FINAL REPORT dated 30/06/2009 Report no. 70105 Energy Efficient Lighting Options for Afghanistan June, 2009 South Asia Sustainable Development (SASDE) THE WORLD BANK 2 Acknowledgements This study was undertaken by the South Asia Sustainable Development Unit (SASDE). The task team was led by Sunil Khosla, and included Saurabh Yadav, Priya Barua and Katherine Steel. This report, prepared by the task team, benefitted from the suggestions and comments of several Bank staff members, including peer reviewers Ashok Sarkar (ETWEN) and Jeremy Levin (SASDI); feedback by Surbhi Goyal (SASDE) and Tarun Shankar (PPIAF). The team also benefitted greatly from suggestions and comments provided on project concept note by Dr. Ajay Mathur (Director General, Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Government of India); and on the final report by ICE (Govt. of Afghanistan) Renewable sub committee member Mr. Ali Azimi (MRRD); and solar energy expert Mr. Achtari (Adviser/GtZ Afghanistan). The team gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the team of consultants from Pranat Engineers Pvt. Ltd. (India) who were appointed as technical consultants for this study. This team provided key technical analysis and industry inputs. The team is also grateful to Mr. Saurabh Diddi for providing graphical inputs to the report. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................3 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................5 LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................................................................................5 Abbreviations and Acronyms .........................................................................................................................................8 Basic Terminology Used in the Lighting Industry...........................................................................................................9 Executive Summary .....................................................................................................................................................11 Background ..................................................................................................................................................................12 Electricity access in Afghanistan .............................................................................................................................12 Need for Lighting and Its Share in Electricity Consumption ....................................................................................13 Energy-Efficient Lighting Market and Trends ..........................................................................................................15 Objectives and Scope...................................................................................................................................................16 Study approach ............................................................................................................................................................16 Analysis of lighting options .....................................................................................................................................18 Key recommendations .................................................................................................................................................20 Recommendations for off-grid areas ......................................................................................................................20 Recommendations for grid-connected areas ..........................................................................................................22 New Grid-Connected Consumers........................................................................................................................22 Existing Grid-Connected Consumers ...................................................................................................................22 Barriers to implementation .........................................................................................................................................24 Implementation Strategy .............................................................................................................................................25 Next steps ................................................................................................................................................................28 References ...................................................................................................................................................................29 ANNEXURES .................................................................................................................................................................31 Annex 1: Comparative Analysis of Different Lighting Options.....................................................................................32 Annex 2: Basic Consumer Lighting Applications and Technologies to meet those Needs ..........................................36 Annex 3: Financial Analysis Energy Efficient Lighting Options in Off-grid Applications ..............................................37 Annex 4: Financial Analysis for Energy Efficient Lighting Options in Grid-Connected Areas .......................................43 Annex 5: Sample Technical Specifications for Recommended Lighting Products .......................................................46 Annex 6: Sample Case Study ........................................................................................................................................56 4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Energy Efficiency Progressions and Projections of Lighting Technologies ...................................................15 Figure 2: Phasing of Time and Investment for Installation of Energy Efficient Lighting Services ................................26 Figure 3: Comparison of Lamp Life and CRI for Different Lighting Options ................................................................35 Figure 4: Comparison of Efficacy for Different Lighting Options ................................................................................35 Figure 5: Global Market Penetration of Different Lighting Technologies………………………………………………………………. .35 Figure 6: Schematic description of financial cost calculations ....................................................................................38 Figure 7: Unit Cost of Generation (USD) For Solar-Based Energy Efficient Lighting Options ......................................39 Figure 8: Per day Expenditure (USD) For Solar-Based Energy Efficient Lighting Options ............................................39 Figure 9: Solar portable 5 W LED Light ........................................................................................................................46 Figure 10: 2X5 W LED Home Lighting System ..............................................................................................................48 Figure 11: 14W T5 Light………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….51 Figure 12: 2 x 14w T-5 Solar-Based Street light ...........................................................................................................53 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of Recommended Solar-Based Energy Efficient Lighting Options .................................................19 Table 2: Summary of Recommended Energy Efficient Lighting Options for Off-grid Applications .............................21 Table 3: Average Tariff Rates for Different Categories of DABM Consumers..............................................................23 Table 4: Recommended Replacement Options for On-grid Applications ....................................................................24 Table 5: Summary of Major Barriers and Possible Mitigation Approaches .................................................................24 Table 6: Comparative Analysis of Different Lighting Technologies .............................................................................34 Table 7: Comparison of Lighting Technologies to Meet Basic Consumer Lighting Applications……………………………….36 Table 8: Typical Lifespan of Solar PV Components……………………………………………………………………………………………………37 Table 9: Cost Calculation for Solar Portable Light (5 W LED) in USD ...........................................................................40 Table 10: Cost Calculation for 14 W T 5 community lighting system ..........................................................................41 Table 11: Dual-Mode Energy-Efficient Lighting Options for Grid Connected Consumers ...........................................43 Table 12: Sample Cost Calculation methodology for Replacement ............................................................................44 Table 13: Recommended Energy Efficient Lighting Options for Replacement of Existing Lamps ...............................45 5 Table 14: Technical specifications of module and battery for 5W LED solar portable light ........................................47 Table 15: Technical specifications of module and battery for 2x5W LED home lighting system ................................50 Table 16: Technical specifications of module and battery for 14W T-5 Solar Community Light……………………………… 52 Table 17: Technical specifications of module and battery for 2x14W T-5 Solar Street Light ......................................55 6 Currency Equivalents (Exchange Rate Effective June 28, 2009) Currency Unit = AFN AFN 1.00 = US$ 0.021 US$ 1.00 = AFN 47.30 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms % Percent AFN Afghanis CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp DABM Da Afghan Breshna Mosases GLS General Lighting System GtZ Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit IEA International Energy Agency IRR Internal Rate of Return kW kilowatt kWh Kilowatt hour LED Light Emitting Diode MEW Ministry of Energy and Water MH Metal Halide MRRD Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development NPV Net Present Value RE Renewable Energy ROI Return on Investment SPP Simple Payback Period SPV Solar Photovoltaic SV Sodium Vapor TFL Tubular fluorescent lamp USAID United States Agency for International Development USD United States Dollars W Watt 8 Basic Terminology Used in the Lighting Industry1 Average rated lamp life Manufacturer's estimate of the length of time 50 percent of any large number of lamps can be expected to last. Ballast An electronic component of every fluorescent fixture. It is used to boost the electric current to start the bulb and to regulate the flow of current to the bulb. Electronic ballast ensures quiet, rapid flicker-free startup and operation. A magnetic ballast, unless has an energy savings rating; may blink on startup, flicker slightly and/or hum during operation. Color rendering index (CRI), accurate color replication A measure of how accurately an artificial light source displays colors. CRI is determined by comparing the appearance of a colored object under an artificial light source to its appearance under incandescent light. The higher the CRI of a light source, the more “natural� colors will appear under it. Light source with a low CRI will distort colors. A high CRI (above 80) is preferred in the home. Color temperature Light bulbs emit varying colors of light. Lighting color ranges from cool to warm tones, and is known as color temperature. The color temperature of a light source indicates the color of the light emitted measured in degrees Kelvin. Color temperature is not an indicator of lamp heat. Initial performance values The photometric and electrical characteristics at the end of the 100-hour aging period Lamp color The color characteristics of a lamp as defined by the color appearance and the color rendition Light output One of the most important considerations in selecting a light source is how much light it will generate. The unit of measure used for determining light output is the lumen. Light output is measured in lumens at the light source. One lumen equals the amount of light generated by a single standard candle. Light quality Having good light quality means using the most efficient light source in a lamp that integrates with the architectural design. 