Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations THE GENDER GROUP, WORLD BANK GROUP, 2019 Portfolio review team led by Lucia Hanmer and Diana Arango; team members Johanna Damboeck, Eliana Rubiano and Daniela Villacres Introduction • Page 1 GOOD PRACTICES LISTENING 1 INCLUSIVENESS 2 AWARENESS 3 LEARNING 4 PARTICIPATION 5 INNOVATION 6 PERSISTENCE 7 CAPACITY-BUILDING 8 Page 2 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3 1. INTRODUCTION 4 A Growing Crisis 5 A New Approach to Humanitarian Crises 6 2. REVIEWING THE OPERATIONALIZATION OF GENDER EQUALITY GOALS FOR FORCIBLY DISPLACED PERSONS 8 Overview of Projects Selected for Review 9 3. ADDRESSING GENDER GAPS IN OPERATIONS TARGETING FORCIBLY DISPLACED PERSONS 12 Good Practice 1: Effectively Navigating the Dialogue on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment 13 Good Practice 2: Collaborating with Partners and Clients 15 Good Practice 3: Managing Risk of Sexual Exploitation Abuse and Gender-Based Violence 16 Good Practice 4: Conducting Analytic Assessments to Identify Gender Gaps 18 Good Practice 5: Engaging Women and Girls in Participatory Processes 20 Good Practice 6: Using a Stand-Alone Component or Subcomponent(s) 22 Good Practice 7: Building Upon Incremental Steps 24 Good Practice 8: Investing in Human Resources 26 4. RESULTS AND MEASUREMENT 28 Examples of Indicators Used in Contexts of Forced Displacement 29 The Gender Tag 30 5. ENTRY POINTS IN THE PROJECT CYCLE 32 Project Cycle Phase 1: Identification 33 Project Cycle Phase 2: Preparation 33 Project Cycle Phase 3: Implementation 34 Project Cycle Phase 4: Completion and Evaluation 35 6. LOOKING FORWARD 36 ANNEXES 38 Annex 1: Methodology 39 Annex 2: Gender-Based Violence Resources and Links 39 Annex 3: List of Gender Assessments 40 Annex 4: Photo Credits 40 BOXES Box 1. IDA18: Supporting Refugees and Host Communities through a Development Lens 6 Box 2. DRDIP: Bringing Awareness of Priorities and Risks to Project Implementation 17 Box 3. Using Gender Diagnostics 19 TABLES Table 1. Projects Reviewed 10 Table A3.1 List of Gender Assessments 40 Introduction • Page 1 ACRONYMS AFR Africa IOM International Organization for CDD Community-Driven Development Migration CMUs Country Management Units IRI Intermediate Results Indicators DIME Development Impact Evaluation M&E Monitoring and Evaluation (World Bank Group global program) MENA Middle East and North Africa DRC Democratic Republic of Congo NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations DRDIP Development Response to NCCS National Climate Change Secretariat Displacement Impacts Project P4R Program-for-Results ECA Europe and Central Asia PDO Project Development Objective EU European Union PIU Project Implementation Unit FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas PMU Project Management Unit FCI Finance Competition and Innovation RF Results Framework FCV Fragility, Conflict, and Violence SAR South Asia FDPs Forcibly Displaced Persons SCD Systematic Country Diagnostic GBV Gender-Based Violence SEA Sexual Exploitation and Abuse GCFF Global Concessional Financing SIG Social Inclusion Grant Facility SPF Strategic Prevention Framework GP Global Practices SPL Social Protection and Labor GSURR Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience TTL Task Team Leader Global Practice UN United Nations GWI Global Women’s Institute UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner HND Health, Nutrition, and Population for Refugees IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction UNHRC United Nations Human Rights and Development Council ICRs Implementation Completion Reports UNICEF United Nations International IDA International Development Children's Emergency Fund Association USAID United States Agency for IDA18 Eighteenth Replenishment of International Development International Development Association UNFPA United Nations Population Fund IDB Inter-American Development Bank WASH Water Supply, Sanitation, and IDPs Internally Displaced Persons Hygiene ILO International Labour Organization WHO World Health Organization Page 2 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The work for this report was led by Lucia Hanmer and Diana J. Arango under the directorship of Caren Grown, Senior Director, Gender. Team members were: Johanna Daembruck, Eliana Rubiano, Daniela Vilacres and Chandrani Ray. The team would like to acknowledge the advice of Caroline Bahnson, Senior Operations Officer, Fragility, Conflict, and Violence and the contributions of Lina Abdallah, Husein Abdul-Hamid, Zie Ibrahima Coulibaly, Joanna Peace De Berry, Sheila Dutta, Rahmoune Essalhi, Madio Fall, Faizaa Fatima, Mariana Felicio, Abderrahim Fraiji, Sima W. Kanaan, Amjad Zafar Khan, Natacha Caroline Lemasle, Guido Licciardi, Daniel Owen, Aakanksha Pande, Paul Scott Prettitore, Gandham N.V. Ramana, Vincent Roquet, Phoram Shah, Janmejay Singh, John F. Speakman, Maurizia Tovo, Nijat Valiyev, Varalakshmi Vemuru, Robert Wrobel, and Noah Bunce Yarrow.  We would also like to thank Laura Bailey, Rebecca Lacroix, Samantha de Silva, Cindy Suh, and Varalakshmi Vemuru who acted as peer reviewers and our editor, Anita Gordon. Finally, the team is thankful to all of those who organized, made presentations, attended and contributed to the event addressing the "Needs of Women and Girls in Forced Displacement Operations” on July 11th, 2018. The production of this report was supported by the Global Program on Forced Displacement Trust Fund.  Acknowledgments • Page 3 1 INTRODUCTION Page 4 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations A Growing Crisis Objective The objective of this portfolio review is twofold: (i) As situations of conflict and violence persist around to assess how World Bank operations to date have the globe, the number of people forcibly displaced addressed the different needs of forcibly displaced from their homes is surging. According to the United women and girls/men and boys in fragile, conflict, Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and violence (FCV) contexts; and (ii) to distill lessons at the end of 2017, there were an estimated 68.5 and guidance for task teams, including those million people globally who had fled their homes designing operations under the new International as a result of conflict, persecution, or generalized Development Association (IDA18) refugee window violence. This number represents an increase of 2.9 and the Global Concessional Financing Facility million in comparison to the end of the previous year. (GCFF). The review is limited to considering how the needs of women and girls have been addressed, as This review focuses on women and girls who have no operations were found that identified gender- been forcibly displaced. Gender inequality is not left specific needs of forcibly displaced men and boys, or behind when women and girls are forced to flee their sought to close gender gaps that affected these men homes. In situations of displacement, women and and boys adversely. girls are most exposed to adversity, and many of the risks they face, such as gender-based violence, are Context heightened. Women are among the most vulnerable, Today, the global forcibly displaced population facing a number of challenges including extreme includes 25.4 million refugees, 40.0 million internally poverty, lack of access to basic infrastructure and displaced persons (IDPs), and 3.1 million asylum services, and the impacts of climate change on seekers.1 On average, forcibly displaced persons livelihoods and human well-being. Internalized remain in exile from their home country over four inequality can limit women’s ability to overcome years and the majority are hosted by low and middle- adverse experiences. With that in mind, World Bank income countries. Given these conditions and the projects must consider the different circumstances sheer number of forcibly displaced persons around of women and girls/men and boys to deliver benefits the globe, the international community is seeking to those that need them most. new solutions to address the situation. 1 http://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2018/6/5b27c2434/forced-displacement-above-68m-2017-new-global-deal-refugees-critical.html Introduction • Page 5 A New Approach to launch, the GCFF has received nearly US$600 Humanitarian Crises million in pledges from nine supporting countries and the European Commission. Of that, the Facility Part of the new approach is a shift away from a disbursed US$500 million in grants, which in turn humanitarian response towards a development have leveraged over US$2.5 billion in much-needed approach, which is being led by local governments concessional financing to support refugees and their in partnership with non-governmental organizations host communities in Jordan and Lebanon.2 (NGOs) and development partners. The development approach aims to: move from crisis response to For low income countries the new development risk management; support host communities and approach is the focus of the IDA18 Regional Sub- lagging regions; promote social and economic window for refugees and host communities.3 inclusion; and, encourage regional and country- level approaches. As of November 2018, fourteen countries— Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, For middle income countries, the GCFF, originally Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, launched by the World Bank in partnership with the Djibouti, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Niger, Pakistan, United Nations (UN) and the Islamic Development Rwanda, and Uganda—have been found eligible for Bank to respond to the Syrian refugee influx to financing under the new IDA18 Regional Sub-window, Jordan and Lebanon, has now evolved into a global and projects are now under preparation. platform to respond to refugee crises. Since its BOX 1 IDA18: Supporting Refugees and Host Communities through a Development Lens Marking the shift to a development approach, the International Development Association (IDA), has made an additional US$2 billion available to support refugees and host communities. The IDA18 Regional Sub-window aims to help advance policy and institutional reforms to enhance the management of refugee situations. It runs between July 1, 2017 and June 30, 2020 and will provide refugee-hosting countries, which meet specific requirements, with additional volumes of financing and more favorable terms than traditional IDA resources. Its overall purpose is to help refugee-hosting countries (i) mitigate the impacts of protracted refugee presence on host communities and the shocks caused by an influx of refugees, and to create social and economic development opportunities for refugees and host communities; (ii) facilitate sustainable solutions to protracted refugee situations, including through the sustainable socio-economic inclusion of refugees in the host country and/or their return to their country of origin; and (iii) strengthen preparedness for increased or potential new refugee flows.4 To be eligible, countries supported by IDA need to: kk Host at least 25,000 refugees, or refugees must amount to at least 0.1 percent of its population; kk Have an adequate framework for the protection of refugees; and kk Have an action plan or strategy with concrete steps, including possible policy reforms for long- term solutions that benefit refugees and host communities. 2 https://globalcff.