INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY AFRICA HUMAN CAPITAL PLAN YEAR TWO PROGRESS REPORT JUNE 2021 CONTENTS Looking Back 3 Investing in People is More Important Than Ever 5 Intensifying Focus on Human Capital in Africa 8 Scaling-Up Financing 11 Partnering for Cross-Sectoral Solutions 14 Supporting Policy Reform 17 Accelerating Demographic Change 20 Delivering in FCV Situations 23 Leveraging Technology and Innovation 26 Expanding Knowledge for Results 29 Looking Ahead 32 Africa Human Capital Plan Results Framework 34 Copyright © 2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. 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Because Page 24: Ousmane Traore/World Bank The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work Page 27: Trevor Samson /World Bank may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes. Page 30: Jonathan Ernst/World Bank Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be Page 33: Capture World Studio/World Bank addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@ worldbank.org. Report design: BitterSweet Creative, Washington DC LOOKING BACK over the past year, the COVID-19 crisis has wreaked havoc on the health, knowledge, skills, and resilience of people worldwide, hitting vulnerable populations and households particularly hard in Sub-Saharan Africa. It could permanently erode the human capital of an entire generation. This report tells the story of how the World Bank Group has supported countries in Africa to weather the storm during the past year, guided by its Africa Human Capital Plan launched in 2019. It is a story of speed, scale, and ambition and an enduring commitment to investing in Africa’s people. During its fiscal year 2021, the World Bank reached a historic level of human development financing for African countries, committing over $8.96 billion to support core health, education, and social safety nets services. That exceeds the Plan’s yearly target by close to 80 percent. Of that amount, IDA financing represents $8.1 billion. We have made great strides in tackling human capital challenges upstream, supporting countries to solve bottlenecks at the policy level. Nine out of 10 World Bank development policy operations in Africa in FY21 supported reforms that bolster human capital, such as expanding social safety nets, adopting school feeding programs, and setting up vaccination plans. “For tomorrow We have also thrown our full weight behind the empowerment of women and girls, belongs to the through high-profile advocacy work, cross-sectoral interventions that highlight our capability to bring comprehensive solutions, and over $6 billion of financing for new people who projects championing women since the launch of the Africa Human Capital Plan. prepare for it Our efforts bolster governments, civil society, private sector actors, and development partners who share a commitment to equip every African girl and boy, woman and today.” man to achieve their full potential and pursue a path to greater prosperity. African Proverb This report not only tells our story, but also that of seventh-grader Nickson in Tanzania; of Mukagasana, a mother and entrepreneur in Rwanda; of Eric, a farmer in Togo; and of sisters Ami and Awa in Mali. They represent the reason behind our work and Africa’s greatest wealth: its people. Mamta Murthi Hafez Ghanem Ousmane Diagana Vice President, Regional Vice President, Regional Vice President, Human Development Eastern and Southern Africa Western and Central Africa 3 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY 4 INVESTING IN PEOPLE IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN EVER In just a year, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted According to the 2020 Human Capital Index (HCI), millions of lives and livelihoods across Africa with Sub-Saharan Africa had been making human capital gains staggering ferocity. It has underscored the imperative in the decade preceding the pandemic, but progress is of protecting people in times of shocks and crisis. In uneven and large deficits remain. Countries reporting addition to the loss of life, income, and the ability to make the most HCI gains, such as Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, income, COVID-19 has posed risks to people through Eswatini, Lesotho, and Togo, have either a high level of disruptions in access to essential health services and to political commitment, explicit plans to increase human education, a rise in food prices, and breakdowns in supply capital outcomes, or significant resources invested in chains. It has exacerbated economic vulnerabilities, and social sectors. Most improvements relate to the health exposed weaknesses in health, education, and social component of the HCI, specifically, reductions in child protection systems across the continent. Investing in mortality. In countries such as Angola, Malawi, Niger, people has never been more important. Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe, improvements in child survival meant between 39 and 58 fewer deaths per 1,000 The World Bank Group has responded quickly to the live births. Investing in human capital not only offers high crisis to help save lives and stem the economic fallout rates of return, but also smart insurance against adversity. that is pushing the Africa region into its first recession in 25 years and threatening to undo over a decade of Yet, of the 174 countries worldwide covered by the HCI, the development progress. It is estimated that every month 10 least performing countries are in Sub-Saharan Africa. of delay in the provision of COVID-19 vaccines has On average, African children born today can expect to the potential to cost the African continent close to achieve only 40 percent of their potential productivity by $14 billion in lost GDP. People at every stage of life have their 18th birthday, compared to what they could achieve been impacted by setbacks that could reverberate for with complete education and full health. The COVID-19 years to come. Children are especially susceptible to the crisis threatens to set back progress and widen human damaging and long-lasting effects of food insecurity, capital gaps with negative impacts disproportionately and interrupted health and education services. affecting the most vulnerable populations. 5 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY COVID-19 IMPACTS TODAY COULD AFFECT PEOPLE FOR THE REST OF THEIR LIVES • School attainment • Stunting and learning • Acute malnutrition • Unemployment • Growth retardation • Nutritional deficiencies • Worse health • Child mortality • Low birth weight • Years of healthy life • Maternal mortality expectancy • Nutritional deficiencies • School attainment • Increased morbidity of infant and learning and mortality Markers In utero Birth 0-5 5-18 18-60 60+ Underlying harmful societal and cultural norms Shocks • Displaced care at birth • Dropout and learning • Morbidity, stress decline due to school and isolation closure and lost income • Child marriages • Adolescent pregnancies • Mother’s malnutrition • Possible malnutrition • Unemployment and due to lockdown • Food insecurity drop in income • Unintended pregnancies • Gender-based violence • Low demand for and low women’s agency antenatal care HCI 2020 6 By prioritizing investments in people and improving disrupted, the World Bank Group is helping countries the efficiency of the underlying delivery systems scale up social safety nets, support farmers to expand and institutions, countries and partners can rebuild agricultural production and ensure food security, stronger, greener, and more equitable foundations facilitate job creation, and maintain continuity of for future productivity and growth. The World Bank comprehensive education services so learners and Group has mobilized an unprecedented $50 billion to educators are safe and