1 Source: Natural Resources Canada website: http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/residential/personal/lighting/terminology.cfm?attr=4 9 Lumen A measurement of light output. One lumen is equal to the amount of light emitted by one candle that falls on one square foot of surface located one foot away from the candle. Lumen maintenance The luminous flux or lumen output at a given time in the life of the lamp and expressed as a percentage of the initial luminous flux. The mean lumens are the value at 40 percent of rated life. Power factor The active power divided by the apparent power (i.e., product of the root mean square [rms] input voltage and rms input current of a ballast). This is a measure of the power efficiency of the lamp. Rated voltage The voltage marked on the lamp Rated wattage The wattage marked on the lamp, which indicates the energy consumption per second of the lamp when in operation (Watt = Joules (energy)/second) Rated luminous flux or lumen output Initial lumen rating (100 hours) declared by the manufacturer Starting temperature The minimum and maximum temperatures at which a lamp will reliably start Starting time The time needed, after being switched on, for the lamp to start fully and remain lighted Warranty A manufacturer's written promise regarding the extent to which defective goods will be repaired or replaced Watt A unit of electrical power used to indicate the rate of energy produced or consumed by an electrical device. 10 Executive Summary “People believe the State exists when lights burn� said Ahmed Rashid, author of the book ‘Descent into Chaos {Penguin}’ The Afghan electric power system is currently not able to reach the majority of rural residents, nor is it able to supply enough electricity to meet existing demand on the grid. While the system develops, other options need to be explored that meet this dual need of extending access while not creating even more demand. These options also need to fit within the context of the extreme poverty of Afghanistan and the desire to promote a low carbon growth strategy. One way to address this set of constraints is to implement energy efficient lighting. Poor consumers often pay a substantial portion of their household earnings on meeting energy needs such as lighting. Therefore the introduction of energy efficient lighting products will help them to reduce these expenditures in the long-run. Coupling energy efficient lighting with off-grid renewable energy sources will expand access to rural residents. Using energy efficient lights in urban, grid-connected areas will also reduce the supply constraint, as well help consumers lower their bills. In both cases, energy efficiency reduces costs because the consumers will be using less electricity. It also reduces pollution and the need to import costly fossil fuels. This study examines the potential options for implementing an energy efficient lighting program in Afghanistan. It analyzes the range of energy efficient options available in the region and identifies the best choices for specific market segments in off-grid and grid connected areas. Based on this analysis, it is recommended that in rural areas, where grid (local or from main network) is neither available nor likely to be available soon, LED lights coupled with solar PV panels offer the least cost solution for expansion of energy access. In grid-connected areas, compact and tube fluorescent lamps are recommended for existing household connections, as well as community and street lighting. The analysis also shows there are numerous barriers and potential problems with implementing an energy efficiency program in Afghanistan. Therefore a phased implementation program is suggested, with careful oversight of the quality of products entering the market. Given the difficult electricity situation, the scope of this study extends past providing energy efficient lighting. The deepening of mobile telephone connectivity for the Afghan people is also critically dependent on electricity access. The recommendations for stand-alone efficient lighting systems through solar –backed systems include a feature for charging mobile phones in all home lighting options. Innovative features like dimmers (electronic regulator) to reduce the intensity of light, and to get additional running time in one charge, have also been considered. 11 Background Afghanistan, like many other developing countries, is facing a major challenge – of providing access to reliable and affordable electricity services to the large number of people that are currently deprived of it. The sector also faces tremendous other challenges including limited supplies, a damaged electricity infrastructure, transmission and distribution system gaps, high technical and commercial losses, high marginal cost of providing diesel power (both grid and off-grid, primarily in winter), and inadequate exploration of indigenous gas, coal, hydropower, and renewable resources. This report primarily focuses on identifying energy efficient lighting technologies that can be used to improve access to clean energy in off-grid rural areas and then examines the applicability of recommended solutions in grid connected areas. In addition, key policy issues, challenges and barriers to introducing energy efficient lighting initiatives in Afghanistan are identified and development strategies relating to integrating energy efficient and low carbon footprint technologies are recommended. Considering the absence of strong institutional capacity in Afghanistan, the task focused on identifying a few energy-efficient lighting products that have the flexibility to meet the basic needs of critical lighting applications and can be implemented in a short- time frame. Electricity access in Afghanistan 1. The electricity access rate in Afghanistan is among the 16% of Afghanistan’s population is lowest in the world, where a mere 16 percent2 of the estimated to have access to the electricity population is estimated to have access to the electricity grid. grid. Most of the rural population, and a significant proportion of the urban population, is deprived of electricity. The prevailing service, to the small percentage of the population who has access to electricity through the grid, consists of only a few hours of supply a day. The situation worsens in winter when the generation from hydropower resources, which contributes about 39 percent3 of power production, drops significantly due to reduced inflow of water, and a corresponding dependence on high cost diesel-based power increases tremendously. Afghanistan’s National Development Strategy 2. The lack of power supply is a major impediment (ANDS) include providing electricity to at least to the country’s development and has been 25% of households in rural areas by 2010 and ranked as the most pressing problem faced by the 80% of population lives in rural area. people of Afghanistan today, according to a recent survey of citizens in all 34 provinces of the country. The core targets of Afghanistan’s National Development Strategy (ANDS) include providing 2 Based on the data from the National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment, a major national household-level survey carried out in 2005. 3 Afghanistan Energy Information Center (AEIC) Annual Production Report, 2008. Source: http://www.afghaneic.org/pdf/Daily%20Statistics%20Report/Yearly%20Report%202008.pdf 12 electricity to at least 65 percent of households, 90 percent of non-residential establishments in major urban areas, and at least 25 percent of households in rural areas by 2010. However, since 80% of Afghanistan’s population4 lives in rural areas, even after the government reaches its target electricity access rates, a large proportion of the population will continue to remain un-served. The provision of providing electricity to meet energy needs is critical for future economic growth in these areas. Unless this occurs, it will not be possible to meet the country’s development goals. 3. There is a need to build an energy efficiency agenda into the core development strategy of Afghanistan to evolve sustainable energy solutions to meet these needs. This would also align Afghanistan with the globally recognized priority of following a low carbon – clean energy path for sustainable development. The pollution caused by the most commonly available and used electricity supply sources of diesel generation and kerosene lighting has faced significant criticism even in the Afghan parliament. 4. Lighting is an important requirement that accounts for a significant proportion of electrical load (as covered in next section). Energy-efficient lighting technologies can significantly reduce total energy consumption and operating costs while providing the required illumination levels. This allows limited electricity resources to be stretched across more consumers, which make them an attractive option for Afghanistan. These energy and cost savings are even more significant during times when diesel generators are used to supply grid electricity. Need for Lighting and Its Share in Electricity Consumption 5. Lighting has evolved as a basic human need that serves as a key input for advancing literacy, safety and productivity. Global energy needs assessments Globally, lighting accounts for 19% of the indicate that energy for lighting, cooking, and keeping electricity consumption, and 31% of this is warm in winter are the three highest priority energy residential lighting. needs for most rural families. This makes lighting one of the primary uses of electricity in rural areas, since cooking needs are often met through the use of locally available firewood and biomass, which also provide warmth in winter. On a global basis, lighting alone accounts for 19% of the electricity consumption5, and 31% of this is for residential lighting. Electricity requirements for lighting also contribute significantly to the increase in demand during early morning and evening hours. 6. For indicative baseline information in Afghanistan, the study referenced secondary sources including a study funded by GTZ/Afghanistan and conducted by Altai Consulting, “Baseline Socio-Economical Survey on Energy Use in Badakhshan (Afghanistan)�, January, 2008. 4 February 2009 estimates from Central Statistics Office (CSO) of Afghanistan 5 IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimate 13 7. Kerosene lamps are the major source of lighting in rural communities in Average Kerosene Use in Rural Households Afghanistan, accounting for According to data collected on rural energy projects in 6 India, a rural household consumes an average of 4 liters approximately 86% of lighting . This of kerosene per month for lighting. lighting source is costly, inefficient, At a carbon emission intensity of 2.4kg CO2 per liter of polluting and provides poor quality light. burnt kerosene; this translates to 115,200kg of CO2 for Kerosene lighting can create a substantial 1000 households per year. burden for consumers who often spend Source: Akanksha Chaurey, TERI, Lighting A Billion 10-15% of their total household income Lives, August 2008 7 on kerosene . In a recent study in rural Bangladesh8, when households that used kerosene lamps were compared with households with electric lighting, it was seen that the quality of lighting service obtained from electricity is significantly better than that from kerosene. When compared to energy-efficient lighting such as compact fluorescent lamps, economic assessments show that kerosene lighting costs users 150- times more per unit of useful light9. 8. In grid-connected areas in several Afghanistan provinces, there is heavy reliance on electricity sourced through expensive diesel generation, which has gone up to 40 Afghanis per liter (US$0.84)10 in June 2009, to supplement the limited hours of power supply. This situation becomes even more acute in winter, when generation from indigenous hydro sources reduces considerably. Lighting loads can account for 20 – 40%11 of electrical load in commercial and large public buildings in urban areas which means that a high proportion of costly and highly polluting diesel generation is supporting lighting alone. 9. Given the importance of lighting in both rural and urban areas and the proportion of electrical load that it accounts for, it becomes critical to look at possible energy-efficient lighting options to meet consumers needs in both off-grid and grid-connected areas. 