2015/30 Supported by k nKonw A A weldegdeg e ol n oNtoet e s eSrei r e ise s f ofro r p r&a c t hteh e nEenregryg y Etx itcrea c t i v e s G l o b a l P r a c t i c e The bottom line Tracking Progress Toward Sustainable Energy for All Where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable in Latin America and the Caribbean energy for all? In 2010, the region had an electrification rate Why is this important? databases—technical measures. This note is based on that frame- of 95 percent, and 86 percent work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to The penetration of modern (SE4ALL) initiative track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. renewables has been high and In declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured steady. Energy intensity is low All,” the UN General Assembly established three global objectives by the percentage of the population with an electricity and declining slowly. Greater to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern connection and the percentage of the population with access to efforts will be needed to reach energy services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household surveys the SE4ALL goals, particularly for the global energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification Database renewable energy and energy in energy efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy Database. efficiency. The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries setting • Renewable energy. The share of renewable energy in the their own national targets in a way that is consistent with the overall energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy spirit of the initiative. Because countries differ greatly in their ability consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. to pursue the three objectives, some will make more rapid progress Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy in one area while others will excel elsewhere, depending on their balances published by the International Energy Agency and the respective starting points and comparative advantages as well as on United Nations. the resources and support that they are able to marshal. • Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency Elisa Portale is an energy economist in To sustain momentum for the achievement of the SE4ALL is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) the Energy Sector objectives, a means of charting global progress to 2030 is needed. of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total Management Assistance The World Bank and the International Energy Agency led a consor- primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) Program (ESMAP) of the tium of 15 international agencies to establish the SE4ALL Global measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Tracking Framework (GTF), which provides a system for regular calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances Global Practice. global reporting, based on rigorous—yet practical, given available published by the International Energy Agency and the United Joeri de Wit is an Nations. energy economist in 1 The universal access goal will be achieved when every person on the planet has access the Bank’s Energy and to modern energy services provided through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, Extractives Global and energy for productive use and community services. The term “modern cooking solutions” refers to solutions that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired with stoves exhibiting overall emissions rates at or near those of and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as pellets and briquettes), and liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). 2 T r a c k i n g P r o g r ess T o wa r d S u stai n a b le E n e r g y f o r A ll i n L ati n A m e r i c a a n d t h e Ca r i b b ea n This note uses data from the GTF to provide a regional and Figure 1.  The electricity access deficit in the region in 2010 country perspective on the three pillars of SE4ALL for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).3 The first section considers energy access. The following sections look at the renewable energy and energy Rural 92% efficiency goals. All data underlying the information in this note Without access can be found online at http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/ 5% Urban “Regionally, the challenge sustainable-energy-for-all. With access 33% 95% of electrification is severe only in Haiti, where just 34 What progress was made toward universal access to percent of the population energy services? Source: World Bank 2014. is electrified and 6.6 million In 2010, the region had an electrification rate of 95 people still do not have percent, and 86 percent of the population had Figure 2.  Electrification rates and deficits by country, 2010 access to electricity.” access to nonsolid fuel for cooking a. Electrification rates (%) Access deficit (millions of people) b.  Achieving universal access to modern energy services is Venezuela, RB 100 Venezuela, RB 0 the “first among equals” of the three complementary goals Cuba 100 Cuba 0 of SE4ALL. Despite progress in this region, a huge energy Suriname 100 Suriname 0 access deficit remains. Chile 100 Antigua and Barbuda 0 Electricity. Access to electricity in flexible, reliable, and Mexico 99 Grenada 0 Uruguay 99 St. Lucia 0 sustainable forms brings a range of social and economic Costa Rica 99 St. Vincent and Grenadines 0 benefits, enabling people to leap from poverty to a better Brazil 99 Uruguay 0 future, enhancing the quality of household life, and stimulat- Dominican Republic 98 Belize 0 ing the broader economy. Ecuador 97 Costa Rica 0 Paraguay 97 Chile 0.1 In 2010, the LAC region had an electrification rate of 95 Colombia 97 Paraguay 0.2 percent. The 30 million people who lack access are about 2.5 El Salvador 92 Guyana 0.2 percent of the 1.2 billion people who lack access worldwide. Jamaica 92 Dominican Republic 0.2 About two-thirds of LAC residents without electricity live in Argentina 88 Jamaica 0.2 Panama 88 Ecuador 0.4 rural areas (figure 