we find women as extensions of a man's how we have to include women at the core of property without full political and social rights sustainability and sustainable development, but and thereby we cannot confer the same on our almost no difference (read increase) has occurred children (male or female) except through a male since 1992 in the amounts of real money-the dol- relative. These are the issues in the ICPD lars, the pounds, the yen-that actually get to Programme of Action that confront culture, not grassroots women and groups. as promoter of a woman's humanity but as limi- The study says we have waxed eloquent on tations to it. the language, but we have remained largely un- So in preparing for this presentation, I read changed in the amount of economic leverage, everything that I could find, but yet I came back that's money that gets to women. So we must not to what I knew in my heart and from experience be sentimental when we address culture, failing with women the world over. One of the things to challenge the growing concentrations of power that frames my understanding of this connection that we know to be inconsistent with the very with culture is how I spent the first twenty-three diversity of which we speak today. The natural years of my life, studying classical Western bal- biological biodiversity and cultural diversity on let, Ceccetti and Russian technique, but for knee which we have focused is absolutely counter-in- surgery I would probably be standing here to- dicated by the trends of centralization, and in- day as a choreographer. deed run counter to the nurturing and the So as beautiful as I know that ballet tradition subsidiarity that, in fact, supports a robust di- to be, I also know that its purpose and its very versity, a true web of life. concept of what is beauty is in its defiance of gray- In this we are experiencing three interlocking ity. If you know much about ballet, you know crises which threaten all people of the world, rich that it seeks to deny gravity (a force of nature). I and poor, educated and uneducated, North and think it serves as an appropriate metaphor for South. I suggest they are poverty, environmental much of the last 300 years of Western-developed stress and communal violence. At any level of de- society. We are now only beginning to understand velopment, increased population, energy use, and see the by-products or, might I say, the bio- and resource consumption add to development The Contributions of Women in Culture and Sustainable Development 63 complications and environmental stress. We need We need to understand the scope and serious- to examine the concept of development as ness of problems and how they affect especially transformation of our values, our economic women and children. We seek to redefine our theory and our willingness to work for change priorities on how we build not so much some consistent with today's ecological, cultural, and "new world order" but rather a sense of "new social realities. world community". I especially like the charac- This transformation must address the basic terization of both the global and the local hold- needs of a global society. To this end I offer three ing both at the same time. Monty Hempel at central components. One is sustainability. Every- Sonoma College calls this the "glocal". one has talked about sustainability today, but it We should not see this as Kierkegaard pro- requires that each generation recognize its obli- posed-either/or-but rather holding on to two gation for the earth's natural resources and eco- concepts, absolutely connected, at the same time, system on behalf of future generations. This going into them, seeing how they are connected should contain an understanding of: rather than how they are in opposition to each * Equity among nations, other. * Equity within nations, We find many development efforts have been * Gender equity, and grossly over-simplified. What they tried to do * Intergenerational equity. simply was not sustainable. It was not sustain- These are essential components of sustain- able to base development on technological trans- ability. fers and development of any place or country The second is justice. Such a severe imbalance must be driven from within that place, not by between over- and under-consumers of the external forces. It can certainly be supported by world's resources simply cannot continue. Jus- outside forces, whether they are financial, tech- tice requires that people have the means and the nical, or cultural and sympathetic, but it must be opportunity to produce a minimum and decent internally generated. livelihood for themselves and their families. It If it fails to recognize that equity is a neces- rejects the right of any one person or country to sary condition of development, it will not be sus- self-enrichment based on the appropriation of the tainable over time; again that means equity resources which another person or country's very among nations, within nations, equity among survival depends. genders, and intergenerational equity. And third, inclusiveness, is central. A lack of If development discriminates against women inclusiveness or the ability of persons to partici- and children, it will not be sustainable. If it dis- pate in decisions which affect their lives breeds places human labor and capital with an over-re- alienation and social conflict. We see this readily liance on machines, chemicals and non-people in terms of different groups in society, but I think centered development, it will tend to destroy the we have ignored that the lack of genuine inclu- natural environment and will not be sustainable siveness for half of the world, women, has meant over time. We can talk about the world economic a tremendous alienation throughout history. crisis, the environmental crisis. Sometimes when people wonder why is it that Actually, what I wanted to do most in this pre- women seem so willing to focus on aspects of sentation is to read you a poem. It seems fitting cooperation rather than competition, perhaps it to invoke the idea of performance. We have spent is because we had very little to do with putting the day discussing culture, the arts, what inspires those institutions of power in place to begin with. us as humans. I am actually glad to be last, to So, as Bella would say, we are not beholden to close with this simple poem. them. We are willing to branch out and try dif- It is called "A Women's Creed". And it was ferent ways in which we can achieve whole/sup- prepared for the WEDO-convened Women's Glo- portive societies. bal Strategies Meeting, December 2, 1994, in We see sustainability and development as a preparation for the Fourth World Conference of profound fundamental rethinking of the assump- Women that was held in Beijing. There were tions which shape our world and all of us in it. women from over fifty countries present. While 64 Culture in Sustainable Development the primary author of this is Robin Morgan, it women. It seemed perfect for the closing, to re- was indeed done by a collaboration of women mind us of the power of poetry, of art, indeed, of who worked on it, including Mahnaz. I have even culture, to be able to move us, to touch us at the edited it a bit over time because it belongs to all very core of our being. A WOMEN'S CREED We are female human beings poised on the edge of the new millennium. We are the majority of our species, yet we have dwelt in the shadows. We are invisible, the illiterate, the laborers, the refugees, the poor. And we vow: No more. We are the women who hunger-for rice, home, freedom, for each other and for ourselves. We are the women who thirst-for clean water and laughter, for literacy and for love. We have existed at all times, in every society. We have survived femicide. We have rebelled-and left clues. We are continuity, weaving future from past, logic with lyric. We are the women who stand in our sense, and shout YES. We are the women who wear broken bones, voices, minds, broken hearts- but we are the women who dare whisper NO. We are the women whose souls no fundamentalist cage can contain. We are the women who refuse to permit the sowing of death in our gar- dens, our air, our rivers and our seas. We are each precious, unique, necessary. We are strengthened and blessed and relieved at not having to all be the same. We are the daughters of longing. We are the mothers in labour to birth the politics of the 21st century. We are the women men warned us about. We are the women who know that all issues are ours, who will reclaim our wisdom, reinvent our tomorrow, question and redefine everything, especially power. We have worked now for decades to name the details of our need, rage, hope, vision. We have broken our silence and exhausted our patience. We are weary of listing refrains on our suffering-to entertain or sim- ply be ignored. We are done with vague words and waiting; famish- ing for action, dignity, joy. We intend to do more than merely endure and survive. They have tried to deny us, define us, defuse us, denounce us; to jail, en- slave, exile, gas, rape, beat, burn-and bore us. Yet nothing, not even the offer to save their failed system, can grasp us. For thousands of years, women have had responsibility without power- while too many men have had power without responsibility. We offer those men who risk being our brothers a balance, a future, a hand. But with or without them, we will go on. For we are the Old Ones, the New Breed, the Natives who came first but lasted, indigenous too an utterly different dimension. We are the girlchild in Zambia, the grandmother in Burma, the woman in El Sal- vador and Afghanistan, Finland and Fiji. We are the whale-song and rain forest; the depth-wave rising huge to shatter glass power on the shore; the lost and despised who, weeping, stagger into the light. The Contributions of Women in Culture and Sustainable Development 65 All this we are. The people speaking-who no longer will wait and who cannot be stopped. We are poised on the edge of the millennium- ruin behind us, no map before us, the taste of fear sharp on our tongues. Yet we will leap. The exercise of imagining is an act of creation. The act of creation is an exercise of will. All this is political. All this is possible. Bread. A clean sky. Active peace. A women's voice singing somewhere, melody drifting like smoke from the cookfires. The army disbanded, the harvest abundant. The wound healed, the child wanted, the pris- oner freed, the body's integrity honored, the lover returned. The labor equal, fair and valued. No hand raised in any gesture but greeting. Secure interiors-of the heart, home, land-so firm as to make secure borders irrelevant at last. And everywhere laughter, care, celebration, dancing, contentment. A humble, earthly paradise in the now. We will make it real, make it our own, make policy, make history, make peace, make it available, make mischief, make a difference, make love, make the connections, make a miracle, make ready. Believe it, believe it. Oh, my friends, believe it. For we are the women who will transform the world. Written by Robin Morgan, in collaboration with Perdita Huston, Sunetra Puri, Mahnaz Afkhami, Diane Faulkner, Corrine Kumar, Simla Wali, Paola Melchiori, and Dianne Dillon-Ridgley. WEDO Global Strat- egies Meeting, December 1994. Cultural Heritage and National Sustainable Development Introduction, Sheltering People in the Culture of Cities Wally N'Dow, presiding am delighted to be here to meet friends, many this conference does on the major question of friends from many years of common effort cultural diversity as a bona fide factor to be inte- both inside the United Nations and in the grated into our developmental thinking is noth- margins of the work that the UN has been doing ing less than an attempt at healing. We have through this remarkable series of conferences perhaps been trying to fly on one wing, or to box over the past decade, from New York on educa- with one arm tied behind our backs. As a devel- tion, to Rio on the environment and development, opmental system supporting human progress to Cairo on population, to New York on children, and human welfare objectives all over the world, to Beijing on women, to Copenhagen on the so- it is a wonder that for the best part of three de- cial dimension of human development and cades, or four in the case of the UN Development progress, and to Istanbul on human settlements. Programme, we have not really confronted the I have been charged this morning with mak- reality of the importance of cultural diversity. ing some remarks and attempting to link the There is another reality which we are confront- mandate of the UN in terms of human settlements ing, and that is the reality of an urban world, an and the objectives and purposes of this confer- urban 21st century. We are rushing headlong into ence which we are all attending, I trust with great that world, and we are not fully prepared for it joy and purposefulness. in many parts of the globe. I want to start by saying that indeed, a new What are the features of this world? First of era is being borne in the life of our institution, all, the mega-city-great complexity, great eco- the wider UN, including of course the Bretton nomic power, great political power, tremendous Woods institutions, but in the light of an emerg- diplomatic power in most cases. We are confront- ing concept which is animated more and more ing the world where also reside multitudes of by this basic principle of partnership, even within people. In our teaming billions, we are today liv- the UN family. I have been told that my friend ing cheek-by-jowl, and in that world most people Federico Mayor is here from UNESCO, and I look are not housed, most people still suffer from ex- forward very much to listening to him today. clusion, most people are poor. But let me start by thanking the World Bank There is a sad reality, and that sad reality is indeed for partnering with UNESCO and with that of globalization, economic globalization. all of us here to inaugurate what can properly be Some of my friends call it globalization from termed a period of healing, because focusing as above, because it really doesn't take care of the 66 Cultural Heritage and National Sustainable Development 67 concerns of the poor at the grassroots in signifi- is important that this partnership include very, cant ways. very much that particular group as well. The combination of urbanization, globaliza- What are the things that unite our societies, tion, and the reality of the cultural dimension as and what are the things that disunite them, that an important factor to be put at the foundation divide us? What element does civil society con- of the effort for development, that combination tribute in terms of cementing relationships, in has to be watched with tremendous attention and terms of transporting people through human vigilance. It is going to determine where we live solidarity into citizens and not just occupants in this 21st century toward which we are head- of dwelling places on streets? It is very impor- ing, ill-prepared as we are. It is going to deter- tant that these factors be at the forefront of our mine how we live, and that combination, I might concern. add, may even determine if we live at all. This is We want to say that today, as we work on this in my view the basis of our discussion. three-pronged approach-urbanization, global- But by which context must we approach this ization and cultural survival-that we see them future? What are the ideas and the principles and as mutually reinforcing. Globalization would not the strategies which will animate our collective have been possible if cities had not become what action? The recognition that not only govern- they are-centers of great commerce, centers of ments, but groups such as ours, international in- communication, centers of banking, insurance, stitutions such as the Bank, the UNDP, UNESCO, travel, telecommunication. If the cities do not civil society partners, have no choice but to col- work, the global economy will not work. And in laborate with people everywhere in nations large a poor country such as mine and others in Asia, and small, to watch the tension that is created by Latin America and Africa, if the city economy these three realities and to watch them with at- does not work, if the capital city fails, the tention and be vigilant about them. Partnerships. economy fails, and nations fail. This is another Civil society, very importantly, because civil so- reality that we have to take into account. ciety has tremendous vitality today, the world It compels us to look anew at relationships, over. It has advocacy power. It has communica- both at the local and the international level. The tion power, increasingly prestigious politically in old pattern of "I win, you lose" view of the world many nations. It is coming into its own; even in can no longer work. Everyone should have a say, the United Nations, coming through the big gate, especially in the human settlements. But we must addressing and making an intellectual contribu- be mindful of two things. Intolerance as a basic tion to the work of that organization, and today operating principle in human society is perhaps more than ever before in the World Bank, mak- the cause of all of our ills today. What do you do ing a contribution in ideas to the agenda of the when I disagree with you, or when you disagree World Bank. with my group? Do you ignore me in my neigh- That is the justification that we must work with borhood, in my hamlet, in my village in Rwanda, that civil society group, including the private in my street in Harlem? Do you eliminate me in sector, because where we talk about the cities, Bosnia? Do you ethnically cleanse me? What do where we talk about human solidarity, we must you do? talk about livelihoods. Human solidarity with- Do you look for a way to totally disregard me out jobs is really no use. It is the private sector and exclude me from the benefits of living in our and the entrepreneurs that provide the jobs, that society, or do you seek a more strategic relation- build the industries from which the jobs that cre- ship, a more dynamic relationship with me, a ate the livelihoods come. So they too must be a more workable and more sustainable relation- part of that. ship? I think this is at the heart of what has Special interest groups, women's groups, brought us here, this search for a dynamic rela- youth groups, even people with spiritual dimen- tionship. sions, the solidarity that we need to make our This is what I think this new vision is all about. neighborhoods work, to make the hamlets and This is what I think the new World Bank is all about. the towns and the townships of our developing How do we work on what breaks down and frag- countries work, to make the mega-cities work. It ments our society? How do we do what Leopold 68 Culture in Sustainable Development Senghor, former President of Senegal, once called from below rather than just worshiping the "rootedness and openness to the world at the golden calf of economic globalization? same time"-basically, that is diversity. Today, if the pathway to the future in terms of Where will we, this World Bank of today, of global commerce is globalization of the economy, Ismail Serageldin, of Jim Wolfensohn, of Michael the best pathway to human development and to Cohen, of all of you here-where will this World all peace, might I submit, has to be local action Bank, this UNESCO, this United Nations be in in the towns, in the streets, in the hamlets, in the the struggle for this healing which is what we little villages. But it also has to be joint action at are about? Will we be for humanism versus ide- the international level, and to enable us all to ology, whether it be the ideology of the market maximize human development. We must all, as or the ideology of race and class and region? Will John Kennedy once said, "make the world safer we be for true democracy versus control, or will for diversity". we be, importantly, for citizenship versus being This is the world I believe that together we are subjects and consumers? trying to create. That world is struggling to be What strategic alliances do we forge with net- born, and we should all be more purposeful and works, with media? How do we ensure that put at the foundation of our activity the need for transnationalization takes place of these concerns diversity, the need for tolerance, and the need for that have brought us together-of globalization social justice. The British Experience Lord Jacob Rothschild May I just start by saying how delighted That extra ingredient in Great Britain came from I am that the World Bank, under the the National Lottery, which was set up less than leadership of my friend Jim Wolfen- five years ago to benefit five good causes. The sohn, is taking this extraordinarily important ini- five good causes were: the heritage of Great Brit- tiative to support our cultural heritage across the ain; sport; the arts; charities, and the millennium globe. celebrations. Your President and Ismail Serageldin have It quickly became a feature of our national life, gathered together a most distinguished group, as much perhaps as the weather or the Grand and I very genuinely say it is a great honor to be National. Whether we like lotteries or not-and here today and to have the opportunity of talk- of course, many of us will have moral qualms ing to you about the British experience of the last about them-sales of lottery tickets in England few years. It is an interesting one, I believe, today-this is rather shameful-are greater than largely because of the National Lottery. And at the sales of books and bread. Thirty million out the end of telling you our little story, I want to of a population of 44 million play the lottery, and float an idea to you. turnover is running at nearly 5 billion pounds a More than 50 years ago, Maynard Keynes, that year, and the five good causes are sharing about great British economist and apostle of culture, 1.5 million pounds a year between them. The wrote critically that the accepted view of the state Heritage Lottery Fund, which I chaired until the was for him "the utilitarian and economic, one end of March, enjoyed an income today which is might almost say financial ideal, as the sole re- greater than the Ford Foundation and the Getty spectful purpose of the community as a whole." Foundation. And he said, "That most dreadful heresy, per- How did the British Government set up this haps, which has ever gained the ear of a civilized new force in our national life? Five independent people, bread and nothing but bread, and not bodies were invited to manage the distribution even bread, and bread accumulating at com- of grants. The Government set out policy direc- pound interest until it has turned into stone." tions and guidelines within which the five of us You will agree with me there are far too many were asked to operate. The directions, not sur- "stones" around today-mountains of them, Iam prisingly, changed without a change of govern- afraid-as we look around. And surely, now more ment, and the emphasis today is much more than ever, we need ingredients beyond bread. populist, regional, local, people and small-grant 69 70 Culture in Sustainable Development oriented, although support for large-scale capi- Then, you see an historic building, Somerset tal projects continues. House; a landscape; parks and gardens; an ex- We are expected to do everything under the ample of our industrial and maritime past; manu- sun-to enrich community life; to stimulate lo- scripts and archives; canals, rivers; railways; cal economies; to assist in regional heritage ships, and then, museums, galleries and their and regeneration; to help inner cities; to do a great collections. deal for children, the disabled, and ethnic Less than two weeks ago, the Heritage Lottery minorities-and to all of these groups, in what- Fund celebrated the giving away of grants worth ever we do, we are expected to make heritage one billion pounds in just under three years, and freely accessible and truly popular through altogether, we have supported 1,862 projects cov- education and by making use of the new ering all corners of Great Britain's national heri- technologies. tage, and we calculate that our grants affected Each of us was given a chance to look at our more than 500,000 sites. The sums of money in- lives and our communities and see how we could, volved were, of course, significantly more than both individually and collectively, deliver a bet- one billion pounds, because we always insisted ter future for our children in generations to come. on a degree of leverage of partnership funding Need was to be a high priority as was sustain- of 25 percent as a minimum, except for small ability, viability, and quality. And when access grants, which we wanted to encourage, where we and conservation were in conflict, we were ex- lowered the percentage to 10 percent. pected to square the circle. In the early stages, as high a priority as any Let me give you just two classic examples of was to support the great but distressed icons, if access and conservation being at odds with one you like, of our national life. Great Britain, as another-a problem, of course, that we all come most of you know, has the most wonderful stock across in this area. of historic buildings, very often Government For every individual who, for example (and buildings, which have suffered from years of Mr. Serageldin won't mind the example), visits neglect and deferred maintenance. And the Luxor and enters the Tomb of Nefertiti to look at Government itself-which doesn't help, very those sublime wall paintings, we know that ex- often-is seeking to dispose of property to the posure to light compromises the continued ex- private sector on a scale unprecedented since istence of those precarious treasures of humanity. the dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th The same conundrum will be just as true-an- century. other classic example-of the Lasco Caves in The challenge is to find new uses, as always, France, with their rare and delicate wall paint- for the old; to breathe new life, if you like, into ings which would simply vanish if subjected to derelict shells that were once the industrial heart- any significant exposure to light or even human land of our past; and to develop new and sus- contact. tainable infrastructures for future generations. Now, whether it be the natural environment Let us just look in the time we have at one or or these examples of the peaks of human achieve- two prime examples. First, an example of great ment, it is part of our job to find creative com- buildings seeking a new use-the Royal Naval promises between the demand for public access College at Greenwich. This is probably the finest which justifies public money and the need to sus- group of public buildings in the country and a tain and conserve these treasures in perpe- World Heritage Site. Believe it or not, this, our tuity. That is our quandary often, and that is our nearest equivalent to Versailles, was rather challenge. crudely put up for sale by the previous Govern- Let me give you some idea of how we went ment when the Naval College decided to with- about in Great Britain allocating our resources. draw from the site. Fortunately, there were no The range of heritage in a country like Great Brit- bids from the private sector, and now, the Uni- ain is so vast and all-encompassing that we never versity of Greenwich is to move in, and public sought to define it. access to the Chapel, the Painted Hall, and [Slides are projected] The first slide I'll show you the Great Parade Grounds will be enormously is of a cathedral, and the second, is a church. enhanced. Cultural Heritage and National Sustainable Development 71 Secondly, a quite different field of activity The number of people visiting the British Mu- which I think is important to all of us here, is ur- seum today is an astonishing 6 million, and chil- ban parks. Early on in our work, we decided to dren queue in huge numbers every morning introduce specific themes. The 19th-century ur- round and round the building. ban park in Great Britain represents a hugely im- You can see here the site, and the Heritage portant part of our heritage and a truly popular Lottery Fund backed Sir Norman Foster's radi- one that touchs people's lives, often on a daily cal scheme, which could have an impact on the basis, with some 8 million people a day walking British Museum and London as dramatic as I.M. through our urban parks. Pei's scheme had on The Louvre in Paris. The As in any country, they represent the "green investment in education and public access should lungs" of our cities. And as John Ruskin wrote, transform the scope and future of this great "The measure of any great civilization is its cit- institution. ies, and the measure of a city's greatness is to be I can only, of course, refer to one or two high- found in the quality of its public places, its parks, lights in these few minutes, but I hope you will and its squares." see that we were given a once-in-a-lifetime op- In the 19th century, our parks were wonderful portunity to make a difference to the lives of ev- examples to the rest of the world, but today, I am eryone in the United Kingdom. afraid they are often vandalized, underfunded, Did we have the impact that we should have and certainly undervalued. had, having been given that opportunity? I think Our aim was to bring about a renaissance in that my proudest moment was to pick up a copy our urban parks, and today, we have grant-aided of the Sunday Times and find a long article, writ- more than 174 parks and gardens throughout the ten by the distinguished editor of the Times Lit- United Kingdom. erary Supplement, someone called Ferdinand The need for our help was underlined when Mount, and he wrote: "I can think of nothing that on a visit to Western Park in Sheffield in the Mid- has happened in Britain in my lifetime that has lands, we were told on arrival that the entrance done more to revive local enthusiasm and self- gates, weighing 2 tons, had disappeared the night confidence. The combination of the Heritage Lot- before, stolen. tery Fund and the National Lottery has generated A third area which is common to us all is the a renaissance of which our existing political sys- natural environment. Here is a slide which shows tem appeared quite incapable." part of 80,000 acres of an area, The Cairngomes With the huge reserve of skills and the leader- in Scotland, which we helped the National Trust ship that the World Bank undoubtedly possesses, for Scotland to acquire. The area contains some already with this important initiative, you could of the most beautiful wild country in the whole spark off a renaissance for the heritage and cul- of Great Britain. Its sustainable environment ture of countless nations, the impact of which was threatened but is now well on it way to could be felt right across the world. recovery thanks to the implementation of a The idea I wanted to float to you was this. Sup- carefully drawn up management and conserva- pose you added a new dimension. The time could tion plan. just be right for a World National Lottery which A fourth sector that commanded our attention could be distributed through the Internet and was museums. Probably, Great Britain has the through other, more established channels. If you densest museum population of any country in could do that, that indeed would be a quite in- the world, and it is a thriving sector with more credible prize. Of course, there would be politi- people from the United Kingdom and abroad cal differences. Some of you would feel moral going to museums than to films or football problems. But the impact, as you can see, could matches. be quite enormous. But the one thing you will Let me show you a slide of perhaps our flag- have to promise me-I end by saying this, Mr. ship museum, the British Museum. It was built President and Mr. Serageldin-is that if that op- in the 19th century, ironically, with proceeds from portunity were to come to pass, the World Bank an earlier National Lottery, and the problem was must bag some of the proceeds for the cultural that it was built to accommodate 60,000 people. heritage of the world. Reconstructing the Past to Build the Future: Rescue and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Aliza Cohen-Mushlin President Wolfensohn, Vice President Ismail nently as the essential foundation for modernity Serageldin, Mr. Chairman, Dr. N'Dow, dis- and innovation. tinguished ladies and gentlemen. It is with Allow me to quote Dr. Ismail Serageldin, who great admiration and appreciation that we thank said in his talk at the UNESCO Conference in the World Bank and its President, Mr. Wolfen- Stockholm this year: "The protection of the cul- sohn, for directing this visionary leadership tural heritage of the past, as well as the expres- through this conference into the area of cultural sion of local culture today, will be the heritage of heritage preservation. We applaud the tomorrow." President's and the World Bank's philosophy that Through its activities and achievements to nations and people must care not only for the date, the Center for Jewish Art has become immediate economic issues of today and tomor- the world's foremost institution dedicated to row, but for their cultural and historical legacy documenting and preserving Jewish material as well. culture-a culture which has been created all over We are delighted to witness the extraordinary the world, from antiquity to modem times. The partnership now between UNESCO and the Center was created through the initiative of in- World Bank in this area. The Center for Jewish dividuals who understand the importance of Art has been a beneficiary of UNESCO's tena- national heritage and by the Center's founder, cious and often lonely struggle to ensure that Professor Bezalel Narkiss, who unfortunately cultural heritage of nations and cultural minori- could not participate in this conference. ties is preserved not only for their spiritual and Although the Center has grown impressively, material benefit, but also for the peoples through- it does not receive funding either from the Gov- out the world. emment or from the University. It is an interna- Common history, language, religion, custom, tional center par excellence, not only formally and geography, as well as literature, music, and through the board of trustees, but also through visual arts create a special characteristic of a its research staff. people, and this identity must be understood, Our research is global. Ninety-five percent of respected, and preserved. The unique tradi- our work in preservation takes place outside of tional culture of a country is among the most Israel and involves cooperation with numerous important components necessary for its social de- national and local governments, institutions, and velopment, and this heritage must serve promi- community organizations. We firmly believe that 72 Cultural Heritage and National Sustainable Development 73 the philosophy and political vision of internation- Furthermore, it has to be understood that the alism and multiculturalism must inspire heritage responsibility for preserving what has survived preservation work. Cultural heritage is a signi- is incumbent on humanity-at-large. We are happy fier and preserver of identity within trends to- to emphasize that governments throughout the ward globalization. Moreover, these principles world, from Morocco to Bosnia, Moldova to and concepts-multiculturalism and diversity- Ukraine, from Tunisia and Egypt to Uzbekistan have profound practical implications. They and Azerbaijan, Romania, Poland, Germany to demand and validate cooperation between insti- India, have encouraged and supported the work tutions and governments, across national bor- of our teams, sent by the Center to study and ders. They reject consideration of a minority document Jewish cultural heritage. To date, we culture as less valuable, less worthy of preserva- have sent teams to 29 countries and have docu- tion than the majority culture. mented over 200,000 objects, from a small coin Since Hellenistic times, the mass of what we to a synagogue. call Jewish cultural heritage has been created by Our documentation policy is to deal system- minority populations living within different ma- atically and comprehensively with the country's jority cultures and political structures. In all coun- region, covering the assets in public and private tries of the world, in Europe, North Africa, in the domains. Firstly, we send a survey group to a Middle East, in Asia, in the former Soviet Union region in order to identify the monuments and and in the Americas, Jewish culture has always objects to be documented by a following team of been a minority culture influenced by the sur- researchers. Such a survey allows the estimation rounding indigenous culture. of the time and number of researchers needed, The worldwide dispersal of the Jewish people be they architects, historians, ethnographers, has been responsible for the diversity of Jewish photographers, and a team leader. art. It has meant that no single style could de- The team then returns to the region for about velop, since Jewish communities, often separated two to four weeks, to carry out meticulous docu- by great differences, adopted the local style and mentation which includes photographing, mea- culture of the region in which they lived. suring every object, and writing detailed This fact makes Jewish art a mirror of differ- descriptions using special questionnaires devel- ent styles all over the world. A Yemenite Jewish oped by the Center for any type of object. artist cannot create in the style of a German Jew; We document synagogues and community however, common Jewish subjects, iconography, buildings even though their usage has changed functions, shapes and certain motifs have made or they are in a state of ruin. We record tomb- their impact on Jewish artistic expression. Jew- stones in cemeteries, ritual and ceremonial ob- ish art and material culture are therefore simul- jects, illuminated manuscripts, and modern art. taneously a national as well as an international We systematically send missions to all countries phenomenon. where objects are in danger of disappearing, be- Since Jewish historical and material culture ing destroyed, or left to decay. did not develop in one country but is evident After recording every object in the field, re- in many countries of the world, the philosophi- search and computerization is carried out in the cal and organizational basis of our documen- Center in Jerusalem. Research includes investi- tation of Jewish art has been international. In gating the origin, iconography, function, style, many countries, the Jewish communities which material and technique of each object. This data gave life to their culture are gone, and we must is entered into the Computerized Index of Jew- cooperate with today's custodians to reach the ish Art, which is especially designed with tem- material heritage before it is completely altered plates and a sophisticated software program. or eradicated. By carrying out this documentation, the Cen- This has led us to cooperate with international ter for Jewish Art not only contributes to the pres- institutions and agencies which work for the pres- ervation of Jewish culture but also to the ervation of cultural heritage, such as the World preservation and heritage of other nations, by Bank, UNESCO, The World Monuments Fund, helping maintain better records of part of their the Getty Institute, and others. own history with our specialized methods. 74 Culture in Sustainable Development Our contribution is enriched in two ways. I shall start with a pleasant surprise we had Firstly, the teams we send to different countries during our mission in Lithuania. We were led to work with professionals. Secondly, we provide believe that the Nazis destroyed all wooden syna- training to these professionals, both in their home gogues. Indeed, all major wooden synagogues countries and in the Center for Jewish Art in with elaborate wall paintings were burned down. Jerusalem. By empowering these local custodi- However, seven of them still exist in North ans to take care and understand their Jewish cul- Lithuania. One example is a 19th-century syna- tural heritage, the integrity of their own heritage gogue from Sieda. as well as the Jewish culture is sustained. A similar surprise we had in Western Ukraine, The Index of Jewish Art is special and differ- which incorporates East Galicia. In 1991, during ent from other indices and archives, not only one of our surveys in Western Ukraine, we found methodologically, but also by its organization. All the Synagogue of Zholkiev, which was recon- of our work is carried out by graduate students structed by the municipality at the instigation of of general art history who specialize in Jewish one Jew, a partisan survivor of the war. art and Jewish studies. These talented and moti- It is a very important building of 1692, of vated teams of researchers are one of the main the type known as fortified synagogue. Dur- reasons why and how we are able to amass such ing the 17th and 18th centuries, Jews played an enormous database with minimal cost. It an important part in the wars between the Pol- should be stressed that the entire activity of the ish and Lithuanian Kingdoms. Fortified syna- Center for Jewish Art, student scholarships, ex- gogues, which were built outside the walls of peditions, computerization, educational pro- towns, served as buffer zones, armed by the Jews grams, are financed on a project-by-project basis themselves. by the generosity of foundations and private High in the upper part of the reconstructed individuals. building, it is possible to see shooting holes, At the core of the Center's documentation which look similar to those found in city walls. philosophy and methodology is our belief in vir- In some of these synagogues, there were storage tual preservation of Jewish art, which is techno- areas for food and ammunition, and sometimes, logically possible and economically viable. The an escape tunnel leading to the river. bare fact is that at this time of limited resources, We were very excited to see the reconstructed the physical preservation of every building and Zholkiev Synagogue from the outside, but we object is not feasible. Our solution is to create a were disappointed to find that funds were not visual record of the Jewish heritage. The Index sufficient to reconstruct the interior of this most helps to "memorize" that which cannot physi- impressive synagogue. We were confronted with cally be preserved. four bare, enormous columns and a ruined To- Therefore, if culture is the memory of a na- rah niche, which was once decorated with beau- tion, our Index of Jewish Art is the visual em- tiful stucco work. bodiment of this memory, which can help to However, we did find fully reconstructed create a culture for the future. We believe our synagogues in Eastern Europe. One of them is methods can be applied to developing coun- the Synagogue of Wfodawa on the eastern bor- tries throughout the world and look forward der of Poland. The 18th-century Torah ark was to continued cooperation with the international reconstructed in 1989 with the help of photo- community. graphs like the rest of the interior. A group of The following are specific examples of our Polish students and their teachers decided to re- documentation throughout the world. Since the construct the neglected synagogue for anthropo- fall of the Soviet Union, we have been concen- logical reasons. The group spent a winter in trating our efforts in the Eastern Bloc countries, Central Africa to study customs, habits, cults, and which have suffered massive upheaval in the arts of one tribe. When they returned to Poland, 20th century and are in danger of completely they decided to apply the same methods of study losing their Jewish art and monuments. [Slides to a minority community in Poland, and the Jews are projected] were chosen. Although presently there are few Cultural Heritage and National Sustainable Development 75 Jews in Poland, there is plenty of literature in their curriculum in conjunction with the Center Polish and some of the students studied Hebrew for Jewish Art. The synagogues are now being and Yiddish. Before long, their enthusiasm led considered as German heritage. them to collect Jewish cult objects, and they During the survey mission of 1991, we found looked for a place to store them. the Berezhany Synagogue, which was built in A synagogue in Wtodawa, which had been 1718, quite intact. It is one of the 197 synagogues used for ammunition storage, was offered to which we found in this part of the Ukraine. Some them, and soon they started reconstructing it to were used as libraries, museums, clubs, movie create a proper atmosphere for the collection. In theaters; others as barns or pigsties. this reconstructed museum-synagogue, part of We were lucky to document the Berezhany their Polish culture was retrieved. Synagogue, to measure, describe and photograph In 1920, the rich merchant Saadon built a single it, for when we came back in 1994, this enormous hall synagogue in Fez, Morocco. Although the synagogue had collapsed to a heap of rubble. spaciousness, the style of wall decoration, as well Our distress brought immediate thoughts of as the colored tracery windows are typical of Fez rebuilding the synagogue. However, the formi- at the beginning of our century, the decorative dable price and lack of Jewish community made motifs, as well as the placing of the different us look for other solutions. Furthermore, we pieces of furniture, hark back to Fez traditions. learned that the World Monuments Fund pro- The Saadon Synagogue is one of the few active posed to reconstruct 10 synagogues all over the ones in Fez. world but is having difficulties financing the One of the most interesting phenomena is the projects. private synagogues in the homes of rich Jews in We therefore build three-dimensional models Bukhara, Uzbekistan. One was built by Mr. into our computer program of virtual reality, Aminov in 1900. The main, sumptuously deco- which enables us to preserve such monuments rated hall in the entrance was turned into a syna- without the expense of actually building them. gogue during Shabbat and holidays. Above the With this technique and more sophisticated pro- door, facing toward Jerusalem, is a closed niche, grams which we hope to incorporate, we are able which holds the Torah Scrolls. The wall decora- to study any section of the building from its ex- tions are influenced by the Persian style and terior and interior. Not only in Eastern Europe, motifs prevalent among the Moslem inhabitants but throughout the world, many synagogues are in Bukhara at the beginning of the century. The endangered. Moslems used such decoration in palaces and The terrible state of neglect is evident in the funerary halls and surrounded them with Ara- Synagogue of Chenamangalam in Kerala, built bic inscriptions. in 1640. It belongs to the Cochin Jews in South- The inscriptions in the House of Aminov are, west India, where we went in 1995, after we heard of course, in Hebrew. When we documented the that synagogues in the area were being plun- place in 1992, the Aminov family had already dered. Our documentation may be the last avail- emigrated to Israel and had tried to sell their able record of this synagogue, since we recently house for $10,000, but to no avail. Neither could learned that termites have eaten the entire Torah we find a buyer who would transfer this trea- Ark. On the other hand, we have discovered that sure to a museum. It is now probably a private the Synagogue of Katavumbagum in Ernakulam apartment building with the imposing hall di- was for sale, and we informed the Israel Museum; vided into small rooms. it is now installed there, in Jerusalem. The Synagogue of Eldagsen, Germany, from One of the most interesting elements in the 1866, is now a private house. Many synagogues Cochin synagogues is a semi-circular balcony have been turned into dwelling houses through- protruding in the gallery, opposite the Torah Ark. out Germany. We know what this synagogue It was a custom to read the Torah on certain fes- looked like from a photograph of 1940. The docu- tivals from this pulpit-like balcony. Strange as it mentation in Germany is being carried out by 150 may seem, a similar custom is known from syna- architectural students in three States, as part of gogues in the South of France, in Northern Italy, 76 Culture in Sustainable Development in some Turkish synagogues, and even one in 400 ritual objects which were hidden in boxes in Georgia, in the Caucasus. They may have all been the cellar of the monastery since the 1920s, when influenced by synagogues from Spain, from be- Lenin ordered all the gold and silver objects be fore the expulsion of the Jews in 1492. collected from churches and synagogues and The Torah Arks in India are very ornate, deco- melted to be sold in the West. There is no knowl- rated with delicate woodwork. They enclose edge how this treasure, which stems from East- round Torah cases, covered by adornments. A ern Galicia, was saved. It includes some of the particular one of 1897 is in the Paradessi syna- most exquisite silver work and earliest Torah gogue in Cochin, one of the few still acting syna- plaques known from the 17th century. gogues. The gold chains, called teli, are typical Another find in the Kiev collection is a Re- decorations of this area in India. A similar type demption plate used in some European commu- of chain is worn by the local Katakali dancers, nities to place five shekels, given to a Cohen when figuring Hindu mythological characters. (priest), in order to redeem the first born son, a The pure gold crown on the Torah case was ceremony which takes place 30 days after the son given to the Paradessi community by the Maha- is born. The Redemption of Jesus, mentioned in rajah of Malabar in 1808 to show his support for the Gospels, is often portrayed in Christian Art. this community. On this