10. Urban consumers in Kabul (especially poorer consumers), were until recently only receiving a few hours of grid supply every alternative day. Although the availability of power from the grid has improved (18+ hours every day) the additional usage of electricity for meeting lighting and other needs means that these consumers will be paying much higher electricity bills. Energy efficient 6 The Afghanistan National Development Strategy, Initial Draft Energy Sector Strategy, 2008 – 2013, October 16, 2007 7 Conference Proceedings from the Lighting Africa Product Quality Assurance Workshop, October 2007. Source: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTENERGY2/Resources/FINALQAWorkshopProceedingsAug08.pdf?resourceurlname=FINA LQAWorkshopProceedingsAug08.pdf 8 Asaduzzaman, M., Barnes, D., Shahidur, K, March, 2009, Restoring Balance: Bangladesh’s Rural Energy Realities 9 Mills, E., LEDS offer alternative to polluting, fuel-based lighting, SCIENCE Magazine, June 2005 10 Asia Pulse Data, Fuel prices up, flour and gold down. Source: http://oilandgas.einnews.com/news/diesel-prices/afghanistan, 28 June 2009 11 Energy Conservation Building Code Tip Sheet, Building Lighting Design, USAID ECO-III Project, February, 2008 14 lighting solutions would go a long way to reduce the impact of increased bills for such consumers, in addition to lowering demand on the utility’s supply system. Energy-Efficient Lighting Market and Trends 11. Lighting efficiencies have been increasing consistently as newer lighting options have been introduced. Figure 1 shows the efficiency of a range of lighting options over time. While incandescent bulbs have improved very little in over 100 years, there are other technologies which are still improving. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) and tubular fluorescent lamps (TFL) have become the standard energy efficient lights, but they may be overtaken by solid state lighting. Light emitting diodes (LEDs), in particular, have evolved very rapidly in the last decade, exceeding benchmarks for performance (e.g. luminous efficacy, light output) on a regular basis. The next generation of efficient lighting technologies appears to be organic LEDs (OLEDs) and possibly more efficient metal halides, but these technologies are still prohibitively costly, and far from commercialization on a large scale. Figure 1: Energy Efficiency Progressions and Projections of Lighting Technologies Source: Wolfgang Gregor, OSRAM (2009) 12. A brief description of various lighting technologies that can be used to meet basic residential, community and street lighting applications are presented in Annex 1. This annex also includes a technical comparison of these lighting technologies based on parameters such as efficacy, lamp life, power factor and quality of light output. 15 Objectives and Scope 13. The primary objectives of this study are: 1) To identify suitable energy-efficient lighting solutions for off-grid rural applications and to look at which of these lighting solutions may also be successfully integrated into grid- connected areas ; 2) To outline key policy issues, challenges and barriers to introducing energy efficient lighting initiatives in Afghanistan; and 3) To assist Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (IRoA) in integrating energy efficient and low carbon footprint technologies in the core energy sector development strategies. 14. To meet these objectives the energy assessment study sought answers to the following questions:  What are the basic needs for consumers in lighting applications?  What are appropriate energy efficient lighting options for meeting the needs of off grid/rural consumers?  Can these energy efficient lighting options play a role in grid based systems by helping to lower peak demands and/or providing back-up supply alternatives cost effectively?  What are the key barriers to introducing and using energy efficient lighting solutions in Afghanistan?  What lessons from Bank’s other engagements could be integrated into the Afghanistan program? Study approach 15. Information for this study was collected through discussions with industry players and government counterparts at the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) and Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) in Afghanistan and through secondary sources, including internet and research publications. Secondary sources of information used are included in the reference list at the end of this report. 16. The first step of the analysis was to examine the lighting needs of a typical rural consumer. However, there are significant data gaps and limited information specifically for Afghanistan. Given time constraints it was also not possible to do first-hand surveys within the scope of this assignment. Instead, generalized lessons on rural lighting were gleaned from recent studies for the Lighting Africa program12 and other similar programs in India, such as the Lighting a Billion Lives (LABL) program13. The African example is fitting for Afghanistan because of the similarities in population distribution, level of poverty, and capacity of government institutions. 12 Conference Proceedings from the Lighting Africa Product Quality Assurance Workshop, October 2007 13 Lighting A Billion Lives Website: http://labl.teriin.org/ 16 The experiences from other countries14 indicate that lighting serves the following priority needs:  improves quality of life, safety and human health,  increases education and literacy rates,  increases the ability for income-generating activities,  extends the operating hours of businesses that otherwise have to close at dark, and  enhances the overall quality of life of rural/remote communities. 17. The major lighting application needs of consumers were identified and include:  Space/Ambient lighting – a basic minimum amount of illumination for living, and for community lighting applications such as mosques, community halls, rooms, corridors, etc.;  Task lighting – a relatively higher illumination level for tasks that require more detailed viewing such as reading, cooking and operating theatres in health centres; and  Outdoor lighting – for street lighting, community lighting and security lighting. Please refer to Annex 2 for a comparison of lighting technologies that were identified to meet the needs of major lighting applications. 18. Once lighting applications were identified the available energy efficient lighting options for meeting these applications were examined in more detail. For rural areas, a preliminary step in this process was to identify the possible power supply options for serving the needs of consumers. Lighting loads in off-grid areas could be served by either small community or area based grids, using diesel or renewable based solutions like micro hydro, wind or solar- depending upon the suitability of these options. In more remote and dispersed rural communities, where developing such grids is likely to take a long time, the option of stand-alone solar based lighting solutions has been considered. The solar PV units can be installed and replicated most easily in off-grid areas, as adequate solar radiation levels are available in most areas of Afghanistan, with an average of about 300 days of sunshine per year, and an estimated average solar radiation of 6.5 kWh per square meter per day15. Solar PV units are also generally easier to manage and install at individual consumer levels than community based grids. 19. The key criteria used to determine the most appropriate lighting solutions for off-grid areas in Afghanistan include:  Efficiency of technology in converting electricity to lighting;  Lighting configurations that could provide the required lux levels for the basic rural lighting identified;  Flexibility and portability of lighting options to serve the needs of more than one lighting application; 14 Various World Bank Studies in Bangladesh, Kenya, India 15 Estimates based on Asian Development Bank estimates of Renewable Energy Potential 17  Sustainability criteria - lamp durability and lifetime, low maintenance requirements, modularity and adaptability; and  Capital and operating costs. Lessons from earlier implemented lighting programs in Afghanistan and other regions were also examined. 20. The viable options determined by the analysis described above were further narrowed down to a list of a few select energy efficient lighting options - which were found most suitable in fulfilling the basic lighting needs of consumers. In addition, in off-grid areas the financial analysis for energy efficient lighting options considered the associated costs of stand-alone solar PV equipment to support the lighting application as this is the only renewable energy-based technology that can function virtually anywhere in the country without the need for significant infrastructure development. This is critical considering the need to simplify implementation given the challenges associated with weak institutional capacity, the need for sustainable, replicable solutions with low operations and maintenance requirements and the need to reach as many consumers with limited resources. 21. A similar process was used to determine the best energy efficient lighting options for grid-connected customers. In this case the power source was assumed to be a grid connection. However, given the current load shedding, some of the off-grid solutions were also examined to see if they could be used to lower peak demands and/or to provide back-up supply alternatives more cost effectively than the current diesel-generation back-up. 22. As a final step, these results were used to formulate a broad implementation plan and an assessment of potential risks and mitigating measures for the Government of Afghanistan. The proposed implementation strategy has been recommended by considering the existing challenges and possible approaches to address these barriers in the context of Afghanistan. Analysis of lighting options 23. In the context of rural Afghanistan, given the low average household incomes and the low level of electricity load per household the recommended approach would depend on whether or not the community can be served by locally available renewable energy sources economically. The criteria for short-listing these renewable energy sources would include not only cost-effectiveness but also adaptability, flexibility, and maturity of technology. 24. In off-grid areas, the potential for introducing community based small decentralized grids has been considered. However, this potential is low in Afghanistan, due to widely dispersed rural communities, difficult terrains, lack of strong institutional arrangements, and additional infrastructure and resources required to support community-based systems. In addition, since the 18 productive loads in rural communities tend to be low there is typically not much energy efficiency gains in the load duration curve when rural households are grouped together on a single system. 25. The cost-benefit analysis of each lighting technology was performed based on the net present value of the lighting system over a lifetime of 20 years. See Annex 3 (Table 9 and 10) for details on approach and assumptions for financial analysis. Although the options were compared using a least cost analysis, the direct cost per unit is not the only cost parameter to consider. Given the low paying capacity of most rural consumers, flexibility of lighting systems is an important criterion to short-list options that can serve the needs of multiple applications. For example, a light source that is used for reading and cooking indoors should also be able to be carried outside to illuminate a pathway at night. In addition, including additional features that can be supported by the system, such as a single socket for mobile charging, fan, or radio provide increased reach and socio- economic benefits to the rural household. 26. Given the current power shortages in grid-connected areas, and high dependence on diesel back-up, the cost viability of incorporating the off-grid energy-efficient lighting solutions identified above were examined for possible dual-mode operation in grid-connected areas. i.e. PV lighting systems that can be solar charged during daytime and in case of no solar availability, can be charged directly through grid supply. 27. Suitable energy efficient lighting options were selected for meeting basic lighting needs of off-grid areas and for integration in grid-connected areas. This selection was based on the current lighting options in the market and a least cost comparison of technologies. A summary of recommended options determined through this analysis are presented in the table below. Table 1: Summary of Recommended Solar-Based Energy Efficient Lighting Options S. Application Average Recommended Solar Battery Daily Emergency Recommended No. Recommended Lighting Panel Sizing Usage use for ON-Grid or lux level Sizing /Back /Autonomy OFF-Grid up Residential General 100 2X5 W LED 20Wp 12 V 20Ah 5-6 hrs 14-16 hrs Both 1 Lighting (One Fixed 100 2X 9 W CFL non - 40Wp 12 V 40Ah 5-6 hrs 14-16 hrs ON GRID* and one portable retrofit type) 100 2X 9 W CFL non - 60Wp 12 V 60Ah 5-6 hrs 14-16 hrs ON GRID retrofit as portable source and 9W CFL retrofit as a fixed source 2 Residential Task 100 5 W LED 10Wp 12 V 10Ah 5-6 hrs 14-16 hrs Both Lighting (Portable type) 100 9 W CFL 20Wp 12V 20Ah 5-6 hrs 14-16 hrs ON GRID* 3 Street/Outdoor 12 V 25 2X14 W T-5 120Wp 12 hrs 3 Days OFF GRID Space Lighting 120Ah 4 Community Lighting 100 14 W T-5 30Wp 12 V 30Ah 12 hrs 3 Days OFF GRID 20 W CFL retrofit 40Wp 12 V 40Ah 5-6 hrs 14-16 hrs ON GRID type * Can be considered for off-grid lighting options as well, although the study analysis indicate LED based systems to be more cost effective over a 20-year lifespan. 