1). Belize 88 Panama 0.4 Regionally, the challenge of electrification is severe only St. Lucia 88 El Salvador 0.5 in Haiti, where just 34 percent of the population is electrified Grenada 88 Mexico 0.9 and 6.6 million people still do not have access to electricity Antigua and Barbuda 88 Honduras 1.4 Peru 85 Colombia 1.5 (figure 2). Guatemala 82 Nicaragua 1.5 The share of the regional population with access to Honduras 81 Bolivia 2.0 electricity rose from 88 percent (385 million people) in 1990 Bolivia 80 Brazil 2.1 to approximately 95 percent (553 million people) in 2010. Guyana 78 Guatemala 2.6 Access to electricity in the region is greater than the global Nicaragua 74 Peru 4.3 St. Vincent and Grenadines 73 Argentina 4.8 Haiti 34 Haiti 6.6 3 For a list of countries that fall under Latin America and the Caribbean according to the World Bank’s regional classification system, see http://data.worldbank.org/ Note: Venezuela, RB = República Bolivariana de Venezuela. about/country-and-lending-groups Source: World Bank 2014. 3 T r a c k i n g P r o g r ess T o wa r d S u stai n a b le E n e r g y f o r A ll i n L ati n A m e r i c a a n d t h e Ca r i b b ea n Figure 3.  Progress in access to electricity in urban and rural areas, 1990–2010 Population with access in 1990 Incremental access in 1990-2010 Rural 82 21 20 Population without access in 2010 “Most of the incremental Urban 303 147 10 electrification in the region over the period 1990–2010 Total 385 167 30 occurred in urban areas, 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 where electrification population (million) reached an additional 147 million, more than seven Source: World Bank 2014. times the increase in rural areas.” average. (The global electrification rate increased from 76 percent to Most of the incremental electrification in the region over the 83 percent over the period.) period 1990–2010 occurred in urban areas, where electrification Between 1990 and 2010, as 167 million people in the region reached an additional 147 million, more than seven times the gained access to electricity, the population expanded by 147 million. increase in rural areas (21 million people), pushing the region’s urban Growth in access to electricity thus exceeded population growth by electrification rate up from 97 to 98 percent. More modest growth in about 21 million people during the period (figure 3). Meanwhile, the rural populations allowed the rural electrification rate to grow more globe’s electrified population increased by 1.7 billion people, and LAC steeply, from 64 to 84 percent. thus accounts for about 10 percent of the global increase. Figure 4.  The 15 countries with the greatest annual increases in access to electricity, 1990–2010 Annual incremental population growth Annual incremental access growth 3 Annual growth in access (%) 3 annual growth in access (%) population (million) 2 2 1 1 0 0 Brazil Mexico Colombia Peru Venezuela, Argentina Guatemala Ecuador Chile Dominican Bolivia Honduras Paraguay Costa El RB Rep. Rica Salvador Source: World Bank 2014. 4 T r a c k i n g P r o g r ess T o wa r d S u stai n a b le E n e r g y f o r A ll i n L ati n A m e r i c a a n d t h e Ca r i b b ea n Figure 5.  Access to nonsolid fuels by country, 2010 Cooking fuels. The World Health Organization estimates that in 2012 about 4.3 a. Access to nonsolid fuel (%) b. Access deficit (millions of people) million deaths occurred worldwide because of exposure to household air pollution caused Venezuela, RB 100 Grenada 0 Grenada 100 St. Lucia 0 by smoke from the incomplete combustion of St. Lucia 100 Antigua and Barbuda 0 fuels such as wood, coal, and kerosene. Use of “The challenge of access Antigua and Barbuda 100 Uruguay 0 such fuels for cooking also poses substantial to nonsolid fuel remains Uruguay 99.9 Venezuela, RB 0 risks to safety, causing burns and injuries. Argentina 99.9 St. Vincent and Grenadines 0 particularly significant in In 2010, 86 percent of the population of Ecuador 98.2 Argentina 0 the region (503 million people) had access to certain countries, such as St. Vincent and Grenadines 96.6 Belize 0 Costa Rica 94.5 Guyana 0.1 nonsolid fuel for cooking (figure 6). That means Haiti, where the access Brazil 94.4 Suriname 0.1 that 80 million people still use solid fuel for rate is just 9 percent, and in Chile 93.6 Costa Rica 0.3 cooking. The challenge of access to nonsolid Dominican Republic 93.1 Ecuador 0.3 Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Guyana 93.0 Jamaica 0.3 fuel remains particularly significant in certain Honduras, where it is less Cuba 91.0 Panama 0.6 countries, such as Haiti, where the access Jamaica 89.1 Dominican Republic 0.7 rate is just 9 percent, and in Guatemala, than 50 percent.” Suriname 88.1 Cuba 1.0 Nicaragua, and Honduras, where it is less than Belize 87.7 Chile 1.1 Mexico 86.1 El Salvador 1.4 50 percent. The 80 million people of the region Colombia 85.7 Bolivia 2.9 who lack access to nonsolid fuel make up Panama 82.5 Nicaragua 3.1 less than 3 percent of the 2.8 billion who lack El Salvador 77.9 Paraguay 3.2 access around the world. Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia 71.0 Honduras 3.9 and Haiti together account for more than half Peru 68.6 Colombia 6.6 Paraguay 50.9 Guatemala 8.2 of the access deficit in the region (figure 5) Honduras 49.0 Haiti 9.1 The share of the region’s population with Nicaragua 45.9 Peru 10.6 access to nonsolid fuel for cooking rose from Guatemala 43.3 Brazil 10.8 73 percent (318 million people) in 1990 to Haiti 9.1 Mexico 15.7 approximately 86 percent (503 million people) Source: World Bank 2014. in 2010. Access to nonsolid fuel is much greater in the region than in the world as a whole. The global access rate rose from 47 In Brazil an average of 2.8 million people gained access to elec- percent (2.5 billion people) in 1990 to approximately 59 percent (4.1 tricity each year between 1990 and 2010, for an annual growth rate billion people) in 2010. of 1.4 percent (figure 4). Whereas the global average annual increase Between 1990 and 2010, 185 million people in the region gained in access was 1.3 percent over the period, the Dominican Republic, access to nonsolid fuel, while the population expanded by 146 Costa Rica, and Paraguay raised access by around 2 percent million. Growth in access to nonsolid fuel thus outpaced population annually. Growth in the share of the population with access kept growth by about 39 million people during the period. The global pace with population growth in all countries of the region. population with access to nonsolid fuel increased by 1.6 billion people over the 20-year period, and LAC represents 12 percent of that increase. 