POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 1488 Estimating the World What is the work status of the world's working-age at W ork population? This paper presents estimates of a breakdown on employment in services. industry, and agriculture - and unemployment - in the world and subgroups thereof. Background paper for World Development Report 1995 The World Bank Office of the Vice President Development Economics July 1995 Acy RFSFARCH WORKING PAiFR 14W8 Summary findings Addressing the question, 'What is th, work stattis of the 1T1c middli-incomei groLup is dominated by Indonesia, w,,!orld's workiing-age populatioi and stbgr h ups tlercof til Ru5sian Federatio)n, and Brazil. whiich. account for 40 Filmer gathers data for many countries anti infers dara percent of that grouip's working-age population. where it is missing (which requires making 'heroic The low-inconme grouip is dominated 1y China and assumptions"). The results are of couirse onily as good as India. which account for 70 percelt of that group's the data are representative and accurate. Data are least workinig-page population. reliable for Sub-Saharan Africa. Aniong (othetr things, Filnlert' charts and tables show The high-inconme grout is dominated (in population) the breakdown on wvor ;king-age erriplomnient -in bv the lUniited States, Germany, and Japan, which ,ertvices, indlstry, agriculture -- and uinemiiploymient in account for 58 percent of i hat grotip's work ing-age varioujs parts of the world. population. Thispaper-aproduct of the OfficeoftheViccPresident, Deveiopment Economics--waspre paredasabackground paper for World Development Report 1995 on labor. Copies of this paper are available free from the World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433. Please contact Michael Geller. oo0m T7-(079, telephone 202-473 1 39.3, fax 202-676-0652, internet address M FLLFRf\aVORLD)BANK.OR(, ( 2 pages). jul y 1995. The Policy Research Working P'aper .S,erics d-ssenzinates the findings ot fwork in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objectivie /the cet- s is t -get the findings iust quicrkli. even i/tlJhe p7esentations are less t/an fully polished. The papers tarry the names of the author s and should be used and citedt at ordingly. The fitndinigs. interpretations, and c onc luisions are ft'e authors' own and should not he attributed. to the Worid Bank., its ILxeC i.it B1/aid (,I )ireftors. or ny,i of its niernher countries. IPrOdUced bsv tIlc Prdicv Rejrdareh l)Iv, -iisv'.iton Center Estimating the World at Work Deon Filmer I Background paper to the 1995 World Development Report: Workers in an Integrating World. 'I would like to thank David Lindauer and Michael 'Walton for valuable comments and suggestions at various stages of this project. 1. Introduction What is the employment status of the world's population? It is this simple question that this paper attempts to answer. By gathering data for many countries and inferring data for coun- tries with missing data, this paper describes the work status of the working age population for the world, and various subgroups thereof. In order to describe the characteristics of the word's working age population one needs make some heroic assumptions about the mapping between available and unavailable data, and the way these aggregate into various country groupings. This paper documents the data, assumptions and methods used to estimate the "World at Work" numbers presented in the World Development Report 1995: WZorkers inz an Integrating World [World Bank 1995]. First, a preliminary note on methodology: The goal is to estimate numbers for the working age population, and shares of the working age population out of the labor force, unemployed, in wage employment and nonwage employment in agriculture, industry, and services for the world, and various income and regional groupings. Clearly there are several ways of doing this. The strategy used here is twofold. First, get global estimates for the three World Bank income classifications (low-, middle-, and high-income countries) and aggregate these into estimates for the world. Second, for each geographic region, estimate the share of the working age population that falls into each category. In order to aggregate, data on the shares for countries with available data are taken as representative of their income group or region and the weighted average share is projected onto the population data for the group or region. As the distinctions between employment status categories become finer (for example from the share in agriculture to the share of 1 agriculture in wage employment), data become more scarce. In order to maximize the data that enter into each calculation, the estimates are made in a sequential way. So for each income group or region: First, aggregate population data to get group totals. Second, estimate the share of the working age population that is in the labor force. Third, estimate the share in the labor force that is unemployed. Fourth, estimate the share of the work force that is in each sector. Fifth, within each sector, estimate the share that is in wage employment. The following section describes these steps in more detail. 2. Methodology 2.1. The working age population and activity rates Population data for 1995 are obtained from age specific population estimates from the ILO. These are ILO updates to the data presented in the ILO Estimates and Projections 1950-2025 [ILO 1986]2 and are the latest available as of December 1994. The working age population for each country is calculated as the total population minus ages 0-14, and ages 65 and over. The labor force (ages 15-64) is calculated as the sum of the Economically Active Population for each age group between 15 and 64. These are derived by ILO from age-specific estimates of activity rates which are reported in ILO Estimates and Projections 1950-2025. Country level data for working age population, labor force (ages 15-64) and activity rates are given in Table 1. Activity rates are calculated as the share of the working age population that is economically active. Defining who is economically active is not an uncontroversial task. Typically, women who 2According to personal communication with someone at the ILO, the "updated" nature of the data is new population estimates from the United Nations. 2 are not engaged in farm labor or wage employment are not classified as being economically active. Futhermore, inclusion in the economically active group, especially for women, varies across countries. In the ILO Estimates and Projections 1950-2025, a working definition of the economically active is used which consists of the following: [...] including among the economically active population all persons who con- tribute to the supply of labour for the production of goods and services, i.e. all persons in employment (employers, own-account workers, salaried employees, wage earners, unpaid family workers, members of producer co-operatives and members of the armed forces), as well as all the unemployed (both those woth previous job experience and those seeking work for the forst time). It should be noted that this definition of the economically active population is the one adopted in 1954 by the Eighth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (OCLS). A new definition of the economically active population and its compo- nants (employment and unemployment) was adopted by the 13th ICLS in 1982. It was not possible to take account of the new definition in the present edition, data in accordance with the new definition not yet being available.[ILO 1986] In estimating the World at Work, group specific estimates of the working age population are calculated as the sum over countries in each income group or region, using the groups defined in 1995 World Development Indicators [World Bank 19951. Group specific activity rates are calculated as the weighted mean of country specific participation rates. The weights used are the size of the working age population in 1995. 