World Bank in India Vol 24 / No. 2 October 2021 CATALYZING CLEAN AIR IN INDIA Lead Story: Catalyzing Clean Air in India 02 From the Archives 13 Publications 16 CATALYZING CLEAN AIR IN INDIA G lobally, air pollution is a silent killer. The air pollution levels in India are among the highest in the world, posing a heavy threat to the country's health and economy. Almost all of India’s 1.4 billion people are exposed to unhealthy levels of ambient PM 2.5 – the most harmful pollutant - emanating from multiple sources. These small particulates with a diameter of less than 2.5 microns, is about one-thirtieth the width of a human hair. Exposure to PM 2.5 can cause such deadly illnesses as lung cancer, stroke, and heart disease. Ambient and indoor air pollution is estimated to have caused 1.7 million premature deaths in India in 2019. The health impacts of pollution also represent a heavy cost to the economy. Lost labor income due to fatal illness from PM 2.5 pollution in 2017 was in the range of $30-78 billion, equal in magnitude to about 0.3-0.9 percent of the country’s GDP. PM 2.5 comes from a variety of sources. Some of the most common sources include emissions from burning fossil fuels such as coal or oil and biomass such as wood, charcoal, or crop residues. PM 2.5 can also 2 World Bank in India come from windblown dust, including natural dust different types of gaseous pollutants from one area as well as dust from construction sites, roads, and such as ammonia (NH3), mix with other gaseous industrial plants. pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from another place. Agriculture, Over half of PM 2.5 emissions in India are formed industry, power plants, households, and transport all in “secondary” way in the upper atmosphere when contribute significantly to the formation of secondary Beyond Boundaries - Understanding Airsheds and PM2.5 A 5 minute animation film that introduces the concept of airshed management of air pollution in India and helps understand how PM2.5 is formed, how it travels and how it impacts health. All of India’s 1.4 billion people (100% of the country’s population) are exposed to unhealthy levels of ambient PM 2.5 – the most harmful pollutant - emanating from multiple sources. 3 PM 2.5. This secondary form spreads farther and wider and create similar air quality for everyone is called an than primary PM2.5 and travels across states, cities, airshed. Cities need to look beyond their immediate and crosses jurisdictional borders. jurisdiction for effective air pollution control strategies and apply a new set of tools for airshed-based The air pollution challenge in India is therefore management. Also, standardizing tools across India is inherently multi-sectoral and multi-jurisdictional. important so control strategies and relevant data sets The common geographic area where pollutants mix can be linked. The health impacts of pollution also represent a heavy cost to the economy. Lost labor income due to fatal illness from PM 2.5 pollution in 2017 was in the range of $30-78 billion, equal in magnitude to about 0.3-0.9 percent of the country’s GDP. The Government of India’s National Clean Air Program (NCAP) is a powerful step in acknowledging and resolving the problem of deteriorating ambient air quality. 4 World Bank in India Action India is taking many significant steps in responding to this problem. The Government of India is envisaging a revision of its the ambient air quality standards and has strengthened vehicular and industrial emission standards in recent years. A strong emphasis on expanding renewable energy, promoting electric vehicles, and supplying LPG cooking fuel to millions In 2020, based on the recommendations of the 15th of households are some examples of the actions India Finance Commission, the Government of India has is taking to combat air pollution. set aside about $1.7 billion to fight air pollution over the next five years for the 42 Indian cities that have The Government of India’s National Clean million-plus populations – provided they reduce their Air Programme (NCAP) is a powerful step in air pollution levels by 15 percent every year. This is the acknowledging and resolving the problem of world’s first performance-based fiscal transfer funding deteriorating ambient air quality. The NCAP has set a program for air quality management in cities. time-bound goal for improving air quality across the country, with a focus on around 132 “non-attainment” Recognizing the need for concerted cross-jurisdiction cities where air pollution standards are not being and airshed level action and coordination, India’s met. The NCAP provides cities an overall framework Parliament approved a law in August 2021 to establish for developing air quality management plans, with the Commission of Air Quality Management in the guidance on policies across a range of sectors. National Capital Region and adjoining areas. The World Bank program is introducing tools to support state and regional air quality management approaches. These initiatives will help formulate India’s first State Air Quality Action Plan and India’s first large Airshed Action Plan for the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), spanning seven union territories and states. 