19 Key recommendations 28. Recommendations take into account the cost analysis, Afghanistan context, existing infrastructure, and potential barriers to implementation and hence differ for consumers in off-grid vs. grid- connected areas. Grid-connected consumers include both urban consumers and rural consumers where localized grids exist or are possible, particularly where micro-hydro/wind potential is viable. Recommendations for off-grid areas 29. Solar PV based energy-efficient lighting options are recommended for supporting basic lighting needs in off-grid areas given the adequate availability of solar radiation. The modular nature of SPV systems, the ease of installation, the short timeframe required for installation, and the low operating and maintenance requirements also make these systems an attractive option for Afghanistan. If localized grids exist or are possible, particularly where micro-hydro/wind potential is viable, the recommendations on efficient lighting solutions are similar to grid based solutions (covered in the next section). 30. High upfront costs of solar-PV based stand-alone lighting systems are lower in comparison with costs for grid extension to smaller areas. A typical home lighting system with two light bulbs per household (one fixed; one portable) was considered, as this is the minimum requirement for a basic lighting system that can meet multiple needs and therefore provides a suitable option for Afghanistan where approximately have the population lives below the poverty level. Based on the analysis (presented in Annex 3) the configuration of 2 x5 W LED will cost USD 130 / (6150 AFN) and if we include installation cost plus the training and maintenance costs; the total cost reaches around USD 180, (8514 AFN) assuming a lifetime of 20 years. On the other hand, just the distribution connection cost of connecting one customer to grid can be as high as USD 1000 (47300 AFN) where over and above the initial costs, power tariffs would need to be billed and collected, and infrastructure maintained at larger operating costs. This clearly indicates huge cost savings potential for the government to provide basic lighting needs to off-grid consumers through solar-backed systems. 31. The table below summarizes the configurations of each of these recommended lighting options for off-grid lighting. Details on the approach and assumptions used in the analysis are provided in Annex 3. 20 Table 2: Summary of Recommended Energy Efficient Lighting Options for Off-grid Applications S. Type of Lighting Home Lighting Lantern as task Street/Space Community Indoor No. Systems System and portable Lighting* Lighting lighting Recommended 2X5 W Solar LED 5 W Solar LED 2X14 W 14 W Solar T-5 Product (fixed + portable) with PV panel Solar T-5 One portable and one This product can be This can be used for This product is selected fixed type lamp is used in the off- grid two identified to reduce the different suggested, so that areas, with solar PV, applications i.e. types of lamps for user can use one fixed and can also be used Street lighting and different applications and 1 Flexibility type product in one with AC supply (in outdoor can be used for both room and a second case of grid connected community lighting. street lighting and portable option can be applications). community indoor used as a handy lighting applications. solution as per the requirement. 2 Cost LEDs and T-5s provide significantly higher efficiency in terms of lumens /Watt. Therefore initial capital cost of the system is significantly reduced for PV and batteries. For example, in the case of a 5W LED the capital costs of the solar equipment works out to US$54, as compared to a cost of US$102 for the equivalent light output from a 9W CFL lamp. 3 Lighting Adequacy Efficacy in Lumens/Watt is around 100, which is Efficacy in Lumens/ Efficacy in Lumens/ Watt adequate to meet basic lighting needs Watt is around 80. is around 80. T-5 lamps The standard lux offer a good amount of requirement for light in comparison to outdoor streetlight incandescent lamps. can be fulfilled by this lighting solution. 4 Ability to expand the Solar energy is widely available, therefore additional products can be added and used (at additional applications served cost) as per requirement, by expanding size of solar panels to meet additional needs . The govt. can through solar backed consider providing subsidized or even free only home lighting solution and consumers can later systems upgrade with similar systems for use of appliances like TV, etc. and productive loads at their own cost *For street lighting applications it is assumed that street lighting poles are 7 meters in height and placed at a distance of 14 meters apart. 32. Despite the relatively nascent nature of LED technology and current higher cost of luminaries, LED lamps were found to be cost effective in meeting the residential lighting needs in stand-alone off- grid areas in Afghanistan due to: 1) the low power requirements, 2) high durability; 3) long lifetime of lamps, and 4) potential for further improvement in efficiency. The higher upfront cost of LEDs is more than compensated by reduced solar panel and battery size requirements. The analysis for the 21 recommended 2x5W LED home lighting system shows that the associated cost of the solar panel and battery is half of the cost of an equivalent CFL-based lighting system of 2x9W. LEDs have the potential to become even more economical in the long-run, due to further advancements in efficiency levels and light output forecasted over next few years. Recommendations for grid-connected areas 33. The recommendations for grid areas are further subdivided into best options for new grid- connected consumers, where infrastructure for electricity supply is being developed, and existing grid-connected customers. New Grid-Connected Consumers 34. In new grid connected systems, energy efficient lighting solutions for residential lighting, community space lighting, and street lighting were examined. The analysis determined that solar-based energy- efficient lighting systems that were identified for off-grid applications also have viability in new grid- connected areas. Please refer to Annex 4 for additional details. 35. For home lighting, use of high power factor Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFLs) is recommended. However, a big challenge in the use of CFLs is competition that is offered from the existing cheap, low quality products that have penetrated the market. Tackling this challenge needs to be strategically handled - by introducing systems and practices to weed out poor quality energy- efficient lighting products, strengthening consumer awareness campaigns, etc. Issues like low power factor, potential harmonics problems for the grid and environmental hazard due to the presence of small quantities of mercury in lamps exist and need to be managed appropriately. 36. It is also found that the use of recommended solar-based stand alone energy-efficient lighting options would be particularly attractive during peak time loads, where the tariff levels are very high or utility/consumers often have to rely on diesel generation costs to provide required electricity needs. These products could be used as back up options for outages during grid supply failure and could run in dual-mode of operation. The benefits would be in term of peak demands shaved, and provide lower cost of operation for consumers over the lifetime of the lighting system. The total costing of the system would reduce as well since the autonomy that needs to be taken into consideration for off-grid systems would be reduced from 3 days to 1.5 days for grid-integrated systems. Existing Grid-Connected Consumers 37. In existing grid-connected areas the use of energy-efficient lighting technologies would help to reduce the total lighting load requirement. This would benefit both consumers and utilities since there would be a reduction of operating costs for consumers and a reduction of overall electricity demand for utilities. Given this situation, even use of retrofit energy-efficient lighting options that are not backed by renewable energy sources would be beneficial, particularly to commercial and industrial consumers who have larger lighting loads and often rely on diesel generation to meet power needs. 22 38. The analysis shows that the breakeven point for consumers to switch to energy efficient lights is 16 cents per kWh. If consumers are currently paying this rate or above, it would be rational to switch to energy efficient bulbs even without subsidy. For consumers who pay less than this tariff, subsidies may need to be used to encourage them to switch. Table 3: Average Tariff Rates for Different Categories of DABM consumers Government Holy Shops/ Registered Households Consumers/ Places Commercial Factories 0- 301- >701kWh NGOs 300kWh 700kWh Tariff in 10.20 9.74 9.47 5.77 2.62 3.94 4.99 Afghanis (AFN)/unit Tariff in US 21.2 20.23 19.68 11.98 5.44 8.19 10.36 cents/unit Source: Weighted Average of Tariff Rates of DABM for the 06 Cycle of fiscal year ended 1386 39. At these existing tariff rates energy-efficient lighting technologies would provide an economically viable option for government consumers, NGOs and holy places even with the high upfront costs of these products. For consumers at tariff levels below US 16 cents (7.6 AFN), however, the cost of providing lighting through these energy-efficient lighting technology options would not be economically viable without providing subsidy to off-set the part of higher upfront costs. 40. At present, CFL-based lighting options may be preferable to LED lighting options due to the lower upfront costs and higher penetration and awareness of CFLs in the market. If advancements in LED technologies and associated cost reductions continue at current rates, it could be expected that LED technologies may be a more economical option than CFL options within the next 2-3 years, due to the lower wattage requirements and significantly enhanced lighting efficiencies that are expected of LEDs. This reduces the overall cost reduction potential over the lifetime of the lighting system. 41. The following energy-efficient lighting options are recommended for on-grid applications. A detailed list of energy-efficient options to replace existing lamps, with associated costs and savings is provided in Annex 4. The cost of purchasing the energy efficient lighting products could be greatly reduced if the government procures a bulk supply of CFLs. This has successfully been used in many World Bank energy efficiency programs to bring lamp costs down to well under US$ 1/lamp (47.30 AFN). Further discussion of the Bank energy efficiency programs in other countries are discussed in the section on implementation. 