supported. support African countries in saving lives, protecting the vulnerable, and paving the way to recovery. • Paving the way to a green, resilient, and inclusive recovery: The crisis response provides an opportunity • Saving lives: Emergency health projects in 36 to support a strong, durable recovery that tackles rising African countries have focused on widespread testing, poverty and deepening inequality while addressing both improved treatment, and strong health systems. This the immediate devastation wrought by COVID-19 and initial emergency crisis response has expanded to the longer-term challenge of climate change. Countries help developing countries gain fair, broad, and fast are working with the World Bank Group to strengthen access to safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines. The institutions and investments and promote reforms to approach draws on the World Bank Group’s significant enable economic and social transformations. Focusing expertise in strengthening health systems and on human capital development can spur innovation, supporting large-scale immunization programs rebuild skills, and recover pandemic-related losses, and public health programs. especially among marginalized groups. It is essential to mobilize the full range of productive power available by • Protecting the vulnerable: To protect people whose expanding women’s participation in the workforce and livelihoods have been impacted and education harnessing the ingenuity of the private sector. COVID-19 PUTS AFRICA AT RISK Due to pandemic-related school closures, LEARNING DISRUPTIONS IN NUTRITION SERVICES could POVERTY could increase by 4 percentage points, lead to another 10 million children under five with the learning deprivation gap also increasing by suffering from acute malnutrition and a 30% 2.5 percentage points. increase of undernourished households due to extreme poverty. SCHOOL CLOSURES could increase school dropouts and teenage pregnancies, with 2.6 million girls at SAFETY NETS cover only ⅓ of the poorest populations, risk of not returning to school. predominantly in rural areas. 7 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY INTENSIFYING FOCUS ON HUMAN CAPITAL IN AFRICA Since it was launched in 2019, the Africa Human Capital April 2021. After two years of implementation, the Plan Plan (HCP) has been at the forefront of the World Bank has guided a significant shift and scale up in World Bank Group’s efforts to accelerate human capital development Group support: in the region. At its core is the push for greater women’s empowerment and gender equality, which can enhance More than doubling annual human development economic productivity, improve development outcomes project commitments in Africa since the Plan for future generations, and make institutions and policies began—expected to reach $8.96 billion in fiscal more representative. Driven by ambitious targets year (FY) 2021 with almost half (49 percent) and seven game changing themes, the Africa HCP is focused on addressing the challenges in countries providing a framework and momentum for COVID-19 affected by fragility, conflict, and violence relief, restructuring, and recovery efforts to help African countries and governments prioritize people and build Delivering over $6 billion of new women’s a more sustainable, inclusive, and resilient future. empowerment projects across the region The Africa HCP is a part of the Human Capital Project, Enabling human capital development, with nearly a global effort led by the World Bank to accelerate more all (94 percent) of World Bank development policy and better investments in people for greater equity and lending operations approved in Africa in FY21 economic growth. A total of 81 countries worldwide have supporting human capital-influencing reforms, joined the project, including 32 in Sub-Saharan Africa, up from 70 percent in FY20 demonstrating their strong commitment to raising human capital outcomes. This report highlights progress implementing the Africa HCP from April 2020 through 8 “The secret to economic development is in nature’s best resource: skilled, healthy, and productive human beings.” Julius Maada Bio President, Sierra Leone This report traces the Africa HCP’s progress priority in investment in human capital to protect the most gamechangers, which have proven all the more vulnerable, especially women and girls who hold the imperative in a world transformed by the COVID-19 key to realizing Africa’s demographic dividend. Already crisis. Protecting African lives, livelihoods, and futures technology solutions are proving their value through demands increased financing, policy reform, and the telemedicine, virtual learning, and mobile cash transfers, support of partners across sectors and borders. The crisis but more can be done to bridge the digital divide and also magnifies existing gender inequalities and exposes innovate service delivery. It is also critical to continue the profound vulnerability of communities affected building the knowledge base and linking evidence to by fragility, conflict, or violence. It compels a catch-up operations on the ground. The World Bank’s EASTERN AND The WESTERN AND CENTRAL AFRICA SOUTHERN AFRICA REGION – AFE REGION – AFW – is home to about – is a geographically, culturally and half a billion people and encompasses economically diverse region of 26 22 countries that spread across semi- countries stretching from the Red Sea arid areas in the Sahel, large coastal in the North to the Cape of Good Hope areas on the Atlantic Ocean, and along in the South and home to about 700 the Gulf of Guinea. million of Africa’s people. 9 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY 7 Gamechangers to Advance Accelerating the demographic transition Human Capital Development by empowering women and girls Preventing and reversing damage to Increasing World Bank financing for human capital in settings affected by human capital in Africa fragility, conflict, and violence Rallying World Bank country teams and partners around the human capital Leveraging technology and innovations agenda to enable comprehensive cross- in projects to further human capital sectoral solutions at scale Advancing research and advocacy to Supporting policy reforms to overcome strengthen the knowledge base and the legal and regulatory constraints demand side of human capital Africa HCP Goals by 2023 IMPROVE REDUCE SANITATION REDUCE AVERT ADOLESCENT PRACTICES CHILD STUNTING FERTILITY to reduce open MORTALITY among 11 million rates from 101 to defecation from to save 4 million lives children 83 per 1,000 teens 23% to 15% INCREASE INCREASE PROVIDE INCREASE FINANCING LEARNING SOCIAL FUTURE FOR HUMAN OUTCOMES PROTECTION PRODUCTIVITY for girls and boys to 13 million more of children born today CAPITAL in school by 20% people by at least 13% in Africa to $15 billion 10 $8.96B 118 SCALING UP $7.8B FINANCING 74 $5B Annual T arget $3.3B 44 $16.46B AFE AFR HD total $12.26B commitments are 29% AFW of AFR Region ($B) FY19 FY20 FY21 Financing New projects Regional breakdown $8.96B AFE $5.37B AFW $3.59B FY21 Human 59 operations in 21 countries, of which 59 operations in 20 countries, of which Development financing 32 operations are Additional Financing to 37 operations are Additional Financing to (118 operations) existing operations ($2.29 billion) existing operations ($1.42 billion) The World Bank Group’s commitment to scaling-up The World Bank’s Human Development group in the financing and resources for human capital in Africa Africa Region is on track to commit an estimated $8.96 is evident in the increased volume of its investments billion in FY21, bringing its total human development in human development—health, education, social portfolio to approximately 217 projects worth $28.72 protection, and jobs—and other sectors, both before billion. Of 118 human development projects approved and during the pandemic. The World Bank Group in FY21, 41 are financing COVID-19 health response is realizing its goal to invest an average of $5 billion efforts for a total of $1.94 billion. annually in human development projects in Africa through 2023, propelled by a strong 19th replenishment of the International Development Association (IDA), the World Bank’s fund for the poorest countries. 