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GCFF-Annual-Report-2018_181220_FINAL_Digital.pdf 3 http://ida.worldbank.org/financing/replenishments/ida-18replenishments/ida18-regional-sub-window-for-refugees-host-communities 4 “IDA18 Sub-Window for Refugees and Host Communities—Eligibility and Operationalization: An Overview”. http://ida.worldbank.org/financing/replenishments/ida18-overview/ida18-regional-sub-window-for-refugees-host-communities Page 6 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations The establishment of these dedicated resources for Regional Sub-window for refugees and host refugee and host community operations will lead to communities, the FCV and Gender Groups have a significant scale-up of the Bank’s engagement in carried out a gender portfolio review of past and contexts where women and girls face heightened current forced displacement operations. The aim of challenges. The Bank’s ability to have real impact will the exercise is to identify lessons on how to address depend on the extent to which our interventions can gender inequalities, and the vulnerabilities faced identify and address the key concerns of men and by forcibly displaced women and girls, as well as to women respectively, and enhance women’s ability to be able to provide pragmatic guidance on how to be agents of change. design operations that can respond effectively to these issues. To assist the TTLs that will be responsible for delivering the new operations under the IDA18 “ What was the biggest challenge we faced? We heard the biggest challenge from women themselves. They said to us ‘don’t give us expectations; don’t show us the possibilities, if you can’t fulfill our dreams’. We took that to heart. We are ensuring that 50 percent of the participants and beneficiaries are women. Has it been easy, NO. Has it been worth it, YES. For me the fundamental perspective is what would they want…to walk in their shoes. What does it mean for their struggles and their “ opportunities? How could the project make it a little easier for them? Varalakshmi Vemuru ; Lead Social Development Specialist and TTL, Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) in the Horn of Africa—Ethiopia, Uganda and Djibouti (P152822); and Kenya (P161067) Introduction • Page 7 2 REVIEWING THE OPERATIONALIZATION OF GENDER EQUALITY GOALS FOR FORCIBLY DISPLACED PERSONS Page 8 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations The majority of the 19 projects target both forcibly Overview of Projects Selected displaced persons and the host community. for Review Ultimately, interviews with TTLs and/or team members This review is based on 56 operations, approved informed our identification of good practices and between FY2005 and FY2017, which included Forcibly lessons learned about the operationalization of Displaced Persons (FDPs) among their beneficiaries. interventions tackling existing gender gaps in the These operations were identified by the FCV group Bank’s forced displacement projects. as constituting the most significant International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)/ Table 1 provides an overview of the 19 projects. IDA operational experience in contexts of forced These operations are implemented in four of the displacement. Of the 56 operations5 which met the World Bank’s six regions: Middle East and North initial selection criteria, a sub-set of 32 projects were Africa (MENA), Africa (AFR), Europe and Central shortlisted for further analysis. These 32 projects Asia (ECA), and South Asia (SAR). Nine of the 19 were either gender-informed or gender-tagged selected projects were implemented in AFR. In or, if trust-funded, they had a strong component addition, seven projects were in the MENA region, focused on closing existing gender gaps and/or two in SAR and one in ECA. They were designed empowering women in the projects' design. Many by several different Global Practices: Social, Urban, of these 32 projects were presented to the Board Rural and Resilience (GSURR), Health, Nutrition, recently. In fact, 16 of the 32 projects were approved and Population (HND), Social Protection and between 2015 and 2017 and most are currently under Labor (SPL), Governance, Education, Water, and Trade implementation (see Table 1). The closing year for and Competitiveness (now Finance Competition and these shortlisted 32 projects spans between 2011 Innovation (FCI)). GSURR implemented the majority: and 2023. After a desk review of the 32 shortlisted 10 of the 19 projects. projects, 19 projects were selected for in-depth review, based on sectors and regions they covered. 5 During the initial selection process, 24 projects were excluded as they either did not explicitly mention FDPs as beneficiaries (9) or, because they did not meet the criterion of being either gender informed, or gender tagged, or trust-funded projects with a strong focus on closing existing gender gaps and/or empowering women (15). Reviewing the Operationalization of Gender Equality Goals for Forcibly Displaced Persons • Page 9 Table 1. Projects Reviewed Beneficiaries: Internally Displaced Persons and Host Community AFRICA Congo, Democratic DRC Eastern Recovery Project (P145196) SLP 2014-2020 Republic of Mali Mali Reconstruction and Economic Recovery (P144442) GSURR 2013-2018 Sustainable Livelihoods for Displaced and Vulnerable Communities in 2013-2016 Sudan GSURR Eastern Sudan Phase 1 (P131640) and Phase 2 (P158066) 2016-2019 EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA IDP Economic Development Support Project Phase 1 (P089751) and 2005-2011 Azerbaijan GSURR Phase 2 (P122943 and P155110) 2011-2021 Beneficiaries: Refugees and Host Community AFRICA Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) in the Eastern Africa GSURR 2016-2021 Horn of Africa—Ethiopia, Uganda and Djibouti (P152822) Kenya DRDIP-II—Kenya (P161067) GSURR 2017-2022 Zambia AFCC2/RI-GLR: Displaced Persons & Border Communities (P152821) GSURR 2016-2021 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Jordan—Emergency Services and Social Resilience (P147689) GSURR 2013-2017 Jordan Emergency Health Project (P163387) HNP 2017-2019 Economic Opportunities for Jordanians and Syrian Refugees P4R (P159522) T&C 2016-2021 Jordan Delivering Legal Aid Services to Iraqi and Palestinian Refugees (P126689) GOV 2011-2016 (Small Grant) Piloting Delivery of Justice Sector Services to Poor Jordanians and GOV 2016-2019 Refugees in Host Communities (P157861) (Small Grant) Lebanon Lebanon Municipal Services Emergency Project (P149724) GSURR 2014-2017 SOUTH ASIA Citizen Charter Afghanistan Project—Emergency Regional Displacement Afghanistan GSURR 2017-2021 Response Additional Financing (P163468 and P160567) Page 10 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations Table 1 Continued Beneficiaries: Internally Displaced Persons and Host Community AFRICA Sustainable Livelihoods for Returnees and Host Communities in the Mauritania GSURR 2013-2018 Senegal River Valley (P132998) Beneficiaries: Internally Displaced Persons, Refugees and Returnees AFRICA Phase 2 Niger Basin Water Resources Development and Sustainable Niger Water 2011-2021 Ecosystems Management Program (P130174) Beneficiaries: Returnees SOUTH ASIA Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Temporarily Displaced Pakistan SLP 2015-2019 Persons Emergency Recovery Project (P154278) Beneficiaries: Refugees AFRICA AFCC2/RI Horn of Africa Emergency Health and Nutrition Project Kenya & Ethiopia HNP 2011-2013 (P127949) MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Lebanon Emergency Education System Stabilization (P152898) Education 2015-2018 Reviewing the Operationalization of Gender Equality Goals for Forcibly Displaced Persons • Page 11 3 ADDRESSING GENDER GAPS IN OPERATIONS TARGETING FORCIBLY DISPLACED PERSONS Page 12 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations “ If I had one message for task team leaders, it is to not underestimate the capacity of communities. Even in the most challenging spaces, there is always some latent capacity—to organize collectively, to deliberate on relevant actions and to manage interventions. And that capacity often rests with the women in these communities. Our job, our challenge is to find where that capacity resides, and how to utilize it. It might mean slowing down, having patience and taking “ the time to understand the dynamics of the community we want to work with. Dan Owen, TTL Sustainable Livelihoods for Returnees and Host Communities in the Senegal River Valley (Mauritania) (P132998) This section draws lessons from these 19 projects, is simply a good approach to achieving development illustrating how they have integrated three distinct goals, and TTLs should take this as a ‘given’ when elements—gender gaps, forcibly displaced approaching the dialogue on gender equality with populations, and FCV contexts—into the design and clients and other stakeholders. In other words, implementation of their operations. The 19 projects the starting point for effectively navigating the revealed eight good practices. These good practices discussion should be how to best address and are not rigorously tested approaches. They are narrow existing gender gaps, not whether the approaches currently used in Bank projects that project should attempt to do this in the first place. explicitly address the needs of women and girls who are forcibly displaced, and seek to address the Gender equality can be a sensitive topic in certain challenges faced by them. contexts and dialogue about Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) is The good practices presented are organized to often a particularly difficult topic to discuss with correspond with the project cycle. We start with clients. We discuss good practice in managing the practices that apply to the identification stage and risk of GBV in Good Practice 3 and some resources finish with practices that can be used for evaluation. for TTLs are listed in Annex 2. Some good practices can be used throughout the project cycle; see Section 5 for further elaboration. A good understanding of gender roles, norms,and stereotypes in the country and within the regional context is needed. Early consultations with Good Practice 1: Effectively women’s groups and community leaders about Navigating the Dialogue on critical gender gaps, and opportunities to learn Gender Equality and Women’s from past experiences of implementing interventions Empowerment designed to address them are important. Regional Gender Action Plans, Country Gender Assessments and dedicated resources such as the South Asia Gender Platform or the MENA Country Gender Scorecards are good places to start to learn about LISTENING gender issues, and can provide entry points for dialogue about how to identify gender gaps, and locally appropriate ways to respond to them. The discussion around gender equality and women’s empowerment varies in complexity and nuance across countries and regions. Addressing the different needs of women and girls/men and boys Addressing Gender Gaps in Operations Targeting Forcibly Displaced Persons • Page 13 For example, local knowledge of gender roles and out a campaign strategically targeting male tribal responsibilities allowed the TTL and project team elders, and informing them about benefits of the to effectively navigate the dialogue around gender project. This was done to reduce resistance and to equality, and to redesign appropriate