Redemption plate which was done in Documenting sacred and ritual objects is one Lvov, Galicia, circa 1830, the depiction of the Sac- of the main tasks of the Center for Jewish Art. rifice of Isaac (Genesis, Chapter 22) in the center, A few variants of different customs should be refers to the Redemption of Isaac. It is surrounded mentioned. by the signs of the Zodiac, alluding to the con- The round Georgian Torah case from stellation of the stars and the month in which the Akhaltsiche of the 19th century is covered by a son was born. colorful cloth and has kerchiefs inside. On top of The Object Document of this Redemption the staves there are typical hexagonal Torah fini- plate, as listed in our computerized Index of Jew- als. They differ completely from the globular ish Art includes the following information: Persian finials of the same period. Not surpris- * Photograph, which can be enlarged and de- ingly these globular Torah finials are very simi- tailed; lar to contemporary finials which adorn a Persian * Eleven fields of identity-collection, commu- baby's crib. nity, date, and hallmark; The East European Ashkenazi Torah deco- * Subjects, decoration, and customs; ration is quite different from the Mid-Eastern * Measurements, material and technique; ones. A Romanian Torah from Resita of the 19th * Detailed description, which allows to search century is dressed with a mantle, two finials, a and link words; and plaque with a dedication and a pointer to fol- * History and bibliography. low the reading from the Torah. Contrary to A special feature of the Index is the Reference the Eastern custom, in the Ashkenazi custom Document for every subject, regarding its textual the Torah is laid down horizontally and is as well as its iconographical components. For stripped from its mantle and decoration prior example, the "Sacrifice of Isaac" lists all the de- to reading it. tails of the scene as we found them in actual ob- Oneof theinterestingTorahplaqueswhichwe jects. The details related to this particular found in the Museum of Historical Treasures of Redemption plate are highlighted in red: "Isaac the Ukraine in Kiev, a former Monastery, depicts is on the altar, lying on his back, hands and a bull in the center, surrounded by the Zodiac legs tied.. .Abraham is holding Isaac by his signs. Instead of the sign Taurus is a hand with hair, lifting a knife..." Clicking any item in the index finger pointing at the bull. The promi- the Reference Document can call other ob- nence of the bull in the center can be explained jects from any period or medium, with any by the inscription, which states that the plaque specific iconographical detail of our choice. was donated by the society of butchers in the The iconography of the Sacrifice of Isaac in the town of Privitz. The date 1899 is derived from mosaic floor from the 6th-century synagogue in the Austrio-Hungarian hallmarks. This is one of Beit Alpha, Israel, depicts early Jewish commen- Cultural Heritage and National Sustainable Development 77 tary on the Bible (Midrash), rather than the Bib- The iconography of the Sacrifice of Ismail usu- lical text. An example is the appearance of the ally follows that of the Sacrifice of Isaac in Jew- Hand of God and not an Angel to stop Abraham, ish and Christian Art. One example is depicted as well as the Ram tied to a tree and not caught in a 17th-century Persian copy of the World His- in a thicket. tory by the author Tabari of the 9th century. In a South-German Prayer Book of around It is the dream of any art historian, and espe- 1300, now in the University Library of Wr6claw, cially those responsible for the Index of Jewish the entire story is told in detail, including an ad- Art, to have compatible programs with the fa- ditional scene of Abraham and Isaac walking to- mous Index of Christian Art at Princeton and the wards the mountain. planned Index of Islamic Art. Only then will re- Marc Chagall, in his painting of 1960-65 in search in Art History and its literal sources be Nice, placed the naked Isaac on the ground, meaningful and all-encompassing. For under- added Sara behind a tree-another Midrashic standing the interrelationship between cultures element; as well as Jesus carrying his cross, a is as crucial as delving into the sources of one's scene for which the Sacrifice of Isaac was a pro- own culture. totype. For no culture grows in isolation. It reaches Indeed a typological representation is found out to other cultures, nourishes and is being nour- in a Latin Bible Moralis6e of 1250 from Paris. Isaac ished by them, and it is our responsibility to pre- is carrying the faggots for his sacrifice and be- serve them all. Our common human heritage is low him Jesus is carrying a cross. An early Jew- as vital to us as the common air we breathe. The ish commentary mentions that Isaac is carrying Center for Jewish Art has chosen but one way to the wood, "as the condemned is carrying his cross preserve this heritage and we are willing and to be crucified". ready to help make it an international tool. Investing in Cultural Industries Milagros Del Corral Mr. Vice President of the World Bank, Ex- access to culture and artistic expression, usually cellencies, distinguished members of confined in the past to very restricted and privi- the panel, ladies and gentlemen. Let me leged circles. first express, as other speakers have, how hon- The virtually universal adoption of copyright ored I am to be here with you today to attend laws has also provided a sound legal basis for this important conference and to be able to par- the current development of such industries. ticipate in such a distinguished panel. However the existing imbalance in this field has Along these different sessions, we have been also become more evident in the context of glo- discussing the role and importance of cultural balization, and I guess this very notion of glo- heritage. However the increasing interest in the balization has a different meaning for those few preservation of our cultural heritage should not countries that are the "globalizers"; therefore the prevent us from paying adequate attention to other ones share the uncomfortable feeling of contemporary creation and its dissemination, "getting globalized". which in fact constitutes our legacy for future The issue of culture and trade has therefore generations. acquired in our days prime strategic significance The purpose of my intervention is therefore to as cultural products convey cultural contents and discuss opportunities for investment in cultural values but are indeed also crucial to the emerg- industries-something completely different from ing knowledge economy. Treatment of culture in the beautiful art pieces we just had the opportu- the upcoming round of multilateral negotiations nity to look at in the previous intervention. on trade and investment will have decisive con- At the start of the 21st century, a large variety sequences on the economic hegemony of the of channels do exist and are available of dissemi- markets as well as on culture-at-large. nation of creativity. It is also fair, I think, to rec- So far, as you well know, there is a strong po- ognize that trade in cultural industries or in larization of governments with regard to culture cultural products such as books, records, audio- and trade, which is the expression not only of an visual materials, crafts and fashion design, et ideological debate but also a market positioning. cetera, and more recently, multimedia and elec- It is therefore not surprising that the first reac- tronic networks such as the Internet, has largely tion of many countries has been to invoke the contributed to the development of creativity it- famous cultural exception as an attempt to pro- self, but also to a wider and more democratic tect their own cultures or their own markets 78 Cultural Heritage and National Sustainable Development 79 against what is seen as cultural "dumping", I it conveyed by literary, musical, audiovisual, or would call it, exercised by those who dominate crafts products. world export markets of cultural products. A strategy of this kind would ensure that na- Incidentally, this is nothing new. You will prob- tionals of a country are not exposed exclusively ably be interested to remember that the cultural to foreign products and that, by the same token, exception was first and*successfully invoked by the international community can enjoy a truly the United States of America in the early fifties pluralistic offer through a wide variety of cul- at the time UNESCO adopted the very first Trade tural expressions of various origins, thus avoid- Agreement for Cultural Goods, the one we now ing undesirable cultural uniformity which may know as the Florence Agreement. The U.S. Re- otherwise result from increasing globalization serve is published as an annex to this Agreement, processes. and this text is in the hands of some 90 member As Minister Copps reminded us yesterday, states of this Convention; but interestingly, no- cultural industries also tend to be both knowl- body ever mentioned it during the hot debate edge intensive, involving skilled workers, as well which took place at the Uruguay Round. as labor intensive, creating more than the aver- Well, be that as it is, and although such a pro- age number of jobs. tectionist approach can be a legitimate anti- Following UNESCO's long experience in dumping tool to cope with the problem for a sectoral diagnostics and analysis and assistance transitional period, long-term solutions can only in the formulation of policies in developing coun- be found through the adoption of appropriate tries, growth policies for cultural industries policies aiming to foster the sound growth of should provide a strategy aimed to establish an domestic cultural industries, as acknowledged at adequate legal, fiscal, and financial framework, the Stockholm Conference on Culture and De- maximizing investment opportunities in the sec- velopment. tor; identifying potential private partners, private Recent and sad experiences show that the sector initiatives; highlighting areas for govern- market cannot be the only avenue, the panacea ment participation; leveraging multiple funding for cultural development. Governments must sources; promoting professional training in pro- have a role to play both in developing new para- duction, in management, in marketing, and in digms of cultural policies to support arts and trade; and encouraging the creation or reinforce- heritage, as we saw, but also in encouraging the ment of professional associations. development of domestic cultural industries by On the other hand, policies to be adopted must creating an environment conducive to the pro- be the result of a broad national consensus be- motion of national creativity and cultural diver- tween the public and private sectors. sity in the marketplace. Applying the same recipe would not be fair It is also a governmental responsibility to pro- and could also have detrimental effects. This is vide remedies when undesirable effects which are why we are giving serious consideration to coun- detrimental to culture may appear for pure mar- try-specific conditions, needs, and potential ket reasons. strong points. However there is something which Ladies and gentlemen, creativity is fortunately is common: political will and close coordination the most equitably distributed of human re- among various relevant ministries or state agen- sources. Its virtual exploitation in economic terms cies are absolutely basic requirements for success- also generates enormous benefits for the coun- ful results. I am talking about the cultural try, but more importantly, it bolsters the country's ministry, education, finance, industry, trade, tour- original personality in the international arena. ism, postal and customs authorities, public Since cultural industries are, by their very na- broadcasting corporations, et cetera; it is a long ture, both cultural and economic. The overall "et cetera" that we have to put together in order purpose of any national growth strategy must be, to be successful in this endeavor. on the one hand, to maximize their potential con- UNESCO decided in 1995 to include the de- tribution to the country's economy and, on the velopment of cultural industries as a new com- other, to facilitate national, regional, and world ponent of cultural policies in the organization's dissemination of endogenous creative content, be medium-term strategy which began in 1996 and 80 Culture in Sustainable Development will conclude in 2001. It has extended the notion this end on the basis of our experience and knowl- of cultural industry beyond the publishing indus- edge of sector needs. Moreover, a closer partner- try where UNESCO had already acquired con- ship with UNESCO and the World Bank could siderable experience. consolidate our action in assessing the needs of Although this move was basically well re- member states for the formulation of cultural in- ceived by most developing countries, one should dustries policies and strategies, be it in the light recognize that most member states were not nec- of an eventual global cultural fund or in the light essarily familiar with the concept of cultural in- of the Bank's new adaptable program lending, dustries at that time as we understand it. But the famous APL, or the Learning and Innovation interestingly, immediately after the Stockholm Loans (LILs). I think we will have an informa- Conference, where the need to rethink cultural tive training session on where this issue could, policies and their linkage to cultural trade was of course, be further explored together. clearly recognized, our program gained a new I am convinced that such a partnership would impetus in several developing countries. Many no doubt be highly beneficial to the interested of them-in English-speaking Africa, in Central member states which are, let us not forget, our and Eastern European countries, in Latin common constituencies, both for the Bank and America, and even in the Mediterranean-have for UNESCO. already embarked with us on the formulation of Successful achievements in these fields can cultural industries policies or strategies, either only be reached if political will exists at the state as a whole or aimed at a particular sector where level, at the country level; if access to capital is more obvious potential seems to exist. ensured, mainly through one of these mecha- Although I am specifically referring to the so- nisms; and if professional training is provided. called content industries, as you have already Coordinated efforts should be, in my view, main- realized, of course, cultural tourism can easily be tained during a period of four to six years, and a included among the most promising cultural in- careful evaluation of results should be achieved dustries in many developing countries. afterward. But obviously, during this work, the lack of In conclusion, cultural industries are, in my appropriate financial mechanisms usually ap- view, the core of a sound strategy aiming to pears to be the strongest handicap we have to foster culture and development. They are also face. Because cultural industries are soft indus- conducive to sustainable development, since tries, they can hardly benefit from traditional they incarnate the very key words of the 21st Bank loans and guarantee system, particularly century-what have been called by some special- when they are at the early stages of development. ists the "four golden Cs"-culture, creativity, On the other hand, financial requirements large- copyright, and commerce. ly differ from one sector to another, and if the Strengthening human creativity and its dis- micro-loan schemes can prove efficient for small semination worldwide implies in fact preserving crafts and enterprises, for example, the high cost national identities, maintaining cultural diversity, involved in the production and post-production promoting freedom of expression and enhancing of a film-to cite but two examples-require par- democratic access to culture and education. It also ticular financial solutions that cannot be worked appears to be the most effective way to positively out at the national level in many cases. manage globalization. The World Bank's promising new adaptable And indeed, we can keep discussing theo- lending scheme could be an excellent solution if retical concepts of culture and development, appropriate new categories are added to the definitions, paradigms, and so on-as a mat- Bank's product line in order to meet the particu- ter of fact, UNESCO has been doing that for lar needs of emerging cultural industries, particu- many years and more particularly, for the last larly as regards the audiovisual sector which, as 10 years or so. Yes, we can keep discussing or, you know, is a major concern nowadays for many if you prefer, we can keep honoring the past, countries. but let us be aware that for cultural industries We would be particularly pleased to assist the in developing countries, designing the future Bank in the elaboration of a feasibility study to is acting now. Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development: Requirements for the 21 st Century Introduction Franco Passacantando, presiding As a member of the Board of the World Bank in this field. And personally, I am firmly Bank, l am particularly honored for hav- convinced that renewed attention to the issue of ing been invited to chair this session. I culture and to its impact on development can am here mainly to learn and to listen, because the greatly contribute to promoting a better Bank and issue of culture is still new for me as it is new for a better world. most of us at the Board; it does not belong to our Yesterday and this morning, we have mainly professional background, and it is rarely discussed discussed the importance of culture for develop- at our meetings, even though things are changing. ment from different angles. It is now time to move This does not mean that we do not understand on and start discussing possible directions in the importance of this issue. In fact, most of us, which to move. This is the topic of this session, although not all of us, are eager to explore the which is being called, perhaps a bit emphatically, potential benefits of a greater involvement of the "Requirements for the 21st Century". 81 Supporting the Contemporary Expression of Culture James H. Billington The first dictionary definition of develop- ror. The task of all of us here assembled is to give ment is the rather mechanistic 19th cen- that rear-view as wide-angle a lens as is humanly tury one of "a gradual advance through possible. progressive changes". But I prefer the second Culture is the DNA that shapes development dictionary definition of development as "the and is accessible to us in three different forms: whole process of growth and differentiation (1) the visual, largely three-dimensional art, ar- by which the potentialities of a spore or embryo chitecture, and artifacts preserved in museums; are realized". A "whole process" is more richly (2) the living, performing arts-musical, dra- human-and more in tune with the biologically matic, dance-staged in theaters; and (3) verbal, oriented science of today and with the recogni- largely two-dimensional written records pre- tion that differentiation as well as growth is es- served in libraries. I propose to talk about this sential for the human family. third form of cultural heritage: language. The artifacts of our cultural heritage are our Human language is the basic vehicle through best guideposts towards understanding what which memory is communicated and people are makes each people different now and-even bonded together with a sense of identity. The more importantly-what unique potentialities founder of Hasidic Judaism said that "exile is each people has for the future. caused by forgetfulness and the beginning of re- Cultural heritage depends on human memory demption is memory". Yet, memory and its ve- and, paradoxically, innovation itself seems almost hicle of language is fading even as the hubris of invariably to begin with the recovery of memory. human intellect probes ever more deeply into The Renaissance was, literally, a rebirth or recov- both cosmic and microcosmic space. There were ery of classical antiquity; Romanticism went back about 6,000 languages seriously spoken on this to the Middle Ages; and 20th century artistic planet at the beginning of the century; there will modernism began when Stravinsky took music not be more than 600 spoken at the end. Along and dance back to pre-Christian, pagan rites of with biodiversity, cultural and linguistic diver- spring and of marriage, and when Kandinsky and sity is fading and with it, paradoxically the ca- Malevich took paintings back to the lines and pacity for continuing innovation. The records are color of early Eastern Christian iconography. The being wiped out, not just of oral but also of writ- great, late Canadian critic Northrup Frye said ten traditions that remain neglected, unread and, that our only real crystal ball is a rear-view mir- in many cases, physically disintegrating. Almost 82 Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development: Requirements for the 21st Century 83 the entire manuscript materials of two of the was, of course, television which has preserved countries with the largest supply of two-dimen- the simulacra of all other cultural forms but has sional written records in the world, India and subtly dehumanized them by encouraging pas- Russia, are deeply endangered species with no sive spectatorism and shortened attention spans. serious preservation programs. The multiple lan- Television's bumper car of emotion derails almost guages, scripts, and ways of recording written every serious train of thought. More serious than words across the vast Indonesian archipelago are its mindless drift into sex and violence is its in- fading fast. Virtually all paper-based records pro- herently antisocial nature. A museum, a theater, duced since the introduction of high-acid paper a library are all places where people meet and 150 years ago are disintegrating at an accelerat- need other people. The television screen and its ing rate and will not last another century. Indeed, even more isolating off-spring, the computer almost all modern, two-dimensional cultural ar- screen, are lonely instruments that discourage tifacts-moving picture films, photographs, tele- communication between people even as they fos- vision tapes, recorded sound-are preserved only ter the illusion that everything you need is easily in highly perishable formats. at hand through the flick of a zapper or a mouse. The greatest patron of libraries in the modern Now that computers flow into the Internet and world has been the Congress of the United States. will soon merge with higher resolution television Ever since purchasing Thomas Jefferson's ex- and faster delivery times, the erosion of memory traordinary, private library in 1815, the Congress threatens to become even greater. Data, informa- has consistently supported what has become not tion, and even knowledge are constantly being merely the largest and most linguistically inclu- brought up to date in a world where earlier drafts sive collection of human knowledge and creativ- are erased and there is no past. Undisciplined ity ever assembled in one place, but also the site language like untreated sewage flows through a of perhaps the most diverse set of preservation system where there is no filter. Increasingly, there initiatives ever attempted under one institutional is not even any basic sentence structure. It is good roof. Each year the Library of Congress gives for freedom that there cannot be any effective preservation treatment to 300,000 items, but it is censorship in a system structured from the be- only a drop in the bucket for a collection that in- ginning to treat interference as damage and cir- cludes more than 113 million items. And the cuit around it. But there is a need to preserve amount of material being published in perish- memory, set standards of quality, and contest the able hard copy continues to proliferate-though depletion of language. That is why we have most of it is, if present trends continue, doomed launched at the Library of Congress a major ef- to disintegrate before it is read or even cataloged. fort to bring cultural heritage into the Internet The 600 surviving languages of historical cul- through a program we have called American ture seem already to be in full retreat before Memory. the forward march of the universal pigeon En- We are creating and distributing free through glish of airline traffic controllers and computer the Internet electronic versions of the most im- programmers. portant and interesting primary documents of Meanwhile, all three elements of traditional American history and culture. We call it the Na- culture-the visual, the performing and the lin- tional Digital Library, but it is, in fact, interna- guistic arts-are rapidly being absorbed into, and tional-and a major educational undertaking superseded by, the new transnational electronic which we think could have important conse- culture of television and the Internet. Pictures, quences for broader human development. sounds, and words are all being reduced, liter- Our Law Library, which is working with the ally, to zeroes and ones by digitization-with the World Bank to set up a global electronic exchange imminent possibility of a cybernetic apocalypse of laws and regulations, estimates that now about in the year 2000-a nervous breakdown of the one-fifth of legal information is transmitted only entire digitized universe with the coming of the in electronic form. So we cannot escape this new millennium. vehicle of human communication and informa- The first wave of the new instantaneous, au- tion storage. We are now receiving at the Library dio-visual culture which sweeps across borders of Congress some 2.7 electronic transactions 84 Culture in Sustainable Development every working day and increasing amounts of entire public library system of America. We have deposit material only in electronic form. particularly stressed getting this material into Our American Memory program seeks to bring public libraries and K-12 schools where there are old documents and materials into this new and both books that can answer the questions raised essentially memory-less medium. One can now by this material, and at the same time librarians get, with a computer and a modem and an or teachers to provide the human intermediaries Internet connection, free access anywhere in the that can help guide viewers from the computer world to the variant drafts of the Lincoln's screen back into the stacks to seek answers to Gettysburg Address and Jefferson's Declaration questions they have posed for themselves. of Independence and thousands of maps, photo- By making special materials hitherto available graphs, rare early movies, recorded sound as well only to a few accessible to all, we hope to encour- as the papers, diaries, and sketches of George age broader and fuller participation both in citi- Washington, Walt Whitman, Susan B. Anthony, zenship and entrepreneurship which free, Frederick Douglass, Alexander Graham Bell, and dynamic and self-governing societies require. many others that are being digitized from spe- The principal of free public access to knowledge cial collections hitherto available only to special- has to be extended to the Internet so that it does ists. In our American Memory pilot test of this not become a vehicle for increasing the gulf be- material in 44 sites around the country from 1990 tween information "haves" and "have-nots". to 1994, we found, to our surprise, that these It seems to me that this inherently international documents particularly stimulated very young medium of communication could become a ma- students as early as the third, fourth, and fifth jor vehicle for better human understanding if the grades. Because the technology is interactive, it key artifacts of memory in other, much older cul- forced them to use their minds, and because the tures could also be digitized and placed in the material was often audiovisual and tangibly hu- network to be shared with others. I am happy to man, it attracted this new audiovisual generation say that the Congress of the United States just and caused them to pose questions about them- last week added an appropriation of $2.5 million selves and their heritage which could only be to our budget for the year 2000 for a project called answered by going back into the world of books "Meeting of the Frontiers" in which the Library and asking questions of their teachers and li- of Congress will collaborate with hard-pressed brarians. In short, it is proving to be an electronic libraries of Russia to produce a combined Rus- hook to pull young people back into reading and sian and American package of digitized materi- thinking-and thus onto the escalator that leads als explaining the parallel development of the to full participation in economic and civic life. Russian movement to the north and east and the From the success of this pilot, we have formed American expansion to the north and west be- a collaborative funding partnership between the ginning with Lewis and Clark. The two frontiers Congress of the United States and enlightened met in Alaska. Tensions were peacefully resolved private donors to launch our current effort to and this bi-national story will be projected free produce online, by the 200th anniversary of the into the school and library systems of both coun- Library of Congress in the year 2000, five-mil- tries, introducing a comparative dimension to the lion items of American history and culture. We study of history-and focusing attention on have raised private money to enable 21 other re- something other than the history of wars and positories to add their best materials to the Na- conflicts which has dominated so much of the tional Digital Library, which celebrates the traditional teaching of nationalistic histories. richness, diversity of experience, perspectives, There are, of course, dark chapters in the colo- and ethnic backgrounds that make up America. nizing and expansion of both countries, and those We have three-and-a-half-million items already aspects are not left out in the comprehensive online or in the pipeline. package of materials that we try to present. There Democracy, to be dynamic, must be knowl- is always the risk in the promotion of any na- edge-based. We are in truth merely extending into tional cultural heritage that it will rationalize the the new electronic world the principle of free repression of sub-national, minority cultures and public access to all people that is inherent in the promote hostility toward rival national cultures. Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development: Requirements for the 21st Century 85 But patriotism that affirms one's own heritage are the most enduring and fundamental. If we is inherently very different from nationalism do not learn to listen to other people when they which defines itself negatively in opposition to are whispering their prayers, we may have to others. meet them later when they are howling their war The Library has begun tentative discussion cries on the battlefield. with Spain, which contains so much of the docu- My basic message today is never trust anyone mentation of early American history, and with with a computer who does not also read books China, which had many unique links with and listen to stories. The United States is one of America in the late 19th and early 20th centu- the youngest world civilizations and the only one ries. But beyond their links with the United whose entire history has unfolded entirely in the States, these and other nations have their own age of print. However, America had, like other rich national memories that can widen the hori- great world cultures, an oral culture before the zons of all of us if made universally accessible European written culture prevailed. When I not on the world wide web. long ago spoke to librarians from our Great Plains One cannot build a bridge to another culture about the role of the modern librarian as knowl- unless one has first sunk a caisson deeply and edge navigators in the Information Age and as securely into one's own native soil. If others do gatekeepers to knowledge, an old Indian chief the same, solid bridges can be made, real inter- came up to me afterwards and said that that same national understanding can develop, and creativ- role was played long ago by that chosen mem- ity will be stimulated perhaps in new and ber of the tribe who had the richest and fullest unexpected ways. New technology has combined memory and was known, not as the gatekeeper, with the sudden discovery of other cultures in but as the dreamkeeper. the past to produce exciting innovations-such Dreams are created out of memories; and as in Western art in the 19th century with the sud- Shakespeare in his last play written just as the den advent of Impressionism as a new way of New World was being opened up reminds us depicting visual reality. It would not have hap- that, in the end, we are all "such stuff as dreams pened without the new technology of photogra- are made on". phy, which made realistic painting seem So, I would plead with the World Bank, with redundant, on the one hand-or, on the other, the UNESCO, and with all others gathered here to sudden opening of Japan and discovery of a pic- recognize the importance to human develop- torial art which suggested altogether new modes ment and to our several identities of the often of perception. The Internet can, of course, help unglamorous but essential records of written produce a truly transnational scientific culture: language as indispensable parts of the cultural virtual communities of widely dispersed peoples heritage and, indeed, of humane, human devel- who are wrestling with common problems with, opment. say, disease or the environment. But even more We are not, for the most part, digitizing books important is making "electronic networks" a at the Library of Congress. Nor do we wish to more creative force for better human understand- lobotomize humanity by de-accessioning old ing by helping each culture preserve and share books with no seeming interest at the present. its memory. Otherwise, we might not have kept the only copy I am not a fan of new-age sentimentality and left in the world of an old book in a foreign lan- of relativistic reassurances that all roads up the guage written by a man thought to have been mountain will meet at the top. Preserving and mad-a book which suddenly proved important transmitting a cultural heritage requires not so in leukemia research. It is important, we believe, much climbing mountains as rediscovering roots. that electronic technology be integrated into the Modern knowledge has a thousand and one world of books; that new technology be linked branches but is increasingly cut off from roots with old memories and old values; and that there which alone can give all the branches health and be human intermediaries on the spot (teachers sustenance-or to use the language of this con- and librarians) who can direct users back to books ference: sustainability. Everyone has a story to as they seek answers to the questions raised by tell, and perhaps the stories of the great religions electronic materials. 86 Culture in Sustainable Development Books are and will remain our principal Whether or not libraries and librarians are able guardians of memory: of the anguish and aspi- to help people understand other people, other rations as well as the achievements of those who parts of the world, other parts of the past, they have gone before. Mute witnesses from the past will ennoble their lives and enrich their own are often better guides in life than talking heads people's development by the continuing effort. in the present. In our dialogues with other liv- When the Jesuit Order finally left China after ing people, there are always games going on- the most deeply scholarly and most nearly suc- politics, psychodrama, showmanship, who can cessful effort in history to build a cultural bridge talk the fastest. But, alone with a book, the only between that most ancient of Eastern cultures and limit is one's imagination. One is not bound by the resurgent West of the Renaissance, they left someone else's picture on a television screen. behind as their last legacy to that effort a haunt- Books convince, they do not coerce. Libraries ing epitaph: are temples of pluralism. Books that disagree with each other sit peacefully together on the "Abi viator, "Go voyager, shelves just as quarreling opponents sit peace- congratulare mortuis, congratulate the dead, fully next to each other in reading rooms. condole vives, console the living, Books are islands of coherence which put ora pro omnibus pray for everyone, things together rather than just take them apart. mirare e tace." wonder and be silent." Every book is both the product of human be- ings with whom one has something in common Libraries are places for what Keats called "si- and the expression of some other unique per- lence and slow time" in our noisy, hurry-up civi- son writing in unrepeatable circumstances. lization. They keep alive the values of the book Unlike the teacher who explains or the librar- which favors active minds over spectator passiv- ian who labels, a book itself gives no final an- ity, putting things together rather than just tak- swers. It gives rise only to better questions. It ing them apart, dreamkeepers over image-makers. beckons us to both mastery and mystery. It Whatever the confusion of our minds and the challenges the reader both to master enough of profusion of our information, things can still the material to understand the created object, and come together in a book, just as the left and right at the same time, to sense something of the mys- halves of the brain come together in one human tery of the writer who created it-and ultimately mind, and the hemispheres-East and West, of creation itself. North and South-in a single, fragile planet. Conserving Cultural Heritage James Allen Smith L ast summer when I received the invitation to mysterious satanic forces. We might conclude to speak at this conference on the subject that the devil himself assisted in turning the work of conserving cultural heritage, I was on into a sustainable development project. However, holiday in France. I stayed near the town of Satan and sustainability will not be my subject. Cahors in the Lot River valley. The subject of cul- Some five-hundred years later, the medieval tural heritage was under my feet and all around Pont Valentre, by then long in disrepair, was me. It was along the pilgrimage routes to Santiago viewed as part of France's cultural heritage. In de Compostella that have criss-crossed the region 1879, restoration work started but again pro- since medieval times. These routes still draw tray- ceeded with difficulties. Upon completing their elers. Cultural heritage conservation was present work, the restorers felt compelled to make a tiny in the robust agri-tourism that has saved manor addition to the bridge. Their historical commen- houses and farms while attracting city-dwellers tary was a sort of marginalia crafted in stone. to the countryside and reacquainting them with They sculpted a small figure of a devil, clinging rural life. And it was especially apparent as I to a corner of the central tower and scaling his stood on the fortified bridge, the Pont Valentre, way toward the top. Restoration had been as dev- that is emblematic of the town of Cahors. It is ilishly difficult a task as the original construction. one of the most beautiful medieval bridges in As I looked at that small sculpted figure and France and remains a popular tourist destination, began to think about the two subjects of this with its three elegant towers and its six graceful conference-culture and sustainability-I knew arches spanning the sinuous Lot. As I stood on that they were terms that might bedevil us. that bridge I began to think about what a histo- The bridge in Cahors should remind us that rian would say to a group of financiers, bankers the concern with conserving cultural heritage is and development specialists. not at all new. Graeco-Roman art and ruins cap- Construction of the bridge began in 1308 but tivated archaeologists and historians in the 18th technical and financial obstacles plagued the century. The ancient past also seized the imagi- builders for years. A grant from the king in 1312 nation of 19th-century Romantics, some of whom helped speed progress a little; the bridge was in were attracted as well to the legacies of the use by 1335, but construction was still going on Middle Ages. Cultural heritage conservation in the 1370s. The townspeople attributed the dif- nourished the nationalist and state-building ficulties during this seventy-year building project movements of the last century and-for better 87 88 Culture in Sustainable Development and for worse-continues to serve similar ends often been episodic, fitful, and disjointed. In other today. Thus, we should be cautiously mindful words, it has not been sustained. Culture as a that cultural conservation has sometimes served sustainable commitment-not a mere instrumen- chauvinistic ends. It has fostered myths of tribal tality of economic development-requires us to and national identity and separation. Heritage think about three things: time, the ties between conservation as a political movement can often cultural and natural heritage, and capital. freeze our perceptions of the past in order to serve present purposes. Time and Development In expressing these cautionary words, I am speaking instinctively as a historian. I do not fault A historian's brief history of time is much shorter the best of contemporary cultural heritage con- and simpler than the physicists or cosmologist's. servation. I am simply offering a historian's dis- The historian understands that time is layered. claimer: we as historians often aspire to see the Human biological evolution is shaped over hun- past in different ways than those who seek to dreds of millennia; our historical and cultural conserve historic sites. The historian's past tends evolution is measured over several millennia; and to be more fluid, constantly re-examined, debated our political, legal and institutional develop- and revised. As time recedes we try to gain new ments are measured in centuries. At this confer- perspectives. As one historian has put it, histori- ence we must not forget that bankers and cal inquiry strips the past of its comfortable financiers measure time and value, at best, over inevitability. a few decades; political leaders measure it over We should seek perspective on why the pres- the few years of an electoral cycle. ervation of cultural heritage has gained so much Edward 0. Wilson, the Harvard biologist, re- attention, especially in places such as the World minds us that humans rely on a brain that is a Bank. We can easily enough understand why stone-age organ evolved over hundreds of thou- Europeans began to look back in the 181 and sands of years and that it has been only recently 19th centuries in order to conserve sites and thrust into the alien environment of industrial- monuments of national importance. Nation states ized society. Indeed, the brain evolved to serve and national identities were being crafted from the needs of a Paleolithic people. The brain's the past. We can place American conservation evolving functions favored learning, innovation, efforts in the 1930s and 1950s in their Depres- and choice. Knowing only that much about our sion and Cold War contexts. A consciousness biological evolution, a picture can begin to of the past helped hold the nation together in emerge of the place of our artistic and cultural times of economic despair and sustained ideologi- heritage in human development. Our artistic and cal conflict. cultural attainments helped to create order as However it is not yet entirely clear why there humankind sought to understand and control the is so intense a renewal of interest in cultural heri- environment, to generate social cooperation and tage conservation as we approach the end of the solidarity, and to reinforce group behaviors that current century. Is it simply a manifestation of would enhance reproduction and survival. millennial fervor? Or will historians look back Humankind's longstanding interaction with and see our renewed concern for the past as a the natural environment-its quest to understand search for stability and meaning when existing it and organize communities to work within it- structures-family, community and state-are in suggest the deepest, most intrinsic reasons to flux? Will they see it as a response to increasing value culture and its place in development. This geographic mobility and social dislocation, a interaction also suggests how we might build a search for continuity and rootedness? Will future sustainable commitment to cultural heritage con- historians see it as a new romantic nostalgia, a servation. That commitment, if enduring, will retreat from technological advance, a clinging to depend on new alliances and coalitions and on familiar things? Is our renewed interest in cul- maintaining the political will to support culture tural heritage a mere episode, a passing interest, across many nations with diverse political cul- as it has so often been in the past? I ask these tures. The World Bank is already at work on questions because interest in cultural heritage has building such an alliance with its potential col- Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development: Requirements for the 21st Century 89 laborators by means of this conference and in its introduction of species to their natural habitats, encouragement of a "coalition of the caring" in and scientific approaches to sustainable use, bi- Ismail Serageldin's words. I want to focus on ology and veterinary medicine? Will it ever be another kind of coalition, one that would build possible in the absence of a cultural equivalent stronger intellectual and practical linkages be- to the natural scientists' quantitative and scien- tween natural and cultural heritage conservation. tific standards to attain consensus on cultural heritage priorities? The World Heritage listings Natural and Cultural Conservation and the World Monuments Watch program of in Collaboration the World Monuments Fund move us toward more rigorous criteria. We must make a com- For almost a generation international agreements mitment to doing more and to enlisting the have acknowledged the common purposes im- collaboration of those in the natural conserva- plicit in our efforts to protect biodiversity and tion community. conserve natural sites and to preserve our cul- A shared conservation ethos should be our tural heritage. Common threats-population aim. We can build on what natural conservation- growth, pollution and resource exploitation, ists have come to understand about the intrinsic urban sprawl, and illegal activities, theft and values of diversity and evolutionary complexity. poaching-have been recognized. Locales have We must not carelessly destroy what has taken been identified and managed with the aim of pre- billions of years to evolve biologically and thou- serving both natural and man-made legacies. But sands of years to evolve culturally. Whether ge- public policies-laws, statutes, regulations and netic or cultural, these complex knowledge international mandates-have often separated systems have evolved slowly. To use a utilitarian our approaches to nature and culture. argument, we will never know their value- We learned during the first day of this confer- intrinsic or extrinsic-if we lose them. The words ence about heartening efforts in Cambodia and of a report from a project of the World Monu- Canada to link natural and cultural conservation. ments Fund and The Howard Gilman Founda- We need, however, an even more sustained con- tion reflect this view: versation between the natural and cultural con- servation communities. Sustainability demands The landscape when properly interpreted, deeper collaboration between the two profes- provides information about modes of liv- sional communities. That collaboration should ing which predate recorded history by tens take many forms: Collaborative surveying with of thousands of years; the settled landscape shared guidelines for collecting data; collabora- can be read like rings on a tree. Many writ- tive monitoring; joint planning and field work; ers have explored the function of the land- collaborative problem-solving and site manage- scape as text; a narrative unfolding in space ment; integrated public awareness and advocacy which offers solutions-successful and un- campaigns; exploration of new coordinated fund- successful-to environmental challenges. ing paradigms; collaborative opportunities for training across fields. These are practical measures that can deepen Cultural Capital the commitment to conservation and give us new tools. But a major question remains: Can cultural If we view our cultural and natural heritage to- heritage conservation attain the same analytic gether, seeing them as knowledge systems, they and quantitative rigor that we find in the field of constitute a kind of capital. Assigning a value to natural conservation? Is there, for example, a that capital poses a valuation problem that re- cultural equivalent to the work undertaken by quires us to think about lengths of time far more the International Union for the Conservation of expansive than thirty-year treasury bonds or the Nature's Species Survival Groups and the one present value of equities discounted over a de- hundred Taxonomic Specialist Groups. They are cade. It is more fruitful then to think in terms of at work on specific tasks such as conservation social capital and values than of financial capital breeding, the control of invasive species, the re- and valuation. 