11 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY This acceleration embraces the World Bank Group’s green, resilient, and inclusive development (GRID) approach for a durable recovery. The effects of COVID-19, the recession, and climate shocks are compounding each other, creating potentially permanent scars on productivity, human capital, and economic mobility. GRID seeks to address these complex and interrelated challenges simultaneously and systematically to achieve a more sustainable and equitable recovery and long-term development paradigm. It calls for scaling up investments in all forms of capital— human, physical, natural, and social—to drive growth, create jobs, and contribute to a better future for all, especially vulnerable, low-income populations most affected by the impacts of climate change and COVID-19. In Niger, for example, the Adaptive Safety Net Project (53 percent climate co-benefits1) supports 1.1 million people (51 percent of them women) by providing access to safety nets and accompanying interventions. The Cash for Work for Resilience component of the project targets high-risk climate areas and provides additional income to people in communities affected by food insecurity caused by persistent or recurrent weather and climate change-related shocks. At a regional level, the World Bank Group is providing ongoing support to institutions, such as the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the West African Health Organization, and the African Union Commission, to enhance cross-border collaboration on disease surveillance and response. The Regional Disease Surveillance Systems Enhancement Program supports 16 countries across Sub-Saharan Africa, strengthens integrated vector-borne disease management approaches, and aligns the timing and location of activities with potential climate-induced shifts in disease burden. 1 Climate co-benefits are World Bank financing that support climate action while also furthering development objectives. Learn more 12 PROJECT HIGHLIGHT Cabo Verde: Delivering Doses of Hope This funding is part of $12 billion the Bank is deploying to help developing countries worldwide purchase and distribute COVID-19 vaccines, tests, and treatments and strengthen vaccination systems. More equitable access to vaccines can avert almost twice as many deaths worldwide than if vaccines access is initially limited to high-income countries. Only once the pandemic is contained in all countries will each country be safe from “Planning, a resurgence. A robust and inclusive rollout of vaccines is an integral part of the recovery. commitment, The Bank is working with partners like the World Health and leadership Organization (WHO), the United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and Africa CDC to assess the readiness of are fundamental countries’ health systems for vaccine deployment and identify gaps. This allows Bank financing to support each in this process.” country’s priority needs. Cabo Verde is using World Bank funding to purchase Jorge Noel Barreto COVID-19 Response Coordinator, and deploy more than 400,000 doses of vaccine, as well Ministry of Health and Social Security, Cabo Verde as personal protective equipment and other medical supplies to help ensure an effective vaccination rollout. This will reach nearly 200,000 people, about 35 percent of the population, including 20 percent of priority populations. Cold chain equipment and transport are also being supported, as well as improvements to the health infrastructure to help reboot the tourism industry. W ith its sandy beaches and strategic location In March 2021, Cabo Verde received its first batch of off the coast of Western Africa, Cabo Verde the AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine through the COVAX enjoys unique opportunities for growth. This Advanced Market Commitment. Implementation is small archipelago has reduced poverty more than any underway with logistics in place to safely store and other African nation since 1990, but GDP is expected transport vaccines between islands, health care workers to contract by 11 percent in 2020 due to the pandemic trained, and legal frameworks and communications and a 70 percent drop in tourism, the country’s main engaged. The World Bank continues to support the economic driver. The vaccine has awakened new hope process with technical expertise and coordinated and the government is accelerating implementation actions that have targeted some $54 million in new and of its vaccination plan with $5 million from the World reallocated funding to support Cabo Verde in saving Bank—its first operation supporting COVID-19 vaccine lives, preserving livelihoods, and rebuilding for long-term, rollout in Africa. sustained growth. 13 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY PARTNERING FOR CROSS-SECTORAL SOLUTIONS Investing in people goes beyond health, education, and liquidity to banks and firms to stave off unemployment, social protection. It also calls for access to transportation; and promote policies to extend and improve social affordable and reliable energy; clean air, water, and land; transfer systems, digital financial services, and access digital connectivity; good governance; and the economic to banking. and regulatory infrastructure needed to access good jobs. It demands collaboration among public and private • The pandemic has underscored the need for partners throughout the region and within the World investments in water and sanitation to prevent disease, Bank Group. protect human health, and reduce losses of human capital. The Water, Education, and Health, Nutrition As governments take urgent action and lay the foundations and Population (HNP) Global Practices have closely for a durable recovery from the pandemic, they have a collaborated to strengthen the World Bank’s COVID-19 unique opportunity to embrace integrated multi-sectoral response. Nearly 30 percent of the active crisis solutions that prioritize human capital development and response projects in Africa involve activities to improve create economies that are more sustainable, inclusive, and infrastructure and access to water and sanitation resilient against future shocks. Over the past year, human services in health care settings, and close to 70 percent capital cooperation among World Bank business units and support efforts to promote hygiene in communities. with governments and development partners has cut across multiple sectors to improve development outcomes and • Some 1.8 million public health centers and schools address the interconnected dangers of the pandemic, climate in Sub-Saharan Africa lack reliable electricity supply, change, systemic inequality, social instability, and conflict. impacting their ability to serve communities. The Bank’s Energy Sector Management Assistance Program • To help safeguard human capital in Comoros, (ESMAP) is leveraging technology innovations and new Madagascar, and Mozambique, the World Bank business models to provide reliable electricity service to Macroeconomics, Trade, and Investment Global public institutions through long-term service contracts Practice has supported pandemic relief measures and with the private sector. It is promoting such contracts structural reforms that protect the poor against price through off-grid solar power projects in Niger, Nigeria, increases on food and medical products, provide and Uganda, with plans to expand to other countries. 