23 Table 4: Recommended Replacement Options for On-grid Applications (For details, refer Annex 4, Table 13) Initial Average Against Recommended Investment Payback S.No. Application Accepted lux Replacement Lighting required in period* level of USD 3-4 months 1 Home Lighting 50-100 2X11 W CFL 2x40 W GLS (6 hrs/day) 3.5 (166 AFN) 28 (1330 14 months 2 Street/Space Lighting 25-30 2X14 W T-5 70 W SV AFN) (12 hrs/day) *Payback period calculated based on a tariff rate of US 10 cents/unit Barriers to implementation 42. The table below highlights the primary barriers to adoption of energy efficient lighting and the potential mitigation measures, which could be used to overcome these barriers. Table 5: Summary of Major Barriers and Possible Mitigation Approaches S. Major Barriers Possible Mitigation Approaches No (including Recent Developments) 1 Financing and Market a. High Upfront Costs of energy-efficient - Subsidy may be needed for consumers who have lighting lower paying capacity. - Accessing funding sources available for low carbon growth strategies to help provide subsidy - Attracting international suppliers through procuring minimum critical volumes. b. Since LEDs for general lighting - Enlarging market by promoting similar products in applications is a new technology there viable grid connected areas. are limited suppliers of LED lighting systems and controls 2 Institutional Capacity a. Lack of institutional arrangements to - Developing institutional capacity of appropriate support scaling up programs for ministries/ institutions such as MEW, MRRD and energy-efficient lighting DABS with donors support to implement energy efficient solutions. - Use lessons on institutional arrangements from past experiences from National Solidarity Program b. Lack of good systems to ensure quality and other countries of new technologies - Appropriate quality assurance and third party testing system need to be implemented with good standards of specs. - training required on energy-efficient lighting 24 systems at various levels including government staff and central and local level, implementing agencies, utility service providers, and consumers. - Standardization, keeping adequate spares and maintaining skills for regular operation and maintenance will help in managing this risk. 3 Lack of Awareness of Energy-Efficient lighting Products - Awareness campaigns targeting consumers and a. Limited consumer awareness on local distributors on the benefits of energy-efficient choosing products and understanding lighting options benefits and cost savings - Developing “how-to� manuals and materials that can be easily distributed - Demonstrating the use of energy-efficient lighting in a few areas and then ramping up this awareness to other regions 4 Sustainability a. Lack of standards to ensure quality - Develop minimum technical specifications/standards for performance. b. Competition from very low initial cost - Support development of testing programs/facilities products available in the market and seek longer guarantee periods in the initial years. c. Operation and maintenance of systems - Ensure that products that are supplied for government programs meet certain minimum d. Limited distribution and availability quality standards - Appropriate training and materials for local staff e. Fluctuations in availability of renewable and consumers on operations and maintenance of energy resource for off-grid lighting systems systems, due to adverse weather - Setting up hubs to provide local support, spare conditions parts and technical assistance to ensure operations and maintenance of installed systems - Higher autonomy of lighting systems and innovative features like power output regulators would allow lighting products to function at dimmed levels even if power source is restricted or to consciously reduce lighting load as per consumer demand Implementation Strategy 43. An energy efficient lighting initiative in Afghanistan that covers both off-grid and grid-connected customers would include: a) considerations for off-grid electricity generating options (solar PV) and b) a light bulb replacement program. In both cases the goal would be to alleviate the current problems and improve the market for energy efficient lighting. 44. Based on previous experiences with energy and lighting projects in Afghanistan and other countries it is recommended that implementation takes place in a phased approach so that limited resources can be used to address the critical lighting needs first and the supporting framework for sustainability can be developed concurrently. 25 Figure 2: Phasing of Time and Investment for Installation of Energy Efficient Lighting Services 45. The technical specifications for stand-alone solar based lighting systems are attached in Annex 5 for reference. These specifications should help in energy efficient products adhering to international standards. Though additional considerations like higher warranty period, adequate spares, training of personnel and quality assurance mechanism need to be added to the technical specifications as per specific requirement. 46. In developing an appropriate implementation strategy the following would also need to be taken into consideration: current lighting technologies and market trends, key barriers and mitigation measures; institutional capacity for supporting an energy-efficient lighting program; and socio- economic demographics of the beneficiary community. Below is a list of some key factors which could be components of an implemented program. 1. Awareness generation: Awareness campaigns for consumers and local distributors on the benefits of energy-efficient lighting options may prove to be very useful in the present context. Since the project requires a shift from the existing practices, coupled with higher initial investments, it is important to address and influence pre-existing mindsets that may act as a barrier to adoption and use of energy-efficient lighting systems. This is a function that could be carried out by the energy efficiency unit/departments of MRRD; MEW and DABS but would need coordination with local entities to ensure that end-users understand the benefits, capabilities, and costs of these lighting systems. 26 2. Capacity building: Appropriate exposure and training on energy-efficient lighting systems should be provided at various levels including government staff, potential suppliers, implementing agencies, service providers, project facilitators and consumers. At the government level exposure drive should be conducted at a broader level, to cover basic technical aspects, benefits and barriers of energy-efficient lighting options, how the use of these lighting technologies can help to meet electrification planning goals, and considerations for implementing lighting programs. Suppliers and project facilitators would benefit from training on marketing and outreach strategies for energy efficient lighting, project procedures and management of a sustainable service delivery model through lessons from past experiences. Consumers would benefit from training on the advantages of energy-efficient lighting options and guidance on choosing and operating appropriate systems that would meet their lighting needs. The implementing ministry could take a lead in developing the required type of training programmes for various stakeholders. 3. Quality control for energy-efficient lighting market/products Minimum technical/ quality standards should be adopted for energy-efficient lighting products that are used/disseminated as part of a lighting program initiative. This will ensure more effective implementation of the program by eliminating low quality products that could lead to negative perceptions of these new technologies. Selection of supplier of products of standard specifications needs to be identified for the effective implementation of this program. There is also a need for standardization in procurement of energy efficiency lighting products and preparing a listing of available testing facilities. 4. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) M&E arrangements have to be strong for programs of this nature as they involve various stakeholders and a large beneficiary base. A monitoring mechanism that helps to capture quantitative information such as available suppliers, products, and testing standards, as well as qualitative information such as successes, barriers, and lessons learnt will be helpful in drawing lessons for future energy efficient lighting programs and scaling up the proposed program. Such a macro level monitoring system could perhaps be put in place by the implementing agency (for e.g. MRRD or MEW) 5. Leveraging donor coordination Effective leveraging of existing projects or programs would be useful in planning the development of energy-efficient lighting programs/projects. The Government of Afghanistan has undertaken a home lighting system initiative under the multi-donor funded National Solidarity Program (NSP) and a project for the electrification of 100 villages by Central Electronics Ltd. (a Government of India agency). Donor agencies such as World Bank, GTZ, USAID, and Agha Khan Foundation also have experiences from similar programs in other regions. A thorough review of lessons from previous programs and leveraging networks of existing programs in Afghanistan would ensure better success in implementation. 27 6. Rural energy efficiency hubs Local hubs or energy efficiency centres could be set up to demonstrate the use of energy efficient lighting products and provide local support, spare parts and technical assistance to ensure operations and maintenance of installed systems. (Ref. TERI case study Annex 8). 7. Creating rural enterprise Another viable alternative implementation strategy can be to develop one centralized rural enterprise (shop, kiosk) which will provide a facility for a charging station and distribution of solar lanterns without panel base. On one hand, this will help to reduce the unit cost of installation/purchase for the rural consumer and on the other hand, it helps to develop local market and entrepreneurship to sustain such lighting initiatives (refer to Annex 6 for case study examples). 8. Government leadership It will important for the government to consider the value of introducing energy efficient lighting in their broader strategy. They would need to lead this campaign and can garner required collaboration between different players. . Next steps Based on the above analysis, it is clear that energy efficient lighting systems could benefit Afghanistan by extending access to a greater portion of the population, reducing demand on the grid network, and reducing costs for all consumers. The next steps in designing an implementation strategy are a review of delivery models and full economic and financial analysis of the delivery options followed by pilot projects which can be scaled up. 28 References Asaduzzaman, M., Barnes, D., Shahidur, K, March, 2009, Restoring Balance: Bangladesh’s Rural Energy Realities De Keulenaer, H (2002) “Power Quality Self-assessment Guide�, European Copper Institute, Brussels, May 2002, pp 2-3. Foster, R (2005) “Light-emitting diodes: a guide to the technology and its applications�, Building Services Research and Information Association, BSRIA guide no. BG3/2005, p.13. Irvine-Halliday, D, Robertson, K, (2007) “From fossil fuels to solid-state lighting: a ‘small’ solution for a large problem�, LEDs Magazine, Issue 11, Feb 2007, pp 13-16. Jones, K, (1993) “Economic Aspects of Cable Sizing�, International Conference on Electrical Installation Engineering in Europe, IEE Conference publication No. 375. Maher, P, Smith, NPA, Williams, AA, (2003) “Assessment of pico hydro as an option for off-grid electrification in Kenya�, J. Renewable Energy, Vol. 28 Issue 9 (August), pp 1357-69. Mills, E. and Jacobson, A., “The Need for Independent Quality and Performance Testing of Emerging Off-Grid White-LED Illumination Systems for Developing Countries,� Light & Engineering Vol. 16, No. 2, pp 5-24, 2008. Sebitosi, A.B. and Pillay, P., (2003) “White LEDs for Rural Lighting,� IEEE Smith, NPA, Maher, P, Williams, AA, (2000) “Strategies for sustainable and cost-effective village electrification using Pico Hydro Power.� World Renewable Energy Congress, July 2000, Pergamon Press, pp1490 – 1495. Williams A.A., (2007) “Pico hydro for cost-effective lighting�, Boiling Point (publ. by Household Energy Network), No. 53 (May), pp 14-16. Afghanistan Energy Information Center (AEIC) Annual Production Report, 2008. Source: http://www.afghaneic.org/pdf/Daily%20Statistics%20Report/Yearly%20Report%202008.pdf Afghanistan National Development Strategy, Initial Draft Energy Sector Strategy, 2008 – 2013, October 16, 2007. Energy Conservation Building Code Tip Sheet, Building Lighting Design, USAID ECO-III Project, February, 2008 Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan by California Public Utilities Commission, September, 2008 ESMAP Paper, “Energy Strategies for Rural India: Evidence from Six States�, August 2002. 