THE WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 16 / NO 2 SEPTEMBER 2017 INSIDE Emerging women entrepreneurs from rural India 1-6 Stitching Dreams: In Tamil Pathways to Prosperity – World Bank series 7-9 Nadu, Rural Women Show Interview 10-11 Development Dialogue: the Way to Start Up India GST and the remapping of India 12-14 Recent Project Approvals & Signings 15-16 I n our travels across rural Tamil Nadu we met many women who had a great deal of experience in working in the large garments factories of the state – in Tiruppur and Chennai. But, after getting married ICR Update: Karnataka their family responsibilities forced them to leave their jobs and return Panchayats Strengthening Project 17-18 to their villages. Now these young women have put their years of experience to use and are setting up small enterprises in their home New Additions to the Public Information Center 19-27 villages, sewing garments for India’s huge domestic market. It is a Contact Information 28 win-win situation for all. Working out of thatched huts and refurbished cowsheds, the newly-minted women entrepreneurs not only turn in a Photo credit: Tamil Nadu Empowerment tidy profit but also create much-needed employment for others. and Poverty Reduction Project (TNEPRP) The large garment manufacturing companies, Once a large cow shed, a garment faced with crippling shortages of skilled labor, unit today now outsource orders to these units. Today, these fast-growing women’s enterprises This was Inam Koilpatti village in India’s have not only opened up new avenues for southern state of Tamil Nadu. Even though rural women to work, boosting female labor many villages in the state were rapidly force participation, but also added a new urbanising, this village still had many huts, grassroots and gender dimension to the idea and prosperity was yet to arrive. of Start Up India. Two young women, Indhurani and As we entered the small hut of rammed earth Gurupakkiam, ran this tiny unit. Born with thatched with coconut leaves, the sounds we an entrepreneurial spirit, these women have heard belonged to a different world. Amidst unwittingly given a much-needed boost to the the whir of industrial sewing machines, nine idea of ‘Start Up India’ in this poor region. young women were busy stitching bolts of fabric into men’s shirts, destined for India’s “We were both working at a company in vast domestic market for low-cost garments. Thalavaipuram,” they began. (Thalavaipuram is 12 2 The World Bank in India • September 2017 an emerging garments hub nearby.) “But, with family responsibilities it was getting hard for us to travel 20 km to work. Three years ago we approached our employer with a proposition. We would set up a unit in our village, if he would give us orders,” they narrated. Persuading their manager was not difficult. The women were known for their good work, and besides, the state’s garment industry was in the grip of crippling labor shortages. Once their manager agreed, the women dipped into their meagre savings, bought two old industrial sewing machines, and got them refurbished. Since there was little money left, they converted a part of their small thatched homes into the factory floor. After reinvesting their profits, the women were now operating nine machines, employing ten women, and running the unit year around. marriage and family responsibilities have The home had been vacated and the small forced them to return to their home villages. hut was entirely a shop floor now. Our project – the World Bank’s Tamil Nadu Empowerment and Poverty Reduction Project The garments industry is one of the dominant (TNEPRP) – had also trained large numbers industries in Tamil Nadu. And Tiruppur, its of village women in tailoring, a trade that was main center, has earned a place on the global popular among them. map for garment manufacturing. The industry, however, faces huge shortages of skilled But despite these thousands of skilled women, labour. “Twenty thousand people are needed there were very few tailoring enterprises in the in Tiruppur alone,” said the leader of the villages – just a few tailoring shops catered to garments association. village demand, or for the seasonal need for uniforms from local schools. On the other hand, there is an abundance of skilled labor in the countryside. Many of Tamil A bridge needed to be built between the Nadu’s rural women have rich experience industry and the skilled workforce, each working in large garment factories, but separated from the other by geography. The World Bank in India • September 2017 12 3 12 4 The World Bank in India • September 2017 Setting the stage for change reluctant managers, telling them that for every woman who worked with them, there were at But how? Indhurani and Gurupakkiam were least two more who could work out of their showing us the way. Their lack of education villages. What’s more, some of these women did not prevent the flowering of their were very enterprising, and the project could enterprise. Or maybe it spurred them on! help them set up small manufacturing units with financing and mentoring. Who, then, would build this bridge? Shunmugaraj, the TNEPRP project’s district A customer operated unit in the heart of the manager in Virudhnagar district took up the village. challenge in great earnest. He had seen the hunger for work in the eyes of the rural An idea whose time has come women, and was convinced that companies could double their annual turnover if only At first, three managers agreed to experiment. they could somehow employ them. Markets If the village garment units were able to reach were not a problem – exports to the Middle- the performance levels required of them, they East were growing and the scope for further would place their orders with them. expansion was huge. Three months later four units emerged and There was one stumbling block, however. hit the required performance levels. Six The managers of the big garment units in the months later the number grew to twenty. Thalavaipuram hub nearby were not keen And, applications from another twenty to outsource work to these simple village are pending. Shunmugaraj and his team women. To them, a village exuded an air of had done an excellent job of bringing the inefficiency and disorderliness, and they felt community and industry together. that poor and little-educated rural women Carefully identifying those with could not be good managers. entrepreneurial ability, the project helped Step-by-step Shunmugaraj convinced these the women set up small garment units. The World Bank in India • September 2017 12 5 For the first three months the project provided the women with handholding, introduced customers, facilitated financing from government departments and banks, helped get mandatory registrations and certifications, located machinery suppliers, provided training in entrepreneurship, and mobilized labor. After three months, the women were largely on their own, a condition that had been agreed upfront with them. Today Virudhnagar district has 20 small companies, she has also launched a brand of garments units that employ more than 200 her own. As is often the case with start-ups, women, many of whom have switched from her business partner, Fathima Beevi, has split farming or unskilled jobs, or from hazardous amicably, but by setting up her own unit, has jobs in fireworks units. With well-paying jobs generated further employment. available near their homes, the women now enjoy a vastly better lifestyle, and work in a Andal, another entrepreneur, started with profession they have always aspired for. just five machines