14 • The Bank’s Transport Global Practice is promoting the link of improved road safety and preservation of human capital at both the analytical and operational levels. Interventions in countries like Mozambique and Tanzania are engaging local communities and the highest level of government to institute reforms and make roads safer for everyone. • Work is also being done to build the connections between education and climate change. The Africa Higher Education Centers of Excellence (ACE) program helps to advance research in areas like renewable energy, air quality, restoration of degraded environments, and climate-smart agriculture. Projects that help vulnerable households cover school fees also integrate climate change, ensuring families do not have to choose between food and education for their children when faced with climate-related shocks like droughts or floods. 15 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY PROJECT HIGHLIGHT Tanzania: Safe “Last Mile” Roads Connect People to Opportunity “Before the accident, I Thirteen-year-old Nickson Kiswaga was at the top of his class until he was hit by a car crossing the Iringa–Mbaye ranked top three in my class, highway, something he does daily with his siblings to get but now I rank 10th because to school. Time in the hospital and at home recovering from a severe leg injury not only hurt Nickson’s school I had to spend a lot time performance, it also upended the family’s income as his mother was not able to work while she cared for him. at home nursing my wound. I have not given up hope. Road traffic accidents are a huge challenge across Africa, with nearly 27 road deaths per 100,000 people, I am still studying hard.” well over the global average of 18 deaths per 100,000 people. A significant portion of fatalities (44 percent) are Nickson Kiswaga attributed to pedestrians and cyclists. Road safety has 7th grader at Wenda Primary School, important implications for the human capital agenda. Iringa Rural District All investments and efforts in building up human capital turn to immediate losses when a person dies in a road accident. The cost of a disability caused by a car crash can be even higher due to its compounded effects. With support from the World Bank and other partners, T Tanzania is working to develop a more inclusive people- anzania’s rural residents—70 percent of the centered approach to road design that is winning country’s population—depend on low-volume praise for its innovations in road safety and community roads to go about their daily lives. While the engagement, with a strong gender angle. Vulnerable transport network was conceived to accommodate users are a key factor in a process that seeks their cars and trucks, most road users do not own a vehicle. participation in technical designs, consultations, and The design of rural roads neglects many day-to-day road safety audits. The World Bank helped design users, such as children walking to school, patients and test this approach with three rural roads projects seeking services at the local health clinic, or farmers in preparation for the Roads to Inclusion and Socio- transporting goods to sell at area markets. The economic Opportunities Program (RISE) Project. Safe, consequences of unsafe, inadequate transport can reliable transport can play a decisive role in improving be severe with trickle-down costs and impacts. lives and connecting people to opportunity. 16 SUPPORTING POLICY REFORM The quantity and quality of investments in people the creation of social registries to improve the depend on good policies and institutions that address targeting of social programs and benefits in Angola systemic weaknesses obstructing progress on human and Côte d’Ivoire. capital. The World Bank is committed to supporting countries on policy and institutional reform in multiple During this time of rapidly deepening fiscal distress due ways. Analytical and advisory work informs the design of to COVID-19, budget support is also helping governments reform programs, while development policy financing stay the course on longer-term human capital-oriented (DPF) and Program-for-Results operations provide reform programs that strengthen public financial results-based financing to stimulate action. Investment management, bolster accountability and transparency, projects support sectoral implementation of reforms. improve human resource management in health and education, and include measures to protect women and COVID-19 has increased immediate focus on protecting children. Examples include the Central African Republic, lives and livelihoods, allowing policy reforms to advance Madagascar, and Rwanda. changes that will have lasting impact on the future of Africa’s human capital development. Nearly all (94 In the Central African Republic, a DPF series is supporting percent) of World Bank development policy lending measures key to human capital development. These operations approved in Africa in FY21 support human include improving access to social protection, health, and capital-influencing reforms, up from 70 percent in FY20. education through the launch of a digitally-enabled cash transfer program and implementation of free healthcare For example, in Comoros, COVID-19 relief measures for children under five, pregnant and breastfeeding supported by World Bank DPFs have helped protect women, and survivors of gender-based violence. It people from price increases on essential food and also supports reforms that improve recruitment and medical products. In Madagascar and Mozambique, placement of primary school teachers at the local level. DPFs have helped protect people’s jobs by extending liquidity to firms and banks. DPFs have also increased Policy reforms are critical to advancing women and girls’ social protection measures through expanded cash empowerment. They remedy historical discriminations transfers in Chad, Rwanda, and Sudan, and through in legal systems, eliminate harmful social norms, and 17 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY ensure safe and equitable access to social services. There is a strong economic rationale and evidence base for supporting policy reforms. Recognizing that expanding girls’ educational attainment and reducing fertility could boost GDP by nearly 13 percent by 2030, Niger is working to reduce gender gaps through its program on Laying the Foundation for Inclusive Development. New reforms allow adolescent girls to remain in school even if they get pregnant or married, and those who are married can now access family planning assistance without being accompanied by a parent or husband. The government has also created a platform to coordinate action and reform implementation among all public entities and development partners involved in efforts to curb child marriage. 