90 Culture in Sustainable Development To be sure, economic and utilitarian arguments embrace of culture is welcome, but forging the have proved persuasive in the political arenas in necessary coalitions across sectors will not be many countries when cultural policies are being easy. Divergent institutional imperatives and debated and assessed, but economic utility sup- values, differences of professional perspective, plies only one set of values. There are other val- among many other things, will make for a bumpy, ues that deserve powerful articulation if we are often tortuous path. to sustain the political will to reinforce a com- If the commitment to culture is to be sustain- mitment to culture over the centuries. When I able, it must be rooted less in institutional re- speak of political will and what sustains it, I think lationships than in values-values that scholars less of the power of the state than of the passion are now identifying with and locating in civil and inventiveness of civil society. Inevitably, I society-norms of trust, reciprocity, participa- think first of those institutions with endowments, tion. These are the values that Robert Putnam namely philanthropic foundations with financial identifies in his description of social capital. The resources that can be applied to long-term pur- values intrinsic to cultural heritage conservation poses without having to consider investment can amplify our perspective on social capital. banking criteria of timely financial return. I also What are those values? think of those nongovernmental and private vol- First, imagination, creativity and discovery untary organizations capable of sustaining pas- are at the core of creative expression and of un- sionate interest and commitment to causes when derstanding how culture nourishes individual political regimes change and when ideological values. winds shift. Second, the reciprocity and exchange inherent My perspective on civil society and its re- in cultural interaction are at the core of our abil- lationship to government is admittedly quite ity to construct communities and societies and parochial-American and, even more narrowly, ultimately expand toward conceptions of a com- New York. The United States, lacking a consis- mon global heritage that does not denigrate or tent federal and state commitment to cultural destroy local cultures. support, a commitment that has always been Third, memory tempered by historical insight vulnerable to critics of government's role, has had and the construction of identities (which should to rely on civil society. Our cultural life has been always be a plural rather than a singular term) sustained by private foundations (some 40,000 build intergenerational ties and a commitment of them with about 250 billion dollars in assets), to preserving and passing on the cultures we have by traditions of individual charitable giving (an inherited or work to create. estimated 150 billion dollars per year), and by Fourth, cultural accomplishments embody our very inventive approaches to public-private part- accumulated knowledge of human nature and nerships. Our complex ecology of cultural, artis- notions of our evolving human relationship to tic and conservation organizations depends on a nature; they can offer a transforming vision of mix of financial resources, one in which the gov- the future. ernment financial role has been relatively limited. These values should best be conceived as our Sometimes we may look enviously at other na- cultural capital; it is capital that has been built tions and their stronger traditions of government over the long term and handed on to us. This funding, but I think it is to civil society that we legacy is an endowment that has been in the must look if a global commitment to culture is to making millennium after millennium. The chal- be sustained. lenge of sustainability is to think and to act in This poses a particular challenge to the World a framework of time that stretches far behind Bank as it seeks partners and attempts to build our life spans and the life spans of our institu- new alliances and coalitions. Partnerships across tions. sectors-government, commercial, civil-are in- A famous gypsy singer used to lament in one evitably fragile. They are usually limited in ob- of her most poignant songs, "0 Lord, where jective and duration; they are also susceptible to should I go? What can I do? Where can I find misunderstanding especially when access to fi- legends and songs?" There is irony in this gypsy nancial resources is unequal. The World Bank's yearning for a home and a place because the gyp- Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development: Requirements for the 21st Century 91 sies, the Romani, have always been a people with- future remains fragile because their past is so elu- out a homeland or even an imagined promised sive to them. Our collective, global future will land that might become a home. They have also also remain elusive unless we can find the means lacked myths and heroes, monuments and to sustain a commitment to conserving our cul- shrines; indeed, their collective memory and his- tural heritage. We must not squander our inher- tory seldom stretch deeper into the past than the itance. In every sense, our natural and cultural recollections of the oldest person among them. heritage inheritance is a trust. We must not vio- All who know the Romani understand that their late it. Promoting Cultural Partnerships Francisco C Weffort Cultural heritage in Latin America is not which existed for centuries before the arrival of only a question of culture but one of eco- the first Portuguese on a Brazilian shore. The same nomics as well. Until recently, a cultural attention is being given to archaeological sites. perspective has generally predominated in the In Latin America, there are also monuments state institutions responsible for historical patri- and documents of the colonial period which mony. Despite the concerted efforts of these in- cover large territories; today, these can cross na- stitutions, cultural heritage has benefited very tional borders. This is the case of the Jesuit mis- little from an economic point of view. In other sions, established in a territory so vast that it words, preservation efforts have not taken into encompasses modern day Paraguay, Bolivia, account the conditions necessary to sustain pat- northern Argentina, and southern Brazil. rimony. And when sustainability is in question, In most Latin American countries, cultural preservation itself is in danger. properties include monuments and documents It is not my intention here to propose a change which date from the 16th to the 18th century. It in perspectives. If cultural preservation is, per se, also includes patrimony from the period of na- insufficient, I do not believe that an economic tional formation-the 19th century and the first perspective by itself would satisfy our needs. decades of the 20th century. But only recently, Rather, I propose a debate that leads us to a com- some of these properties have been registered. bination of both these perspectives. In Brazil we have one major exception, Brasilia, First, cultural heritage, as we understand it, founded in 1960 was designated national patri- consists of the documents and monuments of the mony in the 1980s. past-a history born from the roots of the many Second, cultural preservation policies stem countries of our region. Or better said, it is formed from concepts of memory and identity. Thus by many pasts, derived from our many and di- cultural patrimony should be represented by verse origins. concrete elements of memory: churches, old In many Latin American countries, like Peru, neighborhoods, historic buildings, art objects, Bolivia, Mexico, Guatemala, and others, cultural utensils and artifacts of daily use, traditions, heritage includes documents and monuments dances, celebrations, songs, religious ceremonies, older than the European presence on the Conti- etc. The significance of cultural patrimony, be it nent. This is also true in Brazil-we are becom- material or not, is intrinsically linked with the ing more attentive to our indigenous cultures question of identity. 92 Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development: Requirements for the 21st Century 93 Cultural heritage policies, based on the con- the same can be said of the Peruvians, when they cept of identity, do not state that those who have compare Cuzco to Lima. Despite the beautiful a memory have an identity. But it is believed that churches and balconies of its historical center, those who have a memory are at least prepared Lima was labeled Lima, la Horrible (Lima, the to acquire an identity. These policies are guided Horrible) by an ill-humored but talented Peru- by the notion that the signs of one's historical vian in his book by the same title. evolution could possibly be lost. Such a notion In many cases, this distinction between growth has great virtues, but at least one disadvantage. and cultural heritage can be found within the I mean that those who strictly defend the so- same city. Quito's historical center with its beau- called elements of national memory as being just tiful square and baroque churches is not the dy- "identity" would be trying to "freeze" monu- namic city center. The same phenomenon is found ments in the past, perceived without any rela- in Salvador, Bahia, or even in Rio de Janeiro (both tionship with the present and, even less, with the in Brazil). Deterioration of the urban center, evi- possibilities of the future. dent in many North American cities, is also found I believe that the participation of the financial in many Latin American cities. The difference is institutions in the debate on cultural heritage may that in many Latin American cities, the deterio- be beneficial, not only from the economic point rating urban center includes a significant num- of view, but from a cultural standpoint, as well. ber of historic monuments that could bear The quest for sustainability is embedded in the witness to the identity of the city, and that of the very desire to protect cultural properties, ben- nation. Sometimes it seems that economic growth efiting preservation as well as the social and eco- must destroy the past, or diverge from it, in or- nomic opportunities associated with it. der to take off. Third, guided by a narrow view of culture as Fourth, paradoxically, the globalization pro- identity, cultural heritage policies have not al- cess of the world economy is bringing culture and ways concurred with economic development development together, which the autarkic model policies and sometimes, not even with those of of development of the past did not do. Frequently, social development. Resisting a change in poli- globalization brings about not the weakening of cies, which could foster partnerships with the regional and local cultures, but much to the con- private sector and the market, policy makers are trary, their strengthening. In Latin America, we left with only one source of financial support for can observe this strengthening of national cul- their preservation efforts, the state which cur- tures. A few art forms, such as classical music, rently has limited financial resources. became globalized long before such words ex- It is not merely a question of political choice- isted, and pop music has become globalized in there is also the harsh reality that economic more recent times. growth has had a predatory effect on cultural In the same context, we are witnessing a de- heritage. In the history of Latin America, we have mocratization of cultural heritage, inspired by witnessed cycles of economic growth which have pluralism, which brings us closer to a modern destroyed monuments and legacies of the past. concept of society and development. In the case Even when it has not destroyed elements of cul- of Brazil, cultural heritage has been associated tural heritage outright, economic growth has of- with an image of our national identity which is, ten neglected them, and they have fallen into to a certain extent, based on the triptych, white- oblivion. These realities affect the image we have Portuguese-Catholic. Established during the of our own identity, linked more to the past, than 1930s and the 1940s, the institution responsible to the future-and the potential for development for our national cultural heritage has provided in the countries of our region. the country with a highly relevant service, the In Brazil, historic cities like Olinda and Ouro preservation of our important baroque monu- Preto, relegated by the whims of history to the ments of the 16th to the 18th centuries. margins of the country's economic development, However this criteria, based on the triptych, are perceived as more representative of Brazil- is historically dated and culturally limited, and ian cultural identity, than dynamic cities like Sao it has contributed very little, if at all, to the rec- Paulo, Porto Alegre and Belo Horizonte. I believe ognition of our Amerindian and African origins. 94 Culture in Sustainable Development It has also ignored the contribution of the Jews, descendants. Quilombos were areas of antisla- so important in the Iberian peninsula, at the time very resistance dating from the 17th century. of the great voyages and colonization. In practi- These centers, established by groups of slaves cal terms, this means that the register of our his- who escaped from plantations, could be com- torical patrimony is seriously unbalanced: pared to the liberated areas of guerillas. The de- approximately 500 churches are registered but scendants of the Quilombos are entitled, by a only one candomble center is, and not one syna- constitutional provision since 1988, to the land gogue, nor any Amerindian cultural site are reg- where their ancestors lived. istered. Moreover, culture, as defined by the Culturalheritagepreservationhasanimportant, above-mentioned tryptych, means that a signifi- direct, social impact, particularly in the more tra- cant portion of Brazil's cultural heritage of the ditional regions of Brazil-it can promote labor 19th century was forgotten, particularly that of intensive, economic activities that help generate the German, Arab, Italian and Spanish immi- much needed employment, income, and wealth. grants. The Japanese immigrants of the 20th cen- Tourism development, domestic and interna- tury shared the same fate. tional, is an important source of local and national We must democratize the image of our cultural revenue that can contribute to the restoration and heritage, making it more open and plural, thus conservation of monuments and historic sites. closer to the reality of our structure as a nation Likewise, investment in tourism related services and to the development profile of our economy. and industries-such as the production of handi- Within this perspective, through the combination crafts-can all support cultural heritage and of economic and cultural criteria, we may arrive make it more sustainable. I am convinced that at a substantial change in our policy for cultural the more democratic and modernized are Latin heritage preservation. American cultural heritage policies, the closer Investment in culture can have a direct social they will be to attaining the many economic pos- effect. A good example is the anthropological sibilities that can make cultural heritage flourish identification of the communities of Quilombos and be self-sustainable. Closing Keynote Session Introduction Csar Gaviria, presiding Mr. Federico Mayor, Director-General of ticularly important, because I firmly believe, that it UNESCO, Mr. Ismail M. Serageldin, will only be through uniting forces in a common Vice President of Special Programs for cause that we will be able to achieve our goals and the World Bank, distinguished guests, ladies and make a difference for generations to come. gentlemen. Before anything else, please allow The World Bank and the Organization of me to congratulate the World Bank and UNESCO American States have recently initiated a strate- for having the vision to undertake this impor- gic alliance in the following three areas: archive tant conference that focuses on issues that are development and preservation, the role of the vital to the well being of our Hemisphere. The artist in transmitting and preserving culture paradigm of culture and sustainable develop- while contributing to national economic devel- ment is only recently coming into its own among opment, and disaster mitigation for cultural policy makers and development practitioners. change. These to us are just the beginning of an Through all of this it has become clear that we alliance that will become even more enriched as need to cast our net more widely as we expand a result of the conference. the debate. As satisfied as I am with the results of the con- This conference is an excellent example of cast- ference so far, that pleasure pales at the opportu- ing our net widely. My particular compliments nity afforded me today to say it is both an honor to Ismail Serageldin and his staff for their contri- and a pleasure for me to introduce Mr. Federico butions in making this conference a reality. I Mayor. Mr. Mayor is someone who has dedicated know from my own people at the Organization himself to promoting culture and the recognition of American States (OAS) how very hard they of its value around the world. His work has al- and others have worked. ways reflected his deep belief in the need to main- For the last two days, we have been privileged tain a high understanding of the critical role to share in the knowledge and experience of a culture plays in all our lives. select group of experts from a variety of fields It would truly be impossible for me to men- who have all focused on the challenges of today tion within the time available all his academic and tomorrow within the arena of culture and and professional accomplishments. Among the sustainable development. It is a true pleasure for many positions he has held, Mr. Mayor was a me to see that members of the OAS were able to member of the Spanish Parliament; he was Min- participate in this important event. This is par- ister of Education and Science in Spain; a mem- 95 96 Culture in Sustainable Development ber of the European Parliament and of course trated on education and culture as key element now, Director-General of UNESCO. for human and economic development. His ef- In all of his activities, Mr. Mayor has always forts were made to ensure that we are able, in sought to highlight the importance of culture in this Hemisphere, not only to have a Free Trade human development. His vision has taken us a Area of the Americas, but something that has a step beyond the mundane in understanding how deeper implication on our social life, that we are deeply culture influences our lives, truly able to have the free movement of people. Today, we and UNESCO are fortunate to have He is continuously working towards achiev- at the helm of UNESCO a statesman so deeply ing giant leaps forward in fighting poverty, committed to enhancing human life through a and towards making education the central profound understanding of all its facets. Through tool with which we will be able to combat the the years, first as President of Colombia and now inequality of income in this Hemisphere, which as Secretary General of the OAS, I have had the is the most worrisome feature of our process of opportunity to work with Federico Mayor, and I development. would like to mention how influential he has I have seen Federico Mayor traveling from one been in the many activities we have shared country to another, meeting with presidents through these last years. throughout this Hemisphere in an attempt to sell He has been the key person who has made the his ideas of making education a primary element Iberian-American Summits ones oriented basi- in all national plans for development. Undeni- cally to education and training culture. He has ably, Federico Mayor has been extremely instru- also worked very hard after the Summit of Santa mental in all efforts in this Hemisphere to defend Cruz de la Sierra, where presidents and prime and promote democracy. ministers of this Hemisphere met to develop an In short, no words are sufficient to introduce agenda to ensure implementation of the conclu- this distinguished man and to do justice to his sions and recommendations of Rio '92. many achievements, but I am certain that we will The time he has spent to ensure that we are all be enriched by his words to follow. An effort able to implement the actions and the initiatives like this put forward by the World Bank and that we approved in Santa Cruz de la Sierra have UNESCO is critical because both Federico Mayor been critical. and James Wolfensohn have the capacity to Recently, a summit of presidents and prime implement the recommendations of this forum ministers of this Hemisphere was held in Chile, and to ensure that we are able to preserve our and it has been through the efforts of Federico cultural heritage and at the same time, promote Mayor that this summit of the Americas concen- the principles of sustainable development. Partnerships in the International Community for the Stewardship of Cultural Heritage and the Living Arts Federico Mayor Excellencies, advance on a quest to put into practice our shared Friends and colleagues, understanding of the role of culture in sustain- Ladies and gentlemen. able development. To this quest may be applied the words of the Spanish poet Antonio Mercado: If ten years ago I had been told that I would be "Traveler, there is no road. You make the road by here for a conference on culture and sustainable walking." When this is the case, when we set out development at the World Bank sponsored by to tread a new road, partnership becomes an es- UNESCO, it would have seemed utopian! You sential means to successful pathfinding. That can imagine therefore just how happy and hon- partnership within the international community ored I am to be here at the World Bank in Wash- begins at the conceptual level. It is together, col- ington to address a conference co-sponsored by lectively, that we have been able to move forward the Bank on an issue which is so central to our thinking on development issues. It has taken UNESCO's concerns. The choice of theme is very us years, even decades, to begin to replace the heartening for us at UNESCO because it demon- mental maps that identify development in terms strates the increasing impact of our efforts to in- of linear economic growth alone. troduce culture into the development equation As Director-General of UNESCO, I have seen and it testifies above all to the receptivity and how hard it has been to broaden the goals of the vision now prevalent within the World Bank, United Nations development strategies. Educa- which has taken up both the opportunities and tion and, to a lesser extent, science, were intro- the challenges inherent in a commitment to the duced only for the fourth development decade cultural dimension of development. I thank and at the end of the eighties, and with a lot of diffi- I congratulate James Wolfensohn, President of the culty. I remember coming here ten years ago for World Bank, for his leadership in moving the the preparation of the first Global Conference on Bank's cultural agenda forward. Education for All that took place in March 1990 As I stand here in the Preston Auditorium, I in Jomtien, Thailand And I remember my con- recall how Lewis Preston used to say: "People versations with Barber Conable trying to per- are both the means and the end of development." suade him to make some funds available for His vision of development helped foster the no- Education for All. tion that culture must also become both a means Progressively, Barber Conable was able to per- and an end of development. Together we can now suade all those who are Governors at the Bank. I 97 98 Culture in Sustainable Development was with him one evening here at the World cific to the human race, allows us to reinvent ev- Bank, and he said to me, "Today, I have very good ery day the way we live. Creativity allows us to news for you. The Bank will make available for reinvent meaning and responses. This aspect of this Education for All Meeting"-and he said it culture is the key to development, to integral, very rapidly-"one billion". I did not understand endogenous, sustainable human development. It if it was "one million" or "one billion". So I said, is particularly important in the form of cultural "Please, can you repeat-is that b for Barcelona diversity. or m for Madrid?" He said, "It is b-one billion! Our conceptual advances on these issues have I was delighted to realize that finally, we had $1 allowed us to establish a process of rethinking billion available for Education for All. I think this by governments and their partners on the nature, was one of the best pieces of news that we have priority, and scope of their cultural policies in the had in these last years. There has been a very sig- context of development. The impact of the nificant increase in education provision through- Commission's work led us directly to the hold- out the world and there has been a decrease in ing in April this year in Stockholm of the impor- fertility rates. tant Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Today I am sure that culture and communica- Policies for Development. The Action Plan tion will also become central components of all adopted by 140 member states at the conference development policies. In 1995, the Independent marked, in my view, a new commitment to cul- World Commission on Culture and Development ture. It is not enough to have a plan, however. was set up jointly by UNESCO and the United We must also have action. In the words of Ismail Nations and chaired by Mr. Xavier P6rez de Serageldin in his address to the Plenary of the Cu6llar. It emphasized that development must Stockholm Conference: "The time for action is be concerned with "the flourishing of human now. It can be done. It must be done." existence in all its forms and as a whole". Not As I myself said on that occasion: "If, after this only must development be sustainable, it must conference, governments take practical steps to also be cultural. This powerful message is now apply the ideas and proposals now before them being heard. Indeed, the current global eco- ... if they take the necessary budgetary and legal nomic crisis drives home its fundamental truth. measures to turn them into active policy, then the In the words of a headline which appeared ear- name 'Stockholm' will come to stand for a new lier this month in the International Herald Tri- departure and will be considered as a turning bune: "Good Societies Are About More Than point." It is time for all of us to keep our word. Free Markets." Sustainable development is about For three decades, we have made our case. To- more than economic growth, as there is no day, we have the tools. We now need the will to sustainability without sharing, without justice, act: the political will to persuade governments without freedom of expression. There is no sus- and decisionmakers that at the end of the day, tainable development without a sustainable even if we have the necessary financial and tech- democracy. nological means, there can be no development On one level, this broader, more complex ap- without human resources, without imagination, proach to development is an ethical imperative. and there can be no lasting expression of culture South Africa's Deputy President, Mr. Thabo that is not informed by cultural values. M'beki recently made this point very clearly I am confident for my part that our deepening when he said, and I quote: "The political leaders partnership with the World Bank will help of our contemporary world should face up to the strengthen the resolve of our partners as well as question of whether universal human values our joint capacity to follow up on our commit- have any place at all in the ordering of human ments. We can remind the decisionmakers that affairs." I like to express culture in behavioral they must show the necessary political will. To- terms. Behavior, how I act, in accordance with gether, we can raise public awareness, particu- what I think or know, with what I remember or larly among young people, as they are our future. forget, with what I love or reject, with what I cre- We can call on the parliamentarians to translate ate or innovate; this is the supreme expression of this willingness into budgetary decisions. In part- culture. Creativity, this pre-eminent capacity spe- nership, our voice carries much, much further. Closing Keynote Session 99 Mr. Chairman, Facility analogous to the Global Environment Ladies and gentlemen, Facility. This idea, which the World Bank has championed for several years, has been warmly I would like to mention briefly the recognition welcomed by the members of the World Com- by UNESCO in 1972, through the World Heri- mission on Culture and Development. We have tage Convention, of the importance of safeguard- a major stake in mobilizing resources that ing historic remains. This Convention, ratified by match the richness of our cultural diversity. By 155 states, established international standards in the same token, we would also urge the World the area not only of the tangible heritage, but also, Bank to work with us by developing micro-credit just as importantly, of the intangible heritage. In programs for a range of cultural endeavors that the same spirit, the Organization has been and have a social, political and, above all, economic continues to be in the forefront of efforts to pro- dimension. mote cultural industries and cultural tourism, A wide variety of potential partnerships opens encourage book production, develop copyright out before us today. I consider particularly rel- legislation, and protect intellectual property. evant in this respect the "culture and trade" chap- Through such intercultural activities as its cel- ter of the important meeting held in Ottawa in ebrated Silk Routes project, it has pursued its June 1998, organized by the Canadian Ministry essential mission of promoting intercultural of Cultural Heritage as the very first follow-up dialogue. to the Stockholm Conference. The Network of In 1995, UNESCO's General Conference up- Ministries of Culture is an excellent initiative of graded UNESCO's Medium-Term Plan by trans- that meeting which UNESCO actively supports. forming it into a Medium-Term Strategy. This is After the meeting in Ottawa, another significant very important, because by thus being more gathering took place in Rio de Janeiro, also on closely concerned with upstream decision- culture and development, particularly in Latin making, we can better transmit today our mes- America and the Caribbean. This series of follow- sage of peace, freedom, and justice. We can bet- up meetings is, I am sure, the best guarantee for ter promote worldwide action. The new context the implementation of the Stockholm conclusions we face is one of economic interdependence, the and plan of action. changing role of the state, and the power of the The succession of distinguished speakers at the new communication and information technolo- present conference have given many pertinent gies. Globalization in terms of the economy, in examples of issues and activities which call out terms of social improvement, will not become a for a new approach, a new partnership, a new reality until the present asymmetries of wealth, perspective on culture and development. They of knowledge, of decisionmaking, and of gender have mapped out the way ahead. Let us take up are reduced. the challenge. As President Clinton has said, "The Our physical heritage must be protected and future is ours, provided we invent it." Creativity our intangible cultural heritage is equally impor- allows us to reinvent every day the way we live. tant. So is our genetic heritage. As you know, the Creativity allows us to reinvent meanings and Declaration on the Human Genome and Human responses. Alone, as I said before, we cannot Rights has been approved by all countries, even change, and to change from a culture of coercion, observers such as the United States. It was of force and war to a culture of peace, nonvio- adopted unanimously at UNESCO's General lence, and dialogue is indispensable at the dawn Conference in 1997 because member states un- of a new century and a new millennium. derstood the need to protect our human genome. The year 2000 has been declared "The Inter- Underlying all these notions of heritage and of national Year for the Culture of Peace" by the supreme importance is our ethical heritage. General Assembly of the United Nations. One of the firmest foundations for this celebration will Ladies and gentlemen, be a worldwide awareness of cultural identity and of the importance of intercultural dialogue, We are ready to join hands with the World Bank of the defense of cultural identities and better with a view to establishing a Global Cultural knowledge of others. In the 21st century, the ego- 100 Culture in Sustainable Development istic self must give way to the altruistic self, the is to be transferred off to the cities, where their self that embraces and does not reject otherness. newly learned "transferable skills" get them jobs I would like to end with an anecdote. We re- away from their communities. cently had three young Canadian interns at Education as UNESCO understands educa- UNESCO from three different first nations, or tion, he said, can enrich our young people's lives, indigenous peoples of Canada. One of them, a help them develop activities and stay on the re- Cree, described how, after learning about serve, because it includes rather than denies tra- UNESCO's approach to education, he immedi- ditional learning. He called it, in his Cree ately felt its relevance for the young Cree people. language, Wah-hoh-to-win (the state of being con- For him, it solved a dilemma. Left to themselves nected). I would like to use that Cree expression on the reserve, the young people's only prospects for our partnership and for our approach to cul- were dependency, despair, delinquency. But ture and development. Let us be connected. Let given mainstream training, their only prospect us connect. Summary of Conference Ismail Serageldin President Wolfensohn, Secretary General The conference mirrored the concerns that are Gaviria, Director-General Mayor, friends. helping to shape the agenda and philosophy of the World Bank-whether it is in the findings and We come to the last and most difficult part of this analytical constructs that link social inclusion and very rich conference, and that is the summation. identity, or the economics of culture; whether it We have had the privilege of hearing from so is in trying to define programs that honor the many outstanding people, which is indeed a trib- past, celebrate the present, and design the future; ute to the esteem in which James Wolfensohn, or whether it is learning how to work in partner- President of the World Bank, is held. ship at all levels of efforts. All these actions, epito- We have had, as one would expect, many dis- mized in word and deed by Maritta Koch-Weser tinguished persons from the fields of culture, and Franco Passacantando, are a beginning for many of whom spoke in the various panels. But the World Bank. we also had the distinguished private sector rep- For now, we see culture as an intrinsic part of resentatives and recognized patrons of the arts, development, linking socially and environmen- like Lord Rothschild; and Enrique Iglesias, Presi- tally sustainable development, and that requires dent of the Inter-American Development Bank, an ethic of development, as we were reminded who are committed to the vision of culture in so eloquently by Israel Klabin of Brazil. sustainable development. I am grateful that they Culture is not just a material culture, or a liv- came and spoke to us in this event. ing culture. It is both. This dichotomy misses the And to all who came to listen and participate, reality that lives within each of us, and that en- you enriched this conference by your presence. ables us to produce and experience culture. Iden- But, I would like to recognize one person in the tity cannot be separated from memory, and audience, Abdulatif Al-Hamad, the head of the memory and vision are inseparable. We cannot Arab Fund for Economic and Social Develop- have vision without memory. Vision, ultimately, ment. He has traveled from Kuwait to partake in has to be translated into action. For as author this conference, to meet with us, and to bring his Alain Touraine said, it is by action that we de- support. He has been quietly sitting in the back fine who we are. Thus identity and action become of the room, a model of modesty and commit- one. It is not by the past exemplars to which I ment. I ask you to join me in thanking him for may relate, but it is by the range of the actions his presence and his enormous support. that I take, and the manner in which I behave 101 102 Culture in Sustainable Development that I create who I am. It is by action that social requires memory of the past and openness to the constructs exist, that the bonds and transactions new. To know the past, to look into ourselves, to between people acquire meaning. That things look deeply and emerge strengthened, to accept that count, such as social capital, the glue that others and create the social bonds of solidarity holds society together, gets created. It is by ac- that make a society more than a collection of tion that I give meaning to the manner in which individuals. I link in my sense of a common humanity those Let us see how these themes have played out others who are not necessarily part of the imme- in this conference, from vision to constructing diate kinship group. memory, to social inclusion and social capital to It is in this context, therefore, that preserving translating vision into action. Let me weave the the past-or at least parts of it-is a form of cul- threads in this collective tapestry and summa- tural continuity. Continuity also implies renewal, rize beginning with the vision of Jim Wolfensohn and change, but change with the new rooted in a and the insight of Elie Wiesel. certain authenticity. Thus action is at the base of In his speech to the Annual Meetings, Presi- culture and society. It is as if all of us were con- dent Wolfensohn stated that the major chal- structing a series of mirrors and windows, mir- lenge to development is the challenge of rors in which we see ourselves and windows inclusion. He noted that inclusion requires through which we see the world. It is that com- identity, that culture is an integral part of de- bination of mirrors and windows that defines the velopment, and his challenge to us is to create boundaries in our mind of where the "us" ends new realities. It is his vision that has animated and the "them" begins. these discussions. And culture is of the mind. Indeed, it is only We are deeply honored to have had Elie Wiesel through this nonmaterial culture of the mind that address us. In a speech that began perhaps in we appreciate the material culture. We mentally curiosity, he held up a scholarly mirror to our impart to the Pyramids a significance that is more past and made us look deeper into our own souls, than a pile of stones. We see through the collec- to anguish, and yet to celebrate our common tive achievements of Shakespeare and Goethe, humanity. For the difficult and painful wrench- and artists and poets from all over the world. ing, that calls to the better angels of our nature, It has been appropriately described-that can culminate in wisdom. It is a wisdom needed other nonmaterial culture that needs to be pre- in these dangerous times when any group can served and conserved-in the words of African scream injury, litigate against the dead, sue his- author, Chinua Achebe, "These are the monu- tory, and demand compensation. We need the ments of the mind." wisdom of Elie Wiesel, for otherwise the new Ultimately, human beings are peculiar crea- order will repeat the old order, making policies tures, as we were reminded by Ben Ladner, Presi- of exclusion and an aesthetic of revenge. dent of American University, yesterday evening. The distinctive brand of Elie Wiesel's dis- We are peculiar creatures because we need the course, its posture in the heart and in the ear, its freedom to think and be ourselves. But we can- constant drama of tone and thought evokes deep not be ourselves if we do not interact with oth- realities about the organizing structures of our ers. This duality of wanting to be ourselves and cultures, the building blocks of our identities, wanting to be free and the need to interact with those blocks that no single individual makes. But others will create the new reality they are always there, living in the deepest re- Consider the major themes that have emerged cesses of our souls. The most creative imagina- from this conference-to recognize culture as the tions are really only their summoners. loom of life, enriched by many diverse threads We moved to the idea of constructing memory, that can be woven or torn, that can be monoto- where Minister Vann Molyvann of Cambodia nous or lively. It must have diversity, tolerance, spoke of the difficulties of a shattered reality, and inclusion, and above all, the capacity to empower the need for renewal and transformation in a land and mobilize the talents of society to create and deeply wounded by war. support actions for culture. To achieve all that, Mr. Ikuo Hirayama of Japan shared with us we must have a vision for the future. A vision his thoughts about the construction of memory Closing Keynote Session 103 from his own memories of shattered times and warned about putting women on a pedestal for, on an international cultural outreach for the as Dianne Dillon-Ridgley, President of the emergency of civil strife. Women's Environment and Development Orga- Francisco Weffort, Minister of Culture in Bra- nization, so aptly said, "a pedestal is a very small zil, outlined the different kinds of stress, from and confining space". globalization and the value of national cultures. Mahnaz Afkhami, President of the Sisterhood He recognized the losses which may exist within is Global Institute, confronted us with the reali- a national culture, that diversity does have mean- ties, and reminded us that equality is not enough. ing, and is to be encouraged. Lourdes Arizpe, anthropologist and ethnologist And Jim Billington, the U.S. Librarian of Con- from Mexico, emphasized the constitutive role gress, provided fair warning for many of us who of culture and spoke of conviviability- tote around computers to remember valued sto- "conviviencia"-and the role of identity. She re- ries and appreciate books. He worried that tech- minded us of how the "Marias", the native- nological problems of the computer age will not costumed street sellers in Mexico City, have af- be solving the problems of storage and perish- firmed their identity and brought about amaz- ability. On the other hand, it can help by won- ing strength. They are the facts, and we have to derful programs via the Internet and outreach all lean hard against the facts until they hurt, for only around the world. then will we indeed be able to think globally and Aliza Cohen-Mushlin of the Center for Jewish act locally or, as preferred by Ms. Dillon-Ridgley, Art in Jerusalem reminded us about the quintes- "glocally". sential art of minorities. Jewish art reaches out to As affirmed by Dianne Dillon-Ridgley's reci- minority expression in so many different parts tation, poems can be more powerful than facts, of the world. The Index of Jewish Art is the vi- more forceful than reason, a tour to life, timeless, sual personification of that societal memory; the yet for our time. A poem-in the words of Carib- themes that resonate across space and time. See- bean poet, Derek Walcott-"essentializes life". ing the image of Chagall appearing in the midst The poem does not obey linear time; it is, by its of the Medieval constructs of the Redemption belligerence or its surrender, the enemy of time. was a reminder as to the perpetuation of these And when true, as it was obviously in "A themes and the richness that it brings. Women's Creed", a poem is time's conqueror, not And Milagros Del Corral from UNESCO in- time's servant. formed us all about the new cultural industries Translating vision into action is our theme, and and the importance of the intellectual constructs Wally N'Dow of the United Nations Develop- and of creativity. ment Programme spoke about partnerships, not With all of that, if there is diversity, there must just among institutions, but partnerships that be social inclusion. Social inclusion requires so- reach out to and beyond governments for inclu- cial capital. We were reminded by historian James sion and the empowerment of the poor. The part- Allen Smith that social capital must also include nership, reaffirmed by Federico Mayor and Jim cultural capital. And Professor Ali Mazrui as- Wolfensohn, has been echoed in both words and serted that it requires not just the power to re- deed by UNESCO through Hernan Crespo Toral member, but to have a short memory of hate, and and Mounir Bouchenaki, both throughout their to proclaim our common humanity against that interventions and participation at the conference, background. and in the exhibition, Culture and Development at But how can we talk about inclusion, when in the Millennium. fact everywhere, in every society, women are Partnerships at the conference has a strong largely excluded from all spheres where showing in the representation from UNESCO, the decisionmaking affects their lives? The many Getty Conservation Institute, the Council of Eu- manifestations of this was well illuminated by rope, the Smithsonian Institution, ICROM, the the impressive panel that addressed gender is- Aga Khan Trust for Culture, ICOMOS, IDB, the sues. Gloria Davis of the World Bank reminded World Monuments Fund, OAS, ICOM, and so us to avoid the stereotypes of the competitive many more. Very importantly we want to thank male and the cooperative female. We were the host country, the United States of America, 104 Culture in Sustainable Development for its strong support in this endeavor, as ex- a significant challenge to us all for raising global pressed in a moving letter by First Lady Hillary resources for culture. Rodham Clinton. In the more conventional and immediate sense, But partnerships alone are not enough. We without waiting for that to happen, Enrique must mobilize the funds. We are, after all, a world Iglesias shared with us what the Inter-American bank. We were reminded by Sheila Copps, Minis- Development Bank is already doing as a bank ter of Canadian Culture, and Bonnie Cohen, the and with a soaring vision for culture in Latin U.S. Under-Secretary for Management at the U.S. America. The World Bank has been proud to Department of State, of the catalytic role of gov- work with the Inter-American Development ernment spending. Sheila Copps said that only Bank on a number of these projects. two percent of federal spending was going to cul- And so we are gathered here, not to conclude ture. May I remind you that the difference be- this conference, but to launch a new initiative, a tween human beings and the apes is less than two new collaborative venture; to reach across the percent of DNA! Can we learn something about planet to preserve for future generations the best the value of limited spending if it is truly strate- of the past's legacy, to give access to the past, to gically deployed? Is that level of spending the bridge the old and the new. To transcend such difference between everything that we value and sterile dichotomies as old and new, traditional what is not? That two percent should not be mini- and modern, and to create a new discourse for mized. We have a lot to do, and as she said, it is development. Not just among us here, but about freedom of choice and about social cohesion. throughout this world in the throes of profound The private sector has a major role to play change. And that new discourse, critical, open above and beyond what governments do. and tolerant of the contrarian view, will be the Francesco Frangialli head of the World Tourism basis for the creation of a mode of cultural ex- Organization spoke of tourism as an ally of cul- pression. Anew language that permeates the arts, ture. There are enormous benefits provided that letters and the public realm, that incorporates the this be done properly, that it does not demean or new but anchors it in the old: belittle culture, but in fact helps preserve it. A new language, where in the words of writer Lord Rothschild, a leader of the arts and heri- T. S. Eliot ... tage in Great Britain and the world over, told us not just to reflect on the thoughts of the British Every phrase and sentence is right economist Maynard Keynes on the risk of too When every word is at home much "bread ... turned into stone", but to bring Taking its place to support the others imagination to financial design, to fund the cre- The word neither diffident nor ostentatious. ative compromises between sustainability of the valuable heritage, and opening the access for Ane comm e of t o t new It i qute chalene. ord The common word exact without vulgarity humans to reach it. The formal word precise but not pedantic Rothschild's imagination is unmatched-indeed, p not only for what he introduced to Britian's Na- tional Lottery, but also for his vision for an inter- Every phrase and every sentence is an end national lottery through the Internet. This brings and a beginning. Concluding Remarks James D. Wolfensohn want to thank my colleagues and their teams This is not a hard-boiled institution. This is for a labor of love and a labor well done. I an institution composed of people who really care am extremely grateful to you for everything about development. And when we have a meet- that you have done to make this possible. I want ing about culture in development, it is not just to thank everyone who came because this is a true another meeting. I want you all to know that there partnership. I am very conscious that each and is a deep commitment here. Culture in