2.2. Unemployment Cross-country comparability of unemployment statistics is not guaranteed (even within the OECD [OECD 1994 p. 6]). However, for present purposes, they are treated as equivalently defined shares of the labor force that is unemployed. There are several main sources for the data used here. First. a labor statistics database under construction [Topel, Levy and 3 Rama 1994] reports a set of unemployment figures for many countries around the world. Some of the data reported are relatively old, and some are not credible (for example 9.45% for India in 1986 or 0.09% for Nigeria in 1986) hence these data are supplemented from other sources. Second, the OECD's Employment Outlook [OECD 1994] reports estimates of 1995 unemployment rates for OECD countries (excluding Mexico). Third, the ILO's 1994 World Labor Report [ILO 94] reports 1991 unemployment rate estimates for many countries. Fourth, the EBRD's Transition Report [EBRD 1994] estimates are used for the countries of the former Soviet Union except for the Russian Federation. Fifth, country publications or WVorld Bank sources are used in special cases for data which are still missing, old, or not credible. These are described below. 2.2.1. Special cases: * Country statistical publications are used for Bangladesh [Bangladesh 1992], India [India 1992]. l A staff estimate is used for the Russian Federation. * For South Africa, an estimate based on the Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development data is used. * For Ghana, an estimate based on the Ghana Living Standards Survey 1988-89 is used. * For Nigeria, an estimate reported in Adjustment in Africa: Case Studies [Faruqee 1994] is used. 4 Where there is more than one observation. on unemployment for a particular country, only the latest date is used. The unemployment data used in the group aggregations and the size of the working age population used for weighting are presented Table 2'. 2.3. The sectoral distribution of the work force Sectoral distribution data are also compiled from a variety of sources. First, and most importantly, is the ILO's Yearbook of Labor Statistics data. Data from Table 2-A of the Yearbook -which reports census survey, labor force survey, household survey, and official estimates- was downloaded from the World Bank's BESD on-line database. Only the last observation in the 1980-93 period is used for each country. The data give the number of workers in each of 10 industry categories which are aggregated as follows: * Agriculture: Agriculture * Industry: Mining and Quarrying; Manufacturing; Gas, Electricity and WN'ater; Con- struction * Services: Trade; Transport; Banking; Commercial Services; Not Adequately Defined or Described Second, these data supplemented with ILO estimates for the distribution of the wvork force across the three sectors in 1990 for a variety of countries in all regions except Latin America and the Caribbean4 - these are recent (current as of May 1995) estimates for 1990. 31n Table 2 there are several countries in East and Central Asia (marked with an asterisk) with working age population data not present in Table 1 . These data are derived from a recent update from the ILO which reports decennial population estimates until 1990 for these new countries. A 1995 projection is made by applying the 1980-90 annual average growth rate of the working age population to the 1990 size of the working age population. 4Estimates dor Latin America and the Caribbean are said to be forthcoming. 5 Third, sectoral distribution data as reported in the ILO's Wlorld Labor Report [ILO 1994] are used. Fourth, country statistical publications are used for China [China 1993a, 1993b], Bangladesh [Bangladesh 19921, India [India 1992], Indonesia [Indonesia 1993]. Where there is more than one observation for a particular country, only the latest date is used5. The share of the work force in each sector is then averaged by income group or region using the 1995 working age population as the weight. The data used in these aggregations are given in Table 3 (see previous section for note on new countries in Europe and Central Asia). 2.4. Status of workers within sectors When there is a breakdown of workers by status, the breakdown is usually as follows * Employers and own-account workers D Employees * Unpaid family workers * Not classifiable by status Within each aggregated sector (agriculture, industry, services), the share of workers that are reported as employees is treated as the share that is in wage employment. The residual is the share that in is nonwage employment. Since actual data on the share of each sector that is in wage employment is only available for a relatively small sample of countries, a simple statistical model is used to estimate data where they are missing. 'Except for Bangladesh, where Labor Force survey data for 1989 are used over 1990 ILO estimates. 6 Actual data on the share of each sector in wage employment is combined with GNP per capita data as reported in the 1994 World Development Indicators [World Bank 1994] as well as with population data from the same source. Predicted values from simple OLS regressions of the share of each sector in wage employment on the log of GNP per capita, its square, log of the size of the population, its square, as well as a set of regional dummies are used as estimates of the shares. In order to capture the reliability of the GNP and population data, a dummy equal to one if the data come from the Table la of the World Development indicators is also included. Results from these regressions are presented in Table 4a. The share of each sector in wage employment is then averaged by income group and by region using the 1995 working age population as the weight. The source data for these aggregations are given in Table 4b. 3. The world at work 3.1. A note of caution In interpreting the results of this estimation exercise, one must use a certain degree of caution. The group statistics are only valid up to the representativeness and accuracy of the underlying data. Given that the primary purpose of this exercise is to estimate the numbers for the world and for the income groups, it is these groups that are focused on. The aggregate income group statistics are driven by a few very large countries: The high-income group is dominated (in terms of population) by the United States, Japan and Germany which account for 58% of the group's working age population. The middle-income group is dominated by Indonesia, the Russian Federation, and Brazil which account for 40% of the group's working 7 age population. The low-income group is domninated by China and India which account for 70% of the group's working age population. Reliable and recent data were sought out for these countries, and the group aggregates (especially when wage and nonwage work are aggregated) are robust to the inclusion and non-inclusion of many of the other countries in each group. Regional statistics are also dominated by a few large countries. Again, reliable data were sought for the largest in each group and when wage and nonwage work are aggregated, the source data are fairly representative. Data on the status of workers is hard to obtain, and was predicted for many countries6 (see Table 4b). In addition, the reliability of some of these data is questionable. These problems are particularly important for the Sub-Saharan African group. In interpreting the results, care must also be taken as to which countries are included and excluded from each group or region. Two issues are of note here. First, from the 1994 to the 1995 World Development Indicators [World Bank 1994, 1995] classifications, Indonesia changed from a low-income economy to a middle-income economy. The size of Indonesia's population makes the results (particularly those for middle-income economies) sensitive to this change in classification. Second, the high-income OECD regional group does not consist of all the .OECD economies. Greece, Mexico, Portugal, and Turkey are excluded. So, for example, the number of unemployed persons in the high-income OECD group is estimated at 30.9 million. If Greece, Portugal, and Turkey are included in the group, the estimated number of unemployed pepsons would be 35.3 million. This compares to a projection for 6None of the results are qualitatively effected when only actual data are used in caculating group aggregates. 8 1995 of 34.7 million in the OECD's Employmrent Outlook [OECD 1994]. 