18 PROJECT HIGHLIGHT Rwanda: Unblocking Policy More than a million and half people across Rwanda are and Institutional Bottlenecks benefiting from VUP, but many more need its boost out of extreme poverty and vulnerability, especially in the wake of COVID-19. Rwanda has made strides in human development, particularly in health and gender equality, but its Human Capital Index of 0.38 is below comparable income level countries due to high levels of stunting, school dropout and repetition rates, and poor quality of learning. “I can confidently say To strengthen the quality and availability of essential I am now financially social services, Rwanda is collaborating with the World Bank on a pioneering program of policy and institutional independent and feel reforms. The $400 million Rwanda Human Capital for Inclusive Growth is a programmatic series of three secure. I know I can DPF operations that brings together six government ministries and five World Bank global practices. It take care of myself stretches across sectors and the human lifecycle to ease policy and institutional bottlenecks hindering and my family.” human capital development outcomes. Reforms are being introduced to strengthen the Mukagasana Gaudance resilience of families and provide better access to Mother, entrepreneur, and VUP graduate, Nduba District health services, to enhance investments in women’s empowerment, and to provide children with necessary nutritional, cognitive development, and learning opportunities so that they can get a good head start and progress smoothly through school. The program also promotes Rwanda’s long-term fiscal sustainability M and enhances local capacity and accountability for ukagasana Gaudance, 49, was desperate social services delivery. when her husband left her and her three children nearly a decade ago. Life turned By the end of this three-year reform program in around when she was enrolled in Rwanda’s flagship June 2023, 100,000 households are expected to social safety net program, Vision 2020 Umurenge receive emergency cash transfers. The share of VUP Program (VUP). Not only did she earn a salary through beneficiaries receiving human capital-focused social its public works scheme, she gained business training protection services will also increase as will the financial and access to financial services, which she used to sustainability of community-based health insurance start vegetable farming. She has since parlayed that scheme, the share of qualified teachers in the schools, experience into bigger ventures, enabling her to build and the number of doctors and nurses in public a home and send her children to school. health facilities. 19 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY ACCELERATING DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE 4E A FRAMEWORK FOR WORLD BANK SUPPORT FOR DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE champion women and girls, including a first generation of projects that supports human capital policy reforms. EMPOWER Despite advancements, gender gaps and economic ENHANCE 4Es to inequalities remain, contributing to higher poverty rates Health Services promote and lower labor productivity among women. Deeply rooted women’s EMPLOY social and cultural norms continue to hinder the highest agency potential women and girls can reach. The COVID-19 EDUCATE crisis has also disproportionately impacted the education, employment, and domestic lives of women and girls. The World Bank Group is working with governments and other key stakeholders on immediate and long-term solutions Interventions should include boys and men who are central to reproductive decisions, leverage families, and mobilize community and religious leaders as that champion women and girls at home, school, and work agents of change. through the 4Es: empower, enhance, employ, and educate. • Operations are empowering women and girls by African women on average have 4.8 children, twice the promoting enabling environments, addressing world average of 2.4. Too many children at too young societal norms, and increasing their agency as a an age, with too little time in between births, put both means to reducing gender-based violence (GBV), child mother and children at risk. Investments in women and marriage, and adolescent fertility. In Angola, the Girls’ girls’ health, education, and economic empowerment Empowerment and Learning for All Project is training boosts the wellbeing, productivity, and prosperity of mentors at schools to educate both teen girls and boys women, men, and families. As resources grow, they can on reproductive and sexual health, GBV awareness, and be reinvested in the next generation, thus perpetuating a child marriage prevention. Adolescent mothers outside cycle of human capital gains and economic expansion. the school system are also being connected to second- chance education opportunities. Countries in Africa have made notable progress on women and girls’ empowerment in recent years. Since the • The flagship Sahel Women’s Empowerment and launch of the Africa HCP, the World Bank has committed Demographic Dividend Project (SWEDD) is enhancing over $6 billion in new projects and investments that women and adolescent girls’ access to essential sexual 20 and reproductive health services, increasing coverage and continuum of care (even in the most remote areas), and building pandemic preparedness and response capacity. It mobilizes all of society—from religious leaders, legislators, and health workers to mothers and husbands—to harness the tremendous economic potential of women. SWEDD has reached more than 2 million girls in the Sahel and has expanded to more countries beyond the region with additional financing to strengthen legal frameworks, promote women’s rights, and reach vulnerable adolescent girls. • Employing women is at the heart of Benin’s Youth Inclusion Project, which seeks to increase the economic inclusion of young people through technical and vocational skills training and better access to capital. Approximately 35,000 people—half of whom are young women—will benefit from services focusing on self-employment, paid employment, business development, and coaching. • Projects are also educating women and girls to bridge the gender digital divide. The World Bank has partnered with the EQUALS Global Partnership’s Access Coalition and the Global System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA) to pilot different models of delivering digital skills training to women and girls in Rwanda, Nigeria, and Uganda. Results will inform future digital skills interventions to empower women and girls to thrive in the digital economy. 21 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY PROJECT HIGHLIGHT Nigeria: Keeping Adolescent Girls in School Until They Graduate The Adolescent Girls Initiative for Learning and Empowerment (AGILE) project, approved in July 2020 for $500 million, uses secondary schools as a platform to empower girls through education, life skills “By going back to school, and health training, GBV awareness and prevention, negotiation skills, self-agency, and digital literacy skills. I was able to take control It responds to COVID-19 by supporting a blended of my own life and make a learning approach using technology and media (TV and radio) to implement remote and distance learning difference in my community programs. Some 6.7 million adolescents will benefit from AGILE along with another 15.5 million people from and in the lives of millions their families and communities. of girls in Africa.” Under the project, nearly 9,000 new secondary school classrooms will be constructed and infrastructure at Jaha Dukureh 4,700 junior and senior secondary schools will be made Africa Regional UN Women Ambassador; Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2018; Named one of the more functional, safe, and inclusive to teaching and World’s Most Influential Women on the TIME 100 List (2016) learning. Climate-smart building methods will be used to ensure buildings stand the test of time and extreme weather events. Climate change awareness is also part of life skills training that 340,000 adolescent girls will receive in safe spaces to help them navigate challenges like reproductive health, safety, and gender-based I violence. Another 300,000 teens will receive digital n northern Nigeria where 80 percent of the countries’ literacy trainings, and 500,000 from the most vulnerable low-income households reside, it is challenging households will also gain access to scholarships to for adolescent girls to stay in school due to social further support their completion of secondary school. norms and access. Secondary schools are few and far between, with as many as 10 primary schools feeding Addressing these structural impediments in a into one secondary school. Those that do exist lack comprehensive way will help Nigeria promote positive infrastructure and water, sanitation, and hygiene behaviors that enable girls’ education. This will translate (WASH) facilities. Families struggle to cover schooling into increased productivity and better economic costs, and regional instability and conflict further outcomes for the girls themselves and the country. It aggravate the situation. If nothing is done, over half will also help prevent a wave of teen pregnancies and of the 2 million girls who began primary school in 2017 early marriages in the wake of COVID-19. As has often at the age of 5 will drop out before they turn 11 years been said, educating a girl creates ripple effects that old in 2023, missing out on junior secondary school. benefit an entire community. 