5 6 WAYS INDIA CAN #BUILDBACKBETTER How air pollution levels can be kept low post lockdown 6 World Bank in India World Bank Support Way Forward The World Bank is supporting India in tackling air Air quality management is an ongoing process. It pollution under its Country Partnership Framework. needs to be integrated into the capabilities of the The greatest effort is being placed on the Indo- government, as well as incorporated into the behavior Gangetic Plain where the population density of businesses and individuals. This requires sufficient and pollution intensity are the highest and most funding and a sustained focus on building capacity. concerning, and capacity and systems to tackle the challenge are in most need of support. The good news is that many other countries have demonstrated that air pollution control is possible Building on the work that is already underway, when there is strong commitment and a well targeted the World Bank program introducing tools to and cost-effective plan in place. support state and regional air quality management approaches. These initiatives will help formulate Due to its convergence with climate change, India has India’s first State Air Quality Action Plans and already put in motion many of the essential “sector India’s first large Airshed Action Plan for the Indo transitions” needed in air quality management. Gangetic Plains (IGP), spanning seven union For example, India is spearheading a solar-energy territories and states. Measures such as these will revolution. Today, 60 percent of Delhi Metro’s daytime be prioritized to reduce the greatest amount of energy requirement is being met through solar power air pollution at the lowest cost based on scientific from the 750 MW Rewa Solar Project in Madhya evidence. Pradesh, reducing its dependence on coal, as well as saving over $170 million on its energy bill over the The World Bank is also supporting the National next 25 years. Knowledge Network (NKN) in establishing a training program to enhance the capacity and skills of citizens What’s more, a study by the World Bank and the to take on new jobs in air pollution management. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis The training is aligned with India's National Skills (IIASA) show that focusing on air pollution through Qualification Framework (NSQF). a clean air pathway out to 2030 could bring about significant climate change co-benefits for India. In the IGP states, the World Bank program supports Such a pathway, for example, will reduce India’s CO2 the Network in connecting with academic institutions emissions by 23 percent by 2030, and 42 percent by and city and state practitioners to carry out air quality 2040-50. In fact, most of the policy measures and management work such as modeling. management practices are well-known. If pursued, they have the potential to reduce India’s air pollution As part of the India Lighthouse initiative, experts from within a single generation. India and around the world have been exchanging their experiences to develop India-specific practices During the medium- to long-term, the World Bank using state-of-the-art tools to make the full extent will support Indian cities and states, as well as the of the air pollution problem in India more effectively Indo-Gangetic Plain in implementing state and understood, managed, and controlled. regional airshed plans for cleaner air for all. The focus will be on developing institutional capabilities and implementing systems that are vital for change. Working with the government and various stakeholders will help to bring the best local and international experts to bear on the air quality issue. 7 Regional Dialogue Harnessing Converging Technologies to Build Human Capital in South Asia S outh Asia is among the fastest growing regions globally with a vast human capital potential. By 2030, it will be home to over a quarter of world’s striking. The 7th #OneSouthAsia Conversation, Harnessing Technology to Build Human Capital in South Asia on September 16, 2021, explored these working adults. Despite the potential, the region faces successes and gaps with panelists from Bangladesh, persistent human capital deficits—one out of every India, Nepal, and Pakistan. The conversation, moderated three children is stunted here, and four out 100 do not by Cecile Fruman, World Bank’s director for regional live beyond the age of five. cooperation and engagement in South Asia, built on the latest publication, The Converging Technology COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these Revolution and Human Capital: Potential and vulnerabilities and reversed much of the recent gains Implications for South Asia. in