3.2. Results Table 5 - A presents the aggregated data. The totals (and averages) of the working age population, the unemployment rates, the sectoral shares and the within sector shares in wage employment are the only data input. All the other data Tables 5-A through 5-F are derived from these. World totals are aggregated from the estimates for low-, middle-, and high-income economies. For ease of use, Tables 5-B through 5-F present the estimates in various forms: Table 5 - B presents the estimated number of individuals in each category. Table 5 - C presents the share in each category as a percentage of the working age population in each income group or region. Table 5 - D presents the share in each category as a percentage of the labor force in each income group or region. Table 5 - E presents the share in each category as a percentage of the world's working age population Table 5 - F presents the share in each category as a percentage of the world's labor force. Figures 1 through 7 present these data in graphical form 9 4. References Bangladesh, Bureau of Statistics. 1992. Report on Labour Force Survey 1989. Dhaka. China.1993a. Chinese Social Statistics 1993 China.1993b. Chinese Yearbook of Labor Statistics 1993. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. 1994. Transition Report 1994. Lon- don. Indonesia, Biro Pusat Statistik. 1993. Labor force situation in Indonesia:. May 1993. Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics. Jakarta. Nigeria, Federal Office of Statistics. 1991. Annual Abstract of Statistics 1991. Lagos. ILO. 1986. Estimates and projections 1950-2025. Geneva. ILO. 1994. World labor report 1994. Geneva. ILO various years. Yearbook of Labor Statistics. Geneva. Faruqee, Rashid. 1994. "Nigeria: ownership abandoned", in Adjustment in Africa: Lessons from case studies, Ishrat Husain and Rashid Hussain eds. The World Bank. Washing- ton. India, National Sample Survey Organization. 1992. Tables with notes on fifth annual survey on consumer expenditure and employment and unemployment - NSS 47th round (July- December 1991), Government of India. New Delhi. 10 OECD. July 1994. Employment outlook. Paris. Topel, Robert, Anat Levy and Martin Rama. 1992. A labor market cross-country database. Paper prepared for the conference on Labor Markets in Developing Countries, held at the World Bank on July 6-8, 1994. Mimeo. Washington, D.C. World Bank. 1994. World Development Report 1994: Infrastructure for Development. Oxford University Press. Washington, D.C. World Bank. 1995. World Development Report 1995: WVorkers in an Integrating World. Oxford University Press. Washington, D.C. 11 Figure 1 The world at work: The distribution of the working-age population by income group High income economies working-age population 547 milion workers in services inemploVed 42% 6% - _ | n not in labor force workers in industry workers in agriculture 30% 19% 3% Middle income econonies working-age population 1031 million unernployeo workers in services 4% 25% not in labor force 36% workers in industry 16% wvorkers in agriculture 18% Low income economies working-age population 1963 million unemployed workers in services 2% not in labor force workers in industry 11% workers in agriculture 44% 12 Figure 2 The distribution of the world's labor force by sector Agriculture 7 188- 3* * Low income economies Services 228 260 Z Middle income U ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~econonmies O High income economies Industry 104 164 Unemployed 32 45 43 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Number of workers (in millions) 13 Figure 3 The distribution of the world's labor force by income group I Lowincomeeconomies 43 211 312 * Agculture D Scrvices Middle income economies 4614 260 1i E I Unemployed High income economies 32 104 228 17 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Number of workers (in millions) 14 _________________ _Figure 4: Distribution of the working-age population by region Fast AsM and Pacific (working-age populationi 1175 Europe and Central Asia (%%orking-age population 324 Latin America and Caribbean (working-age population million) million) 294 million) ViLcs tinciniplnyed niot in laIor ser ices uneniployed notinlabor unemployed not in alaor I 9%;, 2% rorce 28° 6% Ibre firce ;~~~~~~~~~~~~8 28 ° 66' 0,1 44 d(l;lrs 0 1 ) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iind u s r agiculture indiotry agriculture 1 4 agiculture 46% 24° 164 |2% -I _ ___ _ __ __ ______ __ _____ _-_ Sliddle Fast anid Nirtilh Afiic a (w%orkinig-ige population I O.E.C.D. (sorking-age population 53 1 million) South Asia (workinig-age population 744 million) 155 million) unemploed not in labor senlces unemployed iiot in labor cer C: uel 42°o 6°o force industry 13°% 2% force 10%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3' ariL-lbr-.,,,,,i,,. Ilture I co f4orc;e m idustry 3 b agriculture Maib-Saliarairl Africa (wAorkinig-age population 31 4n~LOi iaiioor sets xices unemployed l;rce 17°% 4°b 32°'% 41% 6n O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- - - - - - - - -- . 1/. o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. -. ......... rs - - ~~~~~~~~~~. ..... ......... agriculture~ ~ ~ ~~~~~frc inus 315rcltr 41°b |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9 Figure 5: Labor force by sector in different regions East Asia and Pacific a_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. .. .. ........:..:.....:... _11111 I | 1 111111 0' :~~~.. ....... .:'..:: SoUth Asia l_ll-!l - EF:...f Europe and Central Asia .. .... .... . _ i~~~ ...... IL._ El Workeit- in services (millions) Su .ESa Ca.Dn Africa o Workers in industry (millions) ......... .. > W orkers in Latin America and Caribbean aLgriculture (millions) * Unemployed (millions) Middle East and North Africa 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 900 900 1000 16 Figure 6: Distribution of the labor force (ages 15-64) by region Sub-Saharan Africa 7 .... (labor force 214 million) . .. South Asia (labor force 440 million)... . .. East Asqia and Pacific... (labor force 963 million) Middle East and North Africa 2 (labor force SO million) U U Workers in * services(% Europe and Central Asia 3 (labor force 239 million) 00 Work erq in industry U Workers in Latin America and Cari'bbean . .....arcltr306 (labor force 166 million) V * Unemployed (¾) O.E C.D. 2 (labor force 372 million) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 7 Figure 7: Distribution of the labor force (ages 15-64) by region Sub-Saharan Africa (labor force 214 million) |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . 1 .................. South Asia - .:.g8..... .-- (labor force 440 million) . Non-.age ....... ~~~~~~~~~~services() ..... .. 0 Wage services1 Eadt Asia and Pacific 312 (labor force 963 million) ;Non-wage industry() C3 Wage industry Middle EaSt .nd North Africa (¾) (labor force 80 million) 0 Non-wage ........... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~agriculture (91) * Wage Furope and CntralAi agriculture(O) (labor force 2~39 million)8Uepoe Lalin America and Caribbean _ 3 9 (labor force 166 million) O.E.C.D. ..... (labor force 372 million) 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 18 Table 1: Labor supply estimates for 1995 Working age Labor force Labor force Income population ages 15-64 participation rate group in 1995 in 1995 in 1995 (thousands) (thousands) (N ___ East Asia and the Pacific Guam 95 53 55.S middle French Polynesia 137 75 54.7 high Brunei 178 119 66.9 high Solomon Islands 199 156 78.4 mniddle Vanuatu 201 144 71.6 middle Macso 356 303 35.1 middle East Timor 459 257 56.0 low Fiji 466 261 56.0 middle Mongolia 1,412 1,157 31.9 low Singapore 1,436 . . high Papua New Guinea 2,500 1,846 73.3 middle Lao PDR 2,549 2,209 36.7 low Hong Kong 4,198 2,900 69.1 high Cambodia 5,230 3,713 71.0 low Malaysia 11,709 8,369 71.5 middle Korea, Dem. Rep. 15,863 11,035 69.9 middle Myanmar 27,235 19,512 71.6 low Korea, Rep. 32,200 13,913 53.3 mniddle Thailand 33,637 29,625 76.7 middle Philippines 40,387 25,070 62.1 middle Viet Nam 42,912 36,295 84.6 low Indonesia 125,299 76,923 61.4 middle China 822,508 723,283 87.9 low Europe and Central Asia Lichtenstein 39 27 69.2 high Andorra 66 41 62.1 high Channel Islands 167 123 76.7 high Malta 245 139 56.7 middle Cyprus 473 332 70.2 high Estonia 1,030 766 74.4 middle Latvia 1,730 1,291 74.6 middle