and within six months had expanded them to twelve. Elsewhere, ten A room in a home converted into a garment women have come together, pooled their unit. resources, and set up a 10-machine unit that Creating brands of their own is doing good business. Some of the top garment manufacturers in When the experiment began, Bhanu, an Thalavaipuram now partner with all fifteen entrepreneur, had told us, “I would like to of these small women’s enterprises. And, have my own brand one day.” A year later, mortality among these new units has been while Bhanu still manufactures for a few large low. Building on this success, the World Bank’s proposed Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project is seeking to carry on the good work by integrating more rural women into the value chains for other industries – horticulture, food and agro-processing, dairy, leather and handicrafts – and scaling up their enterprises across the state. As India struggles to generate jobs and increase female labor force participation in the country, Indhurani and Gurupakkiam’s pioneering enterprise is showing the way. Clearly there are some enterprising ‘jewels’ among India’s forgotten billion. All they need is a chance to shine their light in their full glory, and take others along in the process. (Change background colour as needed) Contributed by Samik Sundar Das, Senior Rural Development Specialist, World Bank and Yuvaraj Galada, Consultant, World Bank. Authors acknowledge contributions by Shouvik Mitra, World Bank consultant for the case studies and data. 12 6 The World Bank in India • September 2017 Pathways to Prosperity Tackling poverty in India: In building and agri boom, rural wage lift Real wages have risen across India in the past two decades, but the increase was especially marked among rural unskilled workers. Three drivers – falling rural female labor force participation, a construction boom, and favorable agricultural terms of trade – help explain why unskilled rural workers fared better than their urban counterparts or workers with more education. Going forward, in light of lower agricultural prices and slower growth in the construction sector, some of the factors that contributed to the increase in relative wages for unskilled labor during this period may not be sustained over time, say Hanan Jacoby, Lead Economist, Agriculture and Rural Development, World Bank and Basab Dasgupta, Economist, Water Global Practice, World Bank The World Bank in India • September 2017 7 O ver the last two decades, India’s workers have seen their wages rise substantially relative to the cost of living. Although real First, an expanding construction sector stands out as the key driver of relative wage growth for unskilled men. States in which wages have risen across all of India and the rural construction sector grew faster for all demographic groups (educated/ than the urban construction sector, such as uneducated, old/young, male/female), the rise Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka, saw faster has been especially marked among the rural relative wage growth for men with less than unskilled workers – those with less than full complete secondary education. What this secondary education. This was particularly means is that the wages of these men grew so between 2004/05 and 2011/12. While faster in rural areas of the state than in urban this phenomenon helps explain the fall in areas. There is no such effect on women’s rural poverty during this period, it begs the wages. In contrast to the construction question: what were the economic forces that sector, relative growth in services, such as drove the rise in real wages during this time? wholesale and resale trade, is unrelated to relative wages for either males or females. To answer this question it helps to narrow it, by shifting our gaze from the overall rising- Second, falling female labor force tide of higher real wages nationwide and participation has played a role in helping asking instead why some “boats” have risen raise wages, but only for women. States in faster than others; for example, why the which rural women withdrew from the labor wages of rural workers lacking secondary force faster than urban women experienced education (concentrated in sectors like a greater rise in the wages of rural unskilled agriculture and construction) have risen women. This pattern is essentially absent for faster than those of their urban counterparts. males, suggesting that women’s unskilled Here are three key findings on how the labor is not a very close substitute for that relative wages of different groups have of men. changed between 2004/05 and 2011/12: Figure 1: Changing wage structure in India during 1993/94 - 2011/12 (Annualized log real wage changes by demographic group) 1993/94 to 2004/05 2004/05 to 2011/12 0.12 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.00 Below Sec Educated, M Educated, M Below Sec Educated, F Educated, F Below Sec Educated, M Educated, M Below Sec Educated, F Educated, F Below Sec Educated, M Educated, M Below Sec Educated, F Educated, F Below Sec Educated, M Educated, M Below Sec Educated, F Educated, F Below 30 yrs 30 yrs + Below 30 yrs 30 yrs + RURAL URBAN Note: “Educated” workers refers to those who completed secondary school or above M: Male; F: Female Source: Authors’ calculation from various rounds of NSSO data 8 The World Bank in India • September 2017 Figure 2: Average annual change in log real wage changes for unskilled workers 1993/94 to 2004/05 2004/05 to 2011/12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 Uttar Pradesh Northern States Seven Sisters Rajasthan Gujarat West Bengal Maharashtra India Kerala Bihar Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Karnataka Odisha Andhra Pradesh 0.00 Note: Split states clubbed with parent states Source: Authors’ calculation from various rounds of NSSO data Third, states that grew crops whose prices These findings are based on a standard rose more sharply during the 2004/05-11/12 decomposition of wage growth into growth period saw rural wages for unskilled labor, due to supply shifts (changing group both male and female, rise faster than urban employment shares), growth due to demand wages. Thus, against the backdrop of the shifts (changing industrial composition overall decline in agricultural employment biased for or against a particular group), and in India, states that benefitted from the growth due to wage-premia shifts (essentially, agricultural commodity boom saw a greater movements into or out of structurally low- demand for farm labor, and hence rising paying jobs). The portion of relative wage wages for unskilled farm work. growth attributable to these three factors can then be extracted for each state, or groups While we cannot run a statistical ‘horserace’ of smaller states, and finally correlated with to find the dominant force behind the recent various economic changes at the state changes in India’s relative wage structure, level. The key findings represent statistically these three drivers do help us understand why significant correlations. unskilled rural workers have fared better than their urban counterparts. Going forward, in Reference: light of the recent moderation in agricultural Jacoby, Hanan G., and Basab Dasgupta. prices and slower growth in the construction 2015. “Changing Wage Structure in India in sector, it is already clear that some of the the Post-Reform Era: 1993-2011.” factors that contributed to the increase in WPS 7426, World Bank, Washington DC. relative wages for unskilled labor during this period may not be sustained over time. As a Read more: https://tinyurl.com/y8yf5hfz matter of fact, the rate of growth in real wages This blog was originally published in the Indian has slowed over the past few years, with Express on 22nd June, 2016. potential implications for the pace of poverty reduction in the country. The World Bank in India • September 2017 9 Interview “School enrolment numbers high in the last decade…Students in schools but not learning enough” Earlier this year India announced that it would be ending its almost decade-long boycott of the Programme for International Students Assessment (PISA), organised by the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to rank countries based on learning levels of 15-year-olds in reading, mathematics and science. The last time Indian students participated in this global assessment in 2009, they stood 72nd out of 74 participating countries. During his recent visit to India, Senior Director for Education and Peru’s former Education Minister Jaime Saavedra spoke about India’s re-entry into PISA, why the Indian education system needs to shift focus from quantity to quality and what we can learn from other countries: W hen will India participate again in PISA, which ranks countries based on learning levels of 15-year-old students? India last participated in PISA in 2009 but the minister for human resources and development has announced that India will participate again in 2021. This is a very good move because international testing is critical to understand where a country stands. This is especially important for India because it aspires to be a competitive economy and be a part of the big league. How does India fare when compared to China, which also took PISA for the first time in 2009? China’s performance was considerably better but it is unfair to compare the two countries. It is true that India will have to make a much faster progress than what we have seen in the past and it needs to take intermediate steps. India sees a much higher incidence of teacher absenteeism and that has to stop. Classroom practices also have to improve and that’s where the two countries diverge. But India has already identified the challenges. It can now only move ahead. What has changed since India’s last participation in PISA in 2009? I think a strong culture has emerged where India is not scared to know 10 The World Bank in India • September 2017 January 2015 where it stands, but instead wants to know its standing so that it can narrow disparities. More important than just PISA is the fact that India will now implement an annual National Assessment Survey (NAS), starting 2017. There have been some very positive changes in education under this government because the NAS samples will now not be collected at the state level but at the district level. With this, the local capacities are going to improve because the approach is not generic any more. Authorities will now be able to use the NAS results at micro levels to customise and improve education. What are some of the success models that can be incorporated to bring education in India on par with the international levels? When Peru first participated in PISA in 2012, it ranked last among 65 countries. This was a wakeup call for everyone because we knew where we stood. So, a strong four-pillar reformation system was implemented, focussing on teachers, pedagogical training programmes, management and infrastructure. In 2015, Peru’s improvement was the fourth fastest in the world, which was very significant. What are some inherent flaws in the Indian education system? India has made huge progress in bringing children to school. So, school enrolment numbers have been very high during the last decade, particularly at the elementary level. In global terms, India is very important because of its size. So, for the world to do well, we need India to do well. But today we see that there is a learning crisis here. Increasingly, students are going to schools but they are not learning foundational skills that can help them in an increasingly competitive world. This happens because of several factors like lack of infrastructure, teachers, proper training programmes, etc. How can the government overcome these flaws? Not just in India but even globally, investment in education has been used to set up the basic infrastructure and to ensure the presence of teachers. But that is only the first step. India faces several challenges but the main issue is the quality of teachers. We need to promote the right interaction between teachers and students, improve the academic programmes, (Change background colour as needed) school management, decrease student dropout rates. But teacher training is the most important because we have to ensure that teachers have the right working environment where they have the scope for growth, the right professional development and proper incentive. This interview was originally published in the Times of India on 4th September, 2017 The The World World Bank Bank in India • September in India 2017 11 • January 2015 Development Dialogue GST and the remapping of India By Junaid Ahmad, Rakhi Basu, and Pravin Krishna T he coming into force of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) will unify the nation into a common economic market, obviating Prior to GST, the internal movement of goods was subject to a number of barriers. First, and most directly, there the need for goods to be taxed each time were taxes on the inter-state movement of they cross a state border. Much of the current goods and cross-state differences in VAT discussion about GST has focused on the tax structures. Second, there were cumbersome structure and the complexities surrounding inspections, especially at state borders. the implementation of the new system. A recent World Bank-funded study, Less appreciated is the fact that GST, by undertaken by the Ministry of Road changing all aspects of business, from the Transport and Highways, used GPS-time- location of production and investments to stamped data of freight trucks (collected by logistical and supply-chain optimisation, the innovative Bengaluru-based logistics could fundamentally alter the economic company, Blackbuck) to suggest that geography of India. To paraphrase the writer roughly 20 per cent of the transit time Pearl S. Buck, “In our changing world, nothing is spent at the border on verification of changes more than economic geography”. documents. 12 The World Bank in India • September 2017 Indeed, anecdotal evidence suggests that If additionally, there are large transport costs, trucks have been taking longer and circuitous production benefits by locating itself near routes to avoid inefficient and sometimes the largest market to minimise transportation corruption-laden border-crossings across costs (the well-known “home-market” effect). some states. GST will eliminate taxes on In this setting, a reduction in transport inter-state movement and harmonise the barriers, as is the case with GST, can change VAT structure across states (except for the location of production within a country exempted goods). Border inspections quite dramatically – away from the largest should be significantly reduced – although, market to low production-cost locations, thus since inspections of cargo (to ensure GST diluting the home-market effect. This also compliance) and vehicles (for licences and holds true in an international setting. Indeed, compliance with technical standards, for the relocation of production away from the instance) are still permitted, there remains a United States to China in the last couple of concern that harassment by inspectors