components allow women to use one-stop information shops, for the Citizen Charter Afghanistan Project— knowing that they could not go to the chief’s house. Emergency Regional Displacement Response Additional Financing (P163468 and P160567). Women Effectively navigating the dialogue on gender in Afghanistan typically do not participate in public equality and women’s empowerment is a works and cash for work initiatives. Component 1 continuous task, even where progress has been was expanded to include a second (more culturally made in this area. For example, the Citizen Charter appropriate) social inclusion grant to support Afghanistan Project continues to struggle to find an women’s livelihood activities through access to entry point to discuss GBV in Afghanistan. The need grain reserves, which provided a high level of food for targeting GBV has been identified; however, security. In addition, Component 3 was expanded further actions have been stalled. Again, this points to include a range of learning activities targeted to the importance of building on incremental steps, to women. knowing the context, and collaborating closely with partners to find locally appropriate entry points. Regular visits to the field are an important way for TTLs and project teams to meet firsthand with target beneficiaries. It is useful to ground the dialogue in data, and to use evidence from Food for Thought implementation status reports and evaluations, What options are available to TTLs in cases to illustrate the differences in the impact that the where in-country travel or field visits are project is having on women and girls/men and prohibitive? In these instances, how can TTLs boys who have been forcibly displaced—and their ascertain a grounded local knowledge of the counterparts in the host communities. Visits to the field and consultations with women’s groups and context and realities experienced by women community leaders can also be used to identify and girls living as FDPs? How feasible is it opportunities to support women’s capacity to be for TTLs to collaborate with partners, such agents of change. Nevertheless, as some TTLs of as the United Nations Human Rights Council the selected 19 projects noted, field visits may be (UNHRC) and the International Organization prohibitive in certain contexts, such as Mali, where for Migration (IOM), who have an established the emergency nature of the operation means presence in emergency contexts? preparation time is limited, or visits to the project’s implementation site are too dangerous. Lessons from the 19 selected projects show that effectively navigating the dialogue on gender equality often means engaging with both men and women. For example, the Citizen Charter Afghanistan Project includes social mobilization activities to sensitize communities on the need for tailored social activities that address challenges faced by women and the most vulnerable groups. These activities include training male community elders to facilitate and accommodate women’s participation in the project. Another example is the FATA Temporarily Displaced Persons Emergency Recovery Project (P154278) in Pakistan which carried Page 14 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations Good Practice 2: Collaborating with The FATA Temporarily Displaced Persons Emergency Partners and Clients Recovery Project (P154278) in Pakistan is notable because it demonstrates that client partnership may take many forms. In this case, the project not only enjoyed support from the Government of Pakistan, but also from the Pakistani military. Dialogue with the INCLUSIVENESS Government around gender equality and women’s empowerment was very open, and the military ensured there was sufficient security presence for women to safely access the one-stop shop areas. Review of the selected operations highlights the importance of nurturing partnerships as a good External partners can also leverage support for practice. Partners may include the Project including actions to address gender gaps in Management Units (PMUs), local implementing operations targeting FDPs. For Economic partners, and even the Country Management Opportunities for Jordanians and Syrian Refugees Units (CMUs), which all have important roles P4R (P159522), the World Bank collaborated with to play. For example, for the Citizen Charter the International Labour Organization (ILO), United Afghanistan Project—Emergency Regional States Agency for International Development Displacement Response Additional Financing (USAID), UNHCR, and the European Union (EU) to (P163468 and P160567), the project team and CMU share collective knowledge. In fact, UNHCR stepped together pushed for components with specific in to help advocate for the project’s focus on closing actions to boost the minimum standards for women’s gender gaps in economic opportunities, with the engagement. With the PMU's support the project Bank’s program leader. UNHCR also lent its support can draw on significant resources, and the local for the design of AFCC2/RI-GLR: Displaced Persons implementing partner has proved to be a strong & Border Communities (P152821), which benefited partner, with its own expertise in addressing gender from UNHCR’s analysis to supplement knowledge on differences in access to resources, opportunities, and vulnerable women and youth. specific challenges faced by women and men. Addressing Gender Gaps in Operations Targeting Forcibly Displaced Persons • Page 15 “ We had somehow not carefully considered how exactly we would address risks faced by women and girls in operations. We initially focused on gender-based violence, for example the verbal and physical violence that women often face when they have to go long distances to collect firewood or clean water. But then we faced the question: How do we help avert that? Beyond this, how do we, for example, make girls' long walk to school safe? The answers are not high tech or “ sophisticated. They are logical. Varalakshmi Vemuru ; Lead Social Development Specialist and TTL, Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) in the Horn of Africa—Ethiopia, Uganda and Djibouti (P152822); and Kenya (P161067) Good Practice 3: Managing Risk Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) in the Horn of of Sexual Exploitation Abuse and Africa (P152822) & DRDIP-II—Kenya (P161067) and the Gender-Based Violence Jordan Emergency Health Project (P163387). DRDIP-II—Kenya (P161067), is a multisector project covering basic social services and economic infrastructure, environmental and natural resources AWARENESS management, and traditional and non-traditional livelihoods. Through interventions in these sectors, DRDIP-II seeks to address GBV in an integrative, holistic way. All components and subcomponents Managing the risk of SEA and GBV is a crucial contribute to GBV prevention and response, and consideration when designing and implementing address GBV at increasing levels of complexity projects targeting the needs of women and girls/ throughout the project. men and boys in forcibly displaced situations. FDPs are particularly vulnerable and FCV contexts Strong CMU support helped the DRDIP team to are particularly risky; therefore, it is of paramount establish with the client the importance of tackling importance that TTLs carefully consider how to existing challenges faced by women, which could manage the risks posed by SEA and GBV (Annex 2 prevent them from actively participating in the provides a list of related resources and links for TTLs). project, or being able to benefit from it. When While recognition of SEA and GBV risk in operations energy issues were discussed with the client, the has increased significantly in the Bank in recent years, GBV risk that women faced collecting firewood in it is important to recognize that this might not be the remote areas, and other related risks were raised. case for clients, and that this is a gap that needs to Addressing GBV risk with the client resulted in be bridged. However, in some cases, clients might be various solutions—for example, lighting on pathways more receptive to discussing sensitive issues, such as and location of supply points to reduce GBV risk. GBV and SEA, in FCV contexts where the topics are The project team found that focusing discussions already on the table, and widely documented. Among with the client on practical measures that could the 19 projects analyzed for this portfolio review, two respond to risks identified by GBV specialist reports, stand out as notable examples for their management provided a good entry point for dialogue, and a of SEA and GBV risk: Development Response to strong partnership developed. Page 16 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations The Jordan Emergency Health Project (P163387) also the Ministry of Health, including training on GBV and addressed SEA and GBV risks. The project designed barriers to accessing health care that affect women components to address gender gaps in access more than men. Moreover, the project provides to healthcare faced by poor uninsured Jordanian support to the Ministry of Health to develop women and by Syrian refugee women, supporting protocols, guidance, and communication on GBV and the Government of Jordan in its delivery of primary reproductive health among the target population (in and secondary health services at Ministry of Health partnership with other donors and UN agencies). facilities. The project provides capacity building for BOX 2 DRDIP: Bringing Awareness of Priorities and Risks to Project Implementation DRDIP enables communities to identify and prioritize investments, and it places a specific focus on the priorities of women, female-headed households, and youth groups, which are all disproportionately affected by forced displacement. For example, activities undertaken as part of the environmental and natural resources management subcomponent consider the responsibilities of women with respect to providing fodder for animals, and fuel for their households. Interventions are designed so that they lower women’s exposure to the risk of violence, while collecting wood for fuel and fodder for animals, by ensuring routes are well lit, and reducing the need to gather wood for cooking. One of the project’s subcomponents aims to reduce drudgery, to enhance safe access, and to reduce the time and energy which women spend gathering wood from distant areas. It also supports off-grid lighting and heating for cleaner fuel, as well as fuel-saving cookstove technologies, which improve health and indoor air pollution, and reduce women and girls' exposure to GBV risks. Moreover, the project includes a communications strategy at all levels of implementation. This strategy focuses on increasing awareness around available services for GBV survivors. It also includes dialogue groups with men to reinforce positive messages, and to challenge gender norms and expectations, which contribute to the acceptability of GBV. Training programs also enhance livelihood opportunities for women, promote healthy conflict resolution, and address diverse forms of GBV, such as intimate-partner violence related to changes in women’s roles. Addressing Gender Gaps in Operations Targeting Forcibly Displaced Persons • Page 17 Good Practice 4: Conducting those who seek legal aid are women. The project Analytic Assessments to Identify conducted a qualitative assessment using surveys Gender Gaps to better