human development. With deep disruptions, the pandemic has shifted focus on digitalization and use The pandemic tested the potential of technology where of converging technologies for delivering health, in many cases converging technologies were leveraged education, social protection services, and on building for successful service delivery. For instance, CMED, future pandemic and climate resilience. Converging a health start-up in Bangladesh, partnered with the technologies refer to a synergy of biosciences, government to develop COVID-19 surveillance system nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence, powered by based on artificial intelligence. Khondaker A. Mamun, big data and high-speed computing. founder of CMED, said that in 2008 the government had initiated the Digital Bangladesh campaign, and the While the combination of technologies and data investments made in digital infrastructure since then can spur service delivery, growth, and development, paid off during this crisis. challenges of digital inequity and data privacy are 8 World Bank in India In Pakistan too, digital services developed prior to the director of OLE Nepal, said in Nepal alone only 7 % of pandemic came in handy. The government’s social population has access to internet at home, which has protection program Ehsaas used a combination of led to huge learning losses even with online learning three digital services—biometric payment systems, models. “Technology can be used to build critical SMS-based requests, and wealth-profiling data thinking in children, but we need to start investing it analytics— to deliver emergency cash to over 100 in from the start, not just at a higher education level million people. This is roughly half of the country’s and make it accessible,” he added. population. The use of technology, however, is not a “This was the most extensive social protection straightforward path. Anita Gurumurthy, Executive intervention ever in the history of the country,” said Director of IT for Change, warned that the inequity of Sania Nishtar, who is Pakistan’s minister for poverty access remains a huge concern. But the investments alleviation and social safety, adding that there is still made into local digital capabilities and communities more work to be done to bridge the financial and helped implement local solutions during the digital literacy divide in the country. pandemic, she added. Another blow of the pandemic was the mass World Bank’s vice president for human development, disruption of the education systems and learning. In Mamta Murthi emphasized the scope technologies South Asia alone, an estimated 5.5 million children offer to strengthen regional cooperation in sectors are predicted to drop out of school due to COVID- like open-source platforms, e-commerce, and to build related income losses. Even as technology was an ecosystem of entrepreneurship and innovation. adopted to “reimagine education,” severe gaps remain The panelists also echoed sharing knowledge, when it comes to access. A UNICEF report points out cooperation on research, design and development, that about 88 percent of South Asia’s school-age and frameworks for data and technology governance children do not have internet connection in their can harness the human capital potential, not just homes. Rabi Karmacharya, who is the executive locally, but regionally as well. Four Channels of Interaction between Technology and Human Capital Technologies Technology The availability Highly deployed applications of skilled labor specialized in health, in sectors such affects the use human education, as agriculture, of technology in capital such and social energy, water, the workplace: as scientists, protection: and sanitation: it alters the engineers, and these can these can demand for professionals improve service improve child skills and the help drive the delivery. nutrition requirements innovation and reduce placed on the system: this in transmission of education and turn creates and disease, thereby training system. adapts converging improving technologies for human capital. local use. 9 India’s Digital Gaps Less than 40 percent Only 24 percent of Rural availability of women own a households in India was just 15 percent, mobile phone in India had access to the compared with 42 as compared with 80 internet. percent of urban percent of men. households. India’s Digital Landscape Mamta Murthi, The use of digital technologies Vice President, in health and education service Human Development, delivery is advancing in many South Asian countries, with World Bank India in the lead. “Countries in South Asia can work towards common frameworks for data and technology governance. This will facilitate cross-border investments in sectors like education and health. Converging technologies can also open the scope for new avenues in regional cooperation that India’s tech start-ups in can, for example, use open-source platforms education are becoming and