5 T r a c k i n g P r o g r ess T o wa r d S u stai n a b le E n e r g y f o r A ll i n L ati n A m e r i c a a n d t h e Ca r i b b ea n Figure 6.  The 15 countries with the greatest annual increases in access to nonsolid fuels, 1990–2010 Annual incremental population growth Annual incremental access growth Annual growth in access (%) 4 3 annual growth in access (%) 3 population (million) “Brazil made rapid progress 2 in access to nonsolid fuel, 2 providing new access to 1 1 3 million people annually since 1990, for an annual 0 0 Brazil Mexico Colombia Argentina Peru Venezuela, Chile Ecuador Guatemala Cuba Haiti Bolivia Dominican Honduras Paraguay growth rate of 1.6.” RB Rep. Source: World Bank 2014. As with access to electricity, Brazil made rapid progress in access How has the share of renewable energy evolved? to nonsolid fuel, providing new access to 3 million people annually since 1990, for an annual growth rate of 1.6 (figure 6). Globally, the The penetration of modern renewables has been average annual rate of growth in access was 1.1 percent for the high and steady period. Ecuador, Venezuela, and Dominican Republic, meanwhile, Global consumption of renewable energy grew from 40 exajoules (EJ) increased access by about 2 percent annually. in 1990 to almost 60 EJ in 2010. Meanwhile, global total final energy consumption (TFEC) grew at a comparable pace of 1.1 percent during Figure 7.  Total final consumption of renewable energy by 1990–2000 and 2.0 percent during 2000–10. As a result, the share of technology, 1990–2010 renewable energy in the global energy mix remained relatively stable, rising from 16.6 percent in 1990 to 18 percent in 2010. 7 35 In LAC, the penetration of renewables is much higher. Although Other RE 6 30 declining slightly between 1990 and 2000, the share of renewable Hydro Modern biomass energy in TFEC remained steady at around 30 percent between 2000 5 25 Traditional biomass and 2010 (figure 7). Furthermore, in a distinct contrast with the global RE share in TFEC picture, traditional biomass accounts for a relatively small share of 4 20 renewables consumption in the region, whereas modern renewables percent account for relatively large shares.4 3 15 The penetration rates of renewables vary substantially across the 2 10 region (figure 8). As an example, while traditional biomass accounts 4 The UN Food and Agriculture Organization defines traditional biomass as “woodfuels, 1 5 agricultural by-products, and dung burned for cooking and heating purposes.” In developing countries, traditional biomass is still widely harvested and used in an unsustainable and unsafe 0 0 way. It is mostly traded informally and noncommercially. So-called modern biomass, by contrast, 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 is produced in a sustainable manner from solid wastes and residues from agriculture and forestry. The informal term “modern renewables” as used in this note denotes all renewables Source: World Bank 2014. except for traditional biomass. 6 T r a c k i n g P r o g r ess T o wa r d S u stai n a b le E n e r g y f o r A ll i n L ati n A m e r i c a a n d t h e Ca r i b b ea n Figure 8. Renewable energy’s share of total final energy Figure 10. Change in consumption of modern forms of renewable consumption, 2010 energy as a percentage of TFEC, 1990–2000 World Uruguay LAC Bolivia Paraguay Haiti “In a distinct contrast Guatemala Costa Rica Jamaica Paraguay with the global picture, Nicaragua Brazil Peru traditional biomass Uruguay Venezuela, RB Honduras accounts for a relatively Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Argentina small share of renewables El Salvador Haiti Bolivia Dominican Republic consumption in the Peru Traditional biomass Modern biomass Modern biomass Guatemala Hydro region, whereas modern Colombia Hydro El Salvador Liquid biofuels Chile Ecuador Liquid biofuels renewables account for Dominican Rep. Wind Mexico Wind Panama Solar relatively large shares.” Cuba Solar Panama Biogas Biogas Nicaragua Venezuela, RB Geothermal Geothermal Chile Ecuador Waste Waste Honduras Jamaica Mexico Cuba Argentina -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 percent percent Source: World Bank 2014. Source: World Bank 2014. Figure 9.  Annual regional and world growth in renewable energy consumption by technology, 1990–2010 60 compound annual growth rate (%) 51.9 50 LAC 40 World 30 25.0 20 18.2 16.7 11.1 11.4 10 6.6 3.0 5.1 3.7 1.2 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.2 0.1 0 Traditional Modern Hydro Geothermal Waste Liquid Solar Biogas Wind biomass biomass biofuels Source: World Bank 2014. 7 T r a c k i n g P r o g r ess T o wa r d S u stai n a b le E n e r g y f o r A ll i n L ati n A m e r i c a a n d t h e Ca r i b b ea n for more than 60 percent of TFEC in Haiti, Argentina derives only 10 Note, however, that these growth rates depend heavily on the level percent of TFEC from renewable resources of any kind. Brazil and of penetration of each resource type. High rates of growth are Cuba stand out for their relatively high reliance on liquid biofuels in achieved more readily for solar and wind technologies, which have their energy mix. little installed capacity, than they are for liquid biofuels. In this regard, Solar and wind power in LAC have grown rapidly—18.2 percent growth rates of 1.7 percent and 3 percent for modern biomass and “The region’s energy and 51.9 percent per year, respectively (figure 9). Growth rates of hydro, both abundantly consumed in the region, are impressive. No intensity declined between other renewable resource types have been closer to global averages. significant consumption of waste or biogas resources was registered. 