understand women’s access to economic assets, exposure to domestic violence, and the role of legal aid services.6 The assessment found that poor women in this context— refugees and Jordanians alike—faced similar barriers, such as LEARNING limited power in household decision-making, that rendered them particularly vulnerable to poverty, in comparison to their male counterparts. In light of these vulnerabilities and inequalities, Component Gender diagnostics are important tools during the 1 of the project was designed to partner with project preparation phase, including the design and governmental and civil society organizations, that appraisal. They enable TTLs to better understand the were well-placed to reach poor Jordanian and/or specific risks and vulnerabilities faced by women and refugee women, in order to expand its reach of legal girls/men and boys in their projects, and are often awareness activities. In addition, under Component needed to identify critical gender gaps and specific 2, training and legal awareness campaigns targeted constraints faced by women and men in accessing the needs of women and children, and the project resources and opportunities. They are particularly adapted the contents of its legal awareness materials important in FCV contexts, as they unpack to reach different audiences and potential beneficiary complex gender inequalities that require a nuanced groups. understanding of the needs and vulnerabilities of an already highly vulnerable population. When The Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) Living accompanied by data collection efforts, or where Standards and Livelihoods Project (P122943 and sufficient data exists, gender assessments provide AF: P155110) in Azerbaijan, conducted a study much needed detail on the differences between in preparation for the US$50 million Additional women and men’s needs, and the gender gaps Financing, which is being implemented between that can be addressed by the project. They also 2016-2020. The objective of the study was two-fold: strengthen the argument for designing operations (i) to conduct a quantitative assessment of market which address the specific needs of women and opportunities and income-generating activities girls/men and boys, and can be used to improve the among IDPs; and (ii) to conduct a qualitative dialogue with clients and partners. To continue to assessment of the experiences of male and female amplify the dialogue on gender equality, funding beneficiaries in accessing livelihood opportunities. and other dedicated resources for this type of The study sought to deepen the analytical work analytic assessment are crucial. The following three on livelihood opportunities for IDPs, and to inform examples demonstrate how a supplementary gender the design of relevant skills training, capacity assessment can inform the project’s design and building, and financial support to IDPs. Moreover, implementation (see Annex 3 for a list of the gender the assessment explicitly took stock of the assessments conducted for the 19 projects selected divergent experiences among male and female for this portfolio review). IDPs, and gaps in the distribution of assets and risks between them, both at project and macro Piloting Delivery of Justice Sector Services to Poor levels. Data sources for the assessment included Jordanians and Refugees in Host Communities focus group discussions held with IDPs, discussions (P157861) targeted refugees residing in Jordan as with relevant government and non-governmental well as poor Jordanians, and addresses inequalities agencies, and a desk review. The study’s findings between women and men’s access to legal about the priorities expressed by women, resulted services. Family law issues represent the largest in changes to the project’s design through the category of cases for which this population seeks inclusion of more micro-projects per community. legal assistance, and approximately 90 percent of 6 https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2018/02/21/can-justice-make-poor-women-less-vulnerable/ Page 18 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations As a result, new small businesses were created While an independent assessment was conducted and support to existing businesses was expanded, for DRDIP-II—Kenya (P161067), its parent project, including by introducing strategies for fostering Development Response to Displacement Impacts female entrepreneurship. Moreover, this analytic Project (DRDIP) in the Horn of Africa (P152822), assessment was also instrumental in hardwiring produced an assessment in collaboration actions into the operational manual. with UNHCR. This assessment analyzed forced displacement and mixed migration in the Horn Using a Strategic Prevention Framework (SPF) Grant, of Africa, and informed the project’s analysis of DRDIP-II—Kenya (P161067) hired a consultant to characteristics, and its potential impact on the target conduct a social assessment in order to identify population. The report provides an overview of the right entry points. This assessment resulted in the situation, its causes and its drivers, and it adds six sectoral notes—education, health, water supply value in terms of framing forced displacement and and sanitation, energy, livelihoods, and labor- mixed migration within the region’s social, economic, intensive public works—and a GBV note, which political, legal, and security contexts. It also analyzes recommended actions to mitigate and reduce the ongoing development challenges, regional risks, with measurable targets. These actions and initiatives undertaken, and holistic approaches to targets were incorporated into the operations address the situation. The report provides detailed manual. As a crucial part of the social assessment, information on the obstacles faced by women, the project analyzed community structures to such as limited land rights, lack of educational uncover leadership networks, household dynamics, opportunity, and illustrates how these obstacles gender relations, and youths’ roles. It also more and other social norms often thwart their ability closely examined divergent social groups within the to improve food security conditions and livelihood community, including identification of those who options for themselves, their families, and their have a voice, and those who are perceived to be communities. The report finds that women are often marginalized. The assessment found that female- perceived as objects or commodities to be exploited headed households were especially vulnerable, and trafficked, rather than as independent agents of and that this population would be best reached their own development and well-being. In addition, through improved exposure to information, as women with children are unable to claim them, well as appropriate communication platforms. In because of unclear legal custody rights of mothers, order to integrate the assessment’s findings in the leaving many children stateless.7 implementation phase, the project utilized different modes of communication, relied on respected community leaders, established inclusive community meetings, and took into consideration the unique safety and security risks. BOX 3 Using Gender Diagnostics The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Eastern Recovery Project (P145196) aims to improve access to livelihoods and socio-economic infrastructure. Quotas for women’s engagement were set and are measured in the results matrix. This project illustrates the importance of understanding the different ways that men and women participate in labor markets. In DRC’s agricultural sectors, farming and livestock work attract both men and women and, as a result, components in this sector are tailored to meet the needs of both. However, in other sectors such as public works, it is difficult to attract women at any stage of the project, due to deep-rooted biases that lead to the belief that women cannot undertake this type of strenuous physical labor. 7 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/837351468189856365/pdf/ACS14361-ESW-P152459-Box391494B-PUBLIC-FINAL-HOA- Displacement-Report.pdf Addressing Gender Gaps in Operations Targeting Forcibly Displaced Persons • Page 19 Good Practice 5: Engaging Women community groups, and included consultations in and Girls in Participatory Processes smaller community settings. It reached out to groups which were especially vulnerable, including youth, the elderly, refugee populations, and particularly women in these groups, as they are chiefly responsible for domestic water supplies. Because PARTICIPATION of the targeted engagement of women, the project constructed water wells and installed water filters in schools. Dedicated strategies are needed to ensure the The Citizen Charter Afghanistan Project—Emergency equitable and substantive participation and Regional Displacement Response Additional Financing inclusion of women and girls in the project. (P163468 and P160567) highlights how projects can Strategies need to be resourced, to ensure that make use of specialized participatory tools to elicit communications and mobilization needed to reach the participation of women and vulnerable groups. women and girls, and provide the appropriate Building upon the Community-Driven Development environment for their engagement, are funded. The (CDD) methodologies of the parent project, the following two examples demonstrate how projects Citizen Charter Afghanistan Project included a can use participatory mechanisms for women and women’s mobility map and women’s safety walk tool, girls, to enhance their voice and agency, while which tracked where women could physically move addressing existing gender gaps. about—either alone, with other women, with men, or not at all. To address long-term structural poverty, The Lebanon Municipal Services Emergency Project the project held consultations with the community (P149724) targets both the host community and on how to support very poor families, identified in refugees. It uses a decentralized and consultative the well-being/poverty analysis conducted under approach to promote women’s inclusion, and the parent project. Consultations revealed several ensure their voices are heard, when decisions potential community-level responses. For example, are made about the selection of infrastructure it was suggested that landlords make land available projects for the community. For example, to address for groups of women to cultivate vegetables or other the specific issue of water-related infections and crops over the long-term. diseases, the project held consultations with Page 20 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations Consultations also underscored the importance Consultations with women and girls can also be of a unique small grant that families could use to important tools to improve project supervision. In purchase food. These grants not only benefit very Azerbaijan, the IDP Living Standards and Livelihoods poor women and their families, but also bring Project (P122943 and AF: P155110) ensured women’s together hosts and new residents who have recently representation and voice in decisions about relocated, in a collective process—building solidarity community investments, by organizing women- through taking responsibility for people who cannot only meetings in regions where their participation meet their food needs. would otherwise have been difficult. These