e-commerce, build an ecosystem of significant even globally. entrepreneurs and innovation…” Technology applications in education are focusing on Cecile Fruman, tutoring and examination Director, Regional preparation for students in the Integration and formal school system rather than on revolutionizing the Engagement, South approach to learning. Asia Region “Technologies have opened avenues to harness the wealth of human potential across national boundaries in South Asia. Regional collaboration can be strengthened in areas like research, design and development, disease surveillance, India has the fourth-largest education platforms, innovation, service number of technology delivery, and more. All this, while ensuring “unicorns” in the world. digital equity so that the benefits filter down to the most vulnerable groups in the region.” 10 World Bank in India New Project IMPROVING HEALTHCARE SERVICES IN MEGHALAYA T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors has approved a $40 million project, which will improve the quality of health services and The project will invest in infection prevention and control for a more resilient response to future outbreaks, pandemics, and health emergencies. strengthen the state’s capacity to handle future health emergencies, including the COVID-19 pandemic. The project will invest in improving the overall ecosystem for bio-medical waste management (both All 11 districts of the state will benefit from the solid and liquid waste). It will include segregation, project. The project will help strengthen the disinfection, and collection while safeguarding the effectiveness of Meghalaya’s health insurance environment and improving the quality of health program known as the Megha Health Insurance service and patient safety. Scheme (MHIS) – which currently covers only 56 % of the households. With its merger into the national The $40 million loan from the International Bank for Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojna (PMJAY), MHIS Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), has a maturity now plans to offer a more comprehensive package of 14.5 years, including a grace period of 5 years. and cover 100% of the households. This will reduce barriers to accessing hospital services and preventing To know more, read Meghalaya Health Systems catastrophic out-of-pocket costs for poor families. Strengthening Project The Project will: • Enhance management and governance capabilities of the state and its health facilities; • Expand design and coverage of the state’s health insurance program; • Improve quality of health services through certification and better human resource systems; • Enable efficient access to medicines and diagnostics. 11 New Project SUPPORTING CHENNAI DELIVER BETTER SERVICES TO ITS PEOPLE T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors has approved a $150 million program to support the Government of Tamil Nadu’s vision of making services, while accelerating Chennai’s shift to a lower carbon and a more resilient growth trajectory. It will help GoTN, Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC), and Chennai into a world-class city that is more green, key service agencies adopt new approaches to service livable, competitive, and resilient to climate change delivery and bring a renewed focus on results for and other shocks. citizens. The Chennai City Partnership: Sustainable Urban The $150 million loan from the International Bank for Services Program will help strengthen institutions, Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is variable improve the financial health of service agencies, and spread loan that has a final maturity of 16.5 years, drive significant improvements in the quality of four including a grace period of 5.5 years. key urban services — water supply and sewerage, mobility, health, and solid waste management. To know more, read Chennai City Partnership: Sustainable Urban Services Program This program will support the Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) in its efforts to transform the city and its The Project will: • Increase household connections and improve the quality of water and sewerage services • Expand green modes of urban mobility—buses, walking, and cycling—along with improvements in their quality and inter-connectivity • Enhance disease surveillance and improve coverage and quality of primary health care services • Enhance the operational and financial sustainability of the city’s solid waste management system • Integrate planning and management of these services through empowered coordinating agencies 12 World Bank in India FROM THE ARCHIVES The early 1950’s - Helping Independent India develop its core infrastructure 950 BOKARO-KONAR ELECTRIC AP RI L 1 POWER PROJECT The $18.5 million Project provided critical foreign exchange to the Government of India to acquire equipment, supplies, and services for a) the construction of the Bokaro thermal plant and power transmission