develop- every one of you is an equal partner in this exer- ment is like breathing; it is part of development. cise. We are very proud that you have come to You can not have development without culture. the World Bank for this meeting, and to remem- And we believe it. This meeting is a symbol of ber that we may have a similar meeting in the fact that we have that commitment. And we twelve-months time in Rome in conjunction look forward to working with each of you be- with the Italian Government's support that we tween now and the next meeting to see how tan- might focus particularly on the financing of cul- gibly we can create projects, work together, learn tural development. from you and contribute as we may. In the last two days, I have had an outpour- I hope you leave this meeting not just think- ing of support from my colleagues. People com- ing that it is the end of a good meeting, but that ing up to me and saying, "I hope you know in fact it is a beginning. We are proud to be part- that this is why I am here;" "I hope you know ners with you, a true partnership with all orga- that I am really proud of this;" "I hope you nizations represented here. We regard this as a know that this gives me a sense that we are onto good beginning. We look forward to the future the right subjects." And there have been not which will not only enrich the lives of people in just statements, but there have been a few tears developing countries, but attention to their cul- about it. tures will enrich our lives as well. 105 PART TWO SEMINARS, REGIONAL ROUNDTABLES, STUDY TOUR, AND ExHIBITION Seminars Creative Urban Transformations: Culture in Economic Development Presenters The seminar brought together cultural heritage experts and project task managers from leading Francesco Bandarin, Roma Jubileo development institutions to brainstorm about Michael Brainerd, CEC International Partners, ways to promote the protection and sustainability New York of cultural resources in local development Michael Cohen, Environmentally and Socially projects. Objectives of the seminar were to look Sustainable Development, Latin America and at the potential of cultural issues through an ur- Caribbean Region, World Bank ban optic, build on efforts to contribute to the Paul Edmonson, National Trust for Historic Pre- creation and management of knowledge with servation regards to cultural resources, and offer hands-on Fitz Ford, Transportation, Water, & Urban Dev- training resources designed to improve the abil- elopment Department, World Bank ity of World Bank staff, government officials, and Charles Landry, World Bank/Comedia of London other international organizations to address the Carol Steinberg, Ministry of Arts, Culture, Science, cultural heritage agenda in a new way and Technology in South Africa The day was introduced with an overarching view of the innovative and creative potentials of Objective cities today (Charles Landry). This was followed by a series of case studies including: Initiatives in This seminar was designed to present worldwide Bali (Francesco Bandarin); Bethlehem (Fitz Ford); experiences of cities in transformation and the St. Petersburg (Michael Brainerd); South African specific dynamics of culture as an active ingredi- creative industry initiatives in urban areas (Carol ent in local economic development whether con- Steinberg); an elaboration of the techniques of the cerned with refurbishing historic buildings or National Trust's Main Street and Community with encouraging contemporary creative indus- Partners programs(Paul Edmonson) and well as tries. Materials for the workshop were amassed a description of the Buenos Aires Partnership from a variety of international and local organi- (Michael Cohen). Each group of presentations zations working to protect and leverage cultural was followed by a tightly focused discussion of resources as part of efforts to guide local eco- issues and an official Bank view of the problems nomic growth and protect national and interna- and potentials. This format allowed over 40 tional patrimony. people to make contributions during the day. 109 110 Culture in Sustainable Development Conclusion * Within the urban policy community a "battle of the indicators" is ongoing. And some key * The cultural approach to urban development thinkers recognize the need for a new urban is a means to harness the potential of built heri- measurement system to judge a city's wealth tage in terms of generating civic pride, iden- and well-being. Legitimizing a new indicator tity and distinctiveness; the job and wealth set establishes a new broader "form of com- creation possibilities of the cultural industries mon sense" about what constitutes a healthy/ and the use of cultural activities, whether wealthy city. traditional or contemporary, to animate and * It is equally important to highlight and de- celebrate the city as well as shape its image velop a new common language that stretches and sense of itself. The impacts of this ap- the scope of some conventional concepts like proach are wide-ranging-economic, social what constitutes "value" and what constitutes and even cultural-in that cities' identities and "capital". The cultural capital of cities-in all purposes are themselves renewed in this pro- its guises-is an important source of its wealth cess. The approach is essentially a way of and generator of potential. thinking through urban development to re- * The World Bank essentially works by "case spond to that which is unique and special law"-real, successful projects on the ground about a place. persuade the Bank to act in new ways. Thus it * Culturally inspired or oriented projects used was proposed that the necessary conceptual in urban development are not a luxury only work should progress in parallel with a con- to be used after the real effort at creating eco- certed attempt by country team leaders to gen- nomic wealth has taken place. Cultural erate culturally based urban projects. "Real" projects are intrinsic to development. Further- cultural projects thus embody the cultural more cultural projects are not just frills or strategy. "bread and circuses" to keep the public happy. * Evidence elsewhere, for example in the UK, Culturally inspired initiatives lie at the core of shows that when culture is successfully inte- successful urban development. The task there- grated into urban renewal, resources for cul- fore is to bring culture in from the margins. tural initiatives are much more likely to come * While the Bank may not appear to take to this from divisions whose purview is primarily not approach in its normal course of operations, it culture, such as economic development, plan- can learn from its own positive experience ning or other infrastructure departments. with building-based cultural heritage pro- * A future step in the urban cultural discussion jects. At the same time the strategies and tac- will be to create a link to the debate on urban tics of folding environmental concerns into creativity and renewal, however the Bank is the Bank's mainstream of activities are in- probably not yet ready for this approach as it structive. will see it as vague and unsubstantiated. Valuing the Invaluable: Approaches and Applications Presenters of benefits associated with these sites. Some tech- niques are robust and can lead to quite precise John A. Dixon, Environmental Economics and measures (for example, the use of travel costs to Indicators, Environment Department, World estimate benefits from visitation). Other types of Bank benefits are harder to measure or are dispersed Stefano Pagiola, Environmental Economics and over large populations. These benefits may be Indicators, Environment Department, World estimated using other approaches, especially Bank those that rely on survey-based techniques. The Paola Agostini, Environmentally & Socially Sus- job of the economists is to know when to use each tainable Development, Latin America and Car- technique, what probable level of confidence can ibbean Region, World Bank be assigned to different estimates of value, and how to use these results in benefit-cost analyses. Objective Conceptual and Methodological Issues The benefits of cultural heritage have often proved difficult to value in traditional economic The first part of the seminar focused on concep- terms. Hence their values are either referred to tual and methodological issues involved in the as very large (the invaluable) or they go unmea- economic valuation of investments in cultural sured and ignored (the un-valuable). Neither heritage. The benefits of cultural heritage have approach is likely to produce useful results for often proved difficult to value in traditional eco- informed policy making. The seminar examined nomic terms. Hence their values are either re- how economists might approach the issue of ferred to as "very large" (the invaluable) or they assigning economic values to the various benefits are not measured and ignored (the un-valuable). associated with the preservation of cultural heri- Neither approach is likely to produce useful re- tage, from both a conceptual and a method- sults for informed policy making. ological perspective. The presentations and Following an introduction by John Dixon, discussions focused on approaches to valuation Stefano Pagiola discussed how economic analy- and on their application in three case studies. sis of cultural heritage (both man-made and natu- Economic analysis of cultural heritage (both ral) can be applied to many types of benefits built and natural) can be applied to many types associated with these sites and help make more 111 112 Culture in Sustainable Development informed decisions. An important initial step is based techniques. The job of the economists is to to break down the problem into more manage- know when to use each technique, what prob- able parts, by identifying the specific benefits able level of confidence can be assigned to dif- provided by a given cultural heritage site, includ- ferent estimates of value, and how to use these ing for example recreational, aesthetic, or exist- results in benefit-cost analyses. ence benefits, and how these benefits are likely The discussion centered around the definition to change as a result of the planned interventions. of value, and the extent to which the available This also requires identifying how different techniques would be able to capture its many groups are affected. Depending on factors such dimensions. in income level or cultural background, differ- ent groups might have very different valuations Case Studies of any given benefit. Tradeoffs between different kinds of benefits must also be identified. In the second part of the seminar, three case stud- Many techniques exist which can help value ies drawn from recent World Bank projects with the benefits of investments in cultural heritage. important cultural heritage dimensions were pre- These techniques include: sented. These case studies illustrated how the * Travel Cost Methods, which use information on cultural dimensions and benefits of projects at the expenditures visitor bear to visit sites to historic cites were valued and how these valua- derive their demand curve. This technique is tions were included in the economic analyses of most appropriate for valuing already existing projects at these sites. sites threatened by conversion to other uses. Paola Agostini discussed the analysis under- This information can also be used in the pro- taken for a proposed rehabilitation project in the cess called "benefit transfer" whereby an un- historic Medina of Fs, in Morocco. The Medina developed site (e.g. a newly accessible historic in F6s is one of the largest living medieval cities city) is similar in character and potential us- in the world; it was listed as World Heritage site ers as is an existing site. The values derived by UNESCO in 1980. Conditions in the Medina from present use of the existing site are then are rapidly deteriorating. As part of the economic used to estimate potential benefits from the analysis, contingent valuation methods were new site. used to determine the value non-residents place * Hedonic Price Methods, which use statistical on conservation efforts in the Medina. The sur- techniques to determine how attributes such vey found that visitors to the site itself would be as historic status affects property values. This willing, on average, to pay as much as US$70 per technique is most appropriate for valuing in- person per visit for improvements aimed at pre- vestments on individual buildings in urban serving and improving conditions in the Medina. settings where improvements are likely to be Other visitors to Morocco may share an overall reflected in their market price. appreciation for this kind of site, but since they * Contingent Valuation, which use survey tech- are not physically present at the site they will not niques to determine the willingness to pay for receive any use benefits; their willingness to pay specified improvements in the cultural heri- for preservation is based on the value they place tage site. This is the most flexible technique, on the site's existence, and to some extent on the since it can be used to look at any of the ben- possibility that they might visit it in the future. efits provided by cultural heritage sites; some, The survey found that such visitors would be such as existence value, can only be examined willing to pay about US$30 per person per visit. in this way. Given the number of tourists visiting Morocco Some techniques are very robust and can lead each year, this is equivalent to a total annual ben- to quite precise measures (for example, the use efit to visitors of about US$58 million (about of travel costs to estimate benefits from visita- US$11 million to Fs visitors and about US$47 tion). Other types of benefits are harder to mea- million to other visitors). Even if only a fraction sure or are dispersed over large populations. of this amount could be captured in Morocco- These benefits may be estimated using other ap- for example, by increasing the tourist tax on ho- proaches, especially those that rely on survey- tel rooms or an airport departure tax-it would Seminars 113 generate a substantial annual income flow which attractions in Jordan and are highlighted as part could be used to finance the required conserva- of the national tourism promotion effort. The tion investments. analysis of these sites focused on the rents that Stefano Pagiola discussed on-going research are generated, and the extent to which they can into the value placed by residents and visitors be captured through entrance fees, hotels and on conservation of the historic center of Split in other service taxes, and by associated economic Croatia. The city of Split has developed inside activities. In the ancient rock-carved city of Petra, the walls of Palace of Roman emperor Diocletian. for example, access is controlled through a nar- The uniqueness of the site, in which roman, me- row canyon called the siq and the government dieval, and baroque architecture is juxtaposed, has successfully implemented a sizeable entrance made UNESCO list it as a World Heritage City. fee for non-Jordanian visitors (about $30 per per- Unfortunately, many parts of the historic core of son) with a very modest fee for nationals (about Split have deteriorated and are in urgent need of $1.40). Even with this high entrance fee, the repair. Many historic buildings within the core uniqueness of the site has continued to attract are in poor conditions and in danger of collapse. visitors and Petra alone now contributes the bulk Others are closed to the public. Still others re- of revenues to the entire national protected areas quire reconstruction and rehabilitation to reveal system. Similar work is now underway to in- their historic and artistic importance or to in- crease revenues at Wadi Rum, a magnificent crease accessibility to visitors. Contingent valu- desert landscape. In both locations, the need to ation surveys are being conducted among both work with local stakeholders was an important visitors and residents to determine willingness part of efforts to conserve these sites. to pay for a program of conservation and im- provement. The approach adopted is similar to Conclusions and Recommendations that previously used in the F6s case study. Sur- vey respondents were shown a series of photo- Several conclusions emerged from the seminar. graphs showing current conditions at the site; First, economic analysis can help us think about overlays were then used to show how the project the problem and ask the right questions. was going to change conditions. Data from these Second, there are many techniques that can be surveys is currently being analyzed. Other ap- used to measure at least some of the benefits of proaches to valuing the project's improvements, cultural heritage. They may not capture all of the such as hedonic price techniques, were consid- benefits, but for many purposes, and particularly ered but were not feasible due to the nature of for the kind of work that is typically undertaken the site. Given the small size of the real estate at the World Bank, they are often sufficient in that market within the historic core, there are too few they capture enough of the benefits to permit an transactions to allow a statistical analysis of the informed decision on whether to do a given influence of different factors on property prices. project or not. John Dixon discussed the case of Petra and Third, even when some or all of the benefits Wadi Rum in Jordan, examples of both man- cannot be quantified, economic analysis can be made and natural landscapes that are cultural combined with qualitative assessment to help destinations. These sites are two of the leading lead to more informed decisions. Conserving Culture and Nature: The Common Ground Presenters Service of India, the British Council, European Forum for the Arts and Heritage; from Harvard Janis Alcorn, Director for Asia and Pacific, University, the University of Illinois, and the Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife University of Rome; and from the World Fund; Bank's cultural and environmental offices with Arlene K. Fleming, Cultural Resource Specialist, independent consultants in the fields of edu- Special Programs, World Bank; cation, tourism, cultural heritage management, Joan Martin-Brown, Advisor to the Vice President preservation law, and economics. for Special Programs, World Bank; Kenneth Newcombe, Global Manager, New Prod- Objectives ucts and Partnerships, Environmental Depart- ment, World Bank; Conservation of natural and cultural resources June Taboroff, Cultural Resource Specialist and tends to be planned and undertaken separately Consultant, World Bank and to involve discrete interest groups and pro- fessional practitioners. This perceived dichotomy Representatives participating in seminar came between culture and nature can result in dam- from environmental organizations, including age or loss of resources and failure to capture the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), The Nature Con- synergies of integrated management. Participants servancy, the Jacques Whitford Environment, in the session examined the coincidence of the Sacred Forest Project, the Ministry of En- cultural and natural values and discussed oppor- vironment in Sweden, the World Conservation tunities for merging policies, incentives, profes- Union (IUCN), JMF on the Environment, the sional approaches and action plans to address Global Environment Facility; from cultural or- both objectives. The group reviewed three propo- ganizations, including the J. Paul Getty Trust, sitions for collaboration as a step in developing UNESCO, the U.K. Department for Culture, an agenda for promoting environmental manage- Media and Sport, ICCROM, the Smithsonian ment that integrates cultural and natural perspec- Center for Materials Research and Education, tives. Three presentations provided background the World Monuments Fund, the Ministry of information for the discussion and formulation Culture in Cote d'Ivoire, the Administrative of the propositions. 114 Seminars 115 The Presentations cultural diversity. This analytical map also could incorporate reference to cultural heritage sites June Taboroff reviewed recent research by archae- and designated cultural landscapes. ologists, cultural resource managers, botanists and ecologists demonstrating a continuum of The Propositions evidence regarding human activity in the landscape. The concept of cultural landscapes The group considered three propositions, pre- provides a framework for understanding the in- sented in draft for discussion and refinement. As terrelationship of people and their natural envi- modified and approved by the assembly, the ronment and provides insights for managing propositions are as follows: relationships between natural and cultural com- * As part of the Environmental Assessment, cul- ponents of the environment. This presentation tural and biodiversity impacts will be taken noted policies and institutions that have success- into account in all projects financed through fully supported integrated management, as well the World Bank and the Global Environment as opportunities for improving policies and cata- Facility. All projects with cultural heritage lyzing action. components financed by the World Bank Joan Martin-Brown addressed the fundamen- Group will screen for biodiversity impacts. tal relationship between the characteristics of These projects will be designed to accommo- ecosystems and how culture is born; in the first date adequate support for joint cultural and instance, culture is a formalization of practices natural resource management as well as for and rituals by an individual or communities to local participation. assure survival in a specific context. She noted * The Bank and other interested agencies will how the innovations compelled by the need for undertake strategies for identifying key cul- food and water, shelter, and security, give rise to tural landscapes and heritage, and propose the design of communities, and their cultural priority conservation programs, including practices, values, and beliefs. Three factors that management, education and training. fashion the development of culture are a sense of * Leadership will be assumed by multilateral in- place-that is perceptions about the ability to sur- stitutions and agencies in partnership, to en- vive in a physical place; the state of mind-that is courage inclusion of cultural landscapes and judgements about longer term survival; and the cultural heritage in project financing, training, state of knowledge-that is practices that have research and conservation work, adjusting cri- proven viable for survival, and which translate teria of eligibility as necessary. into cultural practices and rituals that can be transmitted inter-generationally. The Next Steps Janis Alcorn offered another perspective on the intrinsic relationship of humans and the The group agreed to recommend the following natural environment. She cited the frequent co- course of action: incidence of biological diversity and cultural * Send the three propositions to relevant orga- diversity throughout the world. Although cul- nizations for suggestions regarding specific tural resources per se are not a concern of natu- steps for implementation; ral conservation groups, there is an interest in * Include the issue of culture and nature on the collaborating with living culture bearers, the agenda of future conferences, especially the people who use their values and knowledge to conference on culture to be convened at Rome exist in the biodiversity-rich territories where in October 1999; they live. As part of a regional conservation * Propose that the World Wildlife Fund collabo- strategy, WWF is preparing a map of the world rate with UNESCO, IUCN, and the World Bank showing the overlapping threats to biodiver- to include cultural and natural protected sites sity and indigenous peoples, thus illustrating and landscapes in its world map of biodiver- the fundamental relationship between, and op- sity and indigenous peoples; portunities for conservation of biodiversity and * Conduct field trials for integrating culture and 116 Culture in Sustainable Development nature planning and management by World * Explore the possibility for further discussion Monuments Fund, the World Bank and other and inquiry on integrated culture and natural organizations to identify challenges and de- environment management to be sponsored and termine good practice; and supported by interested organizations. Culture and the Social Development Agenda Presenters The workshop looked at a series of operational questions within the broader framework of link- Lourdes Arizpe, Former Assistant Director- ing culture and development: General for Culture, UNESCO, Paris * National policymaking. How can governments Renato Matusse, Director of Culture, Information integrate the cultural dimension into develop- and Sports, Southern African Development ment policy-making, especially in the social Commission, Mozambique and human development areas? What types of Vann Molyvann, Senior Minister for Culture and national experiences exist where there have Fine Arts, Land Management, Urban Affairs been broad stakeholder consultation on the for- and Construction, Cambodia mulation of national cultural policies for devel- opment? What are the challenges and Objectives constraints to such national level policymaking? Sectoral-level policies and programs. What types The Environmentally and Socially Sustainable of sectoral policies or cross-sectoral programs Development Network (ESSD) and the Economic are necessary to make the linkage between cul- Development Institute (EDI) sponsored the work- ture and development? How can sectoral poli- shop on "Culture and the Social Development cies in such fields as education, health, social Agenda". The workshop brought together World protection, women, youth and minorities be Bank social and human development staff and more culturally sensitive and appropriate? Is outside experts to discuss ways in which the cul- it worthwhile to separate cultural policies from tural dimension can be taken into account in the other sectoral policies, or do they need to be design of social development policies and pro- more systematically mainstreamed and inte- grams. Among other things, the workshop dis- grated into the overall social development cussed the specific role which cultural policies agenda? What are the institutional challenges and programs might play in approaches to pov- and constraints to such integration? erty alleviation; the promotion of social inclusion, * Local-level projects. How can the cultural dimen- social cohesion, and social capital formation; and, sion be incorporated into grassroots or local- in more conventional human development con- level development programs? What is the role cems such as education, health, population, and of participation in such local-level programs? social protection. What can be done to strengthen the capacity 117 118 Culture in Sustainable Development of local-level institutions (municipal govern- tion, however, needs to be given to linguistic ments, civil society organizations, etc.) to mo- pluralism in the design of such policies and bilize cultural resources for purposes of programs, especially within the context of the development? What sorts of agents exist at the increasing decline of global language diversity local level (cultural promoters, school teach- in the face of globalization. ers, animation and media specialists, etc.) or * An improved knowledge base, including a sys- need to be put in place to ensure that local cul- tematic research agenda, is necessary to link tural resources are adequately assessed, pre- culture and development policies. A global served, disseminated and promoted? mapping exercise could provide insights and During the discussion the following points lessons into best practice in terms of the ways were raised: in which culture might contribute to poverty * Cultural heritage is not solely about the con- reduction and sustainable development, as servation and restoration of historic monu- well as the linkages between macro-meso and ments and sites. It concerns the broader micro-level. community of people who inhabit the areas * Small nations and island societies provide im- where such sites or monuments are located; portant insights into the linking of culture and and, it is a mode of providing cultural mean- development policies. Many of these societies ing and identity to these living peoples and have important cultural assets which provide communities. a strong economic basis for international tour- * Culture plays a fundamental role in the ability ism. However, the promotion of tourism needs of people to participate in societal decision, and to be balanced by the need to preserve a is critical in the development of democratic nation's own heritage and traditions as well societies. By investing in culture, we are also as to maintain economic and environmental investing in the capacity of people to partici- sustainability. pate in decision relating to their own develop- ment. Cultural policies must be based on broad Recommendations and Conclusions and meaningful consultation among various stakeholders, and sometimes must be based on The following recommendations and conclusions negotiation, reconciliation and compromise. were made by the participants to the World Bank * A failure to take cultural factors into account and other donor institutions: may lead to increased social conflict and ex- * More attention in the Bank's Country Assis- clusion. This is particularly true in multi- tance Strategies and Economic and Sector ethnic societies where different groups have Work should be devoted to the cultural land- multiple claims to resources, which are often scape of the Bank's member countries. This a source of inter-ethnic misunderstandings and should include greater respect and under- conflicts. standing of cultural diversity, ethnic pluralism, * Local-level development projects have more and human rights. probability of successful if cultural and linguis- * Poverty assessments sponsored by the Bank tic factors are taken into account, especially in should also take into account cultural factors, the early stages of project design. include a greater sensitivity to the cultural as- * Sustainable development is impossible with- sets and social capital of the poor. Listening to out a "culture of sustainability." Such a cul- and consulting with the poor should be fun- ture must include a respect for human rights, damental methods used in such assessments. ethnic diversity, religious tolerance, and gen- * The Bank's investment portfolio needs to be der equality. systematically reviewed in terms of the con- * At another level, there must be a "culture of tributions which it makes or could potentially human development" that acknowledges the make to the promotion of gender, equity, en- primacy of the human person. Educational vironment and cultural diversity. policies and programs play an important role * Future investment projects should look more in awareness building about the linkages be- closely at the economics of culture, especially tween culture and development. More atten- in terms of job-creation and income generation Seminars 119 for the poor. Cultural projects often have a a broader context of the dynamics of society and "ripple" or "multiplier effect" which needs to development. He highlighted the critical issue of be more systematically considered by Bank social exclusion in terms of political, economic, economists and financial analysts. social, and cultural factors. He noted that soci- * The Bank and other financial institutions need eties differ in how they phrase the issue of so- to recognize that "good ethics" and "good cial integration and there is no implicit model Banking" can go hand-in-hand. of society. Hence, culture plays a determinate * More attention needs to be given to the cul- role in peoples "vision of society" as well as tural dimension in the Bank's work in post- the values which they give to modernization and conflict reconstruction. The "governance of heri- development. tage" is often a contentious issue due to its Increasingly, sociologists are becoming aware nature as a "public good." The Bank needs to that there is no single trajectory of moderniza- become more aware of these issues and incor- tion, but rather a set of tradeoffs between tradi- porate them into its dialogue concerning cultural tional bonds of solidarity and new life changes heritage and development with its Borrowers. provided by economic growth and development. The challenge, he argued, is finding a balance Conclusion between tradition and modernization, recogniz- ing that different countries (as in Japan) have cre- Ismail Serageldin closed the meeting with brief ated different solutions to this fundamental social remarks that placed the workshop themes within challenge. Learning and Innovation Loans for Culture and Development Presenters areas that show great development promise. A significant number of culture operations in the Katherine Sierra, Director, Operational Core Ser- Bank are being prepared as potential LILs. The vices Network, World Bank particular characteristics of what the Bank means Stephen Stem, Partnership Development, Culture by culture in sustainable development and the in Sustainable Development Anchor, Special types of learning outcomes needed to allow cul- Programs, World Bank ture LILs to lead to sustainable culture and de- Catherine Stevens, Deputy Task Team Leader, velopment programs were introduced at the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable De- seminar. Two cases of potential culture-related velopment, Europe and Central Asia Region, LILs were the focus of detailed presentation and World Bank discussion. Maria-Valeria Pena, Sr. Social Scientist, Environ- mentally and Socially Sustainable Develop- Applications of LIL to Culture ment, Latin America and Caribbean Region, and Development World Bank Ephim Shluger, Urban and Heritage Specialist, Katherine Sierra presented the history of the LIL Culture in Sustainable Development Anchor, as one of the new Bank adaptable lending instru- Special Programs, World Bank ments and the challenges seen in its first year in Bank operations. The LIL was designed to meet Objective needs where lengthy "blueprint projects" had been deemed inadequate, as in the social sectors The objective of the seminar was to analyze the where behavior change and local innovation new World Bank instrument, the Learning and needed support and testing, or in new develop- Innovation Loan (LIL), for its utility in main- ment areas. This would be small lending that streaming culture into Bank development opera- would not add greatly to client debt burdens, but tions. The instrument was adopted by the Bank would prepare the way to larger programs Executive Directors in September 1997 to allow through learning and test implementations. Set- quick and flexible small lending (up to $US5 mil- ting hypotheses on what needed to be learned, lion) to interested client countries in order to ad- establishing monitoring and evaluation (M&E) equately test and learn in innovative or difficult systems, and developing the institutional flexibil- 120 Seminars 121 ity to move the project and respond based on the * Emphasis on procurement and financial man- M&E are paramount for LILs to becoming true agement tightening within the Bank clashing learning tools and not just stand-alone small with the speed and flexibility in processing loans. Key challenges for operational success promised, were seen as creating a learning context without * Small (to nonexistent) preparation resources over-complexity, simplifying Bank (and client) allocated for these small loans, and procedures to allow for timely action, and en- * Complexity of some LILs and difficulties in de- abling the Bank to act at this scale in partnership termining principal and agent obligations for with bilaterals and NGOs working with similar cultural resources. flexible instruments. External partners welcomed the Bank lending Stephen Stern emphasized the need to find initiative as encompassing both tangible and in- operational focus for the broad definitions of cul- tangible culture and showing potential for mov- ture with which the Bank is working. These in- ing toward sustainability in this field, but clude material and expressive forms of cultural outlined the lack of priority for culture often heritage, living community culture, and social encountered within governments and ques- interactions. The Bank culture initiative involves tioned government willingness to borrow when working with an often ignored and threatened economic returns were so hard to show. It was cultural resources "sector". It also involves work- stressed that there was indeed some clash of ing with cultural components of larger operations themes in implementing LILs, but that finan- in such sectors as education, urban development, cial oversight and avoiding leakage of funds or environment; and with culture as values-how were especially crucial in experimental projects. cultural resources and identities, in a context of The LIL itself could be used to strengthen lo- social inclusion, can underpin all development cal financial and procurement capacities. Sort- activities. The Bank has some experience incor- ing out all principal and agent responsibilities porating small cultural heritage conservation on a international, national, and local scale, and components in larger projects in response to its assuring economic returns, were seen as per- "do no harm" to cultural property policy adopted haps too daunting a standard on which to judge in the 1980s. The LIL is seen as an opportunity to a single LIL. But the LIL was seen as an oppor- proactively test and expand the emerging area tunity to create an environment that moved be- of culture in sustainable development. James yond the ad hoc grant into efforts where Bank Wolfensohn and Ismail Serageldin discussed the lending, donor grant resources, and expert in- LIL as ideal for promoting governance arrange- stitution technical support were mutually rein- ments in which culture and development opera- forcing. tions were not just government dominated, but in which civil society could be central to the The Turkey and Honduras Cases "learning team" that managed the operations. It is vital that these loans not just be about build- Catherine Stevens presented the proposed LIL for ings and monuments, but that a portion of the Turkey centered on the archeological mound at proceeds be used in support of current cultural Catal Huyok, one of the oldest human living expressions. A key challenge for the success of settlements in the world. Nine-thousand years this instrument is how to put the specialized, of waterlogging had preserved many invaluable expert knowledge of the partner institution at- layers of archeological history, but regional irri- tendees of the seminar at the service of the cul- gation practice (in some part stimulated by pre- ture and development priorities of local vious Bank lending) had for decades been institutional learning teams as part of core project lowering the water table and threatening this implementation-rather than as lengthy and ex- major heritage site with runaway desiccation. A pensive preparation studies. LIL was proposed to focus on stabilizing the lo- In discussion, Bank staff highlighted diffi- cal water table, and research and development culties in using the LIL stemming from the fol- of the area as a cultural heritage and tourism site, lowing: including a museum. 122 Culture in Sustainable Development In discussion, it was brought out that a key nitely a trade-off seen between getting back- element in moving this project would be balanc- ground work and resources in place for the LIL ing of the many local interests such as regional and moving quickly on testing the action hypoth- agricultural and local technical solutions, local eses on children, poverty, and identity. site uses and development for tourism, and the site's role as a pilot for other cultural heritage Summation activities in Turkey. The Bank as a convenor of international, national, and local interests had To wrap-up the seminar, Ephim Shluger reported opportunity to attract grant funds for some of that as of the seminar date there were 13 culture the internationally significant research and mu- LILs (one active) out of the 28 culture operations seum aspects, to get loan proceeds to an under- in the potential pipeline, at least 6 to be deliv- funded part of the Turkish government, and to ered in FY1999. The good news about LILs cen- focus on how environment and development tered on fast response and preparation considerations must usefully incorporate the cul- possibilities; a learning-by-doing focus; respon- tural environment. siveness to issues discovered in the field while Valeria Pena presented the proposed Cultural working with partners; the ability to design an Heritage LIL to develop a Children's Museum in open project framework with feedback loops; and Honduras. The project would begin with chil- creativity to capture culture and development dren-centered cultural and social assessments lessons. Environment and education have proven and aims to increase the access of Hondurans to themselves over time as development sectors in their cultural resources as a key element of self- which overall social and economic returns to so- image. A sense of the national cultural richness ciety are strong and there are many parallels with of which they are a part is seen as very weak culture in sustainable development efforts. among impoverished Hondurans. Top level gov- The bad news on LILs as outlined in the semi- ernment and private sector interests are propo- nar is that the constraints of normal Bank and nents of the project's approach. The LIL would client procedures do not yield immediately to test the hypothesis that poverty is not just a ques- their innovative openness; that preparation re- tion of income, but also of lack of access and in- source constraints are exacerbated by some do- ability to take part in local, national, and nor trust fund rules that do not mention culture; international dialogue. The project would de- and that small culture operations still had diffi- velop an interactive children's museum as a ba- culty gaining a proper balance of prioritization sis for community outreach and development, with larger Bank investment operations. and the children would be involved with culture Perry Fagan of the Harvard Business School and science as a living and learning tool. (who had discussed the management and In discussion, Ms. Pena pointed out that lack decisionmaking issues of culture LILs with pre- of resources to prepare the project and little em- senters in preparation for the seminar) empha- phasis from management (perhaps because of its sized the dilemmas of articulating a clear learning small size) were obstacles, but the mandate to path from small piloting efforts toward the larger innovate and work with local partners to formu- culture programs envisioned. Culture LILs, by late the LIL allowed increased creativity. There nature, cannot generate the cash to sustain these were difficulties in determining ex ante whether larger programs, but their entrepreneurial nature private sector involvement could lead to is envisioned as fostering learning that will be sustainability in a project where little hard cur- applied to the design of larger sustainable cul- rency return would be generated. There was defi- ture and development efforts. Regional Roundtables Sustaining Development through Culture in Africa The focus of the roundtable was living arts. views and experiences with some of our poten- Activities related to the living arts is one tial partners, including some of our potential cli- of Africa's most dynamic economic sectors ents, in how we might work together to promote for small industries and generate a flurry of do- this agenda of sustaining development through mestic inventions. In the wake of the globaliza- culture. Sustaining development through culture tion process African cultural industries such as means not only attending to the heritage of the the performing and visual arts, heritage conser- past, but also being aware of and supporting the vation, handicraft and tourism, have gained im- contributions that living culture tend to make and portance on the world market. The sector is in its projecting toward the future when we may see a infancy. There is a momentum to be seized. world that is more unified in some levels and The aim of the roundtable was to initiate a first celebrates diversity in many other ways. meeting, a first exchange of experience and ideas I would like to start right away by introduc- about cultural heritage and development in Af- ing our invited speakers. You may notice some- rica, in order to capture the issues at stake. A good thing interesting about this panel. It's all women. deal of valuable information was exchanged. This is not intentional. We had originally ex- Each presentation was followed by a discussion. pected to have a couple of gentlemen on the panel Funding of cultural projects, sustainability of as well, but I think that actually they'll provide projects, looting of African culture assets, the eco- us with a rich diversity of experiences. The nomics of investing in culture and the rationale speakers are Mme. Brigitte Mabandla, Deputy for the World Bank to invest in culture, were the Minister of Arts Culture, Science and Technology issues debated. The answers were not conclusive, in South Africa; Ms. Alecia Cohen, Publisher of the debate is an ongoing one. the RythmMusic Magazine; Ms. Namu Lwanga, Independent artist from Uganda; Ms. Alicia Welcoming Remarks Adams, Director of Special Programs at the Cynthia C. Cook, Sector Manager, Africa Envi- Kennedy Center for Performing Arts; and Ms. ronment, World Bank Katherine Salahi, Coordinator of Bellagio Pub- lishing Network. We're really delighted to see so many of our col- The list of speakers could have been broader leagues from the Africa Region and from the Af- and include exclusively selected African experts. rica staff of the Bank joining us today to share Cultural heritage is, however, not an established 123 124 Culture in Sustainable Development World Bank program yet. The organizers of the So with a budget from the department, the roundtable (Antoine Lema and Cynthia C. Cook) National Arts Council was established to fund did thus not dispose of funds for special invita- and develop the full range of South African arts tions. The selection of speakers was inclusive, and culture. The National Arts Council was es- based on anticipated conference attendees. But, tablished as a statutory board at arm's length let us think that, the throes of childbirth are al- from the state to ensure that the institution only ways painful, despite the beauty of the child, so considers the best interests of the sector. We also future venues may be different. established Business South Africa Arts (BSAA). The main aim of BSAA is to promote and to en- Opening Statement courage sustainable partnerships between the Brigitte Mabandla, Deputy Minister of Arts private sector and the arts to their mutual ben- Culture, Science and Technology, South Africa efit and to the benefit of the community at large. This involves a combination of sponsorship, the Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. I am hop- provision of expertise and skilled personnel, the ing that the statement I will make here would be provision of training, the application of business relevant to the discussions of this afternoon. But principles and practices, and the provision of rel- just to say that I really felt it was so important to evant advice to the cultural sector. share the South African experience for a number As a private company, BSAA is entitled to raise of reasons. funds outside of this budget from the state and Many organizations represented here, like has done so very successfully, with at least 50 SIDA, were partners with us in fighting for de- companies having paid a membership fee. But mocracy, supporting us in our fight for democ- it's very interesting to see they have had pledges racy. And perhaps this is like a reporting time to from about 200 other companies to be part of this say what exactly have we done, what efforts are process. we making in promoting, for example, culture So a lot of work is going on. I think what I'm and heritage, which is the subject matter of this trying to say to you is that we have undertaken a conference. So I am actually not going to be deal- lot of initiatives, and we will be seeking partners ing with concepts or principles or trying to come in order to advance our agenda. This is a thumb- with some wise advice about how to do things. nail sketch of our activities. In many ways, it does The apartheid state's cultural activities were not do justice to the full diversity of South Africa's largely confined to the founding of a number of arts and culture sector. I hope it has given you a performing arts councils, monuments, and mu- sense of the scope of our activities and the in- seums. These institutions were deeply rooted in credible challenges we face in the future. the past, and we have begun a process of restruc- The exchange of ideas at this conference has turing not only on the content side, but these in- been to me very rewarding, and I thank you all, stitutions reflected a very narrow definition of and I hope that at least we can find partners to South African arts and culture, but also in terms collaborate with on our projects. of budgets and administration. Through this pro- cess, we have freed enough funds to begin estab- The Social Impact of Cultural Heritage Work lishing a range of other institutions and writing on Local Communities or amending legislation which considers the de- Roslyn A. Walker, Director of the National velopment of the full range of arts and culture in Museum of African