and decades was driven in significant part by the corruption may persist. lowering of transport costs. That said, GST is expected to result in a With the removal of barriers within India, significant increase in internal trade – by another related outcome is the geographic as much as 30 to 40 per cent, according to centralisation of production and warehousing. some estimates. This could mean that economic activity will increase in centrally located states such as Beyond the increase in internal trade, Madhya Pradesh. Yet another possibility is other economic factors are at play that the agglomeration of economic activity in the can significantly alter the economic map more productive states. Thus, with GST, the of the country. The work of economist Paul economic map of India will evolve – possibly Krugman has shown that when the costs in quite complex ways. of producing a good are lowered with scale in production, there is an incentive to As economic corridors change, the demand geographically concentrate such production. for new investment in transport and logistics The World Bank in India • September 2017 13 infrastructure will increase. Supplying this location of the vaunted multi-modal logistics demand will require a nimble reading of “parks”, on technology adoption and on where markets will grow and where new the setting of standards (for instance, on investments will be necessary. This is crucial containerisation) to support inter modal as even prior to GST, Indian economic transport inter alia – and to achieve efficient growth implied a near tripling of freight traffic funding. over a decade, with transport infrastructure India’s economic destiny will crucially rely not quite keeping pace. The costs of on its ability to anticipate, support and inefficient logistics are not inconsiderable. leverage its evolving economic geography. The McKinsey study, Building India: As China’s economic trajectory could (Change background colour as needed) Transforming the Nation’s Logistics teach us, productivity and growth require Infrastructure, estimated that logistical intention and provisioning. They are inefficiency in India amounts to around 4 per never mere accidents, they never happen cent of the GDP – this could well increase serendipitously. as the GST intensifies logistical needs Junaid Ahmad is India Country Director, Infrastructure is often identified as a “binding World Bank, Rakhi Basu is Transport constraint” to growth. Perhaps nowhere is Specialist, World Bank, and Pravin Krishna this truer than it is in India today. is Chung Ju Yung, Distinguished Professor, Much economic and political effort will be John Hopkins University required to arrive at optimal investment This opinion piece was originally published choices – on the modal mix, the balance in the Indian Express on 11th August, 2017. between road and rail, air and water, on the 14 The World Bank in India • September 2017 Recent Project Approvals National Agricultural Higher Education Education Project to help the Indian Project Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and participating agricultural universities provide T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors have approved a $82.50 million National Agricultural Higher relevant and better quality higher education to students. The Project will support ICAR’s efforts to transform the agricultural universities into centers of excellence for higher education by improving student learning outcomes; raising their prospects for future employability, particularly in the private sector; and aligning their academic curricula with the skill sets being demanded in the agriculture and allied services sector. It will target 75 institutions, consisting of (Change background colour as needed) state agricultural universities (63), deemed universities (five), central universities with agricultural faculty (four), and central agricultural universities (three). Odisha Higher Education Program for tribes (ST) and other disadvantaged groups, Excellence and Equity Project strengthen the overall governance and management of these institutes and provide T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors have approved the $119 million Odisha Higher Education Program updated pedagogical training to its teachers. Government, government-aided, and block for Excellence and Equity Project to support grant colleges that have an accreditation from the Government of Odisha in improving the the National Assessment and Accreditation quality, equity and governance of higher Council (NAAC) are eligible to apply for education institutes in the state. grants under the Project. Their Institutional Development Plan (IDP) will be evaluated by The Project will help the state improve access a committee comprising eminent academics to quality higher education for students from from inside and outside the state. The first all backgrounds, particularly from scheduled round of selection has already begun and the committee has selected 70 colleges and six state universities based on their IDPs. Another 70 will be selected in the second round which will commence after 12 to 18 months. The remaining about 660 colleges that do not receive the institutional grant will directly benefit from a faculty development program and the anticipated governance reforms. (Change background colour as needed) In all, about 630,000 higher education students and about 21,000 faculty staff and 11,000 administrative staff at the colleges and universities will benefit from the project. The World Bank in India • September 2017 15 Assam Agribusiness and Rural The project will be implemented over 16 Transformation Project districts of Assam. Over 500,000 farming households will directly benefit from the T he $200 million Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project, approved by the World Bank Board of Executive project. At least 30 percent women are expected to participate in project activities. (Change background colour as needed) Specific focus will be given to women-led Directors will facilitate agri-business enterprises and their participation in the investments, increase agriculture productivity decision-making process of farmer producer and market access, and enable small farm organizations. holders produce crops that are resilient to recurrent floods or droughts in Assam. Recent Project Signings Ecosystem Services Improvement Project protecting, restoring and enhancing India’s forest cover and responding to climate T he Government of India, the Governments of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, the Indian Council of change. It will improve the quality and productivity Forestry Research and Education and the of the existing forest in about 50,000 ha. World Bank have signed a $24.64 million Another 25,000 ha will be used to scale grant from the Global Environment Facility up Sustainable Land and Ecosystem (GEF) to improve forest quality, sustainable Management (SLEM) practices to prevent land management and benefits from Non- land degradation and desertification and Timber Forest Produce for forest dependent increase above-ground forest carbon (Change background colour as needed) communities in Madhya Pradesh and stock. This will help some 25,000 small and Chhattisgarh. marginal farmers arrest the challenge of land degradation through sustainable land The Project will support the Government of management. India’s Green India Mission’s (GIM) goal of 16 The World Bank in India • September 2017 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Karnataka Panchayats Strengthening Project Context Karnataka Panchayats