systems for the development of industries in the region, and b) the construction of a multi-purpose dam on the Konar river to provide flood control, and water for irrigation and for industrial and domestic use. To know more, read here Robert L. Garner, Vice President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, Ambassador of India to the United States. B.K. Nehru, Executive Director for India of the International Bank. S.N. Mozumder, Chairman, Damodar Valley Corporation after signing of loan to India for Bokaro-Konar Project, April 18, 1950 13 ER C E MB DE 1952 ND IRON A JECT RO STEEL P nge to th e In d ia n Iron and S teel uipment ha eq v id e d fo reign exc a n d s te el making roject pro mining es. $ 3 1 .5 0 million P n s , b la s t furnaces, m p a ny 's ore min The oke ove t the Co ny to p urchase c a s e p ro duction a Comp a inc re nize and to moder ere more, read h To know M BER TROMBA V E NO 1954 POWER Y PROJEC eq A loan of $ uipment fo 16.20 milli on was T approved r the therm to finance would ens a l power pla the foreign ure additio nt set up a exchange nal supply t Trombay required to industrial o f p ower to th o n th e north-ea purchase hub for se e city of M s t oil refineri v e ra l tex tile, chemic umbai and co a s t o f Mumbai. T es. The Ag al and auto surroundin his reement w m o b il e industrie g a re a s which wa The Andhra as signed s, and for th s the Valley Pow with the Ta er Supply ta Hydro-E e upcomin Company le c tric Power g p ort and Limited an Supply Co d The Tata mpany Lim Power Com ited, pany Limit To know more, e d. read here 14 World Bank in India Advisory FRAUDULENT ANGEL FUND SCHEME IN THE NAME OF THE WORLD BANK T he World Bank’s attention has been drawn to a Website https://www.angel- Please note, the World Bank is a multilateral development organization that provides fund.in/#/ that is claiming a finance for government entities fraudulent connection to the and does not finance angel World Bank to solicit funds. funds or investment schemes for individuals. This is to caution the public that the World Bank Group For further information contact: has no involvement with the indiainfo@worldbank.org individuals/groups who run this website, and that the content For further clarifications, please displayed there has been taken also visit https://www.worldbank. illegally from the World Bank’s org/en/about/legal/scams#3 official website. 15 Publications South Asia Economic Focus – Fall 2021 Digitization and Services-Led Development Can Help South Asia Build Back Better. T he latest South Asia Economic Focus Shifting Gears: Digitization and Services-Led Development projects the South Asia region to grow "Countries in South Asia have a strong comparative advantage in exporting services, by 7.1 percent in 2021 and 2022. While the year-on- particularly business processes and tourism, year growth remains strong in the region, albeit from whereas they have struggled to break into a very low base in 2020, the recovery has been uneven manufacturing export markets,” said Hans across countries and sectors. Timmer, World Bank Chief Economist for the South Asia Region. “To realize the potential India’s economy, South Asia’s largest, is expected to of the services-led development, the region grow by 8.3 percent in the fiscal year 2021-22, aided needs to rethink regulations and establish by an increase in public investment and incentives new institutions to support innovation and to boost manufacturing. In Bangladesh, continued competitiveness.” recovery in exports and consumption will help growth rates pick up to 6.4 percent in fiscal year 2021-22. In Hans Timmer, Chief Economist, South Asia Maldives, GDP is projected to grow by 22.3 percent in 2021, as tourism numbers recover. Region, World Bank 16 World Bank in India Shifting gears towards services-led development • New services economy has created an opportunity to move away from the traditional manufacturing-led growth model toward a services-led development model. • Countries in South Asia have a strong comparative advantage in exporting services, particularly business processes and tourism • Digital technologies make services more tradable and enable services to increase productivity of other sectors—including manufacturing. Digital platforms open new markets for firms. Policy options • Rethink regulations and establish new institutions. • Lower entry barriers to create more national and international competition, while preventing the emergence of new monopoly powers. • Enable increased mobility in labor markets, while encouraging upgrading of skills, both through education and on-the job training. • Facilitate the absorption of the new services, both by firms and households. 