1990 and 2010 at a rate of 0.5 percent per year, with Figure 11.  Level of energy intensity in 2010 and change in level, 1990–2010 very little variation in the rate over time or across a. Primary energy intensity, 2010 b. Energy intensity CAGR, 1990–2010 countries.” World 7.9 World -1.3 LAC 5.3 LAC -0.5 Dominica 2.6 Belize -3.0 St. Vincent and Grenadines 2.9 Dominican Republic -2.0 Peru 3.3 Argentina -1.9 Antigua and Barbuda 3.4 Colombia -1.9 Colombia 3.4 Guyana -1.6 Panama 3.6 Peru -1.3 Grenada 3.6 Suriname -1.2 St. Lucia 3.9 Nicaragua -1.1 Costa Rica 4.0 Chile -1.0 Uruguay 4.1 Panama -0.9 Dominican Republic 4.2 Jamaica -0.8 El Salvador 4.7 Mexico -0.7 Ecuador 4.9 Paraguay -0.6 Chile 5.2 El Salvador -0.5 Mexico 5.3 Costa Rica -0.5 Belize 5.3 Honduras -0.3 Argentina 5.4 Uruguay -0.1 Brazil 5.7 Brazil 0.2 Paraguay 6.7 Venezuela, RB 0.2 Jamaica 6.8 Ecuador 0.3 Guatemala 6.9 Guatemala 0.6 Bolivia 7.1 Antigua and Barbuda 0.9 Honduras 7.2 Bolivia 1.4 Nicaragua 9.1 St. Vincent and Grenadines 1.7 Haiti 9.7 Grenada 1.9 Venezuela, RB 10.2 Dominica 2.0 Suriname 10.5 Haiti 2.1 Guyana 16.3 St. Lucia 2.7 0 5 10 15 20 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 MJ/$2005 percent Source: World Bank 2014. 8 T r a c k i n g P r o g r ess T o wa r d S u stai n a b le E n e r g y f o r A ll i n L ati n A m e r i c a a n d t h e Ca r i b b ea n Although total penetration of renewables decreased in most Figure 13.  Energy savings owing to realized improvements in countries (implying that the consumption of nonrenewable energy energy intensity, 1990–2010 consumption has grown faster than renewable energy consumption), 40 Total primary energy supply the penetration of modern renewables increased in half of the sam- 35 Primary energy savings ple between 1990 and 2010 (figure 10). A smaller share for modern 30 exajoules 25 “Peru, Colombia, biomass accounts for most of the shifts in the figure. Where penetra- 20 Argentina, Chile, and tion rates increased, hydro (Paraguay and Columbia) and geothermal 15 10 (Costa Rica and El Salvador) also played an important role. Mexico achieved the 5 0 largest savings in the 1990 2000 2010 How has the region fared on energy efficiency? region both in absolute Source: World Bank 2014. Energy intensity is low and declining slowly volume and as a Energy intensity. Globally, energy intensity decreased by –1.3 per- Energy intensity in the region as a whole was 5.3 MJ/$2005 in 2010, percentage of their cent annually (in CAGR terms) over the 20 years between 1990 and well below the global average of 7.9 MJ/$2005. The large economies primary energy supply.” 2010. With this as the starting point for measuring future progress in in the region have similar energy intensities, except that Venezuela is global energy efficiency, the SE4ALL global objective is therefore an more energy intensive (at 10.2 MJ/$2005) than are Brazil, Argentina, annual reduction in energy intensity of -2.6 percent for the period and Mexico (figure 11). 2010–30. Energy intensity is an imperfect proxy for energy efficiency. This The region’s energy intensity declined between 1990 and 2010 is because energy intensity is affected by other factors, such as at a rate of 0.5 percent per year, with very little variation in the shifts in the structure of the economy over time, typically from less rate over time or across countries. Belize achieved the most rapid energy-intensive agriculture to higher energy-intensive industry and reductions in energy intensity (–3 percent per year), while energy then back toward lower energy-intensive services. In LAC, improve- intensity increased most rapidly in St. Lucia (2.7 percent per year). ments in energy intensity between 1990 and 2010 were to some extent achieved by a shift toward less energy-intensive sectors. Within-sector energy intensities remained stable in industry and Figure 12.  Energy intensity by sector, 1990 and 2010 agriculture but decreased in other sectors (figure 12).5 Energy savings. Energy savings in a given year are calculated Other sectors 7.4 World 5.5 as the difference between (i) the energy that would have been con- 4.3 sumed in that year given the GDP and the level of energy intensity in LAC 3.6 1990, and (ii) actual energy consumption in that year. LAC’s energy World 9.0 savings in 2010 amounted to 3.4 EJ, or about 10.7 percent of the Industry 6.8 region’s total primary energy supply (figure 13). 5.8 LAC 5.8 At the country level, Peru, Colombia, Argentina, Chile, and 3.3 Mexico achieved the largest savings in the region both in absolute Agriculture World 2.1 Energy intensity 1990 2.8 Energy intensity 2010 5 Final energy consumption can be broadly divided among the following major economic LAC 2.7 sectors: agriculture, industry, residential, transport, and services. For purposes of the Global 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tracking Framework, residential, transport, and services are aggregated into a single category labeled “other sectors” (owing to data limitations). Using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index MJ/$2005 PPP decomposition Method, GTF controls for changes in economy wide energy intensity that are Source: World Bank 2014. due to shifts in the relative weights of the industrial, agricultural, and other sectors (in $2005 PPP terms). 