Strengthening Karnataka had a long history of active rural Project local governments. However, its effectiveness Approval Date: 29 June, 2006 and efficiency were limited, which led to disparities in service delivery Closing Date: 30 March, 2014 and considerable delays. Total Project US$ 133.33 million Cost Project Development Objectives Bank Financing: US$ 120 million The Karnataka Panchayat Strengthening Implementing Rural Development Project was expected to improve the Agency: and Panchayati Raj, effectiveness of service delivery by Government of Karnataka Karnataka’s Gram Panchayats (village Outcome: Moderately Satisfactory governments) particularly with respect to the management of public resources and Risk to Substantial Development the delivery of relevant services based on Outcome: priorities identified by the rural community. Overall Bank Moderately Satisfactory The project was expected to directly benefit Performance: 5,629 local governments (Gram Panchayats) Overall Borrower Moderately Satisfactory across 39 most backward districts in the Performance: state. The World Bank in India • September 2017 12 17 Achievements Lessons Learnt During the project period, there was a 72 ● A strong state commitment and action is percent increase in the number of Gram critical to the success of decentralization. and Ward Sabhas (meetings) held, which An understanding of the political economy exceeded the target of 60 percent. The of decentralization and the importance of number of sabhas increased from 4,305 ensuring a strong policy framework and to 7,444 in 2012-13. In addition to this, enabling environment for decentralization there was a 33 percent increase of women is necessary to ensure success. participants and a 21 percent increase in ● It is critical that monitoring and evaluation scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and management information systems household members between 2006-07 of decentralization projects are robust. and 2011-12. A robust baseline and impact evaluation The Project contributed to the roll-out framework is important. The absence of, and capacity building for, a financial of a baseline in certain areas during management software – ‘Panchatantra’– to the initial stages of the Project posed help gram panchayats (GP) improve their challenges for measuring progress. In financial management. The Project was addition, the key project objectives and instrumental in strengthening Panchatantra intermediate indicators should capture implementation by providing a desktop the most important elements of resource computer with MS office software to each management, service delivery, participation GP in the state. In addition, it also supported and inclusion. A flexible and responsive the training of more than 10,000 GP staff on management information system will help Panchatantra which accelerated its roll-out. track results on the ground and facilitate All this ensured that panchayat budgets were course corrections. executed according to plans and procedures. ● It is important to have a performance In addition, all GP revenues, expenditures assessment system that has good and procurement decisions were publicly enough standards of accountability and disclosed. is realistically tailored to the existing The Project facilitated improved access to capacities of GPs in the ‘backward’ areas. basic services through its activities. More During the initial stages of the Project than 25,000 roads, 8,029 drainage lines, most of the GPs lacked the necessary 1,652 community toilets, 2,947 drinking water capacities to adhere to the standards, in facilities, 1,537 anganwaadi buildings and a addition to limited skills to compile relevant number of other assets which were essential information. Future projects could have a to address the infrastructural gaps in the simple system driven by certain Minimum communities were constructed. Mandatory Conditions and intermediate indicators which are dynamic in line with the improving capacities of the GPs. ● Capacity building efforts would need to be better tailored and more appropriately targeted and rolled out. There is a risk that GP gains – in terms of their ability to deliver and maintain services – would not be sustained in the absence of continued and tailored capacity development support. In addition, such support could be better targeted towards community based organizations, facilitators, excluded groups (Change background colour as needed) and elected representatives. It would have been helpful if a strong capacity needs and gaps assessment was carried out prior to implementation. 12 18 The World Bank in India • September 2017 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: NLTA to Support Implementation of Orissa State The World Bank PIC Climate Change Action Plan The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Available On-line 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Published: June 2017, New Delhi – 110 001, India Pages 252 Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 English Version. Paperback Website: www.worldbank.org Working Paper: ACS15742 Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia Email: indiapic@worldbank.org Odisha state is highly vulnerable to climate PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR change owing to a vulnerable coast line, rain- Viva Books Pvt Ltd fed agriculture, droughts, 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj saline water intrusion, forest degradation and periodic New Delhi – 110 002 natural disasters such as cyclones and flooding. Odisha Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 will also become one of the largest contributors of Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in India due to the Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net growing energy needs. This will also adversely impact community livelihoods and intensify water and vector Other Preferred Stockist in India borne diseases. The purpose of this document is to Anand Associates summarize the activities, outcomes and impact made 1219 Stock Exchange Tower by the World Bank’s Non-Lending Technical Assistance 12th Floor, Dalal Street (NLTA) to the Government of Odisha from 2014-17 for Mumbai – 400 023 implementation of its State Climate Change Action Plan Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 (SCAP). Email: thrupti@vsnl.com Website: www.myown.org Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) South Asia Publications Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd South Asia’s turn: Policies to boost competitiveness Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 and create the next export powerhouse Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com Website: www.alliedpublishers.com By Gladys C. Lopez- Acevedo, Denis Medvedev Bookwell and Vincent Palmade Available On-line 24/4800 Ansari Road, Daryaganj Published May 2017, New Delhi – 110 002 Pages 181 English Version Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 Paperback Email: bookwell@vsnl.net ISBN: 978-1-4648-0974-3 The report entails four case studies of critical industries: apparel, automotive, electronics and agribusiness. The World Bank in India • September 2017 19 It draws on relevant good practices from around the to drive the broader conversational agenda or elicit a world. It shows that South Asia has great untapped relevant response from government officials. competitiveness potential (including in all four industries studied). WPS 8119 Realizing this potential would require the governments Deliberative inequality: A text-as-data study of Tamil in