Art, The Smithsonian South Africa. Institution, Washington DC The imperative of building the institutions of democracy in partnership with civil society and I was told that I said something significant at lun- business was, of course, derived from our new cheon today in one word, and that was "culture constitution. So what we have heard about the pays". My question was why is the World Bank need to forge partnerships for sustainability, we interested, and in all of the verbiage that came are experimenting with it and, of course, the out of my mouth, "culture pays" is what was framework we operate within is our constitution. picked up. And that's true. I don't have any sta- Regional Roundtables 125 tistics or dollar numbers to give you, but what work. But to make the art, to make the traditions have you heard over and over and over again as come alive requires living, active people. They long as you can remember? People visiting mu- eat, they breathe, and they have to be funded. So seums, people coming to your town to a sports one way to make sure of respecting cultural heri- events and cultural or recreational activities tage work is to make the funds available and oth- spend money. That money, if it is wisely used, ers resources that are needed to carry out this improves the quality of life for the people in that work. town and in that neighborhood, gives jobs to people, increases research. There are all sorts of African Music and Culture in Western Media benefits. And you really could multiply that Alecia Cohen, Publisher of Rhythm Music umpteen times in Africa. Magazine, New York I cannot stress enough the importance of mu- seums and their potential for attracting tourists Originally, when I was asked to come here to- and indigenous people, because culture pay is a day, I was concerned about the Yom Kippur holi- two-sided sword. People coming from the out- days. Since Yom Kippur is a Jewish holiday for side gain something, but people who are already self-reflection and atonement, I think that the on the inside learn. And one of the biggest conference could not have come at a more per- byproducts is they learn to appreciate their cul- fect time because the congruence is that for be- ture. And that has ramifications which can be on ing here today, we can rejoice in the contributions the negative side, because when something is Africa has given the West and also atone for its valued very highly, then this opens the door for slow process of acceptance in the media. nefarious activities. But when people see some- I think that we are here as a group to set a pre- one else making this journey from so far away to cedent and to share in the efforts of creating a come to see what they do and have, this raises better understanding of Africa. As the publisher their appreciation and may make them more pro- of Rhythm Music Magazine and as a human be- tective of those items of cultural property that ing, I have come here with open eyes or, as they need protecting. say in the Congo, Buala Meso, to receive infor- Success in the cultural heritage work is con- mation and to express my views about the im- tingent upon adequate funding and encourage- pact of African music and culture in the Western ment from the authority, whatever that is in the media. government or in the local area. Museums and African music in the media is traditionally a other cultural institutions need workers who are sensitive topic because of its complex affiliation given respect so people can value the work that with politics, music, race relations, and culture. is being done. As we address some of these topics at this con- One of the problems we think we have found ference, we should keep a mental note that it is in many African countries is that the work of okay to question the way in which we approach museums and the work for boards, for museums, change in Africa and what local and national work for cultural entities that function as muse- communities our decisions affect. Some of what ums, has something to do with a place for ghosts we may discuss with each other here is certainly because they appear not to be living institutions. controversial, and in some ways, the questions One way that the World Bank and other finan- that are raised may not always be safe. However, ciers in the world could help would be to pour it is our job as leaders in our field to utilize the money into education and into museums so they ideas shared to empower each other. It is then can have living activities, so people don't see we can assess what kind of corrections are needed these as dead institutions. And the same can be in our approach. said for out own institutions in this country, In order to create a space for change to occur, which is why we invite artists from Africa to come we must first understand the struggles of the to demonstrate how pottery is made, how weav- current paradigm in the media between Africa ing is accomplished, and-now that we are work- and the West. Whether it is the social or economic ing in the contemporary art area-how artists aspect, we must first know that dealings in Afri- 126 Culture in Sustainable Development can culture and heritage should always involve ervation of African music and heritage. However, the presence and opinions of well-known Afri- in the end, it is the World Bank who holds the can scholars and mentors. ball and makes decisions as to what extent Af- The West has become a looking glass for the rica in the West is worth toward their invest- world, a place where we set the standard of how ments. to embrace international culture. African music and culture in the Western media is gradually The Impact of African Performing Arts on US growing; however, it faces many challenges in Private Investments in Africa its interpretation. Alicia Adams, Kennedy Center for the The growing population of African immi- Performing Arts, Washington, D.C. grants and the matriculation of African music in America has fostered the curiosity of journalists, I have the responsibility of dealing with a lot of radio disc jockeys, and talk show hosts. The me- the national and international diverse program- dia has acted on this growing interest by celebrat- ming for the Center. African Odyssey is what I'm ing and exploring African music in print, on TV, going to focus on. The Kennedy Center, as some and the Internet. The exposure of African music of you may not know, is a quasi-federal agency. and culture at festivals, night clubs, food galler- Its mission is mandated by Congress to be reflec- ies, and theater has boosted Africa's energy and tive of the arts and culture, both nationally and its living talent through consumer appreciation. internationally, and that what we do reflects the American radio stations have traditionally re- American people. So we thought that the Afri- fused to play African music because it is not con- can Odyssey festival would be a good way to sidered mainstream or pop. While this has begin to highlight and to celebrate America's disabled African music to be heard on main- African heritage. stream radio, on the other hand it has created a One objective for this festival was to represent great opportunity for the public sector of inde- the best in African artists and performers on the pendent and college radio stations to capitalize stages. For us, this required real investigation. on and promote African music. A large contender Rather than rely on performers or artists that had of this is Afropop World Wide, a radio show dis- been brought to the country before or specifically tributed through Public Radio International. by referrals, we thought it was real important for Afropop World Wide can be heard on public ra- us to go to the continent and actually see and dio stations in over 35 states and hosts its pro- explore and try to develop something that would grams weekly on Saturday evenings at around be new for America, new for African artists of 11:00 p.m. The station plays a variety of tradi- their being able to come here. Consequently, I've tional and contemporary music from all coun- spent many, many weeks and months in Africa tries in Africa and the Diaspora region. The region traveling and looking and trying to understand known as the Diaspora region, in case you're not and to contextualize the work that I am doing familiar, includes part of the Southern United here at the Center. States, Cuba, Haiti, Surinam, Puerto Rico, Second objective has been to reflect the breadth Trinidad, Mexico, Venezuela, and Brazil. of the cultures of Africa by including all the per- Afropop World Wide was created by Sean forming arts-music, dance, theater, visual arts, Barlow and has an on-air host from the Cameroon exhibitions, readings by African authors, as well named George Collinet, who happens to live in as film. We've been able to introduce new artists Washington, D.C. In addition to Afropop World and performers to the American public. Most of Wide, there are literally hundreds of college ra- the artists that I have brought to the Kennedy dio stations in the U.S. that also play music from Center have not been seen in America before. Africa. We as a group can support these stations What we feel we have accomplished over the by listening to them, making public donations, last two years are several things. One is that we've and purchasing the music they play. developed new partners for the Kennedy Cen- As leaders, we can assist the World Bank ter, and by partners, I mean people that either through showing our knowledge and our goals, work with us on programming or people that by providing our ideas and relating it to the pres- brought to us-or supported us through fund- Regional Roundtables 127 ing. American Express came in with the largest international airfare and there may be a possibil- grant that they've ever given out of the founda- ity that they would also be able to be a presenter. tion to be the presenting sponsor of African Od- So creating this clearinghouse will help univer- yssey. What this did was to put this festival on a sities discover and hopefully present these art- very different level, and it required that the ists during the rest of the year. Kennedy Center respond to it also in a very dif- April and May will be the next African Odys- ferent way. sey initiative. We are focusing on the Afro-Latino The Ford Foundation was another partner and piece of the Diaspora. supporter of African Odyssey right from the very beginning. The Standard Bank of South Africa Is There A Market For African Publishers? was another major partner. It was the only Afri- Katherine Salahi, Bellagio Publishing can partner that we had in terms of providing Network, Oxford financial support. And one of the reasons that Standard Bank joined forces with us was that it I'd like to start by thanking the Bank. It's won- would be the first time that they would be in derful to have the opportunity to present the case America. They're very much interested in com- of African publishers here. I do wish there was ing to the Kennedy Center, coming to Washing- an African publisher here to present their own ton in particular, interested in having meetings case, but in a way, I feel I could almost go home. with the World Bank so that they could share their There are markets for African publishers. There vision for a new Africa and for the new Standard are very good publishers on the continent. Please Bank here in Washington and in the United States. do know that. I'll go on from there. The Cafritz Foundation, which is a local foun- I'd like to explain why someone from an orga- dation, has also been a major contributor to the nization with the name of a North Italian town festival. Other partners have included the South based in Oxford in England is talking about Af- African embassy, the Egyptian embassy, the Mo- rican publishing. The story of that does explain roccan, the Canadian embassy. something about the development of African In terms of the future, we're looking to do sev- publishing and the support that it has and that it eral things. One certainly is to continue the kind needs. of exchanges that we started. We are in the pro- As some of you may know, the Rockefeller cess of developing a handbook. Many of the com- Foundation has a conference center in Bellagio panies that came had a fit when they got the on Lake Como in Northern Italy. And in 1991, they Kennedy Center contract which is about this hosted a conference on publishing and develop- thick, and had to deal with a lot of things-and ment in the Third World. At that conference were it's not just African companies. These companies a number of African publishers, some of whom always have to deal with that at the time. There's met each other for the first time. They also met a a lot to know and to understand about perform- number of donors, mainly from the cultural desks ing in the United States. And we've been talking of their various foundations and ministries. A dia- with them and have begun to develop a list of logue began which was so fruitful that it went issues. We are working with the USIA and other on, and they met again and they met again. And partners in developing this so that it can be used gradually they evolved into something called the by African companies that are prepared to come Bellagio Publishing Network. So it's rather a mis- to the United States. leading title except for the people within it. We have a web site that is highly developed It brings together regularly, informally, a group and have been asked to help develop a clearing- of African publishers and donors who are com- house especially for the universities who present mitted to supporting the development of pub- African artists, especially those that have Afri- lishing, indigenous African publishing, and can studies programs and present African artists others who are also neither donor nor African over the course of a year. And what they need to publisher but have a commitment and an exper- know is when artists will actually be in the United tise in that field. States. Because if the artists are here, then the Why Oxford? Oxford is a home of British pub- university programs don't have to deal with the lishing. It's also the base of something which was 128 Culture in Sustainable Development a sort of counter to the stranglehold of the multi- able to local publishers in the bidding for text- nationals, and that's a wholly owned African ini- books, but they're also the major markets of the tiative called the African Books Collective, which British and the French multinationals, who don't is based in Oxford. It is the overseas marketing give up easily. So there's a long way to go on that and distribution arm for a consortium of African one, too. publishers. It now has 50 publisher members. It's One of the leading Tanzanian publishers in supported by some donors. It sells, it markets the Africa, during a meeting where we were discuss- books, Anglophone books. The Francophone ing the economics of publishing, said you've got market is another complication. They attend all to understand that to be a publisher in Africa you the book fairs. My office is actually in the same have to be mad. But it's a madness that won't go building as the African Books Collective, which away. That combination of desperation and pas- is very useful because we talk to each other a lot sion characterizes the industry on the African and share a lot of information. continent. They deserve support. They need Publishing is a high-risk, capital-intensive support as part of the development of culture,. business, and if you look at the conditions creat- the support for culture and sustainable devel- ing a favorable environment for publishing, I'm opment. I would be very happy if there's another afraid African countries lack most of them. You meeting at the Bank soon where they speak for need a high rate of literacy. The literacy rate on themselves. the continent in some countries, as you probably know, has gone down rather than up in the last Taming Memories of War Through Theater few years because of the economic conditions. Ms. Namu Luanga, Independent Artist from You need plentiful libraries and bookshops as Uganda, Washington D.C. outlets for the books. These exist strongly in some countries, not so strongly in others. You need What you call the living performing arts, we just good infrastructure for distribution. How do you call performing arts. Our music, dance, and get books to the rural areas if you don't have the drama, and storytelling, have been used as forms roads to get them there? Then publishing needs of cultural bridges since the early ages. They were funding. Publishers are businesspeople, and they used to bring societies together. They would cre- go to the banks to get loans to have the capital to ate a feeling of harmony, community, belonging, publish their works. The interest rate is often as focus, and security. much as 40 percent. It's completely prohibitive. Togetherness, focus, community, thus security. Lastly, they need the support of their govern- That's the feeling of harmony I was talking about. ment. They need recognition that publishing is Now take away that feeling. That's what war an essential cultural industry that is supporting does to a society or to an individual. education, supporting culture, and must be sup- I grew up as a child product of different wars ported as part of a national book policy and a and regimes in Uganda. Between the ages of 8 national education policy. and 22, I had to learn the skills of survival, both The World Bank has been very active in edu- as an individual and as part of a community. The cation, is very active, as you know, in education first casualty of war in an individual is trust, for in Africa, and aims to get as many books as pos- you soon find out that the only person you can sible onto the desks of school children as far- depend on is you. Once you've jumped corpses, reaching as possible. Up until now, that has been dodged bullets and bombs, been separated from the aim rather than working with the publishing your family, watched a loved one killed, or even industries. They work by a system of international held a gun, something inside you changes. competitive bidding, and for the most part, Afri- It takes a little while to get used to a 7-year- can publishers don't even get to the starting line. old soldier who liberated you. This baby soldier, I'm glad to say there has been some dialogue who's holding a gun, with eyes that are com- in the last few years between APNET and the pletely dead, telling you a story that you know World Bank to try and change this to a certain so well. He watched his mother and sister raped, extent so that there is some element that is favor- his father shot, his brothers tortured. Regional Roundtables 129 Now, I really never knew otherwise until I ar- a lot easier than it really is, but for some of us it rived to live here in the United States of America. was at least an option out. I soon discovered that wars, memories of war stay In conclusion, many African writers have used ingrained in your brain, lying low, giving you the medium of music, dance, storytelling, and this false sense of security until they leap out at theater to carry vital messages forward. In the most unexpected moment. There will be tiny Uganda, performing troupes are contracted by things. Soon after I arrived here, I was walking NGOs or governmental bodies to go into the ru- in downtown D.C. when a car nearby backfired. ral areas with plays about AIDS, agriculture, and Automatically, I hit the dirt and started scoping immunization. A group of performers or experts out my options from the pavement. Now, Ameri- within this field could thus go into a community cans, being who they are, politely managed to as a three- to six-month residency program, and make a path around me, glancing down at me with the help of the community leaders or cul- out of curiosity. tural officers, help the members of this commu- You know, some cultures do not believe in psy- nity to write their war memories, war stories, or chiatrists in Africa, and few people could afford a play, maybe weaving them with music or dance, them anyway, or they're simply non-existent in then finally putting on a show. Such a project is certain countries. So then we turn our efforts to definitely worth funding. the performing arts. Seeing a friend raped while A lot of similar projects can be found here in you're being held at gunpoint becomes easier to the United States, sometimes in the inner cities deal with if it is acted out, in this case relived, by or alternative schools or simply a community that people you know and trust. Seeing the dead eyes needs to bond. Of course, these projects are main- of children and youth is easier to deal with when tained by grants, but the result is a better pro- it is acted out by a colleague. Of course, this does ducing society, which brings me back to the not apply to everybody. I'm making it all sound harmony that I began with. Summary prepared by Antoine Lema Roundtable transcripts available upon request Alema@worldbank.org Heritage and Sustainable Development in Latin America and the Caribbean Welcome and Objectives of Regional negative results (paternalism, corporatism, Roundtable clientelism). Maritta Koch-Weser, Director, Environmentally * To correct these problems, in the early 1990s and Socially Sustainable Development Unit, Latin markets and private sector alone were left in America and Caribbean Region, World Bank charge of cultural activities with negative out- comes (many cultural activities abandoned). * Objective of Roundtable was to reach a level * Lesson learned-need of public/private part- of practicality, trade information, focus on op- nerships. portunities to work together with partners. * General guidelines for Brazilian cultural * Explanation of World Bank's lending instru- policy. Support for cultural activities not ments applicable to the cultural area. funded by the market; insert incentives in the * On a cautionary note, World Bank needs gov- legislation; nurture strategic public policies. ernment interchange to commit. * Results-traditional dichotomy state vs. mar- * Exception: medium-sized grants by Global En- ket is proven false in cultural sector. vironment Facility (GEF) are made directly to nongovernmental organizations (NGO). Renovation of Historic Center in Quito, Ecuador * Pre-borrowing small grant schemes: Institu- Eduardo Rojas, Principal Urban Specialist, tional Developments Funds (IDF), Policy and Sustainable Development Dept., Human Resources Development (PHRD), Inter-American Development Bank Learning and Innovation Loans (LIL), Adapt- able Program Loans (APL). * Renovation of historic center of Quito, Ecua- dor, as real-life example of project using pub- Culture and the Social Development Agenda lic/private partnership to preserve cultural His Excellency Francisco Weffort, Minister of heritage and to achieve social development. Culture, Brazil * Project's success due to commitment by au- thorities to urban development, and to munici- * Success of the Brazilian Ministry of Culture in pal government's achievements in building fostering public/private partnerships. partnerships. * Since 1988, cultural development is a govern- * Partnerships developed among different lev- ment's constitutional mandate. If government els of government, with foreign donors, with alone works in cultural sector there are possible private sector (and IDB loan). 130 Regional Roundtables 131 * Public investment component of the revital- education. Brazil does not manage its public ization plan was aimed at generating externali- resources well, and in the past, budgetary ties that would attract private investment into allocations rarely reached their targets. Fur- the area. thermore, resources usually are spent on pay- * Attention to social viability of this effort. ing roads and on construction rather than on * Creation of mixed capital company. education. * Case of historic buildings brought back to life * There is strong participation by the southeast- and to concessioning, and through partner- ern states-including Rio de Janeiro, Sao ships among owners and among developers. Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Espirito Santo-in * Conclusion: partnerships work in the correct the Program for the Support of Culture, a fed- institutional setting. eral program that allows tax deductions for private companies that invest in certain cul- Questions to Minister Weffort: tural projects. The southeastern states make 85- 90 percent of all project proposals in the * What is the role of government in preserving program, and account for 90 percent of the the cultural heritage of indigenous peoples in projects selected for funding. We are consid- Brazil? ering a system of incentives to increase the * How are reading habits and public libraries in participation of other states in this program. Brazil promoted? One downside of this system could be the re- * What are the high priority areas for public/ surgence of paternalistic cultural policies, and private partnerships in culture in Brazil? funding for badly prepared or low-quality projects merely to fulfill disbursement goals. Minister Weffort's answers: Questions to Mr. Rojas: * Remarkable progress has been made on the issue of indigenous lands in the 1990s and in * How to achieve the sustainability of the Quito the official recognition of indigenous land project and the preservation of the entire ur- rights. However violent land disputes are still ban fabric? common, and there is a strong need for pro- * Are financial investments in the Quito project tection of indigenous peoples and for a mecha- expected to be matched by money that will be nism to control the march of "civilization" into paid back? frontier areas. This issue, which dates to the * What are the plans to provide affordable hous- first arrival of Europeans in Brazil, is crucial ing to the inhabitants of Quito's historic center? from an anthropological perspective because * What are the programs for commercial devel- it involves the preservation of indigenous cul- opment of small entrepreneurs? tural heritage. Unfortunately, it is not a top is- * How do you value the intangible social conse- sue in the social agenda in Brazil-it ranks quences of the Quito project such as crime fourth after poverty, landless peasants, and reduction? Afro-Brazilian population issues. It attracts * Was a project manager hired to coordinate the public attention only when there are episodes Quito project? of violence against the indigenous population. The good news is that the indigenous popula- Mr. Rojas' answers: tion is growing despite these threats. * Books are scarce in public libraries, and we are * Buildings to be maintained by owners and trying to assess the feasibility of developing a users (condominium management). national program of public libraries. To build * Economic rationale for Quito's historic center small public libraries is not the issue. Reforms based on benefits of urban renewal. were not carried out in education per se (i.e., * Gentrification-big downtown area, project curriculum development), but rather in the involves 74 out of 300 blocks, there are sub- administration and allocation of resources for stantial affordable housing alternatives. 132 Culture in Sustainable Development Bureaucracy-company run by five profes- * Vulnerability reduction program based on the sionals. Company subcontracts tasks to private four Ps: policy, planning, projects, and pre- sector. paredness. [Mr. Bender's presentation summary is available The Cultural Dimension in Indigenous upon request] Peoples Development Shelton Davis, Lead Specialist, Social Develop- Building a Local Alliance for Cultural ment, Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development-The Buenos Aires Exhibit Development, Latin America and Caribbean Michael Cohen, Advisor, Environmentally Region, World Bank and Socially Sustainable Development, Latin America and Caribbean Region, World Bank * Introducing a 20-minute video shot in Cuzco, Peru, in January 1998, at consultation or- * The Getty Research Institute on the History of ganized by World Bank and Promudeh- the Arts and Humanities, the Argentina's Na- a governmental agency for rural women tional Fund for the Arts, the World Bank, and and indigenous affairs. Consultation's topic: other partners will hold a major exhibition "Where do you want to be in the year 2005?" titled "Buenos Aires 1910: Memoria del The video documents a process driven by in- Porvenir" ("Memories of the World to Come"), digenous peoples themselves (they call them- that will open in May 1999 in a highly acces- selves inperts rather than experts), including sible public location. The exhibit is an out- participation by women. It is a creative cul- growth of a 1995 colloquium examining tural act that produced a one-page diagram of Buenos Aires in 1910, when the city was the development goals and priorities, third-richest in the world and was known as * Traditional World Bank directives to protect the "Grand Capital." indigenous peoples from potential harm of * Philosophy of this effort-"To take care of economic development activities and to pro- something, you must value it; to value it, you mote indigenous aspirations in development must first know about it." have obtained partial success. * How can looking back inform our vision of the * Changes proposed for indigenous policy in the future? next millennium: correct expert-driven policy, * In preparing the project many unexpected part- reinforce indigenous participation, base ners emerged that were interested in the ini- decisionmaking process on indigenous desires tiative because of their sense of identity, and aspirations, make indigenous women fo- perception of a common heritage to be pre- cal points of World Bank activities in this field, served, and perception of having been an active abandon paternalistic welfare approach, ex- part of a shared past (water company, mayor, pand cultural dimension (preserve culture and Epson, publishers, pension funds, foundations). cultural heritage and promote creative aspects * Result--exhibition as a policy instrument with of indigenous culture). high financial leverage, instrument for social mobilization. Vulnerability Reduction of Cultural Heritage * University curricula as example of spin-off Buildings and Sites initiative. Stephen Bender, Principal Specialist, Unit for * Whole initiative as process that could be tried Sustainable Development and Environment, elsewhere. Organization of American States Questions and Comments * Old approach-focus on cultural heritage pro- tection only after disaster has struck. * Disaster mitigation, the case of the earthquake * New approach-focus on vulnerability reduc- in Assisi, Italy, risk maps in Italy as the result tion before disaster strikes. of investigation and assessments of potential * Insert vulnerability reduction into a broader risks; Italian government policy of systematic agenda. assessment of risk now being implemented Regional Roundtables 133 extensively, World Bank role to publicize the that any other sector when it comes to vul- issue of risk prevention. nerability issues. Push toward two-, five-, * Question to Mr. Cohen: Time element in the and ten-year national programs that priori- Buenos Aires project and assurances of suc- tize what needs to be done, where, how, and cess? by whom. Natural hazard management is * Question to Panel: World Bank role? part of environmental management. We have * Comment: Projects similar to that of Mr. Davis to take another look at how development is were not successful in Mexico in the 1980s, but going to interface with natural events. At the had great impact on women all the same. OAS we are looking at how to reduce vul- * Buenos Aires project as real way of being a nerability by modifying development. catalyst. Projects for economic disaster recovery: the * Question to Mr. Bender: Vulnerability reduc- word disaster is a social, political, and eco- tion of effects of economic disasters? nomic term denoting the inability of the af- * Question to Panel: How long do you follow fected unit to cope with the consequences of projects? Do you take nature into consideration the impact of some type of natural event. Vul- as the ancients used to do? nerability reduction for natural hazards has * Question to Mr. Cohen: Are your consider- not been in the development agenda up to ing making a film on the Buenos Aires pro- now. ject? Concluding Round of Remarks: Answers * Katrina Simila (ICCROM): Wants to congratu- * Mr. Cohen: In the Buenos Aires project we use late the viewpoints and experiences that have the World Bank convening power to bring been presented. Very valuable know-how of people together and leverage their investments people involved in the region that has to be in the project. The Project was started by the recycled in Latin America. Very important to Getty and the National Fund for the Arts (Ar- make bridges between people who have spe- gentine NGO): they contributed US$75,000/ cific field experience in Latin America. The role year, and the World Bank raised over US$1.5 of international agencies is to transmit the million. To achieve something similar to the leading Latin American experience to other Quito project requires public support and un- regions. derstanding. Premise of exhibition in Buenos * Marta de la Torre (Getty Conservation Insti- Aires is raising public awareness (e.g., banners tute): Disaster mitigation and emergency pre- on 1910 buildings to make people appreciate paredness have been attended to in the cultural them). Build multipliers in the field of public heritage world: we are concluding the Decade education. Exhibit: May-July 1999, free admis- for Disaster Mitigation of the United Nations sion, 1 million visitors expected. The World that built a wide network of institutions in- Bank can mainstream work on culture through volved in mitigation. Problem of proper ret- regular operations (e.g., ongoing community rofitting of historical buildings: sometimes development project in 16 provinces in Argen- proves to be inadequate and damaging. Need tina now includes culture as eligible category for more research but much was done already for loans up to US$100,000 for villages and in the general field. communities). * George MacKenzie (International Council on * Mr. Davis: From Latin America, the World Archives-ICA): ICA/UNESCO Blue Shield Bank has learned that social policy and social initiative on developing emergency programs exclusion issues are very important in relation to safeguard archives in the event of armed to culture. Democracy in Latin America is the conflict. Democracy and citizenship issue: mediation term between culture and develop- documentary records and archives are what ment. protects the rights of the individual citizen. * Mr. Bender: The cultural sector has more ex- There cannot be a democratic system in place pertise, experience, and access to knowledge unless there is a record-keeping and archive 134 Culture in Sustainable Development system in place. This is another linkage be- agency to development agency. The World tween cultural heritage and social develop- Bank contributes to development outcomes ment. together with others. The World Bank is will- * Maritta Koch-Weser: World Bank gradual ing to lend as needed. Lending is not a pur- transformation from nuts-and-bolts lending pose in and by itself; development is. Roundtable transcripts available upon request (202) 473-7049 ccarr@worldbank.org Infrastructure Study Tour Jointly sponsored by the World Bank and the U.S. National Park Service Cultural Resource Preservation and Economic Development A sthe steward of America's national parks partnerships with volunteers, businesses, and special places, and the keeper of his- cooperating associations, foundations, and toric treasures and diverse cultural tra- others. ditions, the National Park Service manages a vast Itinerary for the day-long tour included infrastructure that balances preservation with Union Station; Washington's "Black Broadway" public use. The National Parks and national his- (14th Street corridor); C&O Canal; Historic Alex- toric preservation programs are a powerful en- andria, Virginia; and Mount Vernon. gine for generating employment and economic Tour participants were shown how preser- benefit for surrounding communities. The Na- vation creates employment and new enter- tional Park Service has helped communities prises; emphasized that broad community leverage public and private investment in con- participation is vital to successful site devel- servation and recreation projects through opment and management; and demonstrated grants, technical assistance, tax incentives, and the possibilities of public/private partnerships. Editor's Note: For further information, see Part III. References for the documents, "U.S. Historic Preservation Tax Incentives Program" and "Federal Tax Incentives Program for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings." 135 Preservation as Economic Generator in the United States Donovan D. Rypkema Good morning. I am greatly honored to be Because most of my experience is domestic I'm here with you today. Last year about this afraid this will be an American perspective, but time I was in Evora, Portugal, and heard have tried to pick elements of preservation's eco- Mr. Serageldin announce a new World Bank ini- nomic impact here that are likely in some degree tiative to provide resources for investment in cul- to be true in other countries as well. I am going tural assets. Over the last six months I've been to try to do three things today: first, identify and down to the Bank a couple of times in think ses- quantify a number of aspects of the economic sions with them. I don't work for the Bank, so I benefits of historic preservation; second, suggest don't feel any obligation to make commercials why preservation is an effective and appropriate on their behalf-but I think they have it right. I public strategy; and finally list what seem to be sincerely believe both the commitment to this the common denominators of an effective pres- effort and the way they are approaching it is well ervation based economic development strategy. conceived and will be effective. Further the Bank So first to the economic benefits of historic gives every indication that this is a long term preservation. We have identified a couple dozen commitment which is the most crucial variable. of them here in the U.S. I'm going to tell you about Historic preservation doesn't have a value- seven of them that may well be true in your coun- it has a multitude of values: aesthetic value, cul- try as well. I'll begin with the impact of simply tural value, social and psychological value. rehabilitating an historic buildings. The Bureau political value, environmental value, educational of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of value. In the long term I believe each of those Commerce has developed an econometric model values is far more important than preservations to measure the local impact of output from a va- economic value. There are many people you will riety of economic activities. Five hundred twenty- meet today, and your counterparts at the Cultural eight types of activities are evaluated and then Ministry back home who can provide you with consolidated into thirty-nine industry groups. plenty of information about those values. Frankly These range from coal mining to household ser- I don't know much about those values. What I vices, from agricultural production to retail trade. do know abit about is the economic value of pres- There are then established three means of quan- ervation here in the United States. tifying the impact of production in each of these What I'd like to talk about this morning are groups: 1) number of jobs created, 2) increase in the economic benefits of historic preservation. household income, and 3) total impact on the rest 136 Infrastructure Study Tour 137 of the economy. These are known collectively as type of activity that is in the top twenty percent input-output multipliers. of effective impact in all three categories. Conventional wisdom suggests that manufac- But often in this country the decision is being turing activities would have the greatest impact. made-often by some public sector entity- So I would like to compare for you manufactur- "Should we try to fix up that existing building, ing to building rehabilitation. The data is com- or tear it down and build a brand new one?" So piled on a state-level basis, so I've chosen it is important to compare job creation and house- California as probably our most representative hold incomes of building rehabilitation and new State and since the economy of California is as construction as well. Jobs created in California large as many countries. The relationships be- per $1 million of new construction, 26.5; build- tween the numbers however would be similar ing rehabilitation, 31.1. Household income cre- throughout the United States. Of the thirty-nine ated through $1 million of new construction, consolidated industry groups, seventeen are $753,100; building rehabilitation, $833,500. manufacturing categories so I'll use the average So why is there this greater local economic impact of those seventeen, impact? It is a function of labor intensity. As a We will begin with jobs. On average for every rule of thumb, in the U.S. new construction will $1 million in output from manufacturing in Cali- be half labor and half materials; rehabilitation fornia, 21.3 jobs are produced. For a million dol- will be sixty to seventy percent labor with the lars in building rehabilitation, 31.1 jobs. Now balance materials. So while you might buy an air admittedly the 21.3 is an average of seventeen conditioner from Texas and timber from Oregon, manufacturing sectors. How many of the com- you buy the services of the carpenter, the electri- ponents of that average create more jobs per mil- cian, the painter and the plumber from across the lion than building rehabilitation? None. street. Those tradesmen, in turn, spend their dol- The next measurement is household income. lars locally on groceries, clothes and new cars. How much does $1 million in manufacturing in Thus the secondary local effects of labor are sig- California add to the household incomes of Cali- nificantly greater than that of materials. Labor fornia citizens? $553,700. How much does a mil- intensity adds to the local economy. lion dollars of building rehabilitation add? Further, at least in the U.S., construction jobs $833,500. Now admittedly the $553,700 is an av- are generally skilled and therefore generally well- erage of seventeen manufacturing sectors. How paid jobs, particularly for those without ad- many of the components of that average create vanced formal education. So the construction more household income per million than build- trades have traditionally been a path for young ing rehabilitation? None. people for learning, apprenticeships, advance- The third measurement is what is the total ment, and the building of their own household impact of $1 million of output on the state assets. economy. In California a million dollars of manu- So the case can certainly be made that the re- facturing ultimately adds an average of habilitation of historic structures is a highly ben- $1,109,665 in output in addition to the million eficial local economic activity. But this might be dollars of direct production. How much does a countered with, "Yes, but construction is a finite million dollars of building rehabilitation add? task and once the work is done the job is gone." $1,402,800 in addition to the million dollars of There are two responses to that argument. First, direct production. Now admittedly the $2,109,665 with building component life cycles of between total output is an average of seventeen manufac- thirty and fifty years, a community can rehabili- turing sectors. How many of the components of tate two to three percent of its building stock per that average create more total output per million year and have perpetual employment in tile con- than building rehabilitation? None. struction trades. So all three categories-jobs, household in- Second, and more important is the nature of come, and total impact building rehabilitation- what is being created. A rehabilitated building is consistently outperforms the manufacturing a capital asset, like a drill press or a railroad car. sector. In fact building rehabilitation is the only There is an economic impact in its creation but a 138 Culture in Sustainable Development subsequent economic role in its long term use. $120 million annually to the economy of that So I would like to move to some of the uses we State. What is the connection between the crafts have found for historic buildings that have ad- industry and historic preservation? There they ditional economic impact. have learned that historic buildings make the One area of significant preservation economic ideal place both to make and to sell their wares. impact is heritage tourism. Now I want to be The authenticity of the historic building adds to unequivocal on this. Heritage tourism is among the sense of authenticity of the crafts product. It the fastest growing segments of the visitor indus- is a natural linkage. try worldwide and will continue to be so. But But back to heritage tourism for a moment. In that does not mean a heritage tourism approach Maryland, the State a mile or two to the north of is appropriate for all or even most places with where we are sitting, we looked at heritage tour- historic assets. I think that is the World Bank's ism for a study that is not yet published. Here's position as well. At a UNESCO symposium in what we learned: preservation visitors stayed a Stockholm last spring, Mr. Serageldin said, "We full day longer in the State than did other visi- should also recognize the growth of the culture- tors; the average daily expenditure of preserva- based industry, the export of artistic output as tion visitors was greater than other visitors; the well as the hosting of tourists ... Our program consequence of these two factors means that the must take all these aspects into account, recog- per trip expenditure is decidedly higher. There nizing the intrinsic worth of culture, not just what are two ways to look at this: either we can take it generates in tourist revenues." in more revenues with heritage visitors or-since Even from an economic standpoint, I couldn't there are many instances where sheer numbers agree more. I would estimate that of all the heri- of people may not be desirable-we can take in tage resources in economically productive use in the same amount of money with far fewer visi- the U.S., ninety-five percent are being used for tors. Either way heritage tourism, when it is ap- something other than the tourism industry. Fur- propriate, can have substantial local economic thermore, heritage tourism is based on a rather benefit. Further, I would suggest to you, heritage fragile commodity, the overuse of which can di- tourism is the singular form of tourism that, when minish sustainable opportunity. So is the eco- done right, can preserve the local culture and nomic use of historic resources limited to heritage enhance the quality of life for full-time residents tourism? Certainly not. as well as for visitors. The same it not true for Having said all of that, however, heritage one more amusement park or one more time- based tourism, properly managed, does represent share beach resort. Tourism is inherently a vola- a significant opportunity for many communities tile industry, but heritage based tourism means world wide. In Virginia where you are going this that local assets are preserved for local citizens afternoon, preservation visitors stay longer, visit even in the down cycles of visitation. twice and many places, and spend two-and-a- The next on my list of economic benefits of half times as much money as non-preservation historic preservation is, perhaps, a less obvious visitors. one: small business incubation. The vast major- In North Carolina visiting historic sites is far ity of net new jobs in the U.S. are not created by and away the most common visitor activity. And General Motors or IBM or Microsoft. Around 85 this is a State where much of the business com- percent of all net new jobs are created by firms munity and political leadership think that their employing less than 20 people-small businesses major visitor assets are car races and their pro- and women-owned businesses, by the way, are fessional sports teams-neither of which make growing much faster than the economy as a more than a minor blip on the visitation statis- whole. One of the few costs firms of this size can tics. But North Carolina is known for another control is occupancy costs-rent. Many simply culturally based activity. For generations in the cannot afford the rents demanded in a new of- mountains of western North Carolina has been a fice building or in a shopping center or a new vibrant crafts industry. Today that industry-vir- building in an industrial park. For many of these tually entirely made up of one- and two-person(s) firms historic buildings are an attractive alterna- operations and frequently women-adds over tive. The twenty fastest growing types of busi- Infrastructure Study Tour 139 nesses in the U.S. have on average 11 employees. ization but no historic preservation, but I don't How much space to these people require? Well it know about it, I haven't read about it, I haven't depends a little on the specific business type but seen it. Many of these downtown revitalization around 200 square feet per person would be typi- efforts are including the redevelopment of their cal. What is the average size of a small historic historic waterfront whatever it might be-the building in the U.S.? It's 25 feet by 100 feet or ocean, a lake, a river. They are using that water- 2,500 square feet, almost precisely what is needed front and often the abandon industrial buildings for this type of small business. The town of An- there, for recreation, housing, entertainment and napolis, Maryland is the most historic of to attract visitors. America's state capitals, and there is a wonder- One consequence of these downtown revital- ful historic district in the downtown there. And ization efforts is that for the first time in two gen- in that downtown 60 percent of all of the busi- erations people of middle-class means are moving nesses employ five people or less-the perfect back into the central city, often into the down- match between historic building and small busi- town itself. This is happening in places as diverse ness opportunity. as Philadelphia, San Francisco, Atlanta, Houston, There is one more aspect of small businesses Denver and Des Moines. But in nearly every in- and historic buildings that merits mention, and stance the housing they are moving back into is it is on the quality side of the equation. There are rehabbed housing in historic buildings. Obsolete certainly some very high quality new commer- factories, warehouses, department stores, office cial buildings being built in America today-but buildings are now finding new life as apartments. virtually all of them large buildings. Small busi- This is historic preservation that has nothing to nesses rarely find a place in these buildings ei- do with tourism or museums but is making a ther because the size is inappropriate or the rent huge economic impact all over America. is too high. There are almost no high quality, At the same time we have seen departure from small buildings being built for tenant occupancy our central cities there has also been an out-mi- anywhere in the U.S. The rehabilitated historic gration from small towns. For nearly 20 years building provides that opportunity for a small now the National Trust for Historic Preservation business-high quality at an appropriate scale has had a program that is economic development and an affordable price. Many small firms are rec- in the context of historic preservation known as ognizing that. Main Street. Main Street is now active in neigh- The next area of preservation economic ben- borhood commercial districts in several large cit- efit is in downtown revitalization. For fifty years ies but originally it was a program for small town in the U.S. we have seen a departure from the downtowns. It has had an incredible success. central city and its downtown to the suburbs. This Over 1,300 communities in over 40 States have has had huge adverse consequences socially, eco- had their own Main Street programs. Over the nomically, politically, and physically. As a result last 18 years in excess of $8.6 billion dollars has many towns and cities of every size have em- been invested in these downtowns. There have barked on downtown revitalization efforts. Some been 48,800 building renovations; 43,800 net new of these efforts have been going on for nearly businesses; and 161,600 net new jobs. And lever- thirty years; others are more recent initiatives. I age of dollars has been incredible. For every $1 just returned on Monday from the International used to operate a local Main Street program $35 Downtown Association meeting in Victoria, Brit- dollars has been invested downtown. There is ish Columbia. Downtown revitalization efforts simply no more cost-effective economic develop- in both the U.S. and Canada are making a great ment program of any type, on any scale, any- turn around, new economic life in areas that not where in the country. And this is economic long ago were nearly dead. But I do not know of development that focuses on historic preserva- a single sustained success story in downtown tion and retaining community character. As an revitalization anywhere in the United States aside, it has been through downtown revitaliza- where historic preservation was not a key com- tion efforts that women have first become mean- ponent of the effort. That doesn't mean it isn't ingfully involved in the policy side of economic theoretically possible to have downtown revital- development activities. 