9 T r a c k i n g P r o g r ess T o wa r d S u stai n a b le E n e r g y f o r A ll i n L ati n A m e r i c a a n d t h e Ca r i b b ea n Figure 14. Cumulative primary energy supply, cumulative energy savings, and cumulative energy savings as a share of cumulative primary energy supply, 1990-2010 a. Cumulative primary energy supply b. Cumulative energy savings c. Savings as a share of supply (exajoules) (exajoules) (percent) “Peru, Colombia, and Brazil 168 Mexico 13.8 Peru 25 Argentina saved at least Mexico 131 Argentina 11.0 Colombia 24 Argentina 53 Colombia 5.7 Argentina 21 20 percent of their energy Venezuela, FB 51 Peru 2.7 Chile 11 needs through reductions Colombia 24 Chile 2.4 Mexico 11 Chile 21 Dominican Rep. 0.5 Costa Rica 10 in energy intensity after Peru 11 Costa Rica 0.3 Dominican Rep. 8 Ecuador 8 Nicaragua 0.1 Nicaragua 6 1990.” Dominican Rep. 6 Guyana 0.1 Panama 4 Guatemala 6 Honduras 0.1 Honduras 4 Bolivia 4 Panama 0.1 Uruguay 3 Paraguay 3 Uruguay 0.1 Paraguay 0 El Salvador 3 Belize 0.1 El Salvador 0 Jamaica 3 Suriname 0 Venezuela, RB -1 Honduras 3 Antigua and Barbuda 0 Guatemala -2 Costa Rica 3 Paraguay 0 Jamaica -3 Uruguay 3 Dominica 0 Brazil -3 Nicaragua 2 El Salvador 0 Ecuador -8 Panama 2 St. Vincent and Grenadines 0 Bolivia -10 Note: Due to data limitations, energy savings could be calculated for only 19 countries Source: World Bank 2014. Source: World Bank 2014. volume and as a percentage of their primary energy supply. Peru, With respect to access, the region is making progress in reaching Colombia, and Argentina saved at least 20 percent of their energy universal access to modern energy by 2030. Argentina and Peru needs through reductions in energy intensity after 1990 (figure 14). must address deficits in access to electricity; Brazil and Peru must Brazil, Ecuador, and Bolivia, by contrast, increased their energy needs address deficits in access to nonsolid fuel; and Haiti faces both chal- by 3, 8, and 10 percent, respectively, as a result of higher energy lenges. Gains in access rates between 1990 and 2010 were on the intensities. order of 7 percent for electricity and 14 percent for nonsolid fuels. With respect to renewables, the high penetration of modern Where is the region headed? renewables is noteworthy. However, the share of renewables in TFEC did not change significantly between 1990 and 2010, whether one Greater efforts will be needed to reach the SE4ALL looks at all renewables or modern forms alone. goals, particularly for renewable energy and energy With respect to energy efficiency, SE4ALL sets a regionwide goal efficiency of reducing energy intensity by 1 percent per year. To achieve this rate, the large economies of the region will need to place greater Monitoring progress at the regional and country level provides a emphasis on improving energy efficiency. much clearer picture of how the region is moving toward the SE4All goals. 10 T r a c k i n g P r o g r ess T o wa r d S u stai n a b le E n e r g y f o r A ll i n L ati n A m e r i c a a n d t h e Ca r i b b ea n Given the scale of the challenge inherent in meeting the three References Make further SE4ALL goals, it is clear that a combination of bold policy measures SE4ALL (Sustainable Energy for All Initiative). 2012. In Support of the connections coupled with a supportive regulatory and institutional environment Objective to Achieve Universal Access to Modern Energy Services is required to support the requisite ramp-up of delivery capacity and by 2030. Technical Report of Task Force 1: New York. http://www. Live Wire 2014/28. “Tracking financial flows to the sector. sustainableenergyforall.org/about-us. Progress Toward Providing World Bank. 2014. Global Tracking Framework. Sustainable Energy for Sustainable Energy for All in All. Report 85415, Washington, DC. http://documents.worldbank. East Asia and the Pacific,” by org/curated/en/2014/01/19164902/global-tracking-framework. Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit. Preparation of this note benefitted from comments by Morgan Bazilian, lead Live Wire 2014/29. “Tracking energy specialist in the World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Global Practice, Progress Toward Providing and Vivien Foster, a manager in that practice. Sustainable Energy for All in Eastern Europe and Central Asia,” by Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit. Live Wire 2014/31. “Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy for All in the Middle East and North Africa,” by Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit. Live Wire 2014/32. “Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy for All in South Asia,” by Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit. Live Wire 2014/33. “Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy for All in Sub-Saharan Africa,” by Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit. Get Connected to Live Wire Live Wires are designed for easy reading on the screen and for downloading The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes is an initiative of the World Bank Group’s Energy and self-printing in color or “Live Wire is designed and Extractives Global Practice, reflecting the emphasis on knowledge management and solu- black and white. tions-oriented knowledge that is emerging from the ongoing change process within the Bank for practitioners inside Group. For World Bank employees: and outside the Bank. Professional printing can Each Live Wire delivers, in 3–6 attractive, highly readable pages, knowledge that is immediately It is a resource to relevant to front-line practitioners. also be undertaken on a customized basis for share with clients and specific events or occasions Live Wires take a variety of forms: counterparts.” • Topic briefs offer technical knowledge on key issues in energy and extractives by contacting GSDPM Customer Service Center at • Case studies highlight lessons from experiences in implementation (202) 458-7479, or sending a • Global trends provide analytical overviews of key energy and extractives data written request to cgsdpm@ • Bank views portray the Bank Group’s activities in the energy and extractives sectors worldbank.org. • Private eyes present a private sector perspective on topical issues in the field Each Live Wire will be peer-reviewed by seasoned practitioners in the Bank. Once a year, the Energy and Extractives Global Practice takes stock of all notes that appeared, reviewing their quality and identifying priority areas to be covered in the following year’s pipeline. Please visit our Live Wire web page for updates: http://www.worldbank.org/energy/livewire e Pa c i f i c 2014/28 ainable energy for all in easT asia and Th 1 Tracking Progress Toward Providing susT TIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRAC THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable for All in East Asia and the Pacific 2014/29 and cenTral asia energy for all? in 2010, eaP easTern euroPe sT ainable en ergy for all in databases—technical