29 ESMAP Technical Paper 121/07, “Technical and Economic Assessment of Off-grid, Mini-grid and Grid Electrification Technologies�, December 2007. From Sunlight to Electricity, A Practical Handbook on Solar Photovoltaic Applications, TERI, 2008 30 ANNEXURES [1-6] 31 Annex 1: Comparative Analysis of Different Lighting Options 16 There are six commonly used lighting technologies that were examined as part of this study. Brief descriptions of each of these technologies are presented below followed by a table that compares them on technical parameters such as efficacy life; lighting quality. Incandescent Lamps Incandescent light is produced by a tiny coil of tungsten wire that glows when it is heated by an electrical current. Unfortunately, 90-95% of the power consumed in this process is emitted as heat, therefore making this process inefficient from an energy standpoint. Incandescent lamps have the shortest lives of the common lighting types. Fluorescent Lamps The light produced by a fluorescent tube is caused by an electric current conducted through mercury and inert gases in a partially evacuated glass tube that is lined with phosphors. Fluorescent lamps need ballasts (devices that control the electricity used) for starting and circuit protection, which means that these lamps do not always start instantly. Fluorescent lighting is about three to four times as efficient as incandescent lighting, although efficiencies vary based on lamp wattage and ballast type (electronic vs. magnetic) and quality. Fluorescent lamps last about 10 times longer than incandescent lamps, but for optimum efficiency, should be installed in places where they remain on for several hours at a time. Compact Fluorescent Lamps CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps) combine the efficiency of fluorescent lighting with the convenience and popularity of incandescent fixtures. Although CFLs cost about 10 to 20 times more than comparable incandescent bulbs, they last 10 to 15 times as long. This energy saving and superior longevity makes CFLs one of the best energy-efficient investments available. High-intensity discharge Lamps HID (high-intensity discharge) lamps are a suitable alternative to high wattage incandescent lamps, where intense, concentrated light is required. They are commonly used for outdoor lighting, and in large indoor areas. These lamps use an electric arc to produce intense light. They also require ballasts, and take a few seconds to produce light when first turned on because the ballast needs time to establish the electric arc. The three most common types of HID lamps are mercury vapor, metal halide, and high-pressure sodium. HID lamps and fixtures can save 75%—90% of lighting energy when they replace incandescent lamps and fixtures. 16 Adapted from Energy Conservation Building Code Tip Sheet, Building Lighting Design, USAID ECO-III Project, February, 2008 32 a. Mercury vapor Mercury Vapor (MV) lamps use a high-pressure mercury discharge that directly generates visible light. This is the oldest type of HID lighting, and is used primarily for street lighting. MV lamps have lower efficacy than fluorescent and other HID lamps. Most indoor mercury vapor lighting has been replaced by metal halide lighting, which has better colour rendering and efficiency. b. Metal Halide These lamps are similar in construction and appearance to mercury vapor lamps but have the addition of iodides of metals such as thallium, indium, and sodium to the arc tube, which makes them produce a higher quantity and quality of light than MV lamps. However, after a shut down or power interruption these lamps may require as much as 10-15minutes to restart. c. Sodium Lamps In sodium vapor lamps, a high frequency, high voltage pulse ionizes a rare gas, such as xenon, in an enclosed tube. This is fast becoming the most common type of outdoor lighting. Sodium lamps vary widely in efficacy and color quality, and performance is very sensitive to the gas pressure inside the tube. Sodium lamps are used in applications where color quality is not as important because they render colors in tones of yellow or grey and improving the quality of light can significantly reduce their efficacy. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) LEDs use solid-state electronics to create light. In the past few years, solid-stare lighting in general and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) in particular have received more attention than any other lighting technology. Major elements in the packaging of an LED include a heat sink to dissipate the energy that is not converted into light, a lens to direct the light output, and leads to connect the LED to a circuit. LEDs are rapidly increasing in efficacy, light output, and color availability while decreasing in cost. LED products can operate both on AC and DC current. Universal input ranges and the ability to sustain voltage fluctuations make LED products a good option for rural applications. LED lamps, or more specifically white LEDS, are believed to produce nearly 200 times more useful light than a kerosene lamp and almost 50 times the amount of useful light of a conventional incandescent bulb. Table 6 shows the comparative characteristics of these different lighting technologies. 33 Table 6: Comparative Analysis of Different Lighting Technologies Parameter Conventional TFL CFL Mercury Metal halide Sodium LED Incandescent Vapor Vapor Efficacy (lumens 10-20 40-90 25-70 35-65 70-130 50-150 80-120 per Watt) (incl. ballast losses) Lamp Life 1,000 5,000 (T-12 & 6,000-10,000 6,000- 8,000 15,000 12,000-15,000 50,000 (hours) T-8) 18,000 (T-8 high lumen & T-5) Ballast Life NA 50,000 10,000 10,000 15,000 15,000 50,000 (hours) Lighting quality 100 45-89 70 50 75 20 80-89 in terms of CRI on a scale of 100 Distribution of        light in terms of spread Power factor Not an issue Ballasts with Ballasts with Ballasts with Ballasts with Ballast with high Not an issue high power high and low high power high power power factor factor are power factor factor are factor are available but available –but are available available but available but some have low ballasts with but some have some have low some have low power factor. low power low power power factor. power factor. factor are factor. cheaper and widely available. Effect of Minimal Serious loss of Serious loss of Minimal loss at Minimal loss at Minimal loss at Performance is temperature light output light output temperatures > temperatures > temperatures > not impacted as above and above and 30�C 30�C 30�C temperatures below below drop optimum lamp optimum lamp temperature of temperature of 38�C 38�C Harmonic None High CFLs with Minor if ballasts Minor if ballasts Minor if ballasts Very low distortion distortions electronic are magnetic are magnetic are magnetic occur in ballasts have cheaper significant electronic harmonic ballasts distortions – cheaper CFLs have higher levels than others NA 90% 80% 80% 87.50% 90%. However, 95% Energy saving due to its low potential CRI, its compared to application is incandescent limited. lamps 34 The different lighting technologies are compared based on lifetime of lamps, CRI, efficacy, and market penetration in the figures below. Figure 3: Comparison of Lamp Life and CRI for Different Lighting Options Lighting Options 120 60000 100 50000 80 40000 Life (in hours) CRI 60 30000 40 20000 20 10000 0 0 CRI Life Figure 4: Comparison of Efficacy for Different Lighting Options Efficacy in Lumens/Watt 200 150 100 50 0 Figure 5: Global Market Penetration of Different Lighting Options* 5% 100% LED Market Penetration 80% TFL CFL 60% 80% 70% 40% 20% 0% Metal halide Sodium vapour 70% *Source: Data compiled from various industry sources 50% Incandescent Mercury vapour 35 100% 80% Annex 2: Basic Consumer Lighting Applications and Technologies to meet those Needs The following table presents lighting technology options available and corresponding wattage requirements to meet basic consumer lighting needs. Table 7: Comparison of Lighting Technologies to Meet Basic Consumer Lighting Applications Major Group Typical Lux Levels Lighting Technology and Corresponding Wattage Requirement to Application Applications Required Meet Lux levels (in Watts) within group LED CFL Sodium Mercury Metal TFL GLS Vapor Vapor Halide Residential Lighting for 50 – 150 5-10 9-18 NA NA NA NA 40-80 lighting cooking, reading, general illumination Outdoor lighting Street and 20-25 75 110 250 400 150 100 1500 outdoor area lighting Community Indoor general 100-200 10-20 36 NA NA NA 14-40 200 Lighting illumination (indoor) applications e.g. mosques, community halls *NA applies to technologies that cannot produce light at the required lux levels to meet the needs of the corresponding lighting application. 36 Annex 3: Financial Analysis Energy Efficient Lighting Options in Off-grid Applications Approach and Assumptions for Financial Analysis The discounted LCC (Life cycle cost) analysis method was used to calculate the viability of energy- efficient lighting options in off-grid areas. According to the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis method, solar PV-based systems are much more economically viable than alternative sources such as grid and diesel when the electrical loads are smaller and dispersed, as in the case of rural Afghanistan because solar PV systems can be designed to meet the demand required for smaller loads. In the case of diesel generator sets, on the other hand, one has to buy a minimum practical sized generator, which may still be oversized for rural applications. PV System costing is done using the per watt peak cost of the module. There are varying estimates available on the cost contribution of the solar modules, ranging from 42% to 52%. The thumb rule is that the total cost of the PV module is nearly 50% of the system cost. In the BOS (Balance of system), the battery cost is 15% and the cost of charge controllers, inverters, and other electrical equipment is also 15%. The balance 20% consists of the indirect costs, which mainly includes taxes. It is logical to arrive at the best system cost estimates after evaluating a suitable system design. Once the system designing has been completed, one can calculate the approximate cost of the system. Table 8: Typical Lifespan of Solar PV Components Component Years Module 25 Charge Controller 15 Inverter 5-15 Batteries (solar) 4-6 Wiring > 10 Source: From Sunlight to Electricity, A Practical Handbook on Solar Photovoltaic Applications, TERI, 2008 37 The key assumptions used in the financial analysis for stand-alone solar PV lighting systems are included below: 1. 20 year lifecycle for system; 365 days of use in a year; 2. 6 hours of operation for residential and community lighting applications; 3. 12 hours of operation for street/outdoor lighting applications; 4. 3 days of redundancy/autonomy built-in; 5. Net Present Value (NPV) using a discount rate of 12%; 6. Battery life of five years* 7. Operations and Maintenance (O&M) assumed to be 10% of battery and converter assembly costs *Sensitivity analysis was done assuming a battery life of 3 years, and it was determined that the recommended options still appeared to be the most viable in all cases. In calculating the NPV of each of the energy efficient lighting options the costs associated with the inflows and outflows were determined on the parameters outlined in the schematic diagram below: Figure 6: Schematic description of financial cost calculations Schematic description of Financial A nalysis for Energy Fuel Efficient Lighting Options (kerosene/Diesel) Replacement Costs Inflows E conomic B enefits+ (not quantified) Capital Costs* Off Grid Outflows Applic ations Stand-alone O& M Costs E ner gy Tariffs E fficient Lighting Inflows Analysis A nnual E nergy S avings On Grid Applic ations Capital Costs Outflows O& M Costs Capital Cost: S olar P anel + B attery + Converter A ssembly + Lamp & Luminaire E conom ic Benefits: increased community safety/education/recreation/health benefits 38 Framework for Financial Analysis for Off-grid Lighting Applications An LCC analysis was undertaken for the eight energy efficient options that were short-listed for off-grid applications. The analysis revealed that generally the unit cost of generation associated with LEDs is lower than that of CFL. However, per day expenditure over a 20 year lifetime is lower for LEDs compared to CFLs. It is evident from the above analysis that for the solar PV based lighting systems; LED based lighting solutions provide better economics over 20-year life cycle. Thus, the study recommends LED based energy efficient lighting products. For community lighting and street lighting applications, however, T-5 FTLs have been found to be the most viable option. A comparison of unit costs of generation and per day expenditures for LEDs, TFLs, and CFLs are provided in the figures below. Figure 7: Unit Cost of Generation (USD) For Solar-Based Energy Efficient Lighting Options Figure 8: Per day Expenditure (USD) For Solar-Based Energy Efficient Lighting Options (assuming a 20 year lifetime) 39 Per day expenditure for solar based LED/T5 Vs CFL 0.3 USD per day 0.2 0.1 0 Portable Lighting Home Lighting Community Street Lighting Lighting For CFL For LED/T-5 Indicative Calculations For Typical Configuration(s): Indicative cost calculations for a 5W LED portable lights and 14W T-5 light, based on the analysis conducted are presented in tables 9 and 10 below. 