the region to pursue second generation trade policy Nadu’s village assemblies reforms for firms to better contribute to and benefit from global value chains (e.g. facilitating imports for By Ramya Parthasarathy, Vijayendra Rao and Nethra exporters), to facilitate the development of industrial Palaniswamy clusters in secondary cities (cheaper and less congested Drawing on normative theories of deliberation, this than the metros) as well as to deploy policies to improve analysis identifies a set of clear empirical standards the capabilities of firms, especially SMEs. for “good” deliberation, based on an individual’s ability both to speak and be heard, and uses natural language India: Policy Research Working Papers processing methods to generate these measures. The study first shows that these assemblies are not WPS 8131 mere “talking shop” for state officials to bluster and read Whose power gets cut? Using high-frequency banal announcements, but rather, provide opportunities satellite images to measure power supply irregularity for citizens to challenge their elected officials, demand transparency, and provide information about authentic By Brian Min, Zachary O’Keeffe and Fan Zhang local development needs. Second, the study finds that This paper introduces a new method of tracking power across multiple measures of deliberative influence, outages from outer space. This measure identifies women are at a disadvantage relative to men; women outage-prone areas by detecting excess fluctuations are less likely to speak, set the agenda, and receive in light outputs. To develop these measures, the study a relevant response from state officials. Finally, the processed the complete historical archive of sub-orbital paper shows that although quotas for women on Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational village councils have little impact on the likelihood that Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) nighttime imagery they speak, they do improve the likelihood that female captured over South Asia on every night since 1993. citizens are heard. The analysis computes annual estimates of the Power Supply Irregularity index for all 600,000 villages in India Publications India from 1993 to 2013. The Power Supply Irregularity index measures are consistent with ground-based A Step Ahead: Competition Policy for Shared measures of power supply reliability from the Indian Prosperity and Inclusive Growth Human Development Survey, and with feeder-level outage data from one of the largest utilities in India. The By Martha Martinez Licetti, study’s methods open new opportunities to study the Georgiana Pop, and Tania determinants of power outages as well as their impacts Priscilla Begazo Gomez on welfare. Available On-line Published: June 2017 Pages 252 English Version WPS 8120 Paperback Unheard voices: The challenge of inducing women’s ISBN: 978-1-4648-0945-3 civic speech Sustainable economic By Ramya Parthasarathy, Vijayendra Rao and Nethra development has played Palaniswamy a major role in the decline of global poverty in the past two decades. There is This paper evaluates the impact of the Pudhu Vaazhvu no doubt that competitive markets are key drivers Project on women’s civic participation in rural Tamil of economic growth and productivity. They are also Nadu. Using text-as-data methods on a matched valuable channels for consumer welfare. Competition sample of transcripts from village assembly meetings, policy is a powerful tool for complementing efforts to the analysis finds that the Pudhu Vaazhvu Project alleviate poverty and bring about shared prosperity. significantly increases women’s participation in the gram An effective competition policy involves measures sabha along several dimensions – meeting attendance, that enable contestability and firm entry and rivalry, propensity to speak, and the length of floor time they while ensuring the enforcement of antitrust laws and enjoy. Although women in the Pudhu Vaazhvu Project state aid control. Governments from emerging and villages enjoy greater voice, the study finds no evidence developing economies are increasingly requesting that they are more likely than women in control villages pragmatic solutions for effective competition policy 20 The World Bank in India • September 2017 implementation, as well as recommendations for pro- up successes. The captured lessons—knowledge competitive sectoral policies. assets, the central element needed for learning—are consistently formatted documents that use operational experience to answer a specific question or challenge. Innovative Experiences in Access to Finance: Market-Friendly Roles for the Visible Hand? Oil, gas, and mining: A sourcebook for understanding By Augusto de la Torre, Juan the extractive industries Carlos Gozzi, and Sergio L. Schumukler By Peter Duncanson Available On-line Cameron and Michael C. Published: June 2017 Stanley Pages 296 English Version Available On-line Paperback Published June 2017 ISBN: 978-0-8213-7080-3 Pages 321 English Version Paperback Interest in access to finance ISBN: 978-0-8213-9658-2 and awareness of its importance have increased significantly since the early This report illuminates the 2000s. Growing evidence suggests that lack of access spectrum of integrated to credit prevents many households and firms from policy interventions necessary to transform natural financing high-return investment projects, which has an resource wealth into sustainable development, ranging adverse effect on growth and poverty alleviation. from the allocation of resource extraction rights to the use and distribution of revenues. It recognizes This report highlights recent innovative experiences in and emphasizes the importance of the political and broadening access to credit in Latin America. institutional context. The little green data book 2017 International practices to promote budget literacy: By World Bank Group Key findings and lessons learned Available On-line Published June 2017 By Harika Masud, Helene Pages 251 English Version Pfeil, Sanjay Agarwal and Paperback Alfredo Gonzalez Briseno ISBN: 978-1-4648-1034-3 Available On-line Published June 2017 The Little Green Data Book 2017 Pages 233 English Version is a pocket-sized ready reference Paperback on key environmental data for over ISBN: 978-1-4648-1071-8 200 countries. Key indicators are organized under the headings of The presented findings agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, and lessons seek to inform oceans, energy, emission and pollution, and water and the efforts of practitioners, sanitation. including policy makers, educational specialists, curriculum experts, fiscal transparency advocates, and civil society organizations interested in improving Capturing Solutions for Learning and Scaling education or civic engagement and accountability in Up: Documenting Operational Experiences for budget processes. Organizational Learning and Knowledge Sharing This book presents 35 case studies from 34 countries By Steffen Soulejman Janus on the basis of a stock-taking exercise of practices Available On-line promoting budget literacy. A broad range of curricular Published: June 2017 content, pedagogical approaches, and learning Pages 124 English Version outcomes for budget literacy are documented. Twenty- Paperback seven of the case studies focus on school-based ISBN: 978-1-4648-1114-2 initiatives, and eight on beyond school initiatives. This report shows you how to systematically capture operational experience and use it to inform decision making, support professional learning, and scale The World Bank in India • September 2017 