women-only consultations were included at the New initiatives to engage women and girls may recommendation of a gender specialist within the be needed throughout project implementation. Project Implementation Unit (PIU), who followed For example, the Jordan —Emergency Services the guidance on participatory processes stipulated and Social Resilience (P147689), after acquiring in the operations manual. The consultations revealed additional financing, consulted with Syrian female information that positively affected the quality of refugees to decide how to allocate block grants project monitoring and supervision. For example, given to municipalities. As part of this second phase, young women mentioned difficulties they experienced municipal officials carried out extensive consultative during the computer training, which was offered to processes with their constituents, focusing on improve business skills, like keeping records, and women, youth, and vulnerable groups, in order developing business plans. Their access to computer to prioritize service delivery, and to identify the centers was limited, as they are mostly used by men, socioeconomic needs of their constituents. These and the software needed was not installed on many of priority needs and demands translated into targeted the computers. As a result, in the future, the project subprojects and activities, and were included in the will explore whether software availability is also an municipal budgets from year two onwards. issue for male graduates, and how female graduates can continue to have access to computers after graduating from the program. “ For returning refugees it was important to work out the most direct and effective ways to nurture and build social cohesion, and that always led us first to the women in the community. In these social and environmental landscapes of conflict and fragility, where social exclusion is pervasive, they were the community anchors, often the arbiters of “ stability, cohesion, and resilience. Dan Owen, TTL Sustainable Livelihoods for Returnees and Host Communities in the Senegal River Valley (Mauritania) (P132998) Addressing Gender Gaps in Operations Targeting Forcibly Displaced Persons • Page 21 Good Practice 6: Using a barriers for these women, leading many to work Stand-Alone Component or from home. In a direct response to this identified Subcomponent(s) gender gap, the project facilitates the formalization of home-based enterprises, which are vital for the provision of livelihood opportunities for marginalized people in Jordan, particularly women. To encourage the formalization of home-based enterprises, the INNOVATION project addresses some of the regulatory barriers to establishing a business. As a result, a sizeable percentage of female home-based entrepreneurs, especially among the refugee population, were Three operational approaches are used to close formalized and therefore able to expand their gender gaps and respond to the needs of women: market, operating legally and competing freely with (1) stand-alone components tied to an identified local providers of services. gender gap; (2) embedding actions to respond to an identified gender gap under one or more Sustainable Livelihoods for Returnees and Host of the project’s components; or (3) a stand-alone Communities in the Senegal River Valley (P132998) component plus embedded actions in other adjusted a component to meet the specific needs components. of women engaged in the labor market. The project sought to create more comprehensive and The following two projects have stand-alone diversified rural income-generating opportunities, components designed to address the unique through interventions in key aspects of the value barriers, inequalities, and vulnerabilities faced by chain. In recognition of labor market participation women and girls to narrow identified gender gaps: differences between men and women, the project designed a series of activities to target The Economic Opportunities for Jordanians and women’s specific roles in the labor market. For Syrian Refugees P4R Project (P159522) identified example, one of the components provided women specific barriers faced by poor Jordanian women with market-gardening activities, enterprise and and Syrian female refugees, when trying to enter marketing activities, and farm and non-farm activities the labor market in Jordan. For example, childcare focused on food processing methods to promote and lack of transportation are pronounced agribusiness and small-scale markets. Page 22 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations Several projects target the needs of women income-generating activities. The project proposed and girls, and address gender disparities, by to address these constraints by designing livelihood embedding actions in several or all of the subcomponents targeted to women beneficiaries, project’s components. One reason for adopting and by providing capacity building and materials this approach is that it allows for greater flexibility, for groups of vulnerable women to set up a kitchen as the number of components can be reduced. As garden near a market. The project had also planned government capacity is often limited, reducing the consultations to ensure women were included number of components can simplify implementation. among the beneficiaries of livelihood subprojects, The following are examples of projects that and it had planned for additional community have integrated actions to address gender gaps outreach, to target women for inclusion in social throughout their components, and measure progress cohesion initiatives. made in their results matrices. AFCC2/RI-GLR: Displaced Persons & Border Communities Project (P152821) 8 was approved Food for Thought but not implemented as the client withdrew. It is Is it preferable to design a stand-alone included in this portfolio review as it is an example component, or to embed actions throughout of a well-designed project which considers women’s the project’s components to address identified needs in all its components, and monitors the impact gender gaps? What factors contribute to this of actions on identified gender gaps. The project decision? Should the decision be dictated by aimed to improve livelihoods and socio-economic the context or by the client? What role does the infrastructure. It identified specific constraints sector or type of project play in this decision? faced by women, including limited control over household assets, and unequal distribution of 8 Note: Although approved by the Board, this project has since been dropped. It is included as part of this portfolio review’s 19 projects selected for analysis due to its robust design for addressing gender gaps for FDPs. Addressing Gender Gaps in Operations Targeting Forcibly Displaced Persons • Page 23 “ When the program started, the Azerbaijanis did not see that a dedicated focus on women was necessary, or feasible. But as the women beneficiaries are from rural areas and have limited opportunities outside the home, their options to generate an income were extremely limited. What we did was go beyond the targets that we had set for the project. We helped the client see the difference it made, not only in the lives of the women, but in the lives of the whole community. The result was the client became the advocate for the project's activities that focused on women. There was pride in “ the whole group. Rebecca Lacroix, co-TTL, Azerbaijan IDP Living Standards and Livelihoods Project (P122943) Good Practice 7: Building Upon Incremental Steps PERSISTENCE Projects do not always address gender disparities from the start, particularly in emergency operations where time for appraisal is limited. However, specific needs and vulnerabilities of women and girls/ men and boys can be effectively identified during implementation, and adjustments can be made in a series of small incremental steps. For example, several of the selected projects had very little analysis of gender differences between women and men’s access to resources and opportunities at appraisal. However, they were able to incorporate an assessment as part of a mid-term review, or as preparation for additional financing. Sometimes recruiting gender experts to the PIUs helped to identify how gender inequality impacted the project’s implementation, and drove demand for a needs of women and girls/men and boys, providing gender assessment. Site visits during supervision, an important impetus for a greater focus on gender and better information from the PIU, or equality in the project. Consistent supervision — commissioned surveys, built in-depth knowledge which encompasses monitoring on the ground —is about how gender inequalities impacted the vital for building incremental steps, as it allows project. This knowledge often improved the TTLs to assess firsthand how women and girls/men dialogue with clients and partners about the and boys are impacted by the projects, and where importance and relevance of tackling the different adjustments may be needed. Page 24 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations The Citizen Charter Afghanistan Project—Emergency A gender assessment undertaken for the midterm Regional Displacement Response Additional review of the DRC Eastern Recovery Project Financing (P163468) built upon CDD methods (P145196) considered gender issues at three levels: (i) implemented in the parent project, to better national, (ii) project, and (iii) institutional. As a result engage with vulnerable women and female-headed of the assessment, the project adjusted components households. Most significantly, the Citizen Charter so that more women were able to benefit from Afghanistan Project launched social inclusion grants project activities. For example, for the public works to promote collective action and community component, the assessment recommended adding philanthropy, in an effort to provide sustainable ‘lighter’ tasks, such as tree planting, street cleaning, welfare support for ‘ultra-vulnerable’ households, and materials preparation for women who could not including those led by women. The social inclusion engage in ‘hard’ tasks. Childcare for women who grants may serve as another incremental step, as an worked on the site was also included as part of the experimental subcomponent to inform future work activities. At the institutional level, the assessment on social protection and welfare targeting to ultra- found that 84 percent of the staff were male, and vulnerable groups, is being considered. The Citizen of the 16 percent who were women, the majority Charter Afghanistan Project also benefited from the worked as assistants. To address this gender gap, the Afghanistan Gender and Social Inclusion Platform. project proposed an internship program for women The Platform supported operational, technical, with relevant technical backgrounds, to shadow the and analytical work needed to implement the most experienced people in the PIU. The PIU will also Afghanistan 2016 Country Partnership Framework, work to develop a gender strategy. and the recommendations of the Country Gender Action Brief. “ One of the biggest achievements in the project has been the successful role out of ‘grain banks’, and the associated matching ‘social inclusion grant’ (SIG). The SIG/grain bank model was a means to promote community philanthropy and provide support to these ultra-poor families. The grain banks