5 W LED portable light The total number of hours in a year for which LED will be used is 2190 hrs (@ 365X6 hrs/day). One 5W LED system will generate 10.95 KWh (2190 X 5 hrs)/1000) each year. Computed cost per unit equals 0.4259 USD (NPV divided by total investment i.e. 93.28/219 at annual discount rate of 12%). For a 5 W LED this will imply a cost of 0.0212 $ ((0.42 $ X 5)/1000) per hour. Use of this device for 6 hrs each day will entail a cost of 0.12 $ (0.0212X6) (5.69 AFN). Table 9: Cost Calculation for Solar Portable Light (5 W LED) in USD Year Capital Investment Total Total For Generation Equipments for 5 W For 5 W LED Capital annual Solar panel Battery Converter Annual Sub- Luminaire Lamp Annual Sub- cost generation assembly O&M total O&M total in units Cost cost 0 34 12 8 0 54 8 12 0 20 74 0 (1608.20 (567.60 (378.40 (2554.20 (378.40 (567.60 (3500.30 AFN) AFN) AFN) AFN) AFN) AFN) AFN) 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 3 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 4 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 5 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 6 0 12 0 2 14 0 0 0 0 14 10.95 7 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 8 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 9 0 0 8 2 10 0 0 0 0 10 10.95 40 Table 9: Cost Calculation for Solar Portable Light (5 W LED) in USD (contd.) Year Capital Investment Total Total For Generation Equipments for 5 W For 5 W LED Capital annual Solar panel Battery Converter Annual Sub- Luminaire Lamp Annual Sub- cost generation assembly O&M total O&M total in units Cost cost 10 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 11 0 12 0 2 14 0 0 0 0 14 10.95 12 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 13 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 14 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 15 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 16 0 12 0 2 14 0 0 0 0 14 10.95 17 0 0 8 2 10 0 0 0 0 10 10.95 18 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 19 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 20 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 10.95 Total investment on generation for 20 years 146 Total investment of lamp & 20 166 219 (6905.80) Luminaire (7,851.80 AFN) NPV for 20 years 93.28 (4412.14 AFN) Table 10: Cost Calculation for 14 W T-5 Community Lighting System Year Capital Investment Total Total For Generation Equipments for 15 W For 14 W T-5 Capital cost annual Solar Battery Converter Annual Sub- Luminaire Lamp Annual Sub- generation panel assembly O&M total O&M total in units Cost cost 0 102 36 12 0 150 6 2 0 8 158 0 (4824.60 (1702.80 (567.60 AFN) (7095.00 (284.70 AFN) (94.90 (7502.20 AFN) AFN) AFN) AFN) AFN) 1 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 2 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 3 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 4 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 5 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 6 0 36 0 4.8 40.8 0 0 0 0 40.8 32.85 7 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 8 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 9 0 0 12 4.8 16.8 0 0 0 0 16.8 32.85 10 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 11 0 36 0 4.8 40.8 0 0 0 0 40.8 32.85 41 Table 10: Cost Calculation for 14 W T-5 Community Lighting System (contd.) Year Capital Investment Total Total For Generation Equipments for 15 W For 14 W T-5 Capital cost annual Solar Battery Converter Annual Sub- Luminaire Lamp Annual Sub- generation panel assembly O&M total O&M total in units Cost cost 12 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 13 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 14 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 15 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 16 0 36 0 4.8 40.8 0 2 0 2 42.8 32.85 17 0 0 12 4.8 16.8 0 0 0 0 16.8 32.85 18 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 19 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 20 0 0 0 4.8 4.8 0 0 0 0 4.8 32.85 Total investment on generation for 20 years 378 Total investment of lamp & 10 388 657 (17948) Luminaire (18,352.40 AFN) NPV for 20 years 209.57 (9912.66 AFN) One 14W (T-5) system will entail a cost of 0.28$/day (13.2 AFN/day). 42 Annex 4: Financial Analysis for Energy Efficient Lighting Options in Grid- Connected Areas The analysis for grid-connected areas was further subdivided into best options for new grid-connected consumers, where infrastructure for electricity supply is being developed, and existing grid-connected customers. As a result, two types of analysis were undertaken for grid-connected consumers: a. Financial viability of integrating recommended energy-efficient lighting options identified for off-grid applications into grid-connected areas so that back-up can be provided through solar generation vs. diesel-based generation; and b. Costs and energy savings associated with replacement of existing fixtures with energy efficient lighting options. Dual-Mode Energy-Efficient Lighting Options The table below presents a summary of recommended options for grid-integrated energy-efficient lighting options, backed by solar PV. Table 11: Dual-Mode Energy-Efficient Lighting Options for Grid connected consumers Application Average Recommended Against Total Total Cost of Energy at Recommended Lighting options Replacement Investment O&M Cost which proposed lux level (solar based) of required in 20 in USD in lighting system is years in USD 20 years viable in USD cents/unit (AFNs/unit) Grid Based LED and T-5 options Home Lighting 100 2X5 W LED 2x40 W GLS 184.8 43.40 14.17 (670) Portable Lighting 100 5 W LED 40 W GLS 101.4 27.7 15.35 (726) Street/ Outdoor 25 2X14 W T-5 70 W SV 819.80 190.40 34.85 Space Lighting (1646.04) Community Lighting 100 14 W T-5 100 W GLS 218.20 59.10 13.30 (629.09) Grid-based CFL options Home Lighting 100 2X9 W CFL* 2x40 W GLS 452.20 120.20 46.24 (2187) Portable Lighting 100 9 W CFL 40 W GLS 157.20 43.40 26.42 (1249) Community Lighting 100 20 W CFL* 100 W GLS 563.60 153.60 48.13 (2276.55) Street/space 25 36 W CFL 70 W SV 1000.48 237.80 55.3 Lighting (2615.69) * Power factor of 0.5. Please note that portable lights come with a non-retrofit CFL hence power factor (PF) is around 0.8 and above. 43 It was found that LED based lighting options are cost viable over 20-year period compared to CFL based options. However, CFLs with high power factor (>0.85) are a competitive alternative. CFLs currently available in the Afghanistan market are typically of low power factor i.e. 0.5 and below. Recommended Energy Efficient Lighting Options for Replacement of Existing Lamps17 Cost calculations for replacement of existing lamps with energy efficient lighting options were considered based on the methodology presented in the table below: Table 12: Sample Cost Calculation Methodology for Replacement 1. Application : Replacing existing lamp (e.g. conventional incandescent) with more energy efficient lighting technology (e.g. CFL) 2. Existing type of lamp and : (a) 100 W incandescent wattage 3. Proposed lamp and wattage : (b) 20 W CFL 4.Average hours of use per day = (c) 6 hrs 5. No. of days per year (d) 365 days 6.Savings per light fitting = a - b watts = (e) 100-20 = 80W 6.Total energy saving per year = c x d x e /1000 units = (f) 80W x 6hrs x 365days /1000 = 175.2kWh or units 7. Annual Cost Savings @ USD per = (g) = 175.2kWh x 0.1 {power tariff (USD per unit )} unit (h) = US$ 17.5 (827.75 AFN) Investment (cost of fixture) = (h) US$ 2 (94.6 AFN) Simple Payback period = (h/g) 0.114years (less than 2 months) Cost calculations, energy saving potential and approximate pay-back period for various energy efficient lighting options are considered in the table below for existing residential, street, and outdoor community lighting applications. 17 All cost calculations were based on a tariff assumption of 10 US cents/unit (~ 4.73 AFN/unit) 44 Table 13: Recommended Energy Efficient Lighting Options for Replacement of Existing Lamps S.No. Replace Picture of With Picture of Energy saving Estimated Approximate Conventional Energy Per lamp in Cost per Pay-back Light Efficient Watts Fitting Period Lighting GENERAL RESIDENTIAL LIGHTING 1 T-12 with electro- T-5 with 55 – 30 = 25 12 USD (567 Around Twenty Six months @ 6hrs magnetic choke Electronic choke AFN) working/day 2 100 W Incandescent 20 W CFL 100- 20 = 80 2 USD (94.6 Less than 2 months @ 6hrs working/day AFN) 3 100 W Incandescent 10W LED 100-10 = 90 40 USD Two years @ 6hrs working/day (1,892 AFN) 4 60 W Incandescent 15W CFL 60- 15 = 45 1.8 USD 2 to 3 months @ 6hrs working/day (85.14 AFN) 5 40 W Incandescent 11W CFL 40-11= 29 1.7USD 3 to 4months @ 6hrs working/day (80.41 AFN) 6 40 W Incandescent 5W LED 40-5 =35 20USD (946 Around Two and a half years @ 6hrs AFN) working/day 7 25 W Incandescent 5W CFL 25-5 = 20 1.6 USD 4-5 months @ 6hrs working/day (75.68 AFN) STREET LIGHTING 8 250W Sodium 3 x 36 W CFL 280-110= 170 100 USD 16-17 months @ 12hrs working/day Vapor (4,730 AFN) 9 150W Sodium Vapor 4 x 14W T-5 175 – 60 =115 90 USD 21-22 months @ 12hrs working/day (4,257 AFN) 10 70W Sodium Vapor 36W CFL 85- 38 = 47 20 USD (946 Around 11 months @ 12hrs working/day with electronic AFN) ballast 11 40W FTL having 2 X 11 W CFL 55- 24= 31 18 USD (851 15-16 months @ 12hrs working/day copper choke with electronic AFN) ballast 12 40W FTL 28W T-5 55- 30 = 25 18 USD (851 Around 20 months @ 12hrs working/day AFN) COMMUNITY OUTDOOR LIGHTING 13 400W Mercury Vapor 7 x 24 W T-5 440 – 174 =266 130 USD 13-14 months @ 12hrs working/day (6149 AFN) 14 150W MH 3 X 36W CFL 175 – 110 = 65 100 USD Around Three and Half years @ 12hrs (4730 AFN) working/day 15 250W MH 5x 36W CFL 280 – 180 = 100 130 USD Around 3 years @ 12hrs working/day (6149AFN) Note : The pay back period above is calculated on the basis of 365 days working and a power tariff of 0.1USD per kwh or Unit 45 Annex 5: Sample Technical Specifications for Recommended Lighting Products18 1. Technical specifications of 5 W led portable light source for residential applications Figure 9: Solar portable 5 W LED Light Key features  Portable, Lightweight, All-weather durable and easy to use.  Super bright white LED with 60,000 hour life expectancy gives a lovely ambient lighting.  Manual On/OFF with automatically switching through dusk/dawn.  High capacity Lead Acid Battery (Sealed Maintenance Free).  Output for Mobile charging – As most of the people are using mobiles in Afghanistan, therefore mobile charging option is provided for their convenience and ease  Rugged and dependable.  Silent operation.  Omni directional light.  ABS plastic body in attractive colour.  Suitable for AC as well as DC charging – To increase the product flexibility, user can use it with Solar PV i.e. DC charging and in case of Grid Area , user can use it with AC charging i.e. Grid Power  Cut off provision for at 30% DOD  Dimmer is to be provided so that a user can use the lantern at lower wattage and can get more back up time. In case if he needs lower light output he can reduce it or if he wants higher light output than he can increase it as per his requirement by using a dimmer. 18 Sources of Specifications: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (Govt. of India) , OSRAM, PHILIPS , TATA BP SOLAR , G.S. Enterprises and website of pvgap.org (Photo Voltaic Global Approval Program) 46 PV Modules For the Crystalline Module the relevant PVGAP standard is PVRS2� Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic modules “The applicable international standard for modules IEC 61215:1993 crystalline silicon terrestrial modules design qualification and design approval. The PV modules must be warranted to retain at least 90% of its rated capacity measured at STC for at least ten years.  Highly resistant to rain, water, abrasion and hail impact.  Anodized aluminum frame with pre-drilled mounting holes.  High impact resistant, toughened glass. Batteries The relevant PVGAP standard is PVRS5 “Lead Acid batteries for solar voltaic energy system (modified automotive batteries)�. The applicable international standards for batteries IEC 61427 IEC 2001 Ed2, secondary cells and batteries for Solar Photovoltaic Energy system (PVES) – General requirement and Methods of test. Deep Cycles batteries are preferred.  Protected from overcharging, deep discharge and reverse polarity.  Battery cut off at Minimum depth of discharge  Life of the battery: 5 years and sensitivity analysis done for 3 yrs.  LEDs for “Battery Charging� and deep discharge protection Note: reverse polarity means if the battery connections are wrongly done or interchanged. Table 14: Technical specifications of module and battery for solar portable light BATTERY 12v / 10 Ah @ C/20, Max Do D 70% DAILY USE 5-6 HRS (in case if he uses at 5w full load) EMERGENCY USE 14-16 HRS (in case if he uses at 5w full load) PROTECTION Reverse Polarity , Low Volt short circuit , Overload SPV MODULE 10wp measured at 16.4 V as V load Module Voc minimum of 21 V Note: Illumination angle is also an important parameter in the choice of lamp technology. For general lighting, CFLs are the best choice, but if the lighting is for reading or doing handicraft work that requires only a limited illumination area, then LED-based lamps can be a good choice as they have high luminous efficacy and very long lamp life. The costs of LED lamps are still falling, while the efficiencies are improving. In the future they are likely to be a sensible choice for household lighting. 