measures. This note is based on that frame- g su v i d i n had an electrification rate of Why is this important? ess Toward Pro work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of 1 Tracking Progr 95 percent, and 52 percent of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E ENERGY & EXTRA • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured T E S E R I E S F O R T H EIn declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for energy decreased overall A KNO W L E D G E N Oand 2010, though by the percentage of the population with an electricity between 1990 All,” the UN General Assembly established three objectives to be connection and the percentage of the population with access Energy modern forms grew rapidly. d Providing Sustainable accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern energy energy intensity levels are high to nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household Tracking Progress Towar services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in the global surveys and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification but declining rapidly. overall THE BOTTOM LINE energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement in energy e and Central Asia trends are positive, but bold Database and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy for All in Eastern Europ efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). stand policy measures will be required where does the region setting Database. The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries on that frame- on the quest for sustainable to sustain progress. is based share of renewable energy in the their own national targets databases— technical in a measures. way that is Thisconsistent with the overall of • Renewable energy. The note version energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an updated their ability energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy to Why is this important ? spirit of the work initiative. (World Bank Because2014). countries differ greatly in has near-universal access consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. of trends is critical to monitoring to pursue thetheGTF in 2015. three objectives, some will make more rapid progress GTF uses to Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy electricity, and 93 percent Tracking regional othersindicators primary will excel and data sources that elsewhere, depending on their the while the population has access le Energy for All in one areaThe goals are summarized below. balances published by the International Energy Agency and the the progress of the Sustainab respective track starting progress pointstowardand the three SE4ALL comparative advantages as well as on services is measured to nonsolid fuel for cooking. access. Accessthat they modern to are able to energy marshal. United Nations. despite relatively abundant (SE4ALL) initiative the resources and support Energy with an electricity connection Elisa Portale is an l Year of Sustainable Energy for To sustain percentage of by the momentum forthe the population achievement of the SE4ALL 2• Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency hydropower, the share In declaring 2012 the “Internationa energy economist in with access to nonsolid fuels. three global objectives objectives, andathe means of charting percentage of the population global progress to 2030 is needed. is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly established the Energy Sector surveys and reported access to modern universalAssistance The World TheseBank and data are the collected International using household Energy Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total consumption has remained to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure Management Database and the World of theenergy intium of 15 renewable international in the World Bank’s Global agencies toElectrification establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) energy the 2010 share of Program (ESMAP) relatively low. very high energy services, to double Database. measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to 1 t ’s Household provides Energy a system for regular World Bank’s Energy the global rate of improvemen and Extractives Tracking Framework Health (GTF), which Organization in the energy intensity levels have come and to double the global energy mix, Global Practice. (SE4ALL 2012). based on energy. of renewable The sharepractical, rigorous—yet energy given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances to the period 1990–2010 global reporting, Renewable down rapidly. The big questions in energy efficiency relative setting by the percentage of total final energy consumption published by the International Energy Agency and the United evolve Joeri withde Wit is an countries individual mix is measured Data used to are how renewables will The SE4ALL objectives are global, economist in with the overall from renewable energy when every resources. person on the planet has access Nations. picks up a way energy that is consistent 1 The universal derived that isaccess goal will be achieved balances published when energy demand in from energy their own national targets through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, rates the Bank’s Energy and countries differ greatly in their ability calculate this indicator are obtained to modern energy services provided productive use and community services. The term “modern solutions” cookingNations. again and whether recent spirit of the initiative. Because Extractives Global rapid progress and energy for Energy Agency and the United liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural will make more by the refers to solutions International that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including is pellets and briquettes), and of decline in energy intensity some t of those of efficiency energy and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as to pursue the three objectives, Practice. depending on their or solid/liquid fuels paired with Energy efficiency. The rate stoves exhibiting of overall improvemen