E2988 V7 AGURA INDEPENDENT POWER PROJECT Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed 330kV Simple Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant, Ikorodu LGA, Lagos State, Nigeria H01 Implement and use REV DATE DESCRIPTION ORIG CHK APPR APPROVED BY: Environmental Resources Management COMPANY APPROVAL: Chevron Nigeria Limited Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd DATE: 26-Nov-13 DATE: 27-Nov-13 Project Area Discipline Type Originator Package Sequence-Sht Revision DOCUMENT CONTROL NO. AP1 APGN HES RPT EAC 0000 00001 H02 AIP Project EIA Change Log REV SECTION CHANGE DESCRIPTION H02 All chapters Amended CNL to NNPC/CNL JV H02 Annex E Amendment to the definition of hazardous waste, reference to the US EPA has been removed. H02 Annex F Replaced Plate 1.1 and 2.7 and removed Plate 1.5 H02 Annex G Replacement of Cover Page H02 Annex H Replacement of Cover Page and Photograph 13 Document Holds None Agura IPP Project EIA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION In order to meet the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) directives and targets for International Oil Companies (IOC’s) operating in Nigeria in assisting to generate capacity of electricity for domestic use, Chevron Nigeria Limited/ NNPC JV (further mentioned as JV in the document) plans to undertake construction and operation of a power plant, known as the Agura Independent Power Project (AIPP). The plan is to build, operate and own a gas-fired power plant at Agura in Lagos State. The overall Agura IPP Project would be developed in phases. Phase 1 of the Project involves construction and operation of a 330MW simple cycle power plant (referred to as “the Project”). This EIA covers the activities proposed for the first phase of the Project, including the power block and the Fuel Gas Pipeline. Activities connected with the Transmission Line shall be covered by a separate EIA to be commissioned by the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN). Phase 2 of the Project would be to add 165MW of generating capacity, while Phase 3 would be a conversion to a combined cycle configuration by addition of three (2) heat recovery steam generators and one steam generator with a total capacity of 720MW. While Phase 2 and Phase 3 activities will be subject to separate EIAs, cumulative effects issues of all three phases have been examined as part of this EIA. The Project requires an EIA in terms of the Nigerian Environmental Impact Assessment Act No 86 (1992) and in order to fulfill World Bank Group requirements for financing. The purpose of the EIA is to ensure that potential environmental and social impacts associated with development of the Project are identified, assessed and managed appropriately. Mitigation measures are then developed and incorporated into the project to eliminate, minimize or reduce adverse impacts and, where practicable, to enhance benefits. 2 PROJECT STANDARDS The EIA was carried out in terms of the relevant Nigerian legal and regulatory requirements and also took in account the guidelines and standards of the World Bank Group. 2.1. Nigerian Environmental Legislation The National Policy on the Environment, as revised in 1999, is the overarching legislative framework for environmental management and this specifies that an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is mandatory for major development projects. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is the primary authority for regulation and enforcement of environmental laws. FMEnv enforces a number of policies, acts and guidelines including the National Policy on the Environment (1989, revised 1999), the Environmental Impact Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 1 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Assessment Act No. 86 (1992) and National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (1991). Nigerian environmental legislation relevant to this project includes the following:  Environmental Impact Assessment Act No 86 (1992);  Water Resources Act of 1993;  National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes Regulations), 1991;  National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations, 1991;  Harmful Wastes (Special Criminal Provisions etc) Act No 42 (1988);  Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act (Act of 1998);  National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (1991).  The Electric Power Sector Reform Act No. 6 (2005); and  The Electricity Amendment Act No. 28 (1998). The Environmental Impact Assessment Act (Act No. 86 of 1992) is the primary Act governing EIA in Nigeria and it sets out the procedure to be followed and methods to be used in undertaking an EIA. 2.1.1 Nigerian Environmental Regulations and Standards The National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitations) Regulations 1991 (NEPR, 1991) sets out regulations concerning effluent discharges, pollution abatement, and waste management. The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act functions as a parastatal of the FMEnv with the responsibility of the protection and development of the environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural resources. The 24 NESREA regulations have been established in order to give full effect to the functions of the Agency under the NESREA Act. The National Inland Water Ways Authority (NIWA) was established by Act No. 13 of 1997 are tasked with compiling regulations for the inland water navigation, infrastructural and skills development. 2.1.2 Nigerian Social Legislation Nigerian social legislation relevant to this project includes the following.  Factories Act (Act of 1990): The Factories Act is the primary law regulating the health, safety and welfare of workers in the factories and sets out accountability for violations of the provisions in the Act.  Labor Act (1990): The Labor Act is the main piece of legislation protecting the employment rights of individual workers and it includes matters such as classification Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 2 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA of worker types, wages, contracts, employment terms and conditions, and recruitment.  Land Use Act (Act No. 6 of 1978): The Land Use Act, the Constitution of 1999 and the Public Lands Acquisition Laws of the relevant states make up the governing policy for land acquisition in Nigeria and these enable the State to acquire land (i.e. to abrogate leases and other authorizations to occupy land).  Employees Compensation Act 2011 (“ECA”). The ECA replaced the Workmen’s Compensation Act (“WCA”), basically to address the shortcomings of the WCA. ECA is applicable to all categories of workers. Under ECA, an employee will be entitled to compensation where such employee suffers an injury or dies regardless of whether such was attributable to the employee’s fault or not. 2.1.3 State Development Plans/ Acts The Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency Act No. 9 of 1997 allows for the establishment of an environmental agency with regulatory powers, whose functions include the monitoring of environmental conditions and enforcement of regulations to reduce degradation of the environment (in terms of pollution control, waste management and other relevant activities). State-level legislation which has been considered includes:  Lagos State Environmental Sanitation Law (1984);  Lagos State Environmental Pollution Control Law (1989);  The Lagos State Urban and Regional Development and Planning Bill;  Lagos State Waste Management Authority (1991). In addition to the national laws and regulations, Nigeria is signatory or party to several international conventions and treaties. 2.2. International Standards and Guidelines The Project is seeking to obtain a Partial Risk Guarantee from the World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA) together with insurance cover from the World Bank’s Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). As a result, the following requirements and standards have been considered within the EIA process and are described below:  World Bank OP 4.03 - Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities (WB Performance Standards) (May 2012);  Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency’s Performance Standards on Social & Environmental Sustainability (October, 2007);  World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety General Guidelines (2007);  World Bank Group Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants (2008);  World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution (2007); and Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 3 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA  World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Onshore Oil and Gas Development (2007). Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 4 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA 2.2.1 World Bank Group Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability IDA and MIGA have both adopted Performance Standards (PSs) on social and environmental sustainability. These PSs are closely aligned, and mirror the PSs that were first adopted by the International Finance Corporation (IFC). For the purposes of this EIA the PSs of IDA, MIGA and IFC are considered equivalent and will be referred to as the World Bank Group Performance Standards, or hereinafter the PSs. The PSs provide ways and means to identify impacts and affected stakeholders and lay down processes for management and mitigation of adverse impacts. There are eight PSs, as follows:  PS1: Assessment and Management of Social and Environmental Risks and Impacts;  PS2: Labor and Working Conditions;  PS3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention;  PS4: Community Health, Safety and Security;  PS5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement  PS6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources;  PS7: Indigenous Peoples  PS8: Cultural Heritage. 2.2.2 World Bank Group EHS Guidelines The WBG EHS Guidelines provide guidance on environmental, health and safety issues applicable to any project, and includes guidelines for air quality and noise, and health and safety guidelines for the workplace. In addition, there are sector specific guidelines that apply to specific industry sectors. For this project there are two applicable sector specific guideline: The WBG EHS Guidelines for Thermal Power Project provides additional guidance on emission limits, management measures and monitoring for emissions, waste and community health and safety for all fossil-fuel thermal-based power plants with a production capacity of more than 50 MW. The WBG EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution provides additional guidance for the management and monitoring of issues associated with powerlines and sub-stations. The WBG EHS Guidelines for Onshore Oil and Gas Development provides additional guidance for the management of issues related to exploration, drilling, production, transportation activities including pipelines, other facilities, ancillary and support operations, and decommissioning. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 5 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA 3 EIA PROCESS This EIA has been undertaken in line with the Environmental Impact Assessment Act No 86 (1992) of Nigeria and World Bank requirements. Accordingly, the EIA process comprised of a number of key steps, namely:  Scoping;  Baseline studies;  Stakeholder consultation;  Impact identification and evaluation; and  Mitigation and management planning. A brief description of each step is provided below. 3.1. Scoping The objective of scoping is to identify environmental issues relating to the implementation, operation and decommissioning of the proposed Project. This enables the developer to address the key issues from the outset of the Project in terms of design, planning and alternatives. Scoping defines the extent of the EIA and sets out the process, methodology to be used as well as the potential impacts to be included in the EIA. A stakeholder scoping workshop was held (19 April 2006) with representatives of the regulatory agencies, the proposed project team, independent environmental consultants, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) and representatives of the host communities to identify potential environmental and socioeconomic issues. The results of the scoping study were presented in Preliminary Impact Assessment Report (PIAR), submitted to the FMEnv on 10 October 2006 and the Project was classified as Category 1, requiring a full EIA study and a panel review. 3.2. Baseline Studies Baseline studies are required to characterize important environmental and socioeconomic resources and conditions identified during scoping and to identify potential sensitive receptors. The baseline biophysical and socioeconomic conditions are presented in the EIA report to provide as a basis against which predicted impacts of the Project can be assessed and possible changes monitored. A desk-top review of existing information was undertaken for this Project in order to describe existing conditions. Field surveys were also conducted between 2006 and 2007. Environmental baseline studies were updated by undertaking additional fieldwork during October 2012 (wet season) and January 2013 (dry season). ERM Social specialist’s supplemental social baseline surveys were also undertaken during February and March 2012. 3.3. Stakeholder Consultation The objective of the consultation process is to present the proposed project and EIA process to stakeholders Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) and the relevant authorities. These groups are encouraged to become involved in the EIA process by commenting as necessary Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 6 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA and this assists to identify issues, concerns and opportunities. This phase involved the identification of a preliminary list of stakeholders I&APs and authorities, meetings with various government departments and stakeholder groups as well as focus group discussions with local community members. 3.4. Impact Identification and Evaluation The impact assessment process has the following four main components: 1. Prediction of the consequences of project activities on the environmental and social receptors; 2. Evaluation of the importance and significance of the impact; 3. Development of mitigation measures to manage significant impacts where practicable; and 4. Evaluation of the significance of the residual impact. In addition to predicted impacts from planned activities, those impacts that could result from an accident or unplanned event within the Project (e.g. a pollution event) are also taken into account. 3.5. Mitigation and Management Planning The EIA process identified a range of mitigation measures, management actions and monitoring requirements to be implemented during the project to eliminate or reduce adverse environmental and social impacts, enhance positive impacts and monitor the effectiveness of mitigation measures implemented. Delivery of these will be through the project Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The EIA report presents a provisional EMP detailing the specific actions that are required to implement these controls and mitigation measures in order to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. Post auditing /monitoring has also been integrated into the EMP to facilitate the continual improvement of operational practices if those initially established prove inadequate. 4 PROJECT OVERVIEW 4.1. Project Justification The demand for power in Nigeria significantly outstrips the Country’s power generation capacity. Only 51% of Nigeria’s population had access to electricity in 2009 according to statistics. Due to the country not being able to generate more than 4,000MW of electricity, the result has been a severe shortage of electricity. This Project is being proposed as a response to the Federal Government of Nigeria’s request to oil companies to assist in the generation of an additional 5,000MW electrical capacity to increase the national power output and reduce the power shortfalls. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 7 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA 4.2. Project Location The Project site is located in Agura, Lagos State, Nigeria and is situated to the north of the Lagos Lagoon about 32.5 km crow flies (or 45 km by road access) northeast of Lagos city centre (i.e. Ikeja) (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The site is in the Ijede Local Council Development Area in the Ikorodu Local Government Area. The nearest community is Agura which is located approximately 900m to the north of the site. Other nearby communities are Ijede, Ipakan, and Egbin each of which is 2 to 3 km from the project site. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 8 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 1 Location of the Agura IPP in Nigeria Source: Chevron Nigeria Limited GIS Unit, July 2013 Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 8 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 2 Location of the Agura IPP in Lagos State AIPP Site Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 9 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA 4.3. Project Components The proposed project consists of a natural gas fired power plant and associated fuel supply pipeline and interconnection to the national electrical grid. The proposed Project will comprise the following:  Power generating facilities consisting of two turbines (each 165 MW) operating in simple cycle mode;  4 km natural gas spurline, associated gas metering facilities and natural gas conditioning plant;  330kV transmission line (4km) and new switchyard within the existing AIPP site boundary and the extension to the substation within the neighboring Egbin Power Business Unit (EEPBU) site;  Associated plant infrastructure including wastewater treatment facilities, a retention pond and station fuel gas heaters; and  Dredging approximately 150,000m3 of material from Lagos Lagoon to develop a channel for transportation of personnel as well as some goods and equipment by watercraft to and from Lagos. 4.4. Project Activities The commissioning date of the Project is expected between quarter two of 2014 and quarter one of 2016. The facility is planned to be operational in the second quarter of 2016 and the Project is expected to operate for a minimum of 20 years. 4.4.1 Construction Phase The initial stage of construction will involve clearing and grading the portions of the site subject to develop (specifically the footprint of the power plant and associated buildings, fuel supply facilities, transmission line facility, access roads, laydown areas and workers camp). Foundations will be laid for the gas turbines and auxiliary systems, switchyard/ substation buildings, steel support structures, enclosures, and tanks. Construction activities will be restricted to daylight hours, but the final stages of installation and commissioning works may exceed this limit. Diesel-fuelled engine generator sets will supply construction power. Site surveys will be undertaken along the proposed pipeline route prior to construction. An external coating will be used to inhibit corrosion by preventing moisture from coming into direct contact with the steel. Once the pipe has been placed in the trench, the trench will be backfilled and hydrostatic testing will be conducted on the pipeline to check for leaks prior to its use. Site roads will be constructed to allow for the movement of heavy plant during the construction phase. A stone ring road around the power plant area and paved concrete hard standing areas for turbine maintenance and removal will be constructed. Other support structures required include underground trenches, drains, conduits, walkways, roadside drains and curbing. Buildings and equipment enclosures will be prefabricated where possible and shipped to site. Dredging activities will commence at the Lagoon in the early stages of the construction phase, where approximately 150,000m3 of material will be dredged from a total area of Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 10 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA 94,776m2 to form an access channel. The channel will be dredged to a depth of 1.6m and will result in a water depth of 3m. The existing jetty will be used for landing/loading personnel traveling by watercraft to and from the site via the Lagos Lagoon. The construction phase is expected to be completed in about 30 months. The number of workers will vary over the course of construction, with an expected peak workforce of about 300 workers. Workers will be housed in an on-site residential camp. 4.4.2 Operational Phase Low voltage power from the generators will be delivered to the step-up transformer located in the switchyard. Two unit auxiliary transformers will supply the plant medium voltage power supply. The power plant auxiliary power distribution system will consist of area substations, which include switchgear, motor control centers, bus ducts, lighting panels, and power transformers. The secondary auxiliary transformers will be routed to the switchgear using underground cabling. Emergency power will be provided by a dedicated emergency diesel engine generator set. The uninterruptible power supply will provide power to the emergency shutdown system and the distributed control system (i.e. the control rooms, fire alarm and detecting systems and continuous emission monitoring system). The power plant will be controlled from a central control room as well as facilities for combined control and variable load sharing, system monitoring and historical data storage and interrogation. The gas turbine generator lube and control oil system will include a lube oil storage tank, filters, transfer pump(s), bund wall-type containment system and one side- stream lube and control oil treatment system. Two air compressors will provide clean, dry, oil free, service quality air and will consist of after-coolers, moisture separators, air dryers and instrumentation and controls. A separate compressed air system will provide for the workshop including two compressors and filtration and drying equipment. A gas detection and shutdown valve will be installed to warn of gas leakage and to initiate a shutdown of the gas supply system. Routine maintenance will be conducted by the plant’s maintenance team. Routine preventative maintenance will also be carried out as part of a Long Term Service Agreement with the original suppliers covering the gas turbines, the gas turbine auxiliary equipment and the gas turbine alternators. Water is needed for various uses during the operational phase and a potable water treatment plant will provide potable water for eighty personnel. The demineralized water treatment system will produce water for the gas turbine compressor water wash. Pre- treatment facilities will be required for all water uses and reverse osmosis will be required for potable water requirements. In addition, every building on site will be provided with a fire suppression system and will consist of a fire and gas detection system, deluge system and will consist of water hose reels, fire extinguishers and sprinkler systems. The wastewater treatment system will consist of two wastewater sludge settling ponds, a sewage flow equalization tank (if required), grinder pumps, pre-cast concrete or modular septic tank, pre-cast concrete siphon chamber, if required, a tile bed, an oil water separator, underground oily water waste collection tank, and underground compressor off-line wash Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 11 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA water collection tank. Approximately three septic tank and tile bed systems will be implemented to manage the sewage generated onsite. Plant wastewater (non-hazardous) and bilge water will be discharged into a facility closed drain. Sludge from the letting ponds will be removed annually and disposed of by a licensed contractor at an appropriate disposal facility. Stormwater will be managed through a combination of open trenches, swales, ditches, and underground piping. Non-contaminated storm water will drain into the natural environment, but potentially-contaminated water will be directed to the oily water separator before discharge into the environment. The sump tank will retain the condensate from the knockout drum, gas filters, and gas piping until the liquid can be removed from site. Every building enclosed by four walls and a roof will be serviced by a ventilation and air conditioning system. Various levels of lighting will be provided for normal operation, including indoor lighting in electrical and control rooms as well as outdoor lighting at site access points and along the perimeter fence line. The plant and switchyard perimeters will be enclosed with a block wall fence and the main entrance will be secured by a chain link automatic slide gate complete with Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) monitoring from the Control Room. Operations is expected to involve a workforce of approximately 300 workers. 5 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES In order to enhance effective and efficient project design and development decisions objective analysis of alternatives were undertaken based on alternative fuel sources, location alternatives and technology alternatives. The No Project alternative was also considered. For the No Project Alternative no power plant would be constructed and operated. If the Project does not go ahead, the stability and availability of electricity and associated benefits to the national economy will not be realized and Nigeria’s economic development may therefore be hampered. No additional employment would be generated during the construction and operational phases. The No Project Alternative is not considered to be a viable alternative. The fuel source alternatives considered for the plant fuel include coal, oil, natural gas, renewable energy and nuclear energy. The use of liquid hydrocarbon fuels was not considered feasible due to lack of availability as well as the preference for less polluting options. Although coal-fired power technology is technically feasible, the supply of coal fuel is distant from the load centre of Lagos, and coal is associated with high emission levels compared to natural gas. The oil-fired power scenario is considered to be less financially and environmentally feasible due to the need for a steady supply of oil resources and because air emissions from the oil-fired station are significantly higher than the gas-fired station. Hydro-electric power is considered feasible in Nigeria and already contributes significantly to the national power supply, however with existing and proposed hydro power plants in Nigeria, the potential for hydro power will soon be exhausted. From an environmental perspective hydro-power plants have potential for significant impacts to the ecological health of rivers and livelihoods of surrounding communities. The Agura IPP is being planned to operate as a base load power plant, and so needs the ability to operate continuously. Wind Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 12 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA and solar plants can only supply power when the resource is available (e.g., windy or sun). For wind and solar to be effective other sufficient generation capacity has to be available in reserve to provide power when these plants are unable to generate power. At this stage in the development of the power grid in Nigeria there is insufficient capacity to meet present demand, and thus there is no reserve capacity available. Large scale wind and solar power projects are thus considered to be unsuitable for the Nigeria market. In terms of nuclear power, this alternative is considered to be technically and financially unfeasible as there is limited local technical capacity on nuclear power and would thus need to outsource the construction and operation of the power plant. Furthermore, the Federal Government would need to import enriched uranium and the fuel assemblies as for its first nuclear reactors and power plant. Conventional natural gas power generation technology provides the best combination of economic, technical, and environmental considerations. Use of natural gas as a fuel is in line with the government’s policies promoting domestic use of gas to reduce flaring activities. The preferred site was selected based on a number of factors, namely proximity to existing gas supply and electrical transmission system interconnection infrastructure, the industrial nature of the location, access to workforce (Egbin and Agura communities) and close proximity to Lagos which is the largest user base in Nigeria. Due to the relative efficiency of a thermal power station, the ability to mitigate environmental impacts, as well as the relative simplicity to build and operate (which affects cost and speed by which the plant can be completed), the thermal power plant technology was determined to be the preferred option for the Project. 6 BASELINE DESCRIPTION 6.1. Biophysical Environment For the purposes of this executive summary, the description of the baseline environmental conditions is limited to those aspects that are directly relevant to the proposed project and anticipated impacts, specifically, climate/meteorology (metocean data, ambient air quality, noise levels), topography and soils, geology and hydrology, surface water and hydrobiology, vegetation and wildlife characteristics, and marine ecology (plankton, phytoplankton and zooplankton, benthic macro-invertebrates, and fisheries). 6.1.1 Climate The project area is within the semi-hot equatorial zone of the tropical climate area of Nigeria. The mean monthly temperature recorded for Lagos (over a period of 14 years (1991-2005) had a range of 27.6 to 32.6 ºC in the wet season, and a range of 32.5 to 35.3 ºC in the dry season. Accordingly, the highest monthly maximum temperatures are recorded during the months of December through March, with the month of August recording the lowest temperature. Relative humidity and rainfall on the other hand are highest in July and June and lowest in February and January respectively. The prevailing wind directions in the area Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 13 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA are the south and southwest with the mean monthly wind speed between 3.34 (1.67m/s) and 5.01 knots (2.51m/s). The relative humidity ranged from 66% to 75% in the rainy season and from 61% to 69% in the dry season. Rainfall in Lagos is usually high and is experienced all year round. July and September have the highest number of rainy days. 6.1.2 Air Quality/Noise There are no significant seasonal variations noted with regards to ambient air quality. Generally, the concentrations of air quality parameters tend to be higher in the dry season than the wet season due to the prevailing weather conditions in the dry season (i.e. high temperature, low relative humidity and high wind speed) which contribute to an increase in ambient pollutants concentrations. The ambient air quality of the project area could generally be considered to be good (non-degraded) as the concentrations of the parameters sampled fall within the Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Ambient residential noise levels in the study area ranged from 43.0 to 56.6dB (A) in the wet season and from 39.5 to 51.8dBA in the dry season; indicating a natural setting of the area with anthropogenic input. The noise levels obtained during the baseline study were within the World Bank Guideline limit for residential receptors during the day; with the exception of sampling point A2 (located just west of the AIP site boundary and along the site access road) in the wet season. Another source of noise in the study area includes operational activities at the neighboring Egbin Thermal power plant. The noise levels in the study area are below the World Bank limits for an industrial area as well (70dB during the day and night). Although sampling point A1 (close proximity to the Egbin Thermal power plant) recorded 52.7dBA and 51.2dBA for the wet and dry seasons respectively, these values are expected to increase during the construction and operational phases of the proposed Project. 6.1.3 Geology/ Hydrogeology The study area is part of the recent coastal plain sands that are embedded in the Tertiary Dahomey basin that resulted partly from the erosion of the Precambrian Benin Shield of south-western Nigeria. Results of geophysical investigations carried out in the study area showed that soil profile in depth of 100ft was basically sand. The sands are entangled in a complex mixture of fine to coarse-grained sizes with the coarse grains making up the main aquiferous water bearing units. The aquifers in the area (i.e., the underlying sands) are recharged both from the surface (vertical) as percolation from rain and from the sides (horizontal) by the rivers and the lagoon itself in contact with the water bearing sands. Findings indicated that groundwater flow is basically southwest to northeast. Transmissibility and infiltration rates of the aquiferous unit within the study area range between 120 and 2000 square meters per day and 12-40 liters per second, respectively. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 14 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA 6.1.4 Geomorphology and Soil The proposed project site lies within a gently undulating topography with a 2-3% slope. Within and around the study area, the main physiographic unit is the nearly level coastal plains generally with 0-2% slopes. The maximum elevation is about 5 meters above sea level. Soils are basically of two types from younger quaternary and recent Alluvium formations, and are derived from alluvium of fine littoral and lagoon sediments. The soils showed acidic characteristics with a pH range of 5.5 to 6.2. High nitrogen availability was recorded in the soils, however sulphate and phosphorous showed typical characteristics of soils in the area. The total organic matter content was moderate (0.85 – 1.05%). Microbiological analyses of soil samples collected within the study area showed that the soils are densely populated by heterotrophic bacteria. Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were also available in all the soil samples but their concentrations were not much to indicate pollution. Hydrocarbon utilizing fungal species were also very few. A few petrogenic hydrocarbons such as Benzo (a) anthracene were recorded in some of the soil samples. 6.1.5 Surface Water/Sediment The Lagos Lagoon is one of the four main Lagoon systems of the Guinea Coast of West Africa and is connected to the open Atlantic Ocean through the Lagos Harbor. The tidal regime is characterized by semi-diurnal pattern comprising two unequal high tides and low tide over a daily cycle of approximately 24 hr 52 minutes. The water temperature fluctuates between 29ºC and 31ºC in the wet and dry seasons respectively. The water salinity in the study area was generally low, however in the dry season the water is brackish due to inflow of saline water. The very low tidal range in the project area is unlikely to be able to break down any vertical salinity stratification that may develop in the water column. The lagoon in the study area was characterized by fairly high concentrations of dissolved molecular oxygen during the rainy season but comparatively lower during the dry season. Turbidity, transparency and suspended solids also vary in relation to the wet and dry seasons. The heavy metal contents of the lagoon over the two seasons showed generally low concentrations and within their respective natural limits, indicating low levels of pollution. All the trace organics considered occurred within the range of values known for coastal Nigerian and African waters. The mean concentrations of TPH were 7.00mg/l and 6.3mg/l in the wet and dry seasons respectively. Sand comprised the dominant grain particle of sediment with an overall range of 59-84%. Conductivity values showed a pronounced decrease from the west (10.2mScm-1) to the east (4.24mScm-1) of the lagoon. In general, sediment was slightly more acidic in the dry season (mean pH 6.65) than in the rainy season (mean pH 6.87). The basic cations were generally higher in the dry season than in the rainy season. Heavy metals in Lagos lagoon all occurred within the known range of values for African inland and coastal waters. The most widely occurring species were the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella edwardsii with the occurrence frequency of 100% and 83% respectively. The other species could be rated as occasional in occurrence, consistent with the surrounding land uses and populations. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 15 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Species isolates belonging to six genera, five families and three orders of bacterial were identified in the water of the study area. The occurrence of total anaerobic bacteria (TAB) and sulphur reducing bacteria (SRB) were generally absent in the water. The levels of coliform MPN bacteria in Agura Creek waters are indicative of faecal pollution. The fungal flora was characterized by low occurrence. The fungal species comprised mostly common mould species including Mucor, Rhizopus, Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. 6.1.6 Hydrobiology The phytoplankton flora comprised mainly green algae (Chlorophycaea) and Diatoms (Baccillariphycea). Generally, the gross volume-based productivity was 14.86kcal/m3/day (comprising 68% respiration and 32% net productivity). The zooplankton fauna at the study area comprised predominantly rotifers (Rotatoria) and Copepoda while Cladoceria and Anthomedusae were represented to a lesser extent. The most widely occurring species were the Crustacean Cyclops stremuus and Pseudocalanus elongates. The benthic invertebrate macrofauna of the lagoon comprised 13 species belonging to families of Mollusca. The most widely distributed and abundant species include Pachymelania spp, Diplodonta semiaspera, Nuculana Verrilliana and Tympannostonus spp. A total of thirty-five (35) finfish and shellfish species were recorded during the fisheries survey period. The highest number of individuals of species was recorded for the shrimp, Macrobrachium vollenhoveni. Phyto- and zoo-planktons, fish, crustaceans (mainly shrimps and crabs) and molluscs dominated the food items of fish species recorded. 6.1.7 Habitats and Fauna The types and distribution of [terrestrial habitat types] in the study area include mangrove / brackish swamp forest, freshwater swamp forest, and grassland vegetation. Some of the economic plant species encountered in the various vegetation communities within the study area include edible fruits – Terminalia catapa, Psidium guajava, Elaeis guineeensis, Alstonia boonei, Chromolaena odorata and Calotropis procera. The endangered species in the study area according to IUCN are the mangrove plants. Mammals known to be present in the area (from interview with local communities) included Bosman’s Potto (Perodicticus potto), Dwarf Galago (Galagoides demidovii), Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona). Studies indicated that there has been depletion in the abundance of wildlife in the area which may have resulted from over-cultivation/ hunting or the industrial activities already present in the area. 6.2. Socioeconomic Environment The study area (i.e. the Zone of Influence (ZOI)) for the socioeconomic baseline study included the four nearest communities: Agura, Ipakan, Ijede and Egbin. These communities were the main focus of the socioeconomic analyses. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 16 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA 6.2.1 Demographic and Ethnic Profile The demographic profile of the four communities nearest to the Project site is broadly similar to the Lagos State demographic profile which displays a high percentage of youth and a fairly even gender balance of male to female. The current population estimates for the affected communities are Agura (2,610), Igede (7,475), Ipakan (4,893) and Egbin (3,262). All affected communities display ethnic diversity with Agura reporting 75 per cent of its residents being non-indigenes (i.e. from other parts of Nigeria), which is believed to be a partly a result of in-migration due to the presence of the two power plants as well as expectation of future employment opportunities at the Agura IPP Project 6.2.2 Community Infrastructure and Services Community infrastructure and basic services such as health care, education, sanitation and waste management are largely inadequate in the Project ZOI and poorly resourced. Access to piped water is extremely limited and residents rely on boreholes and wells for their water supply. The roads are a mix of tarmacked and dirt roads and are generally in poor condition and are likely to deteriorate with heavy traffic use, especially during construction. Due to the limited and poorly maintained nature of most community infrastructure, it is vulnerable to additional pressure that might be caused by in-migration due to Project activities or service requirements. The majority of residents have access to electricity however supply is sporadic and unreliable and to ameliorate the supply many households own generators, though there is high expectation that cheap reliable energy supply will result from the project. 6.2.3 Livelihood Activities Key livelihood activities in the four communities include small scale trading, fishing, farming and to a lesser extent sand mining and limited formal sector employment, see Table 1 below. Table 1 Primary and Secondary Livelihood Activities Agura Egbin Ijede Ipakan Primary Trading (76%) Trading (83%) Trading (81%) Trading (67%) Livelihood Activity Secondary Fishing (6%) and Fishing (25%) and Fishing (12%) and Fishing (39%) and Livelihood Farming (6%) Farming (10%)  formal sector Sand mining (28%)   Activity/ies employment   Other Livelihood Sand mining (6%) Sand mining (6%) Sand mining and Farming (3%) and Activity/ies Formal sector Formal sector Farming (1%) Formal sector employment and employment and employment farming (1%) farming (1%) Trading is a key livelihood activity in all of the communities especially for women. Opportunities for direct/ indirect employment with the Project through goods and service Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 17 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA provision would be largely beneficial and welcomed by communities. Fishing is an important livelihood activity for all the communities, both for subsistence and commercial purposes. Some key challenges reported by fishers with potential relevance to this Project include an increasing number of incidents of damage to fishing equipment by barges and other shipping vessels operating on the lagoon (though fishing is often done at night to avoid traffic) and dredging activities which increase the turbidity of the water impacting fish distribution. Traditional land tenure systems have not encouraged the development of industrial farming and most lands are inherited along family lines with small individual land holdings. Farming has also diminished in importance due to the lack of access to farm land from industrial development such as land acquisition for the Project, and only around 1-3 per cent of the communities in the Project ZOI now rely on it as a primary livelihood activity, though many households still grow crops for subsistence purposes and keep livestock. Sand mining is prevalent in the Project ZOI with each sand dealer allowed to operate only one boat per week due to space constraints, with a maximum of four working days in each week. The sand dealers have a fixed place near the lagoon called the ‘Beach’ where they all trade. Formal sector employment is limited in the Project ZOI, and high unemployment rates were reported for all four communities ranging from 40–45 percent in Agura, 60 percent in Egbin, 70 percent in Ijede and around 9-10 percent in Ipakan. Available jobs in the community tend to be a combination of semi-skilled and skilled work such as security guards, housekeepers, clerical workers, teachers and health workers. Part time work in the formal and informal sectors includes civil service, bricklaying, trading, welding, water vendors, tailoring and fishing. There is high expectation of employment. Discussions at FGDs revealed that people migrate to the area in search of formal employment but if they are not successful they often take advantage of both the fishing opportunities in the lagoon and the employment opportunities on the farms, returning to the city after the ‘farm’ season ends, in search of other work. In 2007, the WHO reported that 70.8% of the Nigerian population was living below the poverty line of less than USD$1 a day (WHO, 2010). Vulnerable groups within the Project ZOI were found to be women (especially single mothers or widows), children/youth, disabled people, the unemployed and the elderly. These were classed as vulnerable by virtue of their economic vulnerability and their lack of opportunity to participate in decision making systems within the local cultural context. Female-headed households might also be underreported as it is culturally held that a man is the head of the household, even if that man is not a permanent resident or, is a male member of the extended household. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 18 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA 7 SUMMARY OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION The Project activities will give rise to a range of impacts of varying magnitude and significance, as summarized in Table 2. Where appropriate and as indicated under the column “phase” in Table 2. The potential impacts for the following project phase were considered separately: construction (“C”), operations (“O”), and decommissioning (“D”). The assessment methodology used to assess the significance of impacts took into account impact magnitude and sensitivity of receptors and resources affected. Impacts were assessed pre-mitigation and a significance rating determined (Table 2 column labeled “Overall Impact Significance”). Mitigation measures to avoid, reduce, remediate or compensate for potential negative impacts and actions to be taken to enhance benefits were identified (Table 2 column labeled “EMP Mitigation”). Residual significance was then assessed taking into account the proposed mitigation and enhancement measures (Table 2 column labeled “Residual Significance”). In Table 2 positive effects are highlighted in green. Highlighting for negative effects are yellow for minor, yellow plus red stripes for minor/moderate, orange for significant, and red for major. Potential cumulative impacts were also identified and assessed in the context of the potential Phase 2 and Phase 3 expansions to the Project as well as the planned expansions of the neighbouring EEPBU and AES Barge Power Plant projects. Cumulative impacts and residual significance ratings include additional air quality pollution (minor-moderate), noise emissions (minor), surface and ground water quality impacts (moderate), negative impacts on community infrastructure and services (minor), and economic benefits on local employment and economic stimulus and macro-economy (moderate). Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 19 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Table 2 Biophysical, Socioeconomic and Unplanned Impacts and Mitigation Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance Air Quality Increased C Negligible • Employ erosion protection measures (such as revegetation, liquid asphalt) on earth banks and slopes, long Negligible levels of dust, term stockpiles and exposed surfaces. PM10, CO, • Spray roads and other dust-generating surfaces or use dust extraction during excavation to reduce dust VOC emissions. • Cover all materials with the potential to lead to dust emissions, during transport. • Wash down dirty equipment regularly, including excavators, dump trucks and drilling equipment. • Regularly clear and remove excess dirt or mud on access roads as a result of project activities. • Enforce speed limits of 15kph on unhardened roads and surfaces. • Minimise the drop heights for transfer of materials that could emit dust. • Regularly clear storm water drains and gutters of material build up. • Provide and enforce use of appropriate PPE to minimise dust exposure, if required. Air Quality Increased O Insignificant Mitigation as for Air Quality: increased levels of PM10 Insignificant levels of CO Model results for CO indicated an 3 average concentration of 9.14ug/m (8hour) for Phase 1 of the AIPP which falls well below 25% of the 3 DPR limit of 5250ug/m for an averaging 8hour period. Air Quality Increased O Significant • The plant will make use of high efficiency turbines to optimise the plants energy use. Significant levels of • A turbine maintenance programme shall be developed and adhered to, to keep turbines running at optimal greenhouse performance. gases • The plant has been pre-engineered to allow future conversion to CCGT to allow for further efficiency Air Quality Increased O Minor Adverse • Maintain all vehicles and combustion engines as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and operated as Minor levels of NO2 The model results for NO2 indicated per the original specifications. an hourly average concentration of • Use Combustion Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) for each gas turbine generator to continuously 3 33.40µg/m , which falls within the monitor air emissions. 25% 1hour WHO standard of • Fit the gas turbines with two dry low NOx combustors. 50µg/m3 . The Process Contribution • Maintain all vehicles as per the vehicle maintenance schedule. of NO2 is below 25% of the Air Quality Standard. The maximum concentration for NO2 was recorded 3 at the Agura Village is 18.14ug/m , when added to the PC, the resultant concentration or Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) falls within 100% of the WHO hourly 3 guideline of 200ug/m for NO2. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 20 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance Air Quality Increased O Insignificant • Maintain all vehicles and combustion engines as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and operated as Insignificant levels of PM10 Model results for PM10 and PM2.5 per the original specifications. indicate 24hour concentrations of • Use CEMS for each gas turbine generator to continuously monitor air emissions. 3 0.21ug/m for both parameters for Phase 1 of the AIPP. This Process Contribution of PM10 and PM2.5 does not exceed their respective 25% of WHO 24hour guideline limits of 3 3 12.5ug/m and 6.25ug/m . Air Quality Increased D Negligible • Apply a coat of liquid asphalt or similar on earth banks and slopes to prevent erosion soil erosion. Negligible levels of dust, • Reduce dust emissions with water sprays or dust extraction where possible. PM10, CO, • Use erosion control measures for erosion and dust control, on long term exposed surfaces, or on long term VOC stockpiles. • Cover all materials with the potential to lead to dust emissions, during transport. • Use water to wash and damp down surfaces and roads. • Maximum speed limits of 15kph of unhardened surfaces. • Maintain storm water drains and guttering and ensure it is clear of material build up. • Provide and enforce the use of appropriate PPE to minimise exposure to dust. Noise and Increased C Negligible • Implement NNPC/CNL JV SWP 801 Occupational Hygiene - Hearing Conservation Programme Negligible Vibration ambient noise Requirements. and vibration • Select electric and hydraulic systems over combustion and pneumatic systems. • Maintain all vehicles and combustion engines as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and operated as per the original specifications. • Reduce equipment idle speeds to low to reduce noise and turn equipment off when not in use. • Erect fence to reduce site access and noise exposure. Noise and Increased O Negligible • Implement the SEP to communicate with the affected communities on a regular basis. Negligible Vibration ambient noise • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any and vibration damage or accidents); and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. • Plan vehicle/ equipment movements to avoid travel through residential areas. • Avoid clustering of machinery and other large operational vehicles near residences and other sensitive land uses. • Undertake noise monitoring at closest sensitive receptors. Soil Increased C Minor • Limit vegetation removal to the minimum area required on the Project site. Negligible Resources erosion • Revegetate exposed areas as soon as practically possible. • Manage and direct surface water drainage from the site by: - Minimising areas of exposed soil and soil stockpiles. - Diverting drainage to avoid exposed areas of soil, soil stockpiles and construction areas. - Directing drainage off the site to avoid areas down slope and especially land used for cropping. - Use of silt traps or similar systems to prevent discharge of silted water. • Construct roads suitably for use by heavy vehicles and equipment. • Limit vehicle and equipment movements to designated roads; off-road activities shall be avoided. • Contain the dredged spoils within a bund wall to allow drainage into Lagoon after the entrained sediment has settled. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 21 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance Soil Increased soil D Minor • Rehabilitate and re-vegetate cleared areas adjacent to the Project site before the next wet season. Negligible Resources erosion • Minimise simultaneous transportation and excavation to reduce erosion. Groundwa Depletion of O Moderate • Reduce water usage and record water use through monitoring to enable reduction. Moderate ter groundwater • Maintain taps and water pumping and transmission mechanisms at optimal working condition. Resources resources. • Regularly check all plant equipment and pipelines for leaks. Water use for • Undertake detailed water analysis and implement recommendations. process water • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond (cooling, fire timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV tanks, washing and the local communities. etc.) will be extracted from three boreholes on site with a flow rate of 200m3/h per well. Surface Increased C Minor-Moderate • Dredging in accordance with the Chevron SWP 703 Standard for Dredging Operations (April 2011), attached Minor Water turbidity in Annex E, including: Resources • Pre-survey to identify exact dredging location and minimise dredging activities. • Select equipment appropriate to the sediment characteristics, disposal method to minimise re-suspension of sediments. • Use least intrusive dredging equipment and silt curtains. • Dredge during low tide, where feasible. Terrestrial Disturbance of C Minor Mitigation as for Terrestrial Ecology: Loss and Disturbance of Vegetation Minor Ecology wildlife • Enforce speed limits on roads on-site (15kph) as well as off-site. • Train all drivers on avoidance of fauna, and potential migration paths, especially when driving at night. • Prohibit hunting on the site or the purchase of bush meat or illegal game by employees. Terrestrial Loss and C Moderate • Design the site layout access roads to retain natural vegetation where possible and minimise fragmentation of Minor Ecology disturbance of larger natural habitats. vegetation • Limit vegetation removal to the Project site. • Demarcate work areas to prevent disturbance outside areas designated for work or for clearing. • Restore and revegetate areas (i.e. native species) that are not in use, as soon as practically possible. • Control invasive plants, including removal and replacement of existing invasive plants during revegetation. • Train employees on issues related to environmental protection (vegetation and fauna). Freshwate Disturbance C Moderate Mitigation as for "Surface Water Resources: Increased Turbidity". Minor r Ecology and/ or loss of benthic organisms Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 22 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance Freshwate Disturbance of C Minor Mitigation as for "Surface Water Resources: Increased Turbidity". Minor r Ecology fish and other freshwater fauna Freshwate Disturbance to C Negligible • Maintain all work equipment at an optimal operating condition. Negligible r Ecology marine fauna • Use ‘low noise’ equipment, and methods of work where feasible. as a result of • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric-controlled units, noise and where feasible. vibration from • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. the dredger • Implement NNPC/CNL JV SWP 703 Dredging Operations requirements engine and suction head Influx and Change in C Minor-Moderate • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft MOU Minor Demograp demographic with the local communities. hics profile • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the draft MOU with local communities. • Make community leaders aware of the project activities and impacts, including feedback on in-mitigation. • Develop and enforce a Code of Conduct for Project workers and ensure that these measures are strictly enforced. • Non-local construction workers to be housed in a closed camp. • Liaise with local law enforcement agencies as required in relation to crime attributable to the external NNPC/CNL JV construction workforce and take appropriate action where necessary. • Brief the construction contractor and all NNPC/CNL JV employees on the sociocultural norms and sensitivities of the neighbouring communities before commencement of work in the area. Influx and Change in D Minor • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft MOU Negligible Demograp demographic with the local communities. hics profile • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the draft MOU with local communities. • Make community leaders aware of the project activities and impacts, including feedback on in-mitigation. • Develop and enforce a Code of Conduct for Project workers and ensure that these measures are strictly enforced. • Non-local decommissioning workers to be housed in a closed camp. • Liaise with local law enforcement agencies as required in relation to crime attributable to the external NNPC/CNL JV decommissioning workforce and take appropriate action where necessary. • Brief the decommissioning contractor and all NNPC/CNL JV employees on the sociocultural norms and sensitivities of the neighbouring communities before commencement of work in the area. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 23 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance Infrastruct Increased C Moderate • Maintain on-site medical and ambulance facilities for Project workers. Minor ure and strain on local • Transfer Project workers with serious illness or injuries to Lagos for treatment in line with Chevron SWP 108 - Social health Emergency Medical Evacuation. Services services and • The Agura IPP MoU (Annex A) makes provision for contributions to be made to health and infrastructure other development projects and activities including dispensaries, cottage hospitals and doctors quarters. community infrastructure Infrastruct Loss of C Minor • Inform all affected communities of any temporary shutdown of electricity through engagement of the ICSC as Minor ure and electricity per the MOU. Social supplies Services during routine shut downs Infrastruct Increased O Minor • Maintain on-site medical and ambulance facilities for Project workers. Negligible ure and strain on local • Transfer Project workers with serious illness or injuries to Lagos for treatment in line with Chevron SWP 108 - Social health Emergency Medical Evacuation. Services services and • The Agura IPP MoU (Annex A) makes provision for contributions to be made to health and infrastructure other development projects and activities including dispensaries, cottage hospitals and doctors quarters. community infrastructure Infrastruct Improved O Positive No specific enhancement measures have been identified. Positive ure and electricity Social supply Services Infrastruct Increased D Moderate • Maintain on-site medical and ambulance facilities for Project workers. Minor ure and strain on local • Transfer Project workers with serious illness or injuries to Lagos for treatment in line with Chevron SWP 108 - Social health Emergency Medical Evacuation. Services services and • Ensure that contributions are made to health and infrastructure development projects and activities including other dispensaries, cottage hospitals and doctors quarters, as per the MOU. community infrastructure Economic Employment C Positive • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft MOU Positive Benefits opportunities with the local communities. and economic • Include requirements to prioritize local employment wherever possible in the tender process. stimulus • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract awards. • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should be channelled to the communities through the ICSC leadership. • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the MOU with local communities. Economic Employment O Positive • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft MOU Positive Benefits opportunities with the local communities. and economic • Include requirements to prioritize local employment wherever possible in the tender process. stimulus • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract awards. • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should be channelled to the communities through the ICSC leadership. • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the MOU with local communities. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 24 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance Economic Increased O Positive There is very little that the Project can do to maximise the benefits of increased government revenue. Positive Benefits national tax revenues Livelihood Disruption to C Minor Mitigation as for "Surface Water Resources: Increased Turbidity" and Freshwater Ecology: Disturbance to Minor s fishing marine fauna as a result of noise and vibration from the dredger engine and suction head activities • Inform the four communities within the ZOI of the barge routes and schedules to avoid impacts on fishing activities (in line with the SEP) and through the ICSC). • Constrain barge activities to day light hours. • Implement and disclose a grievance procedure and respond to all grievances timeously. Implement corrective actions identified. • Develop and maintain emergency and spill/leak prevention plan (all project phases). Livelihood Disturbance of C Minor • Execute MoU and implement and disclose a grievance procedure and respond to all grievances timeously. Minor s agricultural activities Livelihood Disturbance of C Minor • Plan dredging and barging activities to cause minimal disruption to sand mining activities. Minor s sand mining • Encourage contractors to engage with the Egbin Sand Sellers Association to establish whether sand activities construction requirements (including quality) can be met locally. • Develop a SEP in line with the draft MOU to facilitate engagement with the community so that stakeholders are informed of NNPC/CNL JV’s activities. • Engage with local community (and ICSC) to encourage them to avoid sand mining sites during barge movements. • Undertake regular meetings with the Independent Power Project Community Stakeholders Committee (ICSC) to identify and manage issues as they arise. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Livelihood Local business C Positive Mitigation as for Economic Benefits: Employment opportunities and economic stimulus Positive s development Livelihood Disruption to O Minor • Develop a SEP in line with the draft MOU to facilitate engagement with the community so that stakeholders Minor s fishing are informed of NNPC/CNL JV’s activities. activities • Implement and disclose a grievance procedure and respond to all grievances timeously. • Develop and maintain emergency and spill/leak prevention and response/countermeasures plans for all phases of the project. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Livelihood Disturbance of O Negligible Mitigation as for Air Quality: increased emissions of NO2 Negligible s agricultural activities Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 25 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance Livelihood Local business O Positive • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft MOU Positive s development with the local communities. • Include requirements to prioritize local employment wherever possible in the tender process. • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract awards. • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should be channelled to the communities through the ICSC leadership. • Engage with local communities in accordance with the draft MOU, and pursue finalisation and agreement with local communities. Livelihood Disruption to D Minor Mitigation as for Surface and Groundwater Resources: Impacts to Surface and Groundwater Resources Minor s fishing (Decommissioning) activities • Inform the four communities within the ZOI of the barge routes and schedules to avoid impacts on fishing activities (in line with the SEP) and through the ICSC). • Constrain barge activities to day light hours. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. • Develop and maintain emergency and spill/leak prevention plan (all project phases). Cultural Change in C Minor • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure (in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV Negligible Heritage socio-cultural and local communities) which tracks grievances and response; and respond timeously with corrective actions practices identified. • Implement and training all Project employees on Code of Conduct and cultural awareness programme, during construction phase to be reinforced through operations. Sense of Altered sense O Negligible • Pursue a proactive SEP that is built on openness, mutual trust and inclusiveness in terms of its operational Negligible Place of place activities and community-based development initiatives. • Manage the location of contractor accommodation to limit the impact of high numbers of outsiders converging on local towns. • Implement a Code of Conduct for all employees. Traffic Damage to C Minor • Engage with the local authorities in order to repair any damage to the road as a result of the project activities. Minor road • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any infrastructure damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Traffic Increased C Minor-Moderate • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond Minor traffic timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV congestion and the local communities. • Design journey management schedule that avoids peak hour travelling times during the day. • Drivers to adhere to the roads and avoid driving on road shoulders. Traffic Increased O Minor • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond Minor traffic timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV congestion and the local communities. • Develop a journey management schedule to peak traffic times. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 26 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance Traffic Damage to D Minor • Engage with the local authorities in order to repair any damage to the road as a result of the project activities. Minor road • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any infrastructure damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Traffic Increased D Minor-Moderate • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond Minor traffic timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV congestion and the local communities. • Design journey management schedule that avoids peak hour travelling times during the day. • Drivers to adhere to the roads and avoid driving on road shoulders. Communit Deterioration C Moderate Mitigation as for Noise and Vibration: Increased ambient noise and vibration and Air Quality: Increased levels Minor y Health in community of dust, PM10 and NOx and Safety health conditions and • Limit activities associated with high levels of noise to daylight hours only. increased • Consult with affected communities where high noise levels are unavoidable and consider measures such as irritation (noise break periods. and dust) • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Communit Increase in C Minor • Conduct regular hygiene inspections of the worker camp and associated facilities. Minor y Health communicable • Encourage the construction workforce to undergo testing (NNPC/CNL JV and contractors) for sexually and Safety diseases transmitted infections (STIs). • Provide prompt and adequate medical treatment for all reported cases of disease (of employees). • Conduct a basic health and safety awareness campaign for all personnel incorporating HIV/AIDS and malaria awareness and prevention program which will include voluntary testing and the provision of condoms. • Avoid large pools of standing water during site clearance and grading. • Implement and training all Project employees on Code of Conduct and cultural awareness programme, during construction phase to be reinforced through operations. Communit Deterioration O Moderate Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources(Operation) , Air Quality: increased Minor y Health in community emissions of NO2 (Operational) and Noise and Vibration: Increased Ambient Noise and Vibration (Operation) and Safety health conditions and • Maintain sufficient financial resources to address any required cleanup of the environment. increased irritation (noise and dust) Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 27 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance Communit Deterioration D Minor Mitigation as for Air Quality: Increased levels of dust, PM10 and NOx (Decommissioning) and Surface and Negligible y Health in community Groundwater Resources: Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources (Decommissioning) and Safety health conditions and • Limit activities associated with high levels of noise to daylight hours only. increased • Consult with affected communities where high noise levels are unavoidable and consider measures such as irritation (noise break periods. and dust) • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. • Maintain sufficient financial resources to address any required cleanup of the environment. Worker Health and C Moderate • Provide and require use of appropriate PPE for all employees, including training and awareness raising on Negligible Health and Safety PPE use, as part of induction. Safety Hazards for • Prepare a Worker Health and Safety Plan for the site for construction, operation and decommissioning onsite phases. Employees • Ensure periods of respite are provided in the case of unavoidable maximum noise level events. • Use low noise’ equipment, or work methods. • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric-controlled units, where feasible and reasonable. • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. • Regular maintenance of dredging equipment. • Implement CNL SWP 801- Occupational Hygiene - Hearing Conservation program requirements. • Enforce implementation of SOP 400 – Permit To Work, SOP 500 series - Safe Practices & PPE requirements, and other appropriate Chevron SOPs. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. Worker Health and O Moderate • Provide and require use of appropriate PPE for all employees and provide training and awareness raising as Negligible Health and Safety part of induction. Safety Hazards for • Implement a Worker Health and Safety Plan for the site for construction, operation and decommissioning onsite phases. Employees • Maintain all work equipment at an optimal operating condition. • Plan activities involving heavy equipment operation (e.g., cranes), pile-driving or blasting to occur during periods of the day that would be expected to minimize disturbance. • Ensure periods of respite are provided in the case of unavoidable maximum noise level events. • Ensure, where feasible and reasonable, that ‘low noise’ equipment, or methods of work with the lowest noise impacts are selected. • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric-controlled units, where feasible. • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. • Deploy a behaviour based safety/ iCARE program to promote safety culture. • Implement effective Hazard Communication and Right To Know program. • Deploy Incident and Injury Free campaign to the workforce early in the project. • Enforce implementation of SOP 400 – Permit To Work and other appropriate Chevron SOPs. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 28 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance Worker Health and D Moderate • Provide and require use of appropriate PPE (all employees and contractors). Negligible Health and Safety • Provide training and awareness raising on PPE use for all employees, as part of induction. Safety Hazards for • Prepare a Worker Health and Safety Plan for the site for construction, operation and decommissioning onsite phases. Employees • Provide respite in the case of unavoidable maximum noise level events. • Use ‘low noise’ equipment, or work methods. • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric-controlled units, where feasible and reasonable. • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. • Deploy a behaviour based safety/ iCARE program to promote safety culture. • Deploy Incident and Injury Free campaign to the workforce early in the project. • Implement NNPC/CNL JV SWP 801- Occupational Hygiene - Hearing Conservation program requirements. • Enforce implementation of SOP 400 – Permit To Work and other appropriate Chevron SOP 500 series - Safe Work Practices and PPE, and other appropriate SOPs. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. Soil Contamination C Minor • Train and equip relevant staff in safe storage and handling practices, and rapid spill response and cleanup Negligible Resources of soil techniques. resources • Develop a Spill Control and Response Plan to respond to spills and leaks. • Provide spill containment equipment to ensure that incidental spills/leaks are promptly and adequately contained., including drip pans. • Store hydrocarbons, fuels, lubricants and chemicals in bunded and lockable oil storage tanks, with hoses and gauges kept within the bund. • Design all diesel storage tanks and components to meet international standards for structural design and integrity and to have corrosion protection and spill and overfill prevention devices (e.g. alarms, automatic shut- off devices and catch basins). • Undertake periodic inspection and maintenance of storage tanks, pipes and associated components. • Construct storm water channels and oil/ water separators in diesel storage, handling and transfer areas. • Dispose of wastes in line with established the AIPP Waste Management Plan (Annex E), including categorizing and containing all waste materials before being transported to the licenced disposal site by a licenced waste disposal contractor. • Establish adequate bund walls and foundations where hazardous substances are stored (e.g. fuel, waste areas). • Separate all waste types and store on hard standing. • Report all incidents and spills to the FMEnv and LASEPA to ensure that appropriate response measures are implemented. Soil Contamination O Minor • Train and equip relevant staff in safe storage and handling practices, and rapid spill response and cleanup Minor Resources of soil techniques. resources • Include environmental awareness regarding waste handling into induction programme for all employees. • Provide spill containment equipment to ensure that incidental spills/leaks are promptly and adequately contained., including drip pans. • Develop a Spill Control and Response Plan to respond to spills and leaks. • Store hydrocarbons, fuels, lubricants and chemicals in bunded and lockable oil storage tanks, with hoses and gauges kept within the bund. • CNL shall ensure that the diesel storage tanks and components meet international standards for structural Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 29 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance design and integrity and provide corrosion protection. • Undertake periodic inspection and maintenance of storage tanks, pipes and associated components. • Equip tanks with spill and overfill prevention devices (e.g. alarms, automatic shut-off devices and catch basins). • Construct storm water channels and oil/ water separators in diesel storage, handling and transfer areas. • Categorize and containerize wastes to prevent contact with soil and groundwater before being transported to the licenced disposal site. • Adopt and implement waste management practices as outlined in the AIPP Waste Management Plan (Annex E), including waste removal by licenced waste disposal contractor and fuel and waste oil containment and disposal. • All incidents of contamination shall be reported to the FMEnv and the relevant state departments. These events shall be investigated and addressed in consultation with all relevant authorities. • Implement SOP 701 Waste Management Practices requirements. • Implement SOP 111 – Hazardous Substance Control Plan requirements. Soil Contamination D Minor • Train and equip relevant staff in safe storage and handling practices, and rapid spill response and cleanup Minor Resources of soil techniques. resources • Develop a Spill Control and Response Plan to respond to spills and leaks. • Provide spill containment equipment to ensure that incidental spills/leaks are promptly and adequately contained, including drip pans. • Store hydrocarbons, fuels, lubricants and chemicals in bunded and lockable oil storage tanks, with hoses and gauges kept within the bund. • Design all diesel storage tanks and components to meet international standards for structural design and integrity and to have corrosion protection and spill and overfill prevention devices (e.g. alarms, automatic shut- off devices and catch basins). • Undertake periodic inspection and maintenance of storage tanks, pipes and associated components. • Construct storm water channels and oil/ water separators in diesel storage, handling and transfer areas. • Dispose of wastes in line with established the AIPP Waste Management Plan (Annex E), including categorizing and containing all waste materials before being transported to the licenced disposal site by a licenced waste disposal contractor. • Establish adequate bund walls and foundations where hazardous substances are stored (e.g. fuel, waste areas). • Separate all waste types and store on hard standing. • Report all incidents and spills to the FMEnv and LASEPA to ensure that appropriate response measures are implemented. • Ensure correct disposal of demolition waste and chemicals (including transformer oil and residual sludge from the wastewater treatment works. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 30 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance Surface Contamination C Minor Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources Negligible and of surface and Groundwa ground water • No waste discharge into the Lagos Lagoon during dredging or transportation of equipment. ter resources • Secure all materials and equipment on board transport vehicles. Resources • Regularly maintain of dredging equipment according to the Chevron SWP 703 Standard for Dredging Operations (April 2011) (Annex E). • Report all incidents and spills to the FMEnv and LASEPA to ensure that appropriate response measures are implemented. • Implement Chevron SOP 701 - Waste Management Proactive requirements and SOP 111 - Hazardous Substance Control Plan requirements. Surface Contamination O Moderate Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources(Operation) Minor and of surface and Groundwa ground water • Monitoring of waste water discharge (prior to discharge) will be undertaken to ensure that water quality ter resources remains within Nigerian, WHO and World Bank limits. Any sludge that is produced will be disposed of as Resources hazardous waste to an appointed licensed waste disposal facility. Surface Contamination D Minor Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources Minor and of surface and Groundwa groundwater • Carefully decommission the groundwater abstraction boreholes, or if they are to remain in continued use, ter resources ensure they are capped to prevent the development of a potential pathway for contaminants. Resources • Reduce or prevent off-site sediment transport using appropriate methods such as effective site drainage, and sediment/silt trap mechanisms. • Design permanent drainage installations for heavy rainfall events and protect storm water channels using slope, limitation techniques, rip-rap and lining. Waste Waste impacts C Minor Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources and Surface and Groundwater Resources: Negligible Potential Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources • Identify suitable disposal sites and confirm capacities for disposal for general and hazardous wastes prior to the initiation of site clearance activities. Waste Waste impacts O Minor Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources and Surface and Groundwater Resources: Negligible Potential Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources • Identify suitable disposal sites and confirm capacities for disposal for general and hazardous wastes prior to the initiation of site clearance activities. Waste Waste impacts D Moderate Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources and Surface and Groundwater Resources: Minor Potential Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources (Decommissioning) • Identify suitable disposal sites and confirm capacities for disposal for general and hazardous wastes prior to the initiation of decommissioning activities. • All metal shall be sold for scrap and machinery; and infrastructure and buildings shall be dismantled such that as much of this waste can be reused or recycled. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 31 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance Traffic: Increased C Major • Limit land transportation by using barges and other water vessels for large and bulky loads. Moderate Road accident risks • Develop and enforce a journey management schedule to avoid peak traffic times. • Require competency training (including defensive driving), and identification of road signs and traffic codes for vehicle drivers and conductors before mobilisation is allowed. • Use road signs and sirens at strategic points to warn people of oncoming heavy duty vehicles. • Drivers to observe speed limits. • Certify all vehicles for roadworthiness (and renew as required). • Avoid night trips. • Use escort vehicle during transportation of large and bulky loads. • Implement NNPC/CNL JV's SOP 104 - Land Transport Safety Management System requirements. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Traffic: Increased O Moderate • Develop and enforce an effective journey management schedule. Minor Road accident risks • Require all drivers observe load limits and speed limits for all roads used. • Require competency training on driving, and identification of road signs and traffic codes for vehicle drivers and conductors before mobilisation is allowed. • Use road signs at strategic points, sirens and public announcements where necessary to warn people of oncoming heavy duty vehicles. • Certify and renew all its vehicles for roadworthiness. • Avoid night trips. • Use escort vehicle during transportation of large and bulky loads. • Limit vehicular movement during peak traffic through effective logistic and material movement planning. • Implement NNPC/CNL JV's SOP 104 Land Transport Safety Management System requirements. Traffic: Increased D Major • Limit land transportation by using barges and other water vessels for large and bulky loads. Moderate Road accident risks • Develop and enforce a journey management schedule to avoid peak traffic times. • Require competency training (including defensive driving), and identification of road signs and traffic codes for vehicle drivers and conductors before mobilisation is allowed. • Use road signs and sirens at strategic points to warn people of oncoming heavy duty vehicles. • Drivers to observe speed limits. • Certify all vehicles for roadworthiness (and renew as required). • Avoid night trips. • Use escort vehicle during transportation of large and bulky loads. • Implement NNPC/CNL JV's SOP 104 - Land Transport Safety Management System requirements. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 32 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA Aspect Potential Phase Overall Impact Significance EMP Mitigation Residual Impact Significance Traffic: Increased C Minor • Conduct transportation risk assessment and implement recommendations. Minor Water- risks of • Comply with NNPC/CNL JV's Marine Safety procedures and all water way transport rules (NNPC/CNL JV and based collisions contractors) and Chevron SOP 515 - Boat Transportation and Personnel Transfer. • Notify stakeholders of barge routes and dates through SEP. • Limit barge activities to day light hours. • Limit dredging activities to a single event where feasible. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. • Licence all vessels used for transport. • All on board transport vessels must wear adequate PPE. Traffic: Increased D Minor • Conduct transportation risk assessment and implement recommendations. Minor Water- risks of • Comply with NNPC/CNL JV's Marine Safety procedures and all water way transport rules (NNPC/CNL JV and based collisions contractors) and Chevron SOP 515 - Boat Transportation and Personnel Transfer. • Notify stakeholders of barge routes and dates through SEP. • Limit barge activities to day light hours. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. • Licence all vessels used for transport. • All on board transport vessels must wear adequate PPE. Communit Increased O Minor • Revalidate the Quantitative Risk Assessment for the gas pipeline, handling facilities and gas turbines and Minor y and risks of implement any additional measures required. Worker accidents and • Revalidate the building siting assessment. Health and explosions • Ensure strict application of international standards of operations. Safety • Implement the Project Emergency Response Plan (ERP) (Annex E). • Coat all pipelines with an anti-corrosive material to prevent leaks and spills. • Implement an effective and continuous pressure and flow monitoring system including provision for automatic shutdown in case of leak or failure. • Conduct frequent fire drills at the Project site to acquaint personnel with fire emergency procedures. • Ensure all fire-fighting equipment is readily available. • Undertake job hazard analyses for all work with associated fire or explosions risks (i.e. hot work). • Implement appropriate Chevron SOPs from the 100-800 series to manage risks. Communit Increased D Minor Mitigation as for Waste Impacts (Decommissioning) Negligible y and risks of Worker accidents and • Prepare and implement a decommissioning and demolition plan which provides instructions on the safe Health and explosions removal of project infrastructure. Safety • Conduct frequent fire drills at the Project site to acquaint personnel with fire emergency procedures. • Ensure all fire-fighting equipment is readily available. • Undertake job hazard analyses for all work with associated fire or explosions risks (i.e. hot work). • Implement appropriate Chevron SOPs from the 100-800 series to manage risks. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 33 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) A key objective of the EIA was to develop and describe practical, commensurate and cost effective mitigation and management measures that avoid, reduce, control, remedy or compensate for negative impacts and enhance positive benefits. The objectives of mitigation have been established through legal requirements or industry good practice standards and where standards were not available, project-specific standards have been established. Implementation of the findings and outcomes of the EIA process are described in the EMP for the proposed Project. Elements of this provisional plan will be taken forward and incorporated into a comprehensive project EMP that will be used to deliver the project’s health, safety and environmental (EHS) regulatory compliance objectives and other related commitments. The EMP provides an outline of the procedures and processes that will be incorporated into project activities to check and monitor compliance and effectiveness of the mitigation measures. In addition, the EMP is used to ensure compliance with statutory requirements and corporate safety and environmental policies. The outline EMP is provided in Chapter 7 of the EIA report. With respect to the significant impacts identified by the EIA, the EMP provides the linkage between each significant impact, the relevant mitigation measures and the monitoring approach. Significant impacts are referenced to:  Applicable regulatory requirements, lenders requirements and other commitments;  Relevant operational controls (e.g. management best practices, construction and operation specifications, procedures, and work instructions);  Responsible parties;  Timeframes; and,  Approximate costs. The EMP contains the recommendation for the development of a number of detailed management plans and procedures that lay out the specifications for compliance with specific environmental and social elements. 9 CONCLUSIONS The Chapter 5 and 6 of the EIA identified a number of potential impacts associated with the Project. No negative impacts of major residual significance are associated with the proposed Project. The most significant impacts prior to mitigation are increased emissions of greenhouse gases (assessed as significant) as well as the increase in risks of traffic accidents (as a result of road use by heavy vehicles during construction and decommissioning) (major Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 34 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA impacts). These traffic impacts are reduced to moderate on the implementation of various mitigation measures including limiting road transportation in favor of barges, journey management planning, driver training, speed limit enforcement and the use of road signs, sirens and public announcements where necessary. Fourteen (14) negative social and biophysical impacts are identified as having a moderate significance prior to the implementation of mitigation measures, four with a minor-moderate significance and also a number of additional impacts of minor, and negligible negative significance prior to mitigation. The significance of all moderate, minor-moderate and minor impacts (pre-mitigation) are reduced to minor or negligible significance with the implementation of the identified mitigation measures. A number of benefits related to the Project are also identified (presented as positive impacts). These include benefits to the national macro-economy in the form of increased national tax revenues; economic stimulus and business development as a result of improved national electricity supply; as well as increased local employment and local business development related to the increased local demand for goods and services. Draft EIA Report Executive Summary November 2013 Page 35 of 36 Agura IPP Project EIA TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 1 of 31 1.1 General Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 of 31 1.2 Project Proponent ................................................................................................................ 1 of 31 1.3 Project Location ................................................................................................................... 