21 India Project Documents Restructuring Paper Disclosable: Elementary West Bengal PRI Education III Date 22 June 2017 Date 13 August 2017 Project ID P105990 Project ID P144447 Report No. Implementation Completion Report Report No. RES27002 (Project Paper) Review National Agricultural Higher Education Project Odisha Higher Education Program for Excellence and Equity Project Date 11 July 2017 Date 16 June 2017 Project ID P151072 Project ID P160331 Report No. PAD1672 (Project Appraisal Document) Report No. 116524 (Environmental Assessment) Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project Mumbai Urban Transport Project – 2A Date 05 July 2017 Date 27 June 2017 Project ID P090764 Project ID P113028 Report No. ICRR0020734 (Implementation Completion Report Review) Report No. ICR4109 (Implementation Completion Report) Andhra Pradesh Road Sector Project Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project Date 01 July 2017 Date 12 June 2017 Project ID P096021 Project ID P157702 Report No. SFG3501 (Resettlement Plan) Report No. SFG3427(Environmental Assessment) Efficient and Sustainable City Bus Services Project Madhya Pradesh Urban Development Project Date 01 July 2017 Date 27 June 2017 Project ID P132418 Project ID P155303 Report No. SFG3526, SFG3476 (Environmental Assessment) Report No. Project Agreement Mumbai Urban Transport Project – 2A Orissa Community Tank Management Project Date 27 June 2017 Date 01 June 2017 Project ID P113028 Project ID P100735 Report No. ICR4109 (Implementation Completion Report No. Implementation Completion Report Report) Review Uttarakhand Water Supply Program for Peri Urban Areas Project Date 27 June 2017 Project ID P158146 Report No. 117865 (Environmental Assessment) 22 The World Bank in India • September 2017 From the Blogworld And a river runs through it one more under construction – span the state’s entire By Atul Agarwal and Karla Gonzalez Carvajal 900 km stretch of river. Integrating the Brahmaputra’s innumerable ferries into Given this formidable natural barrier, most of Assam’s Assam’s wider transport network towns have developed on the river’s southern flank, where the plains are wider. With little connectivity, the A nyone who has visited Assam cannot help but being struck by the mighty Brahmaputra. The river straddles the state like a colossus, coursing northern side remains cut off from the mainstream, and is largely underdeveloped. through its heart, and severing it into two – the What’s more, small communities who live on the northern and southern banks. During the monsoon, river’s hundred or so inhabited islands, remain so vast is the river’s expanse – almost 20 km in isolated. It can be quite frustrating to see a school parts – that you cannot see the other side. And so or a medical center on the other side and not be (Change background colour as needed) fearsome can be its waters that the Brahmaputra able to get to it! Only Majuli, the world’s largest is India’s only river to have a masculine name; all riverine island and an administrative district by itself, the others have feminine appellations. Yet, just four supports schools and some form of medical facilities bridges, including India’s longest bridge that was for its more than 100,000 residents. recently inaugurated on its tributary the Lohit – and Read more: https://tinyurl.com/ydcb67ty (Change background colour as needed) Karnataka Becomes India’s First State to Safely Yet it is heartening to see how a few dedicated Dispose Biomedical Waste at all Public Health individuals can make a difference. Facilities Read more: https://tinyurl.com/y824ztoq By Suresh Mohammed and Anupam Joshi W hat happens when infected needles, syringes, plasters, surgical gloves and intravenous sets are disposed of carelessly? Well, for a start, they spread hepatitis and HIV, not only among the poor rag-pickers who unsuspectingly handle them, but also infect all the waste around, multiplying the hazard manifold. Then, when the waste is not properly incinerated, it causes further damage, polluting the very air we breathe. Liquids wastes are particularly harmful; they can leach into the soil and contaminate the water supply, with often devastating consequences. The World Bank in India • September 2017 23 From the Blogworld Chart: Globally, Over 1 Billion People Lack Access to Electricity By Tariq Khokhar I n 2014, around 15 percent of the world’s population, or 1.1 billion had no access to electricity. Nearly half were in rural areas of Sub- Saharan Africa and around a third were rural dwellers in South Asia. Just four countries – India, Nigeria, Ethiopia and Bangladesh are home to about half of (Change background colour as needed) all people who lack access to electricity. Read more in the 2017 Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals and in a new feature on “Solar Powers India’s Clean Energy Revolution.” Read more: https://tinyurl.com/yananmad Is technology the way forward for addressing mental health among youth? By Varalakshmi Vemuru and Samhita Kumar A fter an accident at his workplace, Bhoomi, a 26-year-old from rural Tamil Nadu, India, lost interest in work and isolated himself from everyone. His neighbors were at a loss to understand the change in his behavior. He was labeled a “lunatic,” which worried his parents and propelled them to (Change background colour as needed) seek help. Mental illness or disability can be a debilitating experience for an individual as well as his or her family. Read more: https://tinyurl.com/y6vhaukt Flooded rivers: Taking a bird’s eye view By Zuzana Stanton-Geddes and Brendan Chia F loodplains are attractive areas for development, with over 2 billion people living within the world’s 10 largest river basins. Yet, they are also at particular risk from overflowing rivers. Globally, river floods affect more than 21 million people. By 2030, due to climate change, population growth, and rapid urbanization, this number could rise to 54 million. How can we enjoy the benefits these locations bring, without putting ourselves at unnecessary danger from floods? (Change background colour as needed) While it is impossible to fully eliminate flood risk, actions can be taken to minimize the impact. A proactive river basin-wide approach to flood risk management may be one of the solutions. Read more: https://tinyurl.com/yd4nnpsr 24 The World Bank in India • September 2017 World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 8163 WPS 8151 Peer effects in the demand for property rights: A proximity-based approach to labor mobility in CGE experimental evidence from urban Tanzania models with an application to Sub-Saharan Africa By Matthew Edward Collin By Hans Lofgren and Martin Cicowiez WPS 8162 WPS 8153 Looking into the performance-based financing black Natural resources, institutions, and economic growth: box: Evidence from an impact evaluation in the health The case of Nigeria sector in Cameroon By Anna Katharina Raggl By Damien B. C. M. De Walque, Paul Jacob Robyn and WPS 8152 Hamadou Saidou and et.al. Rental regulation and its consequences on measures WPS 8161 of well-being in the Arab Republic of Egypt Does financial education impact financial literacy and By Gabriel Lara Ibarra, Vibhuti Mendiratta and Tara financial behavior, and if so, when? Vishwanath By Tim Kaiser, Menkhoff,Lukas WPS 8148 WPS 8160 Measuring women’s agency Online exports and the wage gap By Aletheia Amalia Donald, Gayatri B. Koolwal, Jeannie By World Bank Ruth Annan, Kathryn Falb and Markus P. Goldstein WPS 8159 WPS 8147 Understanding the interactions between emissions Measuring time use in development settings