47 3. Technical Specifications for 2X5 W LED Home Lighting System with one fixed and one portable light source Figure 10: 2X5 W LED Home Lighting System Home lighting system Two lamps sources are provided. One movable type i.e. Lantern and other is Fixed type. In a two room house, one fixed type fixture can be installed on wall in one rooms and other movable i.e. Lantern Type can be kept in the other room. The Movable type is suggested for the purpose of providing greater flexibility of use. Key features  Portable, Lightweight, All-weather durable and easy to use.- Lanterns  Super bright white LED with 60,000 hour life expectancy gives a lovely ambient lighting.  Manual On/OFF with automatically switching through dusk/dawn.  High capacity Lead Acid Battery (Sealed Maintenance Free).  Output for Mobile charging – As most of the people are using mobiles in Afghanistan , therefore mobile charging option is provided for their convenience and ease 48  Rugged and dependable.  Silent operation.  Omni directional light. In case of portable type product and aesthetically beautiful luminarie for wall mounting application for fixed use having acrylic cover and beautiful plastic side caps.  ABS plastic body in attractive color.  Suitable for AC as well as DC charging – To reduce the no of options; product should be capable to use with AC as well as DC charging. In case of Non grid Areas , user can use it with Solar PV ie DC charging and in case of Grid Area , user can use it with AC charging i.e. Grid Power  Cut off provision for at 30% DOD  Dimmer is to be provided so that a user can use the lantern at lower wattage and can get more back up time. In case if he needs lower light output he can reduce it or if he wants higher light output than he can increase it as per his requirement by using a dimmer. Note: Generally in case of Afghanistan people are using candles or kerosene bulbs. In comparison with the existing sources of lighting a lower wattage products are suitable ( which are generally available in the market ) but products are suggested and selected in such a way that user should feel that they have got products having value addition PV Modules: Crystalline Module are required and the relevant PVGAP standard is PVRS2�Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic modules “The applicable international standard for modules IEC 61215:1993 crystalline silicon terrestrial modules design qualification and design approval. The PV modules must be warranted to retain at least 90% of its rated capacity measured at STC for at least ten years.  Highly resistant to rain, water, abrasion and hail impact.  Anodized aluminum frame with pre-drilled mounting holes.  High impact resistant, toughened glass. Batteries : The relevant PVGAP standard is PVRS5 “Lead Acid batteries for solar voltaic energy system (modified automotive batteries). The applicable international standards for batteries IEC 61427 IEC 2001 Ed2, secondary cells and batteries for Solar Photovoltaic Energy system (PVES) – General requirement and Methods of test. Deep Cycles batteries are preferred.  Protected from overcharging, deep discharge and reverse polarity.  Battery cut off at Minimum depth of discharge  Life of the battery: 5 years and sensitivity analysis done for 3 yrs. Note: REVERSE POLARITY means if the battery connections are wrongly done or interchanged. Indications:-  LEDs for “Battery Charging� and deep discharge protection 49 Technical specifications of module and battery Table 15: Technical specifications of module and battery for 2x5W LED Home Lighting System Type of lamp Battery Solar Module Operation Emergency use 2 X 5W LED 12V , 20Ah @ 20Wp measured at 5-6 Hrs /day 14- 16 hrs C/20, Max Do D 16.4 V as load 70% Module Voc minimum of 21 V Note: Sources of Specifications are Govt. of India, OSRAM, PHILIPS, TATA BP SOLAR, G.S.Enterprises and website of pvgap.org (Photo Voltaic Global Approval Program) 50 2. Technical specifications for 14 W T-5 Lighting for indoor community applications Figure 11: 14 W T-5 Light Housing: Energy efficient Tube light assembly made up of PVC extrusion body (For stand alone application) complete within built electronic ballast and lamp Specifications of Ballasts: 1. Operating Voltage : 150 VAC to 300 VAC 2. Minimum Voltage at which lamp starts : 150 VAC 3. Power Factor : > 0.95 4. Lamp start : Pre heat time less than 2 seconds 5. Rated Life of electronics : 50000 burning hours 6. Operating temperature : Up to 60 degree Centigrade 7. Protections : Input over current a. Open Circuit b. Deactivated lamp c. Cathode Open 8. Supply Current Harmonics : Conforming to IEC 1000 -0-2 THD : < 10% 9. System consumption : 14w Lamps: 1 Rated Life : 10,000 burning hours 2. Lumen : 1200 lumens per lamp PV Modules: Crystalline Module are required and the relevant PVGAP standard is PVRS2�Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic modules “The applicable international standard for modules IEC 61215:1993 crystalline silicon terrestrial modules design qualification and design approval. The PV modules must be warranted to retain at least 90% of its rated capacity measured at STC for at least ten years.  Highly resistant to rain, water, abrasion and hail impact. 51  Anodized aluminum frame with pre-drilled mounting holes.  High impact resistant, toughened glass. Batteries: The relevant PVGAP standard is PVRS5 “Lead Acid batteries for solar voltaic energy system (modified automotive batteries) “. The applicable international standards for batteries IEC 61427 IEC 2001 Ed2, secondary cells and batteries for Solar Photovoltaic Energy system (PVES) – General requirement and Methods of test. Deep Cycles batteries are preferred.  Low self-discharge, highly reliable, low maintenance tubular battery  Protected from overcharging, deep discharge and reverse polarity.  Battery cut off at Minimum depth of discharge  Life of the battery: 5 years and sensitivity analysis done for 3 yrs. Note: REVERSE POLARITY means if the battery connections are wrongly done or interchanged. Indications  LEDs for “Battery Charging�, “Battery Low� and “Battery Overcharge� Table 16: Technical Specifications of solar module and battery for 14W T-5 Solar Community Light S.No. ITEM SPECIFICATION Value 1 Solar Module Crystalline 30 Wp measured at 16.4 V as V load Module Voc minimum of 21 V 2 Battery Lead-Acid 12V, 30 Ah @ C/20, Max Do D 70% 3 Charge Controller Microprocessor based PWM Charger Provided 4 Daily use Working Hours 5-6 hrs a day 5 Emergency Use Working Hours 14- 16 hrs 6 Module Structure, Galvanized M.S. angle Iron structure Provided Battery Box etc. suitable for SPV Module and Battery Box with Acid Resistant paint 52 4. Technical specifications of 2 x 14w T-5 Solar Street light for outdoor community/street application Figure 12: 2 x 14w T-5 Solar-Based Street light Streetlight luminaries suitable for T5 lamps (14 W) with suitable ballasts; complete with housing, lamps, high quality reflector as per following specifications: Housing: 1. Body made up of Aluminum housing 2. All electrical accessories such as electronic ballasts, lamp holders etc., are pre-wired to a terminal block and mounted on an easily detachable gear plate. 3. Hinging arrangement for cover (bowl). 4. High purity aluminum brightened anodized reflector fitted inside. 5. Stainless toggles for fixing UV stabilized acrylic bowl for housing 6. Conformance to IP 65 Ingress Protection. Ballasts : 1. Operating Voltage : 150 VAC to 300 VAC 2. Minimum Voltage at which lamp starts : 150 VAC 3. Power Factor : > 0.95 4. Lamp start : Pre heat time less than 2 seconds 5. Rated Life of electronics : 50000 burning hours 6. Operating temperature : Up to 60 degree Centigrade 7. Protections : Input over current a. Open Circuit b. Deactivated lamp c. Cathode Open 8. Supply Current Harmonics : Conforming to IEC 1000 -0-2 THD : < 10% 9. System consumption : 30w 53 Lamps : 1 Rated Life : 15,000 burning hours 2. Lumen : 1200lumens per lamp PV Modules: Crystalline Module are required and the relevant PVGAP standard is PVRS2�Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic modules “The applicable international standard for modules IEC 61215:1993 crystalline silicon terrestrial modules design qualification and design approval. The PV modules must be warranted to retain at least 90% of its rated capacity measured at STC (Standard test conditions) for at least ten years.  Highly resistant to rain, water, abrasion and hail impact.  Anodized aluminum frame with pre-drilled mounting holes.  High impact resistant, toughened glass. Batteries: The relevant PVGAP standard is PVRS5 “Lead Acid batteries for solar voltaic energy system (modified automotive batteries). The applicable international standards for batteries IEC 61427 IEC 2001 Ed2, secondary cells and batteries for Solar Photovoltaic Energy system (PVES) – General requirement and Methods of test. Deep Cycles batteries are preferred.  Low self-discharge, highly reliable, low maintenance tubular battery  Protected from overcharging, deep discharge and reverse polarity.  Battery cut off at Minimum depth of discharge  Life of the battery: 5 years and sensitivity analysis done for 3 yrs. Note: REVERSE POLARITY means if the battery connections are wrongly done or interchanged . Indications:  LEDs for “Battery Charging�, “Battery Low� and “Battery Overcharge� Electronics:  PWM type MOSFET version inverter  Dusk to dawn operation, automatic switch ON and OFF  Temperature compensated battery charging Features:  Low maintenance; One time installation; High reliability and durability; Suitable up to 6meters pole height 54 Table 17: Technical Specifications of solar module and battery for 2 x 14W T-5 Solar Street light S.No. ITEM SPECIFIATION Value 1 Solar Module Crystalline 120 Wp measured at 16.4 V as V load Module Voc minimum of 21 V 2 Battery Lead-Acid 12V, 120 Ah C/20, Max Do D 70% 3 Charge Controller Microprocessor based Provided PWM Charger 4 Operation Working Hours at night Dusk to Dawn 5 Emergency Use Working Hours at night 3nights 6 Module Structure, Battery Box etc. Galvanized M.S. angle Provided Iron structure suitable for SPV Module and Battery Box with Acid Resistant paint 55 Annex 6: Sample Case Study TERI Case Study Project name: Lighting a Billion Lives - http://labl.teriin.org/ Implementing agency: The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) Key program highlights: The project aims to distribute 200 Million solar lanterns to 1 billion rural people in India (where kerosene is the predominant fuel for lighting), and create local entrepreneur driven delivery channels for distribution and servicing of solar lanterns. It is being implemented through Campaign Anchors/Implementation Partners (could be grass-roots level organizations -NGO sector/local government units). Modular solar charging stations for 50 lanterns in identified villages are set up. As far as financing is concerned, cost of implementing in one village includes hardware cost for the charging station with solar panels and 50 lanterns; transportation of material at site; labour charges for installing the station; selection, training, hand-holding of entrepreneurs; and operations and maintenance (O&M) of the charging station and the lanterns. Coordination and monitoring starts at grass-roots level where the charging station entrepreneur keeps records of daily operations of his/her charging station. These records are compiled on a monthly basis by the Campaign anchor and sent to TERI which maintains a detailed Monitoring Information System (MIS). This program has been implemented in 9 Indian states and in 100 villages. Lessons for Afghanistan In the immediate time frame, Govt. of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan can adopt similar approach and in the 1st phase undertake effective distribution of solar home lighting and portable lighting systems, in addition to community and street lighting systems. As local entrepreneurship is developed over time; TERI model of common charging station can be adopted – which can potentially lower the per user cost of the lighting system and also provide incentive to increase productive load per community. Another significant advantage of this model is ready availability of O&M services to the off-grid consumer. 56