Lithuania 2,470 1,840 74.5 middle Bulgaria 5,895 4,232 71.8 middle Portugal 6,649 4,353 65.5 middle Greece 6,893 3,731 54.1 middle Hungary 7,038 5,275 74.4 middle Czechoslovakia, former 10,640 8,457 79.5 middle Romania 15,611 11,436 73.6 middle Yugoslavia, former 16,343 10,646 65.1 middle Poland 25,420 19,665 77.4 middle Turkey 33,123 25,924 68.0 middle USSR, former 134,792 140,934 76.3 middle Latin America and the Caribbean Falkland Islands 75 40 53.3 middle Berrnuda S0 60 75.0 high Belize 124 70 56.5 middle 19 Table I continued Working age Labor Force Labor force Income population ages 15-64 participation rate group in 1995 in 1995 in 1995 (thousands) (thousands) Barbados 169 139 82.3 mniddle Bahanas 190 108 56.8 high Martinique 246 174 70.7 mniddle Guadeloupe 274 192 70.1 middle Surinam 284 162 57.0 middle Guyana 532 317 59.6 low Trinidad and Tobago 790 514 65.1 rniddle Jamaica 1,595 1,278 80.1 rniddle Panama 1,643 968 58.9 nmiddle Uruguay 2,018 1,223 60.6 mniddle Costa Rica 2,066 1,171 56.7 middle Nicaragua 2,259 1,326 58.7 low Puerto Rico 2,396 1,231 51.4 middle Paraguay 2,777 1,584 57.0 middle El Salvador 3,184 1,808 56.8 middle Honduras 3,188 1,785 56.0 low Haiti 4,010 2,594 64.7 low Bolivia 4,551 2,323 51.0 middle Dominican Rep. 4,741 2,525 53.3 middle Guatemala 5,544 2,884 52.0 middle Ecuador 6,965 3,461 49.7 middle Cuba 7,524 4,744 63.1 middle Chile 8,991 5,190 57.7 middle Venezuela 13,135 7,505 57.1 middle Peru 14,414 7,489 52.0 middle Argentina 21,271 11,914 56.0 middle Colombia 21,975 11,341 51.6 middle Mexico 56,158 32,068 57.1 middle Brazil 101,150 58,021 57.4 middle Middle East and North Africa Qatar 337 216 64.1 high Bahrain 363 237 65.3 middle Kuwait 919 592 64.4 high Oman 923 479 51.9 middle United Arab Emirates 1,229 863 70.2 high Lebanon 1,826 933 51.1 middle Jordan 2,555 1,077 42.2 middle Libya 2,811 1,309 46.6 middle Israel 3,620 2,302 63.6 high Tunisia 5,396 2,983 55.3 mniddle Yemen, Rep. 6,715 3,240 48.3 low Syrian Arab Rep. 7,328 3,545 48.4 middle Saudi Arabia 9,740 5,010 51.4 middle Iraq 11,310 5,821 51.5 middle Algeria 15,820 6,600 41.7 middle Morocco 16,211 8,994 55.5 middle Iran, Islamic Rep. 33,534 19,501 58.2 middle Egypt, Arab Rep. 33,869 16,118 47.6 low 20 Table I continued Working age Labor Force Labor force Income population ages 15-64 participation rate group in 1995 in 1995 in 1995 (thousands) (thousands) High-income OECD Iceland 173 142 82.1 high Luxembourg 264 162 61.4 high Ireland 2,211 1,318 59.6 high New Zealand 2,337 1,611 68.9 high Norway 2,808 2,211 78.7 high Finland 3,380 2,579 76.3 high Denmark 3,503 2,883 82.3 high Austria 3,642 . . high Switzerland 4,709 3,409 72.4 high Sweden 5,600 4,605 82.2 high Belgium 6,658 4,152 62.4 high Netherlands 10,592 6,473 61.1 high Australia 12,242 8,651 70.7 high Canada 19,193 13,961 72.7 high Spain 26,832 14,269 53.2 high United Kingdom 37,598 28,231 75.1 high France 37,734 26,361 69.9 high Italy 39,951 23,122 57.9 high Germany 55,309 39,874 72.1 high Japan 87,167 59,823 68.6 high United States 172,328 125,684 72.9 high South Asia Maldives 129 86 66.7 middle Bhutan 964 675 70.0 low SriLanka 11,706 6,569 56.1 low Nepal 11,900 8,047 67.6 low Afghanistan 13,309 6,403 48.1 low Pakistan 72,119 39,352 54.6 low Bangladesh 72,677 34,181 47.0 low India 560,958 344,304 61.4 low Sub-Saharan Africa Seychelles 33 27 81.8 middle Sao Tome and Principe 72 46 63.9 low Western Sahara 159 80 50.3 low Equatorial Guinea 210 149 71.0 low Cape Verde 222 148 66.7 middle Djibouti 264 191 72.4 middle Comores 319 253 79.3 low Reunion 422 274 64.9 middle Swaziland 466 298 64.0 middle Gambia, The 520 386 74.2 low Guinea-Bissau 582 429 73.7 low Botswana 743 429 57.7 middle Mauritius 763 442 57.9 middle Gabon 797 491 61.6 middle Namibia 872 483 55.4 middle Lesotho 1,094 806 73.7 low 21 Table I continued Working age Labor Force Labor force Income population ages 15-64 pariicipation rate group in 1995 in 1995 in 1995 (thousands) (thousands) Mauritaria 1,212 665 54.9 low Congo 1,321 923 69.9 middle Liberia 1,531 933 60.9 low Central African Rep. 1,750 1,406 80.3 low Togo 2,116 1,416 66.9 low Sierra Leone 2,463 1,578 64.1 low Benin 2,692 2,221 82.5 low Burundi 3,217 2,801 87.1 low Guinea 3,370 2,606 77.3 low Chad 3,371 1,899 56.3 low Rwanda 3,985 3,502 87.9 low Senegal 4,403 3,059 69.5 middle Niger 4,499 3,920 87.1 low Zambia 4,622 2,864 62.0 low Somalia 5,069 3,710 73.2 low Burkina Faso 5,383 4,611 85.7 low Mali 5,399 2,851 52.8 low Malawi 5,454 4,085 74.9 low Angola 5,533 3,978 71.9 middle Zimbabwe 6,071 3,722 61.3 low Cameroon 6,958 4,432 63.7 middle Cote dlvoire 6,967 5,032 72.2 low Madagascar 7,277 5,265 72.4 low Mozambique 8,486 7,259 S5.5 low Ghana 9,045 5,746 63.5 low Uganda 9,970 7,532 76.1 low Kenya 13,845 9,177 66.3 low Sudan 15,238 3,675 56.9 low Tanzania 15,242 12,110 79.5 low Zaire 21,435 14,653 68.2 low South Africa 24,994 14,526 53.1 middle Ethiopia 29,401 21,201 72.1 low Nigeria 63,933 40,679 63.6 low Source: ILO 1986 with ILO data updates 22 Table 2: Unemployment rates Year Unemploysnexn Working age Source Income rate population group in 1995' (thousands) East Asia and the Pacific Guamn 1990 2.8 95 r mniddle Fiji 1991 5.9 466 r mriddle Singapore 1991 1.9 1,436 r high Hong Kong 1991 1.8 4,198 r high Malaysia 1987 8.2 11,709 r rniddle Korea, Rep. 1991 2.4 32,200 w rniddle Tbailand 1987 5.8 38,637 r midMe Philippines 1991 9.7 40,387 w middle Indonesia 1991 2.7 125,299 w mniddle China 1991 2.3 822,508 w low Europe and Central Asia Cyprus 1991 3.0 469 r high Estonia 1993 2.6 I,030 s mniddle Slovenia 1995 14.5 1,363 s middle Macedonia, FiR 1993 28.6 1,473 s mniddle Latvia 1993 5.3 1,730 s rniddle Armenia 1993 5.8 2,247 s . low Albania 1994 18.3 2,316 s low Lithuania 1993 1.4 2,470 s middle Croatia 1994 12.8 3,149 s middle Slovak Rep. 1994 14.8 3,506 s middle Georgia 1992 5.4 3,733 s low Bulgaria 1993 16.0 5,895 s mniddle Porfugal 1995 6.9 6,649 o mniddle Greece 1995 11.0 6,893 o rniddle Belarus 1993 1.5 6,965 s middle Czech Rep. 1994 3.1 6,967 s middle Yugoslavia, Fed Rep. 1990 16.4 7,083 r middle Hungary 1993 10.9 7,088 s rmiddle Kazakstan 1993 9.3 11,135 s middle Uzbekistan 1993 0.2 12,860 s middle Romania 1993 10.2 15,611 s middle Poland 1994 16.0 25,420 s middle Ukraine 1993 0.4 34,820 s middle Turkey 1995 14.0 38,123 o middle Russian Fed. 1993 5.5 101,575 s middle Latin America and the Caribbean Barbados 1991 17.1 169 r middle Bahamas 1989 11.7 190 r high Trinidad and Tobago 1991 18.5 790 r mniddle Jarnaica 1990 15.7 1,595 r middle Panama 1991 15.7 1,643 r middle Uruguay 1991 11.9 2,018 w middle Costa Rica 1991 5.5 2,066 r middle Nicaragua 1991 14.0 2,259 w low Puerto Rico 1991 16.0 2,396 r middle 23 Table 2 continued Year Unemployment Working age Source Incorme rate population group in 1995 _ ~~~~~~~~~(thousanxds) Paraguay 1991 5.1 2,777 r middle El Salvador 1991 7.9 3,1S4 w mniddle Honduras 1991 3.1 3,188 w low Haiti 1990 10.9 4,010 r low Bolivia 1991 7.3 4,551 w middle Ecuador 1991 5.8 6,965 w middle Chile 1991 4.4 8,991 w middle Venezuela 1991 9.5 13,135 r middle Peru 1991 5.8 14,414 r mniddle Argentina 1989 7.3 21,271 r middle Colombia 1991 9.1 21,975 w middle Mexico 1991 2.6 56,158 r middle Brazil 1988 3.9 101,150 r middle Middle East and North Africa Jordan 1991 18.8 2,555 s middle Israel 1991 11.2 3,620 w high Tunisia 1993 16.1 5,396 s rmiddle Yemen, Rep. 1992 12.3 6,715 s low Syrian Arab Rep. 1991 6.8 7,328 w mniddle Algeria 1991 21.0 15,820 s middle Morocco 1991 12.1 16,211 s middle Iran, Islamic Rep. 1993 12.0 33,534 s middle Egypt, Arab Rep. 1992 14.0 33,869 s low High-income OECD Iceland 1995 6.2 173 o high Luxembourg 1995 2.5 264 o high Ireland 1995 15.4 2,211 o high New Zealand 1995 8.1 2,337 o high Norway 1995 5.2 2,808 o high Finland 1995 17.7 3,380 o high Denmark 1995 10.5 3,503 o high Switzerland 1995 3.8 4,709 o high Austria 1995 4.6 5,000 o high Sweden 1995 7.4 5,600 o high Belgium 1995 12.7 6,658 o high Netherlands 1995 9.5 10,592 o high Australia 1995 9.2 12,242 0 high Canada 1995 10.2 19,193 o high Spain 1995 24.4 26,832 o high United Kingdom 1995 8.9 37,598 o high France 1995 12.2 37,734 o high Italy 1995 11.9 39,951 o high Germany 1995 10.0 55,309 o high Japan 1995 2.8 87,167 o high United States 1995 5.8 172,328 o high 24 Table 2 continued Year Unemployment Working age Source