140 Culture in Sustainable Development Stable residential districts may not seem to be villages have a local history that those neighbor- central to economic development, but we have hoods now celebrate. found them to be critical. Declining neighbor- The overwhelming majority of what we call hoods means loss of tax revenues for local gov- "historic properties" in the U.S. have no interna- ernment. Declining urban villages mean the tional, in most cases not even national impor- departure of the skilled, the educated, the em- tance. But they have local importance to the ployed and the middle class. Declining residen- people who live there. Both economic develop- tial sectors see increased crime, declining ment and historic preservation are essentially property values, underutilized public infrastruc- local in the United States; that's one reason why ture, deficient schools. Both the public and pri- the two can work so well together. In Indianapo- vate sectors suffer economically when residential lis an area of very modest housing is seeing rates neighborhoods decline. of property value appreciation far greater than More and more a historic preservation-based surrounding non-historic neighborhoods. In the strategy is being used to stabilize and reinvigo- small town of Staunton, Virginia, historic district rate urban neighborhoods. On the national level properties appreciate significantly faster than the we have the National Register of Historic Places. market as a whole. In Oklahoma City a neigh- The National Register includes both individual borhood that ten years ago was nearly vacant is buildings and groups of buildings known as seeing new life based on a preservation strategy. National Register Districts. Eligibility for certain Columbus, Ohio, has created an entire new vil- Federal tax credits is limited to National Regis- lage through the adaptive reuse of former brew- ter properties. Carol Shull, the Keeper of the eries and warehouses. None of these examples National Register is here and I'm sure would are the enclaves of the rich or famous, not neigh- be happy to answer any specific questions you borhoods of mansions. But they are all examples might have. At the local level many communi- of a consistent pattern of effective neighborhood ties have established local historic districts. Both stabilization through historic preservation.. the national and local districts have been used as Related to the issue of neighborhood stability effective tools for neighborhood stabilization. The is neighborhood diversity. America is a diverse only way I know to communicate this pattern to country, ethnically, racially, economically. From you is to give you some examples from around a political perspective there's not much unanim- the country. ity in the U.S. regarding overall urban policy. But In Kansas City, Missouri the city itself is de- I think there is rather widespread agreement on clining in population, but the historic districts are one issue: our cities would be healthier of we had growing. In Rock Island, Illinois, a Mississippi diverse urban districts, that no one particularly River town, many of the older homes in close-in benefits from villages that are all rich or all poor; residential areas had been covered up with cheap all white or all black. And while for over thirty and inappropriate materials. A concerted effort years we have had laws prohibiting discrimi- of a local group to undo the damage has been in nation based on race or religion, while anyone place for five or six years. The neighborhood has with the money to buy can give wherever they taken on a whole new life. Palm Beach, Florida, choose, our neighborhoods as a whole are not for most of this century has been home to some very diverse. of America's richest. The town next door, West Let me give you an example. Philadelphia, one Palm Beach, historically was where the servants of America's oldest cities, has a population of one- and trades people who worked for the rich lived. and-a-half million people. It's about 53 percent Over the last few years, however, West Palm White, 40 percent Black, and the balance Asian Beach has come into its own with a wide variety and other. But when the census is taken block of citizens and economic functions. They have groups are identified. A block group is small; in created ten residential historic districts there. If Philadelphia only eight or nine hundred people you were to drive through them you might well in each one. There are about 1,750 block groups say, "What is historic about this neighborhood?" in Philadelphia. While the city as a whole is cer- And, frankly, on a global scale, nothing. But the tainly diverse, the block groups are not. In a re- Infrastructure Study Tour 141 cent analysis we said that to meet the test of a in place, and a resident population for whom a diverse neighborhood, the block group had to be variety of means of public support may be justi- less than 80 percent White and less than 80 per- fied. Second, historic resources are geographi- cent Black, that is no extreme concentration of cally dispersed. A public policy does not have to any race. choose one area over another; local historic re- Barely one block group in five met that test. sources exist throughout a country. Third, historic Seventy-nine percent of Philadelphia small preservation as an economic development strat- neighborhood clusters were effectively all White egy does not depend on proximity to a mine or a or all Black. Not so in the National Register His- harbor or a factory or even a rail line. It is an as- toric Districts, however. In the 106 block groups set that can be utilized wherever it is found. within historic districts nearly half met the di- Fourth, historic preservation in the U.S. is largely versity test; people of all races living together a private sector activity using private capital en- because of the appeal of the historic neighbor- couraged by public sector policies, incentives, hood. and expertise. These were not all high income areas, by the Fifth, historic preservation economic initiatives way. The income distribution in Philadelphia's can take place on a wide range of scales. On the historic districts mirrors the income of the city large side are projects such as this wonderful as a whole. There is housing available in historic Union Station. But it can also work on the small- urban villages to accommodate a wide range of est, most modest scale. Sixth, historic preserva- income levels. tion is singularly the economic development Philadelphia is a city that is losing people. strategy that is simultaneously community de- Since 1980 it has lost between 12 and 14 percent velopment. We have found in this country that of the population. Some will argue that a city's as the historic buildings are restored, the local diversity is what drives people away. Not true in sense of community is restored as well. Sixth, the historic districts. The historic neighborhoods many types of economic development are essen- have lost less than 5 percent. These historic dis- tially a zero-sum game. For Virginia to secure the tricts only make up 6.3 percent of the city's en- location of a factory, Maryland has to lose it. His- tire population but: 15 percent of the people that toric preservation as a strategy is not that way. moved in from the suburbs in the last five years Each community's use and enhancement of its went to historic areas; 21 percent of the people own historic resources in no way precludes an- that moved into Philadelphia from other parts other community from doing the same thing. of the country moved to historic sectors. Historic Seventh, and this is particularly true in market neighborhoods are home to nearly 24 percent of economies and in transitions to market-based the college graduates and over 28 percent of those economies, rehabilitation can be an effective with graduate and professional degrees. Even in counter-cyclical economic activity. When an a city by many measures in decline, the diverse economy is in a downturn in a business cycle, appeal of historic districts is evident. major projects are difficult to fund from the pub- So there are seven of the ways we have found lic sector and the private sector is reducing, not historic preservation to be an economic genera- increasing its expenditure for large capital invest- tor: jobs, heritage tourism, small business incu- ments. Preservation, however, can take place on bation, downtown revitalization, small town a small scale, can be financed on a floor-by-floor revitalization, neighborhood stability, and neigh- basis if necessary, and thus can be an employ- borhood diversity. ment generator locally when larger projects are But there are also a number of reasons why an not currently feasible. economic development strategy makes good Finally I do believe that this issue of local sig- sense and is effective as public policy. First, his- nificance is a key one. There are certainly a few toric areas are often appropriate targets for pub- hundred truly international historic monuments lic intervention. Certainly for their cultural value around the world that you are all familiar with. but also because they are often areas of private But hands-on, grassroots historic preservation is sector disinvestment, an infrastructure already nearly always local in importance. But that in no 142 Culture in Sustainable Development way makes it less important to the local commu- single building in isolation. Finally, in this coun- nity. try at least, the nonprofit community, NGOs are A number of places around the United States vital in the process. They serve as advocates for have incorporated historic preservation as part preservation, provide technical expertise, politi- of their overall economic development strategy. cal support, education, and sometimes are active When it has been successful there seem to be participants in the investment partnership itself. some common denominators of those efforts. I frankly don't know how successful preserva- First, successful efforts are nearly always part- tion as an economic development strategy would nerships; partnerships between the public, the be in the United States were it not for a vibrant private, and the nonprofit sector, frequently with nonprofit sector. all three involved. Finally, you should knew that historic preser- Second, preservation-based strategies nearly vation has a great friend in Under Secretary of always stem from local efforts. While there are State Bonnie Cohen. Before she went to State, state and national resources sometimes made Bonnie was Assistant Secretary of Interior, the available through the Park Service, state govern- Department within which the Park Service is lo- ments, the National Trust and others, the initiative cated. Before that she was vice-president of the and the implementation are overwhelmingly local. National Trust for Historic Preservation. She has Third is time. Time, in a historic preservation become a very strong advocate within the State effort, is much more important than money. Oh Department for the World Bank initiative specifi- yes, money is certainly necessary. But a sustain- cally but also in looking for ways that U.S. hu- able strategy takes time, it is not a quick fix. man resources - cultural attaches, Peace Corps Closely related to time is the fourth common workers, the USAID and others might be more denominator: incremental. Strategies that work, useful to host countries. Secretary of State whether in tourism or downtown revitalization Albright seems genuinely committed to cultural or village stabilization are one building and one heritage activities as well. And certainly with block at a time. This incrementalism is why it Under Secretary Cohen, there is a deep under- sometimes takes so long. But I absolutely believe standing of the economic opportunity historic that this change must be incremental if the effort preservation represents. is going to be sustainable. In Italo Calvino's Invisible Cities, Marco Polo Adding to the time requirement is the fact that is describing to Kublai Khan the various cities of successful programs are participatory. Local citi- the Khan's vast empire. In depicting the city of zens need to be directly involved in the process, Trude, here is what he tells the Khan: need to take ownership of historic preservation as an appropriate strategy. This means it is some- If on arriving at Trude I had not read the times messy and occasionally confrontational, city's name written in big letters, I would but if it is going to work over the long term, citi- have thought I was landing at the same air- zens need to be involved. port from which I had taken off. The sub- The sixth common denominator is an available urbs they drove me through were no package of both incentives and regulations; we different from the others, with the same little refer to them as carrots and sticks. If you have greenish and yellowish houses. Following only incentives, the private sector will begin to the same signs we swung around the same see preservation activities as an entitlement and flower beds in the same squares. The down- be less willing to invest its own capital. If you town streets displayed goods, packages, have only regulations the private sector will only signs that had not changed at all. This was act where there is low risk and high likelihood of the first time I had come to Trude, but I al- return. That often is not the case in areas with ready knew the hotel where I happened to under-utilized historic assets. Success requires a be lodged; I had already heard and spoken combination of the two. my dialogues with the buyers and sellers of Seventh, preservation works best if it is an in- hardware; I had ended other days identi- tegrated part of an overall economic develop- cally, looking through the same goblets at ment strategy, rather than trying to restore a the same swaying navels. Why come to Infrastructure Study Tour 143 Trude? I asked myself. And I already In economics it is the differentiated product wanted to leave. "You can resume your that commands a monetary premium. It seems flight whenever you like," they said to me, to me that the heart of historic preservation is "but you will arrive at another Trude, abso- not having "the world covered by a sole Trude lutely the same, detail by detail. The world which does not begin and does not end." That is is covered by a sole Trude which does not a strategy that not only has aesthetic, cultural, begin and does not end. Only the name of and sociological merit. It is an effective economic the airport changes." development strategy as well. Exhibition Culture and Development at the Millennium: The Challenge and the Response Culture and Development at the Millennium: so frequently the custodians of culture and the The Challenge and the Response is the title nurturing transmitters of values to future gen- of the exhibition launched by the World erations, have been too long denied the recogni- Bank at the conference and annual meetings to tion of their critical creative and positive give a public face to its commitment to culture in contributions in shaping the cultures of the development. Placed in the atrium of the World world. Their empowerment is an enormous force Bank's Main Complex, the exhibit served as a for the positive transformation and renewal of photographic representation of the vision and both the cultural paradigm and the development actions taken by the Bank and partner institu- process. tions for cultural development. This photo- In addition, natural sites are at risk from ex- graphic exhibition was designed around three panding cultivation that increases pressure on themes: land. Waters are being polluted and habitats de- * The Challenge: A Heritage at Risk; stroyed, and with them not only are eco-systems * The Response: Pragmatism and Vision; and at risk, but also (for some) a whole way of life. * Partnerships for Action: Coalition of the Caring The cities of the developing world are going to treble in population over the next 30 years. The Challenge: A Heritage at Risk Population growth, influx of rural migrants, and an evolving economic base all challenge the abil- Inevitably, development means change, and not ity of these poor and overcrowded cities to pro- all that is old must be preserved. Far from it. vide jobs and livelihoods. Crumbling But there are many parts of the old that can be infrastructure, poor and over-stretched social adaptively reused, and we must refashion the services, rampant real estate speculation, and past to suit the present. This enormous challenge weak governments all contribute to putting tre- is worked out in practically every arena: litera- mendous pressure on the central cities, often loci ture, visual art, music, buildings, customs, ritual of invaluable architectural and urbanistic heri- and the objects of everyday use. Each society tage. The degradation of the urban environment must find its own solutions, where the creative limits the abilities of a growing, shifting home- diversity of its people is linked with the univer- less population to take root and establish com- sals of a common humanity and inclusion for the munities with a minimum standard of decent poor, the weak and the marginalized. Women, housing. The animosities between groups rise 144 Exhibition 145 and tensions within the cities fray the social fab- tomorrow in the making. In many, sometimes ric as much as economic speculation transforms explicitly, frequently implicitly, we find interven- the urban tissue. The inner historic cities are in- tions that promote and celebrate community soli- creasingly ghettoized, with the middle-class and darity and actions for reducing poverty and economic activities either fleeing the historic core improving well-being. or actively destroying its very fabric. Partnerships for Action: A Coalition The Response: Pragmatism and Vision of the Caring Against this spiral of mounting problems, a re- The partnership panels of the exhibition were il- sponse is possible. To protect the natural heri- lustrated with images from dozens of culture- tage through the pursuit of suitable sustainable related projects worldwide being supported by development policies is a matter of promoting represented organizations: UNESCO, The Getty the best practices of the few so that they become Conservation Institute, Organization of Ameri- the common practice of the many. To protect the can States, Aga Khan Trust for Culture, ICCROM, urban context and sense of place and to revital- Council of Europe, Smithsonian Institution, ize the old city are critical if the whole city is to World Monuments Fund, the Inter-American be kept alive, its economic base rejuvenated, and Development Bank, and the World Bank. The its links to the surrounding modern city rein- projects cover a large range of projects in scope forced. To celebrate the present and invent the and size: the restoration of ancient architectural future can also be done while conserving the past. monuments and historic neighborhoods, projects Such actions are possible; they require a combi- in bilingual education for indigenous Andean nation of pragmatism and vision. In essence, this people, formation of a natural dye co-operative response is about honoring the past, celebrating for local weavers, and creation of youth orches- the present, and designing the future. tras in Venezuela. We would thus expect to see in the responses The modular exhibit was also used in Kyoto, represented in this exhibition, projects that pro- Japan, for the World Heritage meeting shortly af- tect the natural heritage and conserve and reuse ter the Washington conference. The Harvard Uni- the built heritage, as well as projects that recog- versity Graduate School of Design, Unit for nize and support the living expressions of cul- Housing and Urbanization, designed the exhibition ture today, what could be termed the heritage of with the Special Programs staff of the World Bank. PART THREE RESOURCES UNESCO World Heritage List The 552 properties which the World Heri- Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao tage Committee has inscribed on the World Miguel das Missoes (Brazil) Heritage List (418 cultural, 114 natural and 20 mixed properties in 112 States Parties) are ar- ARMENIA: ranged alphabetically by nominating States Party. 1996 The Monastery of Haghpat The list is current as of December 1997. The list will be updated following the next meeting of AUSTRALIA: the Committee in December 1998. 1981 Great Barrier Reef 1981 Kakadu National Park ALBANIA: 1981 Willandra Lakes Region 1992 Butrinti 1982 Tasmanian Wilderness 1982 Lord Howe Island Group ALGERIA: 1987 Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park 1980 Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad 1987 Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves 1982 Tassili N'Ajjer (Australia) 1982 M'Zab Valley 1988 Wet Tropics of Queensland 1982 Dj6mila 1991 Shark Bay, Western Australia 1982 Tipasa 1992 Fraser Island 1982 Timgad 1994 Australian Fossil Mammal Sites 1992 Kasbah of Algiers (Riversleigh/Naracoorte) 1997 Heard and McDonald Islands ARGENTINA: 1997 Macquarie Island 1981 Los Glaciares 1984 Iguazu National Park AUSTRIA: 1996 The Historic Centre of the City of ARGENTINA AND BRAZIL: Salzburg 1984 Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San 1996 The Palace and Gardens of Schonbrunn Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra 1997 Hallstatt-Dachstein Salzkammergut Senora de Loreto and Santa Maria Cultural Landscape 149 150 Culture in Sustainable Development BANGLADESH: CANADA: 1985 Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat 1978 L'Anse aux Meadows National 1985 Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Historic Park Paharpur 1978 Nahanni National Park 1997 The Sundarbans 1979 Dinosaur Provincial Park 1981 Anthony Island BELARUS/POLAND: 1981 Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump 1992 Beloveshskaya Pushcha/Bialowieza Complex Forest 1983 Wood Buffalo National Park 1984 Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks* BELIZE: 1985 Quebec (Historic Area) 1996 Belize Barrier-Reef Reserve System 1987 Gros Morne National Park 1995 Lunenburg Old Town BENIN: 1985 Royal Palaces of Abomey * The Burgess Shale Site, previously inscribed on the WHL, is part of the BOLIVIA: Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks. 1987 City of Potosi 1990 Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES 1991 Historic City of Sucre OF AMERICA: 1979 Tatshenshini-Alsek/ Kluane BRAZIL: National Park/Wrangell-St. Elias 1980 Historic Town of Ouro Preto National Park and Reserve and 1982 Historic Centre of the Town of Glacier Bay National Park Olinda 1995 Waterton Glacier International 1984 Iguacu National Park Peace Park 1985 Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: 1985 Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do 1988 Parc National du Manovo-Gounda Congonhas St. Floris 1987 Brasilia 1991 Serra da Capivara National Park CHILE: 1997 The Historic Centre of Sdo Luis 1995 Rapa Nui National Park BULGARIA: CHINA: 1979 Boyana Church 1987 The Great Wall 1979 Madara Rider 1987 Mount Taishan 1979 Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo 1987 Imperial Palace of the Ming and 1979 Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak Qing Dynasties 1983 Ancient City of Nessebar 1987 Mogao Caves 1983 Srebarna Nature Reserve 1987 Mausoleum of the First Qin 1983 Pirin National Park Emporer 1983 Rila Monastery 1987 Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian 1985 Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari 1990 Mount Huangshan 1992 Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and CAMBODIA: Historic Interest Area 1992 Angkor 1992 Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area CAMEROON: 1992 Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic 1987 Dja Faunal Reserve Interest Area UNESCO World Heritage List 151 1994 The Mountain Resort and its Outly- CYPRUS: ing Temples, Chengde 1980 Paphos 1994 Temple of Confucius, Cemetery of 1985 Painted Churches in the Troodos Confucius, and Kong Family Man- Region sion in Qufu 1994 Ancient Building Complex in the CZECH REPUBLIC: Wudang Mountains 1992 Historic Centre of Prague 1994 The Potala Palace, Lhasa 1992 Historic Centre of Cesky Krumlov 1996 Lushan National Park 1992 Historic Centre of Telc 1996 Mt. Emei and Leshan Giant Buddha 1994 Pilgrimage Church of St. John of 1997 The Old Town of Lijiang Nepomuk at Zelena Hora 1997 The Ancient City of Ping Yao 1995 Kutna Hora-the Historical Town 1997 The Classical Gardens of Suzhou Centre with the Church of Saint Barbara and the Cathedral of our COLOMBIA: Lady at Sedlec 1984 Port, Fortresses and Group of 1996 The Lednice-Valtice Cultural Monuments, Cartagena Landscape 1994 Los Katios National Park 1995 Historic Centre of Santa Cruz de DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Mompox OF THE CONGO: 1995 National Archaeological Park of 1979 Virunga National Park Tierradentro 1980 Kahuzi-Biega National Park 1995 San Agustin Archaeological Park 1980 Garamba National Park 1984 Salonga National Park COSTA RICA: 1996 Okapi Wildlife Reserve 1997 Cocos Island National Park DENMARK: COSTA RICA/PANAMA: 1994 Jellings Mounds, Runic Stones and 1983 Talamanca Range-La Amistad Church Reserves/La Amistad National Park 1995 Roskilde Cathedral COTE D'IVOIRE: DOMINICA: 1982 Tai National Park 1997 Morne Trois Pitons National Park 1983 Como6 National Park DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: CROATIA: 1990 Colonial City of Santo Domingo 1979 Old City of Dubrovnik 1979 Historic Complex of Split with the ECUADOR: Palace of Diocletian 1978 Galapagos National Park 1979 Plitvice Lakes National Park 1978 Old City of Quito 1997 The Episcopal Complex of the 1983 Sangay National Park Euphrasian Basilica in the Historic Centre of Porec EGYPT: 1997 The Historic City of Trogir 1979 Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis 1979 Islamic Cairo CUBA: 1979 Memphis and its Necropolis-the 1982 Old Havana and its Fortifications Pyramid Fields from Giza to 1988 Trinidad and the Valley de los Dahshur Ingenios 1979 Nubian Monuments from Abu 1997 San Pedro de la Roca Castle, Simbel to Philae Santiago de Cuba 1979 Abu Mena 152 Culture in Sustainable Development EL SALVADOR: 1985 Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) 1993 Joya de Ceren Archaeological Site 1988 Strasbourg, Grande Isle 1991 Paris, Banks of the Seine ESTONIA: 1991 Cathedral of Notre-Dame, former 1997 The Historic Centre (Old Town) of Abbey of Saint-Remi and Tau Tallinn Palace, of Reims 1992 Bourges Cathedral ETHIOPIA: 1995 Historic Centre of Avignon 1978 Rock-hewn Churches of Lalibela 1996 Le Canal du Midi 1978 Simien National Park 1997 The Historic Fortified City of 1979 Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region Carcassonne 1980 Aksum 1980 Lower Valley of the Awash FRANCE/SPAIN: 1980 Lower Valley of the Omo 1997 Pyr6n6es-Mount Perdu 1980 Tiya GEORGIA: FINLAND: 1994 The City-Museum Reserve of 1991 Old Rauma Mtskheta 1991 Fortress of Suomenlinna 1994 Bagrati Cathedral and Gelati 1994 Petdjdvesi Old Church 1996 Upper Svaneti 1996 Verla Groundwood and Board Mill GERMANY: FORMER YUGOSLAV REP. OF MACEDONIA 1978 Aachen Cathedral 1979 Ohrid Region, including its cultural 1981 Speyer Cathedral and historic aspects, and its natural 1981 Wiirzburg Residence, including the environment Court Gardens and Residence Square FRANCE: 1983 Pilgrimage of Church of Wies 1979 Chartres Cathedral 1984 The Castles of Augustusburg and 1979 Decorated Grottoes of the Vz6re V Falkenlust at Brtihl alley, including the Grotto of 1985 St. Mary's Cathedral and St. Lascaux Michael's Church, Hildesheim 1979 Mont-St. Michel and its Bay 1986 Roman Monuments, Cathedral and 1979 Palace and Park of Versailles Liebfrauen-Church in Trier 1979 V6zelay, Church and Hill 1987 Hanseatic City of Liibeck 1981 Amiens Cathedral 1990 Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and 1981 Chateau and Estate of Chambord Berlin 1981 Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay 1991 Abbey and Altenmiinster of Lorsch 1981 Palace and Park of Fontainebleau 1992 Mines of Rammelsberg and the 1981 Roman and Romanesque Monu- Historic Town of Goslar ments of Arles 1993 Town of Bamberg 1981 The Roman Theatre and its Sur- 1993 Maulbronn Monastery Complex roundings and the Triumphal Arch 1994 The Collegiate Church, Castle, and of Orange old Town of Quectlinburg 1982 The Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans 1994 V61klingen Ironworks 1983 Place Stanislas, Place de la Carri&re, 1995 Messel Pit Fossil site and Place d'Alliance, Nancy 1996 Cologne Cathedral 1983 Church of Saint-Savin-sur Gartempe 1996 The Bauhaus and its sites in Weimar 1983 Cape Girolata, Cape Porto, Scandola and Dessau Natural Reserve, and the Piano 1996 The Luther Memorials in Eisleben Calanches in Corsica and Wittenberg UNESCO World Heritage List 153 GHANA: HUNGARY AND SLOVAKIA: 1979 Forts and Castles, Volta Greater 1995 Caves of Aggtelek and Slovak Karst Accra, Central and Western Regions 1980 Ashante Traditional Buildings INDIA: 1983 Ajanta Caves GREECE: 1983 Ellora Caves 1986 Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae 1983 Agra Fort 1987 Archaeological Site of Delphi 1983 Taj Mahal 1987 The Acropolis, Athens 1984 Sun Temple, Konarak 1988 Mount Athos 1985 Group of Monuments at 1988 Meteora Mahabalipuram 1988 Paleochristian and Byzantine 1985 Kaziranga National Park Monuments of Thessalonika 1985 Manas Wildlife Sanctuary 1988 Archaeological Site of Epidaurus 1985 Keoladeo National Park 1988 Medieval City of Rhodes 1986 Churches and Convents of Goa 1989 Archaeological Site of Olympia 1986 Group of Monuments at Khajuraho 1989 Mystras 1986 Group of Monuments at Hampi 1990 Delos 1986 Fatehpur Sikri 1990 Monasteries of Daphni, Hossios 1987 Group of Monuments at Pattadakal Luckas and Nea Moni of Chios 1987 Elephanta Caves 1992 Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos 1987 Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur 1996 The Archaeological Site of Vergina 1987 Sundarbans National Park 1988 Nanda Devi National Park GUATEMALA: 1989 Buddhist Monastery at Sanchi 1979 Antigua Guatemala 1993 Humayun's Tomb 1979 Tikal National Park 1993 Qutb Minar and its Monuments, 1981 Archaeological Park and Ruins of Delhi Quirigua INDONESIA: GUINEA AND COTE D'IVOIRE: 1991 Komodo National Park 1981 Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve 1991 Ujung Kulon National Park 1991 Borobudur Temple compound HAITI: 1991 Prambanan Temple compound 1982 Citadel, Sans-Souci Palace, and 1996 Sangiran Early Man Site Ramiers National Historic Park IRAN: HOLY SEE: 1979 Persepolis 1984 Vatican City 1979 Tchoga Zanbil Ziggurat and Complex HONDURAS: 1979 Meidan Emam, Esfahan 1980 Maya Site of Copan 1982 Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve IRAQ: 1985 Hatra HUNGARY: 1987 Budapest, including the Banks of the IRELAND: Danube with the district of Buda 1993 Archaeological ensemble of the Castle Bend of the Boyne 1987 Holl6k6 1996 Skellig Michael 1996 The Millenary Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma and its Natural ITALY: Environment 1979 Rock Drawings in Valcamonica 154 Culture in Sustainable Development 1980 Church and Dominican Convent of 1993 Yakushima Santa Maria delle Grazie with "The 1993 Shirakami-Sanchi Last Supper" by Leonardo da Vinci 1994 Historic Monuments of Ancient 1982 Historic Centre of Florence Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) 1987 Venice and its Lagoon 1995 Historic Villages of Shirakawa-go 1987 Piazza del Duomo, Pisa and Gokayama 1990 Historic Centre of San Gimignano 1996 Hiroshima Peace Memorial 1993 I Sassi di Matera (Genbaku Dome) 1994 The City of Vicenza and the Palla- 1996 Itsukushima Shinto Shrine dian Villas of the Veneto 1995 Historic Centre of Siena JERUSALEM: 1995 Historic Centre of Naples 1981 The Old City of Jerusalem and its 1995 Crespi d'Adda Walls (site proposed by Jordan) 1995 Ferrara, City of the Renaissance 1996 Castel del Monte JORDAN: 1996 The Trulli of Alberobello 1985 Petra 1996 The Early Christian Monuments 1985 Quseir Amra and Mosaics of Ravenna 1996 The Historic Centre of the City of KENYA: Pienza 1997 Mount Kenya National Park/ 1997 The 18th-Century Royal Palace at Natural Forest Caserta with the Park, the Aqueduct 1997 Sibiloi/Central Island National Parks of Vanvitelli, and the San Leucio Complex LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC: 1997 The Residences of the Royal House 1995 Town of Luang Prabang of Savoy 1997 The Botanical Garden (Orto LATVIA: Botanico), Padua 1997 The Historic Centre of Riga 1997 The Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena LEBANON: 1997 The Archaeological Areas of 1984 Anjar Pompei, Ercolano, and Torre 1984 Baalbek Annunziata 1984 Byblos 1997 Villa Romana del Casale 1984 Tyre 1997 Su Nuraxi di Barumini 1997 Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA: Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto) 1982 Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna 1997 The Costiera Amalfitana 1982 Archaeological Site of Sabratha 1997 The Archaeological Area of 1982 Archaeological Site of Cyrene Agrigento 1985 Rock-art Sites of Tadrart Acacus 1988 Old Town of Ghadams ITALY/HOLY SEE: 1980 Historic Centre of Rome, the prop- LITHUANIA: erties of the Holy See in that city 1994 Vilnius Historic Centre enjoying extraterritorial rights, and Sa Paolo fuori le Mura LUXEMBOURG: 1994 The City of Luxembourg, its old JAPAN: quarters and fortifications 1993 Himeji-jo 1993 Buddhist Monuments in the Horyuji MADAGASCAR: Area 1990 Tsingy Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve UNESCO World Heritage List 155 MALAWI: 1997 The Archaeological Site of Volubilis 1984 Lake Malawi National Park 1997 The Medina of T6touan (formerly known as Titawin) MALI: 1988 Old Towns of Djenn6 MOZAMBIQUE: 1988 Timbuktu 1991 Island of Mozambique 1989 Cliffs of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons) NEPAL: 1979 Kathmandu Valley MALTA: 1979 Sagarmatha National Park, includ- 1980 City of Valetta ing Mt. Everest 1980 Megalithic Temples 1984 Royal Chitwan National Park 1980 Hal Saflieni Hypogeum 1997 Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha MAURITANIA: 1989 Banc D'Arguin National Park NETHERLANDS: 1996 The Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, 1995 Schokland and its surroundings Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata 1996 Defense Line of Amsterdam 1997 Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout MEXICO: 1997 Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner 1987 Historic Centre of Mexico City and City, and Harbour, The Netherlands Xochimilco Antilles 1987 Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque NEW ZEALAND: 1987 Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan 1990 Te Wahipounamu-South West New 1987 Historic Centre of Oaxaca and the Zealand (Westland/Mount Cook Archaeological Site of Monte Alban National Park and Fiordland Na- 1987 Historic Centre of Puebla tional Park, previously inscribed on 1987 Sian Ka'an the World Heritage List, are part of 1988 Historic Town of Guanajuato and this site) adjacent mines 1990 Tongariro National Park 1988 Pre-Hispanic City of Chich6n-Itza 1991 Historic Centre of Morelia NIGER: 1992 El Tajin, Pre-Hispanic City 1991 Air and T6n6r6 Natural Reserves 1993 Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino 1996 "W" National Park 1993 Historic Centre of Zacatecas 1993 Rock Paintings of the Sierra de San NORWAY: Francisco 1979 Urnes Stave Church 1994 The Earliest 16th Century Monaster- 1979 Bryggen ies on the slopes of Popocatepetl 1980 Roros Mining Town 1996 The Prehispanic Town of Uxmal 1985 Rock Drawings of Alta 1996 The Historic Monuments Zone of Quer6taro OMAN: 1997 Hospicio Caba6as, Guadalajara 1987 Bahla Fort 1988 Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al- MOROCCO: Khutm and Al-Ayn 1981 Medina of Fez 1994 Arabian Oryx Sanctuary 1985 Medina of Marrakesh 1987 Ksar of AAt-Ben-Haddou PAKISTAN: 1996 The Historic City of Meknes 1980 Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro 156 Culture in Sustainable Development 1980 Buddhist Ruins at Takht-i-Bahi and 1983 Monastery of the Hieronymites Neighboring City Remains at Sahr- and Tower of Bel6m, i-Bahlol Lisbon 1980 Taxila 1983 Monastery of Batalha 1981 Fort and Shalamar Gardens at Lahore 1983 Convent of Christ in Tomar 1981 Historic Monuments of Thatta 1988 Historic Centre of Evora 1997 Rohtas Fort 1989 Monastery of Alcobaqa 1995 Cultural Landscape of Sintra PANAMA: 1996 The Historic Centre of Oporto 1980 Fortifications of Portobelo and San Lorenzo REPUBLIC OF KOREA: 1981 Darien National Park 1995 Sokkuram Grotto and Pulguksa 1997 The Historic District of Panam., Temple with the SalCn Bolivar 1995 Haiensa Temple Changgyong P'ango, the Depositories for the PARAGUAY: Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks 1993 Jesuit Missions of La Santisima 1995 The Chongmyo Shrine Trinidad de Parana and Jesus de 1997 The Chfangdokkung Palace Tavarangue Complex 1997 Hwasong Fortress PERU: 1983 City of Cuzco ROMANIA: 1983 Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu 1991 Danube Delta 1985 Chavin (Archaeological site) 1993 Biertan and its Fortified Church 1985 Huascardn National Park 1993 Monastery of Horezu 1987 Manu National Park 1993 Churches of Moldavia 1988 Chan Chan Archaeological Zone 1990 Rio Abiseo National Park RUSSIAN FEDERATION: 1991 Historic Centre of Lima 1990 Historic Centre of St. Petersburg 1994 The Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and related groups of monuments and Pampas de Juma 1990 Khizi Pogost 1990 Kremlin and the Red Square PHILIPPINES: 1992 Historic Monuments of Novgorod 1993 Baroque Churches of the Philippines and surroundings 1993 Tubbataha Reef Marine Park 1992 Cultural and Historic Ensemble of 1995 Rice Terraces of the Philippines the Solovetsky Islands Cordilleras 1992 The White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal POLAND: 1993 Architectural Ensemble of the 1978 Historic Centre of Cracow Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev 1978 Wieliczka Salt Mines Posad 1979 Auschwitz Concentration Camp 1994 The Church of the Ascension, 1980 Historic Centre of Warsaw Kolomenskoye 1992 Old City of Zamosc 1995 Virgin Komi Forests 1997 The Medieval Town of Torun 1996 Lake Baikal 1997 The Castle of the Teutonic Order in 1996 Volcanoes of Kamchatka Malbork SENEGAL: PORTUGAL: 1978 Island of Gor6e 1983 Central Zone of the Town of Angra 1981 Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary do Heroismo in the Azores 1981 Niokolo-Koba National Park UNESCO World Heritage List 157 SEYCHELLES: SRI LANKA: 1982 Aldabra Atoll 1983 Vall6e de Mai 1982 Sacred City of Anuradhapura Nature Reserve 1982 Ancient City of Polonnaruva 1982 Ancient City of Sigiriya SLOVAKIA: 1988 Sinharaja Forest Reserve 1993 V1kolinec 1988 Sacred City of Kandy 1993 Spissky Hrad and its Associated 1988 Old Town of Galle and its fortifi- Cultural Monuments cations 1993 Banska Stiavnica 1991 Golden Temple of Dambulla SLOVENIA: SWEDEN: 1988 Skocjan Caves 1991 Royal Domain of Drottningholm 1993 Birka and Hovghrden SPAIN: 1993 Engelsberg Ironworks 1984 The Historic Centre of C6rdoba 1994 Rock Carvings of Tanum 1984 Alhambra, Generalife, and 1994 SkogskyrkogArden Albayzin, Granada 1995 Hanseatic Town of Visby 1984 Burgos Cathedral 1996 The Church Village of Gammelstad, 1984 Monastery and Site of the Escurial, LuleA Madrid 1996 The Laponian Area 1984 Parque Gilell, Palacio Gilell and Casa Mila, Barcelona SWITZERLAND: 1985 Altamira Cave 1983 Convent of St. Gall 1985 Old Town of Segovia, including its 1983 Benedictine Convent of St. John at aqueduct MiAstair 1985 Churches of the Kingdom of the 1983 Old City of Berne Asturias 1985 Santiago de Compostela (Old Town) SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC: 1985 Old Town of Avila, including its 1979 Ancient City of Damascus Extra Muros churches 1980 Site of Palmyra 1986 Mudejar Architecture of Teruel 1980 Ancient City of Bosra 1986 Historic City of Toledo 1988 Ancient City of Aleppo 1986 Garajonay National Park 1986 Old Town of Caceres THAILAND: 1987 Cathedral, the Alcazar and Archivo 1991 Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildl de Indias, Seville ife Sanctuaries 1988 Old City of Salamanca 1991 Historic Town of Sukhothai and 1991 Poblet Monastery associated historic towns 1993 Archaeological Ensemble of M6rida 1991 Historic City of Ayutthaya and 1993 Royal Monastery of Santa Maria de associated historic towns Guadalupe 1992 Ban Chiang Archaeological Site 1993 The Route of Santiago de Compostela TUNISIA: 1994 Dofiana National Park 1979 Amphitheater of El Djem 1996 The Historic Walled Town of Cuenca 1979 Site of Carthage 1996 "La Lonja de la Seda" of Valencia 1979 Medina of Tunis 1997 Las M6dulas 1980 Ichkeul National Park 1997 The Palau de la Misica Catalana and 1985 Punic Town of Kerkuane and its the Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona Necropolis 1997 San Mill-n Yuso and Suso Monasteries 1988 Medina of Sousse 158 Culture in Sustainable Development 1988 Kairouan UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA: 1997 Dougga/Thugga 1979 Ngorongoro Conservation Area 1981 Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins TURKEY: of Songo Mnara 1985 Historic Areas of Istanbul 1981 Serengeti National Park 1985 Goreme National Park and the Rock 1982 Selous Game Reserve Sites of Cappadocia 1987 Kilimanjaro National Park 1985 Great Mosque and Hospital of Divrigi UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: 1986 Hattusha 1978 Mesa Verde National Park 1987 Nemrut Dag 1978 Yellowstone National Park 1988 Xanthos-Letoon 1979 Everglades National Park 1988 Hierapolis-Pamukkale 1979 Grand Canyon National Park 1994 City of Safranbolu 1979 Independence Hall 1980 Redwood National Park UGANDA: 1981 Mammoth Cave National Park 1994 Bwindi Impenetrable National Park 1981 Olympic National Park 1994 Rwenzori Mountains National Park 1982 Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site 1983 Great Smokey Mountains National UKRAINE: Park 1990 Kiev: St Sophia Cathedral and 1983 San Juan National Historic Site and related monastic buildings, and La Fortaleza Lavra of Kiev-Pechersk 1984 The Statue of Liberty 1984 Yosemite National Park UNITED KINGDOM: 1987 Monticello, and the University of 1986 The Giant's Causeway and Cause- Virginia, Charlottesville way Coast 1987 Chaco Culture National Historic 1986 Durham Castle and Cathedral Park 1986 Ironbridge Gorge 1987 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 1986 Studley Royal Park, including the 1992 Pueblo de Taos Ruins of Fountains Abbey 1995 Carlsbad Caverns National Park 1986 Stonehenge, Avebury and associ- ated sites URUGUAY: 1986 The Castles and Town Walls of King 1995 Historic Quarter of the City of Edward in Gwynedd Colonia del Sacramento 1986 St. Kilda 1987 Blenheim Palace UZBEKISTAN: 1987 City of Bath 1990 Itchan Kala 1987 Hadrian's Wall 1993 The Historic Centre of Bukhara 1987 Palace of Westminster, Abbey of Westminster, and St. Margaret's VENEZUELA: Church 1993 Coro 1988 Henderson Island 1994 Canaima National Park 1988 The Tower of London 1988 Canterbury Cathedral, St. VIET NAM: Augustine's Abbey, and St. Martin's 1993 Hu. (Complex of Monuments) Church 1994 Ha Long Bay 1995 Old and New Towns of Edinburgh 1995 Gough Island Wildlife Reserve YEMEN: 1997 Maritime Greenwich 1982 Old Walled City of Shibam LINESCO World Heritage List 159 1988 Old City of Sana'a submitted by the States Parties and considered 1993 Historic Town of Zabid to be of outstanding universal value. One of the main responsibilities of this Com- YUGOSLAVIA: mittee is to provide technical co-operation un- 1979 Natural and Culturo-Historic der the World Heritage Fund for the safeguarding Region of Kotor of World Heritage properties to States Parties 1979 Stari Ras and Sopocani Monastery whose resources are insufficient. States Parties 1980 Durmitor National Park can request international assistance under the 1988 Studenica Monastery Fund for the preparation of tentative lists and nomination forms, expert missions, training of ZAMBIA/ZIMBABWE: specialized staff, and supply of equipment when 1989 Victoria Falls/Mosi-oa-Tunya appropriate; they can also apply for long-term loans and, in special cases, non-repayable grants. ZIMBABWE: Requests must concern work necessary for the 1984 Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and preservation of cultural or natural sites included Chewore Safari Areas in the World Heritage List or assistance to na- 1988 Great Zimbabwe National Monument tional or regional training centres. 