trading systems and renewable energy standards By Greg Seymour, Hazel Jean Malapit and Agnes R. using a multi-regional CGE model of China Quisumbing By Ying Fan, Jie Wu, Govinda R. Timilsina and Yan Xia WPS 8150 WPS 8158 Poverty-specific purchasing power parities in Africa Reducing traffic congestion in Beirut: An empirical By Yuri M. Dikhanov, Nada Hamadeh, William Vigil analysis of selected policy options Oliver, Tefera Bekele Degefu and Inyoung Song By Alex Anas, Sayan De Sarkar, Maya Abou Zeid, WPS 8149 Govinda R. Timilsina and Ziad Salim El Nakat Regulating water and sanitation network services WPS 8159 accounting for institutional and informational Understanding the interactions between emissions constraints trading systems and renewable energy standards By Daniel Camos Daurella and Antonio Estache using a multi-regional CGE model of China WPS 8146 By Ying Fan, Jie Wu, Govinda R. Timilsina and Yan Xia Measuring ownership, control, and use of assets WPS 8157 By Cheryl Doss, Caitlin Kieran and Talip Kilic A cross-country database of fiscal space WPS 8145 By Ayhan Kose, Sergio Andres Kurlat, Franziska Productivity in the non-oil sector in Nigeria: Firm-level Lieselotte Ohnsorge and Naotaka Sugawara evidence WPS 8156 By Santiago Herrera and Wilfried Anicet Kouakou Through the looking glass: Can classroom observation Kouame and coaching improve teacher performance in Brazil? WPS 8144 By the World Bank Arm’s-length trade: A source of post-crisis trade WPS 8155 weakness Can business input improve the effectiveness of worker By Csilla Lakatos and Franziska Lieselotte Ohnsorge training? Evidence from Brazil’s Pronatec-MDIC WPS 8143 By Stephen D. O’Connell, Lucas Ferreira Mation, Joao Pension funds and the impact of switching regulation Bevilaqua Teixeira Basto and Mark Andrew Dutz on long-term investment WPS 8154 By Alvaro Enrique Pedraza Morales, Olga Fuentes, Surveys, big data, and experiments: How can we best Pamela Searle and Fiona Elizabeth Stewart learn about LGBTI development outcomes? WPS 8142 By Dominik Koehler and Nicholas Menzies Predicting school dropout with administrative data: The World Bank in India • September 2017 25 New evidence from Guatemala and Honduras WPS 8131 By Melissa Ann Adelman, Francisco Haimovich, Andres Whose power gets cut? Using high-frequency satellite Ham and Emmanuel Jose Vazquez images to measure power supply irregularity By Brian Min, Zachary O’Keeffe and Fan Zhang WPS 8141 Can job training decrease women’s self-defeating WPS 8130 biases? Experimental evidence from Nigeria The impact of electricity shortages on firm productivity: Evidence from Pakistan By Kevin Croke, Markus P. Goldstein and Alaka Holla By Corbett Alden Grainger and Fan Zhang WPS 8140 WPS 8129 Evidence for a pre-source curse? Oil discoveries, The nexus of energy supply and human health elevated expectations, and growth disappointments By Govinda R. Timilsina By James Frederick Cust and David Mihalyi WPS 8128 WPS 8139 Exchange rate and inflation dynamics in Zambia Distributional impact analysis: Toolkit and illustrations By Lionel Joshua Roger, Gregory Smith and Oliver of impacts beyond the average treatment effect Morrissey By Guadalupe Bedoya Arguelles, Luca Bittarello, Jonathan Martin Villars Davis and Nikolas Karl Mittag WPS 8127 Farm size and productivity: A “direct-inverse-direct” WPS 8138 relationship Mission impossible? Exploring the promise of multiple By Sara Savastano and Pasquale L. Scandizzo imputation for predicting missing GPS-based land area measures in household surveys WPS 8126 By Talip Kilic, Ismael Yacoubou Djima and Calogero Services trade and global value chains Carletto By Cecilia Heuser and Aaditya Mattoo WPS 8137 WPS 8125 Taxation without representation? Experimental Willing but unable? Short-term experimental evidence evidence from Ghana and Uganda on citizen action on parent empowerment and school quality toward taxes, oil, and aid By Elizabeth Ruth Beasley and Elise Huillery By Brandon de la Cuesta, Helen V. Milner, Daniel WPS 8124 Lafayette Nielson and Stephen Knack Understanding the impact of windstorms on economic WPS 8136 activity from night lights in Central America Pension funds, capital markets, and the power of By Oscar Anil Ishizawa Escudero, Juan Jose Miranda diversification Montero and Hongrui Zhang By Fiona Elizabeth Stewart, Romain Despalins and Inna WPS 8123 Remizova Approximating income distribution dynamics using WPS 8135 aggregate data Global inequality in a more educated world By Aart C. Kraay, Roy Van Der Weide By S. Amer Ahmed, Maurizio Bussolo, Marcio Jose WPS 8122 Vargas Da Cruz, Delfin Sia Go and Israel Osorio-Rodarte Tax administration practices and firms’ perceptions of WPS 8134 corruption: Evidence from Europe and Central Asia Land productivity and plot size: Is measurement error By B. Ponomariov, Oleksii Balabushko and Gregory driving the inverse relationship? Kisunko By Sam Desiere, Dean Mitchell Jolliffe WPS 8121 WPS 8133 “Create” or “buy”: Internal vs. external sources of Assessing the global economic and poverty effects of innovation and firm productivity antimicrobial resistance By Jieun Choi By Syud Amer Ahmed, Enis Baris, Delfin Sia Go, Hans WPS 8120 Lofgren, Israel Osorio-Rodarte and Karen E. Thierfelder Unheard voices: The challenge of inducing women’s WPS 8132 civic speech Trains, trade and transaction costs: How does By Ramya Parthasarathy, Vijayendra Rao and Nethra domestic trade by rail affect market prices of Malawi Palaniswamy agricultural commodities? By Wouter Zant 26 The World Bank in India • September 2017 WPS 8119 Deliberative inequality: A text-as-data study of Tamil Nadu’s village assemblies By Ramya Parthasarathy, Vijayendra Rao and Nethra Palaniswamy WPS 8118 The effect of local governance on firm productivity and resource allocation: Evidence from Vietnam By Shawn Weiming Tan and Trang Thu Tran WPS 8117 On the predictability of growth By Matthieu Claudio Ascagne Cristelli, Andrea Tacchella, Masud Z. Cader and et.al. WPS 8116 Education and health services in Uganda: Quality of inputs, user satisfaction, and community welfare levels By Clarence Tsimpo Nkengne, Alvin Etang Ndip and Quentin T. Wodon WPS 8115 The effects of health insurance within families: Experimental evidence from Nicaragua By Anne Fitzpatrick and Rebecca Lynn Thornton WPS 8114 The heterogeneous growth effects of the business environment: Firm-level evidence for a global sample of cities By Jose Daniel Reyes, Mark Roberts and L. Colin Xu WPS 8113 Biased policy professionals By Sheheryar Banuri, Stefan Dercon and Varun Gauri WPS 8112 Well begun, but aiming higher: A review of Vietnam’s education trends in the past 20 years and emerging challenges By Hai-Anh H. Dang and Paul W. Glewwe The World Bank in India • September 2017 27 The World Bank in India VOL 16 / NO 2 • September 2017 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg ◆ Annamalai University New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 ◆ Centre for Studies in Social Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata ◆ Giri Institute of Development Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune ◆ Guru Nanak Dev University Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank ◆ Indian Institute of 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 ◆ Institute of Development (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur ◆ Institute of Economic The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore ◆ Karnataka University Dharwad ◆ Kerala University Library Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad ◆ Pt. 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