22 DELIVERING IN FCV SITUATIONS $1.94B AFE 49% of Africa Region Human Development new commitments in FY21 were for FCV countries ($B) $2.41B AFW Human capital challenges are concentrated in countries fast-tracking $609 million in IDA funding to respond facing situations of fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV). quickly to the COVID-19 health emergency. Thirty- The pandemic has only intensified the challenge. It is eight percent of the World Banks’s human development estimated that an additional 24 to 26 million people portfolio of active operations in Africa is now in FCV already living under the $1.90 poverty line in FCV- countries. These targeted and tailored resources seek to affected countries will fall into extreme poverty in 2021. prevent the escalation of conflicts and remain engaged COVID-19 has increased pressure on already-stressed during and after crisis situations to preserve human health, social protection, and education systems, and it capital. FCV settings force innovation, and projects has bred new sources of fragility. Sub-Saharan Africa are creating new ways to reach people in the most was the only region in the world where conflict did not challenging circumstances. decrease in 2020. Many countries have experienced more violence and insecurity, including direct attacks on For example, in countries like Burkina Faso, Cameroon, school children and more forced displacement. Central African Republic (CAR), and Mali, free healthcare programs have been adapted to ensure continuity of Under the Africa HCP, the World Bank has continued health services in situations of unrest. Results-based to accelerate action, committing an estimated total of financing is being channeled directly to frontline workers $4.35 billion for 54 human development operations in to allow them to procure inputs from local suppliers and FY21 to support 19 Sub-Saharan FCV countries, which engage non-state providers. is 49 percent of total FY21 commitments. This includes 23 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY To safeguard learning in times of crisis, existing projects have been reworked and scaled up. Additional financing to the Cameroon Education Reform Support Project, for example, is scaling-up and strengthening existing activities and incentives to help mitigate learning loss due to the impact of COVID-19. It is supporting government efforts to deliver quality education at the pre-primary and primary level for all, including refugees, internally displaced people, and host communities. The World Bank Group is also focused on preventing and mitigating food crises. It is helping Somalia recover livelihoods and infrastructure in areas affected by floods and drought while building long-term resilience to COVID-19 and locust outbreaks that threaten food security. Low-cost technology solutions are also being put to good use in high-risk, low-access FCV situations. The Geo-Enabling Initiative for Monitoring and Supervision (GEMS) has enabled hundreds of project teams across Africa to use simple open-source tools like smartphones to collect geo-tagged data from remote or unsecure locations to better monitor project activities. The Bank’s Monitoring Automated for Real Time Analysis (MARTA) also leverages the power of mobile data collection tools and local partners to create a portfolio of high-frequency surveys that project supervisors can use to remotely track key project indicators, spot developing risks, and document results. Originally developed during the 2018–2020 Ebola crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), MARTA is being expanded to monitor the World Bank’s entire social protection portfolio in the country. 24 PROJECT HIGHLIGHT Mali: Keeping Schools Open and Students Learning “For me, school is that do not prioritize girls’ education. COVID-19 has compounded the challenge, as have ongoing conflicts important because it is and insecurity. In the north of the country, massive population displacements, school closures, and targeted the only way to help us attacks on schools have compromised students’ access prepare and secure our to education. future. I would like to be In 2020, the World Bank approved $80 million to support the Mali Improving Education Quality and a great magistrate so Results for All Project. It seeks to increase learning outcomes in early primary education, promote girls’ that all Malians can have access to lower and upper secondary education in access to justice.” underserved areas, and enhance the governance of the education system. Over 4 million people (at least Djeneba Ouattara 46 percent female) will benefit from a wide variety 13-year-old student at Monseigneur Jean Marie of interventions in a context of high insecurity and Cissé School, Bamako institutional fragility. Some 800 schools will be supported with grants to ensure continuity of learning, and non-profit organizations will be engaged to organize and supervise B schooling in conflict areas. School supplies for students, efore COVID-19 struck in Mali, nine-year-old food for canteens, and salaries for teachers will be Ami was in second grade at school in Bamako. provided. Distance learning interventions will also be With the pandemic, schools closed, and Ami supported (including provision of tablets and interactive and her seven-year-old sister, Awa, stayed home doing boards) as will efforts to build and equip new classrooms household chores. Schools have since reopened, but, so they can more readily receive displaced students. because of delays and disruptions, there is a real risk that neither girl will go back to school. Instead, they A nationwide hackathon is being planned to bring may remain at home till they get married, just like their together technology start-ups to propose digital older sister did. solutions for continuous schooling in crisis situations. In addition, the project will support the integration of peace Ami and Awa are not alone. School-aged children in education as a potential long-term solution to address Mali face an overall poor quality of education, weak intercommunity conflict. Partners include UNICEF and governance in the education sector, and social norms the Global Partnership for Education. 