1988 Khami Ruins National Monument Emergency assistance is also available under the Fund in the case of properties severely dam- The World Heritage List was established un- aged by specific natural or man-made disasters der terms of The Convention Concerning the Pro- or threatened with imminent destruction. tection of the World Cultural and Natural Inquiries should be sent to: Heritage adopted in November 1972 at the 17th General Conference of UNESCO. The Conven- UNESCO World Heritage Centre tion states that a World Heritage Committee "will 7 Place de Fontenoy establish, keep up-to-date and publish" a World 75352 Paris 07 SP, France Heritage List of cultural and natural properties, wh-info@unesco.org Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict The Hague Convention, Adopted 1954 This Convention is a sequel to an earlier The Convention came into force on August 7, treaty of 1907 concerning the laws and 1956. As of July 15, 1998, there were 92 States customs of warfare on land, an accord that Parties. instituted, for the first time, a rudimentary form A separate Protocol was adopted at the same of international protection for structures devoted time as the Convention. This accord forbids States to the arts and sciences and for historical monu- Parties to export cultural property from territo- ments. The 1954 Convention contains provisions ries under their occupation. Furthermore, those for safeguarding movable as well as immovable states must take all necessary steps to prevent property deemed of great importance to the cul- such exportation by others. If despite these mea- tural heritage of peoples, irrespective of its ori- sures an item of cultural property is exported gin or ownership, and makes respect for such from an occupied territory, it must be returned property during armed conflict obligatory. The to the competent authorities of that territory upon term "armed conflict" is used, rather than "war" the cessation of hostilities, with the understand- to cover any armed hostilities, including those ing that any indemnities due to purchasers or between and within nations, whether or not war holders in good faith will be paid by the previ- is formally declared. ously occupying state. As stipulated in the Pro- During an armed conflict, protection of cul- tocol, cultural property transferred from an tural property is the responsibility of the territo- occupied territory shall never be retained as war rial state and of its enemies alike. Respect for reparations. protected property implies that the parties to the The Protocol came into force on August 7,1956. Convention refrain from any use of such prop- Seventy-seven countries were States Parties as of erty that might make it vulnerable to damage, July 15, 1998. and from any deliberate destruction. States Par- The Convention and the Protocol were drafted ties also undertake to prohibit and, if necessary, and adopted in the wake of massive destruction to prevent any form of theft, pillage, misappro- during the Second World War, comprising the priation or vandalism directed against protected first international agreement focusing exclusively cultural property. The Convention provides for on the protection of cultural heritage. The terms special protection of movable cultural property of the Convention cover a broad range of cultural considered of great importance and for desig- property, including religious or secular architec- nated refuges intended to shelter such property. ture; archaeological sites; works of art; manu- 160 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 161 scripts, books and other objects of artistic, his- Recent UNESCO activities relating to the Con- torical or archaeological interest; scientific mate- vention include meetings of military and legal rials; museums; libraries; archives; and entire experts to enhance application by armed forces historic districts or settlements. Vehicles used to in the field and to strengthen the utility of the move cultural objects also are protected, as are accord. Regional and sub-regional seminars are personnel responsible for their care. convened to encourage ratification and adher- The procedures for application of the Conven- ence to the terms of the Convention: the first of tion are set out in regulations for its execution these were in Central Asia and the Caucasus. which, on the initiative of the Director-General Continuing meetings of States Parties are review- of UNESCO, were implemented for the first time ing the Convention with the objective of strength- during the 1967 Middle East conflict. In brief, ening provisions for its effectiveness. States Parties to the Convention are obliged to Publications by UNESCO relating to the Con- lessen the consequences for cultural heritage of vention include: reports of States Parties to the an armed conflict and to: Convention on application of its terms (issued in * Take preventive measures for such protection, 1967, 1970, 1979,1984,1989 and 1995); a commen- not only during hostilities, but also in peace- tary on the Convention, in French and English; time; an insert about the Convention for inclusion in * Safeguard and respect cultural property dur- military manuals; and a review of the Conven- ing armed conflict; tion, in English and French. * Establish mechanisms for protection, includ- In protecting cultural property during armed ing nomination of Commissioners-General for conflict, UNESCO cooperates closely with the Cultural Property and inscription of specially United Nations and other intergovernmental and protected sites, monuments or refuges of nongovernmental organizations such as the moveable cultural objects in the International Council of Europe, the International Centre for Register of Cultural Property under Special the Study of the Preservation and the Restora- Protection; tion of Cultural Property (ICCROM), the Red * Mark important buildings and monuments Cross, the International Council of Museums with a special protective emblem, the "Blue (ICOM), and the International Council on Monu- Shield"; ments and Sites (ICOMOS). * Create dedicated units within the military For the text of the "Convention for the Pro- forces with responsibility for protecting cul- tection of Cultural Property in the Event of tural heritage; and Armed Conflict", see: Conventions and Recom- * Inform the military and the general public of mendations of UNESCO Concerning the Protec- the Convention and its terms. tion of the Cultural Heritage, UNESCO, When the UNESCO Secretariat receives infor- Imprimeries Populaires, Geneva, Second edi- mation about impending hostilities or the de- tion, 1985 (ISBN 92-3-102101-X); or struction of cultural property during an armed conflict, it immediately contacts the warring par- http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/ ties, reminds them of their obligations to respect legal/cltheritage/index.html#recomm and protect cultural property, and if requested by a States Party, provides technical assistance, For further information, write, call or fax: including expert missions. This practice has been helpful in the course of several conflicts during UNESCO the past forty years. Moreover, in order to dis- International Standards Section, Division seminate the provisions of the Convention more of Cultural Heritage widely, UNESCO organizes expert meetings, 1 rue Miollis, 75732 PARIS CEDEX 15 seminars and training courses for specific groups France including parliamentarians, members of the Phone: +33-1-45-68-44-40 armed forces, police officers, lawyers, and con- Fax: +33-1-45-68-55-96 servation specialists, and issues publications. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property Adopted in Paris, 1970 The purpose of this Convention is to fur- chaeological objects are an important part of a ther develop principles and standards set country's cultural heritage and thus national laws forth in the Recommendation on the same exist to protect them. But protection often is in- subject adopted by the UNESCO General Con- adequate, and due to a growing international ference in 1964, and to make them binding on demand, thefts of art works and antiquities are States Parties to the Convention. The accord de- increasing. Archaeological sites continue to be fines at length the cultural property qualifying plundered. Countries with a rich archaeological for protection on historical, archaeological, artis- and cultural heritage are particularly vulnerable, tic and scientific grounds. as the lucrative international art and antiquities Under the Convention, the transfer of owner- market encourages disturbance of archaeologi- ship, import and export of all property covered cal sites, plunder of historic structures, destruc- by its definition is not automatically prohibited. tion of monumental works of art, and the ensuing Each States Party to the Convention must estab- illicit trade. The result is disappearance of cul- lish regulations regarding operations that affect tural heritage in countries, but moreover, in the property situated in its territory and decide case of looted archaeological sites, the destruc- which are licit and which are illicit. States Par- tion of unique evidence for human habitation and ties to the Convention undertake to adopt neces- accomplishment. sary measures to: (1) prevent museums within Most looted objects are sent abroad where laws their territories from acquiring illegally exported of the countries of origin are ineffective. Thus, cultural property; (2) prohibit import of cultural cooperation between countries is essential if theft, property stolen from a museum or a public insti- looting and the illegal movement of objects are tution after the entry into force of the Conven- to be controlled. The intention of the Convention tion; (3) recover and return any such cultural is not to prevent all movement of art works and property stolen and imported, at the request of a archaeological objects. Their international circu- State of origin. lation is necessary to enable people in other coun- The Convention came into force on April 24, tries to gain knowledge of and respect for world 1972. As of 9 October 9, 1997, there were 88 States cultures. Rather, the aim is to stop theft, and to Parties. regulate the export and import of cultural objects What is illicit traffic and why does it need to so that countries are not deprived of artifacts fun- be prevented? Works of art, antiques and ar- damentally significant for their national heritage. 162 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 163 A key provision of the Convention concerns erning body and responsible officer are satisfied the return by a States Party of cultural property that the museum can acquire a valid title to the stolen from a museum or a similar institution lo- specimen or object in question and that in par- cated in another States Party. In the case of pil- ticular it has not been acquired in, or exported lage of archaeological sites causing extensive from, its country of origin... in violation of that damage to a State's cultural heritage, the Con- country's laws." vention calls for concerted international efforts Although few cases have been brought before which could include controls on imports and on the courts under legislation adopted to imple- international trade. A series of complementary ment the 1970 Convention, its principles have protection measures including regulating ex- been invoked in several cases. Courts in numer- ports, protecting archaeological sites, improving ous instances maintain that the UNESCO Con- museum management and security, as well as vention expresses internationally-accepted promulgating ethical rules for curators, collec- fundamental convictions on the right of each tors and dealers, are included in the text of the country to the protection of its cultural heritage Convention. and on the fact that practices which prejudice this Most States Parties to the Convention have right are condemnable and must to combated. passed laws protecting certain cultural objects, The role of UNESCO is essentially one of en- or categories of objects, and establishing rules couraging states to ratify the Convention; collect- regulating export. These rules vary widely: in ing and disseminating information on some countries there is a total ban on the export implementation measures; studying questions of various types of cultural property; in some, raised by states concerning the application of the export is subject in all cases to authorization; and Convention; and making proposals to states on in others, authorization to export must be ob- these matters. In addition, UNESCO circulates tained for specified categories of objects. Regu- information concerning thefts of cultural prop- lations by States Parties governing import also erty from museums or similar institutions in differ. States Parties to the Convention, encouraging co- The main impact of the Convention may be to operation among museums, customs administra- change attitudes. By adopting this accord, the tions, and police services. international community exerts moral pressure The following are a few examples of actions not only on those concerned with protection of taken by UNESCO in support of the Convention. the cultural heritage, but also on those dealing * After the theft in 1985 of 140 archaeological in cultural objects, even in States that are not par- objects from the National Museum of Anthro- ties to the Convention. Officials responsible for pology in Mexico, UNESCO circulated to all heritage management are encouraged to take States Parties an illustrated booklet on the sto- adequate measures to ensure proper protection len objects, requesting all possible assistance in collaboration with the different public ser- for their recovery and return. Interpol and the vices concerned, including museums, police ICOM also circulated details of the theft and customs. through their own channels. Conversely, those acquiring cultural property * UNESCO published compendia in English and (including museums, collectors and dealers) have French of national laws and regulations con- an increasing awareness of international stan- cerning the protection of movable cultural dards. The effect of the Convention is evident in property in 45 states, as well as booklets, in codes of ethics regarding acquisition of cultural English and French, containing the full texts property adopted by many museums in the in- of national laws and regulations in some 31 dustrialized countries. The Code of Professional other states. Ethics of the International Council of Museums * Commentary on the Convention, in French, is (ICOM) serves as a model, reinforcing the available from UNESCO. Convention's terms, as it states: "A museum * A study by a group of experts in 1983 on prob- should not acquire, whether by purchase, gift, lems raised by States Parties regarding imple- bequest or exchange, any object unless the gov- mentation of the Convention, proposed 164 Culture in Sustainable Development measures for national and international actions Property", see Conventions and Recommendations to stem illicit trafficking. The results are pub- of UNESCO Concerning the Protection of the Cul- lished under the title "National legal control tural Heritage, UNESCO, Imprimeries Populaires, of illicit traffic in cultural property," available Geneva, Second edition, 1985 (ISBN 92-3-102101- in English, French and Spanish from UNESCO. X), or * A handbook, in English, containing a summary of national regulations concerning the export http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/ of cultural property in more that 150 countries legal/cltheritage/index.html#recomm is widely disseminated. * In cooperation with the International Institute For further information, write, call or fax: for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), UNESCO addressed questions of private law International Standards Section regarding stolen and illegally exported cul- Division of Cultural Heritage tural property and participated in drafting the UNESCO UNIDROIT Convention. 1, rue Miollis * UNESCO cooperates with Interpol, the Cus- 75732 PARIS CEDEX 15 toms Cooperation Council and the ICOM in France training specialized personnel to counter illicit Phone: +33-1-45-68-44-40 traffic in cultural property. +33-1-45-68-44-01 For the text of the "Convention on the Means +33-1-45-68-37-93 of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Fax: +33-1-45-68-55-96 Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage The World Heritage Convention, Adopted in Paris, 1972 This Convention is a unique international States Parties recognize the duty of the interna- instrument recognizing and protecting tional community as a whole to exert influence both cultural and natural heritage of out- and cooperate in conserving a heritage deemed standing universal value. The accord links con- of world-wide value. servation of nature and culture, thus challenging The diversity of World Heritage sites and the limited perception that nature and culture are monuments is astounding: some are entire cit- in opposition. Nature and culture are comple- ies, like Brasilia, Bath or Luang Prabang; others mentary and inseparable, the cultural identity of are vast natural features like the Great Barrier different peoples having been forged in their Reef in Australia, or sites carrying traumatic natural environment. Just as the creative works memories of history like Auschwitz, the of humankind may be inspired by the beauty of Hiroshima Peace Memorial or the island of Goree, their natural surroundings, some of the most where slaves were embarked for the New World. spectacular natural sites bear the imprint of hu- Still others are exemplary buildings like the Taj man activity over centuries. Mahal or the Acropolis in Athens, or proto-in- The Convention came into force on December dustrial sites like the Wieliczka Salt Mines near 17, 1975. As of July 28,1998, there were 154 States Krakow, or the city and silver mines of Potosi. Parties. There are great natural parks like Yellowstone in The accord is the most universal legal instru- the United States or Los Glaciares in Argentina, ment for heritage protection, with 522 cultural, and frail ensembles of buildings made entirely natural and mixed sites on the World Heritage of earth, like those of Sana'a in Yemen, or Ait Ben List, a number augmented each year. Inscription Hadou in Morocco. on the List has extraordinary implications, as it It would be a mistake to assume that the List designates sites as valuable beyond national is simply an ever-expanding tourist's guide to boundaries and significant to all humankind. hundreds of wonders in the modern world. Many Thus, the Convention establishes two basic prin- of these sites are endangered, threatened by a va- ciples: First, each States Party accepts primary riety of forces, including: poverty, development obligation to ensure conservation of listed sites and population pressures, war, indifference, in- on its territory, and agrees to perform this respon- adequate management, ideological intolerance, sibility to the utmost of its resources. Second, all the brute power of profit, and relentless touristic 165 166 Culture in Sustainable Development overuse. Above all, the sites are threatened by ditional human settlement or land-use by a cul- the exceptionally swift changes visited upon our ture, especially a vulnerable one; or (6) be directly age throughout the world. The framers of the associated with events, living traditions, ideas, World Heritage Convention intended neither to beliefs, artistic or literary works of universal sig- arrest change, nor to freeze development. Rather, nificance. Natural sites should: (1) be outstand- sustainable development is the ultimate goal of ing examples representing major stages of the the World Heritage conservation process. earth's history; (2) be outstanding examples rep- The Convention is governed by a World Heri- resenting significant on-going ecological and bio- tage Committee, composed of a representative logical processes; (3) contain superlative natural from each of 21 States Parties, with nations par- phenomena or areas of exceptional natural ticipating on a rotating basis. A World Heritage beauty; or (4) contain the most important natu- Centre, housed at UNESCO, provides support ral habitats for in-situ conservation of biological services for the Committee, and administers a diversity. World Heritage Fund supported by contributions A preponderance of sites in the European and from States Parties. This fund provides approxi- Mediterranean regions leads the Committee to mately US $4 million per year, and is used to fa- focus increasing attention on geographical rep- cilitate some international technical assistance for resentation and on assuring an appropriate di- managing and restoring World Heritage sites, versity of site characteristics. Hence, the although the amount falls short of that antici- Committee initiated a global strategy to identify, pated by the Convention drafters and of current at regional levels, properties suitable for inscrip- need. tion that would lead to a fully representative and Sites are inscribed on the World Heritage List universal list. In 1994, An experts meeting on the through a four-step process consisting of identi- global strategy prescribed regional meetings to fication, nomination, evaluation and decision. In assist States Parties less well represented on the the identification stage, States Parties prepare an List in identifying and nominating cultural and inventory of properties in their territory deemed natural heritage sites. Several meetings have worthy of nomination. Nominations are consid- taken place in Africa, Asia and the Pacific area. ered and sites added to the List on an annual Additionally, there have been thematic meetings basis. Upon nomination of a site by a States Party, on topics including: historic routes, heritage ca- a dossier is prepared and submitted to UNESCO nals, as well as Asian rice culture and terraced for examination by the World Heritage Center landscapes. Other meetings have examined cul- and evaluation by the International Council on tural landscapes in the Asia-Pacific region, Eu- Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) in the case of rope and the Andes. cultural sites, and by the World Conservation Once a site is inscribed on the World Heritage Union (IUCN) for natural sites. Nominations of List, what is the States Party's responsibility? cultural landscapes and mixed sites are evalu- Above all, it is to maintain the values that gained ated by both ICOMOS and IUCN. Site nomina- inscription for the site. Listing a site accomplishes tions and evaluations are considered by the little if it subsequently falls into a state of disre- Bureau of the World Heritage Committee which pair or if a development project threatens to com- makes recommendations to the Committee for promise the site's integrity. Conservation is an decision. ongoing process. The credibility of World Heri- Cultural sites must meet one or more of the tage stems from regular monitoring of the state following criteria: (1) be considered a masterpiece of conservation, reporting on the condition of of human creative genius; (2) exhibit an impor- sites, and on measures taken to protect them. Ef- tant interchange of human values over time; (3) forts to raise public awareness of the value and bear a unique or exceptional testimony to a cul- conservation needs are essential in this process. tural tradition, living or disappeared; (4) be an Submission by the States Parties of periodic re- outstanding example of a structure, site or land- ports on the condition of listed sites to the Gen- scape, illustrating a significant stage in human eral Conference of UNESCO through the World history; (5) be an outstanding example of a tra- Heritage Committee is considered a crucial part Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 167 of the World Heritage conservation process. In during the following two years in Dubrovnik, regard to improving conservation and site man- Croatia, in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and in agement, sharing of experience on the interna- Beijing, China. A World Heritage Education Kit tional level is a great asset offered by the World called "World Heritage in Young Hands" includ- Heritage venture. ing student activities, a poster, and photographs States Parties are encouraged by the Conven- of World Heritage sites from all regions of the tion to improve general practices for designat- world will be available from UNESCO in late 1998. ing, managing and protecting heritage areas. The effectiveness of the World Heritage Con- When nominating World Heritage sites, govern- vention is impressive since failure to comply with ments must vouch for their legal and adminis- the recommendations of the World Heritage trative protection. Monitoring the condition of Committee does not invoke sanctions greater World Heritage sites is an increasingly important than the possibility of removal of a site from the and complex issue. The Convention calls for a World Heritage List. The Convention relies solely List of World Heritage in Danger, to draw inter- on the power of persuasion and the desire for national attention to severely threatened sites. As general recognition felt by people everywhere of December 1997, this list contained 25 cultural who are concerned with the preservation of the and natural sites. The Committee may occasion- world's remarkable heritage. ally apply pressure on a States Party regarding For the text of the "Convention concerning the stewardship of its World Heritage sites. In its ad- Protection of the World Cultural and Natural visory and oversight role, the Committee encour- Heritage", see Conventions and Recommendations ages good management practices and has, in of UNESCO Concerning the Protection of the Cul- some instances, discouraged threatening devel- tural Heritage, UNESCO, Imprimeries Populaires, opment projects such as dams, roads, and intru- Geneva, Second edition, 1985 (ISBN 92-3-102101- sive industrial or tourist facilities. X): or For long-range protection of the planet's cul- tural and natural diversity it is necessary to in- http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/ still a deep sense of responsibility in young legal/cltheritage/index.html#recomm people. The UNESCO Young People's World Heritage Education Project aims to promote For further information, write, call or fax: awareness of the World Heritage Convention among young people and to involve them in World Heritage Centre World Heritage conservation through the inte- UNESCO gration of World Heritage education into second- 7, place de Fontenoy ary school curricula. This is done with the 75352 PARIS 07 SP expectation of creating a new synergy among France educators, teachers, curriculum developers, heri- Phone: +33-1-45-68-15-71 tage experts and others from the local to the in- +33-1-45-68-18-76 ternational level. In June 1995, the First World Fax: +33-1-45-68-55-70 Heritage Youth Forum was held in Bergen, Nor- E-mail: wh-info@unesco.org way. World Heritage Youth Fora also convened http://www.unesco.org/whc/ U.S. Historic Preservation Tax Incentives Program Historic buildings are tangible links with special character. The tax incentives for preser- the past. They help give a community a vation attract new private investment to the his- sense of identity, stability, and orienta- toric cores of cities and towns. They also generate tion. The Federal government encourages the jobs, enhance property values, and augment rev- preservation of historic buildings through vari- enues for state and local governments through ous means. One of these is the program of Fed- increased property, business and income taxes. eral tax incentives to support the rehabilitation The Preservation Tax Incentives also help create of historic and older buildings. The Federal His- moderate- and low-income housing in historic toric Preservation Tax Incentives Program is one buildings. Through this program, abandoned or of the Federal government's most successful and underused schools, warehouses, factories, cost-effective community revitalization pro- churches, retail stores, apartments, hotels, houses, grams. The Preservation Tax Incentives reward and offices throughout the country have been private investment in rehabilitating historic prop- restored to life in a manner that maintains their erties such as offices, rental housing, and retail historic character. stores. Current tax incentives for preservation, estab- Since 1976, the National Park Service has ad- lished by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (PL 99-514; ministered the program in partnership with the Internal Revenue Code Section 47 [formerly Sec- Internal Revenue Service and with State Historic tion 48(g)]) include: Preservation Officers. The tax incentives have * Twenty percent tax credit for the certified re- spurred the rehabilitation of historic structures habilitation of certified historic structures; and of every period, size, style, and type. They have * Ten percent tax credit for the rehabilitation of been instrumental in preserving the historic non-historic, non-residential buildings built places that give cities, towns and rural areas their before 1936. 168 Federal Tax Incentives Program for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings 0.2~ A Successful Federal/State Partnership he Historic Preservation Tax Incentives attracted new private investment to historic cores Program, jointly administered by the Na- of cities and towns as well as generated jobs, en- tional Park Service and the State Historic hanced property values, created affordable hous- Preservation Officers, is the most effective Fed- ing and augmented revenues for Federal, State eral program to promote both urban and rural and local governments. revitalization and encourage private investment in rehabilitating historic buildings. The tax credit 902 Projects Approved in 1997: Largest is specifically targeted at income-producing his- Increase in 13 Years toric properties and has generated over $18 bil- lion in historic preservation activity since its The historic rehabilitation tax credits program inception in 1976. The tax incentives program has continues to be the Federal government's largest Federal tax incentives for rehabilitating historic buildings-a 20-year history 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 FY77 FY78 FY79 FY80 FY81 FY82 FY83 FY84 FY85 FY86 FY87 FY88 FY89 FY90 FY91 FY92 FY93 FY94 FY95 FY96 FY97 - Approved projects - - - Investment (millions) 169 170 Culture in Sustainable Development program to stimulate the preservation and reuse communities. Completed rehabilitation projects of historic buildings that help provide our older certified by the National Park Service last year communities with their unique character. In fis- represented a private investment of more than cal year 1997, the National Park Service approved $1.73 billion at a cost to the Federal Treasury of 902 projects-the highest number this decade. This less than $346 million in the form of tax credits. number was a 25 percent increase over the 724 Taking into account new construction, which of- projects approved the previous year and the ten takes place in conjunction with approved re- largest percent increase since 1984. Spurred on habilitations and is ineligible for the credit, the by a healthy economy and the available tax program leverages far greater than 5 to 1 in pri- credits, even historic properties that had re- vate-to-public investment in the preservation and mained vacant since the passage of the Tax Re- renewal of our old communities. form Act of 1986 are now being saved and adaptively reused. Over 190,000 Eligible Properties Nationwide 1997 at a Glance As of September 30, 1997, buildings listed in or contributing to historic districts on the National * With a 5-to-1 ratio of private investment to fed- Register of Historic Places totaled 936,059 with eral tax credit, the Historic Preservation Tax an average of 30,000 buildings being added an- Incentives program is an outstanding means nually. In addition, an estimated 39,785 are in- of leveraging private investment in adaptive cluded in local historic districts that are certified reuses and preservation of our nation's historic by the National Park Service. The National Park buildings. Service estimates that 20 percent of the historic * Approved projects totaled 902. buildings qualify as income producing. Under * Jobs created totaled 42,394. current tax law, only income-producing buildings * Leveraged private investment totaled $1.73 listed individually or certified as contributing to billion. these historic districts are eligible for rehabilita- * Record number 6,239 low- and moderate-in- tion credits. come housing units created. Finding Out More About the Program Widespread Economic Benefits: 47 New Jobs Created by Each Project Information on the historic rehabilitation tax credits and a series of technical publications Each rehabilitation project approved by the Na- which explain cost-effective methods of repair- tional Park Service provides, on the average, 47 ing and maintaining historic buildings are avail- new jobs-principally to local residents. Besides able from the Technical Preservation Services Federal income tax generated from these new Branch of the National Park Service and from jobs, taxes on income from other activities involv- State Historic Preservation Offices. In particular, ing these rehabilitations provide further tax rev- the recently revised National Park Service publi- enues to federal, state and local governments. cation, Preservation Tax Incentives for Historic Build- These projects also result in enhanced property ings, provides a user-friendly guide to the tax values, augmenting state and local revenues, and credit program. The National Park Service is also contributing to economic rejuvenation of older sponsoring a series of conferences entitled Tax neighborhoods and center cities. Incentives for Developing Historic Properties: A Fresh Look at the Economics of Historic Development, that More Than $1.73 Billion in New Private are being held around the country during 1997- Funds Invested Last Year 1998. A new brochure, Historic Preservation Ease- ments, A Historic Preservation Tool with Federal Tax While the federal historic preservation tax incen- Benefits, available from the National Park Service, tives encourage the rehabilitation of historic describes financial incentives available to prop- buildings, they also stimulate major private in- erty owners who donate easements for conser- vestment in our older, often culturally diverse vation purposes. Additional information is Federal Tax Incentives Program for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings 171 available on the National Park Service's "Links State Historic Preservation Offices are the point to the Past" World Wide Web site. A catalog of of contact for property owners wishing to use the publications is available by writing to Technical rehabilitation tax credit. State Historic Preserva- Preservation Services Branch, Heritage Preserva- tion Offices can guide property owners to exist- tion Services, National Park Service, NC200, 1849 ing historic districts and contributing buildings C Street, NW, Washington, DC 20240 (202)343- which are already eligible and give technical 9585. Information on Federal Tax Incentives for guidance before the project begins to make the Rehabilitating Historic Buildings is available on process as fast and economical as possible. Inter- the National Park Service's Technical Preserva- ested property owners may call the National tion Services for Historic Buildings' website at Conference of State Historic Preservation Offi- cers at (202) 624-5465 for the phone number and http://www.cr.nps.gov/tps/tps_htm address of their state office. Culture and Sustainable Development: Projects in Partnership Fiscal Year 1997/98 World Bank Projects in Preparation or Recently Approved Country/project Project description Task Manager AFRICA Ethiopia Discussions are underway with the Government of Ethiopia to Peter Dewees identify actions which would lead to the conservation of the Ethiopia Cultural Heritage country's rich cultural heritage, for possible future Bank Sup- Project port. Identification efforts will likely focus on the need for an inventory and database of Ethiopia's cultural heritage assets, the development of regional centers of excellence for artisans and craftsmen, conservation work in selected World Heritage sites, and support for building capacity and infrastructure in the national and regional museum system. Mali The project will finance a five-year investment program in 10 Abdelghani Inal cities and would include five components: (1) capacity building Urban Development and component (6% of the program cost); (2) urban infrastructure Decentralization Project maintenance and investments (62% of the program cost) imple- mented by AGETIPE on behalf of the municipalities; and (3) historic and monuments (9% of the program cost). EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC Cambodia The project is aimed at the rehabilitation/reopening of about Alain Labeau 100 km or roads between Siem Rap and the provincial border Proposed Road Rehabilita- with Kampon Thom. This area contains roads and bridges that tion Project date back to seventh century. The archeological significance of these engineering structures was appraised and confirmed by Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient. In addition, their structural soundness to withstand a growing motorized traffic was as- sessed and certified by Japan Overseas/Oriental Consultants. 172 Culture and Sustainable Development: Projects in Partnership 173 Country/project Project description Task Manager China Project includes a small ($500,000) technical assistance/train- Geoffrey Read ing component for the establishment of a cultural heritage bu- Liaoning Environmental reau to improve the overall management. Components include: Project (1) protection of the main water resources in Liaoning Province for drinking, industrial and agricultural purposes; (2) strengthen pricing policies and institutional arrangements for environment protection, water pollution control, wastewater and municipal solid waste management; and (3) institutional measures for air pollution control and cultural heritage asset management. Yunan Earthquake Recon- The project is helping finance accelerated earthquake recon- Geoffrey Read struction Project struction operations in the most seriously earthquake-affected areas in Yunan province. It will also finance small institutional strengthening program, providing technical assistance, data management facilities training, and support to Provincial, Pre- fectural and Country level agencies. Indonesia The goals of this project are to improve the provision of urban infrastructure services and the efficiency of urban investments, Semarang-Surakartau promote stronger, independent municipal government, and im- prove urban poverty alleviation through better access to essen- Rajagopal S. lyer tials services and an improved urban environment. Bali Urban Infrastructure The $10 million cultural heritage component of this project (which Dong Liu Project became effective in September 1997) comprises the following: improvements in infrastructure to the neighborhood of the Besakih Temple complex (the Mother Temple of Bali); demon- stration activities, including upgrading museums; community based conservation activities; establishing a Heritage Trust; strengthening conservation capacities; establishing an inven- tory of historic sites; and improving heritage signage. Sulawesi Cultural Heritage The program proposes to strengthen the participation of the Suhadi Conservation and Tourism local population in the management of cultural resources through Hadiwinoto Development Project local implementation of a conservation strategy. This project will have the support of a Learning and Innovation Loan (LIL) which will help to develop tourism while protecting the environment and cultural resources. East Java Historical sites The proposed project will rehabilitate and improve selected his- Suhadi Rehabilitation and Conser- toric sites in East Java. The rehabilitation and improvement of Hadiwinoto vation Project the historic sites will be funded by the project, while the devel- opment of the surrounding area will be fully supported by pri- vate investments. The project's goals are to expand and develop tourism as a main thrust of development and income genera- tion while providing mechanisms to protect natural and cultural heritage. Conservation of Kotagede The proposed project will start with the strengthening of com- Suharti Old City Area in Yogyakarta munity organizations and activities in traditional arts. The com- Hadiwinoto munity will identify all cultural assets in that area and agree on (Coordinator) how to maintain them. There are 170 old traditional houses in the area, the oldest one was built in 1750. The community will also maintain and improve the urban spaces following the old pattern. These will be linked to tourism development. (Table continues on the next page.) 174 Culture in Sustainable Development Country/project Project description Task Manager Revitalization of Traditional Solo was the capital city of the old Mataram Kingdom from the Suharti Culture in Solo 17th century, and it was known as the center of Javanese cul- Hadiwinoto ture. Revitalization of the traditional culture will go through com- (Coordinator) munity based activities, opening of the old culture and tradition of the palaces, conservation of historic buildings and sites, strengthening the intellectual process through universities, and enhancing the urban cultural life. There will be linkages with tourism and local economic activities of the community. EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Azerbaijan The goal of this project is to contribute to the sustainable man- Peter Pollak agement of Azerbaijan's cultural heritage, which would in turn Cultural Heritage Project allow for increased cultural related tourism activities. The pro- gram will accomplish this through restoration of the Shirvan Shah palace, improving the security of exhibitions, offering technical assistance to the State Committee for the Protection of Histori- cal Monuments. Albania The Albanian Southern Coast Development Project is focused Kreszentia M. upon the last undeveloped coast line of the European side of Duer Coastal Zone Development the Mediterranean Sea. Its purposes are poverty reduction through ecological and cultural tourism development, environ- mental preservation of the pristine seacoast and mountain vil- lages through building infrastructure and zoning, and conservation of cultural treasures such as Butrint and Phoenike. Butrint is an ancient city that is one of the 100 most threatened World Heritage Sites combining a Greek amphitheater, a Ro- man baptistery, a medieval cathedral and a Venetian fortress all in one site. Phoenike has an unexcavated acropolis seven times the size of the acropolis in Athens. Partners involved thus far in this project's development include: the Butrint foundation, Smithsonian Folklife Center, and the Government of Italy. Bosnia-Herzegovina This proposal will help with the reconstruction of the Old Mostar Patrice Dufour Bridge, restoration of historic buildings, and help preserve the Mostar Bridge Project character of historical neighborhoods by involving the local com- munities. Bulgaria The aim of this program is to preserve and restore Sofia's cul- Tim E. Campbell tural heritage by creating investment partnerships with private Sofia Urban Development sector to restore and improve key historical and cultural parts of the city. This includes: (1) restoring and improving public places of Old Sofia to increase tourism while raising cultural awareness; and (2) help national and community institutions develop the infrastructure to maintain the integrity of cultural and historic monuments. Croatia This project will support the conservation of cultural heritage Hans J. Apitz assets including rehabilitation, restoration, and preservation of Croatia-Kastela Bay archaeological and historic building and sites, which would con- Conservation tribute to the revitalization of economic activities in the creation of new small and medium size enterprises and the develop- ment of tourism. Culture and Sustainable Development: Projects in Partnership 175 Country/project Project description Task Manager Georgia The program will improve the management and promotion of Betsy A. McGean Georgia's cultural heritage by testing approaches that could Cultural Heritage Project revive tourism and engender social cohesion and national iden- tity. The project intends to accomplish this by establishing an emergency rehabilitation fund which will provide financing for sites in need of urgent repairs, and provide financing for four cultural heritage pilot sites for historic renovation. Romania The main objective of this program is to support Romania in its Thomas effort to develop a new national strategy for cultural heritage Blinkhorn Cultural Heritage Project preservation by testing new partnership approaches (public-pri- vate; community based as well as national-international) with a view to improving overall management in a cost-effective man- ner and fostering financial sustainability through appropriate tourism. Project components include: completion of the Brancusi's tower, rehabilitation of Saxon villages, and institu- tion building for conservation of monuments. Russia The project will provide a comprehensive package of studies, Felix Jacob designs, regulatory reform, capacity building and pilots to per- St. Petersburg mit implementation of the investment program. The program will Rehabilitation include technical cooperation which will assist the city in plan- ing and managing initiation of center city rehabilitation and a small cultural fund which will assist federally owned institutions improve their ability to generate non-budgetary revenue. Turkey The project will help to preserve the artifacts of the site by offer- Spyros Margetis ing technical assistance and supplies to prevent the continued Preservation of Catalhoyuk decrease of the water table. The lowering of the water table has Archeological Site caused the disintegration of the valuable artifacts at this site. In addition, the program will offer a long term strategy for the pres- ervation of the site including appropriate tourism development and expansion of research facilities. Uzbekistan The cultural heritage component of this project includes funds Thomas for the restoration/preservation of mosques, neighborhoods, and Blinkhorn Water Supply and Sewage of historic caravansary in Samarkand and Bukhara. LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN Bolivia Based on a locally based participatory approach the project Juan Martinez places culture at the center of economic development. The ob- Bolivia Indigenous People jectives of the projects are: (1) to formulate a National Indig- Cultural Heritage Fund enous Cultural Heritage Development Strategy based upon the preservation and recuperation of cultural heritage; (2) to sup- port indigenous and local communities to develop their own lo- cal cultural heritage strategies; (3) design and implement small-scale living culture projects, which recuperate and revi- talize the cultural identity of indigenous peoples as an asset for economic development; and (4) to support a program of capac- ity-building and institutional strengthening for the socio-economic development of indigenous peoples. (Table continues on the next page.) 176 Culture in Sustainable Development Country/project Project description Task Manager Brazil The Brazilian Ministries of Culture and Education are dedicated Judith Lisansky to restoring the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro as part of National Museum of Brazil, wider plan to redefine the Museum mission and make it a "cen- in Rio ter of excellence" for scientific research in the Natural and Cul- tural Sciences. The Bank will assist by establishing technical studies to define the concept of the museum, provide linkages with surrounding communities and cultural institutions, and sup- ply some emergency reconstruction work on the museum. Chile Prepare long-term program of rehabilitation and revitalization Maria Teresa of the metropolitan core of Santiago by supporting the munici- Serra Santiago Urban Core pality of the central commune in carrying out studies to identify Rehabilitation/ Revitaliza- and design priority interventions, institutional set-up, and finan- tion Project cial mechanisms for joint implementation by the public and pri- vate sectors. Ecuador There will be a series of activities designed to rescue and Martien Van strengthen the rich cultural patrimony of indigenous and Afro- Nieuwkoop Indigenous and Afro- Ecuadorian peoples of Ecuador. They include the identification Ecuadorian Peoples and promotion of archeological and ritual sites, support for in- Development Project digenous and Afro-Ecuadorian peoples festivities, and the prepa- ration of audiovisual documents with ethnographic materials. Honduras The development objective of the Honduras Cultural Heritage Maria-Valeria and Children's Museum Project is the expansion of the access Pena Cultural Heritage and and of the use of cultural, scientific, and technological informa- Children's Museum tion on sustainable development compatible with the cultural and ethnic diversity of the country. To achieve its objective, the project would undertake the following activities: (1) support a cultural inventory that would assess the cultural resources of Honduras, (2) assist the Government of Honduras in designing a cultural strategy that is not gender biased, is in harmony with ethnic di- versity, and is accessible to the poor; and (c) support the design and construction of a children's museum, including exhibits and training activities, which would focus on scientific and techno- logical information to promote sustainable development. Mexico The project objective is to support sustainable management of Augusta Molnar cultural heritage through the involvement of local communities Cultural Heritage Develop- and creating links between communities, government and the ment Program private sector. Activities would include an expansion of suc- cessful community-based models for the conservation manage- ment of cultural sites, financing of small-scale programs and activities which preserve and build upon living cultural heritage, and indigenous knowledge and artisans products. Peru The program will support and provide technical assistance to the Peruvian government to: (1) formulate an Indigenous Indigenous Cultural Peoples Development Strategy based upon the preservation Heritage Small Projects and recuperation of cultural heritage; (2) to support indigenous and local communities to develop their own local cultural heri- tage strategies; and (3) design and implement small-scale liv- ing culture projects. A further objective of the proposed technical assistance activities is to support a program of capacity-build- ing and institutional strengthening for the socio-economic de- velopment of indigenous peoples. Culture and Sustainable Development: Projects in Partnership 177 Country/project Project description Task Manager MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Jordan Tourism is Jordan's second largest generator of foreign exchange Mohammed D.E. after remittances. The project would