17 India Publications Urban Sanitation in Kerala and Tamil from low-income settings has found that encouraging Nadu: Options for Improving Services: parents to play and interact more with their children Synthesis Note can improve children’s brain development, with impacts that can last into adulthood. Delivering these parenting Water Global Practice Sustainable Development South programs at scale and in a cost-effective manner, however, Asia Region has been a challenge, in part because some of the most This note presents a synthesis of the studies produced successful programs have been delivered through under the World Bank’s analytical activity on an intensive and relatively costly home-based programs. integrated approach to universal urban sanitation, was carried out in two States – Kerala and Tamil Nadu, over 2019-2020. Kerala and Tamil Nadu have both achieved nearly universal access to toilets, though as in much Can Results-Based Incentives of India, issues of containment, construction quality, Encourage Teachers to Attend School? and compliance with standards remain. The note Vivek, Kumar, Bhattacharjee, Pradyumna, Mani, summarizes the in-depth study of emerging trends and Subha; Kumar, Avinav requirements of the urban sanitation sector in the states The Results in Education for All Children (REACH) Trust of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It presents a reform roadmap Fund supports and disseminates research on the impact and investment plan for moving towards universal of results-based financing on learning outcomes. A urban sanitation access in these states, this is potentially REACH-supported study explored the use of results based applicable to other states in India. incentives for subdistrict education officials and teachers to improve teacher attendance at school. The incentives led to a 15 percentage point increase in the likelihood of a Can We Make Parenting Programs teacher being present, averaged across audit visits. More Cost-Effective? (from Evidence to Policy) World Bank In the first years of life, all children need healthy food, a clean environment, and stimulation to thrive and reach their full developmental potential. However, poverty prevents millions of young children in low- and middle- income countries from receiving adequate nutrition and stimulation. As a result, many disadvantaged children’s brain development lags behind that of their well-off peers, which can have lifelong consequences. Previous research 18 World Bank in India Policy Research Working Papers (India) WPS9738 mobile application safety data from Delhi. The findings show that women choose a college in the bottom half Trade, Internal Migration, and Human of the quality distribution over a college in the top Capital: Who Gains from India’s IT quintile to feel safer while traveling, relative to men with Boom? comparable choice sets who choose a college in the By Devaki Ghose top one-third of the distribution over a college in the top quintile. These findings have implications beyond How do trade shocks affect welfare and inequality when women’s human capital attainment, such as their human capital is endogenous? The paper develops a participation in the labor force. quantitative spatial equilibrium model featuring two new channels: higher education choice and differential costs of migrating for college and work. The framework WPS9730 is used to quantify the aggregate and distributional Agglomeration Economies in effects of the information technology boom and perform Developing Countries: A Meta-Analysis counterfactuals. Without endogenous education, the estimated aggregate welfare gain from the export shock By Arti Goswami Grover, Somik V. Lall and Jonathan would have been about a third as large and regional David Timmis inequality twice as large. Reducing barriers to mobility for education, such as reducing in-state quotas for students Recent empirical work suggests that there are large at higher education institutes, would substantially reduce agglomeration gains from working and living in inequality in the gains from the information technology developing country cities. These estimates find that boom across districts. doubling city size is associated with an increase in productivity by 19 percent in China, 12 percent in India, and 17 percent in Africa. These agglomeration benefits WPS9731 are considerably higher relative to developed country cities, which are in the range of 4 to 6 percent. However, Safety First: Perceived Risk of Street many developing country cities are costly, crowded, and Harassment and Educational Choices of disconnected, and face slow structural transformation. Women The paper provides novel estimates of the elasticity By Girija Borker of pollution, homicide, and congestion, using a large sample of developing and developed country cities. This paper examines the long-term consequences of No evidence is found for productivity gains in light of unsafe public spaces for women. It combines student- the high and increasing costs of working in developing level survey data, a mapping of potential travel routes country cities. to all the colleges in the choice set, and crowdsourced 19 Other Publications World Bank Annual