Income rate population group in 1995 (thousands) South Asia Sri Lanka 1991 14.1 11,706 w low Pakistan 1991 6.3 72,119 w low Bangladesh 1989 1.2 72,677 s low India 1991 2.5 560,958 s low Sub-Saharan Africa Seychelles 1985 22.5 33 r middle Reunion 1990 23.7 422 r middle Cote dlvoire 1986 2.5 6,967 r low Ghana 1989 1.6 9,045 s low Kenya 1986 6.9 13,845 r low South Africa 1993 12.8 24,994 s middle Nigeria 1989 4.0 63,988 s low Note: Working age population for countries of the former Yugoslavia, forner Czechoslovakia, and former Soviet Union arc calculated by a forward projection ofthe 1980-90 growth rate, see text for dtails. Sources: r=Topel, Levy and Rama 1994, w=ILO 1994, o=OECD 1994, s=Country sources, see text for details 25 Table 3: Distribution of the work force across sectors Year Work force Work force Work force Working age Source Income in in in population group agriculture indusizy services in 1995S _ (%) (°) (%) (thousands) East Asia and the Pacific Guam 1980 0.9 15.0 84.2 95 c middle French Polynesia 1988 12.8 10.2 77.0 137 c high Brunei 1990 2.0 24.4 73.6 178 i high Macao 1990 0.2 42.5 57.4 356 1 middle Fiji 1986 47.7 15.0 37.4 466 c rniddle Mongolia 1990 32.0 22.5 45.5 1,412 i low Singapore 1991 0.3 35.2 64.6 1,436 1 high Lao PDR 1990 78.1 6.3 15.6 2,549 i low Hong Kong 1991 0.8 34.9 64.3 4,198 h high Cambodia 1990 73.9 7.5 18.6 5,230 i low Malaysia 1990 27.3 23.1 49.5 11,709 imiddle Korea, Dem. Rep. 1990 38.1 31.4 30.5 15,863 i middlc Myanmar 1990 73.3 9.8 16.9 27,235 i low Korea, Rep. 1991 16.7 35.6 47.7 32,200 I middle Thailand 1990 64.1 14.0 22.0 38,637 i middle Philippines 1991 45.3 16.0 38.7 40,387 h middle Viet Nam 1990 71.3 14.0 14.7 42,912 i low Indonesia 1993 50.5 15.8 33.8 125,299 s middle China 1993 61.0 18.0 21.0 822,508 s low Europe and Central Asia Malta 1990 2.6 34.6 62.9 245 i middle Cyprus 1990 13.6 30.0 56.4 469 i high Estonia 1990 14.4 41.3 44.3 1,030 i middle Slovenia 1990 5.7 46.2 48.2 1,363 i middle Macedonia, FYR 1990 21.5 40.4 38.1 1,473 i middle Latvia 1990 15.8 39.8 44.5 1,730 i middle Armenia 1990 17.6 43.1 39.3 2,247 i low Albania 1990 54.6 23.2 22.3 2,316 i low Turkmenistan 1990 37.2 22.8 39.9 2,331 i middle Lithuania 1990 18.5 40.6 40.9 2,470 i middle Kyrgyz Rep. 1990 32.1 26.7 41.2 2,758 i middle Moldova 1990 33.0 29.9 37.1 2,864 i middle Croatia 1990 16.1 33.8 50.2 3,149 i middle Bosnia and Herz 1990 11.3 47.5 41.2 3,236 i low Tajikistan 1990 40.7 23.4 35.9 3,255 i low Slovak Rep. . 1990 12.1 33.3 54.6 3,506 i mniddle Georgia 1990 26.0 31.4 42.5 3,733 i low Azerbaijan 1990 31.0 28.7 40.3 4,831 i middle Bulgaria 1990 13.5 48.3 38.3 5,895 i middle Porttagal 1990 17.8 34.0 48.2 6,649 i mniddle Greece 1990 23.2 27.7 49.1 6,893 1 middle Belarus 1990 19.7 40.3 40.0 6,965 i middle Czech Rep. 1990 11.2 45.4 43.4 6,967 i middle Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 1990 29.7 33.1 37.2 7,083 i middle Hungary 1991 38.6 15.5 45.9 7,088 o middle Kazakstan 1990 22.2 31.5 46.3 11,135 i middle Uzbekistan 1990 34.9 25.1 40.0 12.860 i middle 26 Table 3 continued Year Work force Work force W ork force Working age Source Income in in in population group agriculture industiy services in 1995 _______ _______ _______ ___ ___ _ _ (%) (%) (%) (thousands) Romnania 1990 28.6 43.1 28.4 15,611 o middle Poland 1990 27.5 35.8 36.7 25,420 i middle Ukraine 1990 20.0 39.8 40.2 34,820 i middle Turkey 1991 48.9 20.1 31.0 38,123 I middle Russian Fed. 1990 13.7 41.7 44.6 101,575 i middle Latin America and the Caribbean Barbados 1982 10.0 10.9 79.1 169 1 middle Bahamas 1980 5.6 16.4 77.9 190 c high Suriname 1980 9.2 21.8 69.0 284 c middle Trinidad and Tobago 1991 10.4 32.5 57.1 790 I mniddle Panama 1989 27.0 16.0 57.0 1,643 I middle Uruguay 1985 14.7 25.8 59.6 2.018 c middle Costa Rica 1991 25.1 26.9 48.0 2,066 h middle Puerto Rico 1992 3.6 26.3 70.1 2,396 I middle El Salvador 1991 10.7 29.2 60.2 3,184 h middle Honduras 1991 36.9 20.9 42.3 3,188 I low Haiti 1990 65.6 8.8 25.6 4,010 o low Bolivia 1991 1.2 24.8 74.0 4,551 h middle Dominican Rep. 1981 23.6 18.2 58.3 4,741 c middle Guatemala 1989 49.9 18.3 31.8 5,544 h middle Ecuador 1990 31.2 18.1 50.7 6,965 c middle Cuba 1981 32.2 40.0 27.8 7,524 c middle Chile 1991 19.1 26.3 54.6 8,991 l middle Venezuela 1991 11.4 27.6 61.0 13,135 h middle Argentina 1980 12.0 31.4 56.6 21,271 c middle Mexico 1990 22.7 27.8 49.6 56,158 c middle Brazil 1988 24.2 23.3 52.4 101,150 h middle Middle East and North Africa Qatar 1990 2.7 32.0 65.4 337 i high Bahrain 1990 2.0 29.8 68.2 363 i middle Kuwait 1990 1.2 25.2 73.7 919 i high Oman 1990 44.5 23.8 31.7 923 i middle United Arab Emirates 1990 7.8 26.8 65.5 1,229 i high Lebanon 1990 7.3 31.0 61.7 1,826 i middle Jordan 1990 15.3 23.5 61.3 2,555 i middle Libya 1990 10.9 23.0 66.2 2,811 i middle Israel 1990 4.1 29.1 66.8 3,620 i high Tunisia 1990 28.1 32.8 39.1 5,396 i middle Yemen, Rep. 1990 61.0 16.8 22.2 6,715 i low Syrian Arab Rep. 1990 33.2 24.0 42.9 7,328 i middle Saudi Arabia 1990 19.2 19.8 61.0 9,740 i middle Iraq 1990 16.1 17.5 66.4 11,310 i middle Algeria 1990 26.1 31.3 42.6 15,820 i middle Morocco 1990 44.7 24.8 30.5 16,211 i middle Iran, Islamic Rep. 1990 38.8 22.5 38.7 33,534 i middle Egypt, Arab Rep. 1990 40.3 21.5 38.2 33,869 i 1ow 27 Table 3 continued Y'ear Work force Work force Work force Working age Source Income in in in population group agriculture industry services in 1995 (%) (%Mo) (%) (thousands) High-income OECD Iceland 1990 11.0 26.5 62.5 173 i high Luxembourg 1991 3.5 28.9 67.6 264 I high Ireland 1990 14.3 28.6 57.0 2,211 i high New Zealand 1991 10.2 23.7 66.2 2,337 c high Norway 1991 5.8 23.6 70.6 2,808 I high Finland 1991 8.2 30.1 61.7 3,380 I high Denmark 1990 5.4 27.7 67.0 3,503 I high Switzerland 1990 5.5 34.7 59.8 4,709 i high Austria 1990 7.8 37.6 54.7 5,000 i high Sweden 1991 3.2 28.2 68.6 5,600 1 high Belgium 1990 2.6 27.7 69.7 6,658 o high Netherlands 1991 4.5 25.2 70.3 10,592 1 high Australia 1991 5.2 24.4 70.4 12.242 1 higb Canada 1991 3.5 24.4 72.1 19,193 1 high Spain 1991 10.7 32.8 56.6 26,S32 1 high United Kingdom 1990 2.1 28.7 69.2 37,598 o high France 1991 5.6 28.8 65.6 37,734 ° high Italy 1991 8.4 32.0 59.5 39,951 1 high Germany 1990 4.0 38.1 57.9 55,309 i high Japan 1991 6.7 34.4 58.9 87,167 I high United States 1991 2.9 25.8 71.3 172,328 I high South Asia Maldives 1990 32.3 31.0 36.7 129 i middle Bhutan 1990 94.1 0.9 5.0 964 i low Sri Lanka 1990 48.5 20.9 30.6 11,706 i low Nepal 1990 93.6 0.3 6.2 11,900 i low Afghanistan 1990 70.3 10.7 19.0 13,309 i low Pakistan 1992 47.5 19.8 32.7 72,119 o low Bangladesh 1989 65.5 15.5 19.6 72,677 s low India 1991 63.2 14.2 22.6 560,958 s low Sub-Sabaran Africa Seychelles 1981 10.1 20.5 69.4 33 o middle Sao Tome and Principe 1981 59.8 7.6 32.6 72 c low Equatorial Guinea 1990 74.8 5.3 19.9 210 i low Cape Verde 1990 30.6 29.7 39.7 222 i middle Comores 1990 77.4 9.3 13.3 319 i low Reunion 1990 6.8 18.3 75.0 422 i middle Swaziland 1990 39.5 22.3 38.2 466 i middle Gambia, The 1990 81.9 7.6 10.5 520 i low Guinea-Bissau 1990 85.3 1.9 12.8 582 i low Botawana 1990 46.4 20.4 33.2 743 i middle Mauritius 1990 16.7 43.2 40.1 763 i middle Gabon 1990 51.5 15.9 32.6 797 i miiddle Namibia 1990 49.1 15.4 35.5 872 i middle Lesotho 1990 40.1 27.8 32.1 1,094 i low Mauritania 1990 55.2 10.4 34.4 1,212 i low Congo 1990 48.7 14.7 36.6 1.321 i rmiddle 28 Table 3 continued Year Work force Work force Work force Working age Source Income in in in population group agriculture industry services in 1995 (°/0) (%) (%) (thousands) liberia 1990 72.3 5.6 22.2 1,531 i low Central African Rep. 1990 80.2 3.5 16.3 1,750 i low Togo 1990 65.6 10.1 24.4 2,116 i low Sierra Leone 1990 67.4 15.3 17.2 2,463 i low Benin 1990 63.5 8.1 28.4 2,692 i low Burundi 1990 91.7 2.7 5.6 3,217 i low Guinea 1990 87.2 1.9 10.9 3,370 i low Chad 1990 83.2 4.2 12.6 3,371 i low Rwanda 1990 91.7 3.4 4.9 3,985 i low Senegal 1990 76.7 7.5 15.8 4,403 i middle Niger 1990 89.9 3.9 6.2 4,499 i low Zambia 1990 74.6 8.5 16.9 4.622 i low Somalia 1990 75.3 8.2 16.4 5,069 i low Burkina Faso 1990 92.4 1.8 5.8 5,383 i low Mali 1990 85.8 2.0 12.2 5,399 i low Malawi 1990 86.6 4.9 8.4 5,454 i low Angola 1990 74.5 8. 1 17.4 5,533 i middle Zimbabwe 1990 68.2 8.3 23.5 6,071 i low Cameroon 1990 69.7 8.8 21.5 6,958 i nmiddle Cole dlvoire 1990 59.9 9.6 30.5 6,967 i low Madagascar 1990 78.2 6.8 15.1 7,277 i low Mozambique 1990 82.7 8.0 9.3 8,486 i low Ghana 1990 59.3 13.0 27.7 9,045 i low Uganda 1990 84.5 4.7 10.7 9,970 i low Kenya 1990 79.5 7.3 13.2 13,845 i low Sudan 1990 69.5 8.5 22.1 15,238 i low Tanzania 1990 84.4 4.9 10.7 15,242 i low Zaire 1990 67.8 13.4 18.8 21,485 i low South Africa 1990 13.5 32.0 54.5 24.994 i middle Ethiopia 1990 86.2 2.1 11.7 29,401 i low Nigeria 1990 43.0 6.9 50.1 63,9X8 i low Note: Working age population for countries of the forrmer Yugoslavia, former Czechoslovakia, and former Soviet Union are calculated by a forward projection of the 1980-90 growth rate, see text for details. Sources: c,l,h,o= Census survey, Labor force survey, Household survev and Official Estimates from ILO various years; i=New ILO estimates for 1990; s=Country sources, see text for details. 29 Table 4a: OLS estimates of the share of each sector in wage employment Share of agriculture in wage emplovment Variable Coefficient Std. Error T-ratio P>ItI Number of observations 99 Log of GNP per capita 10.22 24.81 0.41 0.68 F( 11. 87) 4.6 Square of log of GNP per capita -0.15 1.54 -0.09 0.93 Prob > F 0 Log of population -3.89 2.87 -1.35 0.18 R-squared 0.3675 Square of log of population 0.37 0.48 0.78 0.44 Adj R-squared 0.2875 Europe and Central Asia 8.10 8.99 0.90 0.37 Root MSE 21.185 Latin America and the Caribbean 28.10 7.28 3.86 0.00 Middle East and North Africa 22.50 9.05 2.49 0.02 High-income OECD -1.44 10.59 -0.14 0.89 South Asia 11.87 12.72 0.93 0.35 Sub-Saharan Africa 11.54 9.42 1.23 0.22 Table I a dummny -3.34 8.64 -0.39 0.70 Constant -46.30 99.93 -0.46 0.64 Share of industrv in wage employment Variable Coefficient Std. Error T-ratio P>Itl Number of observations 99 Log of GNP per capita 49.48 17.63 2.81 0.01 F( 11, 87) 10.55 SquareoflogofGNP per capita -2.73 1.10 -2.49 0.02 Prob > F 0 Log ofpopulation -0.64 2.04 -0.31 0.75 R-squared 0.5716 Square of log of population -0.34 0.34 -1.00 0.32 Adj R-squared 0.5174 Europe and Central Asia 3.56 6.39 0.56 0.58 Root MSE 15.059 Latin America and the Caribbean -6.97 5.17 -1.35 0.18 Middle East and North Africa -1.83 6.43 -0.28 0.78 High-income OECD 4.76 7.53 0.63 0.53 SouthAsia -13.51 9.04 -1.49 0.14 Sub-Saharan Africa -13.511 6.691 -2.02 0.05 Table Ia dummy 3.79 6.14 0.62 0.54 Constant -132.55 71.031 -1.87 0.07 Share of services in wage emplovment Variable Coefficient Std. Error T-ratio P>Itl Number of observations 99 L og of GNP per capita 41.34 14.63 2.83 0.01 F( 11, 87) 13.66 Square of log of GNP per capita -2.24 0.91 -2.46 0.02 Prob > F 0 Log of population -4.1S 1.69 -2.47 0.02 R-squared 0.6334 Square of log of population 0.29 0.28 1.04 0.30 Adj R-squared 0.587 Europe and Central Asia 12.75 5.30 2.41 0.02 Root MSE 12.49 Latin America and the Caribbean -1.35 4.29 -0.32 0.75 Middle East and North Africa 7.34 5.33 1.38 0.17 High-income OECD 11.13 6.24 1.78 0.08 South Asia 3.53 7.50 0.47 0.64 Sub-Saharan Africa -9.73 5.55 -1.75 0.08 Table Ia dumnmy -3.15 5.09 . -0.62 0.54 Constant -105.61 58.91 -1.79 0.08 30 Table 4b: Distribution of the work force within sectors Year Share of Share of Share of Working age Source Income wage wage wage population group employment enployment employment in 1995* in in in (thousands) agriculture industry services (%) (%) (%) East Asia and the Pacific Guam 1980 84.4 98.1 96.6 95 c middle French Polynesia 1988 10.1 86.5 72.8 137 c high Brunei 1981 49.9 95.9 93.0 178 c high Solomon Islands . 15.9 78.8 71.0 199 e middle Vanuatu . 24.1 85.1 80.6 201 e niddle Macao 1990 16.6 94.0 82.5 356 I middle Fiji 1986 4.5 85.3 82.1 466 c mriddle Mongolia . 16.5 81.3 72.4 1,412 e low Singapore 1991 65.8 92.6 83.5 2,000 1 high Papua New Guinea . 12.2 76.9 67.2 2,500 e middle Lao PDR . 0.7 55.8 48.8 2,549 e low HongKong 1991 36.5 92.1 86.7 4,198 h high Cambodia . 0.0 62.3 46.9 5,230 e low Malaysia 1988 28.8 84.0 72.8 11,709 1 middle Korea, Dem. Rep. . 7.6 80.5 62.3 15,863 e mniddle Myaniar . 0.0 54.3 46.2 27,235 e low Korea, Rep. 1991 7.4 85.7 60.9 32,200 1 middle Thailand 1989 9.9 73.5 53.1 38,637 1 middle Philippincs 1991 21.1 76.7 60.9 40,387 h mniddle VietNam . 0.0 56.5 42.2 42,912 e low Indonesia 1993 13.0 63.5 42.4 125,299 s middle China 1993 1.6 22.2 52.4 822,508 s low Europe and Central Asia Andorra . 59.5 96.3 100.0 66 e high Channel Islands . 54.6 97.1 100.0 167 e high Malta 1983 16.9 90.9 86.3 245 o middle Cyprus 1989 15.7 86.0 82.3 469 o high Estonia 31.9 91.5 92.2 1,030 e mniddle Slovenia . 37.8 94.6 94.7 1,363 e middle Macedonia, FYR . 21.4 88.7 82.2 1,473 e middle Latvia . 27.4 88.3 88.0 1,730 e middle Armenia 18.9 78.2 78.2 2,247 e low Albania 23.4 84.3 83.8 2,316 e low Turkmenistan 22.5 83.5 82.8 2,331 e middle Lithuania 23.1 84.2 83.4 2,470 e middle Kyrgyz Rep. 18.8 78.5 78.1 2,758 e middle Moldova 22.6 83.9 82.9 2,864 e middle Croatia 19.1 87.5 79.4 3,149 e rniddle Bosnia and Her . 7.3 67.2 61.9 3,236 e low Tajikistan 13.9 70.8 71.0 3,255 a low Slovak Rep. 25.3 87.3 85.6 3,506 e middle Georgia 18.5 78.6 77.8 3,733 e low Azerbaijan 16.7 76.2 75.3 4,831 e rniddle Bulgaria 1985 99.4 99.7 99.5 5,895 c middle Portugal 1990 19.0 87.1 78.3 6,649 1 middle 31 Table 4b continued Year Share of Share of Share of Working age Sourox Income wage wage wage population group employment employmern employment in 1995 in in in (thousands) agriculture industry services _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (°/) (% ) (%o) _ Greece 1990 4.2 70.7 65.3 6,893 1 middle Belarus 27.0 88.9 86.3 6,965 e niiddle Czech Rep. 1980 44.1 98.8 99.0 6,967 c middle Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 1981 11.7 94.2 93.4 7,083 c middle Hungary 1991 44.4 75.1 81.3 7,088 o middle Kazakstan 21.6 83.5 81.2 11,135 e middle Uzbekistan 15.7 75.5 74.0 12,860 e mniddle Romania 1990 18.3 95.4 93.8 15,611 o middle Poland 1988 21.4 94.9 96.7 25,420 c middle Ukraine 20.7 80.9 79.3 34,820 e middle Turkey 1991 2.9 76.0 62.8 38,123 1 middle Russian Fed. 22.7 79.5 79.9 101,575 e middle Latin America and Caribbean FaLkland Islands 1986 71.9 93.3 95.5 75 c middle Belize 55.8 83.8 83.0 124 e middle Barbados 1982 85.5 83.3 89.9 169 I middle Bahamas 1980 58.2 80.1 91.5 190 c high Martinique 56.4 86.7 82.6 246 e middle Guadeloupe 56.0 86.7 82.1 274 e middle Surname 1980 62.4 87.6 84.1 284 c middle Guyana 33.7 59.6 55.2 532 e low Trinidad and Tobago 1991 52.8 92.1 76.7 790 I middle Jamaica 44.7 74.5 71.2 1,595 e middle Panama 1989 29.2 70.4 78.5 1,643 I middle Uruguay 1985 56.8 78.1 73.0 2,018 c middle Costa Rica 1991 58.0 74.2 75.6 2,066 h middle Nicaragua 31.8 54.7 52.8 2,259 e low Puerto Rico 1992 59.0 93.7 83.2 2,396 1 middle Paraguay 43.1 73.9 69.2 2,777 e middle El Salvador 1991 65.5 67.2 63.2 3,184 h middle Honduras 1991 32.1 64.7 49.6 3,188 1 low Haiti 1990 6.2 53.1 39.7 4,010 o low Bolivia 1991 42.7 61.3 46.1 4,551 h middle Dominican Rep. 1981 19.4 77.9 62.4 4,741 c middle Guatemala 1989 34.5 60.7 63.8 5,544 b middle Ecuador 1990 26.2 46.6 52.0 6,965 c middle Cuba 1981 78.2 99.1 97.0 7,524 c middle Chile 1991 54.9 78.0 69.6 8,991 1 middle Venezuela 1991 40.9 67.6 62.9 13,135 h middle Peru 36.5 66.3 61.0 14,414 e middle Argentina 1980 52.9 74.9 73.6 21,271 c middle Colombia 38.7 68.9 63.5 21,975 e middle Mexico 1990 41.2 83.4 71.8 56,158 c rniddle Brazil 1988 38.8 83.0 71.1 101,150 h middle 32 Table 4b continued Year Share of Share of Share of Working age Source Income wage wage wage population group employment employment employment in 1995 in in in (thousands) agriculture industry services (0/%) (%) (%) Middle East and North Africa Qatar 1986 98.5 98.7 97.8 337 c high Bahrain 1981 43.3 93.7 S7.5 363 c middle Kuwait 1985 89.9 91.6 94.4 919 c high Oman . 52.9 89.4 90.1 923 e middle United Arab Emiraas 1980 85.2 97.7 90.6 1,229 c high Lebanon . 34.1 82.5 74.8 1,826 e middle Jordan . 36.2 77.1 76.4 2,555 e middle Libya . 41.3 89.7 80.9 2,811 e middle Israel 1990 28.0 73.6 77.6 3,620 f high Tunisia 1989 35.7 77.2 75.7 5,396 1 mniddle Yemen, Rep. . 22.5 55.9 56.4 6,715 e low Syrian Arab Rep. 1989 15.4 71.3 66.7 7,328 1 middle Saudi Arabia . 47.8 85.5 82.8 9,740 e middle Iraq . 30.4 79.1 70.1 11,310 e middle Algeria 1987 35.9 87.1 78.4 15,820 c rniddle Morocco . 31.3 71.9 70.2 16,211 e middle Iran, Islamic Rep. 1986 10.3 59.3 66.5 33,534 c middle Egypt, Arab Rep. 1999 14.8 75.3 74.0 33,869 1 low High-income OECD Iceland 43.0 97.9 97.7 173 e high Luxembourg 1991 14.0 95.0 90.6 264 1 high Ireland 1990 13.9 88.8 84.9 2,211 1 high New Zealand 1991 40.5 80.6 83.2 2,337 c high Norway 1991 25.0 88.6 90.6 2,808 I high Finland 1991 28.4 91.9 91.2 3,380 I high Denmark 1990 37.5 92.1 92.1 3,503 I high Switzerland 1980 55.7 94.4 91.3 4,709 c high Austria 1990 13.0 94.9 90.1 5,000 1 high Sweden 1991 40.6 93.2 92.7 5,600 I high Belgium 1990 17.9 90.7 79.5 6,658 o high Netherlands 1991 36.5 95.8 89.8 10,592 I high Australia 1991 33.5 76.2 81.0 12,242 1 high Canada 1991 43.1 93.9 91.8 19,193 I high Spain 1991 42.4 86.5 74.1 26,832 I high United Kingdom 1990 52.4 86.8 86.9 37,598 o high France 1991 20.6 91.6 87.7 37,734 o high Italy 1991 40.8 82.8 70.1 39,951 1 high Germany . 30.3 84.7 82.1 55,309 e high Japan 1991 10.1 85.5 82.3 87,167 I high United States 1991 55.3 93.8 91.9 172,328 I high 33 Table 4b continued Year Share of Share of Share of Working age Source Income wage wage wage population group employment employmelt employment in 1995 in in in (thousands) agriculture industry services (0%) (%) (%) South Asia Maldives 1990 14.4 32.4 74.1 129 c middle Bhutan . 13.2 37.0 50.6 964 e low Sri lAnka 1986 43.8 73.2 72.3 11,706 1 low Nepal . 5.9 31.2 41.3 11,900 e low Afghanistan . 7.6 46.7 48.2 13,309 e low Pakistan 1992 9.5 69.5 49.6 72,119 o low Bangladesh 1989 0.9 12.9 35.7 72,677 s low India 1991 2.3 26.3 41.7 560,958 s low Sub-Saharan Africa Seychelles 1981 71.8 83.3 78.7 33 o middle Sao Tome and Principe 1981 88.1 84.0 79.2 72 c low Equatorial Guinea . 19.7 53.3 49.6 210 e low Cape Verde 1990 36.7 88.6 45.2 222 c rniddle Djibouti . 30.2 72.6 65.4 264 e middle Comores 1980 17.7 47.3 32.3 319 c low Reunion 1982 41.7 89.3 89.2 422 . c middle Swaziland . 26.9 70.5 61.7 466 e middle Gambia,The 1983 0.2 3.2 1.3 520 c low Guinea-Bissau . 16.1 41.5 42.5 582 e low Botswana 1981 5.4 96.9 91.4 743 c middle Mauritius . 36.5 74.6 71.1 763 e middle Gabon . 40.1 77.0 73.1 797 e middle Namibia . 31.2 70.3 66.2 872 e middle Lesotho . 22.2 58.1 54.7 1,094 e low Mauritania . 20.9 56.4 52.9 1,212 e low Congo . 26.0 65.1 60.2 1,321 e middle Liberia 1984 8.5 63.2 33.7 1,531 c low Central African Rep. 1988 0.8 35.7 41.3 1,750 c low Togo 1981 1.0 20.6 33.8 2,116 c low Sierra Leone . 8.4 33.1 31.2 2,463 e low Benin . 16.1 51.0 46.4 2,692 e low Burundi . 10.0 38.4 35.2 3,217 e low Guinea . 17.5 54.2 48.8 3,370 e low Chad . 10.3 39.2 35.9 3,371 e low Rwanda . 11.0 41.4 37.5 3,985 e low Senegal . 20.4 59.8 53.3 4,403 e middle Niger . 11.7 43.3 39.0 4,499 e low Zambia 1980 43.0 88.2 70.7 4,622 c low Somalia . 12.5 45.2 40.6 5,069 e low Burkina Faso . 11.9 44.3 39.7 5,383 c low Mali . 12.3 45.0 40.4 5,399 e low Malawi 1987 6.1 72.8 61.6 5,454 c low Angola . 20.8 69.1 54.8 5,533 e middle Zimbabwe . 17.1 54.8 48.6 6,071 e low Cameroon 1982 3.3 37.9 62.1 6,958 o middle Cote dlvoire . 18.1 56.6 50.1 6,967 e low Madagascar . 9.1 38.6 34.6 7,277 e low 34 Table 4b continued Year Share of Share of Share of Working age Source Income wage wage wage population group employment employment employment in 1995 in in in (thousands) agriculture industry services _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _(%) (%J) (NO M MozAnbique 0.0 6.4 7.0 8,486 e low Ghana 1984 5.3 25.2 37.0 9,045 c low Uganda 5.8 31.5 28.4 9,970 e low Kenya 10.4 42.4 37.6 13,845 e low Sudan 10.3 42.3 37.6 15,238 e low Tanzania 1.3 20.6 19.0 15,242 e low Zaire 6.4 44.9 33.5 21,485 e low South Africa 27.5 67.6 60.0 24,994 e middle Ethiopia 0.4 I 83 17.5 29,401 e low Nigeria 1986 2.3 21.0 35.1 63,988 1 low Note: Working age population for countries ofthe forner Yugoslavia, former Czechoslovakia, and former Soviet Union are calculated by a forward projection of the 1980-90 growth rate, see text for detail Sources: cl,b,o Census survey, Labor force survey, Household survey and Official Estimates from ILO various years; sCountry sources, see text for details; e=Estimates, see text for details 35 [rble 5 - A The World at Work Raw data (part 1): Working age Participation Labor force Unernpl- Work Force Share in Share in Share in Labor in Labor in Labor in population rate oyment rate agriculture industry services Agriculture Industry Services .___.____ (thousands) (% O) (thousands) (%) (thousands) (%) (%) (%) (thousands) (thousands) (thousands) World 3540558 69.89 2474324 4.85 2354254 45.65 20.38 33.97 1074625 479843 799787 lliph inconme econondes 547300 69.58 380811 8.30 349204 4.84 29.91 65.25 16901 104447 227856 Mliddle income econondes 1030643 63.83 657859 6.90 612467 30.75 26.80 42.45 188334 164141 259992 Low incoie econondes 1962615 73.15 1435653 3.00 1392583 62.43 15.17 22.40 869390 211255 311939 East Asia and Pacific 1176166 81.91 963398 2.80 936422 57.93 17.97 24.10 542470 168275 225678 Europe and Central Asia 323679 73.94 239328 7.90 220421 24.02 35.50 40.48 52945 78250 89227 Latin America and Caribbean 294319 56.47 166202 5.40 157227 22.87 25.38 51.75 35958 39904 81365 Middle East and North Africa 154506 51.66 79818 13.70 68883 33.27 23.35 43.38 22917 16084 29881 O.E.C.D. 534231 69.64 372038 8.30 341159 4.89 29.88 65.23 16683 101938 222538 Smalih Asla 743762 59.11 439638 2.90 426888 62.31 14.68 23.07 265994 62667 98483 SuliI-Ssmiarson Af.ica 313895 68.181 214014 6.00 201173 64.57 9.21 26.22 129897 18528 52748 36 Table 5 - A _ _li .u-I at _ _r __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ Rawn data (part 2):_ Share in Ag Share in In Share in Sv Labor in Wage Labor in Wage Labor in Wage Share in WF that is wage that is wage that is wage agriculture industry services that is wage (00o) (%) () __ (° o) (thousands) (thousands) (thousands) (%) _ 7.9' 58.76 64.66 85760 281960 517137 37.59 World 38.18 89.13 85.61 6453 93094 195067 84.37 High incone econonmes 25.63 76.71 68.23 48270 125913 177393 57.40 Middle Income economnles 3.57 29.80 46.38 31037 62954 144677 17.14 Lowincome econonles 4.49 36.21 51.93 24357 60932 117194 21.62 East Asla and Paelfic 20.96 82.56 80.46 11097 64603 71792 66.91 Europe and Central Asla 41.42 77.27 68.84 14894 30834 56012 64.71 Latin Anierica and Caribbean 20.96 73.44 72.32 4803 11812 21610 55.49 Middle East and North Africa 37.93 89.17 85.63 6328 90898 190559 84.36 O.E.C.D. 3.71 30.40 42.48 9868 19051 41836 16.56 South Asia 9.29 38.14 37.99 12067 7067 20039 19.47 Sub-Saharan Africa 37 luhble 5 - U_ 1 e Vorld at Work Estimated numbers: .______________________________ Working age Labor force Unemployed Not in labor Workers in Workers in Workers in Wage Non-wage Wage Non-wage Wage Non-wage population force agriculture industry services agriculture agriculture industry industry services services _ _______________________ (thousands) (thousands) (thousands) (thousands) (thousands) (thousanands) (thounds) (thousands) (thousands) (thousands) (thousands) (thousands) (thousands) IVo,l-d 3540558 2474324 120069 1066234 1074625 479843 799787 85760 988865 281960 197883 517137 282649 llg2l lncone econondes 547300 380811 31607 166489 16901 104447 227856 6453 10448 93094 11353 195067 32788 Nliddle tnconic econondes 1030643 657859 45392 372784 188334 164141 259992 48270 140064 125913 38228 177393 82600 Low incone econondes 1962615 1435653 43070 526962 869390 211255 311939 31037 838353 62954 148301 144677 167262 East Asia and Pacific 1176166 963398 26975 212768 542470 168275 225678 24357 518113 60932 107343 117194 108483 Europe and Central Asla 323679 239328 18907 84351 52945 78250 89227 11097 41848 64603 13647 71792 17435 Latiln Anierica and Caribbean 294319 166202 8975 128117 35958 39904 81365 14894 21064 30834 9070 56012 25353 !lI,die East asid North Afl1a 154506 79818 10935 74688 22917 16084 29881 4803 18114 11812 4272 21610 8271 O.E.C:.D. 534231 372038 30879 162193 16683 101938 222538 6328 10355 90898 11040 190559 31979 South Asia 743762 439638 12749 304124 265994 62667 98483 9868 256126 19051 43616 41836 56647 Sub-Saharan Africa 313895 214014 12841 99881 129897 18528 52748 12067 117830 7067 11461 20039 32709 38 Table S - C The World at Work Estinates as a share of wrkuing agep opulation in region ._____________ __________ Working age Unemployed Not in labor Workers in Workers in Workers in Wage Non-wage Wage Non-wage Wage Non-wage population force agriculture industry 5ervices agriculture agriculture industry industry services services . __ (%/o) (%/o) (%/o) ( /¾) ( /¾) (0/6) (¾/o) (%/o) (/o) ( /) (/) (n) World 100 3.4 30.1 30.4 13.6 22.6 2.4 27.9 8.0 5.6 14.6 8.0 I ligh las"lile econondes 100 5.8 30.4 3.1 19.1 41.6 1.2 1.9 17.0 2.1 35.6 6.0 Mliddle income econondes 100 4.4 36.2 18.3 15.9 25.2 4.7 13.6 12.2 3.7 17.2 8.0 Low incomne econonsdes 100 2.2 26.9 44.3 10.8 15.9 1.6 42.7 3.2 7.6 7.4 8.5 unemployed ot in labor forc agriculture industry services East Asla and Pacilic 100 2.3 18.1 46.1 14.3 19.2 2.1 44.1 5.2 9.1 10.0 9.2 Europe and Central Asia 100 5.8 26.1 16.4 24.2 27.6 3.4 12.9 20.0 4.2 22.2 5.4 Latin Amerlca and Caribbean 100 3.0 43.5 12.2 13.6 27.6 5.1 7.2 10.5 3.1 19.0 8.6 Middle East and North Afrlca 100 7.1 48.3 14.8 10.4 19.3 3.1 11.7 7.6 2.8 14.0 5.4 O.E.C.D. 100 5.8 30.4 3.1 19.1 41.7 1.2 1.9 17.0 2.1 35.7 6.0 Sosth A.ila _ 100 1.7 40.9 35.8 8.4 13.2 1.3 34.4 2.6 5.9 5.6 7.6 Sub-Saliaran Africa 100 4.1 31.8 41.4 5.9 16.8 3.8 37.5 2.3 3.7 6.4 10.4 39 I aidel- S - D . _____- i _______ ._____ _____ The Vorld at WVork Estimated as shares of laborforce in region ___. Labor Force Unemployed Workers in Workers in Workers in Wage Non-wage Wage Non-wage Wage Non-wage ___________ _ (ages 15-64) agriculture industry services agriculture agriculture industry industry services services ._______ (%) _(%) (%/) (%) _ (%) (%) (%) (/'o) (%) - - (O/°) - (e) Woild 100 4.9 43.4 19.4 32.3 3.5 40.0 11.4 8.0 20.9 11.4 Illhi nconie econonles 100 8.3 4.4 27.4 59.8 1.7 2.7 24.4 3.0 51 2 8.6 Middle Income economies 100 6.9 28.6 25.0 39.5 7.3 21.3 19.1 5.8 27.0 12.6 Lorincone economles 100 3.0 60.6 14.7 21.7 2.2 58.4 4.4 10.3 10.1 11.7 East Asia and Paciflc 100 2.8 56.3 17.5 23.4 2.5 53.8 6.3 11.1 12.2 11.3 Furo,pe and Central Asia 100 7.9 22.1 32.7 37.3 4.6 17.5 27.0 5.7 30.0 7.3 Latin America and Caribbean 100 5.4 21.6 24.0 49.0 9.0 12.7 18.6 5.5 33.7 15.3 Middle East and North Aftice 100 13.7 28.7 20.2 37.4 6.0 22.7 14.8 5.4 27.1 10.4 O.E.C.D. 100 8.3 4.5 27.4 59.8 1.7 2.8 24.4 3.0 51.2 8.6 South Asia 100 2.9 60.5 14.3 22.4 2.2 58.3 4.3 9.9 9.5 12.9 .Sub-Sahiaran Africa 100 6.0 60.7 8.7 24.6 5.6 55.1 3.3 5.4 9.4 15.3 40 'able 5- - 1 I lie V''nrld at *'ork l Fstimated as shares of world working-age population Working age Unemployed Not in labor Workers in Workers in Workers in Wage Non-wage Wage Non-wage Wage Non-wage _ ______________________ population force agriculture industry services agriculture agriculture industry industry services services 'World 100.0 3.4 30.1 30.4 13.6 22.6 2.4 27.9 8.0 5.6 14.6 R.0 Ilizh Incminre econonmles_ _ 15.5 0.9 4.7 0.5 3.0 6.4 0.2 0.3 2.6 0.3 5.5 0.9 Mliddle Inconme econo,ndes 29.1 1.3 10.5 5.3 4.6 7.3 1.4 4.0 3.6 1.1 5.0 2.3 Low inconie econondes 55.4 1.2 14.9 24.6 6.0 8.8 0.9 23.7 1.8 4.2 4.1 4.7 F.ast Asia and Pacific 33.2 0.8 6.0 15.3 4.8 6.4 0.7 14.6 1.7 3.0 3.3 3.1 Elurope and Central Asia 9.1 0.5 2.4 1.5 2.2 2.5 0.3 1.2 1.8 0.4 2.0 0.5 I.atin America and Caribbean 8.3 0.3 3.6 1.0 1.1 2.3 0,4 0.6 0.9 0.3 1.6 0.7 Mliddle East and North Africa 4.4 0.3 2.1 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2 O.E.C.D. 15.1 0.9 4.6 0.5 2.9 6.3 0.2 0.3 2.6 0.3 5.4 0.9 S,,tld Asia 21.0 0.4 8.6 7.5 1.8 2.8 0.3 7.2 0.5 1.2 1.2 1.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 8.9 0.4 2.8 3.7 0.5 1.5 0.3 3.3 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 41 Fable S - F The WVurld at Wrk_ Estimated as shares of world laborforce =_______________I_ Labor Force Unemployed Workers in Workers in Workers in Wage Non-wage Wage Non-wage Wage Non-wage (ages 15-64) agriculture industry services agriculture agriculture industry industry services services _______________________ (%/o) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%/o) (%/o) (/o) (/) ( /) (/) World 100.0 4.9 43.4 19.4 32.3 3.5 40.0 11.4 8.0 20.9 11.4 lillti Inconme econondes 15.4 1.3 0.7 4.2 9.2 0.3 0.4 3.8 0.5 7.9 1.3 Middle inconme econonIes 26.6 1.8 7.6 6.6 10.5 2.0 5.7 5.1 1.5 7.2 3.3 [.4mw income economles 58.0 1.7 35.1 8.5 12.6 1.3 33.9 2.5 6.0 5.8 6.8 East Asia and Paciflc 38.9 1.1 21.9 6.8 9.1 1.0 20.9 2.5 4.3 4.7 4.4 Europe and Central Asia 9.7 0.8 2.1 3.2 3.6 0.4 1.7 2.6 0.6 2.9 0.7 Latin America and Caribbean 6.7 0.4 1.5 1.6 3.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.4 2.3 1.0 Middle East and North Africa 3.2 0.4 0.9 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.9 0.3 O.E.C.D. 15.0 1.2 0.7 4.1 9.0 0.3 0.4 3.7 0.4 7.7 1.3 Southi Asia 17.8 0.5 10.8 2.5 4.0 0.4 10.4 0.8 1.8 1.7 2.3 Sg,h-Salersura MAic_ _ 8.6 0.5 5.2 0.7 2.1 0.5 4.8 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 42 Policy Research Working Paper Series Contact Title Author Date for paper WPS1464 How Does the North Arreric nn Free Edward E. Leamer May 1995 S. Vallimont Traae Agreement Affect Central Alfonso Guerra 37791 America? Martin Kaufn ,an Boris Segura WPS 1465 Post Trade Liberalizatior Policy Sarath Rajapatirana May 1995 J. Troncoso and Institutional Challenges irn 37826 Latin America arid the Caribbean WPS1466 Ownership and Financing c,: Charles D. Jacobson June 1995 WDR Infrastructure: Historical Joel A. Tarr 31393 Perspectives WPS1467 Beyond the Uruguay ROLind The Jeithey D. Lewis June 1995 B. Kim implications of an Asian Free Trade Shermian Robinson 82477 Area Zhi Wana WPS1468 Government's Role in Pakistarn Rashid Farjqee June 1995 C. Anbiah Agriculture: Major Refor-ms are Needed 81275 WPS1469 The Role of Labor Unions in Fostering 'ohn Pencavel June 1995 WDR Economic Development 31393 WPS1470 Pension Systerns arid Reforms: Patricio Arrau June 1995 E. Khine Country Experiences and Research Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel 37471 Issues WPS1471 Pension Reform and rtowth Giancarlo Corsetti June 1995 E. Khine Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel 37471 WPS1472 Fiscal and Monetary Contraction in Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel June 1995 E. Khine Chile: A Rational-Expectat!on.s Luis Serveni 37471 App roach WPS1473 The Surge in Capital Inflows to Eduardo Fernandez-Arias June 1995 R. Vo Developing Countries: Prospects and Petet J. Montiel 33722 Policy Response WPS1474 Are Stable Agreements for Sharing D. Marc Kilgour June 1995 C. Spooner International River Waters N'ow Aiel Dinar 32116 Possible? WPS1475 Decentralization: The 'Way Forward Andrew N. Parker June 1995 D. Housden for Rural Development? 36637 WPS1476 Public Spending and lhe Poor: What Dominique van de Walle June 1995 C. Bernardo We Know, What We Need to Know 37699 WPS1477 Cities Without Land Markets Alain Bertaud June 1995 L. Lewis -Location and L-and Use in the Bertrand Renaud 30539 Socialist City Poioy Researcth Working Paper Series Contact s itie Author Date for paper ;'VPS P > -; Promoting Growth i Sri Lanka Amadr e A tmed June 1995 A. Bhalla 1-essons frmn East Asia Prva Rar-win 82168 WPS,1479 Is There a Com:nercial Case ~ Panayot:s N. Vara:iq. June 1995 J. Jacobson Tropical Timber Cedtlficatio. Hachel Crossley 33710 2arlos A. Primo F3raga WPS 1480 Debt as a Control Device irr H!etbert L. Baer June 1995 G. Evans Transitional Economre: The C eryl W. CGray 85783 Experiences of lHungary and Pola-! .VPS1481 Corporate Control in Central Europe Peter Dittus June 1995 G. Evans and Russia: '-rhuld Banks 3. r! Stepher Prowse 85783 Shares"' 'V FS 1482 A Measure of Stock Market Robert A. Korajczyk June 1995 P. Sintim-Aboagye Integration for Developed and 38526 Emerging Markats /VPS1483 Costa Rican Pension Systemn Asli Demirg:c-Kunt June 1995 P. Sintim-Aboagye Options for Reform Arnita Schwarz 38526 VPS1484 The Uruguay Round and South As;ia Nicier Majd July 1995 J. Ngaine An Overview of the Impact and 37947 Opportunities WPS1485 Aggregate Agricultura! Supply Maurice Schiff July 1995 J. Ngaine Response in Dcvelop;ng Countrie-. Claudio E. Montenegro 37947 A Survey of Selected Issues WPS1486 The Emerging Legal Framework for Pham van- Thuyet July 1995 G. Evans Private Sector Development in 85783 Viet Nam's Transitional Economy WPS1487 Decomposing Social Indicatcrs lUsing Benu Bidani July 1995 P. Sader Distributional Data Martin Ravaliion 33902 WPS 1488 Estimating the World at Worl, Doon Filmer July 1995 M. Geller 31393 AE/PS1489 Educationai Attainment in Developing Virnod Ahuja July 1995 M. Geller Countries Now Estimates and Deon Filmer 31393 Projections Disaggregated bv Gt.r tder