help create the conditions Feghoul Second Tourism Develop- for increasing tourism in a sustainable and environmentally ment sound manner, and realize tourism-related employment and in- come-generation potential at project sites. It would support en- vironmental protection and infrastructure development at Petra, a World Heritage site, and at Wadi Rum, as well as tourism- related priority investments in the historic towns of Jerash and Karak. The project would also help the Government formulate a longer-term tourism development strategy and associated policy and institutional measures. Lebanon Lebanon has several cultural heritage and natural sites that of- Mohammed D.E. fer the potential for producing sustainable economic benefits Feghoul Cultural Heritage and from regional and international tourism. These assets were ne- Tourism Development glected during the civil war and are now imperiled by rapid ur- Project ban growth and poorly planned development. Project objectives would be to address the problems of uncontrolled growth of the towns surrounding the cultural heritage sites, create an envi- ronment that enhances visitor experience, provide necessary infrastructure and protect the environment for local residents and tourists, improve visitor reception and the management of cultural property, realize tourism-related employment and in- come-generation potential at project sites, and assist the rel- evant institutions to achieve and sustain these objectives. Project sites could include Baalbeck, Tyr, Saida, Byblos and Tripoli. Morocco Fes-Medina is a center of commerce and culture but has a high Francois L. Amiot concentration of poverty and substandard living conditions. The Fez Rehabilitation primary objective of the proposed project is to assist in the con- Project servation and rehabilitation of the Fes-Medina, especially the historic housing stock and urban environment. To reach this objective, the project will expand and accelerate conservation efforts, consolidate partnerships among the public and private sectors, and use the rehabilitation process to alleviate poverty and mitigate environmental impacts. Tunisia Tunisia has been experiencing a decrease in its tourism and Maryse D. the Government of Tunisia (GOT) wants to curb the decrease. Gautier Cultural Heritage This project is aimed to help the GOT with improving manage- Management ment policy of cultural sites and modifying tourist patterns by developing sustainable cultural tourism both at international and local levels. West Bank/Gaza The objectives of Bethlehem 2000 are: (1) to strengthen the Kingsley 0. economic base and foster sustainable development of the Robotham West Bank-Bethlehem Bethlehem area through tourism promotion; (2) to strengthen 2000 the infrastructural, financial, and managerial base of Bethlehem area municipalities through a program of investments reform and capacity building; and (3) to begin to foster the preserva- tion of cultural assets in Bethlehem by initiating a process of policy and institutional reform and capacity building. (Table continues on the next page.) 178 Culture in Sustainable Development Country/project Project description Task Manager Yemen The project would facilitate the development of a national strat- Maryse D. Gautier egy and regulatory framework for the conservation of Yemen's Cultural Heritage Protection national cultural heritage, and help conserve traditional urban landscapes in Sana'a, Shibam, and Zabid, and UNESCO world heritage cities. SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh The project would support the establishment of a Cultural Heri- Imtiazuddin tage Foundation for funding selected sub-projects submitted Ahmad Cultural Heritage Project by eligible Bangladeshi private and public organizations dedi- cated to cultural heritage activities. Possible sub-projects might include:(a) preservation and restoration of historic monuments, (b) promotion of fine arts and folkcrafts, (c) strengthening of private and public museums, and (d) recording music traditions and oral history which might otherwise be permanently lost. Conference Program Culture in Sustainable Development: Investing in Cultural and Natural Endowments Sponsored by the World Bank and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization September 28-29, 1998 Preston Auditorium, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC Monday, September 28 Visual Reflections to Welcome Arrivals OPENING PLENARY The Culture and Development Paradigm Welcome Maritta Koch-Weser, Director Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Latin America, The World Bank Culture and Sustainable Development: Investing in the Promise of Societies James D. Wolfensohn, President The World Bank Opening Keynote Address Sustaining Culture and Creative Expression in Development Elie Wiesel Nobel Laureate and Andrew Mellon Professor of Humanities Boston University Commentaries and Contemplations Presiding Hernan Crespo Toral Assistant Director General for Culture UNESCO 179 180 Culture in Sustainable Development The Natures of Culture: The Natural and Human Environment Vann Molyvann Senior Minister for Culture and Fine Arts, Land Management, Urban Affairs and Construction, Cambodia Cultural Heritage: Economic Challenges and Opportunities Enrique Iglesias, President Inter-American Development Bank The Social Dimensions of Culture and Contemporary Expressions Ali Mazrui, Director Institute of Global Cultural Studies Albert Schweitzer, Chair in Humanities State University of New York at Binghamton Questions and Audience Discussion Moderator: Hernan Crespo Toral The Intrinsic Value of Heritage Israel Klabin, President Fundacao Brasileira Para 0 Desenvolvimento Sustentavel, Brazil Cultural Heritage in the Global Information Millennium Ikuo Hirayama, President Foundation for Cultural Heritage, Japan Questions and Audience Discussion Moderator: Maritta Koch-Weser Economics and Culture Presiding Bonnie R. Cohen Under Secretary for Management Department of State, Washington, DC Economic Benefits and Public Finance: The Role of Governments Sheila Copps Minister of Canadian Culture, Canada The Role of Private Financing in Sustainable Development Francesco Frangialli Secretary-General World Tourism Organization Questions and Audience Discussion Moderator: Bonnie R. Cohen Conference Program 181 The Contributions of Women in Culture and Sustainable Development Presiding Gloria Davis, Director Social Family Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development, The World Bank A Vision of Gender in Culture Mahnaz Afkhami, President Sisterhood is Global Institute, New York Culture, Gender, and Heritage in Development Lourdes Arizpe, Chair Scientific Committee for World Culture Report, UNESCO Shadow Hands: Culture and Survival in Nature Dianne Dillon-Ridgley, President Women's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) Questions and Audience Discussion Moderator: Gloria Davis Evening Program Culture and Development at the Millennium: The Challenge and the Response Official Opening of the Cultural Heritage Exhibition Remarks: Testimony to Partnerships Ismail Serageldin, Vice President Special Programs, The World Bank Benjamin Ladner, President American University Mounir Bouchenaki, Director Division of Cultural Heritage, UNESCO Tuesday, September 29, 1998 Cultural Heritage and National Sustainable Development Presiding Sheltering People in the Culture of Cities Wally N'Dow, Special Advisor to the Administrator United Nations Development Programme The British Experience Lord Rothschild, Chairman of RIT Capital Partners plc President, James Place Capital and J. Rothschild Assurance 182 Culture in Sustainable Development Reconstructing the Past to Build the Future: Rescue and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Aliza Cohen-Mushlin, Founder /Director Architectural Section, Center for Jewish Art Hebrew University of Jerusalem Investing in Cultural Industries Milagros Del Corral, Director Division of Creativity, Cultural Industries and Copyright UNESCO Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development: Requirements for the 21st Century Presiding Franco Passacantando, Italy Executive Director of the World Bank Supporting the Contemporary Expression of Culture James Billington, The Librarian U. S. Library of Congress, Washington, DC Conserving Cultural Heritage James Allen Smith, Executive Director Gilman Foundation, NYC Promoting Cultural Partnerships Francisco Weffort Minister of Culture, Brazil Material and Spiritual Dimensions The Right Reverend Njongonkulu Hugh Ndungame Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa Closing Keynote Session Presiding C6sar Gaviria, Secretary General Organization of American States Closing Keynote Partnerships in the International Community for the Stewardship of Cultural Heritage and the Living Arts Federico Mayor, Director-General United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Summary of Conference Ismail Serageldin, Vice President The World Bank Adjourn Bios of Conference Speakers Mahnaz Afkhami is President of the Sister- rector of Research for the World Culture Report, hood is Global Institute and former Minister for UNESCO. She is a member of the Advisory Com- Women's Affairs in Iran. She is Executive Direc- mittee on the Environment, the National Re- tor of the Foundation for Iranian Studies and search Council, the Board on Sustainable serves on advisory boards for a number of na- Development and the Advisory Panel for the tional and international organizations. She cre- Human Development Report. ated the concept and mobilized support for the In 1998, Dr. Arizpe was Chair, Organizing establishment of the Asian and Pacific Center for Committee, Intergovernmental Conference on Women and Development and the International Cultural Policies for Development, UNESCO. She Research and Training Institute for the Advance- was Chair of the Organizing Committee, Con- ment of Women. Ms. Afkhami has written and ference on the Status of the Artist, UNESCO lectured extensively on Muslim women's human (1997), and Organizer and Chair of five expert rights, women and development, and women meetings to write the World Culture Report of and leadership. She is author of Women and the UNESCO (1996-98). In 1993, she was President, Law in Iran (1993), Women in Exile (1994), co-edi- World Congress of the International Union of tor of In the Eye of the Storm: Women in Post-revo- Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. lutionary Iran (1994), Faith and Freedom: Women's She has written many books, including Cul- Human Rights in the Muslim World (1995), and ture and Global Change: Social Perceptions of Defor- Muslim Women and the Politics of Participation: estation in the Lacandona Rain Forest (1995), Women Implementing the Beijing Platform (1997). She is also and Development in Mexico and Latin America co-author of Claiming Our Rights: A Manual for (1990), Culture and Development: an Ethnographic Women's Human Rights Education in Muslim Soci- Study ofa Mexican Community (1990), Peasants and eties (1996). Migration (1986), and Kinship and Economy in a Nahua Society (1972). Among her recent articles Lourdes Arizpe is Chair, Scientific Commit- are "Chiapas: The Basic Problems," in Identities tee for the World Culture Report, UNESCO. Previ- (1996) and "On Culture and Social Sustainabil- ously, she was Secretary, Mexican Academy of ity," in Development (1997). Science; Director, Institute of Anthropological Dr. Arizpe is a member of the UNESCO Pub- Research; and Director, National Museum of lishing Committee and of the Advisory Commit- Popular Cultures. Since 1996, she has been Di- tee of the Anuario Social Politico de America Latina 183 184 Culture in Sustainable Development y el Caribe, FLASCO. She has been on the edito- of the quarterly, Museum International. Previously, rial boards of Revista de Estudios Rurales he was Director of Antiquities, Museums and Latinoamericanos (Colombia); Signs: Women in Historic Monuments of Algeria, Ministry of Cul- Culture and Society (University of Chicago); Latin ture and Information; teacher of Ancient History American Research Review (U.S.), Journal of Latin at Algiers University; and Curator of Tipasa Mu- American Studies (U.K.), Nexos (Mexico), Mexico seum and Conservator of the archaeological site. Indigena (Mexico), Journal of Urban Anthropology Mr. Bouchenaki's published works include (U.S.), and Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos Tipasa, Site du patrimoine mondial (1989), La (U.S.). Among her many honors, Dr. Arizpe has monnaie de l'Emir Abd-el-Kader (1976) and Citis received the Award for Distinguished Service in antiques d'Algerie (1980). He is co-author of Culture, Ministry of Culture, Pakistan; the Apologie du perissable (1990), II castello de Nador Benigno Aquino Medal for Distinguished Service (1990) and Algerie (1989). to Developing Countries, William and Mary Col- Mr. Bouchenaki has been decorated as French lege, USA. She has been Secretary to the Mexi- Chevalier des Arts et Lettres and with the Polish can Academy of Science and President of the Ordre du Merite de la Culture. Mexican Association of Anthropologists and Eth- nologists. Aliza Cohen-Mushlin is the Founder and Di- rector of the Architectural Section, Center of Jew- James Hadley Billington has been the U.S. Li- ish Art, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. She is also brarian of Congress since 1987. Previously, he was Samuel H. Kress Professor of the Center for Ad- Director of the Woodrow Wilson International vanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gal- Center for Scholars, the official memorial to lery of Art; and Nicolas Landau Professor of Art America's 28th President. History at the Hebrew University. Dr. Billington founded the Wilson Quarterly in As a recipient of numerous research grants, Dr. 1976. He was a longtime member of the editorial Cohen-Mushlin has studied and lectured about advisory boards of Foreign Affairs and Theology Hebrew illuminated manuscripts, comparative Today. He is the author of Mikhailovsky and Rus- codicology and paleography, computerization of sian Populism (1956), The Icon and the Axe (1966), images and many other subjects related to Jew- Fire in the Minds ofMen (1980) and The Face ofRus- ish art and history. sia (1998), the companion book to a public televi- Her documentation of synagogues and Jew- sion series about Russian history, art and culture ish ritual objects and manuscripts for the Jerusa- which he narrated in June. He has been a host, lem Index of Jewish Art has carried her commentator or consultant to numerous other throughout the former Soviet Union and other educational and network television programs. parts of the world. She has been a guest profes- Dr. Billington is on the Board of the Center for sor or visiting lecturer at Brown University, and Theological Inquiry and a member of the Ameri- the Institute of Fine Arts New York University, can Philosophical Society and the American the Royal Danish University and St. Petersburg Academy of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Billington has Jewish University. received twenty-one honorary degrees and, in Dr. Cohen-Mushlin has authored many articles 1992, the Woodrow Wilson Award from Princeton and books, including The Making of a Manuscript, University. He has been decorated as Chevalier the Worms Bible of 1148 (1983) and A Medieval and again as a Commander of the Order of Arts Scriptorium, Sancta Maria Magdalena de Frankendal. and Letters of France, and as a Knight (1990). Soon to be published is a book about 12th Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit by the century North German scriptoria. Federal Republic of Germany. He has received the Gwanghwa Medal from the Republic of Ko- Bonnie R. Cohen is Under Secretary for Man- rea. He was educated at Princeton and at Oxford, agement of the U.S. Department of State. She was where he was a Rhodes scholar. previously Assistant Secretary for Policy, Man- agement and Budget at the U.S. Department of Mounir Bouchenaki is Director of the Divi- the Interior, Senior Vice President; and Chief sion of Cultural Heritage, UNESCO and editor Operating Officer of the National Trust for His- Bios of Conference Speakers 185 toric Preservation, the largest American nonprofit opment Vice Presidency, the World Bank. Previ- organization devoted to historic and cultural ously, she was a Division Chief, Senior Loan Of- preservation. Ms. Cohen's Board memberships ficer and Senior Operations Officer of the Bank; have included the Environmental Defense Fund, and Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Yale the American Red Cross Pension Funds, the Cen- University. She was also Director of Clinics, ter for Marine Conservation and the Washington Planned Parenthood Federation. Dr. Davis holds Film Festival. Ms. Cohen was one of the first a Ph.D. in Anthropology from Stanford Univer- women graduates of the Harvard Business sity. School. Dianne Dillon-Ridgely is President of the Sheila Copps is Minister of Canadian Culture. Women's Environment and Development Orga- Among her achievements, Ms. Copps has un- nization (WEDO). She is adjunct lecturer at the veiled the Canada Television and Cable Produc- University of Indiana School of Public and Envi- tion Fund for independent film and television ronmental Affairs, chair of the Targeted Small production, brought in copyright protection for Business Board for the Iowa Department of Eco- Canada's recording artists and producers, and nomic Development, a trustee of the Wallace Glo- added 60,000 square kilometers of wilderness to bal Fund and a former director of the Humanities Canada's National Parks. Board. Ms. Copps is a former Deputy Prime Minister From 1994 through 1997, Ms. Dillon-Ridgley and Minister of the Environment. In that portfo- was the President of Zero Population Growth, the lio, she brought forward the strongest federal en- largest U.S. grassroots organization concerned vironmental assessment legislation in the world, with rapid population growth and the environ- instituted Canada's first framework for the ment. She has also been national co-chair of the "greening" of federal government operations, Citizens' Network for Sustainable Development created a Commissioner of the Environment and in the U.S. Sustainable Development, and initiated the draft- In 1998, Ms. Dillon-Ridgley was elected to the ing of Canada's first national legislation for the steering committee of the Global Water Partner- protection of endangered species. ship, Stockholm. She is a founding member of Ms. Copps has been elected five times to the the Institute of Sustainable Design at the Univer- House of Commons. She was educated at the sity of Virginia School of Architecture. University of Western Ontario, McMaster Uni- She has served on numerous U.S. delegations versity and the University of Rouen. to this decade's United Nations. global meetings and other international conferences, including the Milagros del Corral is Director, Division of World Women's Congress for a Healthy Planet, Creativity, Cultural Industries and Copyright, the UN Conference on Environment and Devel- UNESCO and Director of UNESCO Publishing opment, the 1992 Earth Summit, Habitat II, the Office. He has been State Librarian, University 1996 Food Summit and the 1998 session of the Library of Madrid; Deputy Director-General for Commission on Sustainable Development. She Books and Libraries at the Ministry of Culture was Board Vice-Chair of the National Summit on (Spain); Advisor to the Juan March Foundation Africa in 1997. (Spain); Head of the Spanish Delegation to the Ms. Dillon-Ridgley is a noted international Berne Convention and Universal Copyright Con- speaker on sustainable development, population, vention Intergovernmental Committees; Secre- gender, environmental justice and human rights. tary-General, Madrid Publishers Association and Federation of Publishers Association (Spain); Francesco Frangialli is Secretary-General of Consultant to WIPO and UNESCO on copyright the World Tourism Organization. He previously matters. She is the author of 40 professional pub- served as Deputy Secretary-General of WTO and lications. as Director of the Tourism Industry in the French ministry responsible for Tourism. Gloria Davis is Director, Social Family of the Mr. Frangialli has an extensive background in Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Devel- public administration and is a counselor in the 186 Culture in Sustainable Development French Court of Audit, the highest financial tri- the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and bunal entrusted with the control of expenditure Music. and management of the administration and pub- Dr. Hirayama has served as Special Advisor lic enterprises. He holds advanced studies diplo- to UNESCO for World Cultural Heritage, Chair- mas in economics, public law and politics. man of the Art Research Foundation, Chairman of the Japan-China Friendship Association and C6sar Gaviria is Secretary General of the Or- UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador. ganization of American States and former Presi- His many honors include the UNESCO dent of Colombia (1990-1994), where he was Carthage Gold Medal, the Legion d'Honneur of instrumental in persuading four guerilla organi- the French Government, the fourth Mont Blanc zations to reach a peace agreement and form le- Award for Patronage of the Arts, the Crystal Prize gitimate political organizations. He also at the Annual General Meeting of the World Eco- implemented a reform process which resulted in nomic Forum, the Order of Cultural Merit and a new constitution, drafted by a Pan-Colombian the Commandeur des Arts et Lettres from the constitutional assembly. During his tenure, the French government. In 1992, Waseda University Medellin Cartel, the world's largest terrorist drug awarded him an honorary doctorate. trafficking organization, was dismantled. He was also pivotal in opening up the economy and re- Enrique Iglesias began his third five-year term ducing tariffs. in April 1998 as President of the Inter-American Mr. Gaviria's skill as a statesman has earned Development Bank. him a place of prominence across Latin America In 1994, Mr. Iglesias steered a new course for -as conflict mediator, advocate of democracy in the Bank as mandated by the Board of Gover- the Hemisphere, staunch supporter of regional nors. Social programs were given a priority, and integration and defender of human rights. new types of operations were initiated, such as He assumed the post of Secretary General of projects to strengthen civil society and improve the OAS in 1994 and has instigated sweeping governance. Bank operations were reorganized changes to modernize and reinvigorate the or- to strengthen field staff, quicken decision mak- ganization through his plan, "A New Vision of ing and enhance overall efficiency. the OAS." Previously, Mr. Iglesias was Minister of Exter- Mr. Gaviria's career in public service began as nal Relations for Uruguay; Executive Secretary Councilman and Mayor of Pereira, Colombia and of the United Nations' Economic Commission for then member and Speaker of the Colombian Latin America and the Caribbean; and President House of Representatives. He later managed the of Uruguay's Central Bank. Presidential campaign of Virgilio Barco and Mr. Iglesias began his career in the private sec- served the Barco Administration as Minister of tor as Managing Director of the Union de Bancos Finance and Minister of the Interior. In 1989, he del Uruguay. left the Barco government to manage the Presi- dential campaign of Senator Luis Carlos Galan. Israel Klabin is President of the Fundacao Following the murder of Senator Galan by narco- Brasileira Para 0 Desenvolvimento Sustentavel. terrorists, Mr. Gaviria was selected as a presiden- An engineer and mathematician, Mr. Klabin tial candidate by the Liberal Party and was has served the Brazilian government as a con- elected in 1990. sultant and planner of regional development. He Mr. Gaviria was educated in economics at the has been a lecturer at Brazilian Federal Univer- Universidad de Los Andes in Bogota, Colombia sity, Getulio Vargas Foundation, Harvard Univer- and received an honorary degree in Law from sity, Tel Aviv University and University of the Universidad Libre de Colombia. Southern California. He has been a member of the Board of Governors of Tel Aviv University, Ikuo Hirayama is President of Japan's Foun- President of the Eve Klabin Rapaport Founda- dation for Cultural Heritage and of the Japan tion and President of the Brazilian Foundation Scholarship Foundation. He has been President, for Sustainable Development. Mr. Klabin is the Dean of the Faculty of Fine Arts and Professor, at Managing Partner of Klabin Irmaos and Cia., a Bios of Conference Speakers 187 conglomerate which includes pulp and paper man of the Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Cen- manufacturing, containers, non-ferrous mining, ter, Director of the Institute of the Sciences of Man cattle breeding and reforestation. He was Mayor in Madrid, Spanish Minister for Education and of Rio de Janeiro in 1979 and 1980. Science and Advisor to the Prime Minister of Spain. Benjamin Ladner is President of American Dr. Mayor holds a Ph.D. in Pharmacy from the University in Washington, DC. He was previ- University of Madrid and was Professor of Bio- ously President of the National Faculty of Hu- chemistry and later Rector of the University of manities, Arts and Sciences, a nonprofit agency Grenada. He is a member of the French society which brings together university professors to of Biological Chemistry, the American Chemical work on projects to improve the quality of edu- Society, the Biochemical Society of the U.K., the cation in the humanities, arts, and sciences in the International Brain Research Organization, the United States and abroad. He was also Profes- Spanish Royal Academy of Pharmacy and many sor in the Departments of Philosophy and Reli- other academies and scientific societies. He has gious Studies at the University of North published more than 80 scientific articles and Carolina-Greensboro, where he won the guided more than forty doctoral theses. University's Teaching Excellence Award. He has made numerous presentations throughout the Ali Mazrui is the Director of the Institute of world, has served on national and international Global Cultural Studies and Albert Schweitzer committees and panels; and has been a consult- Professor of the Humanities at the State Uni- ant to major foundations, universities, state and versity of New York, Binghamton. He is also federal agencies. He holds a Ph.D. from Duke professor at large at the University of Jos in University, and holds honorary doctorates from Nigeria, Cornell University and the School Of Elizabethtown College and from Sookmyung Islamic and Social Sciences in Leesburg, Vir- Women's University in Korea. ginia; and Walter Rodney Professor at the Uni- versity of Guyana. Maritta Koch-Weser is Director of the Sector Dr. Mazrui was head of the Department of Po- Management Unit for Environmentally and So- litical Science and Dean of the Faculty of Social cially Sustainable Development of the Latin Sciences at Makerere University, Uganda and was America and Caribbean Region, the World Bank. Vice President of the International Political Sci- She has previously been responsible for environ- ence Association. He has been a visiting scholar mental, natural resource and rural development at many universities around the world. programs in several units of the World Bank, in- Dr. Mazrui's more than twenty books include cluding the Environment Department, the Asia Towards a Pax Africana (1967), The Political Sociol- Technical Department, and the Brazil Agriculture ogy of the English Language (1975) and, with Alimin Division. Mazrui and James Currey, The Power of Babel: Lan- Dr. Koch-Weser holds a Ph.D. from the Uni- guage and Governance in Africa's Experience, the versities of Bonn and Cologne, where she stud- University of Chicago Press, 1998. He is editor of ied Social Sciences and Latin American History. Volume VIII, "Africa since 1935" of the UNESCO She did her Ph.D. field research on African General History of Africa (1993). Traditions in Brazil. Before joining the World Among Dr. Mazrui's many distinctions, he is Bank, she taught anthropology at George Wash- a Trustee of the Oxford Center for Islamic Stud- ington University in Washington, D.C. and ies and a Director of the National Summit on worked as a consultant for several development Africa, Washington. He is a member of the Pan- aid agencies. African Advisory Council to UNICEF and a mem- ber of the Group of Eminent Persons appointed Federico Mayor is Director-General of in 1992 by the Organization of African Unity to UNESCO, having been elected for a second term explore the issues of African Reparations for En- of office in 1993. Dr. Mayor was previously a slavement and Colonization. He is widely con- member of the European and the Spanish Parlia- sulted on many issues, including constitutional ments, Co-founder, Director and Scientific Chair- change and educational reform. 188 Culture in Sustainable Development Vann Molyvann is the Senior Minister for Cul- gram assignments, including the position of resi- ture and Fine Arts, Territorial Management, Ur- dent representative in several countries. ban Planning and Construction, Cambodia. He Dr. N'Dow is a doctor of Tropical Veterinary is also Vice Chairman of Cambodia's Supreme Science. Council of National Culture and Chairman of the Board of the Authority for the Protection and the Franco Passacantando is Executive Director of Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem the World Bank for Albania, Greece, Italy, Malta Reap/Angkor. and Portugal. Mr. Passacantando was formerly Previously, Mr. Molyvann undertook numer- the Manager of the Research Department and ous senior assignments for UNESCO, and for the held other senior positions at the Banca d'Italia. UN Center for Human Settlements in Africa, From 1986 to 1989, he was Head of the Task force Asia, Eastern Europe, the Americas and the Pa- on the Reform of the Italian Payment System. He cific Region. has also held senior positions with the OECD and Mr. Molyvann is trained in law, art and archi- the Bank for International Settlements. tecture. He has designed many buildings and Mr. Passacantando has been a visiting Scholar complexes in Switzerland and France. In Cam- at the University of California (Berkley) Business bodia, his architectural works include the Inde- School, and Associate Professor and Lecturer at pendence Monument, the Chakdomuk the Universita' degli Studi de Roma and the Uni- Conference Hlal, the Bassac National Theater, two versity de la Calabria. He is the author of several Reception Halls at Chamcar Mon (the former resi- articles and books on financial issues and mon- dence of he chief of state), the Pasteur Institute, etary policy. the Teachers' Training College, the National Olympic Stadium and Sports Complex and many Donavan D. Rypkema is principal of The Real others. Estate Services Group, a Washington, DC-based Mr. Molyvann has received many awards, in- real estate and economic development consult- cluding the Khmer Grande Croix de Sahametrey ing firm. The firm specializes in services to pub- and Commander of the French Legion of Honor. lic and nonprofit sector clients who are dealing He is a member of the French Academy of Archi- with downtown and neighborhood commercial tecture. district revitalization and the reuse of historic structures. Rypkema has worked with clients in Wally N'Dow is Special Advisor to the Admin- 48 states and has spoken at conferences inn Thai- istrator of the United Nations Development Pro- land, Australia, Brazil, Canada, and Portugal. He gram. He was also the Secretary General of is the author of numerous articles and publica- Habitat II, the United Nations Conference on tions, including The Economics of Historic Preser- Human Settlements, held in Istanbul in 1996. vation: A Community Leader's Guide. Ryypkema Born in the Gambia, Dr. N'Dow served as the has completed analyses of the impact of historic Gambian Ministry of Agriculture in the 1970s, he preservation on the statewide economies of Vir- served as Presidential Advisor on Drought and ginia, Kentucky, and North Carolina and the ef- Desertification. He also played a role in several fect of local historic districts on property values bilateral development assistance groups and in Indiana. Rypkema holds a Master of Science served as a member of task forces and working degree in Historic Preservation from Columbia groups of the United Nations Food and Agricul- University, served on the Board of Advisors of ture Organization and the Organization for Eco- the National Trust for Historic Preservation and nomic Cooperation and Development. is currently on the Board of Directors of the North That path took Dr. N'Dow to the 1974 World Capital Neighborhood Development Corpora- Food Conference, where he was instrumental in tion in Washington. organizing the International Fund for Agricul- tural Development and the World Food Council. Nathaniel Charles Jacob Rothschild, fourth In 1981, he became regional Director for Africa Baron Rothschild, is head of the English branch of the United Nations Sahel Office. Later, he held of the Rothschild family and chairman of RIT a series of key United Nations Development Pro- Capital Partners plc. He also serves as President Bios of Conference Speakers 189 of St. James' Place Capital and J. Rothschild As- his Master's and Ph.D. degrees at Harvard Uni- surance. versity. Lord Rothschild has played a leading role in Since March 1998, Mr. Serageldin has been the Arts and Heritage field, both in Great Britain named by James D. Wolfensohn, World Bank and abroad. He was chairman of the National President, to lead the Bank's work aimed at bet- Gallery from 1985 to 1991, during a period of con- ter integrating the cultural dimension in devel- struction and restoration. He has just completed opment efforts, and thus to help member states six years as chairman of the National Heritage promote equity, social inclusion and poverty re- Memorial Fund and has been responsible for the duction; as well as the collective capacities, distribution of £1.25 billion of National Lottery through partnerships, to preserve and conserve proceeds to support the heritage sector in the UK. cultural and natural heritage. Mr. Serageldin has Lord Rothschild serves as chairman of Yad published widely on economic development, the Hanadiv, the Rothschild foundation which built environment, Islamic art and architecture, and and handed over to the State of Israel the build- the role of culture in development. ings for both the Knesset and the Supreme Court. He is also President of the Institute for Jewish James Allen Smith is the Executive Director Policy Research, an organization dedicated to of the Howard Gilman Foundation and an ad- cooperation in research, analysis and policy plan- junct faculty member of the New School for So- ning on issues affecting Jewish life worldwide. cial Research. Mr. Smith has worked for the He is the family member responsible for Twentieth Century Fund and served as a consult- Waddesdon Manor/the National Trust. The ant to a number of foundations. He was also the Manor was bequeathed to the National Trust by first resident scholar at the Rockefeller Archive his cousin Mrs. James A.de Rothschild in 1957 Center. He has written extensively about the his- and in 1995 underwent a major refurbishment tory of philanthropy, the role of American think program. In 1997 the Manor was given both the tanks, and public policy research. His books in- Museum of the Year award and the National Trust dude: The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of House of the Year award. the New Policy Elite (1991), which won the Louis He is a founding trustee, with Lord Sainsbury Brownlow award of the National Academy of of Preston Candover, of a foundation for the con- Public Administration and the Herbert Feis servation of the archaeological site of Butrint and award of the American Historical Association and its hinterland in Albania. has been translated into Spanish, Japanese and Lord Rothschild has been honored by the gov- Korean; Brookings at 75 (1991) and Strategic Call- ernment of Portugal for his contribution to the ing (1993). He is presently at work on a history of country's economic development, by the World American foundations. Monuments Fund for his leadership with respect Mr. Smith was trained as a historian, receiv- to cultural heritage and by the Weizmann Insti- ing his Ph.D. from Brown University. His work tute of Science on the occasion of the 50th anni- as a medievalist focused on the history of chari- versary of the State of Israel. He has received table institutions and poverty in northern Europe many British honors and in 1997 was awarded during the 12th and 13th centuries. He has taught the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Brit- history at Brown, the University of Nebraska and ish Empire for services to arts and heritage. Smith College. Lord Rothschild was educated in history at Christ Church, Oxford. Hernan Crespo Toral is Assistant Director General of Culture of UNESCO. He was formerly Ismail Serageldin is Vice President for Spe- Director of UNESCO's Regional Office of Culture cial Programs at the World Bank, and Chairman for Latin America and the Caribbean and Direc- of the Consultative Group on International Agri- tor General of the Museums of the Central Bank cultural Research (CGIAR), the Consultative of Ecuador. Group to Assist the Poorest (CGAP) and the Glo- Mr. Crespo Toral has directed restoration bal Water Partnership (GWP). Mr. Serageldin projects throughout Ecuador. He has been a Pro- earned his B.Sc. degree at Cairo University and fessor of Anthropology and Architecture at sev- 190 Culture in Sustainable Development eral universities, including the Catholic Univer- rial Council in 1978 by President Jimmy Carter. sity of Ecuador and the Central University of The English translation of his memoirs appeared Quito. He has organized and contributed to many in 1995 as All Rivers Run into the Sea. national and international exhibitions featuring Professor Wiesel grew up in the Jewish com- the preservation of culture and monuments. munity of Sighet in Transylvania. In 1944, when Mr. Crespo Toral has given seminars and acted the Nazis deported the Jewish inhabitants of the as a delegate to numerous regional and interna- village en masse to concentration camps in Po- tional conferences and expert meetings about land, the 15 year-old boy was separated from his museums, archeology and the preservation of mother and sister immediately on arrival in monuments, architecture and culture. Among his Auschwitz. He never saw them again. He man- many distinctions, he has been a member of the aged to remain with his father for the next year Board of the Alliance Francaise of Quito, Presi- as they were worked almost to death, starved, dent of the Ecuadorian Association of Museums, beaten, and shuttled from camp to camp on foot Scientific Director of an Anglo-Ecuadorian inves- or in open cattle cars. In the last months of the tigation of the Cave of los Tayos in Ecuador, and war, Wiesel's father succumbed to dysentery, star- Executive Director of the National Institute of vation, exhaustion and exposure. Anthropology and History. After the war, Professor Wiesel found asylum He is a member of the Historic and Geographic in France. He became a professional journalist. section of the Ecuadorian Casa de la Cultura, For ten years, he observed a self-imposed vow Corresponding Member of the National Acad- of silence and wrote nothing about his wartime emy of History of Ecuador, Member of the Pan- experience. In 1955, at the urging of writer American Institute of Geography and History - Francois Mauriac, he set down his memories in Ecuadorian section, Corresponding Member of Yiddish in Un de velt hot geshvign (And the World the Swiss Society of Americanists, Founding Kept Silent), which he compressed into a French Member of the Inter-American Council of Cul- adaptation, La Nuit. Later, he became a feature ture and Corresponding Member of the German writer for the Yiddish-language newspaper, the Society of Cultural Anthropology. Jewish Daily Forward, in New York. Professor Wiesel's books include L'Aube, Le Francisco Correa Weffort is Minister of Cul- Jour, La Ville de la Chance, The Jews of Silence (about ture of Brazil. He was previously a Professor of persecuted Jews in the USSR in the 1960s) and A Political Science, University of Sao Paulo and Beggar in Jerusalem (about the 1968 Six Day War). University of Essex, England, and President of His plays include Zalmen, or the Madness of God the Higher Council of the Latin-American Fac- and The Trial of God. ulty of Science. He has held fellowships and re- search positions at the Woodrow Wilson Center, James D. Wolfensohn, the World Bank Group's the Helen Kellogg Institute and the American In- ninth President since 1946, established his career stitute of Economic Development and Social as an international investment banker with a par- Planning in Santiago, among others. allel involvement in development issues and the Dr. Weffort's books include Which Democracy?, global environment. Classics in Politics (editor), Why Democracy?, Popu- Since becoming President on June 1, 1995, he lism, Marginality and Dependence (with Anibal has traveled widely in order to get first-hand ex- Quijano), and Latin America: Essays in Sociological perience of the challenges facing the World Bank, and Political Interpretation (with Fernando and its 181 member countries, in the post-cold Henrique Cardoso). He is the author of numer- war era. ous essays. During his travels, Mr. Wolfensohn has not only visited development projects sponsored by Elie Wiesel is a Nobel Laureate and Andrew the World Bank, but he has also met with the Mellon Professor of Humanities at Boston Uni- Bank's government clients as well as with repre- versity. He is also a holder of the U.S. Congres- sentatives from business, labor, media, nongov- sional Medal of Freedom. He was appointed ernmental organizations, religious and women's Chairman of the United States Holocaust Memo- groups, students and teachers. In the process, he Bios of Conference Speakers 191 has taken the initiative in forming new strategic Street. His last position was as President and partnerships between the Bank and the govern- Chief Executive Officer of James D. Wolfensohn ments it serves, the private sector, civil society, re- Inc. He relinquished his interests in the firm upon gional development banks and the United Nations. joining the World Bank. In 1996, together with the IMF, Mr. Wolfensohn Mr. Wolfensohn is also Chairman of the Board initiated the multilateral debt relief proposal for of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) to University. He was previously Chairman of ease their debt burden. The Bank, which repre- Carnegie Hall and of the John F. Kennedy Center sents approximately seven per cent of the devel- for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. (He oping world's total outstanding debt, has is now Chairman Emeritus of both institutions). committed $2 billion to the initiative. He has also been President of the International In order to improve the Bank's effectiveness Federation of Multiple Sclerosis Societies; and in fighting poverty, and to meet the needs of a member of the Boards of the Business Council rapidly changing global economy, Mr. Wolfen- for Sustainable Development; the Rockefeller sohn has launched a major reform program in Foundation; the Population Council and the Bank-The Strategic Compact. The principal Rockefeller University. He is an Honorary Trustee goals of the Compact are to shift resources to of the Brookings Institution and a member of the front-line lending and operations services, to Council on Foreign Relations and of the Century have the Bank move closer to the client through Association in New York. decentralization, and to offer a broader range of Mr. Wolfensohn holds BA and LL.B. degrees products and services. from the University of Sydney and an MBA from A central feature of the Strategic Compact is the Harvard Business School. Mr. Wolfensohn is to incorporate key aspects of the information a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and revolution into the Bank's work by transforming Sciences and of the American Philosophical So- the institution into a Knowledge Bank. The goal ciety. He has been the recipient of many awards is to build a more agile, knowledge-based insti- for his volunteer work, including the first David tution, which can share its storehouse of experi- Rockefeller Prize of the Museum of Modern Art ence and know-how with clients and partners in New York. He has been knighted by Queen across the globe. Elizabeth II for his contribution to the arts and Prior to joining the Bank, Mr. Wolfensohn was decorated by the Governments of Australia, an international investment banker on Wall France, Germany, Morocco, and Norway. Contact Information for Conference Speakers Mahnaz Afkami Bonnie R. Cohen Sisterhood as Global Institute Under Secretary for Management 4343 Montgomery Avenue, Suite 201 U. S. Department of State Bethesda, MD 20814 USA 2201 C Street, NW Tel. (301) 657-4355 Washington, DC Fax. (301) 657-4381 Tel. (202) 647-1500 Email. sigi@igc.apc.org Fax. (202) 647-0168 Lourdes Arizpe Aliza Cohen-Mushlin Director of Research, World Culture Report Founder and Director, Architectural Section in UNESCO the Center for Jewish Art 3, rue Gracieuse The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 75005 Paris, France Terra Saneta Building Tel/Fax. (33 1) 47 07 23 25 P. 0. Box 4262, Jerusalem 91042 Tel. (972 2) 6586672 James Billington Fax. (972 2) 6586605 The Librarian Email. cja@vma.huji.ac.il U. S. Library of Congress 101 Independence Avenue, SE Sheila Copps Washington, DC 20540 Minister of Culture Tel. (202) 707-5205 Ministry of Canadian Heritage Fax. (202) 707-1714 15 Eddy Street Hull, Quebec Mounir Bouchenaki KlA Om5 Canada Director, Division of Cultural Heritage Tel. (819) 997-7788 UNESCO Fax. (819) 994-1267 1, rue Miollis 75732 Paris, France Tel. (33 1) 45 68 37 55 Fax. (33 1) 45 68 55 96 192 Contact Information for Conference Speakers 193 Milagros del Corral Enrique Iglesias Director, Division of Creativity, Cultural President, Inter-American Development Bank Industries and Copyright 1300 New York Avenue, NW UNESCO Washington, DC 20577 7, Place de Fontenoy Tel. (202) 623-1101 75352 Paris 07, France Fax. (202) 623-1799 Fax. (33 1) 458 42 88 Israel Klabin Hernan Crespo Toral President Klabin Assistant Director-General for Culture Fundaga6 Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento 7, Place de Fontenoy Sustentavel 75352 Paris 07, France R. Golf Club, 115 Fax. (33 1) 458 42 88 Sa6 Conrado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil CEP 22610-040 Gloria Davis Tel. (55-21) 322-4520 The World Bank Fax. (55-21) 322-5903 1818 H Street, NW Email. fbds@ax.apc.org Washington, DC 20433 Tel. (202) 458-2750 Maritta Koch-Weser Director, Environmentally and Socially Dianne Dillon-Ridgley Sustainable Development Unit, Latin Women's Environment and Development America and the Caribbean Region Organization The World Bank 355 Lexington Avenue, 3rd floor 1818 H Street, NW New York, NY 10017 USA Washington, DC 20433 Tel. (212) 973-0325 Tel. (202) 473-3286 Fax. (212) 973-0335 Email. wedo@igc.apc.org Federico Mayor Director-General, UNESCO Francesco Frangialli 7, Place de Fontenoy Secretary General, World Tourism Organization 75352 Paris 07, France Capithn Haya 42 Tel. (33-1) 45 68 55 56 28020 Madrid, Spain Fax. (33-1) 45 67 16 90 Tel. (34 91) 5678159 Fax. (34 91) 5713733 Ali Mazrui Email. omt@world-tourism.org Institute of Global Cultural Studies Albert Schweitzer Chair in Humanities C6sar Gaviria P. 0. Box 6000 Secretary General Binghamton, NY 13092-6000 USA Organization of American States Tel. (607) 777-4494 17th and Constitution Avenue, NW Fax. (607) 777-2642 Washington, DC Tel. (202) 458-3140 Vann Molyvann Senior Minister for Culture and Fine Arts, Ikuo Hirayama Land Management, Urban Affairs President, Foundation for Cultural Heritage and Construction 1-16-7 Kanda Shibazaki, Chiyoda-ku Phnom Penh, Cambodia 101 0031 Japan Tel. (855-23) 366-494 Fax. (813) 3862 4848 Fax. (855-23) 427-897 194 Culture in Sustainable Development Wally N'Dow James Allen Smith Special Advisor to Administrator, UNDP Executive Director, The Howard Gilman 2 United Nations Plaza Foundation DC2-2608 111 W. 50th Street New York, NY 10017 USA New York, NY 10022 Fax. (212) 906-6479 Tel. (212) 246-3300 Fax. (212) 582-7610 Franco Passacantando Executive Director Francisco Correa Weffort The World Bank Minister of Culture 1818 H Street, NW Bloco B, Terceiro Andar Washington, DC 20433 Brasilia, DF Tel. (202) 458-1169 Brazil 70068-900 Fax. (202) 477-3735 Tel. (55-61) 316-2152 Fax. (55-61) 321-7712 Donovan D. Rypkema Real Estate Services Group Elie Wiesel 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Boston University Washington, DC 20036 745 Commonwealth Avenue Tel. (202) 588-6258 Boston, MA 202215 USA Fax. (202) 234-7213 Fax. (617) 353-4024 Lord Rothschild GBE James Wolfensohn 14 St. James Place President London, SW1A 1NP The World Bank United Kingdom 1818 H Street, NW Tel. 0171-493-8111 Washington, DC 20433 Fax. 0171-408-2140 Tel. (202) 458-5120 Fax. (202) 522-3031 Ismail Serageldin Vice President, Special Programs The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Tel. (202) 473-4502 Fax. (202) 473-3112 Distributors ofWorld Bank Group Publications Prices and creditterms vary from CZECH REPUBLIC (NOIA Eulyoo Publishing Co., Ltd. PERU SWEDEN country to country. Consult your USIS, NIS Prodejna Allied Publishers Ltd. 46-1, Susong-Dong Editorial Desarrollo SA Wennergren-Williams AB local distributor before placing an Havelkova 22 751 Mount Road Jongro-Gu Apartado 3824 Ica 242 OF 106 P 0. 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