This primer was written in response to an increase in Report: From Crisis to large-scale assessment activity around the world and to Green, Resilient, and provide answers to some of the most critical questions Inclusive Recovery posed by countries about the most effective approaches to the design, implementation, and use of these This annual report, which covers assessments. the period from July 1, 2020, to June 30, 2021, has been prepared by the Executive Directors of both the International The Role of Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and Intergovernmental Fiscal the International Development Association (IDA)— Transfers in Improving collectively known as the World Bank—in accordance Education Outcomes with the respective bylaws of the two institutions. David Malpass, President of the World Edited by Samer Al-Samarrai and Blane Lewis Bank Group and Chairman of the Board of Executive Directors, has submitted this report, together with the The majority of the world’s children live in countries accompanying administrative budgets and audited where local governments are responsible for the financial statements, to the Board of Governors provision of basic education services. Although subnational governments manage their own education systems, they often rely on transfers from the central The Converging government for funding. The main purpose of this Technology Revolution study is to assess how these fiscal transfers affect public and Human Capital funding for education and how they ultimately affect Potential and Implications student schooling and learning outcomes. for South Asia By Sajitha Bashir, Carl J. Dahlman, Naoto Kanehira and Klaus Tilmes Equality of Opportunity for Sexual and Gender The Report looks at how the region could capitalize Minorities (EQOSOGI) on these technologies to accelerate its development Clifton Cortez, John Arzinos, and of human capital and promote adaptability and Christian De la Medina Soto resilience to future shocks. The convergence of technological breakthroughs spanning biotechnology, Despite legal and social advances in nanotechnology, information technology, and cognitive the past two decades, sexual orientation and gender science is driven by artificial intelligence, data flows, minorities ( LGBTI) continue to face widespread computing power, and connectivity. discrimination and violence in many countries. The Equality of Opportunity for Sexual and Gender Minorities (EQOSOGI) report examines the laws and Primer on Large- regulations that affect the lives of LGBTI people in 16 Scale Assessments of countries, offering numerous policy recommendations Educational Achievement designed to prevent and eliminate discriminatory Marguerite Clarke and Diego Luna- practices. Bazaldua 20 World Bank in India Policy Research Working Papers WPS9784 WPS9779 Gender Discrimination in Hiring: Mind the Gap: Disparities in Evidence from an Audit Experiment in Assessments of Living Standards Uzbekistan Using National Accounts and By Sevilya Muradova and William Hutchins Seitz Household Surveys By Espen Beer Prydz, Dean Mitchell Jolliffe and Umar Serajuddin WPS9783 Drivers of Utilization, Quality of Care, and RMNCH-N Services in Bangladesh: WPS9778 A Comparative Analysis of Demand Cash Transfers and Formal Labor and Supply-Side Determinants Using Markets: Evidence from Brazil Machine Learning for Investment Decision-Making By François Gerard, Joana Naritomi and Joana C. G. Silva By Saji Saraswathy Gopalan, Rianna L. Mohammed- Roberts and Hellen Chrystine Zanetti Matarazzo WPS9777 Shared Decision-Making: Can WPS9782 Improved Counseling Increase Willingness to Pay for Modern Banking Research in the Time of Contraceptives COVID-19 By Susan Athey, Katy Ann Bergstrom, Vitor Hadad By Allen N. Berger and Asli Demirguc-Kunt and et.al. WPS9781 WPS9776 Do Illicit Financial Flows Hurt Measuring Untapped Revenue Tax Revenues Evidence from the Potential in Developing Countries: Developing World Cross-Country Frontier and Panel By Jean-Louis Combes, Alexandru Minea and Data Analysis Pegdewende Nestor Sawadogo By Zeljko Bogetic, Dominik Naeher and Raghavan Narayanan WPS9780 Climate Modeling for Macroeconomic WPS9775 Policy: A Case Study for Pakistan Patterns of Labor Market Adjustment By Andrew Burns, Charl Jooste and Gregor to Trade Shocks with Imperfect Schwerhoff Capital Mobility By Erhan Artuc, Irene Brambilla and Guido Porto 21 WPS9774 WPS9767 Floods and Their Impacts on Firms: Sectoral Decomposition of Evidence from Tanzania Convergence in Labor Productivity: A By Jun Rentschler, Ella Kim, Stephan Thies , Sophie De Re-examination from a New Dataset Vries, Robbe Alvina Erman By Alistair Matthew Dieppe and Hideaki Matsuoka WPS9773 WPS9766 Changing Perceptions of Institutions Gendered Laws, Informal Origins, and and Standard of Living in Iraq Subsequent Performance By Saniya Ansar, Bledi Celiku, Leora Klapper and By Marie Caitriona Hyland and Asif Mohammed Islam Wael Mansour WPS9765 