have shown that communities rise up to help the most vulnerable, even in the poorest of places. Some of the most vulnerable households in the target communities are female-headed, often by widows. They—alongside others such as the disabled —are unable to benefit from the labor-intensive public works elements of the project. During the project design, it was not clear whether the model would work. Would communities contribute to the grain banks given how pervasive poverty is across Afghanistan? But our doubts were unfounded. So far, over 11,000 ultra-poor families have benefited from the 4,000 grain banks “ established by the project. Janmejay Singh, Lead Social Development Specialist South Asia Region Social Development Unit, TTL Citizen Charter Afghanistan Project (P163468) Addressing Gender Gaps in Operations Targeting Forcibly Displaced Persons • Page 25 Good Practice 8: Investing in Human Resources CAPACITY- BUILDING Investment in human resources is needed to address gender disparities. Specialists with expertise on gender equality can provide a wide variety of support and expertise at all stages of the project cycle. Hiring gender specialists—including World Bank Group staff, external experts, and those employed by the PMU and PIU —is a crucial project hired a communications expert, but it would investment. They can carry out activities ranging have also benefited from the support and expertise from analytic assessments, implementing operational provided by a gender specialist. project components, fielding consultations, communications, and monitoring in the field. In The absence of gender specialists has been acutely Zambia, for example, the National Climate Change felt by some project teams. For example, in the Secretariat Safeguards Manager for AFCC2/RI- case of Phase 2 Niger Basin Water Resources GLR: Displaced Persons & Border Communities Development and Sustainable Ecosystems (P152821) received mentorship support from a Management Program (P130174), the shortage of gender expert, to broaden her skills on managing gender specialists made it difficult to carry out the aspects of the project around gender differences work on the ground, and to enhance women’s in access to opportunities, and specific constraints participation in the project. A roster of experts on faced by women. Gender specialists with sectoral gender equality in sustainable development—or expertise can be especially beneficial, as noted by a SWAT team like that used in the Health Global Piloting Delivery of Justice Sector Services to Poor Practices—would have been useful for that project. Jordanians and Refugees in Host Communities In addition, the Jordan Emergency Health Project (P157861), and Delivering Legal Aid Services to Iraqi (P163387) would have found it helpful for TTLs to and Palestinian Refugees (P126689). have a simple standardized assessment tool for the health sector—for example, 10 questions to ask, and Resources designed and produced by gender guidance on how to conduct a gender assessment. experts such as training, project instruments (for Instead, the TTL took an online course offered by example, grievance mechanisms), and operational a Canadian institution, and researched literature guidance for the PIU, can help identify existing on Syrian refugees and poor Jordanians. Individual gender gaps and risks faced by women and girls/ TTLs, who are attuned to gender disparities, exert men and boys, and provide information needed significant influence over the project’s inclusion of to design specific actions to respond to these women’s voice and representation. However, they needs in operations targeting FDPs. For example, are often under-resourced, and frequently do the an implementation manual with guidance notes work because of personal commitment rather than would have been useful, according to Development institutional demand. Too often the rigor with which Response to Displacement Impacts Project (DRDIP) gender gaps are addressed depends upon the in the Horn of Africa (P152822) & DRDIP-II—Kenya initiative of the individual TTLs. (P161067); and, the FATA Temporarily Displaced Persons Emergency Recovery Project (P154278) in Hiring female professional staff with project funds Pakistan would have benefited from guidelines on is an issue that needs to be addressed separately. behavior-change communications. Ultimately, the Page 26 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations More generally, we should work with the clients as part of support to implementation, to ensure Food For Thought that there is equal opportunity in the workplace, How might the support of a gender specialist and that standards about gender discrimination have affected your project? At which stage and women’s safety in the workplace are in place of the project would the gender specialist’s and implemented. Several of the projects analyzed expertise have been most beneficial? What for this portfolio review mentioned that the hiring sorts of questions or issues do TTLs need the of female professionals was essential to boosting most guidance on from gender specialists? PMU and PIU capacity. Here too TTLs have a role to play and can exert influence. For example, in the case of IDP Living Standards and Livelihoods Project (P122943 and AF: P155110) in Azerbaijan, the TTL successfully recruited women to positions with the implementing partner, despite having been told that it would not be possible to find women to appoint. Addressing Gender Gaps in Operations Targeting Forcibly Displaced Persons • Page 27 4 RESULTS AND MEASUREMENT Page 28 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations A robust Results Framework (RF) is the basis for kk Extremely vulnerable female-headed households reporting progress against targets, including represent a quarter of all refugee households. the Project Development Objective (PDO) and Economic Opportunities for Jordanians and Intermediate Results Indicators (IRIs). Constructing Syrian Refugees P4R (P159522) a robust Results Framework means that Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) must move beyond However, some of the projects reviewed also measuring outputs with sex-disaggregated data, included outcome measures that capture progress towards measuring outcomes (see for example, in women’s empowerment. While it is important to indicator iii in the AFCC2/RI-GLR: Displaced Persons identify constraints faced by women, and to direct & Border Communities project and indicator iv resources to communities that respond to gender- in the DRC Eastern Recovery Projec t below). As specific needs, it is equally important to recognize implementation proceeds, intermediate results women’s resilience, and support opportunities for can be used to effectively integrate women’s and them to be agents of change. Going forward, a men’s specific priorities and needs into projects, stronger result focus on gender equality gains, and course correct if necessary. Data about the and closing gender gaps is encouraged for project’s beneficiaries (disaggregated by sex projects where it is relevant. The section “The and displacement status), and evaluations of the Gender Tag” provides examples of operations with project’s impact and results—again disaggregated FDPs among their beneficiaries, where this has by sex and displacement status—are also needed been achieved. to distill lessons learned, which can inform future programming. Examples of Indicators Used in At the Project Development Objective (PDO) level of Contexts of Forced Displacement the projects reviewed, indicators are often defined as the number of direct project beneficiaries with a For projects that aim to ensure that both FDPs goal for the percentage of women. Disaggregating and host communities benefit from the projects' results by sex represents good practice for all activities, detailed information on beneficiaries that operations, whether or not they aim to close includes their displacement status is needed. One a gender gap. Often descriptions of project indicator that is included in several projects is the beneficiaries focused on the vulnerability of women number of project beneficiaries disaggregated by and girls, as the motivation for the special attention sex. It is important to note that this indicator would paid to women beneficiaries; for example: not suffice for the gender tag as it does not track progress made on closing an identified gender kk Women are among the most vulnerable, facing gap—although the indicators tracked below may be a number of challenges including extreme important to track other project outcomes related to inclusion of particular groups of beneficiaries. For poverty, lack of access to basic infrastructure example, the Jordan Emergency Services and Social and services, and climate change. Sustaining Resilience (P147689) collects data on: agriculture, the main source of livelihoods in the refugee settlements, is one key challenge i) direct project beneficiaries (#), of which women (%) for women, and other vulnerable groups such ii) Conflict-affected people to whom benefits as female-headed households, youth, and the have been delivered within the first year of disabled. The project will pay special attention project effectiveness (#), of which: (i) women; (ii) to ensuring that the needs of such groups are Jordanian host population; (iii) refugees. identified, and that they participate as project beneficiaries. It also involves working with local government authorities to build the capacity of vulnerable groups. (AFCC2/RI-GLR: Displaced Persons & Border Communities (P152821)) Results and Measurement • Page 29 The AFCC2/RI-GLR: Displaced Persons & Border female participation were not being met, additional Communities (P152821), PDO level indicators were: efforts were made to increase the number of women beneficiaries, including by identifying tasks i) direct project beneficiaries (#) of which (%) for women who were medically disqualified from female, former refugees, host community; doing physically demanding work, such as material preparation, or by the need for childcare provision. ii) beneficiaries (#) with improved access to connective and socio-economic infrastructure (of which % The Intermediate Results Indicators included: female, former refugees, host community); iii) percentage of beneficiaries of livelihood i) female beneficiaries participating in community- subprojects who report improved food based decision making and management security/income/welfare (of which % female, strategies (disaggregation by displacement most vulnerable). status (host, IDP/refugee)); For IRIs, most projects collected sex-disaggregated ii) female representatives in community-based data on the project beneficiaries or their inclusion decision making and management strategies; in project activities. The Mali Reconstruction and iii) number of female beneficiaries of safety net Economic Recovery Project (P144442), for example, programs (disaggregated by displacement status gathered intermediate results data on: (host, IDP/refugee)); iv) female clients who adopted improved agricultural i) participants in consultation activities during technology promoted by project; project implementation (sex-disaggregated); v) number of female client days of training provided. ii) number of microprojects for women’s organizations financed under the project. The Sustainable Livelihoods for Returnees and Host The Gender Tag Communities