25 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY LEVERAGING TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION People across the region face persistent challenges has launched e-learning platforms, digital interactive navigating health systems, accessing education, and quizzes, and mobile tutors. Kenya has introduced online securing employment opportunities—all of which have psychosocial support for school-aged children. been exacerbated by COVID-19. While the current challenges of the pandemic remain overwhelming, ACE-supported universities are also advancing EdTech, the crisis has prompted progress. It has forced the by sequencing the COVID-19 genome in Nigeria and implementation and integration of novel service delivery producing face masks with 3D printers in Cameroon. models in health, education, and other core sectors, Data analytics on education, demographics, and paving new pathways to access basic services. economic activity spurred by the pandemic also present new opportunities to improve education management Transformational shifts are happening in policies, societal and student retention across Africa. norms, and how people interact with systems, structures, and the world around them. Many African countries The pandemic has also widened entry points for have the building blocks to scale up innovations and innovations in health service delivery that can help leapfrog traditional service delivery models that may mitigate the immediate effects of the pandemic and build lack efficiency, equity, and sustainability. The World Bank more comprehensive and integrated primary health Group is helping countries harness these evolutionary systems. Support is being rolled out across the region, opportunities, with an eye toward broader, comprehensive through a coordinated approach with partners, to assess system strengthening to ensure programming is fit-for- the capacity of each country in implementing digital purpose beyond the immediate COVID-19 response and service delivery tools and to evaluate the current systems builds on existing systems and partnerships. being used. These rapid assessments will help inform discussions with countries on strategic integration of In the education sector, COVID-19 has expanded the use technology and other innovations to help build capacity of technology, or EdTech, that can carry forward into and unlock health outcomes. the future. Countries like Liberia and Sierra Leone have implemented remote teaching and learning through Health hotlines, telemedicine, and other digital platforms radio and television, while Nigeria’s EdoBEST initiative can increase effectiveness and reach of the front lines of 26 service delivery, including primary health care facilities and community health workers. This is especially important in rural and conflict areas where health facilities are closed, too far away, or dangerous to access. Kenya, Malawi, Niger, and Rwanda, for example, are scaling up free health hotlines for COVID-19 information and broader health and nutrition issues. Countries can also make good use of their COVID-19 vaccine readiness assessments to understand broader health system changes. Sierra Leone is also piloting a predictive technology platform to assess health facility readiness for COVID-19 vaccinations in real time. By combining publicly available data, facility-specific information, and direct input from health workers, the technology delivers intelligence on when and where to distribute essential health goods like vaccines to reach key populations. 27 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY PROJECT HIGHLIGHT Togo: Reweaving Safety Nets Using Artificial Intelligence “I can’t imagine how I The Government of Togo launched Novissi in April 2020 with support from the World Bank, prioritizing informal was going to live if not workers living in regions most impacted by lockdown for this money. Now restrictions. By September 2020, Novissi had provided cash transfers to over 570,000 informal sector workers I can do what I want in Togo’s urban areas, but it wanted to add rural citizens. Novissi partnered with GiveDirectly in its second phase without begging the to cover 57,000 new beneficiaries in the poorest 100 rural cantons, identified using a combination of high- other farmers. All I can resolution satellite images, a phone survey, and data on say is thanks.” mobile phone use. Eric Dossekpli Satellite images revealed distinguishing features of Farmer, Anfoin Avele lower income communities, such as roofing material and road quality. A large-scale phone survey further provided “ground truth” on the living conditions of roughly 10,000 people, who were then matched to their mobile phone metadata obtained from telecom operators in Togo. This formed the basis of a machine learning algorithm that T was used to generate a consumption estimate for each he pandemic has been difficult for Eric Dossekpli, of the 5.7 million mobile subscribers in the country, 70 a 49-year-old farmer and father of six from the percent of the population. rural town of Anfoin Avele. Lockdowns made it impossible to sell his produce, and even when they Novissi’s innovative use of artificial intelligence, were lifted, his customers were not buying. Unable geospatial analytics, and mobile phone technology has to pay school fees or buy fertilizer, he pleaded with allowed it to identify vulnerable communities like Anfoin neighboring farmers to let him work in their fields. Avele, pinpoint at-risk individuals like Dossekpli, and Dossekpli turned to the Novissi emergency social transfer cash to them quickly and safely. By January protection program to get through this rough patch. 2021, Novissi had created over 170,000 new mobile Meaning “solidarity” in the local Ewe language, Novissi money accounts, a 7 percent increase in the penetration provides instant mobile phone payments to those of mobile money in Togo. The government is looking to most in need. Dossekpli dialed the number to register, Novissi’s unique approach as it considers an integrated qualified, and—much to his relief—began receiving social information system to support multiple social monthly $13 transfers for five months. protection programs. 28 EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE FOR RESULTS “Countries need to learn as they go and share results by capturing, curating, and sharing data openly. This builds trust and supports innovation and implementation of sound policies, especially during crises.” Mari Pangestu World Bank Managing Director, Development Policy and Partnerships Knowledge is essential for governments to make better Work also continues on human capital reviews being policies, for institutions to make aid more effective, conducted in Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, eSwatini, Guinea, and for all stakeholders to track progress and ensure Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, and Togo to identify the human accountability. Since the launch of the Africa HCP, capital challenges and opportunities within each country. the World Bank Group has developed and applied New human capital public expenditure and institutional measurement tools, reports, and knowledge products reviews are also happening in Kenya and Burkina Faso. to help countries and the development community increase evidence-based information on human capital A demographic study focusing on women and girls’ challenges, solutions, and outcomes. empowerment is underway in Uganda and technical advice and analysis is helping Chad quantify the Advisory services and analytics have continued over economic benefits of a gender-inclusive society. A the past year to assess the impacts of the pandemic and pandemic preparedness diagnostic in Ghana is helping devise effective responses. These works are central to to ensure adequate and sustained financing to achieve policy dialogue in countries. They give focus to human universal health security. The World Bank is also capital priorities and offer country-specific, whole-of- finalizing its education strategy for Western and government multi-sectoral policy options to improve Central Africa, which articulates how it will engage outcomes. For example, an analytics workshop in Sierra policy makers, education leaders, civil society Leone brought together senior-level government officials organizations, and other key stakeholders around an to identify areas to improve on short- and medium-term action plan to improve education access and quality human capital outcomes. outcomes in the region. 