WPS9772 Individual Wealth and Time Use: Road Capacity, Domestic Trade and Evidence from Cambodia Regional Outcomes By Ardina Roosiany Hasanbasri, Talip Kilic, Gayatri B. By Kerem Cosar, Banu Demir, Devaki Ghose, Koolwal and Heather G. Moylan Nathaniel Young WPS9764 WPS9771 The Highways and Side Roads of The Aftermath of Debt Surges Statistical Capacity Building By Ayhan Kose, Franziska Lieselotte Ohnsorge, By Michael M. Lokshin Carmen M. Reinhart, Kenneth Rogof WPS9763 WPS9770 Central Bank Governance and Reserve The Anatomy of Index Rebalancings: Portfolios Investment Policies: An Evidence from Transaction Data Empirical Analysis By Mariana Escobar, Lorenzo Pandolfi, Alvaro Enrique By Daniela M. H. Klingebiel, Carmen Mileva Herrero Pedraza Morales, Tomas Williams Montes, Marco Antonio Ruiz Gil and James Seward WPS9769 WPS9762 Intervention Size and Persistence Spatial Heterogeneity of COVID-19 By Florence Kondylis and John Ashton Loeser Impacts on Urban Household Income: Between- and Within-City Evidence from Two African Countries WPS9768 By Yele Maweki Batana, Shohei Nakamura, Anirudh The Impact of Regional Trade Venkatanarayan Rajashekar and et.al. Agreements on Georgia's Exporters: A Firm-Level Analysis Matteo Neri, Gianluca Orefice and Michele Ruta 22 World Bank in India WPS9761 WPS9755 Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Mass Messaging and Health Risk in African RECs: Drawing Lessons for Reduction: Evidence from COVID-19 AfCFTA Text Messages in Tajikistan By Woubet Kassa, Pegdewende Nestor Sawadogo By William Hutchins Seitz WPS9760 WPS9754 Sharing Responsibility through Joint Warlords, State Failures, and the Rise Decision Making and Implications for of Communism in China Intimate-Partner Violence: Evidence By Zhangkai Huang, Meng Miao, Yi Shao and L. Colin Xu from 12 Sub-Saharan African Countries By Aletheia Amalia Donald, Cheryl Doss, Markus P. Goldstein and Sakshi Gupta WPS9753 Return Migrants and the Wage Premium: Does the Legal Status of WPS9759 Migrants Matter ? Nature-Related Financial Risks in By Nelly Youssef Louis William Elmallakh and Jackline Brazil Wahba By Pietro Calice, Federico Alfonso Diaz Kalan and Faruk Miguel Liriano WPS9752 Mobile Access Expansion and WPS9758 Price Information Diffusion: Firm Climate Shocks, Vulnerability, Performance after Ethiopia’s Resilience and Livelihoods in Rural Transition to 3G in 2008 Zambia BY Kaleb Girma Abreha, Jieun Choi, Woubet Kassa, By Hambulo Ngoma, Arden Jeremy Finn and Hyun Ju Kim Maurice Kugler. Mulako Kabisa WPS9751 WPS9757 Testing Classic Theories of Migration Proximity to the Frontier, Markups, in the Lab and the Response of Innovation to By Catia Batista and David J. Mckenzie Foreign Competition: Evidence from Matched Production-Innovation Surveys in Chile WPS9750 By Ana Paula Cusolito, Alvaro Felipe Garcia Marin and Protectionism and Gender Inequality William F. Maloney in Developing Countries By Erhan Artuc, Nicolas M. Depetris Chauvin, Guido WPS9756 Porto and Bob Rijkers Economic and Social Development along the Urban-Rural Continuum: WPS9749 New Opportunities to Inform Policy Mobile Broadband Internet, Poverty By Andrea Cattaneo, Anjali Adukia, David L. Brown and Labor Outcomes in Tanzania and et.al. By Kalvin Bahia, Pau Castells, Takaaki Masaki, and et.al. 23 WPS9748 WPS9742 Scores, Camera, Action: Social Putting the Green Back in Greenbacks: Accountability and Teacher Incentives Opportunities for a Truly Green in Remote Areas Stimulus By Arya Budhiastra Gaduh, Menno Prasad Pradhan, Jan By Farzad Taheripour, Maksym Chepeliev, Richard Priebe, Dewi Susanti Damania aned et.al. WPS9747 WPS9741 Do Behavioral Interventions Enhance Trade-Policy Dynamics: Evidence from the Effects of Cash on Early Childhood 60 Years of U.S.-China Trade Development and Its Determinants ? By George Alessandria, Shafaat Yar Khan, Armen Evidence from a Cluster-Randomized Khederlarian and et.al. Trial in Madagascar By Saugato Datta, Joshua Bader Martin, Catherine MacLeod WPS9740 Temporary Migration for Long-term Investment WPS9746 By Laurent Loic Yves Bossavie, Joseph-Simon Gorlach, The Cyclicality of IFC Investments: To Caglar Ozden and et.al. Be, or Not to Be, Procyclical By Fernando Andres Blanco Cossio and Niharika Sachdeva WPS9739 Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccines in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Six WPS9745 National Phone Surveys Agricultural Data Collection to By Shelton Sofiel Elisa Kanyanda, Yannick Valentin Minimize Measurement Error and Markhof, Philip Randolph Wollburg and et.al. Maximize Coverage By Calogero Carletto, Andrew S. Dillon and Alberto Zezza WPS9737 One-Stop Source: A Global Database of Inflation WPS9744 By Jongrim Ha, Ayhan Kose and Franziska Lieselotte Flood Protection and Land Value Ohnsorge Creation — Not All Resilience Investments Are Created Equal By Paolo Avner, Vincent Viguié, Bramka Arga Jafino and WPS9736 et.al. 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