in the Senegal River Valley (P132998) Until July 1, 2014, projects were considered gender- collected data on the number of women who informed if they met any one of the three criteria: received vocational training and/or capacity building analysis of the differences between women and for income-generating activities for the IRIs. girls/men and boys in terms of their access to opportunities, resources, and constraints. Under The DRC Eastern Recovery Project (P145196) results IDA17, which ran from July 1, 2014 to June 30, 2017, measures assess success in achieving women’s the bar was raised, and operations were required to inclusion throughout the project’s activities, by meet all three criteria to qualify as gender-informed. using indicators that capture the quality of women’s The same standard was applied to all IBRD lending. engagements in community-level governance In FY2018, the gender tag was introduced to achieve mechanisms—for example their involvement in management and decision making—as well as a more results-oriented assessment. The new gender the number of men and women that participated tag9 distinguishes operations that: identify relevant in meetings. The project’s M&E system works gaps between women and girls/men and boys in the particularly well because both the monitoring and analysis, as they relate to the Bank’s broader country impact evaluation are part of the same system. The engagement framework; aim to address these gaps day-to-day monitoring is primarily done using the through specific actions supported by the project; data collected by the World Bank’s Development and, link them to indicators in the results. Impact Evaluation (DIME) for the impact evaluation. This approach enabled rapid feedback to the TTL The following three gender-tagged projects serve which allowed mid-course corrections to be made. as examples of gender-tagged operations with The TTL knew exactly how many women versus men particularly robust results matrices. participated in the public works. Since targets for 9 The Gender Tag Guidance Note has been updated in the Operations Portal and can be found under the institutional data tab and at: https://worldbankgroup.sharepoint.com/sites/Gender/Documents/Guidance%20Notes/Gender%20Tag%20Guidance%20Note_ September.2018.final.pdf Page 30 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations 1) Economic Opportunities for Jordanians and 3) Citizen Charter Afghanistan Project— Syrian Refugees P4R (P159522): Emergency Regional Displacement Response Afghanistan Project—Emergency Regional Identified gender gap: Low labor force Displacement Response Additional Financing participation of Syrian female refugees and poor (P163468 and P160567 Parent): Jordanian women in the host community. Action proposed: To facilitate the formalization Identified gender gap: Entrenched social norms of home-based enterprises, and to surpass prevent women from participating in public/civil work. regulatory barriers for establishing these Action proposed: Social inclusion grants and businesses, which would significantly benefit poor collective action activities are used to enable Jordanian women and Syrian female refugees, women, who could not otherwise participate when trying to enter the labor market in Jordan. in the project, to benefit from the project’s Results indicators tied to a specific action aimed activities. These activities benefit female-headed at closing an identified gender gap: Share of households and sensitize community members business owners who have accessed more to the need for social activities that include the predictable and simplified business regulation. most vulnerable groups in their communities. Indicators measure the number of established Participatory M&E tools, such as third-party household enterprises, and among those, the monitoring at the community level, and citizen number of women-owned businesses. The target scorecards, are used so beneficiaries can report is 1,000 businesses, of which 100 are female upon the minimum service standards in the owned. intermediate results. Results indicators tied to a specific action aimed 2) Development Response to Displacement Impacts at closing an identified gender gap: Results Project (DRDIP) in the Horn of Africa (P152822) & indicators consisted of sex-disaggregated DRDIP-II—Kenya (P161067): data. At the PDO level, targets were set at a minimum of 50 percent female beneficiaries— Identified gender gap: Women have limited both direct and indirect— and the number of access to basic social services, economic persons benefiting from social inclusion grants opportunities, and environmental management, disaggregated by sex, displacement status, and compared to men. ability. Citizen scorecards were used to track Action proposed: Project interventions to the participation of women, as well as poor and address the social, economic, infrastructure, vulnerable groups, such as returnees and IDPs. and protection needs of women, particularly This third-party monitoring was used to cross regarding GBV. For example, the project predicts verify and to measure impacts specific to women, that improved access to energy through efficient such as the effectiveness of women’s mobility fuels and cooking devices will increase women maps and safety walks. and girls' available time for economic activities, lessen women and girls' exposure to indoor air pollution, and reduce their risk of GBV. Results indicators tied to specific actions aimed at closing an identified gender gap: At the PDO level, indicators gather data on (i) the percentage of female beneficiaries, and (ii) beneficiaries of economic development activities that report an increase in income (disaggregated by type of service, sex, and target group). In addition, at the intermediate results level, indicators report data on the percentage of female beneficiaries who feel that the project investments reflected their needs. Results and Measurement • Page 31 5 ENTRY POINTS IN THE PROJECT CYCLE Page 32 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations This section identifies entry points in the project kk Manage Risk of Sexual Exploitation Abuse cycle where TTLs can apply the good practices to and Gender Based Violence (Good Practice shape interventions seeking to close gender gaps, 3). Get relevant information that can help you and respond to vulnerabilities that are specific to assess the risk of SEA and GBV from the onset women and girls/men and boys. The eight good of the project. The information will inform the practices are influential at different stages of the intervention’s design, implementation, and project cycle, and some may apply to more than one evaluation. Consult specialized UN Agencies— stage or entry point. UNHCR, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), UNICEF, World Health Organization Project Cycle Phase 1: Identification (WHO), UN Women— and other development Phase 1 of the project cycle represents an initial partners. stage where an intervention’s feasibility is assessed, and when beneficiaries’ needs can be diagnosed. Project Cycle Phase 2: Preparation This Identification phase is an ideal entry point for TTLs to exercise the following good practices: Phase 2 of the project cycle supports preparation and planning for the intervention, as well as the kk Effectively Navigate the Dialogue on Gender project’s design. Entry points for TTLs include: Equality and Women’s Empowerment (Good Practice 1). Refer to WB knowledge products— kk Effectively Navigating the Dialogue (Good Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCDs), Regional Practice 1). Consultations with gender experts Gender Action Plans—to understand the country and women leaders can inform the design of context, and information from UNHCR, IOM, the project. This feedback may build upon the United Nations International Children's Emergency findings collected during the analytic assessment, Fund (UNICEF), and other specialized agencies or other initial data gathering initiatives working with displaced communities. Having this conducted during the Identification phase. information will allow you to ask questions about gender disparities and commission work to fill kk Collaborate with Different Partners and knowledge gaps. Stakeholders (Good Practice 2). During the project design phase identify and understand kk Make Sure that Women are Part of divergent interests or viewpoints on how Consultations and that Their Voice and Views to address gender gaps, or whether these can be Heard (Good Practice 1). Consult key inequalities and specific vulnerabilities should be national and international informants with addressed in the first place. expertise on gender inequality in the country. kk Conduct Analytic Assessments to Identify kk Collaborate with Different Partners and Gender Gaps (Good Practice 4). Analytic Stakeholders (Good Practice 2). During the assessments designed to deepen diagnostics, project identification phase find out how and identify interventions that the operation can different partners are addressing gender support, are ideally conducted at the onset of inequalities and vulnerabilities specific to women the project. However where rapid responses are and girls/men and boys. needed, it is also possible that baseline surveys for evaluation, or other ongoing assessments, can be used to tweak or enhance an element of the project’s design after effectiveness. Entry Points in the Project Cycle • Page 33 kk Invest in Human Resources (Good Practice 8). kk Build Upon Incremental Steps (Good Practice Use gender specialists to produce information 7). The design and the implementation of the and specialized resources needed for appraisal. intervention can be an iterative process. In Commission work to identify gender gaps and this phase of the project cycle, the TTL may vulnerabilities specific to women and girls/men continue to build up the project's capacity to and boys, that the project can address. Include implement components designed to address assessment of GBV risk. gender disparities. For example, during this Implementation phase, the TTL can work with kk Use Stand-Alone Components or the PMU to appoint staff, consult communities, Subcomponents (Good Practice 6). Consider and design the project manual. whether to address and close gender gaps with a stand-alone component and/or to adopt a kk Engaging Women and Girls in Participatory mainstreamed approach to narrow gender gaps, Processes (Good Practice 5). During the and respond to vulnerabilities specific to women Implementation phase, it is important for women and girls/men and boys, as needed. and girls to be included in consultations and project governance mechanisms. The PMU will kk Manage Risk of Sexual Exploitation Abuse and need to employ or train gender experts and Gender-Based Violence (Good Practice 3). The provide dedicated resources for this task. project design should aim to address these risks and prevent them where possible. kk Collaborate with Diverse Partners and Stakeholders (Good Practice 2). Partners and kk Build Upon Incremental Steps (Good Practice stakeholders may assume a variety of roles 7). Additional financing operations can build during a project’s implementation. For example, upon lessons learned in the first phase of TTLs may rely upon partners’ support to navigate implementation. A gender assessment of the complex situations on the ground, especially in operation can be