1 of 31 1.4 EIA Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 7 of 31 1.5 EIA Process ......................................................................................................................... 7 of 31 1.6 Stakeholder Engagement Activities ................................................................................... 12 of 31 1.7 Legal and Policy Framework ............................................................................................. 18 of 31 1.8 Report Structure ................................................................................................................ 31 of 31 CHAPTER TWO PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ............................................................................................................. 1 of 13 2.1 Project Objective and Justification ....................................................................................... 1 of 13 2.2 Consideration of Alternatives ............................................................................................... 2 of 13 2.3 Overview of Basis for Selection of Preferred Alternative ................................................... 11 of 13 2.4 Project Benefits .................................................................................................................. 11 of 13 2.5 Envisaged Sustainability Aspects ...................................................................................... 12 of 13 CHAPTER THREE DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ............................................................................ 1 of 28 3.1 Project Overview.................................................................................................................. 1 of 28 3.2 Project Components ............................................................................................................ 4 of 28 3.3 Project Schedule .................................................................................................................. 9 of 28 3.4 Workforce Management ...................................................................................................... 9 of 28 3.5 Construction and Commissioning ...................................................................................... 11 of 28 3.6 Operation ........................................................................................................................... 15 of 28 3.7 Decommissioning .............................................................................................................. 29 of 28 CHAPTER FOUR PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................ 1 of 47 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 of 47 4.2 Climatic Conditions .............................................................................................................. 4 of 47 4.3 Ambient Air Quality .............................................................................................................. 7 of 47 4.4 Ambient Noise Level .......................................................................................................... 10 of 47 4.5 Geology and Geomorphology ............................................................................................ 11 of 47 4.6 Soils ................................................................................................................................... 13 of 47 Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page i of xv Agura IPP Project EIA 4.7 Geohydrology .................................................................................................................... 16 of 47 4.8 Surface Water .................................................................................................................... 22 of 47 4.9 Sediment Physico chemical Characteristics ...................................................................... 26 of 47 4.10 Plankton and Benthic Fauna ............................................................................................. 28 of 47 4.11 Fish .................................................................................................................................... 34 of 47 4.12 Habitats and Flora ............................................................................................................. 35 of 47 4.13 Fauna ................................................................................................................................. 46 of 47 PART B: DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .................... 1 of 43 4.14 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 of 43 4.15 Project ZOI ........................................................................................................................... 1 of 43 4.16 Demographic Profile ............................................................................................................ 4 of 43 4.17 Ethnicity, Language and Religion ........................................................................................ 7 of 43 4.18 Vulnerable or Marginalised Groups ..................................................................................... 9 of 43 4.19 Administration and Socio-Cultural Institutions ................................................................... 10 of 43 4.20 Land Acquisition ................................................................................................................ 14 of 43 4.21 Economics, Livelihoods, and Employment ........................................................................ 15 of 43 4.22 Education ........................................................................................................................... 26 of 43 4.23 Health Status and Access to Health Services ................................................................... 29 of 43 4.24 Infrastructure and Services ................................................................................................ 32 of 43 CHAPTER FIVE ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS .................................................. 1 of 35 5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 of 35 5.2 Overview of Impact Assessment Approach ......................................................................... 1 of 35 5.3 Associated and Potential Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts............................. 10 of 35 5.4 Further Detail on the Air Quality Modelling Results and Impact Assessment ................... 25 of 35 5.5 Cumulative Impacts ........................................................................................................... 32 of 35 CHAPTER SIX MITIGATION MEASURES AND RESIDUAL SIGNIFICANCE ........................................................ 1 of 18 6.1 Mitigation Measures............................................................................................................. 1 of 18 6.2 Residual Impact Significance .............................................................................................. 3 of 18 6.3 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts Identified for the Agura IPP ............................ 3 of 18 CHAPTER SEVEN ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ......................................................................................... 1 of 51 7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 of 51 7.2 EMP Objectives and Scope of Application .......................................................................... 1 of 51 7.3 General Requirements......................................................................................................... 2 of 51 Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page ii of xv Agura IPP Project EIA 7.4 Planning ............................................................................................................................... 3 of 51 7.5 Implementation .................................................................................................................. 10 of 51 7.6 Checking and Corrective Action ........................................................................................ 18 of 51 CHAPTER EIGHT DECOMMISSIONING ......................................................................................................................... 1 of 5 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 of 5 8.2 Decommissioning Activities ................................................................................................... 1 of 5 8.3 Environmental and Social Impacts of Decommissioning Activities ....................................... 4 of 5 CHAPTER NINE CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................................................................. 1 of 3 9.1 The EIA Process .................................................................................................................... 1 of 3 9.2 Summary of Impacts and Mitigation ...................................................................................... 1 of 3 Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page iii of xv Agura IPP Project EIA LIST OF APPENDICES, TABLES AND FIGURES LIST OF APPENDICES Annex A Stakeholder Engagement Materials and Draft Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with local communities Annex B List of References Annex C Plant Layout Schematic Annex D Fuel Network Diagrams Annex E Existing Management Plans and Chevron SOPs Annex F Biophysical Baseline Sampling Report and Map Annex G Air Quality Modeling Report Annex H Noise Modeling Report Annex I Draft Grievance Procedure Annex J Social Baseline Data Collection Tools Annex K Land Acquisition Documentation Annex L Framework Chance Find Procedure LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Baseline Surveys 10 of 31 Table 1.2 Stakeholder Groups 13 of 31 Table 1.3 Data Gathering Activities per Community 15 of 31 Table 1.4 Key Stakeholder Issues Identified 17 of 31 Table 1.5 Overview of NESREA Regulations 22 of 31 Table 1.6 International Finance Corporation Group Performance Standards 28 of 31 Table 1.7 International Environmental Conventions to which Nigeria is a Signatory 30 of 31 Table 2.1 Average Electricity Use in Select Countries 1 of 13 Table 2.2 Fuel Alternatives Analysis 6 of 13 Table 2.3 Air Emissions of Alternative Fuel Sources 9 of 13 Table 3.1 Agura IPP Site Coordinates 2 of 28 Table 3.2 Switchyard Parameters 5 of 28 Table 3.3 Ancillary Services and Infrastructure 8 of 28 Table 3.4 Summary of Effluent Generated 17 of 28 Table 3.5 Solid Waste 18 of 28 Table 3.6 Work Place Noise Levels for Plant Equipment 20 of 28 Table 3.7 Maximum Noise Levels within Plant Areas 20 of 28 Table 3.8 Generator Step-up Transformer 22 of 28 Table 3.9 Agura IPP Staffing Requirements 27 of 28 Table 4.1 Geographical Coordinates of Sampling Locations 2 of 47 Table 4.2 Wet and Dry Season Air Quality Results 8 of 47 Table 4.3 Relevant Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 9 of 47 Table 4.4 Day-time Noise Level in the Study Area 10 of 47 Table 4.5 World Bank Noise Level Guidelines 11 of 47 Table 4.6 Parameters of Boreholes Drilled 12 of 47 Table 4.7 Physical Characteristics of Soils in Habitats of the Study Area 14 of 47 Table 4.8 Physico-Chemical Properties of Ground Water Samples (Wet & Dry Seasons) 18 of 47 Table 4.9 Microbial Properties of Ground Water Samples (Dry and Wet Seasons) 22 of 47 Table 4.10 Fish species recorded in the study area (wet season) 34 of 47 Table 4.11 Fish species recorded in the study area (dry season) 35 of 47 Table 4.12 Disturbed Habitats Quantified 42 of 47 Table 4.13 Most Common Flora species identified in the Study Area 44 of 47 Table 4.14 Economic plants in the study area and their biodiversity status 44 of 47 Table 4.15 Inventory of Fauna Identified in the Study Area 46 of 47 Table 4.16 Key Socio-economic Indicators for Nigeria 4 of 43 Table 5.1 Impact Characteristics 2 of 35 Table 5.2 Definitions of Terms used to describe Likelihood 4 of 35 Table 5.3 Physical Receptors Sensitivity Criteria (e.g. groundwater and surface water) 6 of 35 Table 5.4 Biological and Species Value / Sensitivity Criteria 6 of 35 Table 5.5 Socio-economic and Health Sensitivity Criteria 7 of 35 Table 5.6 Impact Significance Rating Matrix 7 of 35 Table 5.7 Potential Impacts of the Project – Biophysical, Socioeconomic and Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page iv of xv Agura IPP Project EIA Unplanned Impacts 11 of 35 Table 5.8 Criteria used in the Off-Site Ambient Air Quality Analysis 26 of 35 Table 5.9 Maximum Off-Site Concentrations 26 of 35 Table 5.10 Modeled Concentrations: Phase 1 Project Operations and Current Operation of EEPBU and AES Barge Power Plant 29 of 35 Table 5.11 Significance Criteria 30 of 35 Table 5.12 Carbon Emissions for Varying Power Generating Capacities 31 of 35 Table 5.13 Modeled Concentrations: Phase 1 Project Operations and Current Operation of EEPBU and AES Barge Power Plant 34 of 35 Table 6.1 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts – Biophysical, Socioeconomic and Unplanned Impacts 4 of 18 Table 7.1 Types of Commitments 4 of 51 Table 7.2 Agura IPP Environmental Management Plans and Procedures 5 of 51 Table 7.3 EMP Management Team Responsibilities 13 of 51 Table 7.4 Design and Construction Phase: Environmental Management Measures 21 of 51 Table 7.5 Operational Phase: Environmental Management Measures 37 of 51 Table 7.6 Decommissioning Phase: Environmental Management Measures 43 of 51 Table 8.1 Environmental and Social Aspects Related to Decommissioning 5 of 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Location of the Agura IPP in Nigeria 2 of 31 Figure 1.2 Location of the Agura IPP in Lagos State 4 of 31 Figure 1.3 AIPP Project Site Location 5 of 31 Figure 1.4 Photographs of Lagos Lagoon and EEPBU 6 of 31 Figure 1.5 EIA Process 8 of 31 Figure 3.1 Layout of Site Infrastructure including the Fuel Gas Pipeline 3 of 28 Figure 3.2 Agura IPP Phase 1 Activity Schedule 9 of 28 Figure 3.3 Simplified Diagram of the CEMS 24 of 28 Figure 3.4 Agura IPP Organization Chart 28 of 28 Figure 4.1 Monthly Minimum and Maximum Temperature – Lagos State 4 of 47 Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Wind Speed – Lagos Area 5 of 47 Figure 4.3 Monthly Relative Humidity in Lagos 6 of 47 Figure 4.4 Mean Monthly Rainfall for Lagos 6 of 47 Figure 4.5 Geological Logging 13 of 47 Figure 4.6 Direction of Groundwater Flow in the study area 17 of 47 Figure 4.7 Movement of Water with the Lagos Lagoon 23 of 47 Figure 4.8 Percentage occurrence of major phytoplankton groups in the wet season 29 of 47 Figure 4.9 Total species (S) and Abundance (N) of Phytoplankton in the wet season 29 of 47 Figure 4.10 Percentage occurrence of major phytoplankton groups (dry season) 30 of 47 Figure 4.11 Phytoplankton number of species (S) and abundance (N) (dry season) 31 of 47 Figure 4.12 Percentage occurrence of zooplankton phylum and juvenile stages 32 of 47 Figure 4.13 Percentage occurrence of zooplankton recorded in the dry season 33 of 47 Figure 4.14 Vegetation Types and Distribution in the Study Area 37 of 47 Figure 4.15 Rhizophora racemosa 38 of 47 Figure 4.16 Eichhornia crassipes 38 of 47 Figure 4.17 Disturbed Vegetation 39 of 47 Figure 4.18 Freshwater Swamp Dry Season 41 of 47 Figure 4.19 Freshwater Swamp Wet Season 41 of 47 Figure 4.20 Map indicating Areas of Vegetation Disturbance 43 of 47 Figure 4 21 Map of Nigeria showing Lagos State 2 of 43 Figure 4 22 Overview of the Communities in the Project ZOI 3 of 43 Figure 4 23 Cassava Farmland in Agura 17 of 43 Figure 4 24 Fishing boat at a river bank in the Project ZOI 20 of 43 Figure 4 25 Fishing sites in proximity to AIPP 21 of 43 Figure 4 26 Iponmi Fishing sites 22 of 43 Figure 4 27 Sand being turned into Cement Blocks in the Project ZOI 24 of 43 Figure 4 28 Stall selling football shirts 25 of 43 Figure 4 29 School Facilities within the Project ZOI 27 of 43 Figure 4 30 Borehole in the Project ZOI 33 of 43 Figure 4 31 Map showing Infrastructure in Agura 34 of 43 Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page v of xv Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4 32 Map showing Infrastructure in Egbin 35 of 43 Figure 4 33 Map showing Infrastructure in Ijede 36 of 43 Figure 4 34 Map showing Infrastructure in Ipakan 37 of 43 Figure 4 35 Map of Road Network in Project ZOI 39 of 43 Figure 4 36 Waste dumping at a river bank in Agura 41 of 43 Figure 4 37 A Church in the Project ZOI 42 of 43 Figure 5.1 Impact Assessment Approach and Terms Used 2 of 34 Figure 5.2 Scatted Plot of NO2 Concentrations at the Agura Village and Project site 28 of 34 Figure 7.1 EMP Implementation Organogram 12 of 51 LIST OF BOXES Box 3.1 Existing and Planned Switchyard Infrastructure 7 of 28 Box 3.2 Planned Water Storage Infrastructure 16 of 28 Box 4.1 Overview of the Project ZOI – Demographic Profile 6 of 43 Box 4.2 Overview of Traditional Leadership within the Project ZOI 11 of 43 Box 4.3 Overview of the Project ZOI – Economics, Livelihoods and Employment 16 of 43 Box 4.4 Sand Mining 24 of 43 Box 4.5 Overview of the Project ZOI – Education 26 of 43 Box 4.6 Overview of the Project ZOI – Health 29 of 43 Box 4.7 Overview of the Project ZOI – Infrastructure 32 of 43 Box 5.1 Types of Cumulative Impacts Relevant to the Project 9 of 35 Box 6.1 Mitigation Hierarchy (Planned Activities) 2 of 18 Box 6.2 Mitigation Hierarchy (Unplanned Events) 2 of 18 Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page vi of xv Agura IPP Project EIA LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AC Alternating Current AGI Above Ground Installation AIP Agura Independent Power AIS Air Insulated Switchgear ALIA Ajede Luwasa Improvement Association ALAPR As Low As Reasonably Possible ASL Above Sea Level AQS Air Quality Standard BAT Best Available Technology BID Background Information Document BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BOO Build, Own and Operate BOP Balance Of Plant BS British Standards BTEX Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene Ca Calcium CALAEP Chevron African and Latin America Exploration and Production CBO Community Based Organisation CCGT Combined Cycle Gas Turbine CCR Central Control Room CCTV Closed Circuit Television Cd Cadmium CDA Community Development Association CEMS Continuous Emission Monitoring System CES Chevron Engineering Standards CGP Chevron Global Power CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 1 Cl- Chlorine ion CNL Chevron Nigeria Limited CO Carbon Monoxide Co Cobalt CO2 Carbon Dioxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand Cr Chromium CT Combustion Turbine CTOP Chevron Texaco Overseas Petroleum Cu Copper DAS Data Acquisition System DC Direct Current DCS Distributed Control System DNA Deoxyribonucleic acids DO Dissolved Oxygen DPR Department of Petroleum Resources DS Dry Season EC Electrical Conductivity EEPBU Egbin Power Business Unit EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EHS Environmental Health & Safety EIS Environmental Impact Statement ELPS Escravos Lagos Pipeline System ESMP Environment and Social Management Plan EMP Environmental Management Plan EnvAccord Environmental Accord Nigeria Limited EPC Engineering Procurement Contractor ERM Environmental Resources Management Limited ESD Emergency Shutdown ESHIA Environmental, Social and Health Impact Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment FAO Food and Agriculture Organization Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page vii of xv Agura IPP Project EIA FDALR Federal Department of Agricultural Land Resources FEED Front End Engineering Design FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FGD Fuel Gas Desulfurization FGD Focus Group Discussion FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment GAC Granular Activated Carbon GDP Gross Domestic Product GE General Electric GIPP Gas Initially In Place GPS Global Positioning System GT Gas Turbine GTG Gas Turbine Generator HDI Human Development Index HES-MS Health, Environmental and Safety Management System HH Household Surveys HPS High-Pressure Sodium H2S Hydrogen Sulphide HRSG Heat Recovery Steam Generators H&S Health and Safety IBC International Building Code ICSC Independent Community Stakeholder Committee IDA International Development Association IEC International Electro-technical Commission IFC International Finance Corporation IIF Incident and Injury Free ILO International Labour Organisation IOC International Oil Companies ISO International Organisation for Standardisation ITD Inter Tropical Discontinuity ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JHA Job Hazard Analysis JV Joint Venture K Potassium KII Key Informant Interviews LA Labour Act LAN Local Area Network LASEPA Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency LAWMA Land State Waste Management Authority LCDA Local Council Development Area LGA Local Government Area LSRDB Lagos State Refuse Disposal Board LTSA Long Term Service Agreement LUA Land Act Use LPFO Low Pour Fuel Oil MAOP Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure Mg Magnesium MH Metal Halide MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) Mn Manganese MOU Memorandum of Understanding MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet MSP Management System Process MOC Management of Change MVA Megavolt Ampere N Nitrogen Na Sodium NAAQS Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards NCDMB Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page viii of xv Agura IPP Project EIA ND Not Detected NEEDS National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy NEPA National Electric Power Authority NEP National Environmental Policy NEPR National Environmental Protection Regulations NESREA National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NFPA Nigerian Fire Protection Association NGC Nigeria Gas Company NGCC Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycle NGO Non-Governmental Organization Ni Nickel NIWA National Inland Water Ways Authority NIOMR Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research NMOU New Memorandum of Understanding NNPC Nigerian National Petroleum Company NOx Nitrogen Oxides O&G Oil and Gas OCGT Open Cycle Gas Turbine OE Operational Excellence O/M Operations and Maintenance OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OP/BP Operational Policy/Best Practice O&M Operation & Maintenance OVAC Open Ventilated Air Cooled PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Pb Lead PC Process Contribution PCBs Poly Chlorinated Bi-phenyls PCR Physical Cultural Resources PEC Predicted Environmental Concentration PGPA Policy Government Public Affairs PHCN Power Holding Company of Nigeria PIAR Preliminary Impact Assessment Report PM Particulate Matter PNI Pro-Natura International PLC Programmable Logic Controller PS Performance Standard PSGP Public Sector Governance Programme PO4 Phosphate PVC Polyvinylchloride RDA Recommended Daily Allowance RO Reverse Osmosis RS Rainy Season SiO2 Silica SO4 Sulphate SOP Standard Operating Procedures SOLAS Safety of Life at Sea SOX Sulphur Oxides sp Species SPM Suspended Particulate Matter STG Steam Turbine Generator SWL Static Water Levels TAHC Total Aliphatic Hydrocarbons TCN Transmission Company of Nigeria TDS Total Dissolved Solids TEWAC Totally Enclosed Water-To-Air Cooled THC Total Hydrocarbon Content THB Total Heterotrophic Bacteria TOC Total Organic Content TOR Terms of Reference Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page ix of xv Agura IPP Project EIA TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon TSP Total Suspended Particulates TSS Total Suspended Solids UAT Unit Auxiliary Transformers UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply USDA United States Department of Agriculture VAC Ventilation and Air Conditioning VOC Volatile Organic Compound WBG World Bank Guideline WHO World Health Organization WMP Waste Management Plan Zn Zinc Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page x of xv Agura IPP Project EIA SYMBOLS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT % percentage < less than = equals to ± plus or minus ºC degrees celsius 3 µg/m microgram per cubic meter Bar Unit of Pressure Btu British thermal unit cm centimetre cfu/ml colony-forming units per millimetre dBA decibel ft feet g grams ha hectares hr hour hrs hours Hz hertz kg kilogram kJ kilojoule Km kilometre kPa kilopascal kV kilovolt kW kilowatt lb pound (mass) m meter mm millimeter m/s meter per second 2 m square meter 3 m cubic meter 3 m /h cubic meter per hour mg milligram mg/l milligram per litre Mmscfd million standard cubic feet per day 1 mScm- micro siemens per centimeter mV mini volt MW megawatt MWhs megawatt hours 3 Nm normal cubic meter NTU nephelometric turbidity unit Pa Pascal pH hydrogen potential RPM reps per minute scf standard cubic foot Sd standard deviation Tcf trillion cubic feet USgpm United States gallon per minute V volt W watt Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page xi of xv Agura IPP Project EIA GLOSSARY Activity An activity or operation carried out as part of the construction or operation of the power plant. Ambient Natural condition of the environment at any given time. Aspect An action, event, product or service, occurring as a component or result of an activity, which interacts with the existing environment (or which results in impacts to it). Capacity The amount of electric power delivered or required for which a generator, turbine, transformer, transmission circuit, station, or system is rated by the manufacturer. Combined An electric generating technology in which electricity is produced from waste heat Cycle exiting from one or more gas (combustion) turbines. The exiting heat is routed to a conventional boiler or to a heat recovery steam generator for utilization by a steam turbine in the production of electricity. Community Those people who may be impacted upon by the construction and operation of the project. This includes neighbouring landowners, local communities and other occasional users of the area. Consumption The amount of fuel used for gross generation, providing standby service, (Fuel) start-up and/or flame stabilization. Contaminated water Water contaminated by the Contractor's activities, e.g. concrete water and runoff from plant/ personnel wash areas. Contractor A contractor is a company that is commissioned by the project owner to carry out activities on their behalf in either or both construction and operation phases of a project. Demand The level at which electricity or natural gas is delivered to users at a given point in (Utility) time. Electric demand is expressed in kilowatts. Efficiency The ratio of the useful energy delivered by a dynamic system (such as a machine, engine, or motor) to the energy supplied to it over the same period or cycle of operation. Effluent Treated wastewater Emissions The maximum amount of a pollutant legally permitted to be discharged from a Standard single source. Energy The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing work (potential energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion (kinetic energy). Energy Refers to programs that are aimed at reducing the energy used by specific end- Efficiency use devices and systems, typically without affecting the services provided. Energy Source: The primary source that provides the power that is converted to electricity through chemical, mechanical, or other means. Environment The external circumstances, conditions and objects that affect the existence and development of an individual, organism or group. These circumstances include biophysical, social, economic, historical and cultural aspects. Environmental A process of evaluating the environmental and socio-economic consequences of Impact a proposed course of action or project Assessment EPC Contractor An engineering company retained under contract responsible for the engineering, procurement and construction for a specified construction project. Fossil Fuel Any naturally occurring organic fuel, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Generation The process of producing electric energy by transforming other forms of energy; (Electricity) also, the amount of electric energy produced, expressed in watt-hours (Wh). Grid The layout of an electrical distribution system. Hazardous material A substance that can have a deleterious effect on the environment. Impact A change to the existing environment, either adverse or beneficial, that is directly or indirectly due to the development of the project and its associated activities. Method Statement A detailed description of the way in which a particular activity will be carried out. Mitigation measure Design or management measures that are intended to minimise or enhance an impact, depending on the desired effect. Monitoring The process of measuring adherence to specific targets and overall objectives for each activity and aspect. Nuclear Energy Power obtained by splitting heavy atoms (fission) or joining light atoms (fusion). A nuclear energy plant uses a controlled atomic chain reaction to produce heat. The heat is used to make steam run conventional turbine generators. Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page i of xv Agura IPP Project EIA Particulate Unburned fuel particles that form smoke or soot and stick to lung tissue when Matter (PM) inhaled. A chief component of exhaust emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines. Performance A measurable indicator of the outcome of environmental management, used indicator to assess the success with which mitigation measures have been implemented. Often captures the results of several different monitoring activities. Power Plant A facility comprising electricity generators and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical, and/or nuclear energy into electric energy. Renewable Energy Resources that constantly renew themselves or that are regarded as practically inexhaustible, i.e. solar, wind, geothermal, hydro and wood. Resources The personnel, financial, equipment and technical requirements necessary for the successful completion of mitigation measures and for monitoring activities. Schedule The schedule or deadline for completion of each mitigation measure, which are recorded to ensure that mitigation measures are implemented in good time and in the correct sequence. Sedimentation The process by which heavier matter sinks to the bottom of a body of water due to the effect of gravity, forming sediment, while lighter matter remains in suspension or floats. Sediment Matter that is deposited at the bed of a watercourse, in a tank or process vessel. Simple Cycle Simple cycle processes consist of a gas turbine that is connected to an electrical generator to produce power. Solar Energy Heat and light radiated from the sun. Solid waste All solid waste including construction debris, chemical waste, broken redundant equipment, oil filters, wrapping materials, timber, tins and cans, drums, wire, nails, food and domestic waste (e.g. plastic packets and wrappers). Transmission The movement or transfer of electric energy over an interconnected group of lines and associated equipment between points of supply and points at which it is transformed for delivery to consumers, or is delivered to other electric systems. Transmission is considered to end when the energy is transformed for distribution to the consumer. Turbine A machine for generating rotary mechanical power from the energy of a stream of fluid (such as water, steam, or hot gas). Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page ii of xv Agura IPP Project EIA LIST OF PREPARERS Chevron Nigeria Limited Environmental Resources Management (ERM) Southern Africa Pty Ltd Environmental Accord Nigeria Limited Draft EIA Report Table of Contents November 2013 Page i of xv Agura IPP Project EIA 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Introduction This report presents the results of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EEIA) (1) for the proposed Agura Independent Power Project (AIPP), a proposed 330 megawatt (MW) Simple Cycle power plant that would be located at Agura in Lagos State (the ‘Project’). The Environmental Impact Assessment Act No 86 (1992) requires that an EIA be carried out prior to the implementation of the Project. The purpose of the EIA is to ensure that potential environmental and social impacts associated with construction, operations, and decommissioning of the Project are identified, assessed and appropriately managed. This report is the Revised Draft EIA Report for the proposed Project. It was prepared by Environmental Accord Nigeria Limited (EnvAccord) and Environmental Resources Management Limited (ERM) who was commissioned by the Project proponent to conclude the EIA process that had been initiated by the Project proponent and prepare the report in accordance with Nigerian regulatory requirements and relevant environmental and social policies, guidelines and performance standards of the World Bank Group. This report addresses the specific comments and feedback provided by the Federal Ministry of Environment on the Draft EIA Report (CNL, May 2012). It also incorporates the results of additional studies commissioned by the Project proponent to supplement the EIA study including further environmental and social field surveys and predictive modeling. 1.2 Project Proponent The Project proponent is a joint venture comprising the Nigeria National Petroleum Company (NNPC) and Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL). CNL is the operator of the joint venture. The joint venture arrangement is structured such that NNPC holds 60% and CNL 40%. 1.3 Project Location The Project site is located in Agura, Lagos State, Nigeria and is situated to the north of the Lagos Lagoon at approximately 4m above sea level (Figure 1.1). It is located about 32.5 km crow flies (or 45 km by road access) northeast of Lagos city centre (i.e. Ikeja). (1) Many different nomenclatures are used for EIA studies and reports including “environmental and social impact assessment”, “social and environmental assessment”, and others. EIA is the nomenclature applied by the FMEnv. For the purposes of this report the term EIA is considered to be synonymous with the different terms used the World Bank and other stakeholders, and encompasses both social and environmental aspects. Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 1 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 1.1 Location of the Agura IPP in Nigeria Source: Chevron Nigeria Limited GIS Unit, July 2013 Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 2 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA The AIPP site is bordered by two power plants, approximately 1km to the west. The Agura community is located approximately 900m to the north. The communities of Ijede (approximately 3.2km), Ipakan (approximately 2.8km) and Egbin (approximately 2km) are located to the west of the site. The site is situated within the Ijede Local Council Development Area in the Ikorodu Local Government Area (LGA) (Figure 1.2). The proposed plant would be located next to the existing Egbin Electric Power Business Unit (EEPBU) and operated by Egbin Power Plc (Figure 1.3). The land for the Project was acquired from both the Lagos State Government (63 hectares) and Egbin Power Plc (96 hectares). The power plant would occupy an area of 250m x 750m and the sub-station would occupy an area of 100m x 250m. Photographs of the EEPBU and Lagos Lagoon have been provided as Figure 1.4. Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 3 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 1.2 Location of the Agura IPP in Lagos State Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 4 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 1.3 AIPP Project Site Location Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 5 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 1.4 Photographs of Lagos Lagoon and EEPBU Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 6 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA 1.4 EIA Objectives EIA is a planning and management tool used to assess adverse and positive impacts of a proposed activity/development on components of the environment. An EIA study entails the prediction and evaluation of associated and potential impacts of Project activities on the biophysical environment and the social environment (including communities and workers). This information is then used to develop mitigations to avoid or reduce impacts and develop a management structure. The study has the following objectives:  Generate the necessary data for establishing the environmental and social baseline conditions of the Project area;  Identify and evaluate the associated and potential impacts of the proposed Project on the biophysical and socioeconomic environment including the communities in the Project area;  Establish control and cost effective strategies, procedures and practices to be followed during design, construction and operation to ensure the sustainability of the project; and  Develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). 1.5 EIA Process This EIA has been undertaken in line with the Environmental Impact Assessment Act No 86 (1992) of Nigeria, which is enforced by the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) The EIA is carried out in a stepwise manner through a number of phases as follows (Figure 1.5):  Scoping;  Baseline studies;  Stakeholder engagement;  Impact identification and evaluation; and  Mitigation and management planning. The process is further described in the following sections. Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 7 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 1.5 EIA Process Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 8 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA 1.5.1 Scoping Objectives The overarching objective of scoping is to identify potentially significant environmental issues relating to the implementation, operation and decommissioning of the proposed Project that should be addressed as part of the EIA. This enables the developer to address the key issues from the outset, allowing early recognition of these issues in the design of the Project. Scoping helps to define the extent of the EIA. The objectives of the scoping phase were as follows:  Provide an overview description of the Project;  Describe the existing environmental and socio-economic baseline, using secondary data (obtained from previous EIAs and other studies) and primary data collection;  Undertake a preliminary assessment of the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the Project;  Identify data gaps;  Obtain early input from key stakeholders in the identification of potential impacts and mitigation measures; and  Develop a proposed Terms of Reference (ToR) for the EIA study and define an appropriate program for engagement with stakeholders. Stakeholder Scoping Workshop To inform the scoping process, the NNPC/CNL JV held a scoping workshop on 19 April 2006 in Lagos, Nigeria. In attendance were representatives of the regulatory agencies, the proposed project team, independent environmental consultants, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) and representatives of the host communities. Further details of this workshop are provided within Section 1.6. Preliminary Impact Assessment Report (PIAR) The results of the scoping process were documented in a Preliminary Impact Assessment Report (PIAR) that was prepared and submitted to the FMEnv. This report included a detailed Terms of Reference (ToR) for the EIA. The PIAR and the TOR, along with an application form, were submitted to the FMEnv on 4 October 2006 and acknowledged on 10 October 2006. The Project was classified as a ‘Category I’ project by FMEnv requiring a full EIA study and a panel review. 1.5.2 Baseline Studies The objective of baseline studies is to characterize key environmental and socioeconomic resources and conditions identified during scoping as being potentially affected by Project activities (e.g., air quality, geology and soil, groundwater, surface water, fauna and flora) and to identify potential sensitive receptors. The baseline biophysical and socioeconomic conditions are documented in the EIA report to provide as a basis against which predicted effects of can be assessed and changes can be monitored. Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 9 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA As part of the EIA process, a desk-based review of existing secondary information was undertaken to describe existing conditions. In addition, field surveys were carried out between 2006 and 2007. This information informed the Draft EIA Report. Subsequent to submission of the Draft EIA Report and a public hearing session facilitated by the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) with the active participation of the communities, EnvAccord was commissioned to update the environmental baseline by undertaking additional fieldwork during October 2012 (wet season) and January 2013 (dry season). In addition, supplemental social baseline surveys were undertaken during in February and March 2012 by social specialists Pro-Natura International (PNI). The survey was conducted to collected socio-economic baseline information on the four communities in the Project area: Agura, Ipakan, Ijede and Egbin. The specialists that carried out the work are provided in Table 1.1. Table 1.1 Baseline Surveys Survey Conducted Date of Survey Specialists Previous Baseline Surveys Environmental Site June 2006 Dillon Consulting Limited & Rain Assessment Forest Limited Water/Sediment October 2006 (wet season) Rain Forest Ltd, Lagos Quality, March 2007 (dry season) Vegetation and October 2006 (wet season) Rain Forest Ltd, Lagos Wildlife March 2007 (dry season) Fisheries January – July 2007 Nautilus (Ng) Engineering & Construction Ltd, Lagos Composite September 2007 R&D African Consult plus Claim & Sustainable Livelihood Insurance Diagnostics Ltd Assessment for Agura, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities Updated Baseline Surveys Terrestrial Ecology 29 October - 2 November 2012 (wet season) Abass Agbaje (BSc.) 21 January – 24 January 2013 (dry season) Chinwe Ugwuzor (BSc.) Water Quality 29 October - 2 November 2012 (wet season) Wale Folarin (MSc.) 21 January – 24 January 2013 (dry season) Hydrobiology 29 October - 2 November 2012 (wet season) Segun Asoro (MSc.) 21 January – 24 January 2013 (dry season) Ademola Adeola (BSc.) Soil 29 October - 2 November 2012 (wet season) Anthony Ogundile (BSc.) 21 January – 24 January 2013 (dry season) Chidinma Uzokwelu (BSc.) Air Quality 29 October - 2 November 2012 (wet season) Tunde Ladipo (BSc.) 21 January – 24 January 2013 (dry season) Noise 29 October - 2 November 2012 (wet season) Tunde Ladipo (BSc.) 21 January – 24 January 2013 (dry season) Social Surveys 27 February - 31 March 2012 Justin Okwuofu Celine Uzoho Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 10 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA 1.5.3 Impact Identification and Evaluation The identification of ecologically sensitive areas and important species/communities was carried out. Also, aspects of the proposed project that may interact positively or negatively with the environment during construction, operation and decommissioning phases were identified. The impact assessment process as illustrated in Figure 1.5 and has the following four main components:  Prediction of the consequences of project activities on the environmental and social receptors;  Evaluation of the importance and significance of the impact;  Development of mitigation measures to manage significant impacts where practicable; and  Evaluation of the significance of the residual impact. The FMEnv’s EIA Sectoral Guidelines for Infrastructure Projects and Oil and Gas Industry Projects, applicable environmental and social performance standards and environmental health and safety guidelines of the World Bank Group, and the project description were referenced in developing the approach. The methodology used to evaluate the significance of the biophysical and socio-economic impacts identified, is provided in Chapter 5. 1.5.4 Mitigation and Management Plans Proposed mitigation measures for identified significant adverse impacts were based on scientific conclusions, professional judgment, project applicable guidelines and regulations. These guidelines and regulations have been discussed in further detail in the sections that follow. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) provided in the EIA consists of the set of management, mitigation and monitoring measures to be taken during implementation of the project to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. Furthermore, post auditing or monitoring have been designed into the EMP for the proposed project to allow for continual improvement on operational practices if those initially established prove inadequate. 1.5.5 Reporting This report represents the Revised Draft EIA Report which includes response to specific comments from FMEnv, World Bank, and the public. Initially, the outputs of the EIA were drawn together into a Draft EIA Report which was submitted to FMEnv for review. Following this, the report was reviewed by a panel of experts constituted by FMEnv and comprising of experts from within FMEnv and external specialists. Following the review period, the findings were presented to stakeholders. As part of the regulatory process, FMEnv published a public notice to provide stakeholders with information on the Project and obtain comments on the Draft EIA Report. At the conclusion Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 11 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA of the public comment period, FMEnv convened a public hearing and panel review on 31 July 2012. Following the panel review, FMEnv provided specific comments and identified actions that needed to be taken. This report addresses the comments from the FMEnv and will be submitted to FMEnv for further review and their decision on whether to approve the EIA. 1.6 Stakeholder Engagement Activities Stakeholder engagement is a two-way process of communication between the project proponent (AIPP) and its stakeholders. It is a key aspect of the EIA process, allowing stakeholders to express their views about the Project. It involves sharing information and knowledge, seeking to understand the concerns of others and building relationships based on collaboration, thereby allowing stakeholders to understand the risks, impacts and opportunities of a project in order to achieve positive outcomes. This section focuses on stakeholder engagement activities that have been carried out to date in support of the EIA process for the Project. 1.6.1 Objectives of Stakeholder Engagement The objective of the engagement process is to present the proposed project and EIA process to stakeholders and to identify associated issues, concerns and opportunities. This phase involved: identification of a preliminary list of stakeholders; meetings with a number of government departments and stakeholder groups; and focus group discussions with local community members. Specifically, the NNPC/CNL JV and their consultants consulted the following organizations:  Federal Ministry of Environment;  Department of Petroleum Resources;  Lagos State Ministry of Environment (and Environmental Protection Agency); and  Agura, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities 1.6.2 Stakeholder Engagement Planning The stakeholder engagement process followed the requirements of the Nigerian Environmental Impact Assessment Act No 86 (1992), and was also guided by environmental and social policies, guidelines and performance standards of the World Bank Group. To fulfill these requirements, the Project developed a plan for engagement with stakeholders that was aligned to the key stages of the EIA process. The plan included the following key steps:  Identification of stakeholders and mechanisms for their engagement (meetings, letters, press releases, etc.); Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 12 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA  Development of project information for and a Background Information Document (BID) to convey high level project information and provide an overview of the project and potential impacts; and  Identification of where in the EIA process certain stakeholders should be contacted and how. 1.6.3 Stakeholder Engagement during Screening and Scoping Stakeholder Identification and Notification The purpose of the stakeholder identification process is to establish which organizations and individuals may be directly or indirectly affected, positively or negatively, by the Project. The stakeholder mapping process undertaken as part of the scoping phase in 2006 and baseline data collection activities from February to April 2012 were used to identify stakeholders for engagement. Table 1.2 below shows the groups of key stakeholders identified during the EIA process. Table 1.2 Stakeholder Groups Stakeholder Categories Stakeholder Groups • Agura, Ipakan, Ijede,Egbin Directly Affected Communities • Traditional leaders and Council of Chiefs of each community Local groups and institutions • Fishermen, farmers, traders • Women • Youth • Elders / Men • Community Development Committees • Key informants on health and education Regional Representatives • Local Government Authority (LGA) • Development Areas (LCDAs) • Federal Ministry of Environment, (FMEnv) Environmental Regulators • Department of Petroleum Resources, • Housing & Urban Development • Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA) • Lagos State Ministry of Environment • Project development joint venture partners Economically Interested Parties • Others? (businesses) The identification and mapping process facilitated decisions on communication methods required for engagement activities. The publication of a written notice for national newspapers is an additional requirement associated with disclosure, announcing the submission of the EIA Report to the Federal Ministry of Environment. This will be done once the EIA Report has been submitted. Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 13 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA Screening/ Scoping Workshop In line with Chevron’s corporate policy on Environmental, Social and Health Impact Assessment (ESHIA) and international best practices on environmental management, a Screening/ Scoping Workshop for the proposed project was held on the 19th of April, 2006 at Protea Hotel, Lekki Lagos. In attendance were representatives of the Regulatory Agencies, the proposed project team, independent environmental consultants, Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and representatives of the host communities. Specifically, representatives from the following groups participated in the meeting:  Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv);  Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR);  Lagos State Ministry of Environment;  Lagos State Ministry of Works and Infrastructure;  Lands Bureau Alausa;  Lagos State Office of Surveyor General;  EEPBU Power Holding Company of Nigeria;  AES Nigeria;  Nigeria Conservation Foundation;  Rain Forest Limited;  Anila Resources;  Dillon Consulting;  Chevron Nigeria Limited; and  Agura, Ipakan and Egbin Communities. The objectives of the Screening/ Scoping Workshop were the following:  To enhance the process of identifying potential project impacts by assembling all stakeholders to the project;  To provide opportunity for regulators and stakeholders to have a better understanding of the project thereby assuring that the relevant stakeholders’ views and concerns are integrated into the scope of the ESHIA study; and  To ensure that environmental and social concerns are identified early in the project cycle. This workshop is not required under the Nigeria EIA regulations but was held in line with CNL corporate policies and procedures for EIA and with reference to the World Bank Group requirements for scoping activities. 1.6.4 Stakeholder Engagement during Social Baseline Data Collection The data collection activities for the socio-economic study were conducted in Agura, Egbin, Ijede and Ipakan all located in Ikorodu LGA of Lagos State. These four communities are identified as the affected communities in the Project ZOI for the AIPP. The data collection Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 14 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA activities were conducted from February to April 2012 and included the following activities (Table 1.3):  Focus Group discussions (FGD);  Key informant interviews (KII);  Household survey; and  Community profile interviews. Table 1.3 Data Gathering Activities per Community Community Survey FGD KII Community Profile Agura 33 5 4 1 Egbin 30 4 3 1 Ijede 67 3 4 1 Ipakan 18 2 3 2 Total 148 14 14 5 Participation in all questionnaires and surveys were on a voluntary basis. Identification of community representatives for involvement in the FGD and KIIs were based on roles and responsibilities people play in the communities as well as availability during the study period. Apart from information dissemination regarding the Project, the engagement with the local communities included an overview of the EIA process, general questions on level of Project information shared to date and well as gathering community members’ opinions on the potential impacts of the Project. In Agura, Egbin and Ipakan, households were selected randomly based on willingness to participate in the survey. In Ijede, the community leaders provided a list of 17 settlement quarters to guide the team in selecting households for involvement in the survey. For each of the settlement quarters in Ijede, the team sampled between 3 and 4 households that were interviewed. Further details on the engagement activities undertaken during the socio-economic study are included in Annex A. Focus Group Discussions (FGD’s) FGD’s were held with Fishers, Traders, Farmers, Youth and Women in each of the four communities. The majority of FGD’s took place in local village or town halls, with youth and women’s FGD’s mainly taking place in the community to facilitate easier attendance by these more vulnerable groups. The FGD’s were well attended with between 3-58 people attending each session; the largest FGD was with Traders in Egbin community (58) and Ipakan community having the lowest attendance. The Issues covered in the FGD’s included: Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 15 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA  Livelihood challenges;  Project knowledge;  Expected impacts; and  Suggested mitigations both for existing limitations on livelihood activities and for potential Project impacts. Household Surveys (HH surveys) The issues discussed through the household surveys related to livelihood activities, household demographics, vulnerabilities, education, income, assets, water, expenditure and health. The final part of the survey solicited views on the Project including information received to date and opinions on the Project. Key Informant Interviews (KII) Key informant interviews were undertaken with local chiefs and elders; business associations; and community based organizations. Issues covered included the profile of the organization and views on the Project and likely impacts. Community Profiles Community profiles were undertaken with community leaders. The community leaders provided information on historical profile; demography; ethnicity and religion; community relations; livelihoods; infrastructure; transport; land ownership; community assets; health; administrative networks; and the potential Project impacts. Gender Bias To offset the gender bias often inherent in FGD’s that are attended on a voluntary basis, a women only FGD was held in each community to ensure that women’s views were adequately captured. These focus groups were held in the community where possible to facilitate women’s involvement, except in Agura where the FGD took place in the Town Hall. Attendance at women’s FGD’s varied from 3 (Ipakan)-38 (Egbin) and lasted between 1 – 2.25 hours. The household surveys in each community included a proportion of women headed households. The FGD’s also discussed the particular challenges of single female headed households and their vulnerabilities in relation to expected project impacts as well as issues such as quality of life, livelihoods, health, lifestyle and social problems. All these factors were taken into consideration during the assessment of impacts. FGD’s revealed the existence of a small group of professional women in the communities but this group was not engaged due to time constraints in the fieldwork. 1.6.5 Disclosure During disclosure, this EIA report will be submitted to the FMEnv and the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR). The relevant authorities will determine the level of engagement required during disclosure of the EIA Report and meetings with local communities. The objective of this engagement would be to explain the results of the EIA and to obtain Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 16 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA feedback. The EIA report will also be disclosed in the World Bank’s InfoShop, an online, resource center offering access to information on World Bank projects and programs to the public. 1.6.6 Grievance Mechanism International standards require that a grievance mechanism should be put in place. A grievance mechanism is a company process that enables any stakeholder to make a complaint or a suggestion about the way a project is being implemented and that provides a mechanism for follow-up and resolution. The NNPC/CNL JV grievance mechanism can be found in Annex I. 1.6.7 Stakeholder Engagement Records The stakeholder engagement records include the following:  Stakeholder database; and  Community meeting records. Stakeholder Database All stakeholders that have been consulted as part of the Project stakeholder engagement process as well as those consulted as part of the EIA process are recorded in the Stakeholder Database. This tool is also used to keep records of when stakeholders are engaged, outcomes and follow up activities. Community Meeting Records Records of community engagement meetings, focus group discussions and key informant interviews undertaken as part of the EIA process were kept as a feedback mechanism to ensure community opinions were captured in the EIA. Photos were also taken during meetings and have been incorporated into the reports. 1.6.8 Key Issues Raised during Stakeholder Engagement The key issues and general outcomes of the stakeholder engagement activities undertaken throughout the EIA are summarized in Table 1.4 below. Table 1.4 Key Stakeholder Issues Identified Stakeholder Issue Type Concern Group Communities in Community Cohesion The affected communities have already experienced influx due to the project area and Demographics other industrial developments in the area and are concerned about the cumulative impacts of more influx due to the AIPP development . Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 17 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA Stakeholder Issue Type Concern Group Communities in Employment and There is an expectation that the new development could bring project area Economics employment though a concern that this is likely to be only unskilled or temporary work rather than long term positions. Communities in Livelihoods – Stakeholders were concerned about continued access to fishing and project area Access/disruption sand mining areas and disruption to subsistence activities such as farming during the construction period that could affect their ability to support their families. Communities in Community health and Affected communities are concerned about potential health and project area wellbeing wellbeing impacts related to resources such as water and potential pollution of fisheries needed for subsistence. They also cited noise and air pollution from construction and operational activities and increased traffic on the roads as concerns. Some of the residents are worried about the potential for explosions once AIPP is operational. Communities in Social services and Due to poor public services such as health care, and education, project area infrastructure stakeholders fear that increased pressure on their services from workers and influx will exacerbate heath issues. Specific mention was also made of increased traffic and fears of public safety. It was also stated that in-migration could impact on their community traditions and may result in increased crime and prostitution and increased transmission of disease, especially STI’s. It is important to note that some of the issues listed above reflect community ‘perceptions’ rather than real or actual issues. The issues have been broadly categorized and aligned with the impact assessment. 1.7 Legal and Policy Framework The EIA was carried out under a framework that considered the relevant Nigerian legal and regulatory requirements. The EIA also considered the guidelines and standards of the World Bank Group. These are described in this section. 1.7.1 National Environmental Regulations Environmental Management in Nigeria In the African context, environmental protection has largely been synonymous with conservation of natural resources. In Nigeria’s case, a need for environmental enforcement was recognized in 1988, when illegal dumping of toxic wastes became an issue of concern, especially due to the fact that the toxic wastes were of international origin (Adegoroye, 1991). This incident resulted in the launch of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), as the overall (unitary) body charged with the responsibility of protecting the environment in Nigeria. The FEPA executed its functions in accordance with the goals of the National Policy of the Environment, which was launched on 27th November 1989. Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 18 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA In 1999, the FMEnv took over FEPAs function. Today, the FMEnv is the primary authority for regulation and enforcement of environmental laws, specifically the National Environmental Policy (NEP), as revised in 1999, which remains the overarching legislative framework for environmental management in Nigeria. National Policy on the Environment The policy states that Nigeria is committed to ensuring that the country’s natural and built environment is safeguarded for the use of present and future generations. This commitment demands that efficient resource use and the minimization of environmental impacts is a core requirement of all developmental activities. The strategic objective of the National Policy on the Environment is to coordinate environmental protection and natural resources conservation for sustainable development. This goal is to be pursued by the following objectives:  Securing a quality of environment adequate for good health and well-being;  Promoting sustainable use of natural resources and the restoration and maintenance of the biological diversity of ecosystems;  Promoting an understanding of the essential linkages between the environment and economic development and encouraging individual and community participation in environmental improvement initiatives;  Raising public awareness and engendering a national culture of environmental preservation; and  Partnering among stakeholders including governments at all levels, international institutions and governments, non-governmental agencies and communities. The action plans to achieve these policy objectives includes ensuring that environmental aspects are considered in major economic decision making processes, an integrated environmental management approach is built into major development projects and that suitable economic instruments and environmental reporting are employed. In addition, the policy requires that the best practicable environmental technology is applied in major economic activities and that environmental monitoring and auditing is routinely carried out. The environmental policy also specifies that an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is mandatory for major development projects. Environmental Impact Assessment Act The EIA Act No 86 (1992) is the primary regulation governing EIAs in Nigeria. The Act was promulgated in order to enable the prior consideration of an EIA on specified public or private projects. The Act sets out the procedure to be followed and methods to be used in undertaking an EIA. Section 2 (2) of the Act requires that where the extent, nature or location of the proposed project or activity is such that it is likely to significantly affect the environment, an EIA must be undertaken in accordance with the provisions of the Act. The Act requires that project proponents apply in writing to FMEnv prior to embarking on the proposed project, to ensure that an EIA is undertaken in the planning stages of the Project. Section 4 (a) – (g) sets out the following minimum requirements for an EIA: Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 19 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA  Description of the proposed activities;  Description of the potentially affected environment of the proposed project including specific information necessary to identify and assess the environmental effects of the proposed activities;  Description of practical activities, as appropriate;  Assessment of the likely potential environmental impacts of the proposed activities and the alternatives, including direct or indirect, cumulative, short and long term effects;  Identification and description of measures available to mitigate adverse environmental impacts of the proposed activities and an assessment of these measures;  Indication of gaps in knowledge and uncertainty;  Indication of whether the environment of any other state or Local Government Area(s) (LGA) or areas outside Nigeria are likely to be affected by the proposed activity or its alternatives; and  Non-technical summary of the information provided under the above provisions. Section 7 of the Act requires that FMEnv must provide government agencies, members of the public, experts in any relevant discipline and interested groups an opportunity to comment on EIAs prior to making a decision. Section 9 (1) requires that FMEnv provides its decision in writing, and includes reasons for the decision and required provisions, if any, to prevent, reduce or mitigate any negative impacts on the environment. The proposed Project requires an EIA under the terms of the Act. An EIA is required for projects listed in the Schedule to the Act. Paragraph 13 (a) of the Schedule lists the following: ‘Construction of steam generated power stations burning fossil fuels and having a capacity of more than 10 megawatts.’ The Act allows a list to be drawn up of projects that are likely to have minimal environmental effects and which do not need EIA. Where a project is not listed in the Schedule to the Act and is not listed as being excluded, a screening report must be produced. The Act gives specific powers to the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) now subsumed into FMEnv to facilitate environmental assessment of projects. In September 1995, FMEnv published sectoral guidelines for infrastructure projects and oil and gas industry projects. The guidelines are intended to assist in the proper and detailed execution of EIA studies in accordance with the EIA Act of 1992. Environmental Protection Regulations With respect to the proposed project, the National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitations) Regulations 1991 (NEPR, 1991) set forth regulations concerning effluent discharges, pollution abatement, and waste management. In particular, these include the following: Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 20 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA Effluent Limitations Statutory Instrument 8 of NEPR (1991) makes it mandatory for industries as waste generating facilities to install anti-pollution and pollution abatement equipment on site. The regulation is specific to each category of waste generating facility with respect to limitations of solid and liquid discharges or gaseous emissions into the ecosystem. Pollution Abatement in Industries Generating Waste Statutory Instrument 9 of NEPR (1991) highlights restrictions on the release of toxic substances, and requirements for use of pollution monitoring equipment; requirements for use of machinery for combating pollution; development of contingency plans; and submission to FMEnv of lists and characteristics (including quantity) of chemicals used by industries. Permissible limits of discharge into public drains, protection of workers, and requirements for environmental audits are highlighted. Management of Solid Hazardous Wastes Statutory Instrument 15 of NEPR (1991) includes out the requirements for waste piles, incinerators, etc. Hazardous chemical products and dangerous waste constituents are also described. NESREA Act and Regulations NESREA Act The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act, 2007 repealed the Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act (FEPA Act) and established the NESREA. The Agency works as a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Environment with the responsibility of the protection and development of the environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural resources. Specific responsibilities include coordination and liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matters of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines (in all sectors except for oil and gas). Additional functions of the Agency include:  Enforcement through compliance monitoring, the environmental regulations and standards on noise, air, land, seas, oceans and other water bodies;  Ensuring that environmental projects funded by donor organizations and external support agencies adhere to regulations in environmental safety and protection;  Enforcing environmental control measures through registration, licensing and permitting Systems;  Conducting environmental audits and maintaining a databank of regulatory and enforcement mechanisms of environmental standards; and  Creating public awareness and provide environmental education on sustainable environmental management, promote private sector compliance with environmental regulations and publishing general scientific or other data resulting from the performance of its functions. Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 21 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA NESREA Regulations The NESREA regulations have been established in order to give full effect to the functions of the Agency under the NESREA Act. To date, 24 Regulations have been promulgated. These Regulations seek to address the broad environmental problems which are accorded highest priority in Nigeria, namely ensuring sustainable use of natural resources and adoption of sustainable and environmental friendly practices in both industrial and general sanitation nationwide. An overview of the NASREA regulations promulgated to date is included in Table 1.5. The Project will need to adhere to the requirements stipulated within these regulations throughout the development, operation and decommissioning activities. Table 1.5 Overview of NESREA Regulations Regulation Summary National Environmental Part I deals with wetlands and wetland resources, protected areas, wetland (Wetlands, River Banks and use, permitting systems and land owner and users duties; Lake Shores) Regulations, 2009 Part II deals with the regulation of river banks and lake shores, degraded river bank and lake shore registration, permitting system for use in such areas and duties of private landowners and users; Part III covers provisions relating to the EIA, environmental restoration orders, offences and penalties, appeals; and The schedules provide the parameters for conservation status of wetlands, application forms for permits to carry out a regulated activity in a wetland, river bank and lake shore, and a register of river banks and lake shores in Nigeria. National Environmental Part I deals with the identification of major watersheds, mountainous and (Watershed, Mountainous, Hilly hilly areas prevention of fires in watersheds, mountainous and hilly areas; and Catchment Areas) land use mapping requirements, afforestation and reforestation as well as Regulations, 2009 grazing of livestock. National Environmental Part II deals with environmental sanitation matters relating to general (Sanitation and Wastes Control) cleanliness, duties of owners and occupants of properties and premises, Regulations, 2009 citizens’ obligations, extended producer’s responsibility, the polluter pays principle and banned pesticides or chemicals for domestic fumigation; and Part III provides for detailed provisions on the control of solid waste, effluent discharge, and hazardous and health care wastes. National Environmental Part I deals with permit applications; (Permitting and Licensing System) Regulations, 2009 Part II makes provision for amending and renewing permits, and Part III deals with suspension and cancellation of a permit. National Environmental (Ozone Part I deals with the banning of ozone depleting substances and working Layer Protection) Regulations, with such substances; 2009 Part III deals with permitting conditions, and The schedules deal with lists of permits; requirements for bi-annual reporting from permit holders and phase out deadlines for controlled substances. National Environmental (Noise The purpose of this regulation is to ensure maintenance of a healthy Standards and Control) environment for all people in Nigeria, the tranquility of their surroundings Regulations, 2009; and their psychological wellbeing by regulating noise levels and generally, to elevate the standard of living of the people by: Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 22 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA prescribing the maximum permissible noise levels a facility or activity to which a person may be exposed; providing for the control of noise and for mitigating measures for the reduction of noise; c) and for giving effect to the provisions of section 22 of the NESREA Act. National Environmental (Soil The purpose of this regulation is to protect human life and the environment; Erosion and Flood Control) minimize losses due to flood and erosion and their effects on vulnerable Regulations, 2011 areas by controlling earth-disturbing activities. National Environmental The purpose of this regulation is to provide an effective and pragmatic (Desertification Control and regulatory framework for the sustainable use of all areas already affected by Drought Mitigation) Regulations, desertification and the protection of vulnerable lands. 2011 National Environmental (Control To prevent and minimize the destruction of ecosystem through fire outbreak of Bush/Forest Fire and Open and burning of any materials that may affect the health of the ecosystem Burning) Regulations, 2011 through the emission of hazardous air pollutants. National Environmental The purpose of this regulation is to protect endangered species of fauna (Protection of Endangered and flora; and prevent their extinction by controlling international trade in Species in International Trade) their living specimens, parts and derivatives. Regulations, 2011 National Environmental (Coastal The purpose of this regulation is to provide the regulatory framework for and Marine Areas Protection) preserving the natural ecological conditions of the estuarine system, barrier Regulations, 2011 islands system and the beaches so as to safeguard and perpetuate their natural productivity and their biological, economic and aesthetic values. National Environmental The purpose of this regulation is to prevent and minimize pollution from (Construction Sector) construction, decommissioning and demolition activities to the Nigerian Regulations, 2011 Environment. National Environmental (Control The purpose of this regulation is to control vehicular emission; and restore, of Vehicular Emissions from preserve and improve air quality by, among things, ensuring regular Petrol and Diesel Engines) emission testing and maintenance of automobiles operating on the road Regulations, 2011 ways. National Environmental (Surface The purpose of this regulation is to restore, enhance and preserve the and Groundwater Quality physical, chemical and biological integrity of the nation’s surface and ground Control) Regulations, 2011 waters; and to maintain existing water uses. National Inland Water Ways Authority National Inland Water Ways Authority (NIWA) was established by Act No. 13 of 1997. The objectives of the Authority are to improve and develop inland waterways for navigation, provide an alternative mode of transportation for the evacuation of economic goods and persons and to execute the objectives of the national transport policy as they concern inland waterways. The statutory functions of NIWA include making regulations for the inland water navigation, infrastructural and skills development Other functions include:  Capital and maintenance dredging;  Hydrological and hydrographic surveys;  Design of ferry routes;  Removal and receive derelict wrecks and other obstructions from inland waterways;  Approve and control jetties, dockyard, piers within the inland waterways; Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 23 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA  Reclaim land within the right of way;  Construction, administration and maintenance of inland river-ports and jetties;  Provide hydraulic structures for river, bed and bank stabilization, barrages;  Undertake erection and maintenance of gauges, kilometer boards, horizontal and vertical control marks; and  Clear water hyacinth and other aquatic weeds. The Federal Ministry of Environment is the overall umbrella for the protection of coastal and marine environments in Nigeria. The State Government through the State Environmental Ministries/Protection Agencies also plays a significant role in the regulation of maritime states. 1.7.2 Nigeria Power Sector Regulations Electric Power Sector Reform Act The Electric Power Sector Reform Act No. 6 of 2005 provides for the licensing and the regulation of the generation, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity. Part IV of the Act contains requirements for licensing and stipulates that no person may construct, own or undertake any of the following activities without a license, unless the generating capacity and distribution capacity is below 1 megawatt (MW) and 100 kilowatts (KW) respectively for electricity generation, excluding captive generation, electricity transmission, system operation, electricity distribution and trading in electricity. Part V includes requirements related to the acquisition of land and access rights for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Electricity Amendment Act The Electricity Amendment Act No. 28 of 1998 was promulgated in order to deregulate the power sector in Nigeria and allows for competition in the power sector of Nigeria. The Act provides for both national and international investors interested in the sale of electricity to compete favorably in power generation, distribution and supply. Section (2) of this Act amends the Electricity Act of 1976 to allow licenses to be granted to any person, other than the National Electricity Power Authority, a state Government or any of its agencies. Section (3) states that a person granted a license under subsection (1) of this section shall be subject to the terms and conditions of the license and has the same rights and obligations as a state Government and/or agencies 1.7.3 Nigeria Social Legislation Nigeria’s Cultural Policy (1996) The national cultural policy is generally regarded as an instrument of promotion of national identity and Nigerian unity, as well as of communication and cooperation among different Nigerian and/or African cultures. Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 24 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA Lagos State has no listed United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Heritage sites. In addition, there are no known nationally protected cultural resources in the area of the Project. Labour Act The Labor Act (1990) (LA) is the primary law protecting the employment rights of individual workers. The LA covers protection of: wages; contracts; employment terms and conditions; and recruitment. It also classifies workers and special worker types. Union membership is governed by the Trade Union Amendment Act (1995). A 1999 constitution includes stipulation of “equal pay for equal work without discrimination on account of sex, or any other ground whatsoever”. While Nigeria has ratified all eight core International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions and enacted laws to enforce the provisions, there are indications of restrictions on the trade union rights of workers in Nigeria, discrimination, child labor and forced labor. The Project will need to take these into consideration within the implementation of the Project. Land Use Act The Land Use Act of 1978 (LUA), the Constitution of 1999 and the Public Lands Acquisition Laws of the relevant states constitute the governing policy for land acquisition in Nigeria. As is the case with most national and state laws on compulsory acquisition of land in the public interest or for a public purpose, the legislation enables the State to acquire land (more precisely, to abrogate leases and other authorizations to occupy land). The Acts also specify the procedures the State must follow to clear the land, and define the compensatory measures the State must implement in order to compensate the people affected. NNPC/CNL JV is the owner of the land and no physical resettlement is required for this Project. Factories Act The Factories Act 1990 is the primary law regulating the health, safety and welfare of workers in the country’s factories. The law holds management and staff personally responsible for violations of the provisions in the Act. With respect to safety, there are general provisions as to the securing, fixing, usage, maintenance and storage of prime movers, transmission machinery, other machinery, unfenced machinery, dangerous liquids, automated machines, hoists and lifts, chains, ropes and lifting tackle, cranes and other lifting machines, steam boilers, steam receivers and containers, and air receivers. There are, in addition to these, standards set for the training and supervision of inexperienced workers, safe access to any work place, first aid boxes, prevention of fire, and safety arrangements in case of fire. The law requires that all accidents and industrial diseases be notified to the nearest inspector of factories and be investigated. The Act also prohibits the owner or occupier of a factory from making any deductions from the wages of any employee in respect of anything to be done or provided in pursuance of the Act. Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 25 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA Employees Compensation Act Employees Compensation Act 2011 (“ECA”). The ECA replaced the Workmen’s Compensation Act (“WCA”), basically to address the shortcomings of the WCA. ECA is applicable to all categories of workers. Under ECA, an employee will be entitled to compensation where such employee suffers an injury or dies regardless of whether such was attributable to the employee’s fault or not. Public Participation and Disclosure To a large extent, public authorities are required to inform the public of environment-related issues. Section 6(b) of the FEPA Act provides that FEPA has the power to collect and make available through publications and other appropriate means and in cooperation with public or private organizations, information pertaining to pollution and environmental protection regulations. Section 55 of the EIA Act provides for the maintenance of a Public Registry for the purpose of facilitating public access to records relating to environmental assessments. The FMEnv issues guidelines from time to time for environmental impact assessments for different industries and it also has publications that inform the public of the prohibition of environmental pollution. Furthermore, members of the public and persons requiring clarifications on environmental issues can visit the offices of the FMEnv or the relevant State environmental agency for environment-related information. Public hearings to which interested members of the public are invited are a key part of the approval process for EIA reports by the FMEnv. 1.7.4 Lagos State Laws and Authorities Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency Act The Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency Act No. 9 of 1997 allows for the establishment of an environmental agency with regulatory powers. The functions of the agency include the monitoring of the environmental conditions and to enforce regulations to reduce degradation of the environment in Lagos State. The agency has the power to make regulations relating to pollution control, waste management and other activities which may bring harm to the environment. Other Relevant Lagos State Laws State-level legislation which the project will need to take into account in the design, construction and operation are as follows: Lagos State Environmental Sanitation Law, 1984 The state Sanitation Law focuses on environmental sanitation and protection and prohibits street obstruction, littering and inadequate waste disposal. Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 26 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA Lagos State Environmental Pollution Control Law, 1989 Section 12 of this law of Lagos State makes it an offence to cause or permit a discharge of raw untreated human waste into any public drain, water course or into any land or water. The Lagos State Urban and Regional Development and Planning Bill The Bill provides for the administration of physical planning, urban development, urban regeneration and building control in Lagos State. Parts One to Three establish the ministry and its various agencies, while also defining their functions and powers. Part Four to Seven establish improvement and re-habilitation areas, the ministries powers in relation to these areas, and the rights of land owners situated in these areas. Lagos State Waste Management Authority, 1991 Lagos State Waste Management Authority (LAWMA), which was previously called Lagos State Refuse Disposal Board (LSRDB), was renamed under Edict No. 55. LAWMA is responsible for the collection and disposal of municipal and industrial waste in Lagos State as well as provides commercial waste services to the State and Local Governments. 1.7.5 International Lender Standards and Guidelines To help protect the security of the Project’s revenues, NNPC/ CNL Joint Venture is seeking to obtain a Partial Risk Guarantee from the World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA) together with insurance cover from the World Bank’s Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). Development finance institutions such as IDA and MIGA have established environmental and social safeguard policies and performance standards and provide guidance on their requirements for the EIA process which place particular emphasis on achieving sustainable environmental, social and health outcomes. Such international institutions also provide guidelines covering environmental, health and safety performance of projects. The overall project design and this EIA address the relevant environmental and social policies, performance standards and EHS guidelines of IDA and MIGA. In particular, the EIA will be undertaken in line with the Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability (that have been adopted by IDA and MIGA. Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability The International Finance Corporation (IFC), which is the private sector lender arm of the World Bank Group, established a sustainability framework that included performance standards on environmental and social sustainability. To streamline operations, MIGA and the World Bank have both adopted Performance Standards that are closely aligned with IFCs:  World Bank OP 4.03 - Performance Standards for Private Sector Activities (WB Performance Standards) (May 2012);  Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency’s Performance Standards on Social & Environmental Sustainability (October 2007); For convenience, and because there is little variation among them, hereinafter together they are referred to as the World Bank Group Performance Standards. Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 27 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA The World Bank Group Performance Standards provide requirement to identify impacts and affected stakeholders and establish processes for management and mitigation of adverse impacts. The eight Performance Standards are listed in Table 1.6, along with a brief statement of what each requires and the status of the project. Table 1.6 International Finance Corporation Performance Standards Performance Standard Requirements EIA Reference PS 1: Assessment and The PS requires that the project initiate regular assessment of Chapter 5 – Management of Social the potential social and environmental risks and impacts and Impact and Environmental Risks consistently tries to mitigate and manage these impacts on an Assessment and Impacts ongoing basis. Chapter 7 - EMP PS 2: Labor and Working PS 2 requires the project to conduct its activities in a manner Chapter 3 Conditions consistent with the four core labor standards (child labor, forced (Section 3.4) labor, non-discrimination, and freedom of association and collective bargaining). PS 3: Resource Key requirements of PS3 are for the project to consider ambient Chapter 4 Part A Efficiency and Pollution conditions and apply technically and financially feasible - Environmental Prevention resource efficiency and pollution prevention principles and Baseline techniques that are best suited to avoid or where avoidance is not possible, minimize adverse impacts on human health and Chapter 7 - EMP the environment during the entire project life-cycle. PS 4: Community Health, The project is required to evaluate the risks and impacts to the Chapter 5 – Safety and Security health and safety of the Affected Communities during the project Impact life-cycle and require establishing preventive and controlling Assessment measures consistent with good international industry practice Chapter 7 - EMP (GIIP). PS 5: Land Acquisition The project is required to develop a resettlement action plan to N/A and Involuntary ensure that physically or economically displaced individuals Resettlement have their living conditions and livelihoods restored or improved. This PS is not applicable as there is no involuntary resettlement or economic displacement was required for the project. PS 6: Biodiversity This PS requires that the project avoid or mitigate threats to Chapter 7 - EMP Conservation and biodiversity arising from their operations as well as incorporate Sustainable Management sustainable management of renewable natural resources. of Living Natural Resources PS 7: Indigenous Where indigenous people may be affected then an indigenous N/A Peoples people plan is required that identifies risk, potential impacts, and management measures. This PS is not applicable as there are no indigenous people as defined in the PS within the project area of influence. PS 8: Cultural Heritage The PS requires the project comply with relevant national law on Annex L – the protection of cultural heritage, including national law Chance Find implementing the host country’s obligations under the Procedure Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and other relevant international law. Additional guidance is contained in guidance notes that accompany the Performance Standards. The IFC’s set of Guidance Notes corresponds to the Performance Standards and provide guidance on the requirements contained in the Performance Standards, Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 28 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA including reference materials on good sustainability practices to improve Project performance. In addition, the following IFC handbooks are also relevant to the Project:  Stakeholder Engagement: A Good Practice Handbook for Companies Doing Business in Emerging Markets;  Strategic Community Investment: A Good Practice Handbook for Companies Doing Business in Emerging Markets; and  Projects and People: A Handbook for Addressing Project-Induced In-Migration. World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines General The World Bank Group Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference documents that include the World Bank Group expectations regarding industrial pollution management performance. The EHS Guidelines are designed to assist managers and decision makers with relevant industry background and technical information. This information supports actions aimed at avoiding, minimizing, and controlling EHS impacts during the construction, operation, and decommissioning phase of a project or facility. The EHS Guidelines serve as a technical reference source to support the implementation of the World Bank policies and procedures, particularly in those aspects related pollution prevention and occupational and community health and safety. When local country (i.e. Nigerian) regulations differ from the levels and measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects will be expected to achieve whichever is more stringent. If less stringent levels or measures are appropriate in view of specific project circumstances, a full and detailed justification for any proposed alternatives is required. The World Bank Group/ IFC EHS guidelines documents that are applicable to the project are:  World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines, IFC (2012);  World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants, IFC,(2007);  World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution, IFC (2007) and  World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Onshore Oil and Gas Developments, IFC (2007). The General EHS Guidelines provide guidance to users on common EHS issues potentially applicable to all industry sectors. The EHS Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants provide additional guidelines specific to thermal power plants. The EHS Guideline for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution provides guidance applicable to the project facilities that will transmit power from the power station to the nearby distribution substation. The EHS Guideline for Onshore Oil and Gas Developments applies to the natural gas pipeline that will deliver fuel to the power plant. This EHS Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants provides guidelines on emission limits, management measures and monitoring for all fossil-fuel thermal-based power plants with a production capacity of more than 50 MW. The document outlines guidelines on assessing Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 29 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA the industry-specific impacts and identifying management measures related to air emissions (SO2, NO2, particulates), energy efficiency and GHG emissions, water use, handling and treatment of effluent (including thermal discharges, waste water an sanitary wastewater), solid waste, hazardous material handling and noise. Similarly, the guideline provides management measures for occupational and community health and safety (H&S). Furthermore the guidelines provide suggested limits for treated effluent discharged to surface water bodies, air and noise emission levels as well as guidelines on suggested emissions monitoring parameters. These are discussed further in the assessment of the various impacts in Chapter 5. The EHS Guidelines on Electric Power Transmission and Distribution provides for the management and monitoring of impacts associated with powerlines and sub-stations, such impacts include habitat alteration along corridors and associated avian and bat collisions. The power transmission and distribution sector does not typically give rise to significant air emissions or effluents. Where dust or potentially contaminated water runoff exists, operations/projects should comply with the IFC General EHS Guidelines to meet ambient air and surface water guidelines. This guideline does specify exposure limits to the general public to electric and magnetic fields as well as guidance on the management of the visual impact of such infrastructure. In addition, the World Bank Group general EHS Guidelines provide guidance on ambient conditions including on air and noise, and health and safety guidelines for the workplace which will be relevant for the Project. 1.7.6 International Conventions In addition to the national laws/regulations, Nigeria is signatory or party to several international conventions and treaties. A list of relevant international conventions and agreements to which Nigeria is a signatory or party are listed in Table 1.7. Table 1.7 International Environmental Conventions to which Nigeria is a Signatory Year Convention 1968 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 1973 Convention to Regulate International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) 1974 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1976 Protocol on the Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1979 Convention on Conservation of Migratory species of Wild Animals 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1990 Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response, and Co-operation also known as OPRC 90 1992 The Convention on Biodiversity 1992 The Convention on Climate Change 1992 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 United Nations Convention on Climate Change (1997 Kyoto Protocol) Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 30 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA 1.8 Report Structure The EIA report is presented in ten chapters and an executive summary. It is organized according to the Nigeria EIA reporting requirements as follows:  Chapter One: Introduction containing a description of the project area, outlines the objectives, scope and EIA methodology and presents the legal framework;  Chapter Two: Project Justification and Analysis of Alternatives containing a description of the project setting, and presents a need/benefits analysis and sustainability as well as the project alternatives and options;  Chapter Three: Description of Proposed Project Activities containing the technical elements of the proposed power plant activities from design through construction and operation;  Chapter Four: Description of existing Biophysical and Socioeconomic conditions within the Project-affected area;  Chapter Five: Potential and Associated Impacts Assessment containing a discussion on the associated and potential impact assessment;  Chapter Six: Impact Mitigation Measures presenting mitigation measures for the identified impacts;  Chapter Seven: Environmental Management Plan presenting the environmental management plan, the environmental monitoring program and the waste management program that will be applied throughout the project life cycle;  Chapter Eight: Decommissioning/Abandonment Plan presenting a decommissioning and remediation plan to be applied after the Plant closure;  Chapter Nine: Conclusions presenting the study conclusions; and Various annexes which will include references (Annex B) and data sources used in the compilation of the EIA. Draft EIA Report Chapter One November 2013 Page 31 of 31 Agura IPP Project EIA 2 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 2.1. Project Objective and Justification This Project is being developed in response to the Federal Government of Nigeria request to oil companies to assist in the generation of an additional 5,000MW of electrical capacity to increase the national power output. To respond to this request NNPC/CNL JV initiated development of a 330 MW power project. . The project is needed to address the shortage of electricity in Lagos and Lagos state, which suffers from ongoing power shortages. Lagos state is where more than 60% of Nigeria's industries are based, and power demand has been exceeding electrical generation capabilities for years. Overall, relative to other countries, Nigeria’s power capacity is currently very low. The electricity consumption (estimated from the population) and average power per capita for developed and developing economies (including Nigeria) are presented in Table 2.1. Statistics indicate that only 51% of Nigeria’s population had access to electricity in 2009 (World Bank, 2009). Nigeria currently has 5,900MW of installed electricity generating capacity, however recently the country has not been able to consistently generate more than 4,000MW. This has resulted in a severe shortage of electricity in the country. Table 2.1 Average Electricity Use in Select Countries Electricity Electricity Consumption Country Consumption/Population (terawatt hours) (kilowatt/capita) USA 4 143.40 13 361 China 3 937.92 2 942 Russia 915.65 6 460 Japan 1 069.84 8 399 Canada 516.59 15 145 India 754.61 644 South Korea 481.47 749 Brazil 464.70 2 384 South Africa 240.09 4 803 Australia 226.96 10 063 Saudi Arabia 218.68 7 967 Iran 196.20 2 652 Egypt 130.44 1 608 Algeria 36.40 1 026 Libya 27.14 4 270 Draft EIA Report Chapter Two November 2013 Page 1 of 13 Agura IPP Project EIA Electricity Electricity Consumption Country Consumption/Population (terawatt hours) (kilowatt/capita) Nigeria 21.62 136 Ghana 7.26 298 Cameroon 5.32 271 Togo 0.68 113 Source: Internal Energy Agency (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), Accessed 28 February 2013 There is thus a specific need for the proposed Project to provide additional reliable power to the national grid, and in particular to Lagos State. 2.1.1 Project Success Parameters The NNPC/CNL JV vision is to be recognized and admired by industry and the communities in which it operate as world-class in process safety, personal safety & health, environment, reliability and efficiency. Objectives aligned with this vision include incident and injury-free workplaces; promoting a healthy workforce and mitigate significant workplace health risks; identifying and mitigating key environmental risks; operating with industry-leading asset integrity and reliability and maximizing the efficient use of resources and assets. Targets to be achieved include compliance with regulatory requirements; sound engineering and design practices, i.e., facility design and construction, reliability and efficiency, safe operation, emergency management, social responsibility and continuous stakeholder engagement. The key success parameters in the development of this Project include the following:  Compliance with world class standards for health, safety and environment;  Financial feasibility and achieving financial expectations of shareholders;  Efficiency, reliable and competitively-priced power generation for Nigeria; and  Supporting the aims of the Nigerian government to improve power supply and continuing to build this relationship between CNL and the government of Nigeria. 2.2. Consideration of Alternatives In order to ensure the environmental and social sustainability of the Project, the EIA should include an analysis of the potential Project alternatives. The following section provides an overview of the various alternatives considered during the design phase and within the EIA process, these include:  No Project alternative;  Fuel sources;  Site location alternatives for the power plant; and  Technology alternatives. 2.2.1 No Project Alternative One of the potential alternatives considered is the No Project Alternative. The rationale behind the proposed Project is that current demand for electricity outstrips supply (generation) and, that current electricity supply is unreliable and suffer interruptions. If the Draft EIA Report Chapter Two November 2013 Page 2 of 13 Agura IPP Project EIA Project does not go ahead, the stability and availability of electricity and associated benefits to the national economy will not be realized and Nigeria’s economic development may therefore be hampered. No additional employment would be generated during the construction and operational phases. Furthermore, it would be likely that people and businesses would continue to use numerous, small, inefficient diesel or petrol fired generators to provide local electricity to industrial, commercial, residential and government establishments with the associated air pollution and noise emissions. If national power demands are not met, it is likely that power production using private diesel generators will increase resulting in higher emissions of air pollutants (decrease in CO2 and NOx but increase in Particulate Matter (PM) and CO than a gas-fired power plant. There are other power developments occurring in Nigeria, so the problem could be alleviated through other initiatives, although the timescale for these developments is not known. The No Project Alternative is not considered to be a viable alternative. 2.2.2 Alternatives Fuels and Energy Sources The following fuels and renewables have been reviewed as possible alternative energy sources to meet the objectives of the Project. These alternative energy sources include coal, heavy fuel oil (oil), natural gas, uranium (nuclear reactor), water (hydropower), solar, and wind. The following subsections provide details on the status and feasibility of these alternatives for power generation in Nigeria. Coal With regard to coal-fired generating power, there are few reliable projections of the potential capacity that could be (economically) extracted from this fuel source. Having reached a peak of just 730,183 tons per annum in 1965, the country’s coal production declined. By the early 1990s, coal production had declined to less than 100,000 tons per annum. In 2001, coal-fired power contributed about 0.02% to the commercial energy consumption in Nigeria (Sambo, 2008). In 2005, the proven coal reserves were estimated at about 639 million tons while the inferred reserves are about 2.75 billion tons. For several years, the Federal Bureau of Public Enterprises has been trying to privatize some of the coal mines owned by the Nigerian Coal Corporation; but it appears to have met with little success (Azura, 2011 in ERM, 2013). This has thus resulted in limited production and utilization of coal in Nigeria. Oil In 2005, Nigeria’s crude oil reserves stood at 36.5 billion barrels with projected proven reserves to reach 68 billion barrels by year 2030 (Sambo, 2008). The substantial growth in oil reserves over the years was as a result of improved funding of Joint Venture operations, the emergence of new production sharing arrangements and the opening up of offshore blocks. Nigeria’s rate of oil production averaged 2.4 million barrels per day (mb/d) in 2005 with the daily production expected to increase to over 5.0 million per day by 2030. The Draft EIA Report Chapter Two November 2013 Page 3 of 13 Agura IPP Project EIA expected life-span of Nigerian crude oil is about 44 years, based on a production rate of 2mb/d (Sambo, 2008). A high potential production rate can only be achieved with the adoption of high exploration strategic development policies and programs. Exploration areas for consideration include the inland basins of Niger Delta, Anambra, Benin (Dahomey), Benue and Chad Basins, the offshore continental shelves and offshore terrains (Sambo, 2008). In 2008, domestic utilization of oil averaged at 450,000 barrels per day (Sambo, 2008). The capacity of the petrochemical and fertilizer plants established by the Federal Government has dropped significantly due to poor maintenance and operating conditions. Consequently, the annual domestic demand for petroleum products is not fully met by internal production and is supplemented by imports (Sambo, 2008). Natural Gas Approximately 75% of the gas produced from oil exploration and production activities has been flared historically. Gas flaring was reduced by 36% due to government flaring policies (Sambo, 2008). Nigeria’s proven natural gas reserves, estimated at about 187.44 trillion standard cubic feet (tscf) in 2005, and are considered to be significantly larger than its oil reserves in energy terms. Natural gas is used primarily for power generation which accounted for over 80% of its use in 2005. The expected life-span of natural gas reserves is about 88 years, based on the 2005 production rate of 5.84 bscf/day (Sambo, 2008). Renewable Energy (Wind, Solar, Hydro) With the exception of large scale hydropower which serves as a major source of electricity, the current exploitation and utilization of the renewable energy resources in Nigeria is low and limited largely to pilot and demonstration projects (Sambo, 2008). Hydroelectric power requires a head of water or flowing water to turn a hydraulic turbine generator to produce power. There are numerous hydroelectric power plants in Nigeria and this technology is well understood in the country. Recent analysis has demonstrated that hydroelectric power can only meet a small portion of Nigeria’s long-term power generation requirements. The Federal Government has indicated its commitment to the development of three large power plants at Mambilla (2,600 MW); Zungeru (760 MW) and Gurara (300 MW) and should these projects proceed, the country’s potential hydropower generating capacity (including the existing hydropower facilities of Kainji, Jebba and Shiroro) would be exhausted. A modest amount of additional hydro capacity might still be accessible via a succession of smaller “mini-hydro” projects. A wind power plant operates by wind energy turning a rotary blade, which powers a turbine to generate electricity. According to Nigeria’s Renewable Energy Masterplan (REM) (2006) identifies short, medium and long-term targets for renewable energy contribution to power generation. The target for wind power is 1MW, 20MW and 40MW for the short, medium and long-term respectively. Based on these targets, wind power is not considered to be an energy source that can contribute significantly to the current power generation mix. There Draft EIA Report Chapter Two November 2013 Page 4 of 13 Agura IPP Project EIA are a few existing pilot projects which provide electricity to a village e.g. 5 kW wind plant at Sayya Gidan Gada, Sokoto State. Solar energy systems produce energy by converting solar irradiation into electricity or heat. Photovoltaic (PV) facilities use PV panels comprising many individual PV cells which absorb solar energy. The targets identified for PV solar power are 5MW, 120MW and 500MW for the short, medium and long-term. For thermal solar power, the targets are 1MW and 5MW for the medium and long term (REM, 2006). The main constraints in the rapid development of renewable energy resources in the country are the absence of market and the lack of appropriate policy to stimulate demand and attract investors. The comparative low quality of the systems developed and the high initial upfront cost also constitute barriers to the development of markets (Sambo, 2008). Nuclear Energy The Federal Government of Nigeria has been exploring the possibility of developing a nuclear energy program since the 1970s. The Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission (NAEC) was established to fast-track and catalyze the process of development and deployment of nuclear power plants for electricity generation in Nigeria. A Nuclear Energy Roadmap developed by NAEC calls for 1,000 MW of nuclear power by 2017 and 4,000 MW by 2027. Nigeria has thus made a policy decision to pursue nuclear power and is currently undertaking the necessary preparatory work to invite a first bid for construction (Lewis, 2010). It is however unlikely that Nigeria will begin construction of a nuclear power plant before 2020. Nuclear power is thus not considered a feasible option due to the current demand for a reliable power supply in Nigeria. Furthermore, Nigeria would still be required to import enriched uranium and the fuel assemblies to power light-water reactors, the likely choice of plant, as well as all of the technology for its first and future nuclear reactors and power plants (Lewis, 2010). Table 2.2 below provides a summary of the technical and financial viability of each alternative fuel source as well as the environmental and social implications associated with each. Draft EIA Report Chapter Two November 2013 Page 5 of 13 Agura IPP Project EIA Table 2.2 Fuel Alternatives Analysis Fuel Type Technical Viability Financial Viability Environmental/Social Implications Coal Coal fired power plants consist of large Coal fired power plants should be located as A coal-fired power plant is significantly higher single units that could be designed to near as possible to the coal mine source to for all air pollutants with the exception of provide the required power output making minimize transportation costs. However, with greenhouse gases. Coal firing is considered the the technology technically feasible. Lagos being the largest user base, a coal fired least favorable option from an air quality power station being located in a remote location perspective. See Table 2.3 for details regarding will result in significant upgrade costs to air emissions. transmission and distribution infrastructure. Further to this, further investment is required to The generation of high quantities of waste explore and exploit Nigeria’s coal reserves. bottom and fly ash require a large area for storage on Site. Potential fugitive dust emissions impact negatively on surrounding communities and land-users. Furthermore, coal fired power stations require significant quantities of water for the cooling process. This has a negative impact on other water users in the area. Oil An oil-fired thermal power station would be The annual domestic demand for petroleum Air emissions from the oil-fired station are technically feasible as the process is similar products is not fully met by internal production significantly higher for both NOx and SO2 than to that of coal or gas fired power stations. and is supplemented by imports (Sambo, 2008). the gas-fired option. The oil-fired scenario is A steady supply of oil is required for this thermal also the highest emitter of greenhouse gases, power station and may impact the power output due to the higher emissions of N2O. See Table of such a power plant. 2.3 for details regarding air emissions. Natural Gas Natural gas power plants are considered There are numerous configurations of See Table 2.3 for details regarding air technically feasible due to its current combustion gas turbine generators (GTG) and emissions. significance to the base load. steam turbine generators (STG) available on the market which would act to optimize pricing Use of natural gas is in line with the Federal through commercial competition. Furthermore, Governments flare out policy. there are confirmed gas reserves to support this The power plant would require a smaller demand. Infrastructure to deliver gas to load footprint when compared to the renewable center in Lagos is already developed. energy alternatives. This smaller footprint would allow for minimal vegetation removal and land acquisition. Draft EIA Report Chapter Two November 2013 Page 6 of 13 Agura IPP Project EIA Fuel Type Technical Viability Financial Viability Environmental/Social Implications Hydro-Power Hydro-power is considered to be technically The cost of developing a hydro power plant is The environmental and social implications of feasible in Nigeria due to its rapid and associated primarily with the development of the hydro-power developments are site specific. successful development through recent site, in particular civil and engineering works, However, generally, large-scale hydro-power years. Hydro-power provides power on and depending on location development of developments have potential for significant demand, which has proven to be very access roads and transmission lines. The impacts on terrestrial and aquatic environments. efficient in its supply to the national grid. upfront capital costs are thus significant when They also may have potential for significant compared to the development of any other social impacts associated with resettlement and power generation site. However, operating livelihoods of people in the project area of costs are typically low and with maintenance influence. hydro projects can have very long useful life. Wind Power Wind turbines are manufactured based on Large capacity wind power plants are Wind power plants offer a lower carbon footprint specification thus delivery may take up to a considered to be more economical; however the when compared to conventional coal fired year. Establishing a wind power plant may initial capital of establishing these wind power power plants. Emission levels of air pollutants take at least 2 ½ years. In addition. Wind plants is significant. such as oxides of nitrogen, sulphur dioxide and Energy Converters (WEC) has a maximum carbon dioxide do not occur. theoretical efficiency of 60% but only about Due to the significant land requirement 45% in practice (Idris et al, 2012). A wind associated with wind power plants, the There are, however; other types of power power plant is thus not considered development would need to be established environmental impacts such as visual, bird and technically feasible to meet the current away from the load center which is Lagos, the bat mortality, and noise and vibration potential. power demand. upgrading of transmission and distribution The visual aspect of a wind farm can be infrastructure for a low load factor power supply disconcerting to surrounding communities. is not considered financially feasible. Wind power plants require a considerable size of land area. In order to ensure efficiency and higher output, a minimum distance of 3D (3 times diameter of blade) between turbines is recommended. This would result in loss of ecological habitat or possible arable land. Draft EIA Report Chapter Two November 2013 Page 7 of 13 Agura IPP Project EIA Fuel Type Technical Viability Financial Viability Environmental/Social Implications 2 Solar Solar radiation is highest in the Northern part As a rule-of-thumb, 400 to 500m of land area is Solar power plants offer a low carbon footprint of Nigeria. Solar power plants are restricted required for a 10MW solar farm, there are thus when compared to conventional coal fired to pilot projects across the country. A solar significant costs relating to land acquisition. power plants. power thus cannot meet the objective of the Furthermore there would be significant costs AIPP project. associated with transmitting the power There is the potential for bird mortality as birds generated from the northern part of the country are prone to flying into the mirrors or flying to where it is needed, southern part. The limiting through the energy beam of a concentrated generation capacity of solar power plants solar power system. coupled with the distance of transmitting the The significant land take associated with the power, a solar power plant would not be solar power plants has negative impacts on considered to be financially feasible. agricultural livelihoods. Furthermore, ecological habitat may be negatively impacted due to vegetation removal. Nuclear There is no current generation of nuclear Given the lack of local technical capacity, it is In terms of site location, the nuclear power plant power in Nigeria, thus there is a lack of likely that the Government would implement would need to be situated near the source of indigenous technical capacity relating to turnkey plants, with design, construction and power demand which is near Lagos; this would nuclear power. The Federal Government possibly even operations and maintenance pose a significant risk (i.e. explosion risk) to all would need to import enriched uranium and responsibilities outsourced to a foreign people living and around Lagos. the fuel assemblies as well as all of the company. The construction of a turnkey plant technology for its first nuclear reactors and will have to coincide with significant upgrades to Nuclear facilities are often associated with large power plant. Nuclear power would not meet the national electricity grid which will increase exclusion zones which may negatively impact the immediate need to produce 330MW of capital costs associated with such a on the surrounding land-uses with possible re- generation capacity. development. The initial investment would be location of communities outside of these significantly high. exclusion zones. Furthermore, access to portions of the Lagos Lagoon may be restricted. The World Bank Group is not in support of nuclear power. It should also be noted that the World Bank does not finance nuclear facilities. Draft EIA Report Chapter Two November 2013 Page 8 of 13 Agura IPP Project EIA Table 2.3 Air Emissions of Alternative Fuel Sources Base Case: Simple Cycle Gas Turbine (OCGT) Power Coal fired Emissions (tons/yr) 1,2,3,4 4 Plant station Oil fired station5 Standard Pollutants NOx 1154 19602 9693 CO 1577 5201 516 SO2 34 35492 3753 Particulate Matter (PM10/PM2.5) 119 12329 132 Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) 136 2149 129 Greenhouse Gases (GHG) CO2 2329 4071 3138 CH4 1017 30 301 N2O 65 34 602 CO2(e) 43856 15363 196018 1 For NOx, CO, NMVOCs, CO2, CH4, N2O emission factors from EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook, European Environment Agency, 2007 were used. 2 For SO2 and Particulate Matter, emission factors from AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, US EPA, Sections 1.1 and 1.3 (updated 1998 and 2010) were used. 3 For the gas turbines, the ratio of the actual manufacturer emissions of NOx and CO for the base case were used to scale the emissions predicted using the general emission factors. 4 To convert the emission factors for SO2 and Particulate Matter, a calorific value of coal was assumed of 5500 cal/g. 5 To convert the emission factors for SO2 and Particulate Matter, a calorific value of oil was assumed of 140 MMBTU/1000 US gal. 2.2.3 Site Location Alternatives The preferred site, located close to the existing Egbin Electric Power Business Unit (EEPBU), was available and this location provided a number of economic and technical advantages over other options. Factors which make this site advantageous include the following:  Proximity to existing infrastructure. The site is located near existing fuel supply lines (including natural gas) and systems to evacuate electricity. This minimizes the need for extending ancillary systems and reduces impacts associated with increasing the overall Project footprint.  Industrial nature of the location. The site is in an area where a significant portion of land has already been converted to industrial use. In addition to the EEPBU, the AES Power Plant is also located in the general area and so the proposed Project would be consistent with existing surrounding land use. The site has existing access via roads and water, including a jetty that could be used for construction support. Draft EIA Report Chapter Two November 2013 Page 9 of 13 Agura IPP Project EIA  Access to workforce. The Site is located in close proximity to the Egbin and Agura communities. Both Egbin and Agura are suburbs in Ikorodu LGA with ready availability of workforce and close proximity to metropolitan Lagos.  Proximity to user base. The site is near metropolitan Lagos and a large base of domestic and industrial users.  Land-use. The site would not require any physical or economic relocation or resettlement, or disturbance to existing land uses such as agriculture.  Environmental condition. The portion of the site to be developed has no significant ecological constraints.  Access to Lagos Lagoon. The site has access to Lagos Lagoon, such that heavy equipment and oversized loads could be delivered by barge, minimizing impacts on local roads. 2.2.4 Power Plant Technology Alternatives Gas turbines are widely considered to be the preferred technology for large scale natural gas fired power projects such as the currently proposed 330 MW AIPP project. The Project considered the use of both SCGT and CCGT configurations. SCGT plants consist of a single compressor/gas turbine that is connected to an electricity generator via a shaft. They are used to meet peak-load demand and offer moderate electrical efficiency of between 35% and 42% at full load. They are relatively simple to construct, operate and maintain compared to CCGT plants. CCGT is the dominant gas-based technology for intermediate and base-load power generation. CCGT plants have basic components the same as the SCGT plants however the heat associated with the gas turbine exhaust is used in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to produce steam that drives a steam turbine and generates additional electric power. For this reason, efficiency is higher at 52 to 60%, and emissions of greenhouse gases per unit of electricity generated are lower. They are more complex to construct, operate and maintained compared to a SCGT plant. The cooling water needed for the steam cycle results in high water consumption and wastewater production compared to a SCGT. SCGT was selected as the preferred configuration for the current Project for the following reasons:  The Nigerian Grid is unstable and experiences frequency fluctuations. A simple cycle plant would react faster to these fluctuations than a combined cycle plant;  There are continuous and evolving requirements from the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB) and there is a reduced availability of skilled labor to operate a complex process cycle; and  At the time of the project development, the electricity tariff was not favorable for the development of a combined cycle power plant. The project is considered to be Phase 1 of a three (3) phase development. Phase 2 consists of additional SCGT generators. Phase 3 will consist of conversion of the power plant to CCGT plant, by adding HRSGs and a steam turbine. Draft EIA Report Chapter Two November 2013 Page 10 of 13 Agura IPP Project EIA Although it is currently difficult to assess if and when such a conversion will become possible, the current power plant design has been developed as an SCGT as a preferred option but also so as to allow for a future conversion to a CCGT configuration. 2.3. Overview of Basis for Selection of Preferred Alternative Apart from hydropower and coal-fired power, the only other major source fuel for power generation in Nigeria consists of the country’s natural gas reserves. These are currently estimated at 187 Tcf and the general industry expectation is that, for the next 20 years, the vast bulk of all new power generating capacity will consist of gas-fired power plants similar to this Project. On balance, natural gas is the clear preferred alternative fuel/energy source for large-scale, base-load power generation near Lagos. Factors supporting this conclusion include:  Infrastructure is already in place to deliver natural gas from production fields to the main load center in Lagos;  Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel and use in power plants results in reduced emissions when compared to other alternative energy sources (i.e. coal);  Use of natural gas for large scale power generation will contribute to the Federal Government’s planned flare-out program;  Natural gas is indigenous and does not require importation or expansion of domestic production capabilities;  Gas turbine power plants utilize proven technologies that can be sustainably implemented in Nigeria;  Gas turbine power plants can be used for large-scale base-load and peak load capability at any time of day, and are not reliant on weather or other conditions as is the case for renewables (i.e. sun, wind, or water supply);  A natural gas fired power plant would be eligible for support as part of the World Bank’s Nigeria Power Sector Guarantees Project1; and  A natural gas power plant has a relatively small footprint compared to wind, solar and hydro projects. Due to the relative efficiency of a thermal power station, the ability to mitigate environmental impacts, as well as the relative simplicity to build and operate (which affects cost and speed by which the plant can be completed), power generation through an OCGT gas-fired thermal power station is therefore considered to the preferred alternative. 2.4. Project Benefits At a national level, the construction of the power plant will result in an increase in grid based power generation capacity. At a local level, the Project directly contributes to the development of Lagos State through the employment opportunities it will directly create as well as multiplier effects that will result from the increased availability of power within the region. Other project benefits would include the following: 1 http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P120207/nigeria-power-sector-guarantees-project?lang=en Draft EIA Report Chapter Two November 2013 Page 11 of 13 Agura IPP Project EIA  The use of natural gas to fuel the power station as part of support within the government’s ‘flare-out’ policy, which contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions;  Reduce the demand for diesel-fired generators as a result of stabilizing power supply from other fuel sources (i.e. natural gas); and  Reduced pressure on the diesel supply used to fuel diesel-fired generators. 2.5. Envisaged Sustainability Aspects 2.5.1 Economic and Commercial Sustainability The proposed power plant is expected to improve electric power availability at affordable prices to industrial and domestic users. The proposed Project is envisaged to be economically and commercially sustainable throughout its life cycle. The following factors and aspects of the Project contribute specifically to the economic and commercial sustainability:  Confirmed availability of fuel gas through the existing LTS-EEPBU supply line (via the Escravos to Lagos Pipeline System [ELPS);  Proximity of the site to the existing power evacuation switchyard and fuel gas infrastructure which minimizes overall project cost in terms of the gas pipeline and generated power evacuation system costs;  The location of the site close to major demand centers reducing the requirements for extensive distribution infrastructure; and  Revenue that would accrue from power sales would serve for the payment of staff and the procurement of maintenance services. 2.5.2 Technical Sustainability Technical sustainability will be assured through adherence to high standards for construction and operation, including safety. The NNPC/CNL JV, the Project proponent, is a world leader in the oil and gas sector with robust experience in gas handling and transport facilities design, construction and operation in diverse environmental conditions. This experience will be optimally applied to the proposed project in line with its operational excellence management system. In addition, incorporation into the design, of several energy-efficient measures that reduce fuel gas consumption – such as the use of high efficiency turbines will greatly enhance the technical sustainability of the project as well as be compliant with applicable environmental standards. Furthermore, the design of the Agura IPP has been based on the site climatic and environmental conditions. A design life of 20 years has been estimated based on temperature, rainfall and wind speed. NNPC/CNL JV will develop operating manuals and appropriate documentation regarding the proper operation and maintenance of the facilities. These materials will be used as the basis for providing facility-specific training to relevant personnel prior to start-up to further ensure technical sustainability of the project. Draft EIA Report Chapter Two November 2013 Page 12 of 13 Agura IPP Project EIA 2.5.3 Environmental Sustainability There are inherent environmental advantages of the proposed project, including use of natural gas as a fuel rather than oil/diesel or coal and the minimization and mitigation measures designed into the project as developed through the EIA. The use of gas as the feedstock will also help to address the problem of gas flaring that commonly occurs in Nigeria as a result of oil extraction. In addition, land on which site is located consists of reclaimed land (southern half of the site) created when the Lagoon was dredged for the construction of existing EEPBU in the 1980s and is uninhabited. The choice of this site thus avoids the requirement to resettle people. The site is also accessible by water for delivery of oversized and heavy power plant equipment for initial installation. This reduces the need for transportation by road, and reduces the associated congestion and road damage. The monitoring and management programs as recommended in the EMP will be implemented and will also help to ensure the environmental sustainability of the project. Draft EIA Report Chapter Two November 2013 Page 13 of 13 Agura IPP Project EIA 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 3.1. Project Overview 3.1.1 Project Background The Agura Independent Power Project (AIPP) proposes to develop a power plant at Agura, Lagos State, Nigeria. The AIPP will assist in ensuring a reliable and efficient power supply to the national grid to meet national energy targets. The proposed AIPP would be developed in a phased approach, with three defined phases: Current Proposed Phase  Phase 1: two combustion gas turbine generators (GTG) with a total generation capacity of 330MW. Possible Future Phases  Phase 2: additional gas turbines; and  Phase 3: conversion to a combined cycle with a total capacity of 720MW. The current plan for Phase 2 of the Agura IPP includes the development of an additional GTG with an approximate generating capacity of 165MW at standard conditions. Phase 3 of the Agura IPP is expected to comprise conversion to a combined cycle process during Phase 3 by including the following components:  Three (3) heat recovery steam generators (HRSG);  A steam turbine generator (STG); and  Balance of Plant (BOP) systems including compressors, additional fuel handling infrastructure. This EIA describes and assesses the biophysical and socioeconomic impacts associated with Phase 1 which is hereinafter referred to as the AIPP Project (“the Project”.). The cumulative impacts associated with Phase 2 and 3 of the AIPP have been considered in Chapter 5 of this EIA Report, however a separate application and EIA Report will be submitted to the FMEnv for these two phases. 3.1.2 Project Site The Project site is located in Agura, Lagos State, Nigeria and is situated to the north of the Lagos Lagoon at approximately 4m above sea level and it is about 32.5 km crow flies (or 45 km by road access) northeast of Lagos city centre (i.e. Ikeja).. The Agura IPP site is bordered by the Egbin Power Business Unit (EEPBU) (approximately 1km) and AES power plant (approximately 800m) to the west. The Agura community (approximately 900m) is located to the north, while the site is bordered to the east by an area of vegetation. The communities of Ijede (approximately 3.2km), Ipakan (approximately 2.8km) and Egbin (approximately 2km) are located to the west of the site. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 1 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA The Agura IPP site boundary (Figure 3.1) is an irregular shape with coordinates of the various points provided in Table 3.1. The total footprint of all proposed project components discussed in Section 3.1.1 will be located within the AIPP site boundary. There are no further land requirements for the AIPP project. All land that has been allocated for the project is currently vacant and thus not occupied by community members. Table 3.1 Agura IPP Site Coordinates Latitude Longitude 34' 4.806" N 37' 26.067" E 34' 1.080" N 37' 34.401" E 34' 1.000" N 37' 37.964" E 33' 58.396" N 37' 58.885" E 33' 32.977" N 38' 13.559" E 33' 32.971" N 38' 18.108" E 33' 26.375" N 38' 18.251" E 33' 21.300" N 38' 14.227" E 33' 19.858" N 38' 14.983" E 33' 18.800" N 38' 12.177" E 33' 19.132" N 37' 49.814" E 33' 22.101" N 37' 40.417" E 33' 36.603" N 37' 24.288" E 33' 39.031" N 37' 22.927" E 3.1.3 Overview of Project Components The proposed Project (Figure 3.1) will comprise the following:  Power generating facilities consisting of two turbines (each 165 MW) in a simple cycle mode;  Fuel gas pipeline (4km) running towards the east to the site boundary, associated gas metering facilities and a fuel gas conditioning plant;  330kV transmission line (4km) linking to the power generating facilities through a new switchyard on the AIPP Project site and the expansion of the existing substation at the EEPBU site;  Associated plant infrastructure including wastewater treatment facilities, a retention pond and station fuel gas heaters; and  Dredging of a channel to allow access for barges to carry materials to and from the site during construction and decommissioning. These project components are described in further detail in the following sections. A schematic diagram of the power plant layout is provided in Annex C. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 2 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 3.1 Layout of Site Infrastructure including the Fuel Gas Pipeline Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 3 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA 3.2. Project Components 3.2.1 Gas Turbines The first phase of the Agura IPP Project will consist of two (2) Siemens SGT5-2000E gas turbines operating in simple cycle mode, each with a generating capacity of 165MW. The combustion gas turbine will be fitted with dry, low-NOX combustors, a lube and hydraulic oil system and a compressor water washing system. The exhaust gas temperature ranges from 547 to 556°Cat ambient temperatures of between 22 to 33°C. Each gas turbine generator set will be fitted with unit control systems. 3.2.2 Generator The generator rating would be 165MW with a terminal voltage of 15kV, a rated voltage of 50Hz and a rated speed of 3000RPM. The rated power factor will be 0.8 (lagging) and the generator efficiency between 98.5 to 98.8% depending on the unit load. Each generator will have automatic voltage regulator and a turbine speed control governor. The exact type of generator will be determined in the detailed negotiations with the EPC contractor and will be subject to a competitive bidding process. A totally enclosed water-to-air cooling system will be used with re-cooling by air-water (fin fan) heat exchangers and will be directly coupled to the combustion gas turbines. The generators will include an insulation system to control the temperature. 3.2.3 Pipeline The fuel gas supply will be from the existing NGC Escravos Lagos Pipeline System (ELPS) which is 36 inches in diameter and runs between Escravos and Lagos. Along the ELPS, is an existing 30 inch diameter spur which transports gas to the LTS--EEPBU and AES Ebute power plants. The new proposed pipeline which is to deliver gas to the AIPP power plant will tie-in to this existing 30 inch pipeline. The proposed pipeline will be 16 inches in diameter and approximately 4 km in length. The new pipeline will be connected upstream of the Egbin gas conditioning facility to a gas conditioning plant for the removal of liquids and heavy hydrocarbons. The AIPP Project metering station will be installed on the Project site. The NGC will be responsible for the supply, installation and operation of the fuel gas pipeline and conditioning and metering station located in the northwest corner of the site just outside the site boundary. The pipeline route is adjacent to existing 330kV and 132kV overhead transmission lines (Figure 3.1) and crosses a 330kV transmission line twice before entering the AIPP property The pipeline upstream of the ESV is 500mm (20 inches) in diameter and will run 1m inside the fence. The pipeline will be a minimum of 50m away from the 330kV and 132kV overhead transmission lines and the final routing will be confirmed by induced voltage calculations to ensure a safe separation distance. The need for the installation of a new pipeline was due to capacity restrictions related to the use of gas by the EEPBU and AES plants. From the new pipeline spur, the gas will then be subject to filtering, heating, metering and pressure control prior to being released into the station fuel gas system. The Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP) of the fuel Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 4 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA gas pipeline and gas conditioning facilities will be 10,000kPa(g) to match the MAOP of the 762mm (30") diameter ELPS. The pipeline spur has a capacity of approximately 1,084 MMscfd, sufficient to handle the combined loads of the existing plants and the new Agura IPP both initially (500 MMscfd) and after expansion (730 MMscfd). The expected gas quantities required for the AIP project is 75 MMscf/day (average) and 79 MMscf/day (maximum). Two (2) fuel gas heaters will be installed downstream of the gas filters and will heat the fuel gas to compensate for the temperature loss through the regulating valves and to maintain fuel gas delivery temperature to the power plant of between 20°C and 50°C. The heaters will use natural gas and will be installed in parallel to maintain the system operation in case of failure of one burner. Please refer to Annex D for the Fuel Network Diagrams. 3.2.4 Transmission Line Phase 1 of the AIPP Project includes the provision and installation of Double circuit 330KV overhead lines to transmit the electricity generated from the Agura power plant into the national electricity grid through the Egbin 330kV substation. The transmission line will run from the generators to the patch panel located in the switchyard control building. The double circuit transmission line will be approximately 4km in length. 3.2.5 Switchyard The connection of the Agura IPP power plant into the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) transmission system is required to transmit the electricity to be generated from the proposed power plant to the Nigerian electricity distribution system. This is planned by constructing a new 330kV transmission line and 330kV switchyard, located within the Agura IPP site boundary. . The power generated from the power block will be transformed from approximately 15kV to 330kV by means of generator step-up transformers at the power block. The distance between the switchyard and power block will be optimized and the space between the diameters will suit the best practice of safety, operation, maintenance and cost for the switchyard. The design parameters for the new 330KV switchyard within the AIPP site are presented below in Table 3.2. Table 3.2 Switchyard Parameters Component Details Substation Design Outdoor / Open Air Type Diameters and 2 diameters and 4 circuits Circuits Space for Future 1 diameter and 1 circuit Expansion Transmission Lines Double circuits to Egbin Substation Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 5 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA Component Details Nominal Voltage 330± 5% (kVrms) Equipment Voltage 330+/- 10% Rating (kV) System Normal 50+/- 0.5% Frequency (Hz) Conductors Two main conductors for the full future size of the Agura IPP (estimated 770 MW). Voltage Secondary outputs for the voltage transformers will be 110 Volts AC phase to phase or transformers 63.5 Volts AC phase to ground. Associated protection, monitoring and control equipment will therefore be appropriately rated. Current Multi ratio with 1A output taps with secondary leads into the circuit breakers / or current transformers transformers cabinets. Disconnect Motor operated line disconnect switches (coordinated with circuit breakers) with the switches provision for manual operation. Switches will be housed in a weatherproof control cabinet, accessible from ground level. Protective relay Power transformer protection will include, as a minimum; differential, restricted ground fault, under-voltage energizing, over-current and earth fault and Stage II, gas pressure and oil temperature. The busbar and breaker failure protection will include low impedance, differential busbar protection, numerical breaker failure, high impedance busbar and individual breaker failure protection. Protection relay designs will include extensive automatic self-checking facilities to supervise and monitor the condition of the individual relay, measuring elements, DC supply, etc. Any abnormal condition detected will initiate an alarm and indicate the defective element and inhibit operation of those which may cause mis-operation. DC control power An independent battery/charger system, with station relay protective devices, monitors and communication equipment powered from the substation 110 V DC battery power system. The equipment will have the capability for operating with 110 V DC (+ 15%, - 20%) power supply. Geotechnical  Designed in accordance with the allowable bearing pressure on soil: 100 – 400 design parameters kN/m2; rock: 2500 kN/m2 and other type of fill: 500 kN/m2.  Soil densities are 1500 – 2000 kg/m3 (dry), 1000 – 1050 kg/m3 (submerged density) while the inverted cone angle for resistance to uplift or overturning is 5 – 25 degree. The water table below finished grade is 0.5 – 1.5m. Foundations will extend at least 1.0 m below sub grade and will be placed on a 300 mm layer of engineered fill. Steel structure Lattice or solid profile type, fabricated from rolled steel or hollow structural sections. Source: Agura IPP Basis of Design Manual, June 2011 Associated EEPBU Substation Extension The Egbin 330kV substation equipment was installed in 1983 and is based on a rated voltage of 362kV, and a rated busbar current of 2000A. The installed generating capacity on the site using the power evacuation infrastructure is listed as follows:  EEPBU: 1,533MVA;  AES Ebute: 34MVA;  Total installed generating capacity: 1,899MVA; and  Expected generating capacity including the Agura IPP: 2,710MVA. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 6 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA In addition to the development of the new switchyard on the AIPP site, the present substation configuration on the EEPBU site would be unsuitable for the connection of the proposed AIPP Project. This is because a single contingency failure, i.e., the loss of one (1) overhead line circuit would result in the failure to achieve the N-1 criterion1. The extension of the substation is intended to ensure that the N-1 criterion is achieved. The feasibility of reliably evacuating the power from the proposed Agura power plant via the existing LTS-Egbin 330kV substation is therefore dependent on the completion of the additional configuration work at the LTS-Egbin 330kV substation. The two (2) additional overhead line feeders must be operational before the full power output from the proposed Agura power plant can be reliably evacuated without imposing any generation output constraints. The present configurations of the 330kV substation as well as the planned expansion are listed in Box 3.1. Expansion of the substation is being planned by TCN and will be carried out to accommodate the addition of the AIPP. The expansion would not require land acquisition as the expansion will occur within the existing PHCN/TCN owned site. This extension is considered as an associated activity, and as such, the impacts and mitigation measures associated with this activity are covered by this EIA. Box 3.1 Existing and Planned Switchyard Infrastructure Current Infrastructure  Two (2) overhead line feeders to Aja substation, each with a continuous maximum thermal limit of 595MVA and a maximum power rating is 300MVA due to the capacity of the two (2) 150MVA transformers at Ajah;  Two (2) overhead line feeders to Ikeja West substation, each with a continuous maximum thermal limit of 777MVA;  Two (2) 330/132kV, 150MVA transformer feeders;  Six (6) 16/330kV, 270MVA generator transformer feeders; total generating capacity 1,320MW(1,553MVA); and  Two (2) spare bays. Planned Infrastructure  The re-allocation of current Ikeja West 1 feeder as an overhead line feeder to the new Erunkan substation, with a continuous maximum thermal limit of 777MVA;  The re-allocation of current Ikeja West 2 feeder as Ikeja West 1 overhead line feeder, with a continuous maximum thermal limit of 777MVA;  The re-allocation of one (1) spare bay as Ikeja West 2 overhead line feeder, with a continuous maximum thermal limit of 777MVA; and  The re-allocation of one (1) spare bay as an overhead line feeder to Benin substation, with a continuous maximum thermal limit of 777MVA.  An access road inside the switchyard fence to connect the power block and the public road.  A new block wall (3m high) to fence the new infrastructure at the site. The site is currently fenced.  A modular building (approximately 15m by 4.5m and 5m high) containing protective relaying and metering panels, battery and chargers and lighting panels 1 The N-1 is an expression of power supply reliability. Meeting the N-1 criterion indicates that the transmission system is able to continue functioning (and not cause an overload failure elsewhere) despite the loss of one linkage (i.e. the overhead circuit). Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 7 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA In the future, if additional generation developments in the LTS-Egbin area proceed, it is likely that additional reinforcement of the 330kV and/or 132kV transmission systems will be required in order to accommodate the additional power output. These would be as part of a separate development by TCN and would be need to be addressed through a separate EIA process. 3.2.6 Utilities and Ancillary Facilities A variety of additional services and ancillary facilities will be required to support the development of the Project. These utilities and ancillary infrastructure are listed in Table 3.3. Table 3.3 Ancillary Services and Infrastructure Facility Description Road access Personnel access to the AIPP site will be via existing public roads and on-site roads. The existing road from Egbin is a dirt road that would be maintained by NNPC/CNL JV during construction. The new roads that would be developed would be developed within the AIPP site (Figure 3.1). Dredging, slip and jetty for A personnel jetty at the AIPP site has already been developed. The jetty is for personnel heavy haul transportation only, hence no additional facilities (such as cranes, office or guardhouse) will access be provided. Out of gauge equipment (including the gas turbines) will be transported on barges via Lagos Lagoon and will require a slip or beach landing, and dredging of an access channel. Phase 1 of the AIPP also includes the provision of lighting for the personnel jetty area and new roads leading to the jetty area. Wells and Water Supply Service, fire, and potable water and associated infrastructure will be constructed and water 3 Infrastructure will be supplied by on-site wells. Four (4) Wells of 50 m are planned which would supply water to the raw water storage tank which will have a capacity of 190 m3. The raw water will be treated by a water treatment system to provide the fire, service, potable and de- mineralized water requirements. The water consumption for Phase 1 is estimated at 3 3 14.4m /h (i.e. 345.6m per day. Wastewater treatment Water treatment plant wastewater will be discharged by gravity to a wastewater sump and infrastructure then pumped to the plant sludge settling pond. The water treatment system will use Reverse Osmosis. For de-mineralized water an EDI (electro-deionization) unit will be used. NNPC/CNL JV plans to discharge the water overflow from the sludge settling pond to the Lagos Lagoon via an underground pipeline after appropriate treatment to meet World Bank Group EHS performance standards. Storm water runoff will be discharged to normal surface run-off at the plant boundary. The oil sludge from the oil/ water separator will be collected in an underground tank that will be pumped out and taken off site by tanker trucks, as required. Emergency generators An emergency/black start diesel engine generator set will be provided for safe Plant shutdown in the event of the sudden loss of the electricity transmission grid or the natural gas fuel supply. The black start feature will be used to start one (1) gas turbine. Storage of hazardous Diesel fuel will be stored onsite for the emergency/black start engine generator set. The materials volume will be equivalent to approximately 24h of operation of a 1.5 MW generator (i.e. 3 3 approximately 40m ). Diesel will be stored in a 40m tank with a surrounding bund which will have a capacity of at least 10% greater than the diesel tank. The diesel will be piped from the storage tank to the black start units. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 8 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA 3.3. Project Schedule A provisional schedule for Project Activities is outlined in Figure 3.2. The commissioning date is expected between quarter two of 2014 and the first quarter of 2016 and the facility is planned to be operational in the second quarter of 2016. The Project will operate for approximately 20 years. Figure 3.2 Agura IPP Phase 1 Activity Schedule 3.4. Workforce Management NNPC/CNL JV will have ultimate oversight over labor and working conditions for all phases of the project. During construction, the majority of workers will be hired and managed by the EPC Contractor and other contractors and subcontractors. NNPC/CNL JV has been active in Nigeria for about 52 years, and has developed effective policies, procedures and controls for managing both NNPC/CNL JV’s and contractor’s work forces and working conditions. These procedures and controls include specifying labor and occupational health and safety commitments to be followed by contractors and subcontractors, as well as responsibilities for monitoring the implementation of these commitments. A Workforce Management Plan (see Chapter 7) will be developed that will apply to direct workers, contract workers, and supply chain workers. The Plan will outline human resource policies and procedures, terms of employment and working conditions, project workforce requirements, recruitment strategies, management of employment contracts, housing and transport of workers. The human resources policies and procedures will focus on non- discrimination and equal opportunity. The Workforce Management Plan will be designed to ensure that NNPC/CNL JV manage their staff in accordance with the Nigerian Labor Act (1990), including allowing freedom of association, recognition of trade unions and respect for collective bargaining agreements, protecting worker’s rights in terms of the national legislation as well prohibiting forced labor and child labor (see Chapter 1). Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 9 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA 3.4.1 Grievance Mechanism Any workplace concerns will be addressed through the Agura IPP project Grievance Mechanism. Issues relating to community workers will be addressed through the community grievance procedure (Annex I). NNPC/CNL JV will require that all contractors apply these Project standards and management plans in their work practices on the Agura IPP Project, and NNPC/CNL JV will ensure that these are implemented through contractual obligations. 3.4.2 Employment and Training During construction, the staff recruitment process will be managed through a Local Content Plan (see Chapter 7), to be developed prior to worker employment. The primary objective of the plan is to enforce NNPC/CNL JV’s policy of prioritizing local employment and promoting local economic development. All contractor tender documentation will be assessed for evidence of local procurement. A Retrenchment Plan will also be developed to look specifically at how the negative impacts of worker retrenchment can be minimized through various specific actions and activities, including skills transfer. This is particularly relevant between the project development phases. 3.4.3 Worker Health and Safety Various health and safety plans specific to employees will be developed as part of the implementation of the Agura IPP project (see Chapter 7). A Worker Health and Safety Plan will be developed for all phases of the project and will be regularly updated and made appropriate to the project activities undertaken during each phase. The Worker Health and Safety Plan will be designed in line with Nigerian legislative requirements and the World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines. NNPC/CNL JV’s Contractors Health and Safety Management System (CHESM) will be used to evaluate the performance of contractors and subcontractors on the project through initial, work in progress and end of job evaluations. Worker activities will be managed through appropriate planning and the application of NNPC/CNL JV’s Permit-to-Work system, Job Hazard/Safety Analysis, PPE requirements and other behavior-based safety protocols. A Health Plan will focus on the management and minimization of communicable and tropical diseases including HIV and malaria among the workforce by setting out systems for prevention, early detection and treatment of disease. All workers will be made aware of the AIPP Emergency Response Plan (Chapter 7 and Annex E) which makes provision for medical incidents, reporting and investigation. NNPC/CNL JV will provide adequate health services as well as site first aid services for its workforce. The first aid services will be extended to visiting personnel and temporary (casual) workers. NNPC/CNL JV will require that all contractors apply these Project standards and management plans in their work on the Agura IPP Project, and NNPC/CNL JV will ensure that these are implemented through contractual obligations. Furthermore a Transport Management Plan (see Chapter 7) is to be developed, and will apply to the use of vehicles and water transport craft and will include journey management Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 10 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA planning to reduce associated travel risks for project personnel. A Security Plan will also be developed to ensure that adequate security arrangements are made (including training) to manage risks of crime but minimize any potential conflict with local communities. Where applicable, contractors who are required to implement these measures will be required to prepare appropriate health, safety and security plan for NNPC/CNL JV review and approval before mobilization to site. The project team will also organize a security workshop to identify, evaluate and recommend contingency plans for all security risks 3.5. Construction and Commissioning 3.5.1 EPC Contractor It is intended that the Project be constructed through a turnkey design/build Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contract. If this is not feasible, the Project may elect to issue a series of smaller EPC contracts and appoint a management contractor. Assuming a turnkey contract, then the selected EPC Contractor will be responsible for final design of the plant. The selected EPC Contractor will need to demonstrate that it has successfully designed and completed similar plants. 3.5.2 Overview of Activities and Schedule The initial stage of construction will involve clearing and grubbing, which will be limited to the land required to construct the power plant. Topsoil will be removed and stockpiled (and seeded to reduce erosion) for reuse and surplus topsoil will be placed and contoured around the plant infrastructure. Clearing and grading will involve removal of trees, boulders and debris from the construction route and preparing a level working surface for the heavy construction equipment. Construction is expected to begin in the second quarter of 2014 as indicated in Figure 3.2. Construction activities will generally be restricted to daylight hours; however the final stages of installation and commissioning may proceed 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Roads and Paved Areas Site roads will be constructed at the beginning of the construction phase to allow for the movement of heavy plant during the construction phase. Within the site, a ring road will be provided from the main entrance for access to the plant equipment and control building. The power block equipment will have a concrete slab surface. Yard areas not requiring frequent road access will be surfaced with crushed rock while other areas will be seeded and revegetated to reduce erosion. Power The Contractor will provide for construction power using diesel-fuelled engine generator sets. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 11 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA Dredging Dredging activities are expected to take place in the early stages of the construction phase just prior to the Power Block Installation activity (Figure 3.2) (i.e. Quarter 2 of 2014). The lagoon in the vicinity of the proposed power plant site is currently too shallow to allow access of vessels to offload equipment to the AIPP site via the lagoon. Approximately 150,000m3 of material will be dredged from a total area of 94,776m2 to form an access channel. The channel will be dredged to a depth of 1.6m and will result in a water depth of 3m. Dredging activities associated with the AIPP will be undertaken in accordance with the NNPC/CNL JV Standard for Dredging Operations (April 2011). The currently envisioned process is as follows: The lagoon area will be dredged using a cutter-suction dredger. The dredger removes loosely compacted materials using a cutter head, and then uses a pump to transport the dredged sediment as slurry for disposal on land. Approximately 10ha of the approximate 155ha of land within the site will be used for the disposal of dredged spoil. The dredged spoil will be re-used for civil works and road construction activities. Prior to re-use, the dredged spoil will be placed in a contained disposal area to allow for drainage of the water contained in the slurry, back to the lagoon. The dredged material or spoil will be analyzed for heavy metals and other toxic substances on a regular basis before stockpiling and use as fill. Water and sediment will be collected from water bodies within the immediate vicinity of the selected dredge areas and from neighbouring water bodies. The sampling will take due consideration of direction of flow of water, tide condition draining and feeder water bodies. If sampled material is found to be contaminated, NNPC/CNL will ensure that appropriate action are taken to prevent contamination of the site. Sediment samples shall be analyzed for heavy metal, grain size, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH), benthic organisms and other physiochemical properties and nutrients. Water samples will be taken within the lagoon and analyzed for heavy metals, TOC, TPH and plankton. Beach Landing In order to avoid potential delays and given the constraints of road transport around the lagoon, it is envisaged that large and heavy loads will be delivered to site via vessel on a landing point on the Lagos lagoon. A beach landing will be constructed to allow materials, equipment and plant to be brought to the site across the lagoon during the construction period. The beach landing does not require land acquisition as it falls within the AIPP site boundary. Jetty An existing jetty will be used for transport of personnel to and from the site via Lagos Lagoon. This is also expected to minimise travel time (25 minutes by water compared to 2h by road) to the site from the CNL office. This will assist in reducing the contribution to congestion on local roads (as well as vehicular fuel consumption and associated air pollutant emissions). Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 12 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA The existing jetty is a lightweight but rigid structure, capable of off-loading personnel from a small craft, but sufficiently robust to take the weight of a typical 4 x 4 vehicle. Pipeline Prior to pipeline construction, site surveys will be undertaken along the proposed route to determine the location of utility lines, drainage patterns and other relevant environmental features. Based on this, the pipeline trench will be dug using a backhoe, such that the pipe will lie approximately 30 inches below the ground surface (deeper at road crossings). Soil removed from the trenching will be used to backfill the trench. Each length of the pipe will then be laid into the trench and the pipeline sections will then be welded together in line with NNPC/CNL JV standard quality control procedures. An external coating will be used to inhibit corrosion by preventing moisture from coming into direct contact with the steel. Once the pipe has been placed in the trench, the trench will be backfilled using a backhoe with the subsoil replaced first, and then the topsoil. Before use, hydrostatic testing will be done on the length of the pipeline to check for leaks. The hydrotest water will be emptied from the pipeline and routed to the existing waste water system where it would be checked for its chemical constituents. This water will either be discharged via the drainage system or would be disposed offsite using an approved third party waste management contractor in line with Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), the project waste management plan and the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) requirements. The pipeline will then be dried prior to use. A cathodic protection system will be furnished for corrosion protection in accordance with NACE standards. Foundations Foundations will be laid for the following infrastructure:  Gas turbines and auxiliary systems;  Transformers;  Buildings, steel support structures, and enclosures; and  Tanks. The firm clay/ clayey formation on the site will support shallow foundations and provide an allowable bearing capacity of 100kPa. Shallow foundations will be placed on clay or embedded in fill raised over the clay substrate. A higher bearing capacity can thus be considered depending on the thickness of fill and foundation size. Heavy and dynamically loaded structures will be founded on deep bored concrete piled foundations. The piles will be embedded in dense to very dense sand to utilize the higher end bearing capacity. In addition to the foundations, hard standing areas and permanent roadwork will include crushed stone ring road around the immediate power plant area and paved concrete hard standing areas for turbine maintenance and removal. Other support structures required for the construction of the AIPP are underground trenches, drains, conduits; walkways and roadside drains and curbing. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 13 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA Buildings and Enclosures Buildings and equipment enclosure will be prefabricated to the extent possible and shipped to site. The prefabricated buildings will include the following:  Control buildings, including maintenance shops;  Administration and warehouse; and  Water treatment plant building. Enclosures will be constructed for the various control modules, fire water pumps and guard house. There is no permanent housing planned for the Project. A cathodic protection system will be furnished for corrosion protection of underground and/or submerged metallic structures such as buried, pressurized steel piping systems and the underside of vessels or tanks in accordance with NACE standards. For the protection of underground structures such as isolated pipe and similar equipment of relatively small surface area, sacrificial galvanic anodes of magnesium, zinc, or aluminium will be distributed along the structure to be protected. Construction Personnel, Logistics, and Suppliers NNPC/CNL JV proposes to enter into a turnkey contract with the EPC contractor, in which the EPC contractor will be the responsible party for the selection and management of all sub-contractors, particularly those at a local level. NNPC/CNL JV will be involved to monitor and guide the subcontracting practices of the EPC contractor. NNPC/CNL JV expects that up to 300 workers will be the maximum labor force required for civil and mechanical works for the construction of the power plant and associated infrastructure. It is anticipated that at least 70% of the construction workforce will be sourced locally, from within 30km of the site. NNPC/CNL JV's Policy Government Public Affairs (PGPA) Advisor shall ensure that the EPC contractor meets this requirement subject to availability of suitable manpower in line with the Agura IPP Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). The majority of the employees required during construction will be unskilled and semi-skilled laborers and limited technically-skilled expatriates would be hired where required. A temporary construction camp will be constructed within the boundaries of the Project site to the east of the proposed power plant site. The exact nature of the accommodation will be determined in discussion with the EPC contractor but will likely include accommodation, ablution, cooling and sanitary facilities for construction workers, laydown areas and vehicle parking areas. The construction camp will be fenced and access will be controlled and restricted to employees. With regards to the supply of equipment and materials and entering into contracts with suppliers, CNL will reserve the right to review suppliers of major equipment and materials specified in the bidder’s proposal or subsequently identified during the design phase, and to Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 14 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA reject any suppliers whose equipment quality, performance or repair service has been unsatisfactory on other projects. Construction Traffic The existing road currently leading from the EEPBU main access will be used as the primary access route to the site. This road will be tarred and kept in good condition during construction. An estimate of 20 to 30 Project vehicles will use this road daily. The peak number of vehicle movements is estimated at between 50 to 100 concrete mixers per day. NNPC/CNL JV will liaise with the Lagos State government to repair any sections of the road that may be damaged during construction. 3.6. Operation 3.6.1 Maintenance Activities It is anticipated that all routine maintenance will be conducted by the plant’s maintenance team. This will include preventative, corrective and predictive maintenance in addition to any maintenance or repair required as a result of emergency breakdowns. In the event that major outages occur it is anticipated that the services of sub-contractors will be engaged to maximize economic efficiency. Routine preventative maintenance will be carried out as part of a Long Term Service Agreement (LTSA) with the original suppliers covering the gas turbines, the gas turbine auxiliary equipment and the gas turbine alternators. Routine preventative maintenance will be carried out by the operations and maintenance contractor for the period between inspections. 3.6.2 Water Supply Water is needed for the following uses:  Demineralized water for the off-line and on-line compressor water washes for the gas turbines;  Potable water;  Fire water;  Service water for general cleaning and washing down throughout the plant. The raw water supply will be abstracted from four (4) wells drilled onsite and as far away from Lagos Lagoon as possible (this will be within 1km of the Lagos Lagoon i.e. the width of the site). The water consumption for Phase 1 is estimated at 14.4m3/h (i.e. 345.6m3 per day). Pre-treatment facilities will be required for all water uses to precipitate the dissolved iron content, remove suspended solids, disinfection and neutralisation. Reverse osmosis will be required for water to meet potable water requirements. The entire pre-treatment system will be fitted with a manual, remote manual, and auto controls operable from the central control room. Chemical feed pumps will be controlled on raw water flow to maintain a pre-selected constant dosage. A flow meter and flow indicating controller will be provided as part of the control hardware to control the chemical dosing pumps. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 15 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA The potable water treatment plant will be sized to provide potable water for eighty (80) personnel. The demineralized water treatment system will produce water for the gas turbine (GT) compressor water wash. The demineralized water storage tank will be sized to hold the volume of water required to off-line wash two (2) GT compressors simultaneously. The fire flow demand was determined on the basis of the Nigerian National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) requirements and the recommendations of the Fire Underwriters for Public Fire Protection. Every building will be provided with a fire suppression system. The Project will allow for the recommended maximum firewater flow rate for Agura IPP (625m3/h), requiring a minimum of four (4) wells and a fire water tank storage volume of 1,250m3 (assuming a flow rate for fire flow demand of 156.4m3/h). It should be noted that cooling water is not required for Phase 1 of the Project, and would only be required for the conversion to closed cycle operation (planned for Phase 3). The details of water storage infrastructure are provided in Box 3.2. Box 3.2 Planned Water Storage Infrastructure The design flow rate for the demineralization water treatment plant is 6.8m3/h and a water storage tank capacity of 19m3 (to supply total requirement for two (2) compressor washes). The allowance for service water storage is 11.4m3 per day potable water storage is 5.1m3, just in excess of the estimated daily consumption amounts. The service water distribution pumps will have a flow rate of 3.4m3/h with a pump output pressure of 414kPa (g). The following tank infrastructure will be constructed for water storage:  Raw water tank: Serving as a surge tank for the well water pumps and providing a means for automatic pump control, based on tank level. The tank will also serve to aerate the well water to oxidize and precipitate dissolved iron. The total daily demand is thus 190.76m3 and the capacity of the raw water tank will be 189.3m3.  Service/ fire water tank: dedicated fire water storage and pretreated water storage for 24- hour consumption by other plant water uses, and filter wash water for one (1) filter backwash. The total required capacity is 1,472.4m3, with the design capacity being 1,500m3.  RO permeate tank of design capacity of 22.7m3.  Demineralized water tank: providing reserve demineralized water capacity of 18.9m3.  Potable water tank: providing dedicated storage capacity for chlorine contact time, filter wash water and peak flow balancing storage for the potable and service water pumps (capacity of 34.1m3). Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 16 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA 3.6.3 Liquid Effluents A summary of the effluents generated is provided in Table 3.4. Table 3.4 Summary of Effluent Generated Effluent Main Sources Possible Environmental Phase of Constituent Operation Sewage Living quarters BOD, solids, detergent, coliform CMO bacteria. Maintenance wastes Sandblast, greases, fuel Heavy metals, hydrocarbons, M oil filters solids, solvents Effluent Water Discharges Sewage treatment plant, Inorganic salts, heavy metals, MCO water treatment process chemicals, oil and systems, service water grease, etc. discharges, turbine off/online washes. Storm water Plant run offs Inorganic salts, heavy metals, MO process chemicals, hydrocarbons. Contaminated Rainwater drainage runoff, ACMO Inorganic salts, heavy metals, water process water, wash detergents, hydrocarbons water Pipeline condensate Pipeline operation Hydrocarbons MO A= Abandonment C= Construction and Installation M=Maintenance Operations O = Operations The wastewater treatment system will consist of the following components, as a minimum:  Two (2) wastewater sludge settling ponds with impervious liners such as Hypalon or equal and sized for six (6) months operation. It will be designed to accommodate for Phases 1, 2 and 3;  Sewage flow equalization tank, if required;  Grinder pumps;  Pre-cast concrete or modular septic tank;  Pre-cast concrete siphon chamber, if required;  Tile bed;  American Petroleum Institute (API) oil water separator or a higher performance unit such as a coalescing plate interceptor, located open to the atmosphere to prevent potential built-up of explosive gases;  Underground oily water waste collection tank for pump-out and offsite disposal; and  Underground compressor off-line wash water collection tank for pump-out and offsite disposal. 3.6.4 Sewage Two or three separate septic tank and tile bed systems will be implemented to manage the sewage generated onsite. Septic tank locations will be placed within areas above the water table (during the wet season). Regular grab samples of any effluent flows will be analyzed to demonstrate compliance with effluent limits as per the World Bank Group EHS Guidelines. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 17 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA 3.6.5 Plant Wastewater Discharge Plant wastewater including maintenance and compressor wash, floor flushing and filter backwash which are generally classified as non-hazardous will be discharged into a facility closed drain. Bilge water from vessel and tank operations shall also be discharged into a facility closed drain. Sludge from the letting ponds will be removed annually and disposed of by a licensed contractor at an appropriate disposal facility. The settling ponds will be located east of the proposed power plant as the discharge from the pond will enter the Lagoon east and north of the suggested location of the construction camp. 3.6.6 Stormwater Stormwater will be managed through a combination of open trenches, swales, ditches, and underground piping. Non-contaminated stormwater shall drain away to the natural environment via gravity and paved and concreted areas will be sloped to allow drainage. Stormwater that is potentially contaminated with oil or grease shall be directed via pipelines to the oily water separator before discharge as described above. 3.6.7 Pipeline Condensate The knockout drum, gas filters, and gas piping will have drains connected to the sump tank to collect the condensate removed from the incoming fuel gas piped to the power plant. The sump tank will retain the condensate until the liquid can be removed from site periodically by a vacuum truck for disposal at an appropriate disposal facility. 3.6.8 Solid Wastes Waste management comprises all administrative and operational activities that are involved in the handling, treatment, conditioning, transportation, storage and disposal of wastes. The objective of waste management is to deal with hazardous and non-hazardous waste in a manner that protects human health and the environment. All wastes will managed in accordance with the AIPP Waste Management Plan (July 2009) (Annex E), which will be updated based on the outcomes of this EIA. The processes during mobilisation, construction, installations, maintenance operations as well as decommissioning/abandonment activities will involve the generation of wastes. A summary of the solid waste generated is provided in Table 3.5. Table 3.5 Solid Waste Waste Stream Main Sources Possible Phase of Environmental Operation Constituent Scrap metals Abandoned project sites, used process Heavy metals ACMO equipments, tanks, empty drums, used tubular and casings. Waste lubricants Equipment lube oil changes Organic, heavy metals CMAO Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 18 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA Waste Stream Main Sources Possible Phase of Environmental Operation Constituent Fluorescent tubes Infrastructure illumination Argon, tubes CMO Maintenance wastes Sandblast, greases, fuel oil filters Heavy metals, M hydrocarbons, solids, solvents Refrigerants Air conditioning/refrigerant systems Non-CFC refrigerants CMO Paint materials Paints, thinners, coatings Heavy metals, solvent, CM hydrocarbon Mercury Instrumentation and operations Mercury CMA Medical wastes Dressings, clinical materials, Pathogenic organisms, ACMO plastic glass, medicines, needles. Contaminated soil Spill/leaks Hydrocarbons, heavy ACM metals, salts, treating chemicals Cement Cement mix water, cement returns Heavy metals, ACM viscosifiers, pH, salts A= Abandonment C= Construction and Installation M=Maintenance Operations 3.6.9 Emissions Air Emissions The principal source of air emissions will arise from the combustion of natural gas in the combustion of the gas turbines. A comparatively minor secondary source of emissions will be from the operation of one 1.5MW diesel that is expected to run for less than 100 h per year. All air emissions will be released via stacks, the designs of which will be determined by detailed dispersion modeling to ensure that the stacks are of the optimal diameter, and that the efflux velocity will be sufficiently high for ground level air concentrations to be below World Health Organization (WHO) limits at all times. This standard will be applied even if the predicted ground level concentrations from dispersion modeling are in an unpopulated area. The level of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the stack gases is controlled through the use of a dry, low-NOx burner in all of the gas turbines. Furthermore, the level of carbon monoxide (CO) in the stack gases will be controlled by mixing natural gas with air, and will be controlled by the gas turbine control system. Natural gas normally contains negligible quantities of sulphur. There is the potential for emissions of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) to the air which will be dependent on the quantity of sulphur in the gas supplied to the power station. The gas receiving station will contain scrubbers in order to control the amount of sulfur present in the fuel stream. The results of the air quality modeling are discussed in Chapter 5. Sulphur hexafluoride, a potent greenhouse gas is contained in transformers. On decommissioning, measures should be taken such that this is not released to the atmosphere, but reclaimed for use if possible. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 19 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA Noise Emissions Enclosures equipment, piping, and valves will be designed to meet the Workplace Noise Levels specified in Table 3.6. Table 3.6 Work Place Noise Levels for Plant Equipment Equipment Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at 1m Gas Turbine Enclosure(s) 85 dBA Accessory Compartment 85 dBA Generator Exciter Compartment 85 dBA Pump With Electric Motor Driver (Complete Train) 85 dBA Pump With Engine Driver (Complete Train) 85 dBA Electric Generator With Driver (Complete Train) 85 dBA Compressor With Driver (Complete Train) 85 dBA Fan or Blower With Driver (Complete Train) 85 dBA Fuel Gas Treatment Skid (Complete Train) 85 dBA Piping and Control Valves 85 dBA Other Equipment Not Noted Above 85 dBA Gas Turbine Motor Control Centers; to include individual Unit 65 dBA Cabinets NOTES: The above sound level limits shown apply to different areas regardless of the amount of time workers are expected to spend in the areas. The noise limits are to be for all accessible areas at a distance of 3-feet (1-meter) from equipment. Source: Agura IPP Basis of Design Manual, June 2011 The power plant will be designed so that Maximum Noise Levels in various areas will not exceed the values shown in Table 3.7. Table 3.7 Maximum Noise Levels within Plant Areas Area Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at 1 meter Interior Machinery areas (Not continuously manned) 105 dBA Exterior Machinery areas (Not continuously manned) 90 dBA Machinery areas or Non-specific areas (Continuously manned) 82 dBA Motor Control Center (MCC) Rooms 65 dBA Storerooms 65 dBA Workshop Offices 65 dBA Control Rooms 55 dBA Conference Rooms 55 dBA General Offices, Laboratories, Lunchrooms, and Break Rooms 55 dBA Employee Changing/Dressing Rooms 55 dBA Medical Facilities 45 dBA Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 20 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA NOTES: The above sound level limits shown apply to different areas regardless of the amount of time workers are expected to spend in the areas. The noise limits are to be for accessible areas at a distance of 3-feet (1-meter) from equipment. Interior noise limits include noise from the ventilation, and air conditioning (VAC) equipment and other Contractor provided equipment. Source: Agura IPP Basis of Design Manual, June 2011 The emission of noise to offsite receptors is discussed in Chapter 5. Heat Emissions The new and clean heat rate of the General Electric Frame 9E machine is 10,100Btu/kWh. The heat emissions will chiefly originate from the stacks at a heat transfer rate of approximately 820GJ per hour and some additional heat emissions from the fin fan cooler. The heat emissions will chiefly originate from the stacks with some additional heat emissions from the fin fan coolers. 