29 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY The Africa HCP also emphasizes rallying stakeholders around the human capital agenda to share knowledge, increase coverage and impact, reinforce dialogue, and foster innovation. While the pandemic has made it challenging to meet stakeholders in person, the World Bank has continued to build relationships and learning, including through virtual events. In April 2021, ministers of finance and planning came together with high-level government officials and development partners from the 81 Human Capital Project member countries to participate in the Human Capital Project Ministerial Conclave. Countries highlighted their determination to use the COVID-19 crisis as an opportunity to accelerate reforms and investments to restore human capital, build resilient service delivery systems, and promote economic opportunities while ensuring environmental and fiscal sustainability. In March 2021, the World Bank hosted an online Human Capital Project Global Forum, a flagship knowledge sharing conference at which government leaders and key stakeholders from 80 countries shared innovative solutions for investing in people, especially in the face of the COVID-19 crisis. The Forum’s interactive Africa Day centered on women and girls as key drivers of social and economic recovery. Participants heard direct testimonies from beneficiaries, champions, government officials, as well as development partners and practitioners with first-hand experience and expertise, on protecting and advancing women and girls’ social and economic empowerment. 30 HUMAN HUMAN CAPITAL PROJECT Investing in Human Capital for a Resilient CAPITAL PROJECT Human Capital Index (September 2020) Recovery: The role of public finance (April 2021) The HCI offers a decade-long view for over 100 countries worldwide, tracing the evolution of human This approach paper examines human capital capital between 2010 and 2020. It sheds light on outcomes amid the COVID-19 crisis and highlights gender inequalities and how well countries are recent innovations and actionable steps to support reaching their human capital potential. As data were a resilient recovery. collected up to March 2020 before the effects of COVID-19, the HCI serves as a baseline to track changes and inform approaches to protecting and investing in people through the pandemic and beyond. AFRICA REGION Africa’s Pulse: The Future of Work in Africa: Emerging Trends in Digital Technology HUMAN Adoption (March 2021) CAPITAL PROJECT Building Human Capital: Lessons from Country Experiences—Ghana (June 2020) This edition focuses on COVID-19 impacts across the region and digital technologies’ potential to This report finds that some of Ghana’s most create new jobs and boost the productivity of successful programs and policies to boost human existing ones. It recommends policies to unlock capital gains have included strong elements of a the full benefits of a digital economy. whole-of-government approach involving multiple sectors, such as health, education, agriculture, and WASH. HEALTH Disease Surveillance, Emergency Preparedness, and Outbreak Response in Eastern and Southern HUMAN Africa: A Situational Assessment and Five-Year CAPITAL PROJECT Protecting People and Economies: Integrated Action Plan (March 2021) Policy Responses to COVID-19 (May 2020) This report identifies medium and long-term As governments act to slow the pandemic and investments needed to build a comprehensive protect lives and livelihoods now, they will need to framework for monitoring, containing, and maintain macro stability, trust building, and clear addressing infectious disease outbreaks. communications to avoid deeper downturns and social unrest. This report offers ways to rethink policy to build back better. TRANSPORT Connectivity for Human Capital: Realizing the Right to Education and Healthcare through Improved Public Transport in AFRICA REGION Africa HCP Year 1 Progress Report African Cities (February 2021) (May 2020) This study examines how national commitments to This report highlights the significant progress ensuring education and health for all are reflected the Africa HCP made in its first year of in concrete transport, education, and health sector implementation. Human development project policies and targets. commitments in Africa nearly doubled and teams across the World Bank Group stepped up to DIGITAL support human capital priorities. TECHNOLOGY COVID-19 and Digital Financial Inclusion in Africa: How to Leverage Digital Technologies During the Pandemic (October 2020) This brief showcases policy options that harness maximum benefits from digital technology, promoting financial inclusion and mitigating adverse impacts during the pandemic and into the future. 31 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY LOOKING AHEAD After two years of implementation, the Africa HCP is for young and displaced workers to revitalize labor progressing and guiding a strong response to the COVID-19 income opportunities. crisis. It has been instrumental in galvanizing resources, keeping the focus on human capital gamechangers, and The Africa HCP provides a line of sight to a green, fostering cooperation across sectors. Looking ahead, there inclusive and resilient recovery, with solutions to is a compelling case to stick to the Plan. address systemic challenges in service delivery, to secure sustainable financing, to embrace digital and climate- The pandemic must still be brought under control, smart innovation, and to leave no one behind. and the World Bank will continue supporting testing, tracing, and treatment, along with the global rollout of The COVID-19 crisis underscores the urgency of the vaccines. Other immediate priorities include restoring Africa HCP’s mission. The IDA20 replenishment is an access to essential health services and protecting young important opportunity for affirmed leadership and children from malnutrition. The World Bank is focused partnerships to support investment in Africa’s people on bringing children—especially girls—back to school, and fulfill the promise of a region in which every girl recovering learning losses, and accelerating skills training and boy can realize their full potential. “You must act as if it is impossible to fail.” Ashanti proverb 32 33 INVESTING IN PEOPLE FOR A RESILIENT AND INCLUSIVE RECOVERY AFRICA HUMAN CAPITAL PLAN RESULTS FRAMEWORK Indicator Volume of IBRD/IDA commitments for human development sectors Share of concessional core IDA commitments for human development in country portfolios Share of development policy operations with a significant human capital focus Cumulative number of high-fertility countries with integrated or coordinated projects across sectors to support women empowerment and the demographic transition Volume of IBRD/IDA commitments for human development projects in FCV countries Countries actively engaged in human capital planning Share of country work programs that include advisory services and analytic tasks with a human capital focus Cumulative number of partnerships or coalitions supported by the World Bank around the human capital agenda in Africa, including with development partners, CSOs, faith organizations and traditional leaders. Cumulative number of African Human Capital Champions and influencers mobilized on the human capital agenda Level of online engagement on Africa Human Capital Plan communication products: number of visits to Africa Human Capital Plan webpage Cumulative number of countries in which the World Bank has undertaken a portfolio review to identify opportunities for increased coordination and convergence (e.g. geographic) to advance the human capital agenda longer term 34 FY18 BASELINE FY19 FY20 FY21 EXPECTED FY23 TARGET Status $8.96 billion $5 billion $4.2 billion $3.3 billion $7.8 billion (AFE: $5.37 billion; AFW: annual average $3.59 billion) 31% (21% AFE and 24% 22% 38% 45% 31% AFW) 70% 71% 71% 93% At least 80% 7 9 11 13 20 $4.35 billion ($1.94 billion $514million $1.5 billion $3 billion $831 million AFE and $2.41 billion AFW) 12 20 93% (95% AFE and 81% 90% 90% AFW) 0 6 7 10 5 5 8 8 15 0 5,964 6,938 10,933 15,000 0 4 9 11 20 On track www.worldbank.org/ahcp