used to identify challenges relation to security issues in FCV contexts; or to encountered in the first phase, and propose assist with navigating local customs, especially solutions. around sensitive issues like GBV. Project Cycle Phase 3: kk Invest in Human Resources (Good Practice Implementation 8). Human resources with expertise on gender During Implementation the TTL can: equality and women’s empowerment, for example employed by the PMU or implementing kk Effectively Navigate the Dialogue on Gender partner, can be consulted by the TTL during Equality and Women’s Empowerment (Good monitoring and supervision. Practice 1). During the Implementation phase, it is important for TTLs to keep abreast of the kk Conduct Analytic Assessments to Identify local context, and the project’s engagement with Gender Gaps (Good Practice 4). While analytic female beneficiaries. When possible, this is best assessments would ideally be conducted at achieved through regular field visits. the onset of the project, it is also possible that baseline surveys for evaluation or other ongoing kk Manage Risk of Sexual Exploitation Abuse assessments can be used to tweak or enhance an and Gender-Based Violence (Good Practice 3). element of the project’s design. Throughout the Implementation phase, the TTL must monitor the project for women and girls’ exposure to SEA and GBV. Page 34 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations Project Cycle Phase 4: Completion assess the project’s impact on closing gender and Evaluation gaps. Qualitative measures, such as consultations and focus groups, might be particularly well- Phase 4 of the project cycle represents the suited in the evaluation for assessing the intervention’s finalization, including its evaluation. project’s impact on women’s voice and agency, This evaluation phase is an ideal entry point for TTLs within and outside the project. to exercise the following good practices: kk Invest in Human Resources (Good Practice kk Engaging Women and Girls in Participatory 8). The TTL may consider hiring experts on Processes (Good Practice 5). During the gender equality and women’s empowerment to intervention’s finalization, especially when input into Implementation Completion Reports evaluating impacts, it is particularly important (ICRs), to effectively capture outcomes and that the TTL reports on the indicators used to measurements for women and girls/men and boys. Entry Points in the Project Cycle • Page 35 LOOKING FORWARD Page 36 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations Many of the World Bank Group's (WBG) operations displacement. By closing gender gaps and include forcibly displaced persons among their enhancing the agency of women and girls who beneficiaries. We have presented examples that have been forcibly displaced, WBG operations can show how the needs of women and girls have been better contribute to IDA18's goals. These include: tackled across sectors, and in a number of different promoting refugees’ welfare and inclusion in the host country settings, both rural and urban. Many TTLs countries' socio-economic structures; supporting have developed strategies to collect the information livelihoods in host community areas for refugees needed to design interventions that respond to the and host populations; and, more broadly, supporting needs of women and girls, and to close gender gaps. policy dialogue and activities to facilitate and ensure Building and extending this capacity is essential in the sustainability of return, when refugees go back order to move from crisis response to managing risks. to their country of origin. Our findings suggest that a systematic use of As this brief report shows, designing and existing good practices would increase the scope implementing more operations that meet the needs and impact of operations in contexts of forced of forcibly displaced women and girls is a goal that is well within reach. “ A dedicated focus on women, particularly young women, helps level the playing field and ensure women and adolescent girls can access project decision-making structures and benefits to the same extent as men. In short, it makes for a fairer project. Also, women are often excellent entrepreneurs. Addressing some of the barriers they may face, such as access to credit or business development “ skills, makes for better enterprises. In short, a more successful project! Rebecca Lacroix, co-TTL, Azerbaijan IDP Living Standards and Livelihoods Project (P122943) Looking Forward • Page 37 ANNEXES Page 38 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations Annex 1: Methodology Annex 2: Gender-Based Violence Resources and Links The analysis presented in this portfolio review is based on a review of the approach taken to 1) Resources and guidance notes on managing SEA promoting gender equality, by implemented & GBV risk can be found in the Violence Against operations targeting forcibly displaced persons. Women and Girls Resource Guide developed by Operations classified as either gender-informed or the WBG, the Inter-American Development Bank gender-tagged were selected for review. The goal (IDB), and the Global Women’s Institute (GWI) at was to identify lessons learned on responding to George Washington University. existing gender gaps and to specific issues—for example, access to economic opportunities, gender- See: http://www.vawgresourceguide.org. based violence GBV, securing livelihoods, and accessing services—faced respectively by women The purpose of this guide is to provide the reader and girls/men and boys within contexts of forced with basic information on the characteristics and displacement. consequences of violence against women and Interviews were conducted with the TTLs and/or girls, including the operational implications that team members of the 19 selected projects, between this violence can have in several priority sectors October 2017 and February 2018. The interviews of the IDB and WBG. It offers guidance on how shed light on how gender disparities were identified to integrate SEA and GBV prevention, and the and addressed during project preparation and provision of quality services to violence survivors, implementation. TTLs and/or project team members within a range of development projects. It were asked about their respective projects’ process, recommends strategies for integrating these resources, and implementation. For example, issues into policies and legislation, as well as concerning process, TTLs and/or team members sector programs and projects. were asked how they created opportunities for dialogue around disparities between women 2) Another resource is the Guidelines for and men with the client and Bank teams during Integrating GBV Interventions in Humanitarian preparation, and how they approached the analysis Action (https://gbvguidelines.org/en/home/) of gender gaps and constraints in access to which provide sector specific guidance on SEA resources and opportunities specific to women and and GBV prevention. The purpose of these girls/men and boys. Regarding resources, TTLs and/ Guidelines is to assist humanitarian actors in or team members were asked about the availability the coordination, planning, implementing, of specialists with expertise on gender equality, monitoring and evaluation of essential actions financial resources, and preparations to ensure for the prevention and mitigation of SEA and women’s participation during project preparation GBV, across all sectors of humanitarian response. and implementation. Finally, information was The Guidelines emphasize (i) reducing risk, (ii) collected on the projects’ M&E and supervision, the promoting resilience, (iii) aiding recovery, and PMU's capacity to respond to gender gaps, and any they cover a range of thematic areas and sectors, corrective actions that were taken. such as camp management, extractive industry, and Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene. Annexes • Page 39 Annex 3: Table A3.1 List of Gender Assessments Project Assessment Project Name Country Sector Number Sustainable Development for Returnees Sustainable Livelihoods for from Senegal and their Host Communities Returnees and host communities P132998 Mauritania GSURR in Mauritania in the Senegal River Valley Gender and Sustainable Livelihoods among IDP Living Standards and P122943 & Azerbaijan GSURR Internally Displaced Persons in Azerbaijan Livelihoods Project AF: P155110 An overview note on GBV and six Kenya Development Response sectoral notes—education, health, water to Displacement Impacts Project P161067 Kenya GSURR supply and sanitation, energy, livelihoods (DRDIP-II—Kenya) and labor-intensive public works Piloting Delivery of Justice Sector Services to Poor P157861 Jordan Governance Jordanians and Refugees in Host Communities Annex 4: Photo Credits Cover: A Woman Returns Home, Kisumu, Kenya. Page 23: Villagers queuing for water at a pump in Kenya's Photographer: Peter Kapuscinski. arid Eastern Province. Photographer: Flore de Preneuf Page 5: Syrian Refugees Face an Uncertain Future: A Page 24: Income generation activity beneficiaries, IDP refugee filling an application at the UNHCR registration Azerbaijan Living Standards and Livelihoods Project. center in Tripoli, Lebanon. Photographer: Mohamed Photographer: Rebecca Lacroix. Azakir. Page 26: Microcredit recipients, farmers. IDP Azerbaijan Page 7: Support to Higher Education Project, Living Standards and Livelihoods Project”. Photographer: Afghanistan. Photographer: Sofie Tesson. Michelle Rebosio. Page 9: Syrian Refugees Face an Uncertain Future: Page 27: CCAP/IDLG /PLA Women Mobility Map, Refugees line up at the UNHCR registration center in Afghanistan. Photographer: Abdul Satar Fazli Tripoli, Lebanon. Photographer: Mohamed Azak. Page 35: Women watering mukau saplings in Kenya's arid Page 15: Syrian Refugees Face an Uncertain Future: Syrian Eastern Province. Photographer: Flore de Preneuf; Refugees leave a blanket distribution center in Mafraq, Jordan. Photographer: Unknown; Mafraq, Jordan. Page 37: Zainab spends some family time with her daughter, National Poverty Targeting Program, Tripoli, Page 17: KE006S17 World Bank, Kenya. Photographer: Lebanon. Photographer: Dominic Chavez; Curt Carnemark. Inside back cover: Project staff with women Page 20: Citizens’ Charter Afghanistan Project (CCAP) beneficiaries from the mixed returnee-host community Independent Directorate of Local Governance (IDLG)/ of Tekess Coumba receiving agricultural equipment for Participatory Learning Activity (PLA) Women Mobility maintaining gardens. Tekess Coumba’s, pastoralists, Map, Herat, Afghanistan. Photographer: Mohammad have been encouraged to diversify their livelihoods Mahdi Akbari. to agro-pastoralism after receiving inputs from the JSDF Sustainable Livelihoods for Returnees and Host Page 22: CAP/IDLG/ PLA Social Mobilization, Kandahar, Communities in the Senegal River Valley, Mauritania. Afghanistan. Photographer: Abdul Satar Fazli. Photographer: Unknown. Page 40 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations Graphic Design: Weight Creative Communications Agency Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations THE GENDER GROUP, WORLD BANK GROUP, 2019 Portfolio review team led by Lucia Hanmer and Diana Arango; team members Johanna Damboeck, Eliana Rubiano and Daniela Villacres Page 42 • Addressing the Needs of Women and Girls in Contexts of Forced Displacement: Experiences from Operations