3.6.10 Power Plant Control and Emergency Systems Instrumentation and Control Systems The power plant will be controlled from a single central control room together with facilities for combined control and variable load sharing, system monitoring and historical data storage and interrogation. The main control system will consist of two (2) operator stations, one (1) engineer station and one (1) portable work station necessary to provide control, protection, monitoring and data acquisition for the plant. The plant operators will have the ability to monitor and execute the control functions of the processes from the CCR using the operator stations. Each control system will be integrated with the plant DCS through redundant communications links that will allow monitoring and alarming at the central control room. Such systems may include but are not limited to transmission lines and switchyard electrical controls, fuel gas handling and treatment; ventilation and air conditioning and wastewater. Control and monitoring of the balance of plant systems will be accomplished using the plant DCS. Lube and Control Oil System The gas turbine generator lube and control oil system will include, but not be limited to the following equipment:  Lube oil storage tank, filters and transfer pump(s);  Bund wall-type containment system; and  One (1) standard side-stream lube and control oil treatment system. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 21 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA Compressed Air System Two (2) air compressors sized for the requirements for two (2) GTGs operating in simple cycle and balance of plant (BOP) systems; will provide clean, dry, oil free, service quality air. The compressed air system and in particular the air receivers will be sized for the requirements of Phases 1 and 2. The system will consist of, as a minimum of aftercoolers, moisture separators, air dryers and instrumentation and controls. A separate smaller compressed air system will also be provided for the workshop including two compressors and filtration and drying equipment will be provided. Transformers The generators will deliver power to the step-up transformer through suitably rated aluminium conductors supported by porcelain insulators with each of the three phases insulated from each other and surrounded by an aluminium enclosure. The generators will be connected to the grid by means of a generator step-up transformer. The combustion gas turbine generators will be synchronized to the grid through a generator circuit breaker located on the low voltage side of the step-up transformer. The fans in each cooling stage will be separated into two circuits to reduce the possibility of losing every fan in any single cooling stage. Specifications of the step-up transformers are provided in Table 3.8. Table 3.8 Generator Step-up Transformer Component Details Quantity Two (2) Transformer Rating 150 / 175 / 200 MVA Type Oil-Filled Nominal Primary Voltage (Generator Voltage) 15.75 kV - Delta Nominal Secondary Voltage (High Voltage) 330 kV - Grounded-Wye Generator Connections 1 Generator Connection Type Isolated Phase Busduct Generator Connection Rating 8000 A Auxiliary Transformers Two (2) unit auxiliary transformers (UAT), each fed separately from each gas turbine will supply the plant medium voltage system at 6.6kV. Each auxiliary transformer will provide 100% redundancy for the peak load of the whole plant in case one of the UAT/GTG is out-of- service. The plant medium voltage switchgear will be located in the switchgear building. The power plant auxiliary power distribution system will consist of area substations, which include switchgear, motor control centres, bus ducts, lighting panels, and power transformers will be located for convenient distribution to loads. The secondary of auxiliary transformers will be routed to the switchgear using underground cabling. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 22 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA Emergency and Black Start Power System The emergency power will be provided by a dedicated emergency diesel engine generator set, which will be connected to the essential bus by a synchronizing circuit breaker. The sizing of the emergency diesel engine generator set will include a 25% contingency over and above the size required for the identified critical and essential loads. The stand-by generator system will be capable of periodic full load operation for testing and exercising purposes, without jeopardizing normal plant operation. The Black Start Diesel Engine Generator Set shall be electrically configured to also supply emergency power to the 415V emergency/essential services bus to preclude the need for a separate Emergency Diesel Engine Generator Set. This may require the provision of a dedicated 0.415/6.6kV step down transformer to power the emergency/essential services bus. Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) will furnish power to the emergency shutdown system and the distributed control system to systems that are critical for plant operation. These include the control rooms, fire alarm and detecting systems and Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS). The system will have batteries sized for the load and a minimum thirty (30) minute operating period. Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) A Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) (Figure 3.3) will be provided to monitor the gaseous emissions from the power plant. It is a system that continuously measures all parameters necessary to determine pollutant concentration(s) or pollutant emission rate(s) as required by the World Bank and the FMEnv standards. The system includes the following:  Pollutant concentration analyzer(s) (e.g., CO, NOx, SO2) and associated sample collection, transport, and conditioning equipment;  Diluent gas analyzer(s) (e.g., O2) and associated sample collection, transport, and conditioning equipment; and  Data acquisition and logging systems. A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is used to control the sample system and measurement device functions and transmits data to a Data Acquisition System (DAS). The DAS collects data from the individual PLCs and transmits the information to a Distributed Control System (DCS) for record-keeping and graphic representations, which are used to generate reports for environmental compliance records. Refer to Figure 3.3 for a simplified system diagram. The sample conditioning system, analyzers, and PLCs are housed in a CEMS building located near the source(s) being monitored. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 23 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 3.3 Simplified Diagram of the CEMS Source: CEMS, Quality Assurance/Quality Control Plan for Chevron Richmond Refinery, March 2007 Pipeline Emergency Shutdown Valves Gas Detection and Shutdown Valve: a manual isolation valve at the tie-in site and an electrically operated Emergency Shutdown (ESD) valve at the inlet of the knock-out drum. The ESD valve will be controlled from the NGC ELPS pipeline control center and status monitoring in the AIPP DCS. Furthermore, gas detectors will be installed at the tie-in site and at the AIPP site to warn of gas leakage and be looped to the ESD to initiate a shutdown of the gas supply system. 3.6.11 Communication Systems The communication system will include a public address system to provide one-way communication, such as emergency warnings or general announcements, throughout the Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 24 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA plant operating areas as well as a multi-channel plant paging system. Desk top stations, control panel, field mounted loudspeakers and field mounted call stations with channel selection controls and telephone type hand-sets will be provided throughout the utilities and off-site locations. In addition, a plant telephone, fax and internet connections will be used as a primary means of communications within and outside of the plant. An in-plant, two-way radio system consisting of a base station and portable handheld radios will be provided for communications between operating and/or maintenance personnel. The radio base station will be located in the central control room building complete with a desk microphone. There will be two (2) open channels communicating with up to five (5) two-way portable radios. 3.6.12 Fire Protection Systems The fire protection system will be designed to meet the requirements of the local fire codes under the National Fire Protection Association. The system will consist of a fire and gas detection system, deluge system water hose reels as required, fire extinguishers as required and sprinkler systems for every building. In addition, non-water based automatic clean agent systems will be provided for rooms containing electrical and electronic hardware as well as for the central control room (CCR). Fire water volume for the fire water system will be available in the combined service/fire/potable water storage tank. No additional tank storage capacity will be required. 3.6.13 Central Ventilation and Air Conditioning Every building enclosed by four (4) walls and a roof requires Central Ventilation and Air Conditioning (VAC) Systems. VAC systems will thus be provided for the control room, offices, lockers, electrical rooms, rest rooms and any other room housing sensitive equipment and/or personnel. Primary and backup VAC systems will be provided for critical areas such as the control, electrical and any other sensitive equipment rooms and as specified for other areas as well. The external design conditions for the VAC systems shall be 34ºC dry bulb and 80% relative humidity. The internal design conditions for the VAC systems shall be 24ºC dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. 3.6.14 Lighting Three levels of lighting will be provided. During normal operation, lighting will be powered from the normal AC power system. Upon a loss of the normal AC power system, emergency lighting for the Central Control Room (CCR) and other critical operating areas will be powered from the station battery or the stand-by diesel generator. Egress lighting fixtures will be provided with battery packs to assure safe egress on a loss of the normal lighting power system. Outdoor lighting will be photocell controlled with "on-off-auto" selector switch. Indoor lighting in electrical and control rooms will be occupancy sensor controlled with "on- off-auto" selector switch. Emergency lighting will be provided both indoor and outdoor, and be fed from the 110V battery DC system. Lighting will be provided at access points and will be provided along the perimeter fence line. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 25 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA 3.6.15 Grounding Systems and Lightning Protection Equipment and structural steel will be connected to the grounding system using zinc or copper-clad steel rods and will be used for structures such as buildings, towers and stacks will be provided. The grid will be extended at least 1m outside substation fence perimeter for protection of individuals touching the fence. The lightning protection will be designed to cover the entire switchyard area. 3.6.16 Pipeline Operation Each GTG is fitted with a unit fuel gas system which consists of a single fuel gas scrubber and a duplex dry cartridge fuel gas filter to remove the maximum expected condensate or hydrate load. Two (2) pressure regulating valve trains will be provided downstream of the fuel gas heaters to control the fuel gas pressure at the required level for the power plant gas turbines. In addition, a vent stack and flow meters will be provided up stream of the fuel gas heaters to allow safe depressurization of the piping, process equipment, or pipeline in the gas conditioning power block area. There will be two (2) flow meters (orifice plates) with flow transmitters and local flow indication arranged in parallel to allow flow measurement in case one flow meter is out of service. A pig launcher will be provided at the pipeline inlet near the tie-in point to accommodate pipeline cleaning or inspection tools while a pig receiver will be provided at the AIPP site for retrieval of pipeline cleaning or inspection tools. 3.6.17 Security The plant and switchyard perimeters will be enclosed with a 3.0m high block wall fence. Interior fencing will be 2.5m high aluminum or galvanized coated steel wire fence with a barbed wire overhang. The main entrance will be secured by a chain link automatic slide gate complete with Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) monitoring from the Control Room. NNPC/CNL JV will undertake an analysis of security personnel needs and procedures, and put in place a security system appropriate to identify risks and is consistent with approaches used by NNPC/CNL JV at the Company’s other facilities in Nigeria. 3.6.18 Transport and Traffic The existing road currently leading from Egbin main access road will be used as the primary access route to the site. This road will be tarred during construction and maintained by the EPC contractor and in good condition for use into the operational phase. A maximum of ten Project vehicles will use this road daily during operation, with a peak number of vehicle movements estimated at between 50 to 100, peaking during the annual shutdowns and periods of major maintenance. The maintenance period is likely to be two weeks in most years, with a major maintenance every six years which is estimated to last around six weeks. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 26 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA Onsite Traffic During operations, the project is anticipated to require one light truck (7.5 tons), two pick-up trucks, a fork lift truck and three 4X4 vehicles, which will operate onsite and for use offsite by Project staff. The intention is that all vehicles, new and old will be serviced and refueled at an off-site public service station. No refueling or vehicle maintenance will take place onsite. 3.6.19 Employment and Training The projected number of employees required for the Agura IPP Project during operation would be eighty (80). Staff required at specific areas is outlined in Table 3.9. Table 3.9 Agura IPP Staffing Requirements Position Number of Staff Workshop 37 Office 46 Miscellaneous 17 There are two head operators in charge of the control room operations, each working a 12 hours shift. The head operator would be supported by the team listed above of mechanical and electrical technicians who would be based inside the control room as well as out in the plant and workshop areas. At any time, it is expected that the 12 hour shift would have up to 20 - 26 operations related personnel depending upon the day or night shifts. Figure 3.4 provides a detailed overview of all the roles required for the operation of the AIPP. Training of operational and maintenance staff is the joint responsibility of the EPC Contractor, various Project Vendors and the Operations & Maintenance Contractor. The community workers who have been involved during the construction phase will be transitioned into various operational and maintenance roles as they would have obtained skills through both formal and on-the-job training. These workers will be trained further during the operational phase of the project. Areas of training may include welding, iron works, rigging, operating equipment and instruments and electricians. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 27 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 3.4 Agura IPP Organization Chart Source: Chevron Nigeria Limited, May 2013 Note: CGP – Chevron Global Power, O/M – Operations/Maintenance Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 28 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA 3.7. Decommissioning The proposed Project has a lifespan of 20 years. There is currently no agreement in place which defines what will happen to the facility at the end of its lifecycle, but it is anticipated that the Project site will be returned to its original state. A site closure and restoration plan will be developed prior to initiation of decommissioning activities. All infrastructure (including the cables and pylon for the connection to the Benin North Substation) will be dismantled and removed. Machinery, steel and dismantled materials will be recycled where possible and disposed of at licensed disposal sites. Further details on decommissioning activities are provided in Chapter 8. Draft EIA Report Chapter Three November 2013 Page 29 of 29 Agura IPP Project EIA   4. PART A: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT - BIOPHYSICAL 4.1 Introduction This chapter presents the existing environmental conditions of the proposed Agura IPP site. Data and information for the description of the existing environmental condition of the study area were obtained from desktop studies and field investigations carried out between October 2012 and February 2013 by biophysical specialists. The findings of the desktop review, field sampling/measurements and consultations have been presented in an Environmental Baseline Survey report compiled by Environmental Accord Nigeria Limited in February 2013 (Annex F). The description of the biophysical baseline conditions is presented within this Chapter. 4.1.1 Data Collection Baseline information was collected using the following methods:  Desktop review of existing reports related to the Project site and the surrounding environment;  Two seasons of field sampling, measurements and laboratory analysis; and  Additional information gathered from consultation with surrounding communities. Further detail on these aspects is provided in the following section. 4.1.2 Desk-top Studies Desk-top studies involved the acquisition of relevant background information on the bio- physical environment of the study area. Information was sourced from the following federal government departments and private companies:  Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) Environmental Audit Reports of the EEPBU;  AES Nigeria Barge Environmental Impact Assessment Report;  Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR);  Federal Fisheries Department;  The Nigerian Meteorological Department;  Federal Office of Statistics;  Federal Surveys Department; and  Federal Department of Agriculture and Land Resources (FDALR). Other sources of information include; previous environmental surveys in the study area, publications, textbooks, articles, maps as well as online sources. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 1 of 47 Agura IPP Project EIA   4.1.3 Field Sampling In order to effectively characterise the bio-physical environment of the study area and determine seasonal variations of environmental parameters, field sampling and measurements were carried out in two (2) seasons, namely during October, 2012 (wet season) and January 2013 (dry season). Sampling locations were identified using recent satellite imagery of the study area. The basis of the sampling design was informed by a preliminary classification of the habitat types in the study area through desktop research and previous environmental assessment studies. Sampling locations were identified to be able to characterise the baseline environment in terms of the air quality, noise, vegetation, soil, groundwater, surface water, hydrobiology and sediment sampling. Each sampling location was geo-referenced on the GPS (Table 4.1) and sampling locations are shown on a Sampling Map, see Annex F. Table 4.1 Geographical Coordinates of Sampling Locations Environmental Component Sampling Code Coordinates Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Air Quality and Noise A1 6 33 47.2 3 36 36.9 A2 6 33 39.9 3 37 21.8 A3 6 33 28.1 3 37 34.9 A4 6 33 50.7 3 37 26.2 A5 6 34 01.4 3 37 24.2 A6 6 33 34.8 3 37 35.6 A7 6 33 36.4 3 37 41.8 A8 6 33 21.6 3 37 46.6 A9 6 33 34.0 3 37 53.6 A10 6 33 22.2 3 38 11.5 A11 6 33 51.0 3 37 59.4 A12 6 34 26.5 3 37 39.8 Terrestrial Flora VEG 1 6 33 47.2 3 36 36.9 VEG 2 6 33 39.9 3 37 21.8 VEG 3 6 33 28.1 3 37 34.9 VEG 4 6 33 50.7 3 37 26.2 VEG 5 6 34 01.4 3 37 24.2 VEG 6 6 33 34.8 3 37 35.6 VEG 7 6 33 36.4 3 37 41.8 VEG 8 6 33 21.6 3 37 46.6 VEG 9 6 33 34.0 3 37 53.6 VEG 10 6 33 22.2 3 38 11.5 VEG 11 6 33 51.0 3 37 59.4 VEG 12 6 34 26.5 3 37 39.8 Soil S1 6 33 47.2 3 36 36.9 S2 6 33 39.9 3 37 21.8 S3 6 33 28.1 3 37 34.9 S4 6 33 50.7 3 37 26.2 S5 6 34 01.4 3 37 24.2 Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 2 of 47 Agura IPP Project EIA   S6 6 33 34.8 3 37 35.6 S7 6 33 36.4 3 37 41.8 S8 6 33 21.6 3 37 46.6 S9 6 33 34.0 3 37 53.6 S10 6 33 22.2 3 38 11.5 S11 6 33 51.0 3 37 59.4 S12 6 34 26.5 3 37 39.8 Monitoring Borehole and G1 6 33 29.1 3 37 40.4 Ground water G2 6 33 27.6 3 37 38.6 G3 6 33 27.4 3 37 41.8 Surface Water, Sediment A 6 33 13.6 3 37 40.0 and Hydrobiology B 6 33 01.8 3 37 40.0 C 6 32 45.6 3 37 39.9 D 6 32 29.2 3 37 39.8 AE1 6 33 11.8 3 37 56.3 BE1 6 33 02.0 3 37 56.3 CE1 6 32 45.8 3 37 56.2 DE1 6 32 29.5 3 37 56.3 AE2 6 33 32.3 3 38 28.9 BE2 6 33 12.8 3 38 28.8 CE2 6 32 46.1 3 38 28.8 DE2 6 32 29.9 3 38 28.7 AW1 6 33 27.2 3 37 23.7 BW1 6 33 14.8 3 37 23.6 CW1 6 32 53.6 3 37 23.6 DW1 6 32 32.3 3 37 23.6 AW2 6 33 28.9 3 36 48.5 BW2 6 33 19.0 3 36 48.5 CW2 6 33 02.8 3 36 48.4 DW2 6 32 46.6 3 36 48.4 CTRL 1 6 31 56.1 3 37 23.3 CTRL 2 6 31 57.1 3 38 28.7 CTRL 3 6 34 10.9 3 39 28.3 Source: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) The water, sediment and soil samples were transported to Anila Resources Nigeria Limited (Anila) laboratory in Lagos and analysed for the required parameters. Anila laboratory is accredited both by the FMEnv and the DPR. The results of the field sampling and measurements were compared with relevant Nigerian regulatory standards, World Bank Group/ IFC EHS Guidelines and World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines and limits. The analysis results and measurements were compared with the most stringent standards or guidelines. The emission limits are based on the World Bank Group EHS Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants. Consultation with Local Communities Information was gathered during the stakeholder consultation and socioeconomic baseline study undertaken within the local communities of Egbin, Agura, Ijede and Ipakan. Information relating to the biophysical aspects of the site were captured through these interactions and these details are also presented within this chapter. The additional Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 3 of 47 Agura IPP Project EIA   information gathered from the local communities relates to ecosystem services and livelihood aspects within the study area. 4.2 Climatic Conditions 4.2.1 Introduction The Project site is located within the semi-hot equatorial zone of Nigeria along the Atlantic coast of Africa. The semi hot climatic condition is the result of a combination of factors such as high solar radiation caused by diffused cloud cover, light winds, heavy precipitation, and low atmospheric pressure (Padadakis, 1961 and Trewartha, 1968).   4.2.2 Temperature Temperature is a dominant climatic factor which varies from place to place over a period of time. The mean monthly temperature recorded for Lagos (over a period of 14 years (1991- 2005)) was 27.6ºC – 32.6ºC in the wet season, and a range of 32.5ºC – 35.3ºC in the dry season (NIMET, 2006). The annual temperature cycle is characterised by two (2) peaks, one major peak between March and April, and the minor peak during November and December (Figure 4.1). The minor peak fall in temperature is due to the Harmattan wind while the major fall coincides with the peak of rainfall in July. Figure 4.1 Monthly Minimum and Maximum Temperature – Lagos State 40 35 30 Temperature (°C) 25 20 Minimum Temperature (°C) 15 Maximum Temperature (°C) 10 5 0 Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) 1991 – 2004 4.2.3 Wind Wind patterns within the study area is determined largely by the influence of two (2) wind systems, the southwesterly wind from the Atlantic Ocean and the northeasterly wind from the Sahara desert. The former is due to the hot and humid tropical maritime air mass blowing in, while the latter is due to the warm and dry air mass, in the north. The two air masses are Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 4 of 47 Agura IPP Project EIA   separated by a front or zone of discontinuity (the Intertropical Convergence Zone, (ITCZ) which shifts north-south during the year. This north-south oscillation of the ITCZ gives rise to the basic variation in the weather and climatic conditions prevailing in the area. The prevailing wind directions in the area are the south and southwest winds (Figure 4.2). The mean monthly wind speed is between 3.34 (1.67m/s) and 5.01 knots (2.51m/s). Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Wind Speed – Lagos Area 6 5 4 Wind speed 3 Wind (Knots) 2 1 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) 1990 - 1999 4.2.4 Relative Humidity Humidity describes the water vapour content of the atmosphere while relative humidity is the quantitative expression of wetness or dryness (in percentage) of air. The relative humidity profile of the area is presented in Figure 4.3. The relative humidity ranged from 66% to 75% in the rainy season and from 61% to 69% in the dry season. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 5 of 47 Agura IPP Project EIA   Figure 4.3 Monthly Relative Humidity in Lagos 90 80 70 Relative Humidity 60 50 40 % Relative Humidity 30 20 10 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET): 1991 – 2004   4.2.5 Rainfall Nigeria is considered to be a high rainfall area. Analysis of rainfall data for the area showed (Figure 4.4) that average monthly rainfall is from 147mm to 177mm in the wet season (April to October) and 69mm to 71mm in the dry season (November to March). The results of the analysis indicate that rainfall in Lagos is generally high and is experienced year round. July and September have the highest number of rain days. Figure 4.4 Mean Monthly Rainfall for Lagos 300 250 200 Rainfall 150 Rainfall (mm) 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 6 of 47 Agura IPP Project EIA   Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET): 1991 – 2004 4.3 Ambient Air Quality Air quality sampling was undertaken using hand-held equipment which recorded the following parameters: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO);Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2); Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC); Ammonia, (NH3); Chloride, (Cl2), Hydrogen Sulphide, (H2S); and Total Suspended Particulates (TSP). Table 4.2 presents the results of ambient air quality recorded within and around the site in the wet and dry seasons. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 7 of 47       Agura IPP Project EIA Table 4.2 Wet and Dry Season Air Quality Results Sampl Wet Season Dry Season e Code CO NO2 VOC SO2 H2S TSP CO2 NH3 Cl2 CO NO2 VOC SO2 H2S TSP CO2 NH3 Cl2 (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (mg/m (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (mg/m (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) 3 ) 3) A1 1.0 nd 0.1 nd nd 0.042 210 nd nd 1.0 nd 0.1 nd nd 0.032 110 nd nd A2 1.0 nd nd nd nd 0.028 70 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.017 60 nd nd A3 nd nd nd nd nd 0.012 60 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.010 60 nd nd A4 nd nd nd nd nd 0.017 90 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.010 60 nd nd A5 nd nd nd nd nd 0.008 70 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.012 80 nd nd A6 nd nd nd nd nd 0.021 70 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.015 70 nd nd A7 nd nd nd nd nd 0.017 110 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.022 70 nd nd A8 nd nd nd nd nd 0.014 080 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.010 80 nd nd A9 nd nd nd nd nd 0.020 090 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.012 70 nd nd A10 nd nd nd nd nd 0.016 110 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.011 110 nd nd A11 nd nd nd nd nd 0.018 100 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.012 46 nd nd A12 nd nd nd nd nd 0.021 120 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.031 130 nd nd FMEnv 10 0.04- NS 0.1- NS 0.25 NS NS NS 10 0.04- NS 0.1- NS 0.25 NS NS NS Limit 0.06 1.0 0.06 1.0 Source: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 8 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA The concentration of air quality parameters recorded at the study area were compared to the Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), the Department of Petroleum Resource Limits and the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines. A summary of these limits have been provided in Table 4.3. Based on these thresholds, the WHO limits are considered to be generally more stringent than the FMEnv/DPR limits. Table 4.3 Relevant Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Nigeria Standards FMENV DPR WHO Limit Limit Guidelines Averaging Pollutant Time (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) CO 1-hour 11, 400 NO2 1-hour -75-113 400 200 TSP 24-hour 250µg/m3 SO2 1-hour 26 350 - Source: Adapted from the Agura Air Quality Modeling Report, February 2013  Carbon Oxides: Carbon monoxide (CO) was detected at sampling point A1 only, which is located at adjacent to the Eglin Power Business Unit (EEPBU). An hourly concentration of 1145µg/m3 was detected in the wet and dry season and falls below the hourly FMEnv threshold limit of 11 400 µg/m3. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentrations ranged between 108000µg/m3 – 377000µg/m3 in the wet season and 108000µg/m3 – 233000 µg/m3 in the dry season. There are no specified FMEnv or WHO thresholds for CO2. Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) was not detected during the wet and dry season and is considered to be below the FMEnv threshold of 75µg/m3 for a 24hr averaging time. Volatile Organic Compounds Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs) concentrations were detected only at sampling point A1, which is located adjacent to the EEPBU. There are no specified thresholds for VOC concentrations. Particulates Total suspended particulate (TSP) ranged from 80µg/m3 to 420µg/m3 in the wet season while in the dry season a range of 100µg/m3 to 320µg/m3 was detected. The concentrations of TSP obtained during the baseline study falls within the 2500µg/m3 limit. The concentrations of individual particulate matter may however exceed the WHO limits, particularly for PM10 and PM2.5. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 9 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), Ammonia (NH3), and Chlorine gas (Cl2) were not detected in the dry and wet seasons. Seasonality and Conclusion The comparison of the ambient air quality results over the dry and wet seasons show that there are no significant seasonal variations in the values obtained. Generally, the concentrations of air quality parameters tend to be higher in the dry season than the wet season due to the prevailing weather conditions in the dry season such as high temperature, low relative humidity and high wind speed which contribute to an increase in ambient pollutants concentrations. The ambient air quality of the project area could generally be considered to be good since the concentrations of the parameters sampled fall within the Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Emissions of CO2, NO2 and TSP are likely to result from existing power generation activities adjacent to the Agura IPP site as well as CO from vehicle movement in the vicinity of the site. 4.4 Ambient Noise Level The existing dominant noise sources in the study area include the EEPBU and AES power plant, located approximately 1km to the west. Additional sources of ambient noise would result from the activities of the local communities, in particular the Agura community is located approximately 900m north of the AIPP site, with the Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin communities located 2-3km to the west of the site These communities engage in fishing farming and sand mining activities. A hand-held Extech Integrating Sound Level Meter (detection range: 30-130dBA) was used to take short-term readings (10-15 minutes) of the ambient noise levels at the sampling locations identified. Measurements were taken at a height of approximately 2m above ground level. All measurements were conducted between 8.00 and 17.00hr representing daytime measurements for both the wet season and dry season. Noise levels are measured in decibels (dB). The noise level measurements at each of the twelve (12) sampling points are presented in Table 4.4. Table 4.4 Day-time Noise Level in the Study Area Sample Code Wet Season Noise Dry Season Noise Level (dBA) Level (dBA) A1 52.7 51.2 A2 56.6 47.9 A3 49.3 44.5 A4 54.2 51.8 A5 53.0 42.9 A6 48.5 41.1 A7 49.5 39.5 Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 10 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA A8 47.9 45.8 A9 48.3 39.9 A10 46.5 43.6 A11 43.0 45.4 A12 45.8 45.5 Source: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) The noise levels recorded at the study area were compared to the World Bank EHS General Guideline thresholds provided in Table 4.5. These thresholds have thus been used to undertake the analysis. Table 4.5 World Bank Noise Level Guidelines Receptor One Hour LAeq (dBA) Day time (07:00 -22:00) 22:00 -07:00 Residential; institutional; educational 55 45 Industrial; commercial 70 70 Source: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) 4.4.1 Residential Noise Ambient noise levels in the study area ranged from 43.0 to 56.6dB (A) in the wet season and from 39.5.0 to 51.8.dBA in the dry season indicative of a natural setting of the area with anthropogenic input. The noise levels obtained during the baseline study were all within the World Bank Guideline limit of 55dBA for residential receptors during the day; with the exception of sampling point A2 in the wet season. This sampling point is located just west of the AIPP site boundary and along the site access road. An additional source of noise in the study area includes operational activities at the EEPBU. 4.4.2 Industrial Noise The results indicate that noise levels in the study area are below the World Bank limits for an industrial area which is 70dB during the day and night. Sampling point A1, located in close proximity to the EEPBU recorded 52.7dBA and 51.2dBA for the wet and dry season respectively. These values are however expected to increase during the construction and operational phases of the proposed Agura IPP Project. 4.5 Geology and Geomorphology 4.5.1 Geological Overview The study area is located on recent coastal plain sands embedded in the Tertiary Dahomey basin which formed as a result of erosion of the Precambrian Benin Shield of southwestern Nigeria. The coastal plain sands are products of marine and fluvial activities from the Atlantic Ocean and the inland rivers of Southwest Nigeria. The Project site is composed mainly of the intercalation of sand, laterite, organic plant remains in some areas and coarse quartz sand serving as the main aquifer. The coastal plains of Southwestern Nigeria are composed mainly of very fine to coarse water bearing sands that occur as thick sequences extending to very great depths in most areas. The area Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 11 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA indicates an initial elevation above the lagoon after which it becomes flat land in the form of a localised plateau. As part of the geotechnical investigations, three (3) boreholes were drilled using a hand generated rotary rig in a triangular array. The drilling method involved the loosening of the surface formation and water was then applied through the drilling pipes to provide additional pressure to cut through the geological formation to the desired depths. The physical characteristics of the formation at every 3ft (approximately 1m) were carefully observed in- situ. 4.5.2 Geophysical Characteristics The three boreholes (G1, G2, G3) have been plotted on the sampling map (Annex F), while the casing depth and static water levels (SWL) are presented in Table 4.6. The results show that the sedimentary strata in the study area were mainly sands with variation in colour and grain size. Coarse and medium grained quartz sand serves as the main aquifer across the site. The sample at G1 comprises mainly sand with a slight colour and grain size variation. A thin strata of organic plant remains was found embedded within the sand stratas. Slight clayey content occurs with depth. Whitish clay dominated the strata at a depth of 61-63ft (approximately 20m). The sample at G2 comprises reddish brown lateritic sand which dominates as the topsoil. Thin layers of organic plant remains were found embedded within the sand layers. Medium – coarse grained sand dominated down the stratas. Coarse grained quarzitic sand serves as the main aquifer. Whitish medium grained sand dominated as the topsoil in the sample at G3. Clay was white coloured and the organic plant remains were more pronounced than the other samples. The cross sections of all 3 geological samples have been illustrated in Figure 4.5. Table 4.6 Parameters of Boreholes Drilled Borehole Depth Drilled m (ft) Casing Depth m (ft) Static Water Level Number G1 21.3 (70) 19.5 (64), 2.91 (9.6) G2 21.3 (70) 21.3 (70) 3.94 (13) G3 (located in an 12.2 (40) 10.6 (35) 1.45 (4.8) -without gradient excavated 2.85 (9.5) – with gradient depression) Source: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 12 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.5 Geological Logging Source: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) Based on a preliminary geotechnical analysis undertaken in June 2006 the bearing capacity of the site is estimated at 100 - 125kPa. Further geotechnical analysis will be undertaken during detailed design to determine the final design of the foundation. 4.5.3 Geomorphology The land surface in Nigeria is understood to have resulted from alternating erosion and deposition activities resulting in three broad geomorphological units and major relief features, namely the plains, the highlands and the troughs or river valleys (Federal Department of Land Resources (FDALR), 1990). Modern depositional land surfaces extend to the West Coast of Nigeria, and are composed of sedimentary rocks, comprising sandstone, shales and clays of Cretaceous and Tertiary ages. Within and around the Ikorodu-Ijede part of Lagos State, the main physiographic unit recognised by FDALR (1990) is the nearly level coastal plains generally with 0-2% slopes. The maximum elevation is about 5 meters (16.4ft) above sea level. The Project site also contains gentle valleys and has characteristic undulating topography with a 2-3% slope. 4.6 Soils The soils identified within the study area are of two (2) types, namely soils from the younger quaternary formations and those from recent alluvium formations which are derived from alluvium of fine littoral and lagoon sediments. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 13 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA A total of twenty four (24) soil samples comprising topsoil and subsoil were collected in both wet season and in the dry season. The soil sampling was carried out to chemically characterise the soil within the project area. Soil samples were collected using a stainless steel auger at two depths: 0-15cm (top soil) and 15-30cm (sub soil). Once the auger was retrieved, the contents were examined to note the physical characteristics. The samples were then contained and transported to the laboratory for physico-chemical and microbial analysis. Table 4.7 shows the physical characteristics of typical top-soils (0 – 15cm) and sub-soils (15 – 30cm) in the study area respectively. Table 4.7 Physical Characteristics of Soils in Habitats of the Study Area Soil Physical Characteristics Sand Fractions (%) Texture Very Coarse Medium Fine Very Sand Silt Clay coarse sand sand sand fine sand sand Cultivated areas % 0 -15 cm 4.33 15.3 22.0 22.0 5.67 69.3 10.3 20.3 sand- clay- silt 15 -30cm 4.3 14.3 21.0 21.3 5.00 64.3 5.30 29.3 Natural vegetation and fallow areas 0 -15 cm 4.67 14.0 19.3 20.3 5.33 63.7 8.67 27.7 sand- clay- silt 15 -30 cm 4.00 12.0 18.0 19.0 4.50 57.0 15.5 27.5 Source: (NNPC/CNL IPP PAIR, 2006)   4.6.1 Soil Types The soils in the elevated terrain on the site are deep, moderately well drained, with grayish brown, loamy sand surface underlain by dark yellowish brown to very pale brown loamy sand sub-soils. The soils are strongly acid (pH 5.0 - 5.8), and the exchangeable cations are moderately high for Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ but low for K+. The soils sandy tropical soils and indicative of young soils with low fertility but which can support arable crops. Differences in the soils’ properties (on the elevated areas), between the wet and dry season, were not significant. The soils on the flat areas close to the lagoon are deep and poorly drained. They have dark gray, sandy surfaces over light brownish gray to light gray, sandy sub-soils. In the topsoil, the soils range from extremely acid to very strongly acid (pH 4.1 - 4.5). Exchangeable bases are low for Ca2+, K+ and Na+ but moderate for Mg2+. The soils are considered to be acidic tropical soils, with low fertility. The ground water table is high and the soils typically experience annual deep flooding during the wet season. 4.6.2 Chemical Analysis The soil samples collected during the wet and dry season were analysed for the following parameters:  pH; Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 14 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA  Electrical conductivity;  Cation concentrations;  Heavy metals;  Sulfate and phosphate;  Chloride; and  Microbiology. An overview of the physic-chemical soil analysis results is provided below: pH The pH of the soil samples varies from acidic to slightly alkaline. In the wet season, pH values ranged from 3.47-7.16 and 4.13-8.18 in the dry season. The pH values of a soil have effects on plants by influencing the availability of macro and micro-nutrients, which are building blocks of sugars and proteins needed by plants. Soil pH of 4.8 is regarded as the lower limit for optimum growth of crops while pH of 9.5 is regarded as the upper limit of alkalinity beyond which crops become stressed. Cation Concentrations The wet season, calcium ions recorded the highest concentration with a range of 31.13- 986.23mg/kg, followed by Potassium, then Sodium. Magnesium recorded the lowest concentration with a range of 19.2-53.03mg/kg. In the dry season, the concentrations of exhibited by the cations were: 6.57-519.08mg/kg, 4.0-131.87mg/kg, 0.42-99.17mg/kg, 6.18- 49.37mg/kg for Calcium, Potassium, Sodium and Magnesium respectively. Electrical Conductivity The electrical conductivity of the soil samples ranged from 11.1-21.4µS/cm in the wet season and below detection to 102.8µS/cm in the dry season, which falls within the expected range. Heavy Metals Heavy metals concentrations were generally low at all sampling stations and only detectable in trace amounts, similar to natural occurrence levels (Allen et.,1979). Topsoil samples generally showed higher heavy metal concentrations compared to the subsoil samples. In both the wet and dry seasons, iron (Fe) was the most abundant (1193.6 -1949.13mg/kg and 259.24 -1765.28mg/kg respectively) followed by Zinc, then Chromium. Zinc ranged between 9.64 and 318.05mg/kg in the wet season and <0.001 – 30.38mg/kg in the dry season. These values fall within the natural limits of 5-500mg/kg for Zn in soil. Similarly, the concentrations of chromium (<0.001-168.23mg/kg in the wet season; <0.001-121.14mg/kg in the dry season) and nickel (<0.001-7.78mg/kg in the wet season and <0.001mg/kg – 23.21mg/kg in the dry season) fall within the prescribed limits of 10-200mg/kg and 5- 500mg/kg respectively. The concentration of heavy metals recorded in the soil samples from the study area suggest that the soil environment of the project area is not polluted. Phosphate and Sulphates Phosphorus is an essential part of nucleoproteins in the cell nuclei which control cell division and growth and of deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) molecules, which carry the inherent Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 15 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA characteristics of living organisms (Donahue et al, 1990). Sulphate is an essential macronutrient for plants where certain proteins, lipids, and other compounds contain sulphur. Unlike phosphorus, the elements link directly to carbon and hydrogen as well as oxygen in plant substances. Sulfate levels ranged between below detection and 34.35mg/kg in the wet season and 21.28-56.77mg/kg in the dry season. Phosphate had the least concentration with a range of 0-2.95mg/kg in the wet season and 0-2.51mg/kg in the dry season. These levels are within the expected ranges for this soil type. Chloride Among the anions, chloride recorded the highest concentrations with a range of 6.5- 100mg/kg in the wet season and below detection to 50mg/kg in the dry season. Total Organic Carbon Total Organic Carbons (TOC) for the wet season the concentration in the soil samples ranged from 0.2mg/kg to 3.73mg/kg while in the dry season, a range of 0.399 to 3.99mg/kg was recorded. These levels are within the expected ranges for this soil type and land cover. Microbiological Contents of Soil Samples The total heterotrophic bacteria in the soil samples ranged from 1.23x108 to 2.30x108 cfu/g in the wet season and 1.04x108 to 2.41x108 cfu/g in the dry season while total heterotrophic fungi had a range of 1.0 x 104 to 13x104 cfu/g and 3x 104 to 11x104cfu/g in the wet and dry seasons respectively. Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi in the soil samples were recorded low. Their population in the soil samples was less than 1% of the heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. E. coli bacteria were not detected in the soil samples. 4.7 Geohydrology The aquifers in the area, i.e., the underlying sands, are recharged both from the surface (vertical) as percolation from rain and from the sides (horizontal) by the rivers and the lagoon itself which is in contact with the water bearing sands. Findings from three (3) boreholes drilled indicate that groundwater flow is southwest–northeast (Figure 4.6). This is also in line with the recorded physical gradient of the area as depicted by the topography; implying that the hydraulic gradient is to a reasonable extent controlled by the topography (elevation surface) within the study area. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 16 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.6 Direction of Groundwater Flow in the study area Source: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) Once the aquifer type was reached within the 3 boreholes (G1-G3), a five (5)-inch polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe was fitted and secured within the aquifer units with gravel. A water pump was then used to flush the boreholes. On completion of flushing, the boreholes were allowed a period of about 30 minutes to attain equilibrium and its static water level measured, results are provided in the section above. The aquifer was then sampled for laboratory analysis for the determination of:  Physico-chemical properties such as hardness, COD, BOD, nitrate, sulphate, chloride, total suspended solids;  Heavy metals such as Iron, Mercury, Barium, Vanadium, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Zinc;  Organics such as oil & grease; and  Microbiology such as Total Heterotrophic Bacteria, Total Heterotrophic Fungi, Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria, Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi, and Coliform. Table 4.8 presents the results of physico-chemical and microbial properties of the three (3) ground water samples from the study area. The values obtained were compared with the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limits for drinking water as enshrined in the National Guidelines for Water Quality in Nigeria (1999) and the World Health Organisation (WHO) Guideline for Drinking Water Quality (Fourth Edition, 2011). Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 17 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA Table 4.8 Physico-Chemical Properties of Ground Water Samples (Wet and Dry Seasons) Parameters Wet Season Dry Season FMEnv WHO Limit Limit GW1 GW2 GW3 GW1 GW2 GW3 pH 6.20 6.55 10.23 6.31 6.50 10.0 6.0-9.0 6.5-8.5 TDS (mg/l) 205 172 794 218 177 602 500 600- 1000 Cl (mg/l) 260 250 700 180 80 140 NS NS Conductivity 403 343 1530 415 350 1200 1000 250 (µS/cm) Temperature (oC) 29.0 29.9 30.0 30.2 30.5 30.0 <40 NS Dissolved Oxygen 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.0 5.0 7.5 NS (ppm) NH3 (mg/l) 0.70 0.63 2.21 1.75 1.58 5.53 NS NS NO3 (mg/l) 2.4 14.2 18.0 6.804 12.412 6.928 10 10 NO2 (mg/l) 0.73 4.32 5.47 0.534 19.482 19.482 NS NS PO43- (mg/l) 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.18 0.08 0.17 5.0 NS SO42- (mg/l) 45.12 34.71 25.95 46.142 28.189 26.614 500 250 BOD5 (mg/l) 2.51 3.21 3.75 3.5 3.6 3.6 0 NS COD (mg/l) 4.42 5.65 6.60 5.83 8.19 7.99 NS NS TSS (mg/l) 19.54 20.77 8.98 15.44 16.41 7.09 >10 NS Turbidity (NTU) 11.1 11.8 5.1 5.2 4.9 7.3 1.0 0-5 Colour (Pt Co) 11.21 21.90 21.12 13.57 15.92 12.36 15.0 NS Oil & Grease (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 NS THC (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.3 NS Hardness (mg/l) 340 80 230 600 100 300 200 NS Na (mg/l) 228.92 173.08 82.55 56.43 98.54 93.73 200 NS K (mg/l) 3.85 4.46 6.46 1.95 1.63 2.09 NS NS Mg (mg/l) 5.21 4.64 0.128 3.09 2.77 2.47 30 NS Ca (mg/l) 0.520 2.227 0.665 <0.001 0.02 <0.001 70 NS Fe (mg/l) 0.148 <0.001 0.064 <0.001 0.0727 0.192 1.0 NS Cd (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.01 0.003 Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 18 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA Parameters Wet Season Dry Season FMEnv WHO Limit Limit GW1 GW2 GW3 GW1 GW2 GW3 Pb (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 0.01 Zn (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.289 0.288 0.297 5.0 NS Ni (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 NS Cr (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 0.05 Hg (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.006 V (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 NS NS Cu (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.265 0.241 0.274 0.1 2 NS= Not Specified 4.7.1 Water Temperature and pH Insitu water temperatures were measured as being 29-30ºC in the wet season and 30- 30.5ºC in the dry season, which met the FMEnv limit of <40ºC for ground water samples. There are no WHO standards for the temperature of drinking water. However, high water temperature in a well will increase the extent at which elements dissolve in the water hence affecting its quality. The ground water’s pH values ranged from 6.20 to 10.23 in the wet season and 6.31 - 10.0 in the dry season. With the exception of GW3, the pH values recorded in the ground water samples fall within the FMEnv limit of 6-9 for drinking water. However, GW1 and GW3 did not meet the WHO limit of 6.5 – 8.5 for drinking water. GW3 recorded pH values of 10.23 and 10.0 in the wet and dry seasons respectively which exceeded the maximum pH permissible level of 8.5 for drinking water. The possible reason for this could be due to long term effect of communities undertaking artisanal sand mining activities in the area, as well as the use of dredged spoil for the filling of the EEPBU site. GW1 indicated pH values of 6.2 in the wet season and 6.31 in the dry season which does not fall within the 6.5 -8.5 WHO range for drinking water. 4.7.2 Electrical Conductivity and TDS High concentrations of TDS may affect taste adversely and deteriorate plumbing and appliances. The WHO has identified that TDS concentrations between 600 and 1000 mg/l are normally acceptable to consumers (WHO, 1996). Electrical conductivity ranged from 343- 1530µS/cm in the wet season and 350-1200µS/cm in the dry season. EC values are al higher than the recommended 250 µS/cm WHO limit for drinking water. The possible reason for the elevated EC values could be a result of the long- term effect of communities undertaking artisanal sand mining in the area. TDS has a direct relationship with electrical conductivity and its values ranged from 172ppm to 792ppm in the wet season and 177-602ppm in the dry season. These values fall within the acceptable TDS concentration of below 1000mg/l. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 19 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA 4.7.3 Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids Turbidity measures the light scattering properties of water samples relative to a standard while total suspended solids (TSS) measurement determines the amount of matter suspended in the water samples. Turbidity and TSS both affect the aesthetic qualities of water and may indicate problems such as silt, chemicals and/or contamination. All of the ground water samples with the exception of one (just within range) were found to have turbidity values outside of the WHO guidelines (0-5 NTU). Turbidity ranged from 5.1 to 11.8 NTU in the wet season and 4.9 to 7.3 NTU in the dry season. TSS values ranged between 8.98 – 20.77mg/l in the wet season and 7.09 and 16.41mg/l in the dry season. 4.7.4 Nutrients (Nitrates and Phosphates) Nitrates generally occur in trace quantities in surface water but high levels may occur in some groundwater sources. Excessive concentrations of nitrates may contribute to a blood disorder (methemoglobinemia) in infants in which an abnormal amount of methemoglobin (form of haemoglobin is produced). A limit of 10mg/l is usually imposed on drinking water in order to prevent this disorder. Nitrate concentrations for the wet season ranged between 2.4 to 18mg/l and in the dry season ranged between 6.8 and 12.4mg/l. GW2 and GW3 exceeded the WHO and FMEnv limit of 10mg/l for the wet season. Phosphate levels ranged from 0mg/l to 0.18 for the wet and dry season. Phosphorus occurs in natural waters solely as phosphates with a concentration of approximately 0.02 mg/l. Anthropogenic phosphate sources in water include leaching from agriculture lands where it is applied as fertiliser, or from domestic waste water. Although the WHO does not regulate the amount of phosphate permissible in drinking water, they recommend a safe level of 5mg/l and a recommended daily allowance (RDA) total of 800 mg. The phosphate levels within the study area are within the recommended safe levels and do not indicate use of fertilisers in the area and does not pose a health hazard to local communities. Sulphate concentrations in natural waters are usually between 2 and 80mg/l, although they may exceed 1,000mg/l near industrial discharges or in arid regions where sulphate minerals, such as gypsum, are present. While the WHO recommends a limit of 250mg/l of sulphate in drinking water, high concentrations (> 400mg/l) primarily affect taste and may make water unpleasant to drink. Sulphates in groundwater ranged from 26mg/l to 46mg/l for both the dry and wet seasons and were all below the WHO guideline values and within the natural range. 4.7.5 Oxygen Demand and Dissolved Oxygen BOD5 and COD show a positive correlation. BOD5 values in the ground water samples were low and ranged between 2.51 and 3.75mg/l in the wet season and 3.5 – 3.6mg/l in the dry season. The BOD5 values in all the water samples were higher than the FMEnv limit of 0mg/l for drinking water. COD ranged from 4.42mg/l to 6.60mg/l in the wet season and 5.83- 8.19mg/l in the dry season. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 20 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA The dissolved oxygen concentration in groundwater ranged from 4.8mg/l to 5.3mg/l which falls within the FMEnv limit of 7.5mg/l. There are no WHO limits specified for dissolved oxygen. 4.7.6 Cations and Anions Among the cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+), Na+ (sodium ions) recorded the highest concentration with a range of 82.55mg/l to 228.92mg/l in the wet season and 56.43- 98.54mg/l in the dry season which fall within the FMEnv limit of 200pm for Sodium ion in drinking water. Calcium ions (Ca2+) recorded the lowest concentrations with a range of 0.52 to 2.227mg/l in the wet season and <0.001 – 0.02mg/l in the dry season and fall within the limit of 70mg/l. . 4.7.7 Heavy Metals The concentrations of heavy metals in the groundwater samples were either below the detection limit of equipment used for analysis or recorded as within the WHO and FMEnv limits with the exception of Copper concentrations in the dry season. The average concentrations of Copper (Cu) were at 0.2mg/l which exceeds the FMEnv limit of 0.1mg/l. Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Mercury (Hg) and Vanadium (V) were below the detection limit of 0.001mg/l while Zinc (Zn) ranged from <0.001mg/l to 0.297mg/l which falls within the national limit of 5.0mg/l prescribed for Zn in drinking water. 4.7.8 Hydrocarbon Contents Hydrocarbon contents (Total Hydrocarbon Content and oil & grease) of the ground water samples were below the detection limit of the analytical instrument (<0.001mg/l) in the dry and wet seasons and have met the FMEnv permissible limit of 0.05mg/l for oil and grease and 0.3mg/l for THC in drinking water. There are no specified WHO limits for hydrocarbon contents in drinking water. 4.7.9 Microbial Contents Microbial contents of the water samples were dominated by heterotrophic bacteria which may have been introduced by natural sources. The concentration of heterotrophic bacteria ranged between 1.2 x 107 cfu/ml – 1.85 x 107 cfu/ml in the dry season which was higher than for the wet season, 0.3 x 107 cfu/ml – 1 x 107 cfu/ml. The hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria counts were low and ranged between 13 x 102 cfu/ml - 19 x 102 cfu/ml in the dry season and 5 x 102 cfu/ml - 12 x 102 cfu/ml in the wet season. The hydrocarbon utilizing fungi counts was detected in one (1) borehole sample only which had a concentration of 1 x 102 cfu/ml in the dry season. Coliform bacteria were not detected in any of the borehole samples taken during the wet and dry season. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 21 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA Table 4.9 Microbial Properties of Ground Water Samples (Dry and Wet Seasons) Seaso Sampl Total Total Coliform Total Total Predominant n e code heterotr heterotro s hydrocar hydrocarbo species of micro ophic phic fungi (cfu/ml) bon n utilizing organisms bacteria (cfu/ml) x x 102 utilizing fungi isolated (cfu/ml) 103 bacteria (cfu/ml) x x 107 (cfu/ml) x 102 102 Dry G1 1.290 2.0 0.00 13.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger. G2 1.48 1.0 0.00 15.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, Rhizopus stotonifer. G3 1.85 1.0 0.00 19.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, lactobacillus spp, Mucor spp. Wet G1 1.0 1.0 0.00 7.0 0.0 Bacillus spp, Aspergillus niger. G2 0.5 0.5 0.00 5.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, Rhizopus stotonifer. G3 0.3 0.5 0.00 12.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, lactobacillus spp, Mucor spp, 4.8 Surface Water 4.8.1 Lagos Lagoon The Project site is located directly on the shores of the Lagos lagoon, which lie to the south and east of the site. The Lagos lagoon is one of the four main Lagoon systems of the Guinea Coast of West Africa (Webb, 1958). The formation of the lagoon is a result of the movement of sand eastwards along the coast and has taken place since the last glacial period. Lagos lagoon is a great expanse of shallow water extending eastward to Lekki lagoon, through Omu Creek to Mahin lagoon in Ondo State. The lagoon is connected to the open Atlantic Ocean through the Lagos Harbour (about 8km long) and there is a semi- diurnal movement of water into and out of the lagoon (Figure 4.7). The tidal range in the lagoon however shows a general decrease away from the Lagos Harbour and into the lagoon, and is hardly noticeable in the area around the project site. The mean tidal level at the Harbour is approximately 0.498m above the mean sea level, with mean spring range of 0.55m and a mean neap range of 0.42m. The tidal movement is characterized by semi- diurnal pattern comprising two unequal high tides and low tides over a daily cycle of approximately 23h. Due to the very low tidal range in the study area the tidal movement is unlikely to mix the water significantly, and any vertical salinity stratification that may develop in the water column will remain. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 22 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.7 Movement of Water with the Lagos Lagoon Lagos Lagoon is one of the major lagoon systems in Nigeria. It is an extremely important ecosystem and, apart from high levels of biological productivity, it plays various important ecological roles such as transportation of nutrients and organic material to marine system through circulation (FAO 2002). The depth of the lagoon ranges between 1.15 – 7.5m along the north-south transect with an overall mean of 2.4m. Water depth, tends to decrease from west to east, (i.e., towards Lekki lagoon), with the deepest portion of the lagoon is within the (articifically deepened) EEPBU water-intake chamber. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 23 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA 4.8.2 Surface Water Quality A surface water survey was undertaken during the wet and dry season and involved insitu measurements and sampling at a total of twenty three (23) locations within the Lagos lagoon. Dissolved oxygen measurements are reported from previous studies within the area, based on fieldwork done during 2006. The FMEnv Standard for Water Quality (Aquatic Life) and the World Health Organisation (WHO) Guideline for Drinking Water Quality (Fourth Edition, 2011) was used to analyse the parameters of the surface water samples. 4.8.3 pH and Temperature The pH values ranged were roughly neutral and ranged from very slightly acidic to very slightly alkaline. In the wet season, the pH values ranged between 6.5 and 7.7 while in the dry season a range of 7.06 to 7.37 was obtained. The higher pH in the dry season could indicate a slightly higher sea water concentration. Water temperatures fluctuated seasonally with lowest values occurring in the wet season (28.6-30.2ºC) and highest value in the dry season (28.4 – 32.8ºC). These fall within the FMEnv standard of 20-33ºC for water quality (aquatic life). 4.8.4 Electrolytic Conductivity Conductivity is the ability of an aqueous solution to carry an electric current. Conductivity values observed were relatively low in the study area. Specific conductivity values ranged from 104 to 200µS/cm in the wet season and 119-406µS/cm in the dry season largely fall within the WHO (drinking water) limit of 250µS/cm indicating expected levels of ion concentrations. 4.8.5 Dissolved Oxygen The lagoon in the study area was characterised by fairly high concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) during the rainy season with a mean of 5.18mg/ℓ, while values were comparatively lower during the dry season (mean of 3.28mg/ℓ). The decrease in values during the dry season could be attributed to increased salinity and also slight increase in temperature. DO levels are an important parameter in understanding ecosystem health as this is essential for the metabolism of aerobic organisms. There is no WHO limit for DO but these measured levels are above the FMEnv limit of 7.5mg/ℓ indicating low levels of contamination and a relatively healthy ecosystem. 4.8.6 Turbidity and Suspended Solids During the rainy season, water turbidity varied over a range of 14-17NTU while this was observed to be lower in the dry season (6.0-10NTU). Accordingly, the measured water clarity (transparency) was lower in the rainy season (mean of 0.64m) than in the dry season (1.80m). The suspended solid levels showed the same pattern and were found to be higher during the wet season (155mg/ℓ and 9.57mg/ℓ for wet and dry seasons respectively). The suspended solids levels were found to be lower than the guidelines provided by the WHO for drinking water (600 – 1000 mg/ℓ) although the turbidity levels are higher that the WHO standards for drinking water in areas with limited/ no treatment (<5.0NTU). This may be as a Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 24 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA result of higher turbulence related to the inflow of sediment laden fresh water from inland water systems into the lagoon. 4.8.7 Chemical and Biological Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels in the surface water samples ranged from 3.43 to 7.92mg/l in the wet season while in the dry season the values ranged between 5.44mg/l and 14.26mg/l. BOD had a range of 1.90 - 4.50mg/l in the wet season and 2.4–4.8mg/l in the dry season. The BOD concentrations recorded in some of the surface water locations were higher than the FMEnv permissible limit of 4.0mg/l (there is no WHO standard for BOD or COD). This may be attributed to storm water discharge into the surface water body. The COD and BOD levels reflect moderate pollution levels in the surface water body. 4.8.8 Heavy Metals The concentrations of heavy metals in the surface water samples were either below the detection limit of 0.001mg/l or detected in trace amounts, with the exception of Copper (Cu) in the dry season. Cu had a range of 0.15 -0.311mg/l against the FMEnv permissible aquatic health limit of 0.004mg/l and the WHO limit of 2mg/l. Zn ranged from <0.001 to 0.039mg/l in the wet season and 0.273 – 0.377mg/l in the dry season which fall within the FMEnv permissible aquatic health limit of 5 mg/l. The concentrations of Pb, Hg and V in the wet and dry seasons were less than 0.001mg/l which fall within the FMEnv permissible aquatic health limits of 0.0017mg/l, 0.001mg/l and 0.1mg/l respectively as well as the WHO limits for drinking water of 0.01 and 0.006 mg/l for Pb and Hg respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in the surface water samples indicate a low level of pollution. 4.8.9 Trace Organic Compounds in Water The trace organic compounds investigated during the baseline study included total aliphatic hydrocarbons (TAHC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (BTEX), phenols, and chlorinated pesticides notably polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Aliphatic hydrocarbons constitute a diverse group of organic compounds characterized by an open-chain structure and a variable number of single, double and triple bonds. They are produced by numerous plants in many parts of the world and also find widespread application in many different processes (Moore and Ramamworthy, 1984). Consequently, industrially derived aliphatics are ubiquitous in the environment, originating from numerous point and non-point sources. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) also known as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are fused compounds built on benzene rings. The environmentally significant PAH range between naphthalene (C10H8) and coronene (C24H12). Chlorinated pesticides are a small but diverse group of artificially produced chemicals characterized by a cyclic structure and a variable number of chloride atoms. Most members of the group are resistant to environmental degradation and relatively inert toward acids, bases, oxidation, reduction and heat. Phenols are a diverse group of organic chemicals consisting of a basic benzene ring and one or more hydroxyl groups. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 25 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA The baseline study showed that the mean concentration of PAH in the lagoon water samples were 0.54µgℓ-1 and 11.1µgℓ-1 in the wet and dry seasons respectively. Total BTEX concentration occurred over a range of 4.7 - 76.5µgℓ-1 (mean value of 41.6µgℓ-1). All the trace organics considered occurred within the range of naturally occurring values known for coastal Nigerian and African water (Osibanjo, et al., 1994). 4.8.10 Oil and Grease / TPH Total hydrocarbon contents of the surface water samples were relatively low and ranged between 2.84mg/l and 6.88mg/l in the wet season and 2.84–6.88mg/l in the dry season. Oil & grease concentrations were less than 0.001mg/l in the wet and dry seasons which indicate low level of organic pollution. 4.8.11 Water Microbiology The total heterotrophic bacteria in the surface water samples ranged from 0.75x107 to 2.50x107cfu/g in the wet season and 1.04x108 to 2.41x108cfu/g in the dry season while total heterotrophic fungi had a range of 1.0x103 to 12x103 cfu/g and 3x104 to 11x104cfu/g in the wet and dry seasons respectively. Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi in the surface samples were recorded low. Their population was less than 1% of the heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. E. coli in the water samples ranged from below detection to 2.30x102cfu/100ml in the wet season and below detection to 1.20 x102cfu/100ml in the dry season suggesting faecal contamination of the surface water body. 4.9 Sediment Physico chemical Characteristics Bottom sediment constitutes the substrate of water bodies. As a habitat it provides living condition and serves as a source of food for organisms associated with it especially the invertebrate macrofauna. The physico-chemical characteristics of the lagoon sediment for the two seasons are described below. There are no national regulatory standards relating to the chemical nature of sediment. A sediment survey was undertaken during the wet and dry season. A total of twenty three (23) locations were sampled on the surface water body (Lagos Lagoon) in the study area. The geographical coordinates for all sampling locations have been provided in Section 4.1. Samples of sediment were collected using a grab sampler. The grab sediment sample was collected in separate containers for laboratory analysis. The results of the analysis have been presented in the sections that follow. 4.9.1 Electrical Conductivity and pH Electrical conductivity of the sediment samples ranged between 159.2- 1183µS/cm in the wet season and 1.02 - 977µS/cm in the dry season. The sediment’s pH values ranged from 6.29 to 8.30 in the wet season and 6.13-8.34 in the dry season. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 26 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA 4.9.2 Organic Carbon and Nutrient Compounds Sediments contain carbon in both organic and inorganic forms. Total nitrogen in sediment comprises of inorganic and organic material which is either dissolved or in particulates. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen is produced from concentrations of phytoplankton and bacteria. Particulate inorganic nitrogen accumulates as a result of sewage runoff, erosion, and watershed increases. Decomposition of aquatic life adds both dissolved and particulate organic nitrogen to sediment. Among the anions, sulphate had the highest concentration with a range of 19.3- 207.3mg/kg in the wet season and 56.79mg/kg in the dry season. Phosphate recorded the lowest concentration with a range of 0.01- 0.08mg/kg in the wet season and 0.01-0.74mg/kg in the dry season. 4.9.3 Exchangeable Cations The concentration of Sodium (Na) in all samples was relatively high when compared to concentrations of other cations. Concentrations of Sodium ranged between 68.09mg/kg - 2738.51mg/kg in the wet season and 9.59 76.91mg/kg in the dry season. This was followed by Calcium (Ca) with a range of 587.24 1320.27mg/kg in the wet season and 7.59 - 297.12mg/kg in the dry season. Magnesium (Mg) recorded the lowest concentrations with a range of 35.15 -55.59mg/kg in the wet season and 14.72 – 52.13mg/kg. Generally, the concentration of cations in the sediment samples was higher in the wet season than in the dry season. This may be due to contaminated storm water run-off during the rainy season. 4.9.4 Heavy Metals The Lagos Lagoon recorded low concentrations of heavy metals except for Iron (Fe) which ranged between 1564.24mg/kg - 2002.32mg/kg in the wet season and 8.86 – 2204.14mg/kg in the dry season. The concentrations of Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Vanadium (V) and Cadmium (Cd) were found to be below the detection limit of 0.001mg/kg during the wet and dry season. The concentrations of Zinc (Zn), Ni (Nickel), Chromium (Cr) and Copper (Cu) were higher during the wet season. The higher concentration of heavy metals during the wet season may also be a result of contaminated storm water run-off during the rainy season. 4.9.5 Trace Organic Compounds Total organic carbon (TOC) content of the sediment samples ranged between 2.97 - 3.99mg/kg in the wet season and 2.77 - 3.99mg/kg in the dry season. No significant variation is observed in the concentration of TOC recorded during both seasons. 4.9.6 Sediment Microbiology The concentrations of Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) are relatively higher when compared to other micro-organisms and has a range of 1.09 x 108-3.12 x 108 cfu/g in the wet season and 1.040 x 108-2.710 x 108cfu/g in the dry season. The percentage of hydrocarbon utilizers in the sediment samples for both the dry and wet seasons were below 1% indicating a low concentration of hydrocarbons. Total Coliform counts were recorded in twelve (12) of the twenty three (23) samples taken. Where total coliform was detected, the concentration ranged between 0.0 to 1.5 x 103 cfu/g in the wet season and 0.0 to 1.4 x 103 cfu/g in the dry season. Escherichia coli (E-coli) species were detected in nine (9) of the sediment samples. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 27 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA The presence of E-coli indicates contamination of those sediment samples with faecal matter. 4.10 Plankton and Benthic Fauna 4.10.1 Plankton The plankton community is a mixed group of tiny plants and animals floating, drifting or feebly swimming in the water mass. The plant planktons compose the phytoplankton and the animal planktons are the zooplankton. As primary producers, phytoplanktons are at the base of all biological production, through the process of primary photosynthetic productivity. Phytoplankton and zooplankton composite samples were collected by dragging a 55µm plankton net on the surface water body for 5-10minutes. A total of 15 samples were transferred to the laboratory for plankton analysis (phytoplankton and zooplankton composition and abundance distribution, including community structure by bio-indices). 4.10.2 Phytoplankton During the wet season, the survey recorded 4 (four) groups of phytoplankton species, namely:  Diatoms: division Bacillariophyta;  Blue-green algae: division Cyanophyta;  Chlorophytes: division Chlorophyta; and  Chrysophytes division Chrysophyta. The dominant group of phytoplankton was the Diatoms, followed by the blue-green algae, then Chlorophytes and the Chrysophytes. The Diatoms, recorded 59% (centrales – 38.5% - 15 species, pennales – 20.5% - 8 species), blue-green algae (20.5%, 8 species), chlorophytes 15.4%, 6 species, and chrysophytes reported (5.1%, 2 species) (Figure 4.8). In all a total of 39 species that were recorded at the 23 stations studied. Total number of species recorded per station ranged between 14 and 23. The key species in terms of occurrence and abundance were Aulacoseira granulate Ehrenberg (Ralfs) and Aulacoseira granulate var. angstissima Muller. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 28 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.8 Percentage occurrence of major phytoplankton groups in the wet season Chlorophytes Chrysophytes 15.4% 5.1% Diatoms 59% Blue‐green  algae 20.5% Souce: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) Figure 4.9 Total species (S) and Abundance (N) of Phytoplankton in the wet season Total species diversity (S) Total Abundance (N) 700 649 600 498 485 482 500 400 361 306 300 200 115 122 126 80 75 82 77 80 78 89 77 84 82 79 75 100 62 62 15 14 19 15 20 22 21 20 21 20 21 17 15 18 16 20 20 14 19 23 22 20 16 0 AE1 AE2 AW1 AW2 B1 BW1 BW2 DE1 DE2 DW1 DW2 Ctrl 1 Ctrl 2 Ctrl 3 BE2 CE1 CE2 CW1 CW2 A B D C Source: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013)     Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 29 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA In the dry season, there were two groups of phytoplankton, namely Diatoms (Division – Bacillariophyta) and the Blue-green algae (Division – Cyanophyta). The dominant group of phytoplankton was the Diatoms, followed by the Blue-green algae. The Diatoms recorded 88.3% (Centrales – 47.1% - 8 species, Pennales – 41.2% - 7 species) while the Blue-green algae reported 11.8%, 2 species (Figure 4.10). A total of 17 species were recorded at the 23 stations studied. Total number of species recorded per station ranged between 11 and 16. Figure 4.11 shows a graphical relationship between Total Number of Species (S) and Total Abundance of the Species (N). The key species that occurred in the dry season were Melosira moniliformis Agardh, Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg, Coscinodiscus eccentrius Ehrenberg and Synedra ulna var. biceps Ehrenberg in terms of occurrence and abundance. Figure 4.10 Percentage occurrence of major phytoplankton groups (dry season) Blue‐green  algae, 11.8% Diatoms, 83.3% Souce: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 30 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.11 Phytoplankton number of species (S) and abundance (N) (dry season) 1600 1495 Total species diversity (S) 1400 1200 990 995 955 1000 865 860 860 865 850 840 835 865 820 840 800 700 660 660 560 560 550 535 600 485 395 400 200 13 14 15 15 12 12 14 14 13 14 13 13 13 13 14 15 16 13 11 13 14 16 16 0 AE1 AE2 AW1 AW2 B1 BE2 BW1 BW2 CW1 CW2 DE1 DE2 DW1 DW2 Ctrl 1 Ctrl 2 Ctrl 3 CE1 CE2 C A B D Souce: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) 4.10.3 Zooplankton In the wet season, 3 groups of species were recorded for zooplankton (Holoplankton and Meroplankton forms). They were Phylum – Crustacea, Phylum - Rotifers, and Phylum – Juvenile stages. The dominant group was the Phylum – Crustacea, followed by the Juvenile stages. The Crustaceans recorded 43.5% (Copepods, 7 species – 30.4% and Cladocerans, 3 species – 13.1%), Juvenile stages had 30.4%, while Rotifers recorded 26.1% (6 species) (Figure 4.12). The juvenile stages were represented by seven forms namely: Copepod eggs, Rotiferan egg, Bivalve larva, Megalop larva, Nauplii larva of Barnacle, Nauplii larva of Copepods and Zoea larva. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 31 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.12 Percentage occurrence of zooplankton phylum and juvenile stages Souce: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) A total of 23 species/forms were recorded at the 23 stations studied. Species diversity ranged from 1.00 to 1.20 while zooplankton abundance ranged between 1.20 and 1.60. Diaptomus sp. and Nauplii larva of Copepods were the key species found in terms of occurrence and abundance. In the dry season, the same three groups of species were recorded such that crustaceans recorded 50% (Calanoid Copepods, 4 species – 25%, Cyclopoida, 2 species – 12.5% and Cladocerans, 2 species – 12.5%), juvenile stages recorded 37.5% and rotifers recorded 12.5% (2 species) (Figure 4.13). The juvenile stages were represented by six forms namely: Megalop larva, Nauplii larva of barnacle, nauplii larva of copepods, bivalve larva, gastropod larva, zoea larva. A total of 16 species/forms were recorded at the 23 stations studied in the dry season. Total number of species recorded per station ranged between five and 12. Acartia clausii Giesbrecht, Cyclops strenus Fisher, and Diaphnia sp.were the key species recorded in terms of occurrence and abundance. Nauplii larva of Copepods and Bivalve larva represented the juvenile forms in this regard. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 32 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.13 Percentage occurrence of zooplankton recorded in the dry season Rotifers 12.5% Crustacean 50% Juveniles 37.5% Souce: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) 4.10.4 Benthic Macro-Invertebrate Fauna Macro benthic samples were collected at each sampling station on the Lagos Lagoon in the study area. A 0.1m2 grab was lowered from an anchored boat to the bottom of the lagoon. Nine hundred and fifty six (956) species were identified at the study area in the wet season. Results of benthic macrofauna analysis indicate that a total number of 11 taxa were identified in the samples. The fauna include members from the groups molluscs (gastropod and bivalves), arthropods and polychates. Pachymelina aurita and Macoma cumana formed the bulk of the species abundance. Percentage abundance by major taxonomic key showed that 36.0% of the benthic composition were gastropods, while bivalves recorded the highest percentage with 59.3% and the arthropods and annelid represent 4.7%. Pachymelina aurita recorded the highest number of occurrence during the wet season sampling while Nereis lamellosa recorded the lowest number of occurrence. The presence of polychaetes Neries sp, within the study area is indicative of organic enrichment. The benthic macrofauna of the study area is numerically dominated by the species gastropod. It was predominant at all stations. The anthropogenic inputs may have contributed immensely to the low diversity of the benthic macroinvertebrates in the study area. Two thousand four hundred and seventy eight (2,478) species were identified at the study area in the dry season. The benthic macroinvertebrates include members from the groups molluscs (gastropod and bivalves) and polychates. Mactra glabrata, Aloidis trigona and Macoma cumana formed the bulk of the species abundance. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 33 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA Of the benthic composition, 29.73% were gastropods, while bivalves recorded the highest percentage with 70.19% and annelid represented 0.081%. Mactra glabrata recorded the highest number of occurrences during the sampling period while Nereis sp. recorded the lowest number of occurrence during the dry season. 4.11 Fish The abundance of fish over two seasons (dry and wet) were determined through fish catch surveys. Fish from the study site were sampled using gill nets (mesh size: 9inches length: 6m), cast nets (mesh size: 9inches), hook (size: 2inches and lines by the local fishermen. The fish species were identified to the taxonomic level using Idodo-Umen (2003) and species were counted for number of individuals. The fish species were identified, sorted and frequency of occurrence were recorded in-situ. Further identification was completed in the laboratory using FAO literature (1988, 1994). A total of thirty one (31) countable individuals were recorded from 9 families during the wet season survey (Table 4.10). These include families Clupeidae, Cichlidae, Drepanidae, Pristigasteridae, Baridae, Mugilidae, Haemulidae, Hepsetidae and Latidae. This agrees with historical literature (Fagade and Olaniyan (1974)) which also records these families in the Lagos lagoon during the wet season. Table 4.10 Fish species recorded in the study area (wet season) S/N Family Common Scientific Name Abundance % Abundance Name 1 Clupeidae Bonga Ethmalosa fimbriata 1 3.0 2 Cichlidae Blackchin Sarotherodon 1 3.0 Tilapia melanotheron 3 Drepanidae Spade fish Drepane Africana 6 19.0 4 Pristigasteridae Bonga/Shad Ilisha Africana 8 27.0 5 Baridae Marine catfish Chrysichthys 4 13.0 nigrodigitatus 6 Mugilidae Flat mullet Mugill cephalus 3 10.0 7 Haemulidae Grunter Pomadasys jubelini 5 16.0 8 Hepsetidae African pike Hepsetus odoe 1 3.0 9 Latidae Nile Perch Lates niloticus 2 6.0 TOTAL 31 100 Source: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) A total of forty three (31) countable individuals were observed from 12 families during the dry sampling period as shown in Table 4.11. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 34 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA Table 4.11 Fish species recorded in the study area (dry season) S/N Family Common Name Scientific Name Abundance % Abundance 1 Clupeidae Bonga Ethmalosa fimbriata 2 4.7 2 Cichlidae Blackchin Sarotherodon 1 2.3 Tilapia melanotheron 3 Drepanidae Spade fish Drepane Africana 2 4.7 4 Sciaenidae Pseudotolithus 5 11.6 elongates 5 Baridae Marine catfish Chrysichthys 8 18.6 nigrodigitatus 6 Soleidea Sole fish Synatura lusitanica 4 9.3 7 Clupeidae Sardine Sardinella madernsis 2 4.7 8 Cichlidae Tilapia Tilapia zilli 6 13.9 9 Elopidea Elops lacerta 4 9.3 10 Ariidae Arius 4 9.3 heudeloti 11 Polynemidae Galeoides 2 4.7 decadactylus 12 Polynemidae Polydactylus 3 6.9 quadrifilis TOTAL 43 100 Source: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) 4.12 Habitats and Flora 4.12.1 Methodology A vegetation survey was undertaken to be able to describe and document the baseline vegetation characteristics of the site and surrounding area and used the Plot-Less and quadrat methods to assess and document the vegetation and flora characteristics. The Plot- Less method is based on a random selection of points was used to estimate density, species composition, growth and environmental factors. Using the quadrat method, the survey designated a 2-D shaped (e.g. square or rectangle, or other shape) sampling unit at different locations of the study area, in which a detailed assessment was undertaken. The vegetation assessment was carried out at twelve (12) locations within and around the project site (Annex F). Flora specimens were identified in the field (in situ) and in the herbarium (ex situ) using appropriate manuals and monographs (Heywood and Moore, 1978, Hutchinson and Dalziel, 1954-1967). Photographs were taken at the sampling points and adjoining areas to record relevant plant and animal species, habitat characteristics and other features In addition, the ecological status of the ecosystem and species was evaluated and classified appropriately according to the following threat categories (IUCN, 2001) as may be applicable: a) Endangered species, b) Vulnerable species, c) Near Threatened species. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 35 of 47     Agura IPP Project EIA 4.12.2 Habitats The existing vegetation is largely secondary in nature and typifies a derived savannah with abundance of grasses and herbs and few clumped or scattered trees, especially in the swampy forest region. The vegetation (mostly grasses and herbs) appeared pale brown and withered during the dry season survey owing to their inability to withstand the harsh climatic condition whilst vegetation around the swampy forest were observed to be ever-green. The types and distribution of vegetation in the study area include mangrove / brackish swamp forest, freshwater swamp forest and grassland vegetation. The distribution of these vegetation types in the area is presented in Figure 4.14. The riparian forest cover represents mangrove / brackish swamp forest as well as freshwater swamp forest. It should be noted that this mapping represents broad classifications of the dominant habitat types within this area. There is however a mix of the habitats identified within these areas. This is further described in the following sections. The habitat types identified on the site include the following:  Mangrove/Brackish Swamp Forest: found along the edges of Lagoon and extends inwards/northwards to link the grassland (sand filled) portion.  Grasslands: Includes a number of subtypes depending on the density of the herbaceous species and succession;  Freshwater swamp forest;  Wetland areas; and  Cultivated areas (Farmland). These are described in further detail in the following section. Mangrove / Brackish Swamp Forest Mangroves are salt-tolerant characteristic complex plant communities usually occurring in low lying swamp land associated with rivers and Lagoon near the coast and under the influence of sea. The mangrove (or brackish swamp) forest of Nigeria is the largest in Africa and third largest in the world after India and Indonesia (Macintosh and Ashton, 2003). Within the study areas, mangrove forests were identified along the edges of lagoon and extending to the north where this becomes grassland (Sand Filled). The mangrove forest contains a mixture of salt water tolerant and fresh water plant specifies and is found to contain high species’ diversity. The mangroves are dominated by stilt rooted Rhizophora racemosa (Figure 4.15) which stand approximately 30 feet high. Fresh water Eichhornia crassipes (Figure 4.16) were observed to be less abundant within the mangrove area. This is particularly due to the high levels salinity recorded in the dry season related to the high evaporation rates. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 36 of 47       Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.14 Vegetation Types and Distribution in the Study Area Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 37 of 47         Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.15 Rhizophora racemosa Figure 4.16 Eichhornia crassipes   Grassland The vegetation in the grassland areas is dominated by herbaceous species. The diversity of herbaceous species is higher during the wet season, while diversity and abundance were greatly reduced during the dry season. The vegetation survey characterised the grassland areas as follows: Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 38 of 47       Agura IPP Project EIA  Grassland with low density of Azadiractha indica;  Grassland with low density of Elaeis guineensis;  Grassland with low density of Calotropis procera;  Secondary regrowth forest with few forest species ;  Grassland with few stands of Acrostichum aureum linking the Rhizophora spp stands; and  Grassland with few stands of Chrysobalanus icaco). The grassland areas are considered to be derived savannah, as a result of the destruction of forest for agriculture and subsequent burning. This area is characterized with major grassland coverage with small areas of shrub species and smaller trees, including Elaeis guineensis. Several tracks and roads have created through the grassland areas (Figure 4.17) by pedestrian and vehicle access related to the gathering of wood for fuel. This has provided increasing better access for further exploitation of the trees in the area. The burning of the vegetation in the areas for cultivation further reduces the number of trees and shrubs and (if not used for cultivation) further contributes to the expansion of the grassland areas. Figure 4.17 Disturbed Vegetation Freshwater Swamp Forest The freshwater swamp forest area (occupying about 43% of proposed project site) has a high diversity of plant species during both the wet and dry seasons. Tree and shrub species diversity is high and the communities are largely protected from human activities by the swampy ground and difficulty in accessing these areas. As the soil in these areas is often water-logged, poorly aerated and nutritionally poor, plant species that grow here are Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 39 of 47       Agura IPP Project EIA characterised by their development of pneumatophores (specialized aerial roots that serve respiratory functions in poorly aerated soils). As expected, swamp forest was found to be less water-logged during the dry season and contained significant leaf litter on the forest floor (Figure 4.18, Figure 4.19). Cultivated Areas Areas that have been used for agriculture are also found within the study area and are largely devoid of natural trees and shrubs due to clearing of the land, sand-filling and planting with agricultural crops. Minimal numbers of natural species were observed in these areas and are considered to exist here as a result of natural re-seeding and succession on the cleared land. Further detail on the livelihood activities within the Project area is provided within this Chapter. Wetlands The Ramsar Convention on wetlands define the term wetlands as area of marsh, fen, peat- land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tides does not exceed six meters (Smart, 1997). Free floating and submerged water wetland species were observed around this area within the surface water bodies and inundated areas. They include; Nymphaea lotus, Pistia stratiotes and Vossia cuspidata. Some indicator fresh water species observed include; Alstonia sp., Dryopteris sp., Anthocleista djalonenesis and Elaeis guineensis. It should be noted that artificial wetlands were encountered on the site as a result of human activities (e.g., vehicle tracks and sand mining). These contain water during the wet season survey but were observed to have dried up during the dry season.     Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 40 of 47       Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.18 Freshwater Swamp Dry Season   Figure 4.19 Freshwater Swamp Wet Season Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 41 of 47       Agura IPP Project EIA Habitat Disturbance The establishment of Agura IPP project infrastructure will necessitate the removal of vegetation from the AIPP site as well as along the powerline and pipeline right of ways. Figure 4.20 highlights areas that will be disturbed as a result of project infrastructure and activities. The areas highlighted in yellow represents areas where riparian forest habitat will be removed or disturbed (fragmented) and the red represents the same for grassland habitat. The area of these potentially disturbed areas has been quantified in the table below for riparian forest and grasslands. Line infrastructure such as the site boundary, proposed pipeline and transmission powerline has been quantified by using a 2m buffer. Table 4.12 Disturbed Habitats Quantified Vegetation Type Total Coverage Project Percentage of Area on and around Disturbed Disturbed (%) AIPP Site Area (Ha) Riparian Forest 927* 117.5 12% Grassland 1772* 0.2 0.01% * This figure represents grassland areas beyond the AIPP site as this habitat type is affected by associated infrastructure (i.e. Proposed Power line and Pipeline) Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 42 of 47       Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.20 Map indicating Areas of Vegetation Disturbance Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 43 of 47       Agura IPP Project EIA 4.12.3 Flora The flora identified within the project site includes herbaceous, tree and shrub species within the various habitat types described above. The most common floral species identified within the study area are listed in Table 4.13. The abundance and density of floral species within the study area has been provided in Annex F. Table 4.13 Most Common Flora species identified in the Study Area Species Common name Family name Classification Sour ce: Agur Alchornea cordifolia Cabbage tree Loganiaceae Shrub a Alstonia congensis Devil’s Tree Apocynaceae Tree IPP Anthocleista vogelii Cabbage tree Loganiaceae Tree Envir Avicenia germinans Black mangrove Acanthaceae Shrub onm Azadiractha indica Dongoyaro/Neem tree Meliaceae Tree ental Calotropis procera Apple of sodom Apocynaceae Shrub Base Chromolaena odorata Siam weed Asteraceae Herb line Cybopogun citratus Lemon grass Poaceae Herb Surv Elaeis guineensis Oil palm tree Palmae Shrub ey Musa paradisca Plantain Musaceae Shrub Repo Panicum laxum Lax panicgrass Poaceae Herb rt Panicum maximum Torpedo rice Poaceae Herb (Febr Raphia hookerie Raphia Palmae Shrub uary Spigelia anthelmia - Loganiaceae Herb 2013 Tridax procumbens Coat button Asteraceae Herb ) Flora and Ecosystem Services A number of the plant species identified on site are used by local communities for commercial, traditional and subsistence purposes. These include species used for foods (including vegetables, fruits, oils, sugar, and spice), medicine, timber, paper production as well as ornamental uses. Table 4.14 presents a list of these floral species along with their ecological status as classified by IUCN, 2001 threat categories. Table 4.14 Economic plants in the study area and their biodiversity status Plant Species Common Name Family Name Use Biodiversity Status Acalypha Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Not Threatened wilkesiana Ageratum Goat weed Asteraceae Medicinal Not Threatened conyzoides Alstonia boonei Devil’s Tree Apocynaceae Medicinal, Boat Not Threatened Andropogun Giant bluestem Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened tectorun Anthocleista Cabbage tree Loganiaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Vogelii Asystasia Indian Asystasia Acanthaceae Medicinal Not Threatened gigantica Avicenia Black mangrove Acanthaceae Medicinal Not Threatened germinans Azadiractha Dongoyaro/ Meliaceae Medicinal Not Threatened indica Neem tree Bambusa vulgaris Bamboo Poaceae Timber Not Threatened Bridelia micrantha Coastal golden leaf Phyllanthaceae Medicinal Endangered Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 44 of 47       Agura IPP Project EIA Plant Species Common Name Family Name Use Biodiversity Status Calotropis Apple of sodom Apocynaceae Medicinal Not Threatened procera Carica papaya Pawpaw Caricaceae Food, Medicinal Not Threatened Chromolaena Siam weed Asteraceae Medicinal Not Threatened odorata Cocos nucifera Coconut Palmae Food, Medicinal Not Threatened Colocasia Cocoyam Araceae Food, Medicinal Not Threatened esculenta Combretum sp. Bush Willows Combretaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Cybopogun Lemon grass Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened citratus Digitaria sp. Crab grass Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Dioscorea White Yam Dioscoraceae Food Not Threatened rotundata Drynaria laurentii Basket ferns Polypodiaceae - Endangered Dryopteris sp. Wood ferns dryopteridaceae - Not Threatened Eichhornia Water hyacinth pontederiaceae - Not Threatened crassipes Elaeis guineensis Oil palm tree Palmae Oil Not Threatened Euphorbia - Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Not Threatened heterophylla Euphorbia hirta - Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Imperata Spear grass Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened cylindrica Lantana camara Wild sage Verbenaceae Ornamental Not Threatened Mimosa pudica ‘Touch Me Not’ Mimosaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Musa paradisca Plantain Musaceae Food Not Threatened Musa sapientum Banana Musaceae Food Not Threatened Newbouldia laevis Chieftaincy tree Bignoniaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Nymphaea lotus Water lily Nymphaeaceae - Not Threatened Ocimum Basil Lamiaceae Spice, Medicinal Not Threatened basilicum Panicum laxum Lax panicgrass Poaceae Medicinal, Forage Not Threatened Panicum Torpedo rice Poaceae Medicinal, Forage Not Threatened maximum Paspalum Turfgrass Poaceae Forage Not Threatened virginatum Pennisetum Elephant grass Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened purpureum Physalis - Solanaceae Medicinal Not Threatened micrantha Piper guinense Guinea pepper Piperaceae Spice Not Threatened Psidium guajava Guava Myrtaceae Food Not Threatened Raphia hookerie Raphia Palmae Textile, Not Threatened Construction Rhizophora True mangrove Rhizophoraceae Fuel Not Threatened racemosa Saccharum Sugar cane Poaceae Food Not Threatened officinale Sida acuta Broomweed Malvaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Spigelia - Loganiaceae Ornamental Not Threatened anthelmia Terminalia Almond Combretaceae Food Not Threatened cattapa Tridax Coat button Asteraceae Medicinal Not Threatened procumbens Source: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 45 of 47       Agura IPP Project EIA Two of the species used by local communities are endangered Bridelia micrantha (coastal golden leaf) and Drynaria laurentii (basket ferns) used therapeutically and to weave baskets, respectively. Further reference to these species and their use by local communities is provided within this Chapter. 4.13 Fauna A combination of sampling techniques were used and included identifying major ecosystem types to identify associated fauna, collecting and preserving representative fauna specimens (e.g. insects), analysis of tracks, faecal samples, nest type, feeding site, bird noise, shell types and interviews with local communities. Fauna species recorded in the study area included mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, insects and molluscs (Table 4.15). Table 4.15 Inventory of Fauna Identified in the Study Area S/N Species Family Group Local names Biodiversity status 1 Xenopus tropicalis Pipidae Amphibia African clawed frog Least concern 2 Archispirostreptus Spirostretidae Arthropoda African giant Not evaluated gigas millipede 3 Crecetomys Nesomyidae Mammal African giant rat Least concern gambianus 4 Treton calvus Columbidae Birds African green Least concern pigeon 5 Cypsivurus parvus Apodidae Birds African Palm Swift Not evaluated 6 Heliosciurus Sciuridae Mammal/ African tree squirrel Least concern gambianus Rodent 7 Scotophilus Vespertilionidae Mammal African yellow bat Least concern dinganii 8 Lasius niger Formicidae Insects Black ant Not evaluated 9 Muluus migrans Accipitridae Birds Black Kite Least concern 10 Boa constrietor Boidae Reptilia Boa Not evaluated 11 Francolinus Phasianidae Birds Bush fowl Not evaluated bicalcaratus 12 Ardeola ibis Ardeidae Birds Cattle egret Least concern 13 Hystrix cristata Hystricidae Mammal Crested Porcupine Least concern 14 Acanthaeschna Aeishnidae Insects Dragon fly Vulnerable victoria 15 Lumbricus Acanthodrilidae Annelida Earthworm Not evaluated terrestris 16 Sphodromantis Mantidae Insects Giant African Not evaluated viridis mantis 17 Thryonomys Thryonomyidae Mammal Grasscutter Least concern swinderrianus 18 Treron australis Columbidae Birds Green fruit Pigeon Least concern 19 Limax maximus Limacidae Mollusca Land Slug Not evaluated 20 Apus affinis Apodidae Birds Little African Swift Least concern 21 Cercopithecus Cercopithecidae Mammal Mona monkey Least concern mona 22 Varanus Varanidae Reptilia Monitor lizard Not evaluated albigularis 23 Chrysiridia Uraniidae Insects Moth Not evaluated rhipheus 24 Python sebae Pythonidae Reptilia Ojola Not evaluated 25 Bitis gabonica Viperidae Reptilia Oka Not evaluated 26 Chlosyne rosita Nymphalidae Insects Red patch butterfly Not evaluated Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 46 of 47       Agura IPP Project EIA S/N Species Family Group Local names Biodiversity status 27 Naja melanoleuca Viperidae Reptilia Sebe Not evaluated 28 Centropus Cuculidae Birds Senegal coucal Least concern senegalensis 29 Achatina achatina Achatinidae Mollusca Snail Not Listed 30 Strongylognathus Formicidae Insects Soldier ant Vulnerable alboini 31 Araneidae Arachnida Spider Not evaluated 32 Xerus erythropus Sciuridae Mammal Striped ground Least concern squirrel 33 Trinervitermes Termitidae Insects Termite Least concern trinervoides 34 Bufo bufo Bufonidae Amphibia Toad Least concern 35 Chiomara asychis Hesperiidae Insects White patch Not evaluated butterfly Source: Agura IPP Environmental Baseline Survey Report (February 2013) There were a large number of insect species identified in the area including termites, moths, black ant and soldier ants. In addition, a number of amphibian species were identified and included various species of toad and frog. Mammal species identified in the study areas included the African giant rat (Crecetomys gambianus), the African tree squirrel (Heliosciurus gambianus), the crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) and grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderrianus), the mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) and the striped ground squirrel (Xerus erythropus). These species are all classified as Least concern species by the IUCN. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 47 of 47 Agura IPP Project EIA 4. PART B: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT – SOCIOECONOMIC 4.14. Introduction This section provides information on the social and socio-economic conditions in the proposed Project ZOI. The baseline provides a description of existing conditions and is essential to the identification and assessment of the potential impacts of the proposed development. The information presented in this chapter is based on data obtained from a desktop study and a primary data collection process. The data collection activities were conducted in the communities of Agura, Egbin, Ijede and Ipakan all located in Ikorodu LGA of Lagos State. The four communities are identified as the affected communities in the Project ZOI for the Agura IPP. The data collection activities were conducted from 27 February to 31 March 2012 with a two week break due to a conflict between the Ijede and Egbin communities. Data gathering methods utilised included: • Focus Group Discussions (FGD); • Key Informant Interviews (KII); • Household Surveys; and • Community profile interviews. All data collection tools have been attached as Annex J. 4.15. Project ZOI The four communities nearest to the Project site and therefore included in the geographic scope of the social baseline (i.e. the Project ZOI) are Agura, Ipakan, Egbin and Ijede, all of which are located in Lagos State (Figure 4.21) in the Local Government Area (LGA) of Ikorodu. Lagos State is divided into 20 LGAs. The Lagos State Government created an additional 37 Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) in 2004 taking the total number of local government units in Lagos States to 57 (20 LGAs and 37 LCDAs). Although the creation of these additional units has never been conclusively ratified by the Federal Government, some documents refer to the Project ZOI as located in Ijede LCDA in Ikorodu LGA. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 1 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.21 Map of Nigeria showing Lagos State Source: First Bank of Nigeria, 2011 Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 2 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.22 Overview of the Communities in the Project ZOI Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 3 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA The next section provides information on the four communities in the Project ZOI however, some commentary is also provided at the national and regional level to provide further context. 4.16. Demographic Profile 4.16.1. National Profile Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa. In 2010 it was estimated to have a total population of 158.4 million, with a population growth rate of 3% per year (World Bank, 2010). Approximately 51% of the national population is male, against 49% female. In 2007, the WHO reported that 70.8 %of the population was living below the poverty line of less than USD$1 a day (WHO, 2010). In 2010, 50% of the Nigerian population was living in urban areas and urban growth was estimated at 4%, slightly higher than population growth (World Bank, 2010). In 2010, Nigeria reported an international migrant stock of just over 1 million people, or 1% of the total population. However, there was a net migration of negative 300,000 (World Bank, 2010). In 2009, Nigeria reported an average life expectancy at birth of 51 years; 50 years for men and 52 years for women (World Bank, 2010). This is slightly lower than the sub-Saharan average (52 years) and is considerably lower than that of an average lower-middle income country (68 years). These statistics contribute to Nigeria ranking 142 (out of 169) in the HDI Index, comparable to nations such as Senegal (144), Haiti (145) and Yemen (133), whose rankings also indicate low human development. The Nigerian GDP per capita ($243,985,812,280, 2011 World Bank estimate) is above the Sub-Saharan average but considerably lower (approximately half) of that of an average lower-middle income country (World Bank, 2010). A summary of the key national indicators are presented in Table 4.16 below. Table 4.16 Key Socio-economic Indicators for Nigeria Socio-Economic National Level Source Indicator Population (m) 158.4 (2010) World Bank – Data Bank http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=1&id=4 Population growth 3.0 (2010) World Bank – Data Bank rate (% per annum) http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=1&id=4 Life Expectancy 51.0 (2009) World Bank – Data Bank (years) http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=1&id=4 HDI index Value* 0.423 (2010) UNDP International Human Development Indicators http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/tables/default.html Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 4 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Socio-Economic National Level Source Indicator Religion 50 %Muslim, 40 CIA World Factbook %Christian, 10 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- %Indigenous beliefs factbook/geos/ni.html GDP per capita (2008 2,289 (2010) UNDP International Human Development Indicators PPP USD) http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/tables/default.html Inflation rate (%) 13.7 (2010) CIA World Factbook https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/ni.html School enrolment, 61 (2007) World Bank – Data Bank primary (% net) http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=1&id=4 Literacy rate (%) 74.8 (2010) UNDP. UNESCO Institute for Statistics http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/tables/default.html Proportion of total 58 (2008) World Bank Data – Data Bank population served http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=1&id=4 with piped water (%) Hospital beds (per 5.0 (2004) World Health Organisation 10,000 population) http://apps.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm Estimated adult rate 4 (2009) World Bank Data – Data Bank (15-49) of people http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=1&id=4 living with HIV/AIDS (%) * The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices measuring achievements in each dimension. 1 shows high human development whilst 0 shows low human development. 4.16.2. Lagos State and Ikorodu LGA Profile Lagos State is 3,496.45 km2 in area. The 2006 census reported that it has a population of approximately 9.1 million people, of which approximately 48 %are male and 52 %female. The age distribution within Lagos State is skewed towards young people; 42 %are aged 20 years or under. Nevertheless, this is lower than the national average, which has 52 %of its population aged 20 years or less. Ikorodu LGA occupies an area of 396 km2. The 2006 census recorded a population of 527,917 inhabitants; 51 %male and 49 %female (National Nigerian Population Commission, 2006). 4.16.3. Project ZOI Profile The demographic profile of the Project ZOI is provided in Box 4.1 below. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 5 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Box 4.1 Overview of the Project ZOI – Demographic Profile  Ijede has the largest population in the Project ZOI whilst Ipakan has the smallest.  The demographic profile is comparable to Lagos State; a high proportion of youth and a gender balance slightly skewed towards males (on average 54 %males to 46 females). Only Egbin’s gender profile is skewed towards females.  The Project ZOI is relatively homogenous in terms of ethnicity and the most populous group is the Yoruba. Agura is the most ethnically diverse community; 75 %of its residents are classified as ‘non-indignes’.  Islam and Christianity are the most prevalent religions, sometimes practiced alongside the Indigenous practices and beliefs. Agura FGD participants noted that the population of Agura had increased in the last ten years due to rising birth rates and migration. They commented that people had been attracted to the area primarily by the expectation of employment opportunities at AIPP, Agura’s reputation as a peaceful community and the high cost of living in Metropolitan Lagos. The latter point was stressed by the field team as a significant contributor to population growth in all four communities, which has forced people to move to sub-urban and rural areas, commuting to the city early morning for work and returning home late at night. Findings from household surveys further support the extent of migration; 75 %of current inhabitants were born outside of Agura. Agura’s gender and age profile is similar to that found at the national level. Its gender composition is weighted towards males (55% male, 45% female) and it has the youngest population amongst the four communities; 49% of residents are aged below 18 years old and 46 %aged between 18 – 45 years. Only 4% of the population are aged 46 years or older. Due in part to its young population, 61 %of residents are unmarried. This prevalence of youth in the population could increase the vulnerability of the Agura community and the proportion of unmarried people may be impacted by an influx of a largely male construction workforce at AIPP. Currently there are very few bars and prostitution is not prevalent in the four communities nearest the Project site though it is acknowledged by communities that it is practiced and is often aimed at visitors and migrant laborers. Egbin Around 40 %of respondents to the household survey in Egbin were born outside of the community. Discussions at FGDs revealed that people migrate to the area in search of formal employment but if they are not successful they often take advantage of both the fishing opportunities in the lagoon and the employment opportunities on the farms, returning to the city after the ‘farm’ season ends, in search of other work1. In contrast to the national average, 45% of Egbin’s population is male and 55% is female. It has a young population, with 36% below the age of 18 years yet, at 6%, it also has the highest proportion of people aged over 65 years old amongst the four communities (considered ‘seniors’). 1 According to population estimates by R and D Africa Consult (RDAC) and Claims and Insurance Diagnostics (CID) as cited in AIPP Project EIA, 2011, the population of Egbin in 2009 was 3,262. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 6 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Divorce in Egbin is uncommon and only accounts for the marital status of 1% of the population; comparable to incidences in the three other communities. Just under half of the population (47 percent) are married. Ijede Ijede is the largest community within the Project ZOI1. It has also experienced considerable immigration and emigration; over half of its residents were born outside of the community, either elsewhere in Lagos state or in other parts of Nigeria (35 and 17 %respectively). Immigration has been attributed to the pull of employment prospects in Lagos Metropolitan, such as in the civil service, whereas fishing and trading opportunities, the presence of PHCN at Egbin and affordable accommodation have all helped to attract immigrants from the Niger Delta, Ondo State and other areas of Lagos State to the area (Ijede Community Sustainable Communities Assessment, 2007). Ijede has a relatively balanced gender distribution with 51% of the population male and 49 %female. It has the oldest population profile amongst the four communities; 16 %of residents are aged between 46 – 65 years and 5% are over the age of 65. However, in spite of this, the majority of its inhabitants are aged between 18 – 45 years. Ipakan Fifty six (56) %of respondents to the household survey were born in Ipakan, whilst 26 %were born elsewhere in Lagos state and the remaining 18 %in other areas of Nigeria. Emigration, primarily undertaken by youth in search of further education and employment, is lower than immigration, largely led by the pull of farming and fishing prospect in the area. In FGDs, chiefs cited Badagry, Ilaje and the Delta area of Nigeria as the principal areas where immigrants have come from2. Ipakan has a balanced gender profile, with equal numbers of males and females. It has a young population with over half of its residents aged below 18 years. No incidences of divorce were recorded as part of the household surveys. Furthermore, Ipakan has the highest proportion of unmarried to married inhabitants (63 %in comparison to 35 percent) amongst all four communities in the Project ZOI. 4.17. Ethnicity, Language and Religion 4.17.1. National Profile Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups. The most significant groups are Hausa and Fulani (which account for 29% of the population), Yoruba (21%), Igbo (or ‘Ibo’, 18 percent), and Ijaw (10%). The Yoruba are predominantly found in the southwest of the country where the Project ZOI is located (Nigerian Census, 2006). The official spoken language of Nigeria is English; however, a combination of Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba, Fulani and over 400 indigenous languages are also spoken (CIA World Factbook, 1 According to population estimates by R and D Africa Consult (RDAC) and Claims and Insurance Diagnostics (CID) as cited in AIPP Project EIA, 2011, the population of Ijede in 2009 was 7,475. 2 According to population estimates by R and D Africa Consult (RDAC) and Claims and Insurance Diagnostics (CID) as cited in AIPP Project EIA, 2011, the population of Ipakan in 2009 was 4,893. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 7 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA 2011). The Yoruba ethnic group is itself sub-divided into smaller groups. One of these is the Ijebu Yoruba who speak the Ijebu dialect of the Yoruba language. The most popular religions in Nigeria are Islam and Christianity however indigenous beliefs are also adhered to alongside other religions. 4.17.2. Project ZOI Profile Agura Household surveys revealed that Agura is the most ethnically diverse community within the Project ZOI. The predominant ethnic group is Yoruba, accounting for 81 %of people, however Ilaes, Ijaws, Igbos, Hausas and other ethnic groups also reside in the community. Yoruba is the most common language spoken, in addition to pidgin English (Ijede Community Sustainable Communities Assessment, 2007). Of the households surveyed, 52% identify themselves as Christians, 47% as Muslims and 1% as followers of the Indigenous practices and beliefs. This contradicts the findings from the FGDs held with the Community Chief who identified a smaller Muslim presence (35 percent) and a greater following of the Idigenous practices and beliefs (15%). It is probable that traditional religious practices are widely practiced alongside other religions. Egbin The predominant ethnic group in Egbin is Yoruba (95 %of residents) yet small numbers of Ijaws and Igbos also reside in the community. Yoruba (Ijebu dialect) and English are the most common languages spoken. Whilst the majority of residents are Muslims, Christians (36 percent) and Traditionalists (11 percent) also peacefully co-exist within the community. Ijede Yoruba, as with the other communities, is the predominant ethnicity within Ijede however: Ijaws and Igbos were also identified as part of the household surveys. At FGDs, participants noted that Isokos, Urhobos, Itsekiris, Ilajes, Hausas and Efiks have also migrated to the community, attracted to the area by fishing and trade opportunities. Islam is the most popular religion in the community (practiced by 59% of residents) though Christianity (40 percent) and the Indigeous practices and beliefs (1%) are also observed. No particular trends were observed relating to certain ethnic groups following certain religions. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 8 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Ipakan According to household surveys, Yoruba is the predominant ethnicity in Ipakan, accounting for 93 %of the population. At FGDs it was revealed that whilst the Ijebu Yoruba are more dominant in the ‘main’ Ipakan community, a combination of Ijebu Yoruba and Eko Yoruba (another sub-group of the wider Yoruba) are the predominant ethnicities in the NEPA Resettlement Area1. The Eko, Ijebu and Ilaje dialects of Yoruba are the most common languages spoken within Ipakan. English is also spoken amongst the youth and the educated. Of the households surveyed in Ipakan, just over half follow Islam with the remaining residents identifying as Christians. The community chief of the ‘NEPA Resettlement Area’ stated that approximately 30% of the population in this area also practice the Idigeous practices and beliefs. 4.18. Vulnerable or Marginalised Groups 4.18.1. National Profile Vulnerable groups include people who, by virtue of gender, ethnicity, age, physical or mental disability, economic disadvantage or social status may be more adversely affected by a project than others. They may also be limited in their ability to take advantage of a project’s development benefits. Official statistics indicate that around 2% of the Nigerian population have some form of recorded disability. Approximately the same percentage, (8,951,193 people) have recorded disabilities within Lagos State. Of this total, 41% have a visual disability, 14% have restricted mobility, 11% a hearing disability, 16% a speaking disability, and 5% a mental disability. These figures reflect the trends at the national level (Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2006). 4.18.2. Project ZOI Profile Vulnerable groups within the Project ZOI were found to be women (especially single mothers who are vulnerable due to lack of income and low status or widows due to lack of income), children/youth, disabled people, the unemployed and the elderly. These were classed as vulnerable by virtue of their economic vulnerability and their lack of opportunity to participate in decision making systems within the local cultural context. It should be noted that female-headed households might be underreported as it is culturally held that a man is the head of the household, even if that man is not a permanent resident or, is a male member of the extended household. As such, it may be difficult to effectively identify which households fall within this category. 1 See further within this Chapter for detail regarding the distinction between the ‘main’ Ipakan community and the NEPA Resettlement Area. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 9 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Polygamy within the communities is common. In Agura, where 15% of households have more than one wife, women discussed their dislike for the practice due to the obligation to share their husband’s money, resources and affection with other wives. This was reiterated by women in Ipakan, where polygamy is reported for 17% of households. However, there was some evidence to suggest that polygamy resulted in greater vulnerability for some women in situations where the husband’s income was used to support another wife. Disability figures vary from community to community. Egbin has high levels of households (10%) who have at least one person residing within the home with a disability. In Agura, there are 6% of households with disabled members and in Ijede, 1%. No disabilities were recorded in households surveyed in Ipakan. Orphans are also another particularly vulnerable group. In Agura, 12% of households have at least one orphaned member and in Ijede, it is 3%. It was not apparent why the number of orphans was so much higher in Agura than elsewhere. 4.19. Administration and Socio-Cultural Institutions 4.19.1. Government Institutions The Federal Republic of Nigeria is made up of 36 states and one federal capital territory and has a mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law and traditional law. Lagos State, which has its capital in Ikeja, comprises 20 LGAs, with the proposed Project facilities to be located in Ikorodu LGA. Lagos state was once the capital of Nigeria and although it has since been replaced by Abuja, it is still viewed as the financial hub of the country. 4.19.2. Traditional Leadership Patterns and Representation As in many parts of Nigeria, traditional leadership remains a strong and respected structure in Lagos State. Although the powers of traditional leaders have declined in modern times, the rituals and respect that surround these positions remain strong, and these leaders retain significant influence over their people. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 10 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Box 4.2 Overview of Traditional Leadership within the Project ZOI  Chieftaincy leadership in the Project ZOI is changing. Historically, the Alajede of Ijede has been the most powerful figure in the area however, the appointment of chiefs in Agura, Egbin and Ipakan has introduced additional leadership roles. Additonal stakeholder engagement will provide further details as to the roles and responsibsilites of each of the Chiefs and provide insight on the preferred mechanisms and protcols for consultatoin and engagement activieis going forward.  Ipakan has a complex history. In 1981, following the acquisition of land for the Egbin Power Plant, some members of the community were resettled to a spot now referred to as the ‘NEPA Resettlement Area’. However, disagreement exists as to whether the area inhabited by these people belongs to Egbin or Ijede. This has provided another source of tension for these communities.  The presence of political parties in all communities, excluding Ijede, is low. Ijede has a visible voice in Government and has three key political parties. It is relatively wealthy in comparison to its neighbors due to its legacy as home to the colonial government’s administrative headquarters and notable political figures, as well as its involvement in the United States’ Institute of Cultural Affairs’ Human Development Project.  Community Development Associations (CDAs) exist in all four communities. They are umbrella bodies for all community based organizations within the area, including trade associations, women’s groups, youth groups and religious groups. They provide support (administrative and financial) to residents. Agura Agura is a chiefdom. Its ‘Baale’, the highest level chief in the community, is responsible for community administration and alongside the Council of Chiefs, represents the community at the local government level. Egbin At FGDs, Chiefs claimed the people of Egbin are descendants of the Awujale in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. In 2010, Egbin acquired its first Oba (or ‘king’), Oba Akeem Adeoriyomi Oluwasesan Oyebo. Previous to this, it had a community leader, otherwise known as ‘Olootu’. Fieldwork conducted in 2007 found no observable presence of any political parties within the community (Egbin Sustainable Livelihoods Assessment, 2007). Ijede Ijede’s date of foundation is contested; at FGDs dates ranged from the 1300s to the 1700s. It is believed the community was founded by Ajede, a Yoruba who migrated to the area following a prophecy that revealed he would become founder of a community close to the Lagos lagoon, where Ijede is located. Oresanya Ladega II, the Alajede of Ijede, is the tenth Oba of Ijede. He is the only traditional ruler in the area recognised by the state and therefore wields significant influence over the neighbouring communities. The Alajede rules in council with the assistance of chiefs, most notably the Olisa, Ao, Odofin Eletu, Iyalode, Otunba, Olugbe and the Olotu Erelu. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 11 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Ijede has three main political parties and maintains a visible representation and voice in government. The presence of an Alajade (the Oba or king of Ijede), as well as the community’s previous status as a thriving market town and its historical legacy as home to the colonial government’s administrative headquarters and to notable political figures (such as the state commissioner, councillors and various local government chairmen) has helped to ensure its role in government, allowing the community to benefit more fully from the state’s distribution of resources. Subsequently, Ijede is relatively wealthy in comparison to its neighbouring communities; it has street lights, schools, a health centre, a court, a jetty and a police station. Its selection as the focus of a series of development programs as part of the United States’ Institute of Cultural Affairs’ Human Development Project during 1977 – 1980 has helped contribute to this comparative wealth (Egbin Community Sustainable Livelihood Assessment Report, 2007). Ipakan Ipakan is a chiefdom and is led by the Baale, who liaises with the government on behalf of the community, and is assisted by Otun Baale. Other figures of importance include Balogun (Chief Warrior), Abore, Laagba, Alaran and Akowe (Secretary). During field work, the Oba of Egbin claimed that during the interregnum in Egbin, the Oba of Ijede installed a Chief for the ‘NEPA Resettlement Area’. This interregnum lasted for 24 years between the end of one reign and the beginning of another reign. During that time the only First Class King in the area was the King of Ijede. At the time of the fieldwork the King of Egbin was about 3 years into his reign. Accounts regarding Ipakan’s formation differ. During FGDs with Baales in the NEPA resettlement area, participants stated that the community was founded in the 14th century by a group of farmers and fishermen. However, during FGDs conducted with the chief and elders from the Sarumi family in the main Ipakan community (Ipakan Community Sustainable Livelihood Assessment Report (2007)), the community’s origins are dated back to the 17th century by Tinuade Osimade, (sister to Obatery, founder of Egbin). Based on its female lineage, traditional Yoruba customs have limited the Tinuade Sarumi family’s claims to royalty; whilst the family are custodians and promoters of the Ipakan community, its members can only reach the ranks of Baale (community chief). 4.19.3. Community-based Organisations and Other Local Institutions Community groups are an important source of social capital in Nigeria, providing social, livelihood, financial and religious support. Most communities in the country typically have a variety of associations, including livelihood-based groups, savings groups, religious groups, and other community-based organisations that play an important role in the management of the community. Most groups have open membership and people may belong to more than one group; however, others have restricted participation, such as the Elders Forums and Traditional Cultural Groups. Agura A number of socio-cultural associations exist within Agura, such as women’s groups, youth groups, religious groups and trade associations. Women’s groups include the Royal Family Housewives Association (a group that undertakes community development projects, and whose members must be related to the Royal Family),, as well as Confidence Ladies Club and Lapka Hairdressers Association (both of which are trade orientated). The Muslim Youth Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 12 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Association, intended for youth living in Agura and Egbin, aim to foster peace and unity within the community and support members in difficult times. The association for fisher men and women is called the Agura Fishing Association and is based at Iponmi, the port where residents fish. The CDA claim that the Women’s Association is currently concerned with facilitating the establishment of a fish market which is currently dysfunctional due to incomplete structures and inadequate land space. Although there are separate associations for men and women fishers, the groups are closely related. In general all fishers in all the communities were members of a fishing association though this was not verified. In Agura the Community Development Association’s (CDAs) current focus is to facilitate the distribution of electricity within the community and to maintain the road network. Egbin Women’s, youths’, religious, trade and informal savings and credit groups all have a presence within Egbin. Trade groups provide financial support to their members and include the Fish Sellers Association, the Sand Sellers Association, the Pepper Grinders Association (pepper is grown in the area for the local market but not in commercial quantities) and the Local Gin Association (BUSAYO). The Fish Sellers Association frequently meet to discuss market trends and to contribute funds so that members can enhance their business profile and capital. Non governmental organisations (NGOs) and community organisations active in the area include the Youth Wing, the Religious Wing (this is a Muslim organisation who provide free drinking water for the community) and the Muslim Community (who were constructing a mosque within Egbin at the time of fieldwork). The CDA in Egbin has facilitated a number of projects within the community, including sanitation and the construction of roads and town halls. They have also participated in security, educational and health programmes, such as the anti-malaria campaign, which saw the distribution of hundreds of mosquito nets throughout the community. Ijede In addition to the CDA, FGDs revealed that NGOs and community based groups are also under the remit of the Ajede Luwasa Improvement Association (ALIA). Community groups and associations in Ijede often meet monthly to discuss club related issues and to provide financial support to members for occasions such as burials, marriages and child dedication ceremonies. Trade associations in Ijede include the Ijede Market Men and Women Association, Ijede Sand Dealers Association and Ikorodu Butchers’ Association. Associations whereby membership is solely restricted to females include Egbe Kolapo Ladies, Friendly Club, Tiwa- tiwa Women’s Club, Prestige Ladies, Premier Ladies Club and Queen’s Ladies. These associations, as well as cooperatives, such as Omi- tuntun, Igba otun and Otun-otun, offer financial support and undertake activities which are of interest to their members. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 13 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA NGOs operating in the area include the Ishokan Youth Congress, the Association of Unity Estate Phase 1 Okeletu Women’s Wing and the Ajede Luwasa Improvement Association (ALIA). The Oba (king) of Ijede is the patron of ALIA. Ipakan Associations active within Ipakan include the Youth Association, the Fishermen’s Co- operative and the Association of Pepper Grinders. Groups aimed specifically at women include Egbe, the Sunshine Sisters and the Salatu group (a woman’s Islamic prayer group.) 4.20. Land Acquisition 4.20.1. The Land Acquisition Process Lagos State Government (LSG) assigned 62.251 hectares to NNPC/CNL JV in 2006 with a Statutary Right of Occupancy for 99 years, dating from 1st January 2006 (63 hectare). Another 93.844 hectares of land was purchased from PHCN. The land acquisition process was undertaken in accordance with the Land Use Act of Nigeria and was conducted with the government support. At the time of land transfer, there were no settlements on the affected land, and the state had designated the land for agricultural development prior to its conversion into industrial land for the purposes of the Project. Most of the land acquired can be categorized as swampy land. Upon assigning the 62 ha portion of land to NNPC/CNL JV, a LSG land specialist mapped this designated land and identified people who had ancestral claims (from nearby communities) as well as other informal users such as hunters and tenant farmers to be part of the negotiation process. The land was subsequently formally transferred to NNPC/CNL JV through a negotiated settlement involving the LSG, traditional land owners and other informal users. The remaining 93.844 hectares was purchased from PHCN in 2006.. An Independent Community Stakeholders Committee (ICSC) was established prior to the LA process to enable active participation (and to discuss, oversee and input into the process as well as to look at general issues concerning the Project, community development and other local benefits) and discuss relevant issues. This committee helped to negotiate the final compensation amount of N 155,844,000 (one hundred and fifty five million, eight hundred and forty four thousand Naira / US$984,796.000.) through a transparent negotiations with all parties involved. The claimants were identified as two families in Agura and one family each in Ipakan and Egbin as well as the entire Ijede community. This sum was a one time payment to compensate the families for the loss of the land and to informal users for the loss of livelihood income for the face value of the land assigned by the LSG to NNPC/CNL JV. 4.20.2. Limitations to the Land Acquisition Process The land transfer/acquisition was carried out as per the Nigerian laws. At the time of land transfer/acquisition, The World Bank Groups policies and standards were not considered. It is not known how the compensation was invested by recipients or what efforts were made to ensure that any livelihoods affected were restored. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 14 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA 4.20.3. Social Conflict due to Historical Land Acqusition As with many parts of Nigeria, boundary disputes exist in the study area. This was manifested during Annual Ijede festival in May 2011. Many activities were planned as part of the festival, including masquerade display. On the day of the masquerade display, there was an altercation between Ijede and Egbin communities. According to the people of Egbin, the Ijede masquerades trespassed and entered into Egbin territory. However, the Ijede community disagreed, claiming that the area in question belonged to Ijede community. The state government intervened in the matter promptly and set up a panel of inquiry to find out the root and remote causes of the conflict. The panel was established at the headquarters of Ikorodu LGA with both communities interviewed separately to investigate /gather information with respect to the ownership of the land. Peace has since been restored between the communities, as attested to by official government website. However, the white paper (report) of the panel of inquiry is still awaited. The incident had no direct impact on AIPP and vice versa. However, AIPP recognizes the boundary dispute and will continue to track it through extensive engagement. As part of the ongoing stakeholder engagement, an Independent Community Stakeholder Committee (ICSC) has been established to look into potential conflicts as a result of the project planning and execution. NNPC/CNL JV carried out extensive Sustainable Livelihoods Assesment (SLAs) in 2007 (summaries are provided in Annex A). Based on the findings of the SLA, 3-5 year social investment plans were developed and the NNPC/CNL JV has been executing these programs within education, public health and economic development areas. 4.21. Economics, Livelihoods, and Employment 4.21.1. National Profile Nigeria is experiencing relatively strong economic growth. Nigeria’s GDP reportedly grew by six %in 2009 (World Bank, 2010) however, this is considered to be moderate in comparison with other African countries (Economic Commission for Africa, 2011). The total Nigerian labour force is estimated to be 49.6 million people, or approximately 32% of the total population (World Bank, 2009). Roughly 67% of males are employed, compared with 37% of adult females (World Bank, 2010). According to figures from 2004, an estimated 71% of the population of Nigeria lives below the poverty line of USD$1 per day (WHO, 2010). Agriculture is the largest economic sector nationally, employing approximately 70% of the labour force as of 1999. Key products include cocoa, peanuts, cotton, palm oil, rubber, maize and rice. Industry accounts for 10 %and other services 20 %(CIA World Factbook, 2011). 4.21.2. Project ZOI Profile At FGDs participants from all four communities claimed that there were high rates of unemployment, this ranged from 40 – 45 %in Agura, 60 %in Egbin, 70 %in Ijede and around 9 to 10% in Ipakan. It is believed that this is owing to lack of employment opportunities, as Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 15 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA well as the large influx of people into the Project ZOI in search of work associated with the proposed Agura Independent Power Plant. However, it is important to note that the interpretation of ‘employment’ is subjective; many residing in the communities relate employment to work that is linked to formal employment, as opposed to fishing, farming and trading. Box 4.3 Overview of the Project ZOI – Economics, Livelihoods and Employment  The key livelihood activity in all four communities is trading. Fishing, farming and to a lesser extent sand mining and formal sector employment are also important.  Traders mostly sell provisions such as dry foodstuff, fresh produce and other items such as cell phone recharge cards. Other livelihoods include tailoring, boat handling, driving, carpentry, plumbing, typing, bricklaying, welding and hairdressing. There are several trading associations active in the communities.  Fishing is popular, especially during the dry season which runs from December to January. People fish from Iponmi on the Lagos lagoon, the only fishing site in the area.  Farming has diminished in importance due to decreasing access to land. Although many households still keep livestock and grow crops for subsistence and income purposes, few households claimed farming as their primary livelihood source.  There are relatively few sand miners per community however; it tends to be the primary livelihood activity of those engaged in it.  High unemployment rates were reported for all four communities. However, it is expected these figures reflect the lack of “formal” employment as opposed to any employment. 4.21.3. Farming Agura Results from the household survey suggest that 27% of households grown their own food whilst 30% own livestock (most commonly poultry and goats). In spite of this, only 2% of households claimed agriculture as their primary or secondary livelihood activity. Though farming takes place throughout the wet season and the dry season, the peak period for growing crops is the wet season which runs from April to September. The main crops cultivated during this time include maize, cassava, plantain, yam, cocoyam and melon. In the dry season fluted pumpkin, tomatoes, peppers, groundnuts, okro, ewedu and soko are commonly grown around rivers and swampy areas. Crops are grown for both subsistence and for sale in order to generate extra income for households (Figure 4.23). Both men and women participate in farming activities however; there is a gender division between the activities undertaken. Whilst men generally clear and prepare the land, women plant and tend to the crops, weeding when necessary. Children also assist in small tasks when they return from school. This division in work is apparent in all communities. Men also tend to plant the crops requiring hard labour and digging such as cassava and yams whilst the women favour beans and maize, though men and women plant all crops and women sell all types of crops. Amongst all four communities it was claimed that the majority of land farmed is owned by the households that farm it. Participants at FGDs stated that non-indigene farmers (who tend to rent as opposed to own farmland) are not permitted to grow tree crops on the land they rent as this establishes long term access to the land. However, they are permitted to grow Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 16 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA banana and plantain as such crops can be harvested over a relatively short timeframe compared to other trees. At FGDs, participants claimed that the key challenges faced by farmers are harsh weather conditions, crop pests and a lack of funds to expand farm land. Partly as a result of these challenges, farmers in all four communities often engage in other livelihood activities, especially during ‘off’ or ‘low’ farming seasons, to supplement income levels. Only one household claimed to hunt; this was for subsistence purposes. In the Project ZOI all large mammals have been effectively hunted out and as a result hunting as a primary profession has disappeared, however many farmers will hunt as a supplementary activity, catching grass cutters (thryonomys swinderianus) and antelope and other pests trapped around the farm. Figure 4.23 Cassava Farmland in Agura Egbin Traditionally, farming has been a key livelihood for the Egbin community. However, owing to land acquisition in 1981 for the Egbin Power Plant, the total land space available for farming was significantly reduced resulting in a decline in land dependent livelihoods and the subsequent adoption of other livelihood forms, such as trading. Therefore, although 17 %of survey respondents claim to grow food, only 1% declare farming as a primary or secondary livelihood source. The most common crops grown in the wet season are cassava, followed by plantain and vegetables. During the dry season, it is primarily cassava. Fifty (50) %of survey respondents own livestock, all of whom own poultry. 47 %own goats and 40 %cows. Sheep and pigs were amongst other types of livestock owned. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 17 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Only one household claims to hunt. Any catch caught is sold to generate income. Ijede In Ijede, 21 %of survey respondents claim to grow food yet less than 1% claim farming as a livelihood activity. As in the other communities, this is largely due to limited land available owing to migration into the area, as well as land acquisition for the power plant. In Ijede, the main crops grown in the wet season include cassava, plantain, vegetables, maize and coconut. In the dry season it is cassava, plantain, vegetables, and maize. Few farmers plant trees. According to respondents to the household survey, the average monthly income from the sale of crops in a good month is N42,200 compared to N3,600 in a bad month. Over a third of survey respondents own livestock. Poultry is the most common animal owned (possessed by 88% of households) yet cows, sheep, goats, pigs and ducks are also kept. No incidences of hunting were reported in Ijede. Ipakan Only 3% of survey respondents claim agriculture as either their primary or secondary livelihood yet 22 %claim they grow food. Crops cultivated in the wet season include cassava, maize, beans, okro, yam and plantain. In the dry season, plantain is the most popular crop grown. On average, respondents earn N66,800 from crops sold in a good month, compared to N47,000 in a bad month. At FGDs participants alleged that a lack of credit facilities and insufficient funds to hire heavy farming equipment, such as tractors, are the main challenges faced by farmers. Participants noted that such stresses had resulted in the diminishing prominence of farming, yet it is also believed that security of land tenure is also an issue. Associations, such as the Ifelodun Farmer Association exist to support farmers with credits and loans, as well as providing assistance in farming activities such as bush clearing and preparation of land. No incidences of hunting were reported in Ipakan. 4.21.4. Fishing Fishing is undertaken to varying degrees in all four communities by individuals, families of groups. The fishing sites located close to the Project site are shown in Figure 4.25. The most popular area is the Lagos lagoon from Iponmi, the only fishing site in the area, also utilised by residents from neighbouring villages such as Ikosi, Badore, Ipesu and Gadangba. However, those that own outboard engines sometimes travel as far as Maroko, Bariga, Epe and the Atlantic Ocean to fish. Others use a range of craft from fibre glass canoes with paddles or outboard motors to more sophisticated motor boats. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 18 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Fishing is undertaken at any time of the day or night (providing the boat owners have lights to attract the fish and therefore it tends to be the larger boats that go out at night) and the peak period is the dry season, running from December to February. At FGDs participants claimed that the low concentration of fish in the area is due to the high salt density. Various different types of fish are caught including fin and shell fish, with the local names of key species including Kuta, Ofon , Owere, Kugbe, Igbakere, Obokun, Epiya (Tilapia), Kekere, Abo, Jagede, Agasa, Efol, Igun, Ija , Ajiboto and Ijaga, as well as prawns, crab, assorted crayfish and other seafood Fishing is dominated by males yet women also play an important role, especially in the processing and sale of the fish caught. Whilst some fish is sold fresh, other species are smoked or fried for preservation purposes. Fish caught is used for both household consumption and income generation. The ratio of fish sold to that which is used for household consumption depends on the size of the catch. When catches are small, a large proportion of the catch is retained for household consumption. The Iponmi fishing sites are presented in Figure 4.26. At FGDs it was reported that water hyacinth is a key challenge for the fishing community as it limits access to fishing grounds, reduces fish stocks, damages equipment such as fishing nets and traps and causes a skin rash upon contact. Barges in the lagoon were also noted to damage equipment. Furthermore, waste oil discharge from outboard motors, sand excavation and dredging activities were recorded as having a damaging impact on lagoon fauna resulting in habitat destruction and disturbance to fishing areas and breeding populations. FGD participants noted that they avoided fishing in the area surrounding the Egbin Power Plant as the discharge of hot water from the Plant causes thermal stress thereby affecting the survival of juvenile species which subsequently impacts upon the distribution of fish stocks. A typlical fishing boat used for fishing in the vicinity of the Project site is shown in Figure 4.24. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 19 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.24 Fishing boat at a river bank in the Project ZOI Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 20 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.25 Fishing sites in proximity to AIPP Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 21 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.26 Iponmi Fishing sites Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 22 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Agura In Agura, 6% of households fish, all of whom possess their own canoe or motor boat. The number of fishing trips made per week varies according to the fishing season; in the peak season (December – February) an average of seven trips are made per week whereas in the lean season (or the wet season, usually from June – December) it is three. Egbin Fishing is undertaken by almost a quarter of survey respondents. Whilst the majority own the fishing canoes or motor boats used, 14% rent them. Fishing is undertaken for both subsistence and income purposes with the amount of income earned varying widely according to the season; approximately 55% of respondents earn up to N10,000 in a good month (with 18% earning over N50,000) whilst in a bad month, the majority (73%) earn up to N10,000. Ijede In Ijede,12% of survey respondents fish, making an average of six fishing trips per week in the peak season (December – March) and three in the lean season (July - September). Approximately half of fish caught is use for subsistence purposes. In a good month, half of respondents earn up to N10,000 whilst 13 %earn over N50,000. In in a bad month 59 %earn up to N10,000 and only 2% earn over N50,000N. Ipakan Ipakan has the largest fishing community; 39% of survey respondents claim to fish. The majority of those engaged own the fishing boats or canoes they use. During the peak season, on average seven fishing trips per week are undertaken and the majority of fish caught is sold. During the lean season, five trips per week are normally taken. 4.21.5. Trading and other livelihood Agura Despite the absence of a market in Agura, trading is practiced throughout the community (76 %of respondents claim to engage in trading). Most people trade from their homes and sell provisions such as milk, tea, garri (staple food made from cassava), dried food stuffs, soft drinks, cooked food such as rice and stew, alcohol and beer in ‘front of house’ shops, due to lack of a market. Approximately 12 %of traders sell items in a neighbouring community. Traders at FGDs claimed that a lack of financial resources prevents them from employing staff. Income from trading varies and is dependent upon the goods or services procured. For example at FGDs it was estimated that those selling drinks earn between N10,000 to N100,000 per week whereas a phone recharge card seller can earn approximately N28, 000 per week. Other income sources in Agura include the provision of services such as tailoring, boat handling, driving, carpentry, plumbing, bricklaying, welding and hairdressing. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 23 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA In Agura, youth contribute to household income by engaging in part time work in the formal and informal sectors. Typical work includes that undertaken for the civil service, as well as bricklaying, trading, welding, tailoring, fishing and the sale of water. Some youth abandon their studies to pursue technical training or employment, occasionally moving away from the community in search of better work prospects. FGD participants claimed that government employees enjoy higher wages in addition to better working conditions, such as leave, overtime allowances, staff transport, medical support and Christmas bonuses. 6% engage in sand mining, see Box 4.4 and Figure 4.27 below. Box 4.4 Sand Mining Sand is mined in the Project ZOI to be sold into the building trade (for example to the block industry as show in Figure 4.287, rising in prevalence due to the mounting construction of houses in the area as a result of in- migration). The four key roles in the industry are ‘pullers’ (i.e. the labourers or sand diggers), ‘carriers’, ‘loaders’ and ‘dealers’. The dealers trade at the ‘Beach’, near the lagoon and earn the most income. At FGDs, sand miners highlighted the key challenges associated with the industry; insufficient space to trade at the Beach, the nuisance of water hyacinth and the threat of competition from industrial dredgers. Regardless of the role played in the sand mining industry, it is usually the primary livelihood activity of those engaged in it. The industry is largely dominated by males, with approximately only 12 %of females involved. Sand mining is s a relatively new livelihood activity in the Project ZOI and although undertaken to some extent throughout all four communities, it is most popular in Ipakan. Figure 4.27 Sand being turned into Cement Blocks in the Project ZOI Egbin In Egbin, 83% of survey respondents trade; over half provide food or food related services and 16% deal in clothing and accessories. At FGDs other popular business activities in Egbin were identified as driving, tailoring, welding/building construction and plumbing. Participants noted that trading had increased as a result of the reduction in traditional land Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 24 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA based livelihoods as a result of land acquisition for the power plant. Ten %of survey respondents engage in sand mining. Ijede In Ijede, 81% of survey respondents engage in trading, with foodstuffs, provisions and clothing/accessories being the most popular items sold. People tend to trade either in front of their house or at the Ijede market, also frequented by neighbouring communities, as well as those further afield. Traders generally obtain their goods from markets outside of Ijede, such as those in Mile 12, Ikorodu, Imota and Iddo in Lagos State as well as Sagamu in the neighbouring state of Ogun. At FGDs, traders described the difficulties they faced. Most notable was a lack of funds to expand their businesses. Complaints were also noted regarding the lack of sufficient space at the Ijede market which was noted to limit traders’ ability to expand, as well as the high cost of transportation, especially detrimental to those needing to move heavy goods, in particular wood sellers. Three percent (3%) of survey respondents engage in sand mining. Figure 4.28 Stall selling football shirts Ipakan Trading is an important livelihood activity; 67 %of survey respondents claimed to be engaged in it. Whilst the majority (83 percent) trade within the community, neighbouring communities, Ikorudu and other places within Lagos state are also frequented as sites of commerce. At FGDs it was revealed that some residents have formal employment in Lagos Metropolitan; they reside there during the week and return to Ipakan at the weekends. Twenty eight (28) %of survey respondents engage in sand mining. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 25 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA 4.21.6. Community Expectations In terms of employment, there are high expectations in all four (4) communities of being hired during the construction and operational phase of the Agura IPP project. This is particularly amongst the youth. During consultations, it was proposed by the communities that hiring quotas be defined and used for each of the communities, with most of the workers from the Agura community. The Agura community expects the highest employment quota and it is recommended that the approach to hiring should follow this to avoid conflict among the communities. During FGDs with women and traders, they indicated that it is expected that selling food and other goods to project workers will be allowed. Sand miners amongst the communities expressed an expectation of being engaged to supply sand during the construction phase. There were no specific expectations regarding fishing activities on the Lagoon as the Agura IPP project would have an impact on fishing livelihoods during barging activities only. 4.22. Education 4.22.1. National Profile In 2009, 61% of Nigeria’s population (aged above 15) was literate, with an even breakdown between men and women. Net primary school enrolment in the country is 21.7 million, or roughly 60%, and girls make up 46% of the primary school student body (World Bank, 2011). The 2006 Nigerian Census results indicate that 80 %of men and 72% of women in Lagos State were literate, putting the state above the national average. Approximately 10% of males and 14% of females over the age of six have no formal schooling; while approximately 13% of both sexes have finished nursery school and 15 %have finished primary school. Box 4.5 Overview of the Project ZOI – Education  There is a lack of adequate educational infrastructure in the Project ZOI. Where education facilities do exist, residents claimed they are in poor condition and have insufficient teaching materials and furniture.  Education levels in Agura and Egbin are the lowest amongst the four communities. They both have the highest proportion of residents who have never received an education, probably due to the lack of public schools within their locales.  Ijede has the lowest education levels amongst the four communities. 23% are educated to a post- secondary school level in comparison to only 4% in Egbin. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 26 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.29 School Facilities within the Project ZOI 4.22.2. Project ZOI Profile Agura Thirteen percent (13%) of community residents have not been schooled. Although youth commented that males and females have equal opportunities to access primary level education, they noted that at secondary and tertiary level, the ratio of boys to girls is much higher. Teenage pregnancy and early marriage were blamed for the high dropout rate amongst females, estimated to be between 10 to15%. Claims were made that some parents support their daughters’ early marriage owing to their inability to fund their schooling. The male dropout rate, estimated to be around 6%, was attributed to peer influence or family background, especially in the cases of polygamous homes where the absent mother1 is not always there to encourage the son’s academic work. In Agura the highest level of education for 38% of residents is primary school whereas for 41% it is high school. Eight percent (8%) have received a tertiary education, with some youths engaging in paid work to fund this level of schooling. There is one public primary school in Agura, The Methodist Primary School. Although funded by the Government, it was recently renovated by NNPC/CNL JV however, at the time of field work, classrooms had not yet been constructed and students had sat classes outside for the past nine weeks. There are no public secondary schools in Agura; youth therefore travel to surrounding areas, such as Ijede, Ikorodu town or Imot to access further education. Residents noted that the community has 18 private schools which teach the national curriculum and cover all levels from primary to senior secondary. 1 In some cases, women unhappy in their polygamous marriages leave their households, often departing without their children due to a lack of financial resources. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 27 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Egbin Egbin has the highest proportion of residents without an education (16%) and the lowest proportion of residents who have attained a tertiary level education (4%). This is most probably attributable to the lack of educational facilities within the community. Fourty percent (40%) of residents have only ever received a primary education, whereas for 38%, high school is the highest level of education received. Women claimed that although girls have access to varying levels of education, there are a higher number of boys in schools than girls. There is one public primary school in Egbin however, this is located in the NEPA estate and residents complained that admissions are mainly reserved for children whose parents work for NEPA. Therefore, the majority of children travel to either Ijede or Gberige to access both primary and secondary education. Egbin previously had a public secondary school however; it was relocated to Ijede when NEPA acquired land for the power plant. At FGDs women complained about the long (and unsafe) distances that children have to travel to go to school. Ijede Fieldwork undertaken in 2007 (Ijede Community Sustainable Livelihoods Assessment, 2007) revealed that Ijede benefits from greater literacy rates in comparison to neighbouring communities and is also home to a significant number of well-educated people, such as doctors, lawyers and engineers. This is also reflected in the results of the household survey. Ijede has one of the lowest proportions of un-educated residents (9%) and the highest proportion of residents who have received a post-secondary education (23%). High school is the highest level of schooling for 37%. It is probable that the high literacy rates are due to the presence of educational facilities in the community; Ijede has three public primary schools and one public secondary school. However, it should be noted that the Principal of Luwasa Secondary School (located in Ijede) commented that educational performance at the school was poor and only one student had qualified for university in the last academic term. Ijede has both public primary and secondary schools. The public secondary school has 500 pupils and serves Ijede, Egbin and Ipakan communities. Ipakan In Ipakan 8% of residents have never received an education; the lowest proportion amongst the four communities. For 35% of people primary school is the highest level of education received, whereas for 46 %it is high school. Seven percent (7%) have been educated to a tertiary level. At FGDs, youths claimed that boys and girls both have equal opportunity to access to education. There are no public primary or secondary schools in Ipakan however there are two private primary schools. Children tend to access schools in Ijede, with travel time usually taking between 20 – 45 minutes dependent upon the socio-economic status of the family and hence the mode of transport used. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 28 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA 4.23. Health Status and Access to Health Services 4.23.1. National Profile Nigeria reportedly has high rates of infectious disease, including HIV, malaria, yellow fever, rabies, hepatitis A and E, and meningococcal meningitis (CIA Factbook, 2010). According to the World Bank, in 2009 4% of the population (aged 15-49) were infected with HIV, with higher rates of infection for women (3%) than for men (1%) (World Bank, 2010). Maternal mortality was estimated in 2008 to be 545 deaths per 100,000 live births. The WHO reports that in 2004, there were 5.0 hospital beds per 10,000 people (World Bank, 2010). Nigeria’s crude birth rate in 2009 was 40 per 1,000 people, compared to a crude death rate (DR) of 15 per 1,000 people. The total fertility rate in 2009 was 6 births per woman (World Bank, 2010). 4.23.2. Project ZOI Profile An overview of the health status and access to health services within the Project ZOI is presented in Box 4.6. Box 4.6 Overview of the Project ZOI – Health  According to self-declarations, the vast majority of residents enjoy either a ‘good’ or ‘excellent’ health status.  The biggest health problem in the Project ZOI is malaria however fever, skin rashes, typhoid and stomach pain/ watery stool/ diarrhoea are also commonly experienced. The most common health conditions in the Project ZOI are caused or exacerbated by poor hygiene and sanitation facilities. The presence of HIV is acknowledged however, its extent is unknown.  Residents in the Project ZOI tend go to the general or a private hospital when they have a health issue. However, communities complained about inadequate health facilities, citing long waiting times, outdated medical equipment, shortage of healthcare personnel, restricted access to medicines and limited opening hours.  Divorcees, single mothers, widows and the elderly are viewed as particularly vulnerable from a health point of view, often lacking the necessary funds to pay for health care. Agura Based on self-declarations to questions in the household survey, Agura’s residents enjoy the best health status amongst the four communities; 33 %claim ‘excellent’ health and 67 %claim ‘good’ health. Nevertheless, 36 %of survey respondents felt it necessary to visit a healthcare facility at least once in the previous month, with the same percentage also having suffered from malaria / fever in the last two weeks. Most cases of fever in all the communities seemed to be related to malaria but other causes such as typhoid and cholera were also mentioned. The most common health problem for the community is malaria, yet women also cited staphylococcus (vaginal infection) and diabetes as widespread. Outbreaks of measles and chicken pox have also occurred in the previous year. Incidences of HIV have been recorded Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 29 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA however, its extent is unknown. FGD participants stated that old age was the most common cause of death. Women noted that whilst there are midwives within the community, maternal healthcare is generally lacking. The most common healthcare facility used by residents is private healthcare facilities; utilised by 52% of survey respondents. Although Agura has a health centre, there is no hospital in the community and residents tend to travel to Ijede to access one. The general hospital is utilised most frequently by 30% of survey respondents yet residents complained about long waiting times, poor service, inadequate amenities and medical supplies and a shortage of healthcare personnel. Women noted that the use of traditional medicine (known locally as ‘Agbo’) is prevalent throughout the community however, the results of the household survey found that only 6% stated traditional herbalist/medicine as their most commonly form of medical facility/medicine used. Divorcees, single mothers, widows and the elderly are viewed as particularly vulnerable from a health point of view, often lacking the necessary funds to pay for health care. Based on fieldwork undertaken, it is believed that the prevalence of sex workers within all four communities is low. Egbin Residents in Egbin claim to possess either ‘good’ or excellent’ health however, 46% of respondents noted that a household member had had to visit a healthcare facility at least once in the past month; 3% had had to visit five times or more. Malaria / fever is the most prevalent health problem in the community; at the time of the survey 60 %of respondents claimed that at least one person in their household had suffered from it in the last two weeks. Skin rash was also noted as a health issue, a common complaint of fishermen and women due to the presence of water hyacinth. There was anecdotal evidence of death by drowning due to boats capsizing however exact data/statistics on this could not be obtained. Smoke from smoking fish, leading to eye irritation was cited as another occupational hazard faced by fishers. At FGDs women claimed that typhoid fever and hypertension (owing to stress from work and the environment) are the most common causes of death. Women claimed that child mortality within the community is low and that smoking is most popular amongst elderly men. Whilst there is a healthcare centre in Egbin, FGD participants complained it is inadequate. They cited outdated medical equipment, shortage of healthcare personnel, restricted access to medicines, limited opening hours and a lack of ambulance services as reasons for their dissatisfaction. Residents travel to Ijede if they need to access a hospital however; participants noted that transportation costs are high. Private or general hospitals are the facilities most commonly frequented in the event of a health issue. Whilst FGDs revealed that traditional herbalist/medicine is popular throughout the community, largely due to the high cost of medication and the lack of a hospital within Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 30 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA the community, only 2% of survey respondents claimed it as a type of facility / medicine most commonly used Ijede Ijede was the only community in the Project ZOI where a few households claimed ‘poor’ health. Whilst 25% of survey respondents classified their health as ‘excellent’ and 69% as ‘good’, 3% declared it as ‘poor’. From FGDs and survey responses, health problems also appeared to be more varied and widespread in this community compared to neighbouring areas; 45% have suffered from malaria / fever in the last two weeks and 16% from blood in the urine. Skin rashes/ itches, stomach pain/ diarrhoea, typhoid and dysentery were also cited as health problems by a few households. Staff at the health care centre blamed the inadequate access to potable water as a significant contributor to the community’s health problems. At FGDs women blamed mortality on poverty; a lack of financial resources ensures that few can afford to pay for medical treatment. Smoking and drinking were also cited to be widespread, yet more so amid elderly males and youths. Occupational hazards relating to fishermen and women were also noted. It is believed that there are two health care centres in Ijede however confusion in terminology exists. In Egbin and Ipakan, residents refer to the health centre in Ijede as a hospital yet FGD participants in Ijede claim the nearest public hospital is in Ikorodu town, approximately an hour’s journey time. Private hospitals are located in the community. The Private health centre/hospital visited during the field work was more substantial than health centres in the other communities. It has 36 beds and 16 children’s cots. There are 14 doctors (including a gynaecologist and physician, 36 nurses, four (4) community health workers and 13 pharmacists. The total number of staff at the time of the visit was 167. Causes of dissatisfaction with healthcare facilities in Ijede are comparable to other communities; a lack of on-the-ground emergency services, long waiting times, inadequate medical supplies and high costs. Ipakan In Ipakan, 11% of survey respondents claim an ‘excellent’ health status whilst the remainder claim it is ‘good’. In the last two weeks, households have suffered from blood in the urine, skin rashes/ itches and stomach pain/ diarrhoea, with malaria / fever the most widespread disease experienced. At FGDs, coughs and colds, high blood pressure and rheumatism were also quoted as community health problems. Mortality was primarily blamed on old age, malaria, hypertension and diabetes. Six percent (6%) of respondents to the household survey normally visit a private hospital when confronted with a health issue; the lowest proportion amongst the surrounding communities. Half of the community normally access a general hospital and due to a lack of financial resources, 6% access neither a healthcare facility nor a healthcare practitioner when sick. Traditional herbalist/medicine, noted to be popular due to its affordability, was claimed as the most common health resource utilised by 6% of residents. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 31 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA There are no public hospitals or health centres in Ipakan; residents travel to the General Hospital in Ijede when necessary. 4.24. Infrastructure and Services An overview of the infrastructure and services within the Project ZOI is provided in Box 4.7. The infrastructure within the communities is presented graphically in Figure 4.31, Figure 4.32, Figure 4.33 and Figure 4.34. Box 4.7 Overview of the Project ZOI – Infrastructure  Social infrastructure in the Project ZOI is poor. Access to piped water is extremely limited and residents rely on boreholes and wells for their water supply. Those who own private boreholes may allow other residents to collect water from it, though often for a fee.  Access to waste disposal is low; residents tend to dump household waste in improvised landfills.  Whilst the majority of residents have access to electricity, supply is sporadic and as a result many households own generators to supplement supply.  There is a mix of paved and unpaved roads in the Project ZOI; their condition is described as ‘poor’ by residents.  There are insufficient educational facilities within the Project ZOI; young people are forced to travel to neighboring communities to access education.  Ijede is the only community that has an established market. 4.24.1. Water Resources According to the World Bank, 58% of the Nigerian population had access to an improved water source in 20081. Such access was significantly better in urban areas than in rural areas (World Bank, 2010). According to the 2006 national census, 10% of households in the state have piped water within their dwellings and another 15% have access to piped water outside the house. Over a fifth of households rely on rain water as their primary water source. Agura Boreholes, wells and rain harvesting are the most popular sources of water accessed by the community (utilised by 52, 48 and 36% of survey respondents respectively). Agura has a community tap which was donated by the local Government; this is utilized by 21% of survey respondents as a water source. Only one household surveyed claimed to have a piped water supply outside of its home and 15 %declared insufficient access to water. Although both adult males, females and children collect water, it is primarily the role of women and takes an average of 55 minutes per day. Egbin Egbin has a borehole used by the majority of residents (73 %of survey respondents) and a few wells (utilised by 40 percent). Rain harvesting is also popular within the community, and a fifth of residents also access water from water pumps or from piped water outside their dwellings. 17 %of respondents claim to have insufficient access to water. The average time 1Improved water source is taken to mean household connections, public standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs and rainwater collection. Unimproved water sources are unprotected wells, unprotected springs, vendor-provided water, bottled water (unless water for other uses is available from an improved source), and tanker truck-provided water. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 32 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA spent collecting water is 43 minutes per day and is usually the remit of adult females or children. Figure 4.30 Borehole in the Project ZOI Ijede Boreholes (both private and public) are the most common sources of water in Ijede and are utilised by 66 %of survey respondent. 10 %of use wells and 18 %use water sourced from rain harvesting. On average 31 minutes per day is spent collecting water. This is undertaken primarily by children and adult females. Ipakan Six percent (6%) of survey respondents claimed to have insufficient access to water. Discussion with community elders revealed that there are ten boreholes in the community, utilised by the vast majority, in addition to six wells. Water from the lagoon is also utilised by some (11 percent) for washing purposes. People in Ipakan spend the least amount of time collecting water in comparison to the surrounding communities; on average 26 minutes per day. Qualitative research revealed that in all communities, the issue with insufficient access to water is due to poor infrastructure rather than a concern about water availability. The widespread use of shallow wells and boreholes suggests a high water table and sufficient supply, but there is a lack of investment in proper facilities to enable communities to benefit from a piped water supply to their homes. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 33 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.31 Map showing Infrastructure in Agura Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 34 of 45 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.32 Map showing Infrastructure in Egbin Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 35 of 45 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.33 Map showing Infrastructure in Ijede Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 36 of 45 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.34 Map showing Infrastructure in Ipakan Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 37 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA 4.24.2. Transportation and Roads In 2010, Nigeria reported 54 airports, 38 of which have paved runways. The country’s major port terminal is located in Lagos (World Bank, 2010). There are a total of 3,505 km of rail networks in the country, and 193,200 km of roadways, approximately 28,980 km of which are paved (CIA World Factbook, 2011). Data from 2007 reports that there are approximately 31 motor vehicles per 1,000 people in the country (World Bank, 2010). Agura In comparison to surrounding communities, relatively few households own a transport vehicle; 27% of survey respondents own a car and 15% own a motorcycle. Residents normally use motorcycles (okadas) or minibuses or tricycles to access nearby villages. Minibuses to Ikorodu and tricycles (Keke Napep or Keke Marwa) are commonly used by students to access school. Egbin In Egbin 57 %of survey respondents own a motorcycle and a canoe. Over a third of possess a range of other forms of transportation including bicycles, boats, tricycles, cars, trucks, taxis and buses. At FGDs it was claimed that private cars and motorcycles are the most common forms of transportation used. There are two roads that lead into the community; both are un-tarred and in poor condition1. Ijede Between 60 – 76 %of survey respondents own at least one method of transportation. At FGDs women bemoaned the high cost of transportation; some stated half of their salaries are spent on it. Traffic jams /congestion were also identified as sources of discontent in the community. Fieldwork in 2007 revealed that there is one tarred road that connects the community to the Ikorodu-Ijede-Egbin road. Other internal roads are un-tarred and were referred as being in a state of disrepair and nearly impassable2. Ipakan The most common form of transportation owned by households in Ipakan are canoes (possessed by 39 %of survey respondents), followed by cars (33 percent). Other forms of transportation, including trucks, taxis, buses and boats, are owned to varying degrees. There are daily mini buses, taxis, private cars, motorcycles, tricycles and boats / ferries that run either within or to neighbouring communities. The high cost of transportation was also a complaint of women in Ipakan. 1 Egbin Community Sustainable Livelihoods Assessment, 2007 2 Ijede Community Sustainable Livelihoods Assessment, 2007 Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 38 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.35 Map of Road Network in Project ZOI Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 39 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA 4.24.3. Power Agura Ninety seven percent (97%) of respondent households have access to electricity (however, supply is erratic) and thus over half the households surveyed own also generators. Egbin All survey respondents claimed to have access to a public power supply, which is provided by the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), located in Egbin. However, supply is erratic and 77 %of households own generators in order to augment supply when power failures occur. Ijede FGD participants complained that power supply is erratic. The vast majority of the community (94 %of survey respondents) own a generator. Ipakan All households surveyed reported having access to electricity. Fifty percent (50%) of survey respondents own generators. 4.24.4. Sanitation and Waste Management According to the 2006 census, half of all houses in Lagos State have a water closest as their toilet facility. 40% use pit latrines whilst 5 %use a nearby bush or field. Agura Households either make use of latrines or water borne facilities as toilets. Just under a fifth of survey respondents claimed not to have access to solid waste disposal; the field team’s observation of numerous dumps suggests that residents haphazardly abandon their waste in improvised landfills (Figure 4.36). Egbin In Egbin 40% of survey respondents make use of pit latrines and 30 %use water borne facilities. Although 7% have a toilet facility located outside of their dwelling, 10 %do not have access to any. Just under half of households surveyed claimed not to have access to solid waste disposal. Ijede Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 40 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA The majority of residents make use of water borne facilities (63% of survey respondents) or pit latrines (28%) however, some households use pit latrines or have a toilet facility outside their house. Seventy six percent (76%) of survey respondents have access to solid waste disposal. Ipakan Sixty seven percent (67%)of survey respondents use water borne systems as flush toilet facilities, while the remainder use pit latrines. Eighty nine percent (89%) of respondents have access to solid waste disposal; the highest proportion of residents amongst surrounding communities. Figure 4.36 Waste dumping at a river bank in Agura 4.24.5. Access to Markets There is no marketplace in Agura or Ipakan. People tend to trade from shops in front of their houses. Egbin Although there is a marketplace in Egbin there are no stalls and so people either hawk or sell in front of their houses. According to traders, letters were sent to NNPC, Chevron and NEPA asking for assistance in the establishment of a marketplace but to date, no replies have been received. Residents usually access markets in Ijede or Ikorodu. Ijede Ijede has a daily market with approximately 30 stalls that serves the community, as well as Egbin and Ipakan. At FGDs, residents complained about its small size and argued that stalls Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 41 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA close to the lagoon (referred to locally as ‘the Beach’) were on steep and swampy terrain thereby posing a health and safety risk. 4.24.6. Recreation Agura Recreational activities enjoyed by male youth include playing and watching football, snooker, draughts and ‘ayo’ (a Yoruba traditional game). There are no sports or leisure centres within the community and so football is played in any available space such as school fields, residential premises, in the street or on open land. Youth sometimes watch either the English Football Association (FA) League or to play snooker however, they must pay a fee to do so. Girls spend time at home or with friends, though a few play volleyball or football. It was reported that there are approximately 15 restaurants and small food stalls within the community; residents noted that they sometimes frequent these during their leisure time. Egbin There are two permanent restaurants in Egbin and 10 ‘mini’ ones around the community. No football pitches or playgrounds exist; during FGDs, participants noted that the community had lost its playground when land was acquired for the Egbin power plant. Ijede Visiting the beach, going to the viewing centre to watch sport and frequenting places of religious worship are amongst some of the leisure activities engaged in by residents. Ipakan Drama, music and sports including dance, football, sprinting, high jump and lawn and table tennis are typical activities undertaken by youth in their free time. 4.24.7. Cultural Sites and Resources As noted in Section 4.17, traditional religious worship is practiced in the four communities, alongside other formal religions (namely Christianity and Islam). Each religion has a number of associated cultural or sacred sites, including churches, mosques and shrines (Figure 4.37). There are currently no identified sacred sites within the Project site. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 42 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Figure 4.37 A Church in the Project ZOI Agura There are a number of sacred sites within the community including 18 mosques, over 25 churches and approximately seven shrines (named Alagura, Osogbo, Awopa Iginipia, Buro Kpakpo, Elese, Ogunyashi and Aye). Many of the shrines’ sacred or cultural importance is attached to their associations with festivals celebrated throughout the community. These include the annual Oro Festival, Enuku Festival, Agemo Festival, Pako Festival, Gburo Festival, Eluku and Kori Festivals, Egunu Festival and the Ogebo Festival. Women are prohibited from joining many of the festivities and entering many of the sacred sites. Egbin At FGDs, participants identified six mosques, 28 churches and 13 traditional shrines. Different Gods are worshipped at the shrines, including Ota – Goddess of the river, Ogun – God of Iron, Alale – Goddess of the soil, Ogbaru – a swamp Goddess that cures skin problems and Obateru – an Oba God, also known as the God of the Source. The biggest Oba festival celebrated by the community is Odun Eibi. The festival originates from the descendant of the 13th Awujale of Ijebu-ode called Owa-Otutubi-Osu. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 43 of 44 Agura IPP Project EIA Ijede Strong traditions exist in Ijede. These include Remireke; a triennial festival that celebrates community indigenes who return from overseas and Agemoa and Eluku; traditional masquerades. Village chiefs stated that 25 mosques are located in the community, alongside over a cemetery, 50 churches and over six traditional shrines including Ekpa, Jigbo, Ajede, Eluku and Egenin. In general, women are not permitted to enter any of the shrines. Ipakan At FGDs, chiefs noted that there are three mosques and three traditional shrines (Ojuyemora, Oju Ota and Remireke), as well as four sacred forests (called Igbo Ajede, Igbo Eluku, Igbo Ota and Igbo Oro). In the NEPA Resettlement site, chiefs noted that there are two mosques, six churches and eight shrines. Festivals celebrated by the community include Oro, Remireke (a boat regatta that takes place triennially), Ota and Ileya. Traditions that celebrate ancestral fathers and the dominant deities of the land, such as Gborowo, Imale Eremireke, Ogun and Shookun take place on an annual basis; however youth noted that due to the lack of financial funds available, they are no longer celebrated with the same vigour. Muslim festivals, including Eid-El-Fitri and Eid el-Adha, as well as Christian festivals such as Christmas are also observed. Draft EIA Report Chapter Four November 2013 Page 44 of 44         Agura IPP Project EIA     5. ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 5.1 Introduction This chapter presents the potential biophysical and socioeconomic (including community health) impacts associated with the proposed Agura IPP project. These potential impacts have been identified through a systematic process whereby the activities associated with the short-term construction and decommissioning phases and longer-term operational phase have been evaluated in terms of environmental and social receptors. This chapter begins with an overview of the approach to the impact assessment as well as a description of the methodology used to assess impact significance accounting for impact magnitude and sensitivity of receptors and resources affected. Mitigation measures that will be implemented to avoid, reduce, remediate, or compensate for impacts (as well as actions that will be taken to enhance benefits) are described in Chapters 6 and 7. The impacts that remain following implementation of mitigation measures are assessed and presented as residual impacts. The mitigation measures for these impacts are presented in Chapter 6. 5.2 Overview of Impact Assessment Approach The assessment of impacts included the following steps: 1. Screening: Applicability of impact assessment requirements was determined using a high level description of the project and project alternatives (Chapter 2). 2. Scoping: Interactions of project activities and environmental and social resources were identified to determine which should be included in the scope of the impact assessment (Scoping report, Chapter 3 and Chapter 4). 3. Assessment: The characteristics of the effects of project activities on bio-physical and social resources and features were predicted and quantified to determine impact significance (or importance) taking into account the sensitivity of the particular resource or receptor (Chapter 5). 4. Apply Mitigation: Mitigation measures to avoid or reduce impacts where identified and/or developed and then applied (Chapter 7). 5. Determine Residual: The scale of the impact remaining after application of mitigation measures was determined and where required additional mitigation measures were developed. (Chapters 6 and 7). The approach adopted for the impacts assessment of the proposed project is summarized in Figure 5.1 below and discussed in the following subsections. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 1 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     Figure 5.1 Impact Assessment Approach and Terms Used 5.2.1 Impact Identification and Characterization An ‘impact’ is any change to a resource or receptor brought about by the presence of a project component or by a project-related activity. In this assessment, the impacts are described in terms of their characteristics, including the impact’s type and the impact’s spatial and temporal features (namely extent, duration, scale and frequency). While an impact assessment typically focuses on the negative impacts, an impact can also be positive. The definitions of these terms used in this ESIA are described in (Table 5.1). Table 5.1 Impact Characteristics Characteristic Definition Terms Type A descriptor indicating Direct - Impacts that result from a direct interaction between the the relationship of the Project and a resource/receptor (e.g., between occupation of a plot of impact to the Project (in land and the habitats which are affected). terms of cause and effect). Indirect - Impacts that follow on from the direct interactions between the Project and its environment as a result of subsequent interactions within the environment (e.g., viability of a species population resulting Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 2 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     from loss of part of a habitat as a result of the Project occupying a plot of land). Induced - Impacts that result from other activities (which are not part of the Project) that happen as a consequence of the Project (e.g., influx of camp followers resulting from the importation of a large Project workforce). Cumulative - Impacts that arise as a result of an impact and effect from the Project interacting with those from another activity to create an additional impact and effect. Duration The time period over Temporary - (period of less than 3 years -negligible/ pre-construction/ which a resource / other) receptor is affected. Short‐term - (period of less than 5 years i.e. production ramp up period) Long‐term - (period of more than 5 years and less than 19 years i.e. life of plant) Permanent - (a period that exceeds the life of plant – i.e. irreversible.) Extent The reach of the impact On-site - impacts that are limited to the project site. (i.e. physical distance an impact will extend to) Local - impacts that are limited to the project site and adjacent properties. Regional - impacts that are experienced at a regional scale, e.g. Lagos State. National - impacts that are experienced at a national scale. Trans-boundary/International - impacts that are experienced outside of Nigeria. Scale Quantitative measure of Quantitative measures as applicable for the feature or resources the impact (e.g. the size affects. of the area damaged or impacted, the fraction of a resource that is lost or affected, etc.). Frequency Measure of the Ongoing (occurs continually) constancy or periodicity of the impact. Periodic (at least once a month) Once-off (one occurrence) An additional characteristic that pertains to unplanned events (e.g. incidents, spills) is likelihood (Table 5.2). The likelihood of an unplanned event occurring is determined qualitatively, or when data is available, semi-quantitatively. Likelihood is estimated on the basis of experience and/or evidence that such an outcome has previously occurred. It is also important to distinguish that likelihood is a measure of the degree to which the unplanned event is expected to occur, not the degree to which an impact or effect is expected to occur as a result of the unplanned event. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 3 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     Table 5.2 Definitions of Terms used to describe Likelihood Term Definition Unlikely The event is unlikely but may occur at some time during normal operating conditions. Possible The event is likely to occur at some time during normal operating conditions. Likely/ Certain The event will occur during normal operating conditions. 5.2.2 Determining Impact Magnitude The impact assessment describes what will happen by predicting the effects and quantifying the magnitude of the effects to the extent practical. Magnitude is a function of the combination of the following impact characteristics:  Extent;  Duration;  Scale; and  Frequency. Magnitude (from small to large) is in practice a continuum, and evaluation along the spectrum requires the exercise of professional judgement and experience. Each impact is evaluated on a case-by-case basis, and the rationale for each determination is noted. The universal magnitude designations, for negative effects, are: negligible, small, medium and large. The magnitude designations themselves are universally consistent, but the definition for the designations varies by issue. In the case of a positive impact, no magnitude designation has been assigned as it is considered sufficient for the purpose of the impact assessment to indicate that the Project is expected to result in a positive impact. The magnitude of an impact takes into account the various dimensions of a particular impact in order to make a determination as to where the impact falls on the spectrum from negligible to large. Some impacts will result in changes to the environment that may be immeasurable, undetectable or within the range of normal natural variation. Such changes can be regarded as essentially having no impact, and are characterised as having a negligible magnitude. In the case of impacts resulting from unplanned events, the same resource/ receptor-specific approach to concluding a magnitude designation is utilised. The likelihood factor is also considered, together with the other impact characteristics, when assigning a magnitude designation. Determining Magnitude for Biophysical Impacts For biophysical impacts, the semi-quantitative definitions for the spatial and temporal dimension of the magnitude of impacts used in this assessment are provided below:  A High Magnitude Impact affects an entire area, system (physical), aspect, population or species (biological) and at sufficient magnitude to cause a significant Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 4 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     measureable numerical increase in measured concentrations or levels (to be compared with legislated or international limits and standards specific to the receptors) (physical) or a decline in abundance and/ or change in distribution beyond which natural recruitment (reproduction, immigration from unaffected areas) would not return that population or species, or any population or species dependent upon it, to its former level within several generations (physical and biological). A high magnitude impact may also adversely affect the integrity of a site, habitat or ecosystem.  A Moderate Magnitude Impact affects a portion of an area, system, aspect (physical), population or species (biological) and at sufficient magnitude to cause a measurable numerical increase in measured concentrations or levels (to be compared with legislated or international limits and standards specific to the receptors) (physical) and may bring about a change in abundance and/or distribution over one or more plant/animal generations, but does not threaten the integrity of that population or any population dependent on it (physical and biological). A moderate magnitude impact may also affect the ecological functioning of a site, habitat or ecosystem but without adversely affecting its overall integrity. The area affected may be local or regional.  A Low Magnitude Impact affects a specific area, system, aspect (physical), group of localized individuals within a population (biological) and at sufficient magnitude to result in a small increase in measured concentrations or levels (to be compared with legislated or international limits and standards specific to the receptors) (physical) over a short time period (one plant/animal generation or less, but does not affect other trophic levels or the population itself), and localized area. Determining Magnitude for Socioeconomic Impacts For socioeconomic impacts, the magnitude considers the perspective of those affected by taking into account the likely perceived importance of the impact, the ability of people to manage and adapt to change and the extent to which a human receptor gains or loses access to, or control over socio-economic resources resulting in a positive or negative effect on their well-being. The quantitative elements are included into the assessment through the designation and consideration of scale and extent of the impact. 5.2.3 Determining Receptor Sensitivity In addition to characterising the magnitude of impact, the other principal step necessary to assign significance for a given impact is to define the sensitivity of the receptor. There are a range of factors to be taken into account when defining the sensitivity of the receptor, which may be physical, biological, cultural or human. Where the receptor is physical (for example, a water body) its current quality, sensitivity to change, and importance (on a local, national and international scale) are considered. Where the receptor is biological or cultural (for example, the marine environment or a coral reef), its importance (for example, its local, regional, national or international importance) and its sensitivity to the specific type of impact are considered. Where the receptor is human, the vulnerability of the individual, community or wider societal group is considered. As in the case of magnitude, the sensitivity designations themselves are universally consistent, but the definitions for these designations will vary on a resource/receptor basis. The universal sensitivity of receptor is low, medium and high. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 5 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     For ecological impacts, sensitivity is assigned as low, medium or high based on the conservation importance of habitats and species. For habitats, these are based on naturalness, extent, rarity, fragility, diversity and importance as a community resource. For the sensitivity of individual species, Table 5.3 presents the criteria for deciding on the value or sensitivity of individual species. For socio-economic impacts, the degree of sensitivity of a receptor is defined as the level of resilience (or capacity to cope) with sudden social and economic changes. The sensitivity of a resource is based on its quality and value/importance, for example, by its local, regional, national or international designation, its importance to the local or wider community, or its economic value. Table 5.4 and Table 5.5 present the criteria for deciding on the value or sensitivity of physical and socioeconomic receptors.   Table 5.3 Physical Receptors Sensitivity Criteria (e.g. groundwater and surface water) Value / Sensitivity Low Medium High Criteria All ambient Some ambient All ambient conditions/concentrations are conditions/concentrations conditions/concentrations significantly lower than exceed guideline limits while exceed guideline limits and guideline limits and there is others fall within the limits. are indicative of the resource capacity for assimilation for There is some small being impacted or polluted. additional concentrations/ assimilation capacity for There is no (or very little) change in conditions. increased concentrations/ assimilation capacity for Resource use does not change in conditions. increased concentrations/ significantly affect other Resource use does affect change in conditions. users. other users Table 5.4 Biological and Species Value / Sensitivity Criteria Value / Sensitivity Low Medium High Criteria Not protected or listed as Not protected or listed but Specifically protected under common / abundant; or not may be a species common Nigerian legislation and/or critical to other ecosystem globally but rare in Nigeria international conventions e.g. functions (e.g. key prey with little resilience to CITIES species to other species). ecosystem changes, important to ecosystem Listed as rare, threatened or functions, or one under threat endangered e.g. IUCN or population decline. Note: The above criteria should be applied with a degree of caution. Seasonal variations and species lifecycle stage should be taken into account when considering species sensitivity. For example, a population might be deemed as more sensitive during the breeding/spawning and nursery periods. This table uses listing of species (e.g. IUCN) or protection as an indication of the level of threat that this species experiences within the broader ecosystem (global, regional, local). This is used to provide a judgement of the importance of affecting this species in the context of project-level changes. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 6 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     Table 5.5 Socio-economic and Health Sensitivity Criteria Sensitivity Low Medium High Criteria Those affected are able to Able to adapt with some Those affected will not be adapt with relative ease and difficulty and maintain pre- able to adapt to changes and maintain pre-impact status. impact status but only with a continue to maintain-pre degree of support. impact status. 5.2.4 Assessing Significance Once magnitude of impact and sensitivity of a receptor have been characterised, the significance can be determined for each impact. The impact significance rating will be determined, using the matrix provided in (Table 5.6). Table 5.6 Impact Significance Rating Matrix Sensitivity/Vulnerability/Irreplaceability of Resource/Receptor Low Medium High Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Magnitude of Impact Small Negligible Minor Moderate Medium Minor Moderate Major Large Moderate Major Major As the receptor-specific considerations are factored into the assignment of magnitude and sensitivity importance designations within the matrix, the matrix is able to be applied universally to all receptors, and all impacts to these receptors. While this matrix applies for well-defined levels of sensitivity and magnitude, in reality these exist over a continuum and occur over a range. In the same way, the significance of the impacts is occasionally reported as a combination of and/ or graduation of these significance ratings (for example minor-moderate). The following provides a context for defining significance:  An impact of negligible significance is one where a resource/receptor (including people) will essentially not be affected in any way by a particular activity or the Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 7 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     predicted effect is deemed to be ‘imperceptible’ or is indistinguishable from natural background variations.  An impact of minor significance is one where a resource/receptor will experience a noticeable effect, but the impact magnitude is small and the resource/receptor is of medium sensitivity/ vulnerability/ importance. An impact of minor significance may also occur when the magnitude is medium and the corresponding resource/receptor is of low sensitivity/ vulnerability/ importance. The magnitude should be well within applicable standards.  An impact of moderate significance has an impact magnitude that is small (corresponding resource/receptor is of high sensitivity/ vulnerability/ importance), medium (corresponding resource/receptor is of medium sensitivity/ vulnerability/ importance) or large (corresponding resource/receptor is of low sensitivity/ vulnerability/ importance). The emphasis for moderate impacts is on demonstrating that the impact has been reduced to a level that is as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). This does not necessarily mean that impacts of moderate significance have to be reduced to minor, but that moderate impacts are being managed effectively and efficiently.  An impact of major significance is one where an accepted limit or standard may be exceeded, or large magnitude impacts occur to highly valued/sensitive resource/receptors. An aim of impact mitigation and management is to get to a position where Project related effects and impacts are within acceptable limits. It is important to note that impact prediction and evaluation take into account any embedded controls (i.e., physical or procedural controls that are already planned as part of the Project design, regardless of the results of the IA Process). These embedded controls are described within the project description contained in Chapter 3. 5.2.5 Mitigation/ Enhancement Potential and Residual Impacts Once the significance of a potential impact has been characterised using the above matrix, the next step is to evaluate what mitigation measures are warranted. A mitigation hierarchy is used with the priority to first apply mitigation measures to the source of the impact (i.e., to avoid or reduce the magnitude of the potential impact from the associated Project activity), and then to address the resultant effect to the resource/receptor via abatement or compensatory measures or offsets (i.e., to reduce the significance of the effect once all reasonably practicable mitigations have been applied to reduce the impact magnitude). In the case of positive impacts, enhancement measures may be applied to ensure that benefits of project activities are realised. Such benefits include local business development and employment of the local workforce. Once mitigation/enhancement measures are declared, the next step in the process is to assign residual impact significance. This is essentially a repeat of the assessment steps for potential impacts discussed above, considering the assumed implementation of the additional declared mitigation measures. The approach taken to defining mitigation measures is based on a typical hierarchy of decisions and measures. Mitigation/enhancement measures have been identified for each Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 8 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     of the impacts assessed within Chapter 6 and are presented in Chapter 7. Based on the assessment of the efficacy of the mitigation/enhancement measures, the residual significance after the implementation of the mitigation measures is assessed and also presented in Chapter 6. 5.2.6 Cumulative Impact Assessment Methodology Cumulative impacts and effects are those that arise as a result of an impact and effect from the Project interacting with those from another expected activity within a shared ZOI to create an additional impact and effects. These are termed cumulative impacts and effects. In theory, any development such as the proposed Project may be taking place at the same time as other developments, causing impacts affecting the same resources or receptors, such that the impacts on these resources and receptors from all potential development will be cumulative. The IFC Performance Standard provides a definition for cumulative impacts, as impacts that: “result from the incremental impact, on areas or resources used or directly impacted by the project, from other existing, planned or reasonably defined developments at the time the risks and impacts identification process is conducted.” Cumulative impacts are generally considered to be impacts that act with impacts from other projects such that:  The sum of the impacts is greater than the parts; or  The sum of the impacts reaches a threshold level such that the impact becomes significant. The types of cumulative impacts that may be of relevance are detailed in Box 5.1 below. Box 5.1 Types of Cumulative Impacts Relevant to the Project Accumulative: the overall effect of different types of impacts at the same location. These would include fugitive dust emissions, construction noise and construction traffic all impacting the three local communities as a nuisance/ disturbance. Interactive: where two different types of impacts (which may not singly be important) react with each other to create a new impact (that might be important) (eg water abstraction from a watercourse might exacerbate the impacts caused by increased sediment loading). Additive or In-combination: where impacts from the primary activity (ie the construction and operation of the Project) are added to impacts from third party activities e.g. other major projects in the vicinity of the Project which are already occurring, planned or may happen in the foreseeable future). Source: As adapted from ERM, 2006 In identifying cumulative impacts, the Performance Standard suggests that “cumulative impacts are limited to those impacts generally recognised as important on the basis of Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 9 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     scientific concerns and/or concerns from Affected Communities”. The basis for identification of cumulative impacts is included in the discussion of each cumulative impact. The approach taken in this ESIA process includes the identification of the first two types of cumulative impacts described, namely ‘accumulative’ and ‘interactive’ impacts within the assessment contained in (Table 5.7). The ‘additive or in-combination’ impacts are considered and described in Section 5.5. 5.3 Associated and Potential Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts This section describes the impacts determined through the impact assessment process. It describes associated impacts (i.e. those that will occur) as well as potential impacts (i.e. those that could occur through indirect effects or due to unplanned events). The results of the impact assessment are presented in (Table 5.7). The table presents the various project stages, the environmental and socioeconomic aspects of the proposed project, and the identified impacts. Also included in the table are impact significance ratings with respect to the duration, scale, extent and frequency of the impact as well as the overall significance level of each impact which was determined using the magnitude and sensitivity of the resource/receptor. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 10 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Table 5.7 Potential Impacts of the Project – Biophysical, Socioeconomic and Unplanned Impacts Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Biophysical Air Quality Increased levels C Emissions from site Direct ST L - Ongoing N/A Small Low Negligible of dust, PM10, clearance activities, PM levels were within WHO limits, NO2 CO, VOC cutting, welding and was well within WHO and FMEnv painting and limits. transportation of materials Biophysical Air Quality Increased levels O Power generation Direct Insignificant of CO activities including gas Model results for CO indicated an average concentration of 9.14µg/m3 (8hour) for Phase 1 of the AIPP which falls well below 25% of the DPR limit of transmission and gas 5250µg/m3 for an averaging 8hour period. combustion, emergency power supply Biophysical Air Quality Increased levels O Release of GHG from Direct Significant of greenhouse combustion of natural gases gas Biophysical Air Quality Increased levels O Power generation Direct Minor Adverse of NO2 activities including gas The model results for NO2 indicated an hourly average concentration of 33.40µg/m3, which falls within the 25% 1hour WHO standard of 50µg/m3. The transmission and gas Process Contribution of NO2 is below 25% of the Air Quality Standard. The maximum concentration for NO2 was recorded at the Agura Village is combustion, emergency 18.14µg/m3, when added to the PC, the resultant concentration or Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) falls within 100% of the WHO hourly power supply guideline of 200µg/m3 for NO2. Biophysical Air Quality Increased levels O Power generation Direct Insignificant of PM10 activities including gas Model results for PM10 and PM2.5 indicate 24hour concentrations of 0.21µg/m3 for both parameters for Phase 1 of the AIPP. This Process Contribution transmission and gas of PM10 and PM2.5 does not exceed their respective 25% of WHO 24hour guideline limits of 12.5µg/m3 and 6.25µg/m3 . combustion, emergency power supply Biophysical Air Quality Increased levels D Knock down of plant Direct T L - Ongoing N/A Small Low Negligible of dust, PM10, CO, infrastructure and The CO concentration at one sampling VOC increased vehicular point exceeded the WHO hourly movement average of 200µg/m3 and was not detected at all other sampling points. There are concentrations of CO2 for all samples. NO2 was well within WHO and FMEnv limits. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 11 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Biophysical Noise and Increased ambient C Site clearance and Direct LT L - Ongoing N/A Negligible Medium Negligible Vibration noise and construction activities Although there are no vibration and transportation of sensitive residential materials and receptors close the site, equipment to site, the ambient noise levels grading, machinery and predicted were to not vehicle-use exceed an increase of 3dBA. The results of the construction vibration assessment indicates that there are no structures within the vibration impact threshold distances Biophysical Noise and Increased ambient O Power generation Direct LT L - On- N/A Negligible High Negligible Vibration noise and activities, including going The ambient noise levels Residential receptors are located close vibration emergency power obtained were all within to the site (see Annex F) generators, switchyard the World Bank and ad hoc movement Guideline limit of 55dBA of heavy vehicles/ for residential receptors equipment during during the day. maintenance and repairs Biophysical Soil Resources Increased erosion C Pre-construction Indirect T L - Ongoing N/A Small Low-Medium Minor activities including The soils on the elevated terrain of the vegetation clearing, soil site are indicative of young soils with stripping and backfilling low fertility which can support arable as well as increased crops. The soils closer to the Lagos road use for Lagoon have a low fertility. The ground construction vehicles water table is high and the soils experience annual deep flooding during the wet season. Biophysical Soil Resources Increased soil D Removal of Direct T OS 21ha - plant and Once-off N/A Medium Low Minor erosion hardstanding and sub-station The soils on the elevated terrain of the infrastructure, site are indicative of young soils with backfilling as well as low fertility which can support arable increased road use for crops. The soils closer to the Lagos decommissioning Lagoon have a low fertility. The ground vehicles water table is high and the soils experience annual deep flooding during the wet season. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 12 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Biophysical Ground-water Depletion of O Borehole drilling and Direct LT L 200m3/hr Ongoing N/A Small High Moderate Resources groundwater use as process water, The static water level was measured resources. Water domestic uses, between 1.5 and 3m. There is a high use for process washing, firewater reliance on borehole water by water (cooling, fire surrounding users (i.e. Agura tanks, washing community) etc.) will be extracted from three boreholes on site with a flow rate of 200m3/h per well. Biophysical Surface Water Increased turbidity C Dredging of the Lagos Indirect T L - Once-off N/A Moderate Low- Medium Minor- Resources lagoon and settling of TSS is within the WHO limits while Moderate dust generated by turbidity exceeds the WHO limits for all construction activities samples (<5 NTU). However, the area into the lagoon to be dredged is not extensive and there no sensitive species were identified within the lagoon. Biophysical Terrestrial Disturbance of C Pre-construction Indirect LT L - Ongoing N/A Medium Low Minor Ecology wildlife activities including and Species of soldier ants and dragon flies vegetation clearing and Direct were identified which are listed as soil stripping and Vulnerable. Mammal species identified transportation of in the study areas are all classified as material and equipment Least concern species by the IUCN. to site. Biophysical Terrestrial Loss and C Pre-construction Direct P L 65ha – grass-land Once-off N/A Medium-Large Low-Moderate Moderate Ecology disturbance of activities including on site The grassland which dominates the vegetation vegetation clearing and AIPP site is characterised by low soil stripping 67ha – fresh-water densities of herbaceous species (Not swamp forest on Threatened). The grassland areas are site derived savannah, as a result of the destruction of forest for agriculture and subsequent burning. The freshwater swamp areas are considered to have high species diversity. Where not water-logged, these areas are disturbed. Biophysical Freshwater Disturbance and/ C Physical disturbance by Direct T L Approx. 150,000m3 Ongoing N/A High Low Moderate Ecology or loss of benthic dredging activities, (physical Phytoplankton and Zooplankton show a organisms smothering as a result disturbance and high species diversity. The benthic of settling from removal) macrofauna is numerically dominated increased turbidity and by the species gastropod. pollution from potential Anthropogenic inputs may have contaminated contributed immensely to the low sediments diversity of the benthic macro invertebrates. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 13 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Biophysical Freshwater Disturbance of C Degradation of water Indirect T L Once-off N/A Medium Low Minor Ecology fish and other quality, including Fish that occur in the Project area are freshwater fauna increased turbidity and common and widely distributed. No potential contamination. sensitive species are known to be associated with the immediate area . Disturbance of benthic communities (provide food source for fish) Biophysical Freshwater Disturbance to C Dredging of the Lagos Direct T L - Once-off N/A Small Low Negligible Ecology marine fauna as a Lagoon The Lagos Lagoon has a high diversity result of noise and and abundance of fish species. No red vibration from the data fish species have been recorded. dredger engine and suction head Socioeconomic Influx and Change in C Influx of NNPC/CNL JV Induced ST L 150 workers drawn Ongoing N/A Small Medium Minor- Demographics demographic workers and from outside of a Moderate profile opportunistic job 30km radius of the Communities are familiar with issues seekers resulting in site associated with influx/ changing ethnic tension and demographics and coping mechanisms conflict as well as exist, however they do not have increased potential for capacity to absorb a large number of crime job seekers. Communities have ability to absorb workers but only in small numbers Socioeconomic Influx and Change in D Influx of NNPC/CNL JV Induced ST L Some workers Ongoing N/A Medium Minor Minor Demographics demographic workers for short term (numbers not yet Community largely adapted to influx profile decommissioning work known) might come as well as from outside to retrenchments of support the permanent employees, decommissioning resulting in ethnic activity. tension and conflict as well as increased crime Socioeconomic Infrastructure and Increased strain C Local health service Induced ST L - Ongoing N/A Medium Medium Moderate Social Services on local health requirements by Under resourced/ poorly equipped services and other workforce and migrant services are vulnerable to deterioration community job seekers as a result of increased usage by infrastructure workers and families Use of already under resourced health facilities by project staff reduces service quality Deterioration in service due to increased use without increased resources Socioeconomic Infrastructure and Loss of electricity C Periodic shut down of Direct ST L - Periodic N/A Small Medium Minor Social Services supplies during local electricity supplies Existing unreliability of supplies make routine shut during construction receptors sensitive to further downs process interruptions Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 14 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Socioeconomic Infrastructure and Increased strain O Local health service Indirect LT L - Ongoing N/A Small Medium Minor Social Services on local health requirements by Under resourced/ poorly equipped services and other workforce and migrant services are vulnerable to deterioration community job seekers as a result of increased usage by infrastructure workers and families Use of already under resourced health facilities by project staff reduces service quality Deterioration in service due to increased use without increased resources Socioeconomic Infrastructure and Improved O Project supply of Direct LT N - Ongoing N/A Large Medium Positive Social Services electricity supply electricity to the Unreliable supplies are sensitive to National Grid improvements Socioeconomic Infrastructure and Increased strain D Local health service Induced LT L - Ongoing N/A Medium Medium Moderate Social Services on local health requirements by Under resourced/ poorly equipped services and other workforce and migrant services are vulnerable to deterioration community job seekers as a result of increased usage by infrastructure workers and families Use of already under resourced health facilities by project staff reduces service quality Deterioration in service due to increased use without increased resources Socioeconomic Economic Employment C Direct and indirect Direct ST R - Ongoing N/A Medium Medium Positive Benefits opportunities and employment with Induced Sensitivity to employment is due to economic stimulus NNPC/CNL JV and high expectation and existing under Project contractors employment in all communities Increased cash flow into local economy /economic stimulus Opportunities for local communities to provide Housing requirements for migrant workers boost house/rental market Socioeconomic Economic Employment O Around 80 permanent Direct LT R 80 permanent Ongoing N/A Small Medium Positive Benefits opportunities and positions positions Sensitivity to employment is due to economic stimulus underemployment and high expectation Goods and service contracts, Increased cash flow into local economy /economic stimulus Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 15 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Socioeconomic Economic Increased national O Increased tax revenues Indirect LT N - Ongoing N/A Small Medium Positive Benefits tax revenues The Nigerian government would benefit and is eager to identify additional tax revenues sources Socioeconomic Livelihoods Disruption to C Disruption of fish stocks Indirect LT L - Ongoing Unplanned Small Medium Minor fishing activities related to potential impacts on Although Fishing is vital for daily contamination, dredging surface water subsistence purposes, the Lagoon and barge transport quality already has high vessel movement and activities and potential Impacts on sand dredging activity and fishers are contamination fish used to adapting activities to allow for shared use of the lagoon area. Access restrictions and potential for collision with fishing vessels Socioeconomic Livelihoods Disturbance of C Project Footprint Direct P L - Ongoing N/A Small Medium Minor agricultural acquisition for AIPP. Although there is limited land available activities for agriculture, cultivation is not practiced at a large scale within the communities Socioeconomic Livelihoods Disturbance of C Construction Indirect ST L - Ongoing N/A Small High Moderate sand mining requirements / Project Sand miners have no alternative activities footprint and exclusion income generation activities so are zones. highly sensitive to changes, especially if access is denied to sand mining Access restrictions to areas. sand mining sites and interruptions to activities due to dredging Socioeconomic Livelihoods Local business C Opportunities for goods/ Induced ST R - Ongoing N/A Small-Medium Medium Positive development service contracts with Sensitivity to business opportunities is NNPC/CNL JV due to under employment and high expectation in affected communities Local business development Supply of goods/services to NNPC/CNL JV workforce Housing requirements for migrant workers boost house/rental market Socioeconomic Livelihoods Disruption to O Disruption of fish stocks Indirect LT L - Ongoing N/A Small High Minor fishing activities resulting from potential Fishing is vital for daily subsistence contamination purposes and therefore highly sensitive to disruption Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 16 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Socioeconomic Livelihoods Disturbance of O Discharge of NOx and Direct LT L - Ongoing N/A Small Low Negligible agricultural CO2 into the Adaptations to land loss have occurred activities atmosphere resulting in therefore continued sensitivity is low decreased productivity and damage to crops. Socioeconomic Livelihoods Local business O Opportunities for goods/ Induced LT L - Ongoing N/A Medium Medium Positive development service contracts with Sensitivity to business opportunities is NNPC/CNL JV due to under employment and high expectation in affected communities Local business development Supply of goods/services to NNPC/CNL JV workforce Socioeconomic Livelihoods Disruption to D Disruption of fish stocks Indirect ST L - Ongoing N/A Small Medium Minor fishing activities barge transport Although Fishing is vital for daily activities and potential subsistence purposes, the Lagoon contamination already has high vessel movement and sand dredging activity and fishers are Potential for collision used to adapting activities to allow for with fishing vessels shared use of the lagoon area. Socioeconomic Cultural Heritage Change in socio- C Change in sociocultural Indirect LT L - Ongoing N/A Medium Low Minor cultural practices heritage practices as a Limited sites have been discovered in result of changes in the Project ZOI so sensitivity is low. demographics related to Community is situated close to existing influx power plants and familiar with industrial activities and influx. Socioeconomic Sense of Place Altered sense of O Presence of Project Indirect LT L - Ongoing N/A Small Low Negligible place infrastructure There are surrounding industrial land uses, the environment is peri-urban. Socioeconomic Traffic Damage to road C Transportation of large Direct P L Approximately Ongoing N/A Medium Low Minor infrastructure and bulky loads of 50km Existing roads which are tarred and in materials and good condition will be used to access equipment to site. the AIPP site. Potential damage to road infrastructure including road surfaces, bridges, power lines. Socioeconomic Traffic Increased traffic C Transportation of large Direct T L Approximately Once-off N/A Small-Medium Moderate Minor- congestion and bulky loads of 50km Some congestion is currently Moderate materials and experienced on these access roads equipment to site. Socioeconomic Traffic Increased traffic O Operational traffic to Indirect LT L Ten vehicles/ day, Ongoing N/A Small Moderate Minor congestion and from the site 50km Some congestion is currently experienced on these access roads Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 17 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Socioeconomic Traffic Damage to road D Transportation of large Direct P L Approximately Ongoing N/A Medium Low Minor infrastructure and bulky loads of 50km Existing roads which are tarred and in materials and good condition will be used to access equipment from the site, the AIPP site. waste removal Socioeconomic Traffic Increased traffic D Transportation of large Direct T L 50 - 100 waste Once-off N/A Small-Medium Moderate Minor- congestion and bulky loads of dump trucks/day, Some congestion is currently Moderate materials and approx. 50km experienced on these access roads equipment from the site, waste removal Socioeconomic Community Health Deterioration in C Air (dust) and noise Direct ST L - Ongoing N/A Medium Medium Moderate and Safety community health irritation from The close proximity of the communities conditions and construction activities to the plant, the unlimited easy access increased irritation resulting in respiratory to clean potable water makes (noise and dust) problems and community supplies vulnerable to disturbances depletion or contamination and irritation Impacts on surface water and groundwater quality due to unplanned events ie spills of hazardous materials, fuel and wash down. Socioeconomic Community Health Increase in C Employment may result Indirect ST L - Ongoing N/A Small Medium Minor and Safety communicable in influx of workers and diseases job seekers, which Workers sourced from Health sensitivity reflects limited exacerbate within 30km and housed access to health treatment and limited transmission of in a closed construction coping mechanisms for increases in communicable diseases camp. disease and socio-cultural changes including STDs through related to STDs. increased numbers of people as well as social ills such as increased prostitution. Increased potential for malaria as a result of standing water Socioeconomic Community Health Deterioration in O Air and Noise pollution Direct LT L - Ongoing N/A Medium Medium Moderate and Safety community health from operational The close proximity of the communities conditions and processes – (release of to the plant, the unlimited easy access increased irritation SOx, NOx, PMx). to clean potable water makes (noise and dust) community supplies vulnerable to Impacts on surface depletion or contamination and water and groundwater nuisance impacts quality due to unplanned events ie spills of hazardous materials, fuel. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 18 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Socioeconomic Community Health Deterioration in D Air pollution and noise Direct ST L - Ongoing N/A Small Medium Minor and Safety community health nuisance as a result of The close proximity of the communities conditions and decommissioning to the plant, the unlimited easy access increased irritation activities – followed by to clean potable water makes (noise and dust) cessation of emissions. community supplies vulnerable to depletion or contamination and irritation Impacts on surface water and groundwater quality due to unplanned events i.e. spills of hazardous materials, fuel and wash down. Socioeconomic Worker Health Health and Safety C Noise/ vibration and air Direct T OS - Ongoing N/A Small High Moderate and Safety Hazards for onsite emissions from Workers will be working close to the Employees construction as a result generator turbines and other noise- of activities including generating equipment and activities heavy duty equipment, site clearance and large vehicles use. Exposure to hazardous materials, moving vehicles. Socioeconomic Worker Health Health and Safety O Power generation Direct LT OS 80 operational staff Ongoing N/A Medium High Moderate and Safety Hazards for onsite activities including gas The modelled Project Workers will be working close to the Employees transmission and gas operation noise levels do generator turbines and other noise- combustion, emergency not exceed the 90dBA for generating equipment and activities. power supply. Exposure an 8h working period (ie to hazardous materials, threshold limit for on-site moving vehicles and worker exposure). noise emissions. The concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2 and PM10 were well below the ACGIH’s Threshold Limit Values Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) and Threshold Limit Values – Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) for Phase 1 of the Project. Socioeconomic Worker Health Health and Safety D Noise/ vibration and air Direct T OS - Ongoing N/A Small High Moderate and Safety Hazards for onsite emissions from Workers will be working close to the Employees construction as a result generator turbines and other noise- of activities including generating equipment and activities heavy duty equipment, site clearance and large vehicles use. Exposure to hazardous materials, moving vehicles. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 19 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Unplanned Soil Resources Contamination of C Transportation of Indirect T OS - Once-off Possible Small Low Minor soil resources materials to site, waste The concentration of heavy metals generation and fuel suggest that the soil environment is not storage. polluted. Sulphates and phosphates were within expected ranges. TOC is Runoff and seepage within the expected range for that soil from potentially type. contaminated dredged material. Unplanned Soil Resources Contamination of O Operation of Agura Indirect LT OS - Once-off Possible Medium Low Minor soil resources power plant, switchyard The concentration of heavy metals and equipment suggest that the soil environment is not maintenance, discharge polluted. Sulphates and phosphates of water containing were within expected ranges. TOC is entrained oil/chemicals, within the expected range for that soil sewage / Waste water type. Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria treatment process and fungi in the soil samples were recorded as low. Their population in the soil samples was less than 1% of the heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. E. coli bacteria were not detected in the soil samples. Unplanned Soil Resources Contamination of D Decommissioning and Indirect T OS - Once-off Possible Moderate Low Minor soil resources knock down of plant The current concentration of heavy infrastructure including metals suggest that the soil switchyard, storage of environment is not polluted. Sulphates hazardous materials, and phosphates were within expected wastes ranges. TOC is within the expected range for that soil type. The soils could however be required for use by local communities after decommissioning. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 20 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Unplanned Surface and Contamination of C Rainwater and other Direct LT OS Once-off Possible Small Medium Minor Groundwater surface and wash down on the site, EC values exceed the WHO limit of Resources ground water accidental leaks, bunds 250µg/m3 and turbidity exceeds the resources overflowing. Leaks and WHO limit of < 5 NTU. Nitrate levels spills related to exceed the FMEnv and WHO 10mg/l construction wastes and limit but sulphates, phosphates, DO, all fuel storage, hazardous metals except copper were below materials, fuel spills limits. BOD5 limits exceed the FMEnv from vessels. limits. DO falls within the FMEnv limit. Runoff and seepage Heavy metal concentrations and oil & from potentially grease concentrations indicate a low contaminated dredged level of pollution. material. For surface water, DO levels N64fall below the FMEnv limit of 6.8mg/ℓ indicating low levels of contamination and a relatively healthy ecosystem. The COD and BOD levels reflect moderate pollution levels as some sample levels exceeded FMEnv limits. Heavy metal concentrations indicate a low level of pollution and are within the FMEnv and WHO limits except Cu. Oil & grease concentrations indicate low level of organic pollution. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 21 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Unplanned Surface and Contamination of O Operation of Agura Direct LT L - N/A Likely Medium Medium Moderate Groundwater surface and power plant, switchyard DO levels in surface water fall below Resources ground water and gas pipeline. the FMEnv limit of 6.8mg/ℓ indicating resources Rainwater and other low levels of contamination and a wash down on the site, relatively healthy ecosystem. The COD accidents and spills, and BOD levels reflect moderate accidental waste leaks, pollution levels as some sample levels bunds overflowing exceeded FMEnv limits. Heavy metal concentrations indicate a low level of pollution and fell within the FMEnv and WHO limits except Cu. Oil & grease concentrations indicate low level of organic pollution. Nitrate levels exceed the FMEnv and WHO 10mg/l limit. Sulphate and phosphate were below relative limits. BOD5 limits exceed the FMEnv limits. DO falls within the FMEnv limit. Heavy metal concentrations indicate a low level of pollution, all within limits except Cu. Oil & grease concentrations indicate low level of organic pollution, all within limits. DO levels in surface water fall below the FMEnv limit of 6.8mg/ℓ indicating low levels of contamination and a relatively healthy ecosystem. The COD and BOD levels reflect moderate pollution levels as some sample levels exceeded FMEnv limits. Heavy metal concentrations indicate a low level of pollution and are within the FMEnv and WHO limits except Cu. Oil & grease concentrations indicate low level of organic pollution. Unplanned Surface and Contamination of D Leaks and spills related Direct LT OS - Once-off Possible Small Medium Minor Groundwater surface and to decommissioning Based on current baseline information, Resources groundwater wastes and fuel the sensitivity is considered Medium. resources storage, hazardous materials. For surface water, the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi counts were Decommissioning, low and no E-coli bacteria were demolition and removal detected in borehole samples. Ecoli of fuel storage tanks was found in the surface water and dismantling of samples. effluent treatment plant The COD and BOD levels reflect and switchyard moderate pollution levels in surface water and groundwater samples. Nitrate levels exceed the FMEnv and WHO 10mg/l limit. Sulphate and phosphate were below relative limits Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 22 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Unplanned Waste Waste impacts C Waste Generation Direct ST L - Ongoing Unlikely - that Small Medium Minor Construction waste / unforeseen Due to absence of community coping General waste / contamination mechanisms for pollution Sewage and events occur wastewater related with routine impacts, resulting in application of potential contamination standard of water supplies and waste soil; visual impacts management processes Unplanned Waste Waste impacts O Wastes from plant Direct, LT L - Ongoing Unlikely - that Medium Medium Minor processes/ domestic indirect unforeseen Due to absence of community coping waste, transformer oil contamination mechanisms for pollution from switchyard events occur resulting in potential with routine contamination of water application of supplies and soil; visual standard impacts waste management processes Unplanned Waste Waste impacts D Waste Generation Direct ST L - Once-off Unlikely - that Medium Medium Moderate Construction waste / unforeseen Due to absence of community coping General waste / contamination mechanisms for pollution Sewage, transformer oil events occur from switchyard and with routine wastewater related application of impacts, resulting in standard potential contamination waste of water supplies and management soil; visual impacts processes Unplanned Traffic: Road Increased C Transportation of large Induced T L 50 to 100 concrete Ongoing Likely Medium High Major accident risks and bulky loads of mixers per day, The roads along which Project traffic materials and approximately 50km will pass are bordered by communities. equipment to site. Unplanned Traffic: Road Increased O Operational traffic to Induced LT L 10 vehicles/day Ongoing Possible Medium Medium Moderate accident risks and from the site The roads along which Project traffic will pass are bordered by communities who will be aware of the Project. Unplanned Traffic: Road Increased D Transportation of large Indirect T L 50 to 100 concrete Ongoing Likely Medium High Major accident risks and bulky loads of mixers per day The roads along which Project traffic materials and will pass are bordered by communities. equipment from the site, The Lagos Lagoon is used frequently waste removal by fishermen in small craft. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 23 of 36           Agura IPP Project EIA       Biophysical, Aspect Potential Impact Project Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Overall Socioeconomic phase Environmental Type (unplanned Impact or Unplanned Aspects event) Significa Events nce Frequency Duration Extent Scale Unplanned Traffic: Water- Increased risks of C Transportation of large Indirect ST L Ongoing Unlikely Small High Minor based collisions and bulky loads of The Lagoon is used by a number of materials and local fishermen on small vessels. equipment to site via Fishing is an important livelihood in the the Lagos lagoon. area. Unplanned Traffic: Water- Increased risks of D Transportation of large Indirect ST L Ongoing Unlikely Small High Minor based collisions and bulky loads of The Lagoon is used by a number of materials and local fishermen on small vessels. equipment from the site Fishing is an important livelihood in the via Lagos lagoon, area. including waste removal. Unplanned Community and Increased risks of O Risks of explosions and Direct LT L - Once-off Unlikely Small Medium Minor Worker Health accidents and resulting damage to Health sensitivity reflects limited and Safety explosions buildings, risks to access to health treatment and limited employees and local coping mechanisms for dealing with communities as well as unforeseen events risks of associated environmental contamination Unplanned Community and Increased risks of D Removal of Project Direct ST L - Once-off Unlikely Small Medium Minor Worker Health accidents and infrastructure Health sensitivity reflects limited health and Safety explosions facilities and mechanisms for dealing with wellbeing issues Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 24 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     5.4 Further Detail on the Air Quality Modelling Results and Impact Assessment Determination of the impacts associated with air emissions is a key aspect of the overall ESIA for the Project. The prediction of effects and determination of impacts followed a specific set of procedures as described here. This section sets out the approach and methodology for the air quality impact assessment. The assessment has been undertaken using computer-based dispersion modelling. AERMOD is the recognized short-range dispersion model for regulatory applications involving industrial sources, and has the ability to assess dispersion of emission plumes from multiple point, area, or volume sources over a network of receptor points in flat, simple, or complex terrain, using sequential hourly meteorological input data (U.S. EPA, 2004). The emissions were modelled for the following:  Phase 1 operation of the Project only; and  Phase 1 operation as well as current operation of the Egbin Power Business Unit (EEPBU) and the AES Barge Power Plant together. The results of this modelling are presented in Section 5.4.2 and Section 5.4.3 respectively. Please refer to the Air Quality Modelling Report (March 2013) (Annex G) for detailed information. 5.4.1 Air Quality Assessment Criteria The analysis of air quality impacts was based on the air quality impact criteria of the following guideline documents:  WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (2011);  The Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (1991);  The Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) (reference) standards; and  The U.S. EPA’s Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM) risk threshold (2003). The WBG EHS Guidelines recommends using 25% of the applicable air quality standards as a significance threshold to allow for additional, future sustainable development in the same airshed. Project air quality impacts predicted by AERMOD were thus compared to the conservative criteria of 25% of the WHO Guidelines, Nigeria Standards, or U.S. EPA’s DPM risk threshold, whichever was more stringent. Table 5.8 summarizes the criteria used in the off-site impact analysis for Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), and Non Methane Hydrocarbon. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 25 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     Table 5.8 Criteria used in the Off-Site Ambient Air Quality Analysis Nigeria Agura IPP Standards Modeling U.S. EPA Diesel 25% of FMENV DPR WHO Particulate Applicable Limit Limit Guidelines Risk Standard Averaging (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Pollutant Time CO 8hour 22,800 21,000 - - 5,250 1hour - 400 200 - 50 NO2 24hour 75-113 - - - 18.75 Annual - - 40 - 10 24hour - - 50 - 12.5 PM10 Annual - - 20 5 1.25 24hour - - 25 - 6.3 PM2.5 Annual - - 10 - 2.5 10minute - - 500 - 125 SO2 1hour - 350 - - 87.5 24hour - - 20 - 5 NMHC 3hour 160 - - - 40 Source: Agura IPP Air Quality Modeling Report, March 2013 5.4.2 Air Modeling Results – Phase 1 Project Operation Only Table 5.9 compares the incremental maximum off-site predicted concentrations at any receptor with the appropriate threshold criteria for Phase 1 of the Agura IPP. Table 5.9 Maximum Off-Site Concentrations Pollutant Averaging 25% of the Most Stringent Phase 1 Off-Site AERMOD Period Criteria Results 3 (µg/m ) (µg/m3) CO 8hour 5.250 9.14 NO2 [1] 1hour 50 33.40 24hour 18.75 8.41 Annual 10 0.55 PM10 24hour 12.5 0.21 Annual 1.25 0.05 PM2.5 24hour 6.25 0.21 Annual 2.5 0.05 SO2 10minute [2] 125 4.26 Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 26 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     Pollutant Averaging 25% of the Most Stringent Phase 1 Off-Site AERMOD Period Criteria Results 3 (µg/m ) (µg/m3) 1hour 87.5 1.42 24hour 5 0.13 NMHC 3hour 40 1.96 Source: Agura IPP Air Quality Modeling Report, March 2013 Of importance to the assessment, the Agura IPP operational emissions impacts would not exceed any of the criteria and would comply with the ambient air quality significance thresholds. Air quality monitoring was undertaken to obtain samples representative of the Agura IPP site’s ambient background NO2 and NOx concentration. Other pollutants were not sampled as the Agura IPP incremental modelling impacts were well below 25% of the most stringent standard. Since the modelled impacts of NO2 were close to the standard, it is considered a pollutant of concern, requiring that the background concentration be quantified. NO2 Monitoring Results The maximum measured NO2 concentrations at the Agura community were 18.14µg/m3, while the 1hour concentration is calculated to be 45.35µg/m3. (1) These NO2 concentrations are below the 1hour WHO standard of 200µg/m3 and the 24hour Nigerian standard of 75µg/m3. Figure 5.2 is a scatter plot showing the current NO2 concentrations at the Project site, and at the Agura community (i.e. the closest sensitive receptor), including an error bar of 5%. As shown in the graph, the measured baseline NO2 concentrations are consistently higher at the Agura community than at the Plant. Since the community of Agura is further from the known local sources than the Project site, (AES Ebute and LTS Egbin), there is more time for the oxidation of NO to NO2, resulting in increased measured levels of NO2. In addition, there are also nearby sources of NO2 within the community, such as domestic generator sets.   (1) This conversion was calacuted using the U.S. EPA suggested methodology for converting 24-hour values to a 1-hour value i.e. by dividing the maximum 24-hour concentration by a conversion factor of 0.4 (U.S. EPA, 1992). Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 27 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     Figure 5.2 Scatter Plot of NO2 Concentrations at the Agura Village and Project site 12 10 8 Agura Village NO2 (ppb) 6 4 NO2 (ppb) 1:1 line 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Plant Site NO2 (ppb) Source: URS, 2013, monitoring data collected using passive diffusion sampling. 5.4.3 Air Modeling Results – Phase 1 Project Operation and Current Operation of EEPBU and AES Barge Power Plant In order to model the additional emissions as a result of the Project, the nearby sources need to be included in the model, to calculate the current ambient NOx and NO2 concentrations in the local airshed. The modeling of all local sources will provide an estimate of worst case concentrations and therefore ensure that no air quality standards will be exceeded. As above, because the Agura IPP modeling showed 1hour and 24hour NO2 impacts close to 25 percent of the standards, measured NO2 background concentrations will be added to the modeled cumulative impacts. The model therefore included the current operations of the Egbin Power Business Unit (EEPBU) and AES Barge Power Plant, which are located approximately 1km from the proposed Agura IPP site. The results from the cumulative modeling analysis are presented in Table 5.10, showing the calculated totals. The table shows that all pollutants and averaging times have impacts are far below the relevant air quality standards. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 28 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     Table 5.10 Modelled Concentrations: Phase 1 Project Operations and Current Operation of EEPBU and AES Barge Power Plant Most Phase 1 Project Operations and Stringent Current EEPBU and AES Barge Standard Power Plant Pollutant Averaging (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Time CO 8hour 21,000 23.0 [1] NO2 1hour 200 186.6 [1] 24hour 75 42.0 Annual 40 7.6 PM10 24hour 50 1.1 Annual 5 0.4 PM2.5 24hour 25 1.1 Annual 10 0.4 SO2 10minute 500 4.3 1hour 350 1.4 24hour 20 0.1 NMHC 3hour 160 2.0 Source: Agura IPP Air Quality Modeling Report, March 2013 5.4.4 Methodology of Assessment of Air Quality Impacts In order to determine the potential significance of the predicted impacts, two parameters are considered:  The Process Contribution (PC) which is the concentration of the pollutant which would occur due to the emissions from source (ie stack emissions); and  The Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) as a percentage of the relevant Air Quality Standard (AQS). The PEC is the addition of the baseline concentration of the pollutant of interest and the PC. The baseline air quality information available for CO and PM (Chapter 4) is not sufficiently accurate for the determination of the PEC. Air quality measurements were taken using handheld instruments (Multi Gas Detector and Handheld Aerosol Monitoring) and are not derived from continuous monitoring results. On this basis, the significance criteria normally used for this type of process which makes reference to the PEC is not appropriate. However, NO2 sampling within the Agura IPP site and the Agura Village was conducted, thus PEC can be calculated for NO2. The IFC General EHS guidelines state (IFC, 2008): “As a general rule, this Guideline suggests 25 percent of the applicable air quality standards to allow additional, future sustainable development in the same airshed”. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 29 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     This rule applies to degraded airsheds, where ‘degraded’ is defined as “an airshed should be considered as having poor air quality if nationally legislated air quality standards or WHO Air Quality Guidelines are exceeded significantly.” On the basis of the IFC guidelines, the significance criteria set out in (Table 5.11) were developed for the study. For this impact assessment, the airshed is considered un-degraded and a criteria of PC<25% was used. Table 5.11 Significance Criteria Significance Criteria Major adverse PC >100% of AQS, and PEC >100% of AQS Moderate adverse PC between 25% and 100% of AQS, and PEC >100% of AQS Minor adverse PC between 25% and 100% of AQS, and PEC <100% of AQS Insignificant PC <25% of AQS The air quality impact assessment of the Agura IPP is presented in Table 5.7. Further detail to the air quality modelling results is provided in the Air Quality Modelling report in Annex G. 5.4.5 High Level Quantification of Carbon Footprint The carbon footprint calculation has been estimated based on the generation capacity of the two simple-cycle gas turbine generators and is based solely on the natural gas consumed. Additional emission sources have been excluded as these are either immaterial or there is insufficient data available at this stage. Actual generation data has not been used in the calculation and as such it must be regarded as a high-level estimate. The emissions calculated attributed to the power plant will need to be allocated to the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and/or Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL) in proportion to the approach chosen of equity share or controlling interest. The emission sources included in this high-level assessment include greenhouse gas emissions produced from the natural gas intake into the generators and indirect greenhouse gas emissions from gas extraction and processing. The following assumptions have been made:    A typical large simple cycle gas turbine produces circa 100 to 300 megawatts of power at a thermal efficiency of between 35–40%1.The information provided indicates that   1  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_cycle_combustion_turbine  Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 30 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     Siemen’s SGT5-2000E gas turbine will be used, which has an efficiency of between 34.7% and 35.5%1  DEFRA 2012 emission factor for natural gas have been used in this assessment which includes direct emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from the combustion of fuel and indirect emissions associated with the extraction and transport of primary fuels as well as the refining, distribution, storage and retail of finished fuels.  A density of natural gas of 0.862kg/m32 has been utilised. The table below has been calculated taking into account the energy conversion, heating value, efficiency, gas flow and emissions factor. It thus provides the carbon footprint of the plant at various ranges of power generating capacity. It was estimated that if 330MW of power is produced at continuous operation (24/7) in one year or 8760 hours in total, approximately 1.6 million tons CO2e would be produced from the AIPP power plant.   Table 5.12 Carbon Emissions for Varying Power Generating Capacities  Power Produced (MW) Carbon Emissions (kg CO2e/hr) 250 138 162 260 143 689 270 149 215 280 154 742 290 160 268 300 165 795 310 171 321 320 176 848 330 182 374 340 187 901 350 193 427 360 198 954       1  http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/fossil‐power‐generation/gas‐turbines/sgt5‐2000e.htm#content=Technical%20Data  2  http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Matter/Prop_Gas.htm  Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 31 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     5.5 Cumulative Impacts 5.5.1 Existing and Proposed Developments In line with the assessment methodology presented in Section 5.2.6, the determination of potential cumulative impacts considered the following activities, which are known to be taking place:  Other industrial and residential development in the vicinity of the Project; and  Later phases of the Project. Nigeria’s national initiative to increase the power capacity has driven development and expansion of the power generation sector. Relevant to the Project and potential cumulative impacts are plans for the expansion of the neighbouring EEPBU and AES Barge Power Plant. In addition, Phase 2 and Phase 3 of the Project will include expansion activities. These three developments are described further in the following section. Egbin Power Business Unit (EEPBU) The EEPBU was built in 1978 by a consortium of companies. It is currently owned and operated by the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN). The facility operates six (6) 220 MW natural gas-fired boilers, with a total capacity of 1,320 MW. Frequent troubles with turbine maintenance and break downs have resulted in the facility not operating all turbines at once (Agura IPP Air Quality Modelling Study, March 2013). In addition, only approximately 160 ha of the 640ha acquired for the Egbin power station is currently occupied by the power station. Provisional plans for expansion include the installation of an additional two (2) 350MW units for the generation of 700MW, providing a total generating capacity of 2,020MW. The AES Power Barge Plant was constructed in 2000-2001 on barges just south of the Egbin Power Plant. The facility consists of nine natural gas-fired simple cycle turbines that utilize water injection for control of NOx. AES provisionally plans to install a series of additional gas turbines with additional 145MW generating capacity at Ebute, providing a total generating capacity of 445MW within the next few years. Agura IPP Phase 2 and 3 At some later point in time, the Project would be expanded to a 720 megawatt (MW) Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) plant. Phase 1 of the development is evaluated in the ESIA. Expansion planned for Phase 2 includes an additional gas turbine. In Phase 3 the plant would be converted to a combined cycle plant with three (3) heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) and a steam turbine generator (STG). The schedule for Phase 2 and Phase 3 developments is unknown at this stage. 5.5.2 Impact Identification All three potential projects planned within the Project’s ZOI relate to power plant expansions, and will result in impacts similar to the Project. Based on the current information on the proposed projects, cumulative effects could occur to the following receptors:  Air; Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 32 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA      Noise;  Surface water;  Groundwater;  Local communities in surrounding areas (specifically Agura, Ipakan, Ijede and Egbin) (see Chapter 4 for further details on these communities). Given the nature of the activities associated with the Project and the other development, there is the potential for the following potential cumulative impacts.  Deterioration of air quality;  Increase in ambient noise levels;  Deterioration of surface water quality and groundwater quality;  Additional influx and associated impacts of increased pressure on infrastructure, health facilities, increased diseases (including STDs). The construction phase activities of these expansions are not known to be planned to occur at the same time. This assessment therefore focuses on operational phase impacts. The cumulative impacts identified are described and assessed in the following section. Cumulative Effects on Air Quality Determination of cumulative 1 effects of air emissions considered the additive effects of Phase 2 and Phase 3 of the Project as well as the effects of planned expansions to the Egbin and Ebute plants. These power plant projects and additions will results in emissions of CO, NO2 and PM10 and greenhouse gases, resulting in additional air quality impacts, particularly related to NO2 and greenhouse gases. Based on the location of the plants in close proximity to the one another it is expected that there will be an overlap of the air quality ZOI (i.e. dispersion plumes) from each of the projects, resulting in cumulative impacts. The cumulative impacts of the Phase 2 and Phase 3 of the Project and the proposed expansion to the EEPBU and AES Barge Power Plant have not been quantitatively modelled. The Additive Impacts of Phase 1 operations and the existing operations of the EEPBU and AES Barge Power Plant have however been modelled, as described in Section 5.4.3. However, modelling has been done to calculate the emissions for Phase 1, 2 and 3 maximum Project Operations and current operations of EPPBU and AES Barge Power Plant. These results are presented in Table 5.13.   (1) Please note that this EIA Report and Cumulative Impact Discussion distinguishes between the Cumulative Impacts (as described in Section 5.2.6) and Additive Impacts (as defined within this Section). Additive Impacts are referred to as "Cumulative Impacts" within the Air Quality Modeling Report (Annex G). Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 33 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     Table 5.13 Modeled Concentrations: Phase 1 Project Operations and Current Operation of EEPBU and AES Barge Power Plant Most Phase 1,2 and 3 maximum Stringent Project Operations and current Standard operations of EPPBU and AES Barge Power Plant Pollutant Averaging (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Time CO 8hour 21,000 23.1 [1] NO2 1hour 200 186.6 [1] 24-hour 75 45.6 Annual 40 8.1 PM10 24hour 50 1.2 Annual 5 0.4 PM2.5 24hour 25 1.2 Annual 10 0.4 SO2 10minute 500 6.2 1hour 350 2.1 24hour 20 0.4 NMHC 3hour 160 2.3 Source: Agura IPP Air Quality Modeling Report, March 2013 Apart from the 1h NO2 concentrations (186.6µg/m3) these emission concentrations are well below the relevant limits. The calculated PM10 (PEC) levels concentrations are within the air quality standard and therefore cumulative impacts are considered negligible. The NO2 concentration is already between 25% and 100% of the air quality standard (indicating a Minor impact), and it conceivable that the additional impacts as a result of the expansions to the power plants may result in the PEC exceedance of the EHS air quality for NO2 at sensitive receptors close to the site (indicating a Moderate impact). In addition, the total greenhouse gas emissions for the projects will exceed the Performance Standard threshold of 25,000t of CO2-equivalent annually. The CO levels are considered to be very low and not associated with significant impacts on air quality. Based on these, the cumulative impact of NO2 and greenhouse gases are considered to be minor – moderate and significant respectively. Cumulative Effects on Ambient Noise Levels The proposed Agura IPP is located adjacent to the Egbin Power Plant and AES Power Barge Plant, which are currently in operation. The planned expansions to these facilities are associated with additional noise and vibration emissions which will result in additional and Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 34 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     cumulative impacts to local communities in the form of nuisance impacts. There are no other known developments in the area which could contribute significantly to the noise levels. As indicated by the noise modeling report (Annex H) The predicted Project operation noise levels are lower than the lowest measured existing ambient sound levels at the nearest representative residential receivers, the cumulative noise level or “future ambient” is not expected to be greater than 3dBA over the existing estimated ambient sound and thus complies with the relevant noise level thresholds. Therefore, the cumulative operation noise is considered to be of negligible significance on local residential receptors. During construction and decommissioning phases, especially if the construction activities for the projects occur concurrently, the increased noise emissions may be more than 3dBA over the existing ambient levels for short periods of time. This may particularly be during high-noise activities such as piling and use of large earthmoving equipment close to residential receptors. These times of high noise levels are likely to be of short duration and so are considered to be of minor negative significance. Cumulative Effects on Surface Water Quality and Groundwater Quality The Agura IPP is located on the northern shore of the Lagos Lagoon. The presence of the power plant along with the other developments will cause incremental effects to surface water resources and drainage patterns. The potential for contamination is expected to be as a result of unplanned events related to borehole construction, accidental spills, increased run-off as well as increased surface water turbidity as a result of dredging activities related to one or more of the expansion projects. As the current sensitivity of the surface and groundwater resources is considered to be medium, the cumulative potential impacts of contamination and siltation are expected to be moderate negative.   Cumulative Effects on Socio-economic Conditions The additional expansion projects can be expected to result in additional influx of job-seekers into the area, particularly during construction and decommissioning phases. Although the communities are familiar with the movement of people into the area as a result of the existing industrial activities, the influx contributes to an increase in population which in turn places pressure on community infrastructure and services. This includes health resources and social infrastructure such as housing, sanitation, schools and hospitals. The demand on these resources often results in additional conflict within the communities. Based on the current strain of health services, the significance of this impact is therefore considered to be of minor negative significance. These impacts can be managed with the increased employment of local people and implementation of codes of conduct and “closed” worker camps, although this is at the discretion of the individual project developer. It is also expected that the future development of the Agura IPP site and expansion of the AES Ebute and LTS Egbin power plants will lead to further improvements to local infrastructure such as roads as part of mitigation measures after construction activities, and as part of potential community investment programmes. This can be considered as a minor positive cumulative impact on the surrounding local communities. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 35 of 36         Agura IPP Project EIA     The expansion of the Project to include Phase 2 and Phase 3 as well as the expansions of the EPPBU and the AES Barge Power Plant will result in the further additional power supply into the national grid. This will have a cumulative contribution to the national economy in the form of induced and indirect economic stimulus as a result of more stable power supply and positive macroeconomic benefit of increased tax revenues to the Nigerian government. Quantitative details of the contribution of these projects to national economic growth and stimulus is not available, but the cumulative impact is expected to be significant. The direct and indirect employment related to these projects will also result in increased cash flow into local economy and economic stimulus to the immediate communities. Due to the need for employment in the areas, the significance of these impacts on a local level is expected to be moderate. This impact could be enhanced through a focus on ensuring hire of local employees and prioritising local suppliers. Draft EIA Report Chapter Five November 2013 Page 36 of 36       Agura IPP Project EIA 6. MITIGATION MEASURES AND RESIDUAL SIGNIFICANCE 6.1 Mitigation Measures One of the key objectives of an EIA is to identify and define socially, environmentally and technically acceptable and cost effective measures to manage and mitigate potential impacts. Mitigation measures are developed to avoid, reduce, remedy or compensate for potential negative impacts, and to enhance potential environmental and social benefits. In this context, the term “mitigation measures” includes:  Changes to the design of the Project (e.g. selecting an alternate site);  Application of engineering controls (e.g. waste water treatment);  Specifications for detailed management plans and procedures (e.g. waste management plan); and  Provision of like-for-like replacement, restoration or compensation (e.g. monetary payment for loss or damage to property). For potential negative impacts that are assessed to be of major significance, a change in design may be required to avoid or reduce the impact. For potential negative impacts assessed to be of moderate significance, specific mitigation measures such as engineering controls are typically required to reduce these impacts to “As Low As Reasonably Possible” (ALARP) levels. This approach takes into account the technical and financial feasibility of mitigation measures. Potential negative impacts assessed to be of minor significance are typically managed effectively through good industry practice, operational plans and procedures. In developing mitigation measures, the first focus is on measures that will prevent or minimise potential negative impacts through the design and management of the Project rather than on reinstatement and compensation measures. The ‘hierarchies’ of mitigation measures for planned activities and unplanned events are outlined in Box 6.1 and Box 6.2. Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 1 of 18       Agura IPP Project EIA Box 6.1 Mitigation Hierarchy (Planned Activities) Avoid at Source; Reduce at Source: avoiding or reducing at source through the design of the Project (e.g. avoiding by siting or re-routing activity away from sensitive areas or reducing by restricting the working area or changing the time of the activity). Abate on Site: add something to the design to abate the impact (e.g. pollution control equipment). Abate at Receptor: if an impact cannot be abated on-site then control measures can be implemented off-site (e.g. traffic measures). Repair or Remedy: some impacts involve unavoidable damage to a resource (e.g. material storage areas) and these impacts require repair, restoration and reinstatement measures. Compensate in Kind; Compensate Through Other Means where other mitigation approaches are not possible or fully effective, then compensation for loss, damage and disturbance might be appropriate (e.g. financial compensation for degrading agricultural land and impacting crop yields). Box 6.2 Mitigation Hierarchy (Unplanned Events) Control: this aims to prevent an incident happening or reduce the risk of it happening to ALARP through reducing the likelihood of the event (e.g. preventative maintenance regimes, traffic calming and speed limits, community road safety awareness training) Reducing the consequence (e.g. bunds to contain hazardous substance spills); and A combination of both of the above. Recovery/Remediation: this includes contingency plans and response, e.g. Emergency Response Plans and Procedures.    This Chapter presents the mitigation measures identified for the potential impacts of the proposed Agura IP project identified in Chapter 5. The specific mitigation measures satisfying the mitigation requirement were established taking the following into consideration:  Regulatory requirements;  Skills and competencies of project staff;  Conditions on site, to ensure measures are feasible (e.g. erosion mitigation based on slope);  Stakeholder input; and  Availability technology (e.g. fuel efficient equipment/machinery). Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 2 of 18       Agura IPP Project EIA 6.2 Residual Impact Significance The assessment of the residual significance takes into account any mitigation, control and operational management measures that are part of the project design and project plan. A residual impact is the impact that is predicted to remain once mitigation measures have been designed into the intended activity. This Chapter also provides the results of the assessment of the residual impact significance. 6.3 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts Identified for the Agura IPP The mitigation measures prescribed for identified impacts and the residual impacts are presented in Table 6.1. Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 3 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Table 6.1 Mitigation Measures and Residual Impacts – Biophysical, Socioeconomic and Unplanned Impacts Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects Biophysical Air Quality Increased C Emissions from site Small Low Negligible • Upon completion of finishing grading, earth banks and slopes with exposed soil shall be Negligible levels of clearance activities, temporarily protected against erosion by applying a coat of liquid asphalt or similar control dust, cutting, welding and measure. PM10, CO, painting and • Measures to reduce dust, such as water suppression or dust extraction, shall be used VOC transportation of where possible with construction equipment that has the potential to generate dust, e.g. materials during excavating of soils. • Binder material or other erosion control measure shall also be used for erosion and dust control, on long term exposed surfaces. • All materials with the potential to lead to dust emissions shall be covered during transport. • Water shall be available for use to wash down surfaces and roads and damp down surfaces to reduce dust. • Dirty equipment, such as excavators, dump trucks and drilling equipment shall be washed down regularly to avoid buildup of dirt and mud on equipment. • Buildup of dirt or mud on access roads or local roads from Project-related activities shall be cleaned regularly. • On-site vehicle speeds on unhardened roads and surfaces shall be limited so as to keep dust at minimum. A maximum speed of 15 kph is recommended. • Storm water drains and guttering shall be maintained to reduce the potential for blockage and for materials to become dry and friable. • Project personnel shall use appropriate PPE to minimise exposure to dust. Biophysical Air Quality Increased O Power generation Insignificant Mitigation as for Air Quality: increased levels of PM10 Insignificant levels of activities including gas Model results for CO indicated an average concentration of CO transmission and gas 9.14ug/m3 (8hour) for Phase 1 of the AIPP which falls well below 25% combustion, of the DPR limit of 5250ug/m3 for an averaging 8hour period. emergency power supply Biophysical Air Quality Increased O Release of GHG from Significant • The plant will make use of high efficiency turbines to optimise the plants energy use. Significant levels of combustion of natural • A turbine maintenance programme shall be developed and adhered to, to keep turbines greenhous gas running at optimal performance. e gases • The plant has been pre-engineered to allow future conversion to CCGT to allow for further efficiency. Biophysical Air Quality Increased O Power generation Minor Adverse • All vehicles and combustion engines shall be maintained as per manufacturer’s Minor levels of activities including gas The model results for NO2 indicated an hourly average concentration recommendations and operated as per original specifications. NO2 transmission and gas of 33.40µg/m3, which falls within the 25% 1hour WHO standard of 50 • A Combustion Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) shall be installed for each gas turbine combustion, µg/m3 . The Process Contribution of NO2 is below 25% of the Air generator to provide continuous monitoring of air pollutants. emergency power Quality Standard. The maximum concentration for NO2 was recorded • The gas turbines will be fitted with two dry low NOx combustors. supply at the Agura Village is 18.14ug/m3, when added to the PC, the • All vehicles shall be regularly maintained as per the vehicle maintenance schedule. resultant concentration or Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) falls within 100% of the WHO hourly guideline of 200ug/m3 for NO2. Biophysical Air Quality Increased O Power generation Insignificant • All vehicles and combustion engines shall be maintained as per manufacturer Insignificant levels of activities including gas Model results for PM10 and PM2.5 indicate 24hour concentrations of recommendations and operated to original specifications. PM10 transmission and gas 0.21ug/m3 for both parameters for Phase 1 of the AIPP. This Process • A Combustion Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) shall be installed for each gas turbine combustion, Contribution of PM10 and PM2.5 does not exceed their respective 25% generator to provide continuous monitoring of air pollutants. emergency power of WHO 24hour guideline limits of 12.5ug/m3 and 6.25ug/m3 . supply • The CEMS shall also monitor for methane, non-methane and VOC gases as well as thermal radiation generated from fuel combustion processes. Biophysical Air Quality Increased D Knock down of plant Small Low Negligible • Upon completion of demolition and clearing, exposed soil shall be temporarily protected Negligible levels of infrastructure and The CO concentration against erosion by applying a coat of liquid asphalt or similar control measure. dust, increased vehicular at one sampling point • Measures to reduce dust, such as water suppression or dust extraction, shall be used PM10, CO, movement exceeded the WHO where possible with construction equipment that has the potential to generate dust, e.g. VOC hourly average of during drilling and excavating. 200µg/m3 and was not Binder material or other erosion control measure shall also be used for erosion and dust detected at all other control, on long term exposed surfaces, or on long term stockpiles. sampling points. • All materials with the potential to lead to dust emissions shall be covered during transport. There are • On-site vehicle speeds on unhardened roads and surfaces shall be limited so as to keep concentrations of CO2 dust at minimum. A maximum speed of 15kph is recommended. Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 4 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects for all samples. NO2 • Water shall be available for use to wash down surfaces and roads and damp down surfaces was well within WHO to reduce dust. and FMEnv limits. Biophysical Noise and Increased C Site clearance and Negligible Medium Negligible • Implement NNPC/CNL JV SWP 801 Occupational Hygiene - Hearing Conservation Negligible Vibration ambient construction activities Although there are Programme Requirements. noise and and transportation of sensitive residential • Select equipment with consideration of noise and vibration generation with preference for vibration materials and receptors close to the lower noise options where feasible. For example, consider electric and hydraulic systems equipment to site, site, the ambient over combustion and pneumatic systems. grading, machinery and noise levels predicted • All equipment shall be maintained as per manufacturer’s recommendations and operated as vehicle-use were to not exceed per original specifications. an increase of 3dBA. Keep equipment idle speeds low to reduce noise. Where possible, turn equipment off when The results of the not in active use. construction vibration • Activities associated with high levels of noise shall be limited to daylight hours. assessment indicate • For activities where high levels of noise are unavoidable, in consultation with affected that there are no communities, consider means to reduce effects on human receptors, such as break periods. structures within the • Erect fence to restrict access to the site (and exposure to noise). vibration impact • Implement a noise monitoring programme. threshold distances. Biophysical Noise and Increased O Power generation Negligible High Negligible • Develop a SEP in line with the draft MOU to facilitate engagement with the community so Negligible Vibration ambient activities, including The ambient noise Residential receptors that stakeholders are informed of NNPC/CNL JV’s activities. noise and emergency power levels obtained were are located close to the • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and vibration generators and ad hoc all within the World site (see Annex F) responses (for any damage or accidents); and respond timeously with corrective actions movement of heavy Bank Guideline limit identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local vehicles/ equipment of 55dBA for communities. during maintenance residential receptors • Plan vehicle/ equipment movements to avoid travel through residential areas. and repairs during the day. • Avoid clustering of machinery and other large operational vehicles near residences and other sensitive land uses. • Undertake noise monitoring at closest sensitive receptors. Biophysical Soil Increased C Pre-construction Small Low-Medium Minor • Clearing and removal of vegetation clearing shall be limited to the Project site and should Negligible Resources erosion activities including The soils on the be minimized. Exposed areas of soil shall be revegetated as soon as possible. vegetation clearing, soil elevated terrain of the • Measures shall be taken to manage and direct surface water drainage from the site. These stripping and backfilling site are indicative of shall include as applicable: as well as increased young soils with low - Minimising areas of exposed soil and soil stockpiles road use for fertility which can - diverting drainage to avoid exposed areas of soil, soil stockpiles and construction areas; construction vehicles support arable crops. - directing drainage off the site to avoid areas down slope and especially land used for The soils closer to the cropping; Lagos Lagoon have a - using of silt traps or similar systems to prevent discharge of silted water. low fertility. The • On-site roads shall be properly constructed for use by heavy equipment. Vehicle and ground water table is equipment movements shall be limited to designated roads; off-road activities shall be high and the soils avoided. experience annual • Ensure the dredged spoils are contained in bund wall to allow drainage into Lagoon after deep flooding during the entrained sediment has settled. the wet season. Biophysical Soil Increased D Removal of Medium Low Minor • Rehabilitation and re-vegetation of cleared areas adjacent to the Project site which shall Negligible Resources soil erosion hardstanding and The soils on the include the re-vegetation of bare soils before the next wet season. infrastructure, elevated terrain of the • Minimisation of concentrated transportation and excavation during decommissioning to backfilling as well as site are indicative of reduce erosion. increased road use for young soils with low decommissioning fertility which can vehicles support arable crops. The soils closer to the Lagos Lagoon have a low fertility. The ground water table is high and the soils experience annual deep flooding during the wet season. Biophysical Groundwat Depletion O Borehole drilling and Small High Moderate • Reduce water usage as far as possible. Maintain monthly record of water withdrawal Moderate er of use as process water, The static water level through monitoring to reduce wastage. Resources groundwat domestic uses, was measured between • Ensure taps and water pumping and transmission mechanisms are maintained at optimal er washing, firewater 1.5 and 3m. There is a working condition to minimise water use. This includes frequent leak checks. resources. high reliance on • Based on a detailed water availability analysis, and if required, provide additional boreholes Water use borehole water by or water supply to local communities. Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 5 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects for process surrounding users (i.e. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and water Agura community) responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line (cooling, with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. fire tanks, washing etc.) will be extracted from three boreholes on site with a flow rate of 200m3/h per well. Biophysical Surface Increased C Dredging of the Lagos Moderate Low- Medium Minor-Moderate • Dredging activities and controls shall be carried out in accordance with the Chevron SWP Minor Water turbidity lagoon and settling of TSS is within the WHO Standard for Dredging Operations (April 2011), attached in Annex F, notably including the Resources dust generated by limits while turbidity following mitigation measures: construction activities exceeds the WHO • Pre-survey survey to identify exact dredging location and minimise dredging activities. into the lagoon limits for all samples • Equipment selection appropriate for the sediment characteristics, disposal method to (<5 NTU). However, minimise re-suspension of sediments. the area to be dredged • Reduce turbidity during dredging by using less intrusive dredging equipment, silt curtains is not extensive and and dredging during low tide. there no sensitive species were identified within the lagoon. Biophysical Terrestrial Disturbanc C Pre-construction Medium Low Minor Mitigation as for Terrestrial Ecology: Loss and Disturbance of Vegetation Minor Ecology e of wildlife activities including Species of soldier ants vegetation clearing and and dragon flies were • Workers driving vehicles shall be sensitized to issues related to protection of animals, soil stripping and identified which are including in particular minimising disturbance to nocturnal fauna and caution near migrating transportation of listed as Vulnerable. paths. Speed limits shall be established with consideration of minimising effects on animals material and equipment Mammal species (e.g. vehicle accidents). to site. identified in the study • Hunting shall be prohibited on the site. Prohibition of hunting shall be enforced. areas are all classified • Purchase of bush meat or illegal game by employees shall be prohibited. as Least concern species by the IUCN. Biophysical Terrestrial Loss and C Pre-construction Medium-Large Low-Moderate Moderate • The site layout shall be designed with consideration of existing natural vegetation and such Minor Ecology disturbanc activities including The grassland which to retain natural vegetation where possible. e of vegetation clearing and dominates the AIPP • Access roads shall be designed with consideration of natural areas and routed so as to vegetation soil stripping site is characterised by minimise fragmentation of larger areas of natural vegetation (e.g. forested areas). low densities of • Clearing of vegetation shall be limited to the Project site. herbaceous species • Work areas shall be clearly marked to ensure that clearing or disturbance does not occur (Not Threatened). The outside areas designated for work or for clearing. grassland areas are • Areas that are cleared that are not used for operations shall be restored and revegetated. derived savannah, as a • Revegetation procedures shall consider use of native species and control of invasive plants, result of the destruction including removal and replacement of existing invasive plants. of forest for agriculture • All relevant employees shall be sensitized to issues related to protection of environmental and subsequent protection (vegetation and fauna). burning. The freshwater swamp areas are considered to have high species diversity. Where not water-logged, these areas are disturbed. Biophysical Freshwater Disturbanc C Physical disturbance by High Low Moderate Mitigation as for "Surface Water Resources: Increased Turbidity". Minor Ecology e and/ or dredging activities, Phytoplankton and loss of smothering as a result Zooplankton show a benthic of settling from high species diversity. organisms increased turbidity and The benthic pollution from potential macrofauna is contaminated numerically dominated sediments by the species gastropod. Anthropogenic inputs may have contributed Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 6 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects immensely to the low diversity of the benthic macro invertebrates. Biophysical Freshwater Disturbanc C Degradation of water Medium Low Minor Mitigation as for "Surface Water Resources: Increased Turbidity". Minor Ecology e of fish quality, including Fish that occur in the and other increased turbidity and Project area are freshwater potential contamination. common and widely fauna Disturbance of benthic distributed. No communities (provide sensitive species are food source for fish) known to be associated with the immediate area . Biophysical Freshwater Disturbanc C Dredging of the Lagos Small Low Negligible • Maintain all work equipment at an optimal operating condition. Negligible Ecology e to marine Lagoon The Lagos Lagoon has • Plan construction activities involving heavy equipment operation (e.g., cranes), pile-driving fauna as a a high diversity and or blasting to occur during periods of the day that would be expected to minimize result of abundance of fish disturbance. noise and species. No red data • Provide periods of respite in the case of unavoidable maximum noise level events, to be vibration fish species have been decided in consultation with local affected communities. from the recorded. • Select ‘low noise’ equipment, or work methods with the lowest noise impacts where feasible dredger and reasonable. engine and • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric- suction controlled units, where feasible and reasonable. head • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. Socioeconomic Influx and Change in C Influx of NNPC/CNL JV Small Medium Minor-Moderate • Develop a SEP (in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and local communities) Minor Demograp demograph workers and to facilitate engagement with the community and inform stakeholders of Project activities. hics ic profile opportunistic job Communities are • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and seekers resulting in familiar with issues responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line ethnic tension and associated with influx/ with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. conflict as well as changing • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the draft MOU with local communities. increased potential for demographics and • NNPC/CNL JV shall inform community leaders of the project activities and impacts, and crime coping mechanisms encourage them to make inputs in appropriate mitigation measures. exist, however they do • Implement requirements of the draft MOU and pursue finalisation and agreement with local not have capacity to communities. absorb a large number • House the non-local workers in a fenced camp and develop camp and workforce of job seekers. management protocols that include workforce behaviour and interactions with local Communities have communities. These will be communicated to all members of the workforce and NNPC/CNL ability to absorb JV will ensure that these measures are enforced. workers but only in • Liaise with local law enforcement agencies as required in relation to crime attributable to the small numbers external construction workforce and take appropriate action where necessary. • Brief the construction contractor on the sociocultural norms and sensitivities of the neighboring communities before commencement of work in the area. Socioeconomic Influx and Change in D Influx of NNPP/CNL JV Medium Minor Minor • Ensure the tender process includes a requirement to prioritize local employment wherever Negligible Demograp demograph workers for short term Community largely possible. The tender process will demand that contractors hire workers from local hics ic profile decommissioning work adapted to influx communities wherever possible, especially for unskilled and semi-skilled positions. as well as • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract retrenchments of awards. permanent employees, • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should resulting in ethnic be channelled to the communities through the ICSC leadership. tension and conflict as • Develop a SEP to facilitate engagement with the community so that stakeholders are well as increased crime informed of NNPC/CNL JV’s activities. Socioeconomic Infrastructu Increased C Local health service Medium Medium Moderate • On-site medical and ambulance facilities for workers shall be maintained on site during Minor re and strain on requirements by Under resourced/ construction. Social local health workforce and migrant poorly equipped • Workers with serious illness or injuries shall be transferred to Lagos for treatment. Services services job seekers services are vulnerable • Use of CNL's existing medical services and application of CNL SWP 108 - Emergency and other Use of already under to deterioration as a Medical Evacuation. community resourced health result of increased • The Agura IPP MoU (Annex A) makes provision for contributions to be made to health and infrastructu facilities by project staff usage by workers and infrastructure development projects and activities including dispensaries, cottage hospitals re reduces service quality families and doctors quarters. Deterioration in service due to increased use without increased resources Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 7 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects Socioeconomic Infrastructu Loss of C Periodic shut down of Small Medium Minor • Affected communities should be informed prior to any temporary shut down of electricity Minor re and electricity local electricity supplies Existing unreliability of through proactive engagement of the ICSC as per the MOU. Social supplies during construction supplies make Services during process receptors sensitive to routine further interruptions shut downs Socioeconomic Infrastructu Increased O Local health service Small Medium Minor • On-site medical and ambulance facilities for workers shall be maintained on site during Negligible re and strain on requirements by Under resourced/ construction. Social local health workforce and migrant poorly equipped • Workers with serious illness or injuries shall be transferred to Lagos for treatment. Services services job seekers services are vulnerable • Use of CNL's existing medical services and application of CNLSWP 108 - Emergency and other Use of already under to deterioration as a Medical Evacuation. community resourced health result of increased • The Agura IPP MoU (Annex A) makes provision for contributions to be made to health and infrastructu facilities by project staff usage by workers and infrastructure development projects and activities including dispensaries, cottage hospitals re reduces service quality families and doctors quarters. Deterioration in service due to increased use without increased resources Socioeconomic Infrastructu Improved O Project supply of Large Medium Positive No specific enhancement measures have been identified. Positive re and electricity electricity to the Unreliable supplies are Social supply National Grid sensitive to Services improvements Socioeconomic Infrastructu Increased D Local health service Medium Medium Moderate • On-site medical and ambulance facilities for workers shall be maintained on site during Minor re and strain on requirements by Under resourced/ construction. Social local health workforce and migrant poorly equipped • Workers with serious illness or injuries shall be transferred to Lagos for treatment. Services services job seekers services are vulnerable • Use of CNL's existing medical services and application of CNL SWP 108 - Emergency and other Use of already under to deterioration as a Medical Evacuation. community resourced health result of increased • The Agura IPP MoU (Annex A) makes provision for contributions to be made to health and infrastructu facilities by project staff usage by workers and infrastructure development projects and activities including dispensaries, cottage hospitals re reduces service quality families and doctors quarters. Deterioration in service due to increased use without increased resources Socioeconomic Economic Employme C Direct and indirect Medium Medium Positive • Develop a SEP to facilitate engagement with the community so that stakeholders are Positive Benefits nt employment with Sensitivity to informed of Project activities. SEP to be in line with the draft MOU opportuniti NNPC/CNL JV and employment is due to • Include requirements to prioritize local employment wherever possible in the tender es and Project contractors high expectation and process. The tender process will demand that contractors hire workers from local economic Increased cash flow existing under communities wherever possible, especially for unskilled and semi-skilled positions. stimulus into local economy employment in all • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract /economic stimulus communities awards. Opportunities for local • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the MOU with local communities. communities to provide • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should Housing requirements be channelled to the communities through the ICSC leadership. for migrant workers boost house/rental market Socioeconomic Economic Employme O Around 80 permanent Small Medium Positive • Develop a SEP to facilitate engagement with the community so that stakeholders are Positive Benefits nt positions Sensitivity to informed of Project activities. SEP to be in line with the draft MOU opportuniti Goods and service employment is due to • Include requirements to prioritize local employment wherever possible in the tender es and contracts, Increased underemployment and process. The tender process will demand that contractors hire workers from local economic cash flow into local high expectation communities wherever possible, especially for unskilled and semi-skilled positions. stimulus economy /economic • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract stimulus awards. • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the MOU with local communities. • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should be channelled to the communities through the ICSC leadership. Socioeconomic Economic Increased O Increased tax revenues Small Medium Positive There is very little that the Project can do to maximise the benefits of increased government Positive Benefits national The Nigerian revenue. tax government would revenues benefit and is eager to identify additional tax revenues sources Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 8 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects Socioeconomic Livelihoods Disruption C Disruption of fish stocks Small Medium Minor Mitigation as for "Surface Water Resources: Increased Turbidity" and Freshwater Ecology: Minor to fishing related to potential Although Fishing is vital Disturbance to marine fauna as a result of noise and vibration from the dredger engine and activities contamination, for daily subsistence suction head dredging and barge purposes, the Lagoon transport activities and already has high vessel • Inform the four communities within the ZOI of the barge routes and schedules to avoid potential contamination movement and sand impacts on fishing activities (in line with the SEP) and through the ICSC). Access restrictions and dredging activity and • Barge activities to be constrained to day light hours to ensure optimum visibility in order to potential for collision fishers are used to avoid collisions. with fishing vessels adapting activities to • Implement and disclose a grievance procedure and respond to all grievances timeously. allow for shared use of Implement corrective actions identified. the lagoon area. • Develop and maintain emergency and spill/leak prevention and response/countermeasures plans for all phases of the project. Socioeconomic Livelihoods Disturbanc C Project Footprint Small Medium Minor Execution of the Agura IPP MoU and tracking of issues related to Land acquisition through Minor e of acquisition for AIPP. Although there is grievance mechanism. agricultural limited land available activities for agriculture, cultivation is not practiced at a large scale within the communities Socioeconomic Livelihoods Disturbanc C Construction Small High Moderate • Ensure that access to sand mining sites is maintained during construction where possible. Minor e of sand requirements / Project Sand miners have no Where restrictions apply, action will be taken to cause minimal disruptions. mining footprint and exclusion alternative income • Encourage contractors to engage with the Egbin Sand Sellers Association to establish activities zones. generation activities so whether sand construction requirements can be met locally (i.e. if the sand meets the quality Access restrictions to are highly sensitive to standard). sand mining sites and changes, especially if • Develop a SEP in line with the draft MOU to facilitate engagement with the community so interruptions to access is denied to that sand miners are informed of NNPC/CNL JV’s activities. activities due to sand mining areas. • Engage with local community to encourage them to avoid sand mining sites in the lagoon dredging during barge movements. • Hold regular meetings with the Independent Power Project Community Stakeholders Committee (ICSC) to identify and manage issues as they arise. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Socioeconomic Livelihoods Local C Opportunities for Small-Medium Medium Positive Mitigation as for Economic Benefits: Employment opportunities and economic stimulus Positive business goods/ service Sensitivity to business developme contracts with opportunities is due to nt NNPC/CNL JV under employment and Local business high expectation in development affected communities Supply of goods/services to NNPC/CNL JV workforce Housing requirements for migrant workers boost house/rental market Socioeconomic Livelihoods Disruption O Disruption of fish stocks Small High Minor • Develop a SEP in line with the draft MOU to facilitate engagement with the community so Minor to fishing resulting from potential Fishing is vital for daily that stakeholders are informed of NNPC/CNL JV’s activities. activities contamination subsistence purposes • Implement and disclose a grievance procedure and respond to all grievances timeously. and therefore highly • Develop and maintain emergency and spill/leak prevention and response/countermeasures sensitive to disruption plans for all phases of the project. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Socioeconomic Livelihoods Disturbanc O Discharge of NOx and Small Low Negligible Mitigation as for Air Quality: increased emissions of NO2 Negligible e of CO2 into the Adaptations to land agricultural atmosphere resulting in loss have occurred activities decreased productivity therefore continued and damage to crops. sensitivity is low Socioeconomic Livelihoods Local O Opportunities for Medium Medium Positive • Develop a SEP to facilitate engagement with the community so that stakeholders are Positive business goods/ service Sensitivity to business informed of NNPC/CNL JV’s activities related to project activities. SEP to be inline with the developme contracts with opportunities is due to draft MOU. Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 9 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects nt NNPC/CNL JV under employment and • Include requirements to prioritize local employment wherever possible in the tender Local business high expectation in process. The tender process will demand that contractors hire workers from local development affected communities communities wherever possible, especially for unskilled and semi-skilled positions. Supply of • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract goods/services to awards. NNPC/CNL JV • Engage with local communities in accordance with the draft MOU, and pursue finalisation workforce and agreement with local communities. • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should be channelled to the communities through the ICSC leadership. Socioeconomic Livelihoods Disruption D Disruption of fish stocks Small Medium Minor Mitigation as for Surface and Groundwater Resources: Impacts to Surface and Groundwater Minor to fishing barge transport Although Fishing is vital Resources (Decommissioning) activities activities and potential for daily subsistence contamination purposes, the Lagoon • Inform the four communities within the ZOI of the barge routes and schedules to avoid Potential for collision already has high vessel impacts on fishing activities (in line with the SEP) and through the ICSC). with fishing vessels movement and sand • Barge activities to be constrained to day light hours to ensure optimum visibility in order to dredging activity and avoid collisions. fishers are used to • Implement and disclose a grievance procedure and respond to all grievances timeously. adapting activities to Implement corrective actions identified. allow for shared use of • Develop and maintain emergency and spill/leak prevention and response/countermeasures the lagoon area. plans for all phases of the project. Socioeconomic Cultural Change in C Change in sociocultural Medium Low Minor • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and Negligible Heritage socio- heritage practices as a Limited sites have been responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line cultural result of changes in discovered in the with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. practices demographics related Project ZOI so • Develop and implement induction programmes, including a Code of Conduct and cultural to influx sensitivity is low. awareness programme, for all newcomers directly related to the Project. This should be Community is situated initiated during the construction phase but should be reinforced at regular intervals through close to existing power operations. This will increase sensitivity to local norms and customs and will ensure that plants and familiar with contractors and employees are aware of appropriate and acceptable behaviours and govern industrial activities and worker interactions with the local communities. influx. Socioeconomic Sense of Altered O Presence of Project Small Low Negligible • Develop a SEP in line with the draft MOU to facilitate engagement with the community so Negligible Place sense of infrastructure There are surrounding that stakeholders are informed of NNPC/CNL JV’s activities. This involvement will empower place industrial land uses, the communities to identify and address issues of concern to them and will facilitate solutions to environment is peri- some of the manageable changes resulting from the Project. urban. • Manage the location of contractor accommodation to limit the impact of high numbers of outsiders converging on local towns. • Implement a Code of Conduct for all Project workers. Socioeconomic Traffic Damage to C Transportation of large Medium Low Minor • Engage with the local authorities in order to repair any damage to the road as a result of the Minor road and bulky loads of Existing roads which project activities. infrastructu materials and are tarred and in good • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and re equipment to site. condition will be used responses (for any damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions Potential damage to to access the AIPP site. identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local road infrastructure communities. including road surfaces, bridges, power lines. Socioeconomic Traffic Increased C Transportation of large Small-Medium Moderate Minor-Moderate • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and Minor traffic and bulky loads of Some congestion is responses (for any damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions congestion materials and currently experienced identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local equipment to site. on these access roads communities. • The journey management schedule should take into consideration peak hour travelling times during the day and try to avoid travelling during these times. • Drivers to adhere to the roads and avoid driving on road shoulders. Socioeconomic Traffic Increased O Operational traffic to Small Moderate Minor • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and Minor traffic and from the site Some congestion is responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line congestion currently experienced with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. on these access roads • NNPC/CNL JV shall consider peak hour travelling times during the day when developing the journey management schedule and try to avoid travelling during these times. Socioeconomic Traffic Damage to D Transportation of large Medium Low Minor • Engage with the local authorities in order to repair any damage to the road as a result of the Minor road and bulky loads of Existing roads which project activities. infrastructu materials and are tarred and in good • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and re equipment from the condition will be used responses (for any damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions site, waste removal to access the AIPP site. identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 10 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects Socioeconomic Traffic Increased D Transportation of large Small-Medium Moderate Minor-Moderate • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and Minor traffic and bulky loads of Some congestion is responses (for any damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions congestion materials and currently experienced identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local equipment from the on these access roads communities. site, waste removal • The journey management schedule should take into consideration peak hour travelling times during the day and try to avoid travelling during these times. • Drivers to adhere to the roads and avoid driving on road shoulders. Socioeconomic Community Deteriorati C Air (dust) and noise Medium Medium Moderate Mitigation as for Noise and Vibration: Increased ambient noise and vibration (Construction) Minor Health and on in irritation from The close proximity of and Air Quality: Increased levels of dust, PM10 and NOx (Construction) Safety community construction activities the communities to the health resulting in respiratory plant, the unlimited • Limit activities associated with high levels of noise to daylight hours only. conditions problems and easy access to clean • Consult with affected communities where high noise levels are unavoidable and consider and disturbances potable water makes measures such as break periods. increased Impacts on surface community supplies • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and irritation water and groundwater vulnerable to depletion responses (for any damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions (noise and quality due to or contamination and identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local dust) unplanned events i.e. irritation communities. spills of hazardous materials, fuel and wash down. Socioeconomic Community Increase in C Employment may result Small Medium Minor • The Project shall directly or indirectly through subcontractor contractual obligation or third Minor Health and communic in influx of workers and party: Safety able job seekers, which Workers sourced Health sensitivity • Regularly clean and conduct regular hygiene inspections of the worker camp and diseases exacerbate from within 30km and reflects limited access associated facilities. transmission of housed in a closed to health treatment and • Encourage the construction workforce to undergo testing (NNPC/CNL JV and contractors) communicable construction camp. limited coping for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). diseases including mechanisms for • Provide prompt and adequate medical treatment for all reported cases of disease (of STDs through increases in disease employees). increased numbers of and socio-cultural • Conduct a basic health and safety awareness campaign for all personnel incorporating an people as well as social changes related to HIV/AIDS and malaria awareness and prevention program which will include voluntary ills such as increased STDs. testing, the provision of condoms, and education of the workforce. prostitution. • The worker camp should be a closed camp. Increased potential for • Site clearance and grading to be planned to avoid large pools of standing water. Excavated malaria as a result of areas to be filled as soon as possible. standing water • Develop and implement induction programmes, including a Code of Conduct and cultural awareness programme, for all newcomers directly related to the Project. This should be initiated during the construction phase but should be reinforced at regular intervals through operations. This will increase sensitivity to local norms and customs and will ensure that contractors and employees are aware of appropriate and acceptable behaviours and govern worker interactions with the local communities. • Implement a Project HIV/AIDS programme addressing factual health issues as well as behaviour change issues around the transmission and infection of HIV/AIDS as well as other communicable diseases. This programme should be implemented amongst contractors and employees. • Make condoms freely available to all contractors and employees and partner with local health services to ensure the accessibility of condoms in the communities. Socioeconomic Community Deteriorati O Air and Noise pollution Medium Medium Moderate Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources(Operation) , Air Quality: Minor Health and on in from operational The close proximity of increased emissions of NO2 and Noise and Vibration: Increased Ambient Noise and Safety community processes – (release of the communities to the Vibration health SOx, NOx, PMx). plant, the unlimited conditions Impacts on surface easy access to clean • The Project shall ensure that it maintains sufficient financial resources to address any and water and groundwater potable water makes required clean-up of the environment. increased quality due to community supplies irritation unplanned events i.e. vulnerable to depletion (noise and spills of hazardous or contamination and dust) materials, fuel . nuisance impacts Socioeconomic Community Deteriorati D Air pollution and noise Small Medium Minor Mitigation as for Air Quality: Increased levels of dust, PM10 and NOx (Decommissioning) and Negligible Health and on in nuisance as a result of The close proximity of Surface and Groundwater Resources: Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Safety community decommissioning the communities to the Resources (Decommissioning) health activities – followed by plant, the unlimited conditions cessation of emissions. easy access to clean • Limit activities associated with high levels of noise to daylight hours only. and Impacts on surface potable water makes • Consult with affected communities where high noise levels are unavoidable and consider increased water and groundwater community supplies measures such as break periods. irritation quality due to vulnerable to depletion • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 11 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects (noise and unplanned events i.e. or contamination and responses (for any damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions dust) spills of hazardous irritation identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local materials, fuel and communities. wash down. • The Project shall ensure that it maintains sufficient financial resources to address any required clean-up of the environment. Socioeconomic Worker Health and C Noise/ vibration and air Small High Moderate • Ensure that appropriate PPE is available to employees and that use of PPE is mandatory. Negligible Health and Safety emissions from Workers will be working • Provide training and awareness raising on PPE use for all employees, as part of induction. Safety Hazards construction as a result close to the generator • Prepare a Worker Health and Safety Plan for the site for construction, operation and for onsite of activities including turbines and other decommissioning phases. Employees heavy duty equipment, noise-generating • Provide periods of respite are provided in the case of unavoidable maximum noise level site clearance and equipment and events. large vehicles use. activities • Select ‘low noise’ equipment, or methods of work with the lowest noise impacts, where Exposure to hazardous possible. materials, moving • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric- vehicles. controlled units, where feasible and reasonable. • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. • Ensure regular maintenance of dredging equipment. • Implement NNPC/CNL JV SWP 801- Occupational Hygiene - Hearing Conservation program requirements. • Enforce implementation of SOP 400 – Permit To Work, SOP 500 series - Safe Practices & PPE requirements, and other appropriate Chevron SOPs. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. Socioeconomic Worker Health and O Power generation Medium High Moderate •Ensure that appropriate PPE is available to employees, and make PPE use mandatory. Negligible Health and Safety activities including gas The modelled Project Workers will be working • Provide training and awareness raising on PPE use for all employees, as part of induction. Safety Hazards transmission and gas operation noise levels close to the generator • Prepare and implement a Worker Health and Safety Plan for the site for construction, for onsite combustion, do not exceed the turbines and other operation and decommissioning phases. Employees emergency power 90dBA for an 8h noise-generating • Maintain all work equipment at an optimal operating condition. supply. Exposure to working period (i.e. equipment and • Plan activities involving heavy equipment operation (e.g., cranes), pile-driving or blasting to hazardous materials, threshold limit for on- activities. occur during periods of the day that would be expected to minimize disturbance. moving vehicles and site worker • Ensure periods of respite are provided in the case of unavoidable maximum noise level noise emissions. exposure). events. The concentrations of • Ensure, where feasible and reasonable, that ‘low noise’ equipment, or methods of work with CO, NO2, SO2 and the lowest noise impacts are selected. PM10 were well • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric- below the ACGIH’s controlled units, where feasible. Threshold Limit • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. Values Time • Deploy a behaviour based safety/ iCARE program to promote safety culture. Weighted Average • Implement effective Hazard Communication and Right To Know program. (TLV-TWA) and • Deploy Incident and Injury Free campaign to the workforce early in the project. Threshold Limit • Enforce implementation of SOP 400 – Permit To Work and other appropriate Chevron Values – Short Term SOPs. Exposure Limit (TLV- • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and STEL) for Phase 1 of responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. the Project. Socioeconomic Worker Health and D Noise/ vibration and air Small High Moderate • Ensure that appropriate PPE is available to employees and contractors and that use of PPE Negligible Health and Safety emissions from Workers will be working is mandatory. Safety Hazards construction as a result close to the generator • Provide training and awareness raising on PPE use for all employees, as part of induction. for onsite of activities including turbines and other • Prepare a Worker Health and Safety Plan for the site for construction, operation and Employees heavy duty equipment, noise-generating decommissioning phases. site clearance and equipment and • Avoid dropping materials from height, where practicable and void metal-to-metal contact on large vehicles use. activities equipment. Exposure to hazardous • Ensure periods of respite are provided in the case of unavoidable maximum noise level materials, moving events. vehicles. • Ensure, where feasible and reasonable, that ‘low noise’ equipment, or methods of work with the lowest noise impacts are selected. • Use alternatives to diesel/ petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric- controlled units, where feasible and reasonable. • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. • Deploy a behaviour based safety/ iCARE program to promote safety culture. • Deploy Incident and Injury Free campaign to the workforce early in the project. • Implement NNPC/CNL JV SWP 801- Occupational Hygiene - Hearing Conservation program requirements. • Enforce implementation of SOP 400 – Permit To Work and other appropriate Chevron SOP Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 12 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects 500 series - Safe Work Practices and PPE, and other appropriate SOPs. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. Unplanned Soil Contamina C Transportation of Small Low Minor • Training and equipping relevant staff in safe storage and handling practices, and rapid spill Negligible Resources tion of soil materials to site, waste The concentration of response and clean-up techniques during induction. resources generation and fuel heavy metals suggest • Provide spill containment equipment to ensure that incidental spills/leaks are promptly and storage. that the soil adequately contained, including drip pans to contain any spills during refuelling activities. Runoff and seepage environment is not • Develop spill control and response plans to respond to spills and leaks. from potentially polluted. Sulphates and • Any hydrocarbons, fuels, lubricants and chemicals to be used will be stored in bunded and contaminated dredged phosphates were within lockable oil storage tanks, with hoses and gauges kept within the bund. Ensure that the metal material. expected ranges. TOC storage containers are covered with waterproof materials to protect them from rust and is within the expected corrosion. range for that soil type. • Ensure that the diesel storage tanks and components shall and will meet international standards for structural design and integrity and provide corrosion protection by cathodic protection inside steel tanks and piping if required. Undertake periodic inspection for corrosion and integrity of storage tanks, pipes and components and regular maintenance pipes, seals, connectors and valves and other components. Equip tanks with spill and overfill prevention devices (e.g. alarms, automatic shut-off devices and catch basins). • Construct storm water channels and oil/ water separators in diesel storage, handling and transfer areas. • Waste and storage areas for hazardous substances shall be separated on site and waste storage areas shall be located on hard standing (or bunded, if suitable) to prevent potential contamination. • Categorize and containerize wastes to prevent contact with soil and groundwater before being transported to the licenced disposal site. • Adopt and implement waste management practices as outlined in the AIPP Waste Management Plan (Annex E), including waste removal by licenced waste disposal contractor and fuel and waste oil containment and disposal. • Report all incidents and spills to the FMEnv and LASEPA to ensure that appropriate response measures are implemented. • Implement Chevron SOP 701 - Waste Management Proactive requirements and SOP 111 - Hazardous Substance Control Plan requirements. Unplanned Soil Contamina O Operation of Agura Medium Low Minor • Training and equipping relevant staff in safe storage and handling practices, and rapid spill Minor Resources tion of soil power plant, switchyard The concentration of response and cleanup techniques; resources and equipment heavy metals suggest • Provide spill containment equipment to ensure that incidental spills/leaks are promptly and maintenance, that the soil adequately contained, including drip pans to contain any spills during refuelling activities. discharge of water environment is not • Develop spill control and response plans to respond to spills and leaks. containing entrained polluted. Sulphates and • Develop and implement monthly ongoing groundwater monitoring for early detection of oil/chemicals, sewage / phosphates were within hydrocarbon leaks. Waste water treatment expected ranges. TOC • Any hydrocarbons, fuels, lubricants and chemicals to be used will be stored in bunded and process is within the expected lockable oil storage tanks, with hoses and gauges kept within the bund. Ensure that the metal range for that soil type. storage containers are covered with waterproof materials to protect them from rust and Hydrocarbon utilizing corrosion. bacteria and fungi in • Ensure that the diesel storage tanks and components shall and will meet international the soil samples were standards for structural design and integrity and provide corrosion protection by cathodic recorded as low. Their protection inside steel tanks and piping if required. Undertake periodic inspection for population in the soil corrosion and integrity of storage tanks, pipes and components and regular maintenance samples was less than pipes, seals, connectors and valves and other components. Equip tanks with spill and overfill 1% of the heterotrophic prevention devices (e.g. alarms, automatic shut-off devices and catch basins). bacteria and fungi • Construct storm water channels and oil/ water separators in diesel storage, handling and counts. E. coli bacteria transfer areas. were not detected in • Categorize and containerize wastes to prevent contact with soil and groundwater before the soil samples. being transported to the licenced disposal site. • Adopt and implement waste management practices as outlined in the AIPP Waste Management Plan (Annex E), including waste removal by licenced waste disposal contractor and fuel and waste oil containment and disposal. • All incidents of contamination shall be reported to the FMEnv and the relevant state departments. These events shall be investigated and addressed in consultation with all relevant authorities. • Implement SOP 701 Waste Management Practices requirements. • Implement SOP 111 – Hazardous Substance Control Plan requirements. Unplanned Soil Contamina D Decommissioning and Moderate Low Minor • Training and equipping relevant staff in safe storage and handling practices and rapid spill Minor Resources tion of soil knock down of plant The current response and clean-up techniques during induction. resources infrastructure including concentration of heavy • Provide spill containment equipment to ensure that incidental spills/leaks are promptly and Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 13 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects the switchyard, storage metals suggest that the adequately contained, including drip pans to contain any spills during refuelling activities. of hazardous materials, soil environment is not • Develop spill control and response plans to respond to spills and leaks. wastes polluted. Sulphates and • Any hydrocarbons, fuels, lubricants and chemicals to be used will be stored in bunded and phosphates were within lockable oil storage tanks, with hoses and gauges kept within the bund. Ensure that the metal expected ranges. TOC storage containers are covered with waterproof materials to protect them from rust and is within the expected corrosion. range for that soil type. • Ensure that the diesel storage tanks and components shall and will meet international The soils could standards for structural design and integrity and provide corrosion protection by cathodic however be required for protection inside steel tanks and piping if required. Undertake periodic inspection for use by local corrosion and integrity of storage tanks, pipes and components and regular maintenance communities after pipes, seals, connectors and valves and other components. Equip tanks with spill and overfill decommissioning. prevention devices (e.g. alarms, automatic shut-off devices and catch basins). • Construct storm water channels and oil/ water separators in diesel storage, handling and transfer areas. • Waste and storage areas for hazardous substances shall be separated on site and waste storage areas shall be located on hard standing (or bunded, if suitable) to prevent potential contamination. • Categorize and containerize wastes to prevent contact with soil and groundwater before being transported to the licenced disposal site. • Adopt and implement waste management practices as outlined in the AIPP Waste Management Plan (Annex E), including waste removal by licenced waste disposal contractor and fuel and waste oil containment and disposal. • Report all incidents and spills to the FMEnv and LASEPA to ensure that appropriate response measures are implemented. • Implement Chevron SOP 701 - Waste Management Proactive requirements and SOP 111 - Hazardous Substance Control Plan requirements. • Ensure correct disposal of demolition waste and chemicals (including transformer oil and residual sludge from the wastewater treatment works. Unplanned Surface Contamina C Rainwater and other Small Medium Minor Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources Negligible and tion of wash down on the site, EC values exceed the Groundwat surface accidental leaks, and WHO limit of 250ug/m3 • No wastes shall be discharged into the Lagos Lagoon during dredging or transportation of er and ground bunds overflowing. and turbidity exceeds equipment. Resources water Leaks and spills related the WHO limit of < 5 • All transport vessels to be used on the Lagos lagoon and the wastewater treatment works resources to construction wastes NTU. Nitrate levels are to be regularly maintained. and fuel storage, exceed the FMEnv and • All materials and equipment should be appropriately secured or stored on the transport hazardous materials, WHO 10mg/l limit but vessel. fuel spills from vessels. sulphate, phosphates, • Proper control of dredging activities and regular maintenance of dredging equipment should Runoff and seepage DO, all metals except be undertaken according to the Chevron SWP Standard for Dredging Operations (April from potentially copper were below 2011), attached in Annex E. contaminated dredged limits. BOD5 limits material. exceed the FMEnv limits. DO falls within the FMEnv limit. Heavy metal concentrations and oil & grease concentrations indicate a low level of pollution. For surface water, DO levels N64fall below the FMEnv limit of 6.8mg/ℓ indicating low levels of contamination and a relatively healthy ecosystem. The COD and BOD levels reflect moderate pollution levels as some sample levels exceeded FMEnv limits. Heavy metal concentrations indicate a low level of pollution and are within the Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 14 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects FMEnv and WHO limits except Cu. Oil & grease concentrations indicate low level of organic pollution. Unplanned Surface Contamina O Operation of Agura Medium Medium Moderate Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources(Operation) Minor and tion of power plant, switchyard DO levels in surface Groundwat surface and gas pipeline. water fall below the • Monitoring of waste water discharge (prior to discharge) will be undertaken to ensure that er and ground Rainwater and other FMEnv limit of 6.8mg/ℓ water quality remains within Nigerian, WHO and World Bank limits. Any sludge that is Resources water wash down on the site, indicating low levels of produced will be disposed of as hazardous waste to an appointed licensed waste disposal resources accidents and spills, contamination and a facility. accidental waste leaks, relatively healthy bunds overflowing ecosystem. The COD and BOD levels reflect moderate pollution levels as some sample levels exceeded FMEnv limits. Heavy metal concentrations indicate a low level of pollution and fell within the FMEnv and WHO limits except Cu. Oil & grease concentrations indicate low level of organic pollution. Nitrate levels exceed the FMEnv and WHO 10mg/l limit. Sulphate and phosphate were below relative limits. BOD5 limits exceed the FMEnv limits. DO falls within the FMEnv limit. Heavy metal concentrations indicate a low level of pollution, all within limits except Cu. Oil & grease concentrations indicate low level of organic pollution, all within limits. DO levels in surface water fall below the FMEnv limit of 6.8mg/ℓ indicating low levels of contamination and a relatively healthy ecosystem. The COD and BOD levels reflect moderate pollution levels as some sample levels exceeded FMEnv limits. Heavy metal concentrations indicate a low level of pollution and are within the FMEnv and WHO limits except Cu. Oil & grease concentrations indicate low level of Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 15 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects organic pollution. Unplanned Surface Contamina D Leaks and spills related Small Medium Minor Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources Minor and tion of to decommissioning Based on current Groundwat surface wastes and fuel baseline information, • Carefully decommission the groundwater abstraction boreholes, or if they are to remain in er and storage, hazardous the sensitivity is continued use, ensure they are capped to prevent the development of a potential pathway for Resources groundwat materials. considered Medium. contaminants. er Decommissioning, • Reduce or prevent off-site sediment transport using appropriate methods such as effective resources demolition and removal For surface water, the site drainage, and sediment/silt trapping mechanisms. of fuel storage tanks hydrocarbon utilizing • Design permanent drainage installations for heavy rainfall events and protect storm water and dismantling of bacteria and fungi channels using slope, limitation techniques, rip-rap and lining. effluent treatment plant counts were low and no • Any hydrocarbons, fuels, lubricants and chemicals to be used will be stored in bunded and and switchyard. E-coli bacteria were lockable oil storage tanks, with hoses and gauges kept within the bund. detected in borehole • Ensure correct disposal of demolition waste and chemicals (including transformer oil, samples. Ecoli was residual sludge from the wastewater treatment works and diesel) and/or incidents and spills. found in the surface water samples. The COD and BOD levels reflect moderate pollution levels in surface water and groundwater samples. Nitrate levels exceed the FMEnv and WHO 10mg/l limit. Sulphate and phosphate were below relative limits Unplanned Waste Waste C Waste Generation Small Medium Minor Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources and Surface and Negligible impacts Construction waste / Due to absence of Groundwater Resources: Potential Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources General waste / community coping Sewage and mechanisms for • Identify suitable disposal sites and confirm capacities for disposal for general and wastewater related pollution hazardous wastes prior to the initiation of site clearance activities. impacts, resulting in potential contamination of water supplies and soil; visual impacts Unplanned Waste Waste O Wastes from plant Medium Medium Minor Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources and Surface and Negligible impacts processes/ domestic Due to absence of Groundwater Resources: Potential Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources waste resulting in community coping potential contamination mechanisms for • Identify suitable disposal sites and confirm capacities for disposal for general and of water supplies and pollution hazardous wastes prior to the initiation of site clearance activities. soil; visual impacts Unplanned Waste Waste D Waste Generation Medium Medium Moderate Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources and Surface and Minor impacts Construction waste / Due to absence of Groundwater Resources: Potential Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources General waste / community coping (Decommissioning) Sewage and mechanisms for wastewater related pollution • Identify suitable disposal sites and confirm capacities for disposal for general and impacts, resulting in hazardous wastes prior to the initiation of decommissioning activities. potential contamination • All metal shall be sold for scrap and machinery; and infrastructure and buildings shall be of water supplies and dismantled such that as much of this waste can be reused or recycled. soil; visual impacts Unplanned Traffic: Increased C Transportation of large Medium High Major • Limit land transportation by using barges and other water vessels for large and bulky loads. Moderate Road accident and bulky loads of The roads along which • Develop and maintain an effective journey management schedule which limits vehicular risks materials and Project traffic will pass movement during peak traffic through effective logistic and material movement planning. equipment to site. are bordered by • Drivers shall observe speed limits. communities. • Vehicle drivers and conductors will undergo competency training on driving (including defensive driving), and identification of road signs and traffic codes before mobilisation is allowed. • Utilise road signs at strategic points, sirens and public announcements where necessary to warn people of oncoming heavy duty vehicles. • Certify all vehicles for roadworthiness (and renew as required). • Avoid night trips. • Use escort vehicle during transportation of large and bulky loads. Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 16 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects • Implement NNPC/CNL JV's SOP 104 - Land Transport Safety Management System requirements. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Unplanned Traffic: Increased O Operational traffic to Medium Medium Moderate • Adhere to journey management schedule. Minor Road accident and from the site The roads along which • Drivers shall observe road load and speed limits. risks Project traffic will pass • Utilize road signs at strategic points, sirens and public announcements where necessary to are bordered by warn people of oncoming heavy duty vehicles. communities who will • Regular maintenance of all road and water transport vessels. be aware of the Project. • Night trips in the project area must be avoided. • All employees must wear adequate PPE gear before embarking on any transport. • Avoid night trips. • Use escort vehicle during transportation of large and bulky loads. • Limit vehicular movement during peak traffic through effective logistic and material movement planning. • Implement NNPC/CNL JV's SOP 104 Land Transport Safety Management System requirements. Unplanned Traffic: Increased D Transportation of large Medium High Major • Limit land transportation by using barges and other water vessels for large and bulky loads. Moderate Road accident and bulky loads of The roads along which • Develop and maintain an effective journey management schedule which limits vehicular risks materials and Project traffic will pass movement during peak traffic through effective logistic and material movement planning. equipment from the are bordered by • Drivers shall observe speed limits. site, waste removal communities. • Vehicle drivers and conductors will undergo competency training on driving (including The Lagos Lagoon is defensive driving), and identification of road signs and traffic codes before mobilisation is used frequently by allowed. fishermen in small craft. • Utilise road signs at strategic points, sirens and public announcements where necessary to warn people of oncoming heavy duty vehicles. • Certify all vehicles for roadworthiness (and renew as required). • Avoid night trips. • Use escort vehicle during transportation of large and bulky loads. • Implement NNPC/CNL JV's SOP 104 - Land Transport Safety Management System requirements. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Unplanned Traffic: Increased C Transportation of large Small High Minor • Conduct transportation risk assessment and implement recommendations. Minor Water- risks of and bulky loads of The Lagoon is used by • Compliance with NNPC/CNL JV's Marine Safety procedures and all water way transport based collisions materials and a number of local rules (NNPC/CNL JV and contractors) and Chevron SOP 515 - Boat Transportation and equipment to site via fishermen on small Personnel Transfer. the Lagos lagoon. vessels. Fishing is an • Stakeholders to be notified of traffic routes using the Lagoon, including routes and dates. important livelihood in • Barge activities to be constrained to day light hours to ensure optimum visibility in order to the area. avoid collisions. • Limit dredging activities to a single event to reduce potential impacts. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. • All water transport vessels used should be appropriately licenced • All those onboard transport vessels should wear adequate PPE before embarking on any vessels. Unplanned Traffic: Increased D Transportation of large Small High Minor • Conduct transportation risk assessment and implement recommendations. Minor Water- risks of and bulky loads of The Lagoon is used by • Compliance with NNPC/CNL JV's Marine Safety procedures and all water way transport based collisions materials and a number of local rules (NNPC/CNL JV and contractors) and Chevron SOP 515 - Boat Transportation and equipment from the site fishermen on small Personnel Transfer. via Lagos lagoon, vessels. Fishing is an • Stakeholders to be notified of traffic routes using the Lagoon, including routes and dates. including waste important livelihood in • Barge activities to be constrained to day light hours to ensure optimum visibility in order to removal. the area. avoid collisions. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. • All water transport vessels used should be appropriately licenced • All those onboard transport vessels should wear adequate PPE before embarking on any vessels. Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 17 of 18                               Agura IPP Project EIA Biophysical Aspect Potential Project Project Activities / Overall Magnitude Sensitivity Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Socioeconomic Impact phase Environmental Significance Significance Unplanned Aspects Unplanned Community Increased O Risks of explosions and Small Medium Minor • Revalidate the Quantitative Risk Assessment for the gas pipeline, handling facilities and gas Minor and risks of resulting damage to Health sensitivity turbines and implement any additional measures required. Worker accidents buildings, risks to reflects limited access • Revalidate the building siting assessment. Health and and employees and local to health treatment and • Implement the Project Emergency Response Plan (ERP) (Annex E). Safety explosions communities as well as limited coping • All pipelines will be coated with an anti-corrosive material to prevent leaks and spills. risks of associated mechanisms for dealing • Implement an effective and continuous pressure and flow monitoring system including environmental with unforeseen events provision for automatic shutdown in case of leak or failure. contamination • Conduct frequent fire drills at the Project site to acquaint personnel with fire emergency procedures and ensure fire-fighting equipment is readily available. • Undertake job hazard analyses for all work with associated fire or explosions risks (i.e. hot work). • Implement appropriate Chevron SOPs from the 100-800 series to manage risks. Unplanned Community Increased D Removal of Project Small Medium Minor Mitigation as for Waste Impacts (Decommissioning) Negligible and risks of infrastructure Health sensitivity Worker accidents reflects limited health • Prepare and implement a decommissioning and demolition plan which provides instructions Health and and facilities and on the safe removal of project infrastructure. Safety explosions mechanisms for dealing • Conduct frequent fire drills at the Project site to acquaint personnel with fire emergency with wellbeing issues procedures and ensure fire-fighting equipment is readily available. • Undertake job hazard analyses for all work with associated fire or explosions risks (i.e. hot work). • Implement appropriate Chevron SOPs from the 100-800 series to manage risks.   Draft EIA Report Chapter Six November 2013 Page 18 of 18             Agura IPP Project EIA    7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1. Introduction This chapter presents the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the Agura IPP Project. This EMP is a delivery mechanism for environmental and social mitigation measures identified in Chapter 7 of the EIA Report and ensures a systematic approach to bringing environmental and social considerations into decision making and day-to-day operations. It establishes a framework for tracking, evaluating and communicating environmental and social performance and helps ensure that environmental risks and liabilities are identified, minimized and managed. The EMP details the mitigation and enhancement measures the NNPC/CNL JV has committed to implement throughout the project lifecycle and includes desired outcomes; performance indicators; targets or acceptance criteria; and timing for actions and responsibilities. The EMP has been developed to meet national requirements and international standards on environmental and social management performance, specifically those set out by the World Bank. The EMP also complies with NNPC/CNL JV’s Operational Excellence Management System (OEMS). The EMP will be a living document, and will continue to develop during the design and construction phase to enable continuous improvement of the Project’s social and environmental performance. The EMP will also be reviewed against changes in the regulatory regime and in the event of new policies or guidelines from NNPC/CNL JV or governmental agencies. Periodic reviews and updating will also be carried out throughout the project lifecycle, to incorporate changes in activities and any changes in the overarching management systems. 7.2. EMP Objectives and Scope of Application The objectives of the EMP are to:  Incorporate environmental management into project design and operating procedures;  Serve as an action plan for environmental management for the Project and provide a framework for implementing project environmental commitments (i.e. mitigation measures identified in the EIA);  Ensure that all workers, subcontractors and others involved in the Project meet legal and other requirements with regard to environmental management;  Address concerns and issues raised in the EIA’s stakeholder consultation process and those that will likely continue to arise during the Project’s lifetime; and  Prepare and maintain records of project environmental performance (i.e. monitoring, audits and non-compliance tracking). The EMP is intended to cover those activities described in Chapter 3 of this EIA report. It covers project activities during construction, operation and decommissioning and will be Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 1 of 51             Agura IPP Project EIA    subject to thorough reviews prior to the commencement of activities to ensure completeness. The EMP does not include measures for activities related to equipment and facility fabrication being done offsite. NNPC/CNL JV will have principal responsibility for all measures outlined in the EMP, but may delegate responsibility to its contractors, where appropriate. In cases where other individuals or organizations have responsibility for mitigation measures, this is clearly indicated within the EMP tables (Table 7.4, Table 7.5 and Table 7.6). 7.3. General Requirements 7.3.1. Introduction This EMP has been developed in line with applicable legal and policy requirements. These included the Nigerian requirements in terms of the EIA Act (Act 86 of 1992) and the requirements of the Performance Standards. 7.3.2. Nigerian Regulatory Requirements The EIA Act No 86 (1992) is the primary regulation governing EIAs in Nigeria. The Act was promulgated in order to enable the prior consideration of an EIA on specified public or private projects, including the requirements for an EMP to guide the implementation of the mitigation and management measures identified. 7.3.3. Performance Standards World Bank Group Performance Standard requires that the environmental management system be part of the client’s overall management system for the project. It should include the organizational structure, responsibilities, policies, procedures and practices, and resources. Performance Standard 1 underscores the importance of on-going management of social and environmental performance to achieve continuous improvement. The Performance Standard requires that a management system be in place at the level where their investment is utilized. In this case, it is at the level of the project. It requires a plan for implementing the project-specific management program developed through the social and environmental assessment. 7.3.4. Project Standards The design of the EMP is based on NNPC/CNL JV Operations, Maintenance and HES philosophies as well as relevant technical specifications in agreement with standard power and electrical industry practices. These philosophies identify relevant standards, codes, practices and specifications that apply to the technical/operating specifications to be used for the design, construction, and operations of the Agura IPP. The guidelines also address controlling deviations from approved standards, codes, practices and specifications, and providing feedback to improve them. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 2 of 51             Agura IPP Project EIA    The EMP also complies with NNPC/CNL JV’s vision of Operational Excellence (OE). OE is Chevron’s system for management of process safety, personal safety and health, environment, reliability and efficiency to achieve world-class performance. NNPC/CNL JV’s vision of Operational Excellence consists of three (3) parts. These are Leadership Accountability, Management System Process and OE Expectations, which are described in the following Section. Leadership Accountability Leaders within Chevron establish the vision and set objectives that challenge the organization to achieve world-class results. They direct the Management System Process, setting priorities and monitoring progress on plans that focus on the highest-impact items. Leaders visibly demonstrate their commitment through personal engagement with the workforce and by showing concern for the health and safety of every individual. They demonstrate the same commitment to protecting the environment and process safety risk mitigation. Management System Process The Management System Process (MSP) is a systematic approach used to drive progress toward world-class performance and supports Chevron’s approach to managing their environmental and social performance. This process is linked to the business planning process and begins with defining a vision of success and setting objectives. Gaps between current performance and these objectives are identified during the assessment phase. Plans are developed to close the gaps, the plan is implemented and a review of plan implementation and performance is completed. OE Expectations The OE Expectations are met through processes and standards put in place by local management. Many of these expectations are supported by corporate and operating company OE processes and standards. The objectives aligned with the NNPC/CNL JV Operational Excellence vision include: incident and injury-free workplaces; promoting a healthy workforce and mitigating significant workplace health risks; identifying and mitigating key environmental risks; operating with industry-leading asset integrity and reliability; and maximizing the efficient use of resources and assets. 7.4. Planning 7.4.1. Impact Assessment The Project has utilized the EIA process as a tool within the planning process. The impact assessment has been conducted for the construction, operation and decommissioning of the Project. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 3 of 51             Agura IPP Project EIA    The Project will continue to use the impact assessment process as a planning tool for any future development activities including significant expansions or ancillary projects. The mitigation hierarchy applied in this EIA will also be applied. 7.4.2. Project Commitments Through the project development and EIA process, mitigation measures have been identified to address environmental and social impacts associated with Project activities. The Project has made a commitment to implement these to ensure or improve environmental and social performance. The commitments are detailed in tabular form at the end of this Chapter in Table 7.4, Table 7.5 and Table 7.6, where they are organized by Project development stage and with reference to the impacts identified in Chapter 5. The commitments take a number of forms with the specific actions intended to address a particular environmental or social issue. The types of commitments are listed in (Table 7.1). Table 7.1 Types of Commitments Type Details Avoidance During the planning phases, potential impacts to sensitive resources are identified. Where feasible, locations or processes can be changed during the planning or design phases to avoid impact to these areas. Minimization Minimization involves measures to reduce proposed impacts to a resource. Minimization can include for example, vessels slowing down in the vicinity of marine mammals. Management Management commitments include development of plans and procedures for ensuring that measures to protect the environment actually take place and are of the desired standard of practice. Training is another commitment in this category. Monitoring Commitments to monitoring are primarily to ensure the above measures are working properly and delivering the desired (and anticipated) results. Additionality Additionality involves actions and contributions which are designed to provide a positive benefit. Examples include assisting with additional domestic water supply to surrounding towns. Specific Management Plans and Procedures Additional specific plans and policies will need to be developed to support the implementation of this EMP. These specific management plans will lay out the specifications for compliance with specific environmental and social elements and will also describe the plans and processes required. The specific management plans are listed in (Table 7.2). Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 4 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   Table 7.2 Agura IPP Environmental Management Plans and Procedures Plan/ Overview of Contents Procedure Regulatory This plan will identify a comprehensive checklist of every HES-related regulation applicable Compliance to the proposed project including those contained in this EIA report. The specific Plan (or Project requirements of each of the regulations, standards or codes will also be clearly defined in Legal Register) the checklist. Project-specific compliance requirements will be interpreted and documented into a Regulatory Compliance Plan (RCP), which will be approved by the Project Manager. Commissioning/ The risks associated with the commissioning and hand over phase will be adequately Hand-over Plan evaluated and covered by a detailed commissioning plan. The Engineering, Procurement, Installation and Commissioning (EPIC) contract strategy will allow time for familiarity of the commissioning and operating teams. This will allow for effective supervision and carryover of priority items into the operations phase. A pre-commissioning (pre-start up) audit will be carried out.   A specific commissioning plan covering significant EPC Contractor and other commissioning activities, particularly control of potentially dangerous operations during the commissioning activities will be developed. The proposed facility will not be put into operation unless commissioning approval has been received from the DPR and FMEnv. Transport NNPC/CNL JV will manage transportation operations, in line with the following guidelines in Management order to minimize accidents / incidents. Plan Pre-mobilization of Vehicles and Water Transport Crafts Vehicles to be used for transportation of equipment, materials and personnel will be pre- mobilized by the Site HES Co-coordinator. The pre-mobilization will be conducted to confirm that the vehicles are fit for purpose and that the drivers of the vehicles have the necessary competence needed for the journey. All vehicles will be fitted with a “Drive Right” monitoring tool or other similar appliances to ensure safe driving. It will also be confirmed during the pre-mobilization exercise that a job hazard analysis (JHA) has been conducted for the trip and that recommended precautions (mitigation measures) have been adopted. Only water transport crafts pre-mobilized under the NNPC/CNL JV Marine Safety, Reliability, and Efficiency process will be utilized for project activities. Journey Management Plan Trips will be planned and combined to reduce driving exposures. The journey management plan shall limit vehicular movement during peak traffic, specifically during the hours of the morning (7:30 am – 9 am) and during lunch time (1pm-2pm). Employees should be made aware of these driving limitations during training and awareness programs. Mandatory use of seatbelts by drivers and passengers in company cars and EPC Contractor vehicles will be enforced. Drivers will attend a defensive driving course. Night driving (outside of town limits) will be discouraged. A journey management plan specific to each trip will be produced and submitted to the HES Advisor for approval. The details of the journey management plan will include a proposed mobilization date, mode of transport, route(s), type of cargo as well as the details of the JHA conducted for the trip. The HES Advisor may only approve the trip if he can confirm that necessary precautions have been taken to minimize transport accidents / incidents. Should operational safety demand the blockade of public roads, then the Site HES coordinator after due consultation with the Lagos State Government may approve such operation only when temporary traffic control and diversion arrangements have been provided. NNPC/CNL JV shall develop road-clearing strategies to ensure that public roads are kept clear, safe and passable. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 5 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   Plan/ Overview of Contents Procedure Waste Wastes generated during the implementation of the Project will be managed in accordance Management with the Project Waste Management Plan (WMP). The manner in which wastes are handled, Plan (WMP stored and disposed is dictated by the nature of the waste and this waste management plan (Annex E) takes into consideration the nature of wastes that will be generated during the lifetime of the proposed project. The following objectives form the basis for the waste management plan for the Project:  Progressive reduction of wastes with the target to minimize overall emissions/discharges, which have adverse impact on the environment;  To meet the environmental requirements of FMEnv and other national and international on waste management as well as NNPC/CNL JV corporate waste management guideline;  To establish, implement and maintain waste segregation aimed at enhancing recycling; and  To ensure that NNPC/CNL JV and contractors are responsible for effective waste handling and disposal process. The standard for the plan are binding on NNPC/CNL JV staff and the EPC Contractor involved in the proposed project implementation with respect to the:  Emission or release of pollutant and fugitive gases;  Discharge or spill of untreated liquid effluent on land and onto surface water;  Discharge of solid wastes on land and into surface water; and  Generation of noise. Inspection and In order to assist in maintaining the technical integrity of the facilities, a well-defined Maintenance inspection and maintenance management system will be used to ensure compliance with Procedure the Mineral Oils (Safety) Regulations. NNPC/CNL JV’s maintenance program will deal with establishing processes to develop and sustain necessary maintenance procedures. The maintenance system will include plans and procedures for:  Normal maintenance (routine and breakdown maintenance performed by the Maintenance Technicians involved in the proposed project);  Preventive maintenance (activities carried out at pre-determined intervals);  Predictive maintenance (as initiated by facility condition monitoring and assessment); and  Inspection (in accordance with a pre-defined program and based on statutory and company requirements).   The NNPC/CNL JV Maintenance Supervisor will develop a comprehensive maintenance and inspection program for equipment and machinery before commencement of operations. The program will cover routine equipment checks; inspection of wastewater discharge units, emission monitoring; inspection and maintenance of all equipment. The maintenance and inspection schedule contained in the program will be designed in line with manufacturer’s specifications for each of the equipment and in compliance with specific guidelines as contained in the Mineral Oils (Safety) Regulations 1997, and other NNPC/CNL JV guidelines. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 6 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   Plan/ Overview of Contents Procedure Security Plan The security plan will ensure that adequate security arrangements are made to handle security-related incidents effectively. The project management team will identify, evaluate and manage the risks to personnel and property arising from routine operations, malicious practices, crime, civil disorder or armed conflict. In addition, the EPC Contractor will be required to prepare a project security plan for NNPC/CNL JV review and approval before mobilization to site. The project team will also organize a security workshop to identify, evaluate and recommend contingency plans for all security risks. Worker Health A Worker Health and Safety Plan will be developed for all phases of the Agura IPP project. and Safety Plan These plans will be regularly updated and made appropriate to the project activities undertaken during each phase.   Operations within the work site will be subject to government, industry and NNPC/CNL JV HES policies and guidelines. NNPC/CNL JV and EPC Contractor staff will be well informed and trained on the HES policies and guidelines. Facilities will also be designed to enhance safety planning, and activities will be executed within the confines of relevant legislation and stakeholders’ interests.   NNPC/CNL JV will provide adequate health services as well as site first aid services for its workforce. The first aid services will be extended to visiting personnel and temporary (casual) workers. Construction activities will be properly managed through careful planning and the application of relevant HES policies including the following:  Use of Permit-to-Work system to ensure HES risks are identified and managed;  Job Hazard/Safety Analysis and toolbox meetings;  Behavior Based Safety/ iCARE;  Hazard Hunt Exercises/ Worksite Safety Inspections;  Use of PPE in designated hazard areas;  Prohibition to drinking of alcohol during work hours and at work sites and facilities;  Prohibition to night trips;  Regular emergency drills; and  Prohibition to smoking in fire hazard areas. Incident and Project implementation will be based on the Incident and Injury Free (IFF) plan which is Injury Free (IIF) based on the premise that any level, frequency, or severity of incident or injury shall not be Plan tolerated. IIF is founded upon a shared set of beliefs, respect for others, supportive and participatory mannerisms, and the wellness of oneself and colleagues, not numbers and statistics. It is more than operational disruptions and equipment outages; more than mere compliance with standards, procedures and policies; more than an attempt to avoid punishment. It is value-based and not a trade-off with cost and/or schedule.   Throughout the proposed project life span, activities will be planned allowing time to work safety and to stop when doubt exists about safe conditions or if conditions deviate from the plan. This behavior will be supported by leadership through care and concern for the Project workforce and by not just relating to safety as a statistical goal or objective. Project Health The health plan will focus on the management and minimization of communicable diseases Plan amongst the workforce and locally affected communities. It will set out systems for prevention, early detection and treatment of disease. It will also cover how work accidents will be dealt with and use of on-site health facilities versus referrals to local or national health services. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 7 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   Plan/ Overview of Contents Procedure Local Content This plan sets out how the Project will prioritize local employment and promote local Plan economic development through a policy of local employment and local procurement of goods and services. Tender contracts will require evidence of local content. Community The community investment plan sets out how the Project will implement the various Investment Plan investment programs that form part of the mitigations measures. These investment programs will be designed in consultation with the affected communities and in accordance with NNPC/CNL JV’s broader community development goals. They will address community and NNPC/CNL JV priorities and aim to foster ongoing, mutually beneficial relationships with affected communities. Consultation The overall aim of the consultation plan for the Project is to gather and address concerns Plan and opinions of the stakeholders and ensure dissemination of information, with the ultimate view to assuring a smooth project implementation. Consultation regarding the Project has been initiated and will remain a continuous process. The program for the project construction and operations stages includes:  Visits and courtesy calls to the community leaders and other stakeholders to discuss the effectiveness of social measures put in place;  Direct visits to the affected populations to consider (through questionnaires, interviews and visual observations) their opinions on the social acceptability and environmental soundness of the project;  Organizing large public meetings to discuss public welfare, clarify misconceptions and address new issues as regards the project;  Holding workshops and extension courses on resource management and socio- economic assistance;  Establishing a voluntary participatory program in the local media (television and radio) through which NGOs, CBOs, other key stakeholders, concerned marginal groups (women, the poor, ethnic minorities, etc.) and the general public. Stakeholder The key objectives of a Stakeholder Engagement Plan is to: Engagement Plan  Ensure that adequate and timely information is provided to identified stakeholders;  Provide sufficient opportunity to stakeholders to voice their opinions and concerns, and to ensure that these concerns influence project decisions; and  Define a consistent, comprehensive, coordinated and culturally appropriate approach to stakeholder engagement throughout the development of the Project. In addition the SEP is designed to:  Identify and include additional stakeholders that were not previously identified during engagement activities;  Document previous engagement activities that have occurred;  Devise a plan for engagement activities going forward taking into account activities that have occurred; and  Provide an overview of the high level Grievance Mechanism being developed. The SEP is a ’live’ document, which will be updated and adjusted as the project progress and project planning evolves. It shall provide a framework to facilitate and manage effective and meaningful engagement with key stakeholders. Workforce This plan links in with the local content plan and outlines the Project workforce requirements, Management recruitment strategies, management of employment contracts, housing and transport of Plan workers. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 8 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   Plan/ Overview of Contents Procedure Retrenchment If during the lifetime of the project retrenchment is needed then a retrenchment plan would Plan (if needed) be developed. The plan will look at how the negative impacts of worker retrenchment can be minimized through various specific actions and activities, including skills transfer and staggering of layoffs. Site Closure The design of the facilities will take due recognition of the need to decommission the power and Restoration plant and the ancillary facilities at the end of their operational life. The site closure plan will Plan take due note of the current national and international legislative requirements as well as NNPC/CNL JV’s OE HES MS Guidelines and Standards for Abandonment.   Temporary structures (camp, storage yard, site offices, etc.) will be installed during the construction phase to support site operations/activities. Upon completion of the construction of the proposed AIPP, any areas of temporarily used land will be cleared, cleaned if necessary and re-instated. Project Closure The last phase of the project is expected at least 20 years after the date of construction. The Plan general process of decommissioning is as follows:  Operating processes are systemically shut down in a safe manner;  Liquid and solid contents and wastes are removed for treatment and disposal. For pipelines and tanks this entails flushing and cleaning to remove oils and gases; and  Undertake an “Abandonment Assessment” to determine the best environmental and economic solution consistent with Nigerian requirements and international oil and gas industry practice. The general order of preference of decommissioning options available for redundant structures and equipment are as follows:  Re-use: by sale and/or transport to another project or company.  Re-cycle: breaking down structures and equipment for raw materials.  Disposal: some materials are not suitable for recycling and must be disposed to a licensed waste management facility.  Leave in-situ: in some cases the best environmental and economic option may be to leave material in-situ i.e. pipelines Prior to closure, NNPC/CNL JV will produce an environmental, social and health impact assessment which will describe the processes and activities needed for the closure / decommissioning and abandonment (Chapter 10). If the site is no-longer to be used, full restoration and landscaping will be carried out. This will involve consultation with authorities and land owners and re-instatement to the original vegetation type as is practicable. The timing of the development of the plans may be staged, ensuring that the appropriate focus and level of detail is provided for construction and operational activities, and as detailed design information becomes available. Contractor Management Plans The Project will engage contractors to carry out project activities during both the construction, operational and decommissioning phases (eg waste removal contractors). As part of the pre-qualification process, the EPC contractor will undergo the NNPC/CNL JV Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 9 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   Contractors Health, Environment and Safety Management System (CHESM) evaluation. Contractors will be responsible for performing all work:  In compliance with relevant national and international HSE legislation and regulations, and with other requirements to which the Project subscribes;  In conformance with the Project HES Management System, EMP, and related management plans for specific aspects; and  In accordance with contractual technical and quality specifications. The Project’s EMP and related documentation will be the main contractual documentation to which the contractor environmental and social documentation and procedures will be bridged. Contractors will be required to develop their own management plans which show how they will comply with these environmental and social requirements. The contractor management systems will therefore:  Provide the framework that regulates the their activities;  Define responsibilities and reporting relationships for expediting, mitigation and monitoring actions detailed in the EMP; and  Specify the mechanisms for inspecting and auditing to ensure that the agreed actions are implemented. Contractors will be required to self-monitor against their plan and compliance with the plan will be routinely monitored by NNPC/CNL JV. Contractors will be required to submit regular reports of monitoring activities and the project will review these on a regular basis. Contractor and tenant plans will be reviewed and approved by NNPC/CNL JV. An external audit and assurance process will be conducted of the contractors’ HSE documentation on an annual basis, the results of which will be disclosed at completion of the process. 7.5. Implementation NNPC/CNL JV is committed to providing resources and establishing the systems and components essential to the implementation and control of the EMP. These include appropriate human resources and specialized skills, training programs, communication procedures, documentation control and a procedure for the management of change. 7.5.1. Environmental and Social Management Organization NNPC/CNL JV is committed to provide resources essential to the implementation and control of the EMP. Resources include the appropriate human resources and specialized skills. The Agura IPP project will have dedicated personnel competent on the basis of appropriate education, training, and experience that will manage and oversee the HES aspects over the project lifecycle. NNPC/CNL JV will retain the primary responsibility for ensuring that environmental commitments are met throughout the project life span. The EMP implementation organogram defining the line of authority for the Agura IPP project is shown in (Figure 7.1). Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 10 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   During construction, NNPC/CNL JV will delegate some responsibility to construction contractors. In the same way, during the operational phase, NNPC/CNL JV may engage contractors for certain operational aspects and in these cases, would be delegated some responsibility. As a contractual requirement, contractors will be required to demonstrate compliance of their activities with the EMP. This includes providing resources to ensure compliance with any of their next-tier contractors. NNPC/CNL JV will manage their contractors to ensure that the EMP is implemented and monitored effectively through contractual mechanisms and regular direct oversight. NNPC/CNL JV will have supervisory personnel on site and the Government of Nigeria will also be involved in the oversight of the project and EMP implementation, primarily through the FMEnv’s involvement in monitoring activities. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 11 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   Figure 7.1 EMP Implementation Organogram Operations    Manager      Mech.  Sup.  Elect  Business  HES  Switchyard  Deputy Ops  Supervisor  Manager  Advisor  Supervisor  Manager            Office Admin  CGP Sourced Position   NNPC/CNL JV Sourced Position Facilities    O/M Sourced Position Manager      Emergency  Logistics  Maintenance  Operations  Response  Supervisor  Supervisor  Supervisor  IT  Mechanical  Instrumentati on/ Electrical  Warehouse Source: Chevron Nigeria Limited, May 2013 Operator  Operator  Note: CGP – Chevron Global Power, O/M – Operations/Maintenance Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 12 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   7.5.2. Roles and Responsibilities Environmental compliance will be a line responsibility for which all levels of personnel are accountable. Responsibility for ensuring that socio-economic and environmental considerations are integrated into the project activities will however lie with top management. The responsibilities associated with each of the positions identified are outlined in (Table 7.3) Table 7.3 EMP Management Team Responsibilities Responsibility Position NNPC/CNL JV Project Team Oversee and coordinate all activities pertaining to the Project; ultimately responsible for Project Manager HES. Ensure delivery by the Project of its HES and operational targets. Ensure effective communication with all stakeholders. The Project Manager is also responsible for subcontractor technical performance and compliance. Ensure that the subcontractor complies with all technical specifications of the design Project Engineer during construction and operation. The IPP HES Advisor will be responsible for HES-related matters throughout the project HES Advisor period to ensure compliance with regulatory standards as well as NNPC/CNL JV HES guidelines. Ensure implementation of environmental and social protection measures, and assist with Site HES Coordinator technical input into spill response requirements. Monitor implementation of environmental and social protection measures. Report directly Environmental Officer to the HES Coordinator on environmental and social compliance. Monitor implementation of health and safety related measures. Report directly to the Health and Safety Officer HES Coordinator on health and safety compliance. The PGPA/Social Advisor is the person responsible for regular interface between Public Government and NNPC/CNL JV and community stakeholders and is responsible for managing community Public Affairs concerns/grievances. Key responsibilities have been highlighted below: Advisor (PGPA)  Regular engagement with community leadership (ICSC) and ensure grievances raised by communities are given the proper attention/resolution;  Anticipates and identify possible community issues and problems and makes appropriate recommendation including seeking government intervention; and  Schedule, plan and ensure regular engagement of stakeholders, government officials and other stakeholders. Liaise directly with the project PGPA Advisor regarding community concerns and queries Community Representative relating to the project activities. Contractors Responsible for contractor technical performance and compliance with EMP Contractor Project Manager requirements. Ensure that HES regulatory requirements are met and that EMP requirements are Contractor HES Manager properly implemented. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 13 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   Ensure that all HES reporting requirements stipulated by CNL are met in a timely manner. Monitor implementation of environmental and social protection measures.   For effective monitoring, the NNPC/CNL JV HES Advisor will work in liaison with a NNPC/CNL JV Site HES Co-coordinator, NNPC/CNL JV Environmental Officer, NNPC/CNL JV Health and Safety Officer, NNPC/CNL JV PGPA Advisor and the NNPC/CNL JV Project Engineer to form an EMP Management Team. This working arrangement will be subject to NNPC/CNL JV management approval and supervised by the Project Manager. In addition, NNPC/CNL JV will work with TCN to ensure that the same standards are applied to the construction, operation and decommissioning of the associated infrastructure (e.g. substation at the EEPBU site) and NNPC/CNL JV will provide the necessary support as required. 7.5.3. Training and Awareness NNPC/CNL JV will identify, plan, monitor, and record training needs for personnel whose work may have a significant adverse impact upon the environment or social conditions. The project recognizes that it is important that employees at each relevant function and level are aware of the Project’s environmental and social policy; potential impacts of their activities; and roles and responsibilities in achieving conformance with the policy and procedures. This awareness raising and training will be achieved through a formal training process and will be tailored for the specific job requirements and (as applicable) will include awareness and competency with respect to:  General awareness relating to activities on site, including environmental and social impacts that could potentially arise from Project activities;  Legal requirements in relation to environmental and social performance;  Necessity of conforming to the requirements of the EIA and EMP, including reporting requirements (ie such as incident reporting);  Activity-specific training on waste water and waste management practices, documentation systems and community interactions; and  Roles and responsibilities to achieve that conformity, including change management and emergency response. The HES Coordinator is responsible for coordinating training, maintaining employee-training records, and ensuring that these are monitored and reviewed on a regular basis. The HES Coordinator will also periodically verify that staff are performing competently through discussion and observation. Employees responsible for performing site inspections will receive training by drawing on external resources as necessary. Examples of training events which will be undertaken include:  HES induction program for all incoming personnel, including visitors;  Emergency response Plan training courses; and Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 14 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA    EMP training. Similarly the Project will require that each of the contractors institute training programs for its personnel and ensure that their workers are competent in their duties with respect to HES matters. Contractors are also responsible for identification of any additional training requirements to maintain required competency levels. The subcontractor training program will be subject to approval by NNPC/CNL JV and it will be audited to ensure that:  Awareness and training programs are adequate and are implemented; and  Worker competency is being verified and documented. 7.5.4. Communication NNPC/CNL JV will maintain a formal procedure for communications with the regulatory authorities and communities. The HES Coordinator is responsible for communication of HES issues to and from regulatory authorities whenever required. Meetings will be held, as required, between NNPC/CNL JV and the appropriate regulatory agency and community representatives to review HES performance, areas of concern and emerging issues. Dealings will be transparent and stakeholders will have access to personnel and information to address concerns raised. The PGPA will be responsible for disseminating information and coordinating community communications through the course of the Project. A grievance mechanism whereby community members can raise any issues of concern has been developed by NNPC/CNL JV. Grievances may be verbal or written and are usually either specific claims for damages/injury or complaints or suggestions about the way that the Project is being implemented. When a grievance has been brought to the attention of the Project team, and more specifically the CLO, it will be logged and evaluated. The person or group with the grievance is required to present grounds for making a complaint or claiming loss so that a proper and informed evaluation can be made. Where a complaint or claim is considered to be valid, then steps are required to be undertaken to rectify the issue or agree compensation for the loss. In all cases the decision made and the reason for the decision will be communicated to the relevant stakeholders and recorded. Where there remains disagreement on the outcome then an arbitration procedure may be required to be overseen by a third party (eg government official). Local community stakeholders will be informed on how to implement the grievance procedures. An outline of the Grievance Procedures is presented in Annex I. The PGPA or Social Advisor is responsible for implementing the Grievance Procedures. The PGPA shall regularly engage with the community leadership (ICSC) and ensure grievances are raised by communities through the formal grievance mechanism. Once a grievance is reported, the PGPA will immediately secure the leadership intervention and response to the project/community related concern/issue. Feedback will be provided to the individual or community, once amicable resolutions have been identified. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 15 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   The PGPA on a weekly basis shall ensure that the number and nature of complaints as well as the status of the complaint and resolutions (if any) are reported to the Project Manager on a monthly basis.   7.5.5. Operational Controls Each potentially significant impact identified in the EIA will have an operational control associated with it that specifies appropriate procedures, work instructions, best management practices, roles, responsibilities, authorities, monitoring, measurement and record keeping for avoiding or reducing impacts. Operational controls are monitored for compliance and effectiveness on a regular basis through a monitoring and auditing procedure described in the EMP. Operational control procedures will be reviewed and, where appropriate, amended to include instructions for planning and minimizing impacts, or to at least reference relevant documents that address impact avoidance and mitigation. 7.5.6. Risk Assessment and Management Risk management will be an integral part of the proposed project’s execution. Risks related to project execution and operations will be identified using a structured approach as outlined in the Chevron Corporate Risk Man 2 Integrated Risk Prioritization Matrix User Guide (2006). Risk assessments will be planned and conducted in advance of appropriate activities to allow resolution of risk without schedule interruption. Appropriate personnel will be included in risk assessments to ensure that risks are correctly identified and assessed. Results of risk assessments, and the associated risk reduction measures, will be evaluated by appropriate levels of management and documented, executed, and followed up to completion in order to reduce risks to an acceptable level. Upon project completion, risks and their associated resolutions will be documented for handover to the operations personnel. The responsibility for risk management in the proposed project will lie with both the EMP Management Team and the EPC Contractor. NNPC/CNL JV expects the EPC Contractor to have an HES system in place consistent with NNPC/CNL JV’s OE HES guidelines. The EPC Contractor will have direct responsibility for executing the work using sound engineering, fabrication, installation, and commercial practices, while maintaining adequate controls. The designs will take into account applicable laws and regulations, and, in the absence of such, generally accepted industry standards. The EPC Contractor will develop operating manuals and appropriate documentation regarding the proper operation and maintenance of the facility for NNPC/CNL JV approval. 7.5.7. Emergency Preparedness and Response NNPC/CNL JV will prepare plans and procedures to identify the potential for, and response to, environmental accidents and health and safety emergency situations and for preventing Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 16 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   and mitigating potentially adverse environmental and social impacts that may be associated with these. The objectives of the NNPC/CNL JV Emergency Response Procedure are the following:  To ensure no loss of life;  To ensure that the environment is protected;  To ensure that manpower, equipment and funds are available to effectively contain and clean up oil/chemical spills; and  To ensure that good record keeping is maintained and accurate information concerning emergencies are disseminated to the workers, public and government. The NNPC/CNL JV Emergency Response Procedure covers the following situations and issues:  Gas turbine generator shut down;  Search for leaks;  Isolation of supply points;  Notification of authorities;  Safety precautions and environmental protection;  Repair methods and procedures;  Emergency repair;  EPC Contractor arrangements; and  Re-commissioning and start-up. NNPC/CNL JV will identify potential emergency situations and develop procedures to use in such scenarios as explosions and/or fires, medevac, hydrocarbon/chemical spills, weather related disasters, hostage taking, community disturbance, kidnapping, etc. Emergency drills will be conducted to demonstrate preparedness for response and a schedule of drills and testing of emergency instruments will be prepared by the EPC Contractor on the proposed project. The EPC Contractor will prepare and submit for NNPC/CNL JV approval a contingency plan for emergency situations. Emergency preparedness and response will be reviewed by NNPC/CNL JV on at least an annual basis and after the occurrence of any accidents or emergency situations to ensure that lessons learnt inform continuous improvement. Emergency drills and table-top exercises will be undertaken on a regular basis to confirm adequacy of response strategies. Investigations of accidents or incidents will follow formal documented procedures. 7.5.8. Managing Changes to Project Activities Changes in the Project may occur due to unanticipated situations. Adaptive changes may also occur during the course of final design, commissioning or even operations. The Project will implement a formal procedure to manage changes in the Project that will apply to all project activities. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 17 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   The objective of the procedure is to ensure that the impact of changes on the health and safety of personnel, the environment, plant and equipment are identified and assessed prior to changes being implemented. The Management of Change procedure (MOC) will ensure that:  Proposed changes have a sound technical, safety, environmental, and commercial justification;  Changes are reviewed by competent personnel and the impact of changes is reflected in documentation, including operating procedures and drawings;  Hazards resulting from changes that alter the conditions assessed in the EIA have been identified and assessed and the impact(s) of changes do not adversely affect the management of health, safety or the environment;  Changes are communicated to personnel who are provided with the necessary skills, via training, to effectively implement changes; and  The appropriate NNPC/CNL JV person accepts the responsibility for the change. As information regarding the uncertainties becomes available, the Project EMP will be updated to include that information in subsequent revisions. Environmental and social, as well as engineering feasibility and cost, considerations will be taken into account when choosing between possible alternatives. 7.5.9. Documentation NNPC/CNL JV will control HES documentation, including management plans; associated procedures; and checklists, forms and reports, through a formal procedure. All records will be kept on site and will be backed up at several offsite locations (including secure cloud storage facilities). Records will be kept in both hard copy and soft copy formats. And all records will be archived for the life of the project. Furthermore the document control procedure will describe the processes that the Project will employ for official communication of both hardcopy and electronic (through the internet) document deliverables. In addition, it will describe the requirement for electronic filing and posting and for assignment of document tracking and control numbers (including revision codes). The HES Coordinator is responsible for maintaining a master list of applicable HES documents and making sure that this list is communicated to the appropriate parties. The HES Coordinator is responsible for providing notice to the affected parties of changes or revisions to documents, for issuing revised copies and for checking that the information is communicated within that party’s organization appropriately. The contractors will be required to develop a system for maintaining and controlling its own HES documentation and describe these systems in their respective HES plans. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 18 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   7.6. Checking and Corrective Action 7.6.1. Introduction Checking includes inspections and monitoring as well as audit activities to confirm proper implementation of checking systems as well as effectiveness of mitigations. Corrective actions include response to out-of-control situations, non-compliances, and non- conformances. Actions also include those intended to improve performance. 7.6.2. Inspection HES inspections will be conducted weekly on an ad hoc basis and formally at least once every six months. The results of the inspection activities will be reported to NNPC/CNL JV to be addressed. 7.6.3. Monitoring The main objectives of the monitoring program will be to:  Ensure compliance with regulatory emission and discharge limits;  Monitor changes in existing physico-chemical, biological and social characteristics of the environment, compared both to the environmental baseline and predicted conditions;  Ensure continual interactions and flow of information between NNPC/CNL JV and relevant stakeholders;  Determine whether any detected changes in socio-economic and environmental components are caused by the project or by other forces;  Determine the effectiveness of the control and mitigation / enhancement measures and provide a basis for recommending additional measures;  Ensure all project management plans are appropriate and relevant to their respective project activities and phases.  Ensure that the established transparent procedures for carrying out the proposed project are sustained; and  Ensure accountability and a sense of local ownership through the project lifecycle. The FMEnv requires an environmental monitoring plan as part of an EIA. The monitoring plan has been incorporated into the list of EMP commitments below. 7.6.4. Auditing NNPC/CNL JV will conduct regular audits to monitor compliance with the project EMSP. The scope will cover the major project activities including the overall EMSP requirements throughout the life of the project. The EPC Contractors’ performances towards meeting these requirements will also be assessed. These audits will be undertaken in conjunction with relevant regulatory agencies including the FMEnv. The EMP audit program will follow the principles of the NNPC/CNL JV Operational Excellence Compliance Assurance Audit Program (January 2003). It will be conducted bi- annually during construction and start-up and every five (5) years during operations. The audit shall be performed by qualified staff and the results shall be reported to NNPC/CNL JV Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 19 of 51     Agura IPP Project EIA   to be addressed. The findings from these audits will be reported to the HES Advisor, and corrective action plans will be developed and followed-up for performance improvement. The audit will include a review of compliance with the requirements of the EIA and EMP and include, at a minimum, the following:  Completeness of HES documentation, including planning documents and inspection records;  Conformance with monitoring requirements;  Efficacy of activities to address any non-conformance with monitoring requirements; and  Training activities and record keeping. 7.6.5. Corrective Action Investigating a ‘near miss’ or actual incident after it occurs can be used to obtain valuable lessons and information that can be used to prevent similar or more serious occurrences in the future. NNPC/CNL JV will implement a formal non-compliance and corrective action tracking procedure for investigating the causes of, and identifying corrective actions to, accidents or environmental or social non-compliances. This will ensure coordinated action between NNPC/CNL JV and the Contractor(s). The HES coordinator will be responsible for keeping records of corrective actions and for overseeing the modification of environmental or social protection procedures and/or training programs to avoid repetition of non-conformances and non-compliances. 7.6.6. Reporting Throughout the Project, NNPC/CNL JV will keep the regulatory authorities informed of the Project performance with respect to HES matters by way of written status reports and face- to-face meetings. NNPC/CNL JV will prepare a report on environmental and social performance and submit it to FMEnv. The frequency of this reporting will be agreed upon between NNPC/CNL JV and FMEnv. If required, NNPC/CNL JV will provide appropriate documentation of HES related activities, including internal inspection records, training records, and reports to the relevant authorities. Contractor(s) are also required to provide HES performance reporting to NNPC/CNL JV on a regular basis through weekly and monthly reports. These will be used as inputs to the above. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 20 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Table 7.4  Design and Construction Phase: Environmental Management Measures Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Air Quality Increased Emissions from site Reduce • Employ erosion protection measures (such as revegetation, liquid asphalt) on earth banks and slopes, WHO Emission Limits Visual inspection Daily NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the levels of clearance activities, emissions of long term stockpiles and exposed surfaces. and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works dust, PM10, cutting, welding and dust, PM10 • Spray roads and other dust-generating surfaces or use dust extraction during excavation to reduce dust FMEnv Limits record and CO, VOC painting and and Nox emissions. Contractor HES responsibilities of transportation of • Cover all materials with the potential to lead to dust emissions, during transport. Monitoring at Manager the NNPC/CNL materials • Wash down dirty equipment regularly, including excavators, dump trucks and drilling equipment. sensitive JV and contractor • Regularly clear and remove excess dirt or mud on access roads as a result of project activities. receptors and staff • Enforce speed limits of 15kph on unhardened roads and surfaces. review of results • Minimise the drop heights for transfer of materials that could emit dust. to be below • Regularly clear storm water drains and gutters of material build up. performance • Provide and enforce use of appropriate PPE to minimise dust exposure, if required. indicator limits Noise and Increased Site clearance and Minimise • Implement NNPC/CNL JV SWP 801 Occupational Hygiene - Hearing Conservation Programme WHO Emission Limits Monitoring at Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Vibration ambient construction activities ambient Requirements. sensitive HES Coordinator scope of works noise and and transportation of noise and • Select electric and hydraulic systems over combustion and pneumatic systems. FMEnv Limits receptors and and vibration materials and vibration • Maintain all vehicles and combustion engines as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and operated review of results Contractor HES responsibilities of equipment to site, as per the original specifications. to be below Manager the NNPC/CNL grading, machinery • Reduce equipment idle speeds to low to reduce noise and turn equipment off when not in use. performance JV and contractor and vehicle-use • Erect fence to reduce site access and noise exposure. indicator limits staff • Implement a noise monitoring programme for construction. Soil Increased Pre-construction Prevent soil • Limit vegetation removal to the minimum area required on the Project site. Site plan and site Document review Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Resources erosion activities including erosion • Revegetate exposed areas as soon as practically possible. drainage plan HES Coordinator scope of works vegetation clearing, • Manage and direct surface water drainage from the site by: Visual inspection and soil stripping and - Minimising areas of exposed soil and soil stockpiles. Road specifications Contractor HES responsibilities of backfilling as well as - Diverting drainage to avoid exposed areas of soil, soil stockpiles and construction areas. and design Manager the NNPC/CNL increased road use - Directing drainage off the site to avoid areas down slope and especially land used for cropping. documentation JV and contractor for construction - Use of silt traps or similar systems to prevent discharge of silted water. staff vehicles • Construct roads suitably for use by heavy vehicles and equipment. Photographic records • Limit vehicle and equipment movements to designated roads; off-road activities shall be avoided. • Contain the dredged spoils within a bund wall to allow drainage into Lagoon after the entrained sediment has settled. Surface Increased Dredging of the Minimise • Dredging in accordance with the Chevron SWP 703 Standard for Dredging Operations (April 2011), WHO Limits for Sample collection Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Water turbidity Lagos lagoon and turbidity of attached in Annex E, including: Turbidity from the Lagos HES Coordinator scope of works Resources settling of dust water in the • Pre-survey to identify exact dredging location and minimise dredging activities. Lagoon and generated by Lagos • Select equipment appropriate to the sediment characteristics, disposal method to minimise re- Chevron SWP 703 Contractor HES responsibilities of construction activities Lagoon suspension of sediments. Standard for Manager the NNPC/CNL into the lagoon • Use least intrusive dredging equipment and silt curtains. Dredging Operations JV and contractor • Dredge during low tide, where feasible. (April 2011) staff Terrestrial Disturbance Pre-construction Minimise Mitigation as for Terrestrial Ecology: Loss and Disturbance of Vegetation Site layout plant Visual inspection Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Ecology of wildlife activities including disturbance and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works vegetation clearing to wildlife • Enforce speed limits on roads on-site (15kph) as well as off-site. Training records and record and and soil stripping and • Train all drivers on avoidance of fauna, and potential migration paths, especially when driving at night. material Contractor HES responsibilities of transportation of • Prohibit hunting on the site or the purchase of bush meat or illegal game by employees. Training records Manager the NNPC/CNL material and JV and contractor equipment to site. staff Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 21 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Terrestrial Loss and Pre-construction Minimise the • Design the site layout access roads to retain natural vegetation where possible and minimise Site layout plant Vegetation Prior to and NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Ecology disturbance activities including loss and fragmentation of larger natural habitats. sampling during HES Coordinator scope of works of vegetation vegetation clearing disturbance • Limit vegetation removal to the Project site. Training records and construction and and soil stripping of vegetation • Demarcate work areas to prevent disturbance outside areas designated for work or for clearing. material Training of Contractor HES responsibilities of • Restore and revegetate areas (i.e. native species) that are not in use, as soon as practically possible. Project Workers Manager the NNPC/CNL • Control invasive plants, including removal and replacement of existing invasive plants during JV and contractor revegetation. staff • Train employees on issues related to environmental protection (vegetation and fauna). Freshwater Disturbance Physical disturbance Minimise Mitigation as for "Surface Water Resources: Increased Turbidity". WHO Limits for Sample collection Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Ecology and/ or loss by dredging activities, disturbance Turbidity from the Lagos HES Coordinator scope of works of benthic smothering as a and/ or loss Lagoon and organisms result of settling from of benthic Chevron SWP 703 Contractor HES responsibilities of increased turbidity organisms Standard for Dredging logs Manager the NNPC/CNL and pollution from Dredging Operations JV and contractor potential (April 2011) staff contaminated sediments Freshwater Disturbance Degradation of water Minimise Mitigation as for "Surface Water Resources: Increased Turbidity". WHO Limits for Sample collection Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Ecology of fish and quality, including disturbance Turbidity from the Lagos HES Coordinator scope of works other increased turbidity of fish and Lagoon and freshwater and potential other Chevron SWP 703 Contractor HES responsibilities of fauna contamination. freshwater Standard for Consultation with Manager the NNPC/CNL Disturbance of fauna Dredging Operations fishers as part of JV and contractor benthic communities (April 2011) the SEP and in staff (provide food source line with the draft for fish) MOU Grievance log Freshwater Disturbance Dredging of the Minimise • Maintain all work equipment at an optimal operating condition. WHO Emission Limits Grievance log Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Ecology to marine Lagos Lagoon disturbance • Use ‘low noise’ equipment, and methods of work where feasible. HES Coordinator scope of works fauna as a to marine • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric-controlled FMEnv Limits Consultation with and result of fauna units, where feasible. fishers as part of Contractor HES responsibilities of noise and • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. the SEP and in Manager the NNPC/CNL vibration • Implement NNPC/CNL JV SWP 703 Dredging Operations requirements line with the draft JV and contractor from the MOU staff dredger engine and suction head Influx and Change in Influx of NNPC/CNL Minimise • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft SEP Document review Prior to PGPA Advisor/ Falls within the Demograp demographic JV workers and changes in MOU with the local communities. recruitment, HES Advisor scope of works hics profile opportunistic job demographic • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Worker Code of Visual inspection monthly and responsibility seekers resulting in profile respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between Conduct of NNPC/CNL JV ethnic tension and NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. and contractor conflict as well as • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the draft MOU with local communities. Training material and staff increased potential • Make community leaders aware of the project activities and impacts, including feedback on in-mitigation. training records for for crime • Develop and enforce a Code of Conduct for Project workers and ensure that these measures are strictly cultural awareness enforced. training • Non-local construction workers to be housed in a closed camp. • Liaise with local law enforcement agencies as required in relation to crime attributable to the external Finalised MOU NNPC/CNL JV construction workforce and take appropriate action where necessary. • Brief the construction contractor and all NNPC/CNL JV employees on the sociocultural norms and Meeting minutes with sensitivities of the neighboring communities before commencement of work in the area. local law enforcement Infrastructu Increased Local health service Reduce • Maintain on-site medical and ambulance facilities for Project workers. Medical records Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Ambulance re and strain on requirements by strain on • Transfer Project workers with serious illness or injuries to Lagos for treatment in line with Chevron SWP HES Coordinator facilities as a Social local health workforce and local health 108 - Emergency Medical Evacuation. contract with a Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 22 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Services services and migrant job seekers and other • Ensure that contributions are made to health and infrastructure development projects and activities Contractor HES private provider. other Use of already under services including dispensaries, cottage hospitals and doctors quarters, as per the MOU. Manager community resourced health Staff costs fall infrastructure facilities by project within the scope staff reduces service of works and quality responsibility of Deterioration in NNPC/CNL JV service due to HES staff. increased use without increased resources Infrastructu Loss of Periodic shut down of Avoid loss of • Inform all affected communities of any temporary shut down of electricity through engagement of the Grievance log Document review One week prior to PGPA Advisor Falls within the re and electricity local electricity electricity ICSC as per the MOU. shutdowns scope of works Social supplies supplies during supplies Records of and responsibility Services during construction process during communication of NNPC/CNL JV routine shut routine shut and contractor downs downs staff Economic Employment Direct and indirect Enhance • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft Local Content Plan Document review Prior to PGPA Advisor/ Falls within the Benefits opportunities employment with employment MOU with the local communities. recruitment, HES Advisor scope of works and NNPC/CNL JV and opportunities • Include requirements to prioritize local employment wherever possible in the tender process. SEP monthly and responsibility economic Project contractors and • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract awards. of NNPC/CNL JV stimulus Increased cash flow economic • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should be channeled Records of and contractor into local economy stimulus to the communities through the ICSC leadership. communications staff /economic stimulus • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the MOU with local communities. regarding contract Opportunities for local opportunities communities to provide Housing Percentage of requirements for applications from migrant workers local people with boost house/rental appropriate market qualifications Tender documents to include local employment clause Livelihoods Disruption to Disruption of fish Minimise Mitigation as for "Surface Water Resources: Increased Turbidity" and Freshwater Ecology: Disturbance to SEP Document review Quarterly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the fishing stocks related to disruption to marine fauna as a result of noise and vibration from the dredger engine and suction head HES Advisor scope of works activities potential fishing Grievance log and responsibility contamination, activities • Inform the four communities within the ZOI of the barge routes and schedules to avoid impacts on of NNPC/CNL JV dredging and barge fishing activities (in line with the SEP) and through the ICSC). Emergency and Spill/ and contractor transport activities • Constrain barge activities to day light hours. leak Response Plan staff and potential • Implement and disclose a grievance procedure and respond to all grievances timeously. Implement contamination corrective actions identified. Access restrictions • Develop and maintain emergency and spill/leak prevention plan (all project phases). and potential for collision with fishing vessels Livelihoods Disturbance Project Footprint Minimise • Execute MoU and implement and disclose a grievance procedure and respond to all grievances Grievance log Document review Monthly PGPA Advisor Falls within the of acquisition for AIPP. disturbance timeously. scope of works agricultural to and responsibility activities agricultural of NNPC/CNL JV activities and contractor staff Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 23 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Livelihoods Disturbance Construction Minimise • Plan dredging and barging activities to cause minimal disruption to sand mining activities. SEP Document review One month PGPA Advisor Falls within the of sand requirements / Project disturbance • Encourage contractors to engage with the Egbin Sand Sellers Association to establish whether sand before and during scope of works mining footprint and of sand construction requirements (including quality) can be met locally. Grievance log dredging and responsibility activities exclusion zones. mining • Develop a SEP in line with the draft MOU to facilitate engagement with the community so that of NNPC/CNL JV Access restrictions to activities stakeholders are informed of NNPC/CNL JV’s activities. Meeting minutes with and contractor sand mining sites and • Engage with local community (and ICSC) to encourage them to avoid sand mining sites during barge sand miners staff interruptions to movements. activities due to • Undertake regular meetings with the Independent Power Project Community Stakeholders Committee dredging (ICSC) to identify and manage issues as they arise. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Livelihoods Local Opportunities for Enhance Mitigation as for Economic Benefits: Employment opportunities and economic stimulus Local Content Plan Document review Prior to PGPA Advisor/ Falls within the business goods/ service local recruitment, HES Advisor scope of works development contracts with business SEP monthly and responsibility NNPC/CNL JV development of NNPC/CNL JV Local business Records of and contractor development communications staff Supply of regarding contract goods/services to opportunities NNPC/CNL JV workforce Percentage of Housing requirements applications from for migrant workers local people with boost house/rental appropriate market qualifications Tender documents to include local employment clause Cultural Change in Change in Prevent • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure (in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL Awareness campaign Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Heritage socio- sociocultural heritage changes in JV and local communities) which tracks grievances and response; and respond timeously with corrective material and training HES Coordinator scope of works cultural practices as a result socio- actions identified. records and responsibility practices of changes in cultural • Implement and training all Project employees on Code of Conduct and cultural awareness programme, Contractor HES of NNPC/CNL JV demographics related practices during construction phase to be reinforced through operations. Grievance log Manager and contractor to influx staff Code of conduct PGPA Advisor Traffic Damage to Transportation of Minimise • Engage with the local authorities in order to repair any damage to the road as a result of the project Scheduled meetings Visual inspection Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the road large and bulky loads damage to activities. with local authorities and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works infrastructure of materials and road • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any record of road and responsibility equipment to site. infrastructure damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line Grievance log repair Contractor HES of NNPC/CNL JV Potential damage to with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Manager and contractor road infrastructure Document review staff including road surfaces, bridges, power lines. Traffic Increased Transportation of Reduce • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Grievance Grievance log Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the traffic large and bulky loads traffic respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between Mechanism HES Coordinator scope of works congestion of materials and congestion NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Journey and responsibility equipment to site. • Design journey management schedule that avoids peak hour travelling times during the day. Journey Management management log Contractor HES of NNPC/CNL JV • Drivers to adhere to the roads and avoid driving on road shoulders. Schedule Manager and contractor staff Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 24 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Community Deterioration Air (dust) and noise Prevent the Mitigation as for Noise and Vibration: Increased ambient noise and vibration and Air Quality: Increased Grievance log Document review Weekly PGPA Advisor Falls within the Health and in irritation from deterioration levels of dust, PM10 and NOx scope of works Safety community construction activities in Records of and responsibility health resulting in community • Limit activities associated with high levels of noise to daylight hours only. communication with of NNPC/CNL JV conditions respiratory problems health • Consult with affected communities where high noise levels are unavoidable and consider measures local communities and contractor and and disturbances conditions such as break periods. staff increased Impacts on surface and • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any irritation water and nuisance damage or accidents) ; and (noise and groundwater quality • respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between dust) due to unplanned NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. events ie spills of hazardous materials, fuel and wash down. Community Increase in Employment may Prevent the • Conduct regular hygiene inspections of the worker camp and associated facilities. Inspection records Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Cost of training Health and communicab result in influx of spread of • Encourage the construction workforce to undergo testing (NNPC/CNL JV and contractors) for sexually and photographic HES Coordinator programmes Safety le diseases workers and job communicab transmitted infections (STIs). record Visual inspection (approx. 10,000 seekers, which le diseases • Provide prompt and adequate medical treatment for all reported cases of disease (of employees). Contractor HES USD over the exacerbate • Conduct a basic health and safety awareness campaign for all personnel incorporating HIV/AIDS and Medical records Manager construction transmission of malaria awareness and prevention program which will include voluntary testing and the provision of period) communicable condoms. Awareness campaign diseases including • Avoid large pools of standing water during site clearance and grading. material and training STDs through • Implement and training all Project employees on Code of Conduct and cultural awareness programme, records increased numbers of during construction phase to be reinforced through operations. people as well as Visual inspection social ills such as records and increased prostitution. photographic record Increased potential of standing water on- for malaria as a result site of standing water Code of conduct Worker Health and Noise/ vibration and Reduce the • Provide and require use of appropriate PPE for all employees, including training and awareness raising Worker Health and Visual inspection Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Health and Safety air emissions from exposure of on PPE use, as part of induction. Safety Plan and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works Safety Hazards for construction as a Health and • Prepare a Worker Health and Safety Plan for the site for construction, operation and decommissioning record and responsibility onsite result of activities Safety phases. Training Records Contractor HES of NNPC/CNL JV Employees including heavy duty Hazards for • Ensure periods of respite are provided in the case of unavoidable maximum noise level events. Document review Manager and contractor equipment, site onsite • Use low noise’ equipment, or work methods. Grievance log staff clearance and large Employees • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric-controlled vehicles use. units, where feasible and reasonable. Exposure to • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. hazardous materials, • Regular maintenance of dredging equipment. moving vehicles. • Implement NNPC/CNL JV SWP 801- Occupational Hygiene - Hearing Conservation program requirements. • Enforce implementation of SOP 400 – Permit To Work, SOP 500 series - Safe Practices & PPE requirements, and other appropriate Chevron SOPs. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 25 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Soil Contaminati Transportation of Avoid • Train and equip relevant staff in safe storage and handling practices, and rapid spill response and Spill Control and Document review Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Resources on of soil materials to site, contaminatio cleanup techniques. Response Plan HES Coordinator scope of works resources waste generation and n of soil • Develop a Spill Control and Response Plan to respond to spills and leaks. Visual inspection and fuel storage. resources • Provide spill containment equipment to ensure that incidental spills/leaks are promptly and adequately Visual inspection and photographic Contractor HES responsibilities of Runoff and seepage contained, including drip pans. records and record Manager the NNPC/CNL from potentially • Store hydrocarbons, fuels, lubricants and chemicals in bunded and lockable oil storage tanks, with photographic records JV and contractor contaminated hoses and gauges kept within the bund. staff dredged material. • Design all diesel storage tanks and components to meet international standards for structural design Waste manifests and integrity and to have corrosion protection and spill and overfill prevention devices (e.g. alarms, automatic shut-off devices and catch basins). Incident log and • Undertake periodic inspection and maintenance of storage tanks, pipes and associated components. records of corrective • Construct storm water channels and oil/ water separators in diesel storage, handling and transfer areas. actions • Dispose of wastes in line with established the AIPP Waste Management Plan (Annex E), including categorizing and containing all waste materials before being transported to the licenced disposal site by a Records of licenced waste disposal contractor. communication with • Establish adequate bund walls and foundations where hazardous substances are stored (e.g. fuel, the authorities waste areas). • Separate all waste types and store on hard standing. Relevant Chevron • Report all incidents and spills to the FMEnv and LASEPA to ensure that appropriate response measures SOPs are implemented. Surface Contaminati Rainwater and other Avoid Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources As for Soil Borehole and Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the and on of surface wash down on the contaminatio Resources: surface water HES Coordinator scope of works Groundwat and ground site, accidental leaks, n of surface • No waste discharge into the Lagos Lagoon during dredging or transportation of equipment. Contamination of Soil sampling and er water bunds overflowing . and ground • Secure all materials and equipment on board transport vehicles. Resources Contractor HES responsibilities of Resources resources Leaks and spills water • Regularly maintain of dredging equipment according to the Chevron SWP 703 Standard for Dredging Document review Manager the NNPC/CNL related to resources Operations (April 2011) (Annex E). WHO Limits JV and contractor construction wastes • Report all incidents and spills to the FMEnv and LASEPA to ensure that appropriate response measures staff and fuel storage, are implemented. FMEnv Limits hazardous materials, • Implement Chevron SOP 701 - Waste Management Proactive requirements and SOP 111 - Hazardous fuel spills from Substance Control Plan requirements. World Bank Group/ vessels. IFC EHS Guideline Runoff and seepage limits from potentially contaminated Equipment dredged material. maintenance and inspection schedule Waste Waste Waste Generation Reduce Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources and Surface and Groundwater Records of disposal Document review Prior to site HES Advisor in Costs associated impacts Construction waste / impacts of Resources: Potential Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources site selection preparation consultation with with identification General waste / waste activities NNPC/CNL JV and inspection Sewage and • Identify suitable disposal sites and confirm capacities for disposal for general and hazardous wastes HES Coordinator (approx. 2,000 wastewater related prior to the initiation of site clearance activities. and Contractor USD) impacts, resulting in HES Manager potential contamination of water supplies and soil; visual impacts Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 26 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Traffic: Increased Transportation of Reduce the • Limit land transportation by using barges and other water vessels for large and bulky loads. Journey Management Review incident Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Road accident large and bulky loads risk of • Develop and enforce a journey management schedule to avoid peak traffic times. Schedule reports, training HES Coordinator scope of works risks of materials and accidents • Require competency training (including defensive driving), and identification of road signs and traffic records, and equipment to site. codes for vehicle drivers and conductors before mobilisation is allowed. Training material and grievance log Contractor HES responsibilities of • Use road signs and sirens at strategic points to warn people of oncoming heavy duty vehicles. training record Manager the NNPC/CNL • Drivers to observe speed limits. Motor Vehicle JV and contractor • Certify all vehicles for roadworthiness (and renew as required). Incident log and Crash (MVC) rate staff • Avoid night trips. records of corrective • Use escort vehicle during transportation of large and bulky loads. actions • Implement NNPC/CNL JV's SOP 104 - Land Transport Safety Management System requirements. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Grievance log respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Traffic: Increased Transportation of Reduce risk • Conduct transportation risk assessment and implement recommendations. Document review Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Water- risks of large and bulky loads of collisions • Comply with NNPC/CNL JV's Marine Safety procedures and all water way transport rules (NNPC/CNL Transportation Risk HES Coordinator scope of works based collisions of materials and JV and contractors) and Chevron SOP 515 - Boat Transportation and Personnel Transfer. Assessment Visual inspection and equipment to site via • Notify stakeholders of barge routes and dates through SEP. and photographic Contractor HES responsibilities of the Lagos lagoon. • Limit barge activities to day light hours. Grievance log record Manager the NNPC/CNL • Limit dredging activities to a single event where feasible. JV and contractor • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Incident log PGPA Advisor staff respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. PPE records for • Licence all vessels used for transport. vessels • All on board transport vessels must wear adequate PPE. Barge Movement Plan Air Quality Increased Knock down of plant Reduce • Apply a coat of liquid asphalt or similar on earth banks and slopes to prevent erosion soil erosion. WHO Emission Limits Document review Daily NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the levels of infrastructure and emissions of • Reduce dust emissions with water sprays or dust extraction where possible. HES Coordinator scope of works dust, PM10, increased vehicular dust, PM10, • Use erosion control measures for erosion and dust control, on long term exposed surfaces, or on long FMEnv Limits Visual inspection and CO, VOC movement CO, NOx term stockpiles. and photographic Contractor HES responsibilities of • Cover all materials with the potential to lead to dust emissions, during transport. PM10 monitoring record Manager the NNPC/CNL • Use water to wash and damp down surfaces and roads. results JV and contractor • Maximum speed limits of 15kph of unhardened surfaces. staff • Maintain storm water drains and guttering and ensure it is clear of material build up. Visual inspection • Provide and enforce the use of appropriate PPE to minimise exposure to dust. records and photographic records Soil Increased Removal of Prevent soil • Rehabilitate and re-vegetate cleared areas adjacent to the Project site before the next wet season. Visual inspection Visual inspection Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Resources soil erosion hardstanding and erosion • Minimise simultaneous transportation and excavation to reduce erosion. records and and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works infrastructure, photographic records record and backfilling as well as Contractor HES responsibilities of increased road use Manager the NNPC/CNL for decommissioning JV and contractor vehicles staff Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 27 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Influx and Change in Influx of NNPC/CNL Minimise • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft SEP Document review Prior to PGPA Advisor/ Falls within the Demograp demographic JV workers for short changes in MOU with the local communities. recruitment, HES Advisor scope of works hics profile term demographic • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Worker Code of Visual inspection monthly and responsibility decommissioning profile respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between Conduct of NNPC/CNL JV work as well as NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. and contractor retrenchments of • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the draft MOU with local communities. Training material and staff permanent • Make community leaders aware of the project activities and impacts, including feedback on in-mitigation. training records for employees, resulting • Develop and enforce a Code of Conduct for Project workers and ensure that these measures are strictly cultural awareness in ethnic tension and enforced. training conflict as well as • Non-local decommissioning workers to be housed in a closed camp. increased crime • Liaise with local law enforcement agencies as required in relation to crime attributable to the external Finalised MOU NNPC/CNL JV decommissioning workforce and take appropriate action where necessary. • Brief the decommissioning contractor and all NNPC/CNL JV employees on the sociocultural norms and Meeting minutes with sensitivities of the neighboring communities before commencement of work in the area. local law enforcement Infrastructu Increased Local health service Reduce • Maintain on-site medical and ambulance facilities for Project workers. Medical records Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Ambulance re and strain on requirements by strain on • Transfer Project workers with serious illness or injuries to Lagos for treatment in line with Chevron SWP HES Coordinator facilities as a Social local health workforce and local health 108 - Emergency Medical Evacuation. contract with a Services services and migrant job seekers and other • Ensure that contributions are made to health and infrastructure development projects and activities Contractor HES private provider. other Use of already under services including dispensaries, cottage hospitals and doctors quarters, as per the MOU. Manager community resourced health Staff costs fall infrastructure facilities by project within the scope staff reduces service of works and quality responsibility of Deterioration in NNPC/CNL JV service due to HES staff. increased use without increased resources Livelihoods Disruption to Disruption of fish Minimise Mitigation as for Surface and Groundwater Resources: Impacts to Surface and Groundwater Resources SEP Document review Monthly PGPA Advisor Falls within the fishing stocks barge disruption to (Decommissioning) scope of works activities transport activities fishing Grievance log and responsibility and potential activities • Inform the four communities within the ZOI of the barge routes and schedules to avoid impacts on of NNPC/CNL JV contamination fishing activities (in line with the SEP) and through the ICSC). and contractor Potential for collision • Constrain barge activities to day light hours. staff with fishing vessels • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. • Develop and maintain emergency and spill/leak prevention plan (all project phases). Traffic Damage to Transportation of Avoid • Engage with the local authorities in order to repair any damage to the road as a result of the project Scheduled meetings Visual inspection Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the road large and bulky loads damage to activities. with local authorities and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works infrastructure of materials and road • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any record of road and responsibility equipment from the infrastructure damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line Grievance log repair Contractor HES of NNPC/CNL JV site, waste removal with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Manager and contractor Meeting minutes staff Traffic Increased Transportation of Reduce • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Grievance Grievance log Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the traffic large and bulky loads traffic respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between Mechanism HES Coordinator scope of works congestion of materials and congestion NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Journey and responsibility equipment from the • Design journey management schedule that avoids peak hour travelling times during the day. Journey Management management log Contractor HES of NNPC/CNL JV site, waste removal • Drivers to adhere to the roads and avoid driving on road shoulders. Schedule Manager and contractor staff Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 28 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Community Deterioration Air pollution and Prevent Mitigation as for Air Quality: Increased levels of dust, PM10 and NOx (Decommissioning) and Surface Grievance log Document review Monthly PGPA Advisor Falls within the Health and in noise nuisance as a deterioration and Groundwater Resources: Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources (Decommissioning) scope of works Safety community result of in Records of and responsibility health decommissioning community • Limit activities associated with high levels of noise to daylight hours only. communication with of NNPC/CNL JV conditions activities – followed health • Consult with affected communities where high noise levels are unavoidable and consider measures local communities and contractor and by cessation of conditions such as break periods. staff increased emissions. Impacts and • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any Insurance documents irritation on surface water and nuisance damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line (noise and groundwater quality with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. dust) due to unplanned • Maintain sufficient financial resources to address any required cleanup of the environment. events ie spills of hazardous materials, fuel and wash down. Worker Health and Noise/ vibration and Reduce • Provide and require use of appropriate PPE (all employees and contractors). Worker Health and Visual inspection Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Health and Safety air emissions from exposure of • Provide training and awareness raising on PPE use for all employees, as part of induction. Safety Plan and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works Safety Hazards for construction as a Health and • Prepare a Worker Health and Safety Plan for the site for construction, operation and decommissioning record and responsibility onsite result of activities Safety phases. Training Records Contractor HES of NNPC/CNL JV Employees including heavy duty Hazards for • Provide respite are provided in the case of unavoidable maximum noise level events. Document review Manager and contractor equipment, site onsite • Use ‘low noise’ equipment, or work methods. Grievance log staff clearance and large Employees • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric-controlled vehicles use. units, where feasible and reasonable. Exposure to • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. hazardous materials, • Deploy a behaviour based safety/ iCARE program to promote safety culture. moving vehicles. • Deploy Incident and Injury Free campaign to the workforce early in the project. • Implement NNPC/CNL JV SWP 801- Occupational Hygiene - Hearing Conservation program requirements. • Enforce implementation of SOP 400 – Permit To Work and other appropriate Chevron SOP 500 series - Safe Work Practices and PPE, and other appropriate SOPs. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. Soil Contaminati Decommissioning Avoid • Train and equip relevant staff in safe storage and handling practices, and rapid spill response and Spill Control and Document review Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Resources on of soil and knock down of contaminatio cleanup techniques. Response Plan HES Coordinator scope of works resources plant infrastructure, n of soil • Develop a Spill Control and Response Plan to respond to spills and leaks. Visual inspection and storage of hazardous resources • Provide spill containment equipment to ensure that incidental spills/leaks are promptly and adequately Visual inspection and photographic Contractor HES responsibilities of materials, wastes contained, including drip pans. records and record Manager the NNPC/CNL • Store hydrocarbons, fuels, lubricants and chemicals in bunded and lockable oil storage tanks, with photographic records JV and contractor hoses and gauges kept within the bund. staff • Design all diesel storage tanks and components to meet international standards for structural design Waste manifests and integrity and to have corrosion protection and spill and overfill prevention devices (e.g. alarms, automatic shut-off devices and catch basins). Incident log and • Undertake periodic inspection and maintenance of storage tanks, pipes and associated components. records of corrective • Construct storm water channels and oil/ water separators in diesel storage, handling and transfer areas. actions • Dispose of wastes in line with established the AIPP Waste Management Plan (Annex E), including categorizing and containing all waste materials before being transported to the licenced disposal site by a Records of licenced waste disposal contractor. communication with • Establish adequate bund walls and foundations where hazardous substances are stored (e.g. fuel, the authorities waste areas). • Separate all waste types and store on hard standing. • Report all incidents and spills to the FMEnv and LASEPA to ensure that appropriate response measures are implemented. • Ensure correct disposal of demolition waste and chemicals (including transformer oil and residual sludge from the wastewater treatment works. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 29 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Surface Contaminati Leaks and spills Avoid Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources As for Soil Borehole and Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the and on of surface related to contaminatio Resources: surface water HES Coordinator scope of works Groundwat and decommissioning n of • Carefully decommission the groundwater abstraction boreholes, or if they are to remain in continued Contamination of Soil sampling and er groundwater wastes and fuel Groundwater use, ensure they are capped to prevent the development of a potential pathway for contaminants. Resources Contractor HES responsibilities of Resources resources storage, hazardous Resources • Reduce or prevent off-site sediment transport using appropriate methods such as effective site drainage, Document review Manager the NNPC/CNL materials. and sediment/silt trap mechanisms. WHO Limits JV and contractor Decommissioning, • Design permanent drainage installations for heavy rainfall events and protect storm water channels staff demolition and using slope, limitation techniques, rip-rap and lining. FMEnv Limits removal of fuel storage tanks and World Bank Group/ dismantling of effluent IFC EHS Guideline treatment plant. limits Equipment maintenance and inspection schedule Waste Waste Waste Generation Reduce Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources and Surface and Groundwater Records of disposal Document review Prior to site HES Advisor in Costs associated impacts Construction waste / impacts of Resources: Potential Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources (Decommissioning) site selection preparation consultation with with identification General waste / waste activities NNPC/CNL JV and inspection Sewage and • Identify suitable disposal sites and confirm capacities for disposal for general and hazardous wastes Records of sales of HES Coordinator (approx. 2,000 wastewater related prior to the initiation of decommissioning activities. machinery, buildings and Contractor USD) impacts, resulting in • All metal shall be sold for scrap and machinery; and infrastructure and buildings shall be dismantled and infrastructure HES Manager potential such that as much of this waste can be reused or recycled. contamination of water supplies and soil; visual impacts Traffic: Increased Transportation of Reduce the • Limit land transportation by using barges and other water vessels for large and bulky loads. Journey Management Review incident Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Road accident large and bulky loads risk of • Develop and enforce a journey management schedule to avoid peak traffic times. Schedule reports, training HES Coordinator scope of works risks of materials and accidents • Require competency training (including defensive driving), and identification of road signs and traffic records, and equipment from the codes for vehicle drivers and conductors before mobilisation is allowed. Training material and grievance log Contractor HES responsibilities of site, waste removal • Use road signs and sirens at strategic points to warn people of oncoming heavy duty vehicles. training record Manager the NNPC/CNL • Drivers to observe speed limits. Motor Vehicle JV and contractor • Certify all vehicles for roadworthiness (and renew as required). Incident log and Crash (MVC) rate staff • Avoid night trips. records of corrective • Use escort vehicle during transportation of large and bulky loads. actions • Implement NNPC/CNL JV's SOP 104 - Land Transport Safety Management System requirements. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Grievance log respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Traffic: Increased Transportation of Reduce risks • Conduct transportation risk assessment and implement recommendations. Transportation Risk Document review Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Water- risks of large and bulky loads of collisions • Comply with NNPC/CNL JV's Marine Safety procedures and all water way transport rules (NNPC/CNL Assessment HES Coordinator scope of works based collisions of materials and JV and contractors) and Chevron SOP 515 - Boat Transportation and Personnel Transfer. Visual inspection and equipment from the • Notify stakeholders of barge routes and dates through SEP. Grievance log and photographic Contractor HES responsibilities of site via Lagos lagoon, • Limit barge activities to day light hours. record Manager the NNPC/CNL including waste • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Incident log JV and contractor removal. respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between PGPA Advisor staff NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. PPE records for • Licence all vessels used for transport. vessels • All on board transport vessels must wear adequate PPE. Barge Movement Plan Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 30 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Community Increased Removal of Project Reduce risks Mitigation as for Waste Impacts (Decommissioning) As for Waste Impacts Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the and risks of infrastructure of accidents (Decommissioning) HES Coordinator scope of works Worker accidents and • Prepare and implement a decommissioning and demolition plan which provides instructions on the safe and Health and and explosions removal of project infrastructure. Decommissioning Contractor HES responsibilities of Safety explosions • Conduct frequent fire drills at the Project site to acquaint personnel with fire emergency procedures. and Demolition Plan Manager the NNPC/CNL • Ensure all fire-fighting equipment is readily available. JV and contractor • Undertake job hazard analyses for all work with associated fire or explosions risks (i.e. hot work). Fire drill log staff • Implement appropriate Chevron SOPs from the 100-800 series to manage risks. Fire fighting equipment maintenance records Incident log Air Quality Increased Power generation Reduce Mitigation as for Air Quality: increased levels of PM10 25% of the hourly Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the levels of CO activities including emissions of WHO limit HES Coordinator scope of works gas transmission and CO and gas combustion, Monitoring data from Contractor HES responsibilities of emergency power the CEMS Manager the NNPC/CNL supply JV and contractor staff Air Quality Increased Release of GHG from Reduce The plant will be pre-engineered to allow future conversion to CCGT for efficiency. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a levels of combustion of natural emissions of greenhouse gas greenhouse gases gases Air Quality Increased Power generation Reduce • Maintain all vehicles and combustion engines as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and operated 25% of the hourly Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the levels of NO2 activities including emissions of as per the original specifications. WHO limit HES Coordinator scope of works gas transmission and NO2 • Use Combustion Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) for each gas turbine generator to continuously and gas combustion, monitor air emissions. Monitoring data from Contractor HES responsibilities of emergency power • Fit the gas turbines with two dry low NOx combustors. the CEMS Manager the NNPC/CNL supply • Maintain all vehicles as per the vehicle maintenance schedule. JV and contractor staff Air Quality Increased Power generation Reduce • Maintain all vehicles and combustion engines as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and operated 25% of the hourly Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the levels of activities including emissions of as per the original specifications. WHO limit HES Coordinator scope of works PM10 gas transmission and PM10 • Use CEMS for each gas turbine generator to continuously monitor air emissions. and gas combustion, Monitoring data from Contractor HES responsibilities of emergency power the CEMS Manager the NNPC/CNL supply JV and contractor staff Noise and Increased Power generation Reduce • Implement the SEP to communicate with the affected communities on a regular basis. SEP Document review Quarterly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Vibration ambient activities, including ambient • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any HES Coordinator scope of works noise and emergency power noise and damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line Grievance log Review of and vibration generators and ad vibration with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. monitoring results Contractor HES responsibilities of hoc movement of • Plan vehicle/ equipment movements to avoid travel through residential areas. Noise monitoring Manager the NNPC/CNL heavy vehicles/ • Avoid clustering of machinery and other large operational vehicles near residences and other sensitive results against World JV and contractor equipment during land uses. Bank/ IFC EHS staff maintenance and • Undertake noise monitoring at closest sensitive receptors. Guidelines repairs Cost for sampling and analysis of liquid effluent and receiving water bodies are approx. 1,000 USD for set-up and 5,000 USD for each monitoring event Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 31 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Groundwat Depletion of Borehole drilling and Reduce • Reduce water usage and record water use through monitoring to enable reduction. Grievance log Document review Quarterly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the er groundwater use as process water, water usage • Maintain taps and water pumping and transmission mechanisms at optimal working condition. HES Coordinator scope of works Resources resources. domestic uses, • Regularly check all plant equipment and pipelines for leaks. Maintenance log and Water use washing, firewater • Undertake detailed water analysis and implement recommendations. Contractor HES responsibilities of for process • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Manager the NNPC/CNL water respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between JV and contractor (cooling, fire NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. staff tanks, washing etc.) will be extracted from three boreholes on site with a flow rate of 200m3/h per well. Infrastructu Increased Local health service Reduce • Maintain on-site medical and ambulance facilities for Project workers. Medical records Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Ambulance re and strain on requirements by strain on • Transfer Project workers with serious illness or injuries to Lagos for treatment in line with Chevron SWP HES Coordinator facilities as a Social local health workforce and local health 108 - Emergency Medical Evacuation. contract with a Services services and migrant job seekers and other • Ensure that contributions are made to health and infrastructure development projects and activities Contractor HES private provider. other Use of already under services including dispensaries, cottage hospitals and doctors quarters, as per the MOU. Manager community resourced health Staff costs fall infrastructure facilities by project within the scope staff reduces service of works and quality responsibility of Deterioration in NNPC/CNL JV service due to HES staff. increased use without increased resources Infrastructu Improved Project supply of Improved No specific enhancement measures have been identified. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a re and electricity electricity to the electricity Social supply National Grid supply Services Economic Employment Around 80 permanent Enhance • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft Local Content Plan Document review Quarterly HES Advisor Falls within the Benefits opportunities positions employment MOU with the local communities. scope of works and Goods and service opportunities • Include requirements to prioritize local employment wherever possible in the tender process. Signed MOU PGPA Advisor and economic contracts, Increased and • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract awards. responsibilities of stimulus cash flow into local economic • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should be channeled Records of the NNPC/CNL economy /economic stimulus to the communities through the ICSC leadership. communication with JV and contractor stimulus • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the MOU with local communities. local communities staff and ICSC Percentage of contracts held with local companies Economic Increased Increased tax Enhance There is very little that the Project can do to maximise the benefits of increased government revenue. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Benefits national tax revenues increased revenues national tax revenues Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 32 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Livelihoods Disruption to Disruption of fish Disruption to • Develop a SEP in line with the draft MOU to facilitate engagement with the community so that Stakeholder Meeting minutes Monthly PGPA Advisor Falls within the fishing stocks resulting from fishing stakeholders are informed of NNPC/CNL JV’s activities. Consultation Plan from community scope of works activities potential activities • Implement and disclose a grievance procedure and respond to all grievances timeously. meetings HES Advisor and contamination • Develop and maintain emergency and spill/leak prevention and response/countermeasures plans for all Grievance responsibilities of phases of the project. Mechanism Grievances the NNPC/CNL • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and reported and JV staff respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between Emergency and Spill dealt with NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Response Procedure according to grievance mechanism Livelihoods Disturbance Discharge of NOx Limit Mitigation as for Air Quality: increased emissions of NO2 25% of the hourly Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the of and CO2 into the disturbance WHO limit HES Coordinator scope of works agricultural atmosphere resulting of and activities in decreased agricultural Monitoring data from Contractor HES responsibilities of productivity and activities the CEMS Manager the NNPC/CNL damage to crops. JV and contractor staff Livelihoods Local Opportunities for Enhance • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft Local Content Plan Document review Monthly PGPA Advisor/ Falls within the business goods/ service employment MOU with the local communities. HES Advisor scope of works development contracts with opportunities • Include requirements to prioritize local employment wherever possible in the tender process. SEP and responsibility NNPC/CNL JV and • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract awards. of NNPC/CNL JV Local business economic • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should be channelled Records of and contractor development stimulus to the communities through the ICSC leadership. communications staff Supply of • Engage with local communities in accordance with the draft MOU, and pursue finalisation and regarding contract goods/services to agreement with local communities. opportunities NNPC/CNL JV workforce Percentage of local employees and vendors Tender documents to include local employment clause Sense of Altered Presence of Project Limit impacts • Pursue a proactive SEP that is built on openness, mutual trust and inclusiveness in terms of its Grievance log Document review Quarterly PGPA Advisor Falls within the Place sense of infrastructure on sense of operational activities and community-based development initiatives. scope of works place place • Manage the location of contractor accommodation to limit the impact of high numbers of outsiders Visual inspection and Visual inspection HES Advisor and converging on local towns. photographic responsibilities of • Implement a Code of Conduct for all employees. evidence the NNPC/CNL JV staff Code of conduct Traffic Increased Operational traffic to Increased • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Grievance log Visual inspection Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the traffic and from the site traffic respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works congestion congestion NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Journey Management record of road and • Develop a journey management schedule to peak traffic times. Schedule repair Contractor HES responsibilities of Manager the NNPC/CNL Document review JV and contractor staff Community Deterioration Air and Noise Avoid Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources(Operation) , Air Quality: increased Soil Resources: Soil Resources: Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Health and in pollution from deterioration emissions of NO2 (Operational) and Noise and Vibration: Increased Ambient Noise and Vibration Contamination of Soil Contamination of HES Coordinator scope of works Safety community operational processes of (Operation) Resources(Operation Soil and health – (release of SOx, community ) , Air Quality: Resources(Opera Contractor HES responsibilities of conditions NOx, PMx). Impacts health • Maintain sufficient financial resources to address any required cleanup of the environment. increased emissions tion) , Air Quality: Manager the NNPC/CNL and on surface water and conditions of NO2 (Operational) increased JV and contractor increased groundwater quality and and Noise and emissions of NO2 staff irritation due to unplanned nuisance Vibration: Increased (Operational) and (noise and events ie spills of Ambient Noise and Noise and dust) hazardous materials, Vibration (Operation) Vibration: fuel . Increased Ambient Noise Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 33 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation and Vibration (Operation) Worker Health and Power generation Health and • Provide and require use of appropriate PPE for all employees and provide training and awareness PPE logs Visual inspection Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Health and Safety activities including Safety raising as part of induction. and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works Safety Hazards for gas transmission and Hazards for • Implement a Worker Health and Safety Plan for the site for construction, operation and Worker Health and record and onsite gas combustion, onsite decommissioning phases. Safety Plan Contractor HES responsibilities of Employees emergency power Employees • Maintain all work equipment at an optimal operating condition. Document review Manager the NNPC/CNL supply. Exposure to • Plan activities involving heavy equipment operation (e.g., cranes), pile-driving or blasting to occur during Equipment JV and contractor hazardous materials, periods of the day that would be expected to minimize disturbance. maintenance staff moving vehicles and • Ensure periods of respite are provided in the case of unavoidable maximum noise level events. schedules and noise emissions. • Ensure, where feasible and reasonable, that ‘low noise’ equipment, or methods of work with the lowest records noise impacts are selected. • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric-controlled Records of safety units, where feasible. campaigns, including • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. training records • Deploy a