emissions rates at or near other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). will excel elsewhere, rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. in one area while others liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). annual growth as well as on approximated by the compound and comparative advantages is the ratio of total primary energy respective starting points marshal. where energy intensity that they are able to intensity, measured in purchas- the resources and support domestic product (GDP) for the achievement of the SE4ALL consumption to gross calculate energy intensity Elisa Portale is an To sustain momentum terms. Data used to charting global progress to 2030 is needed. ing power parity (PPP) the International energy economist in objectives, a means of balances published by the Energy Sector International Energy Agency led a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the United Nations. Management Assistance agencies to establish the the GTF to provide a regional and tium of 15 international for regular This note uses data from Program (ESMAP) of the which provides a system for Eastern Tracking Framework (GTF), the three pillars of SE4ALL World Bank’s Energy and Extractives on rigorous—yet practical, given available country perspective on Global Practice. global reporting, based has access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when every person on the planet The universal access goal heating fuels, clean cooking fuels, clean energy economist in 1 agricultural provided through electricity, biomass (wood, charcoal, to modern energy services The term “modern cooking solutions” to include both traditional and briquettes), and Solid fuels are defined the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and energy for productive petroleum gas), and so on), processed fuels (including liquefied and forest residues, dung, involve electricity or gaseous at or near those of Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). liquefied petroleum gas Contribute to If you can’t spare the time to contribute to Live Wire, but have an idea for a topic, or case we should cover, let us know! Do you have something to say? We welcome your ideas through any of the following Say it in Live Wire! channels: Via the Communities of Those working on the front lines of energy and extractives development in emerging economies Practice in which you are have a wealth of technical knowledge and case experience to share with their colleagues but active seldom have the time to write for publication. By participating in the Energy Live Wire offers prospective authors a support system to make sharing your knowledge as easy as and Extractives Global possible: Practice’s annual Live Wire • Trained writers among our staff will be assigned upon request to draft Live Wire stories with series review meeting staff active in operations. By communicating directly • A professional series editor ensures that the writing is punchy and accessible. with the team (contact • A professional graphic designer assures that the final product looks great—a feather in your cap! Morgan Bazilian, mbazilian@ worldbank.org) Live Wire aims to raise the profile of operational staff wherever they are based; those with hands-on knowledge to share. That’s your payoff! It’s a chance to model good uroPe and cenT ral asia 2014/29 all in easTern e ble energy for “knowledge citizenship” and participate in the ongoing change process at the Bank, v i d i n g s u s Ta i n a ess Toward Pro 1 Tracking Progr where knowledge management is becoming everybody’s business. A KNOWLEDGE NOT E SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRACT IVES GLOBAL PRAC TICE rgy Providing Sustainable Ene Tracking Progress Toward Or 2014/5 1 U n d e r s ta n d i n g C O 2 emissiOns frOm the glObal energy seCt THE BOTTOM LINE pe and Cen tral Asia for All in Eastern Euro stand where does the region on the quest for sustaina ble based on that frame- measures. This note is databases—technical updated version of energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an has near-universal access to WhyD is this important? ERGY PRACTICE work (World Bank 2014). E G E N O T E S E R I E S F O R T H E E N to electricity, and 93 percent of A K N O W L g regiona l trends is critical monitoring the GTF in 2015. data sources that the GTF uses to Trackin The primary indicator s and the population has access s of the Sustain able Energy for All the three SE4ALL goals are summari zed below. the progres track progress toward Understanding CO Emissions from the Global Energy Sector nonsolid fuel for cooking. is measured to modern energy services THE BOTTOM LINE to Your Name Here t (SE4ALL) initiativ e Energy access. Access connection despite relatively abundan 2 population with an electricity ional Year of Sustainab le Energy for by the percentage of the access to nonsolid fuels. 2 hydropower, the share the energy sector contributes In declaring 2012 the “Internat objectives percenta ge of the population with establish ed three global and the and reported about 40 percent of global of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly using household surveys Why is this issue important? access to modern These data are collected 2030: to ensure universal and the World Become an author has remained emissions of CO2. three- consumption to be accomplished by of renewable energy in in the World Bank’s Global Electrification Database high energy knowledge the share of the 2010 . energy requires very relatively low. Mitigating climate change services, to 1 double ld Energy Database quarters of those emissions rate of improvement Organization’s Househo CO2 intensity levels have come and to double the global Figure 1. CO2 emissions Health Figure 2. energy-related The share of renewable energy in the energy come from six major the global energy mix, sources of CO question s2 emissions to the period 1990–201 0 (SE4ALL 2012). by sector Renewab le energy. emissions by country consumption down rapidly. The big economies. although coal-fired in energy efficiency relative countries setting percenta ge of total final energy mix is measured by the of Live Wire and global, with individual LICs evolve les will opportunities to cut emissions of greenhouse aregases used to plants account for just are how renewab Identifying The SE4ALL objectives le energy resources. Data 0.5% picks upunderstanding of the main sources ofin those a way that is consistent with emis- the overall that is derived from renewab energy balances published 40 percent of world energy when energy demand requires a clear their own national targets in their ability are obtained from calculate this indicator Other Carbonrates for more than 80 percent of differ greatly countries Residential production, they were again and whethersions.recent dioxide (CO2) accounts spirit of the initiative. Because 6% sectors progress Other MICs nal Energy Agency and the United Nations. will make more rapid 15% intensity gas emissions globally, 1 primarily from the burning s, some 10% by the Internatio China improvement of energy efficiency is contribute to your responsible for more than of decline in energytotal greenhouse to pursue the three objective on their Other HICs . The rate of energy sector—defined include toexcel elsewhere, depending Energy efficiency 30% growth rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. of fossil fuels (IFCC 2007). The will 8% in one area while others by the compound annual Energy 70 percent of energy-sector as well as on 41% approxim and heat generation—contributed and compara tive advantages 41 ated Japan 4% energy the ratio of total primary Industry emissions in 2010. despite fuels consumed for electricity respective starting points 20% Russia energy intensity is that they are able to marshal. in 2010 (figure 1). Energy-related intensity, where USA product (GDP) measured in purchas- improvements in some percent of global CO2 emissions the resources and support 7% gross domestic practice and career! up the bulk of such ent of the SE4ALL Other consump tion to India 19% intensity is an at the point of combustion make for the achievem calculate energy countries, the global CO2 Elisa 2 emissions COPortale To sustain momentum transport Road 7% EU terms. Data used to andinare generated by the burning of fossil is needed. global progress to 2030 6% transport fuels, industrial ing power parity (PPP) the International economist objectives, a means of charting balances published by emissions 11% emission factor for energy energy 16% EnergyandSector nonrenewable municipal waste to generate nal Energy Agency led electricity Internatio a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the thewaste, generation has hardly changed United Nations. ent Assistance venting and leakage to establish the emissions SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the sector at the point and over the last 20 years. and heat. Black carbon and methane Managem tium of 15 international agencies Notes: Energy-related CO2 emissions are CO2 emissions from the energy from the GTF to provide a regional of the for regular This note usesanddata domestic Program (ESMAP) are not included in the analysis presented in this rk note. which provides a system (GTF), of combustion. Other Transport includes international marine aviation bunkers, of SE4ALL for Eastern Extractives Tracking Framewo available Other Sectors rail and pipeline transport; perspect ive on the three include pillars commercial/public World Bank’s Energy and given aviation and navigation, country on rigorous—yet practical, services, agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity and heat genera- Global Practice. global reporting, based elsewhere; Energy = fuels consumed for electricity and Where do emissions come from? tion, and other emissions not specified as has in the opening paragraph. HIC, MIC, and LIC refer to high-, middle-, access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when on the planet heat generation, every person defined The universal access goal of countries heating fuels, energy economistare Emissions concentrated in 1 in a handful to modern energy services provided through electricity, fuels, clean and low-income clean cooking countries. cooking solutions” to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural The term “modern Source: IEA 2012a. Solid fuels are defined and briquettes), and the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and come primarily from burning and energy coal for productive electricity or gaseous fuels involve (including liquefied petroleum gas), of and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed Vivien Foster is sector Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates at or near those other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting or solid/liquid fuels paired emissions closely manager for the Sus- The geographical pattern of energy-related CO Practice. gas 2 (www.sustainableenergy forall.org). liquefied petroleum middle-income countries, and only 0.5 percent by all low-income tainable Energy Depart- mirrors the distribution of energy consumption (figure 2). In 2010, ment at the World Bank countries put together. almost half of all such emissions were associated with the two (vfoster@worldbank.org). Coal is, by far, the largest source of energy-related CO2 emissions largest global energy consumers, and more than three-quarters globally, accounting for more than 70 percent of the total (figure 3). Daron Bedrosyan were associated with the top six emitting countries. Of the remaining works for London This reflects both the widespread use of coal to generate electrical energy-related CO2 emissions, about 8 percent were contributed Economics in Toronto. power, as well as the exceptionally high CO2 intensity of coal-fired by other high-income countries, another 15 percent by other Previously, he was an power (figure 4). Per unit of energy produced, coal emits significantly energy analyst with the more CO emissions than oil and more than twice as much as natural 2 World Bank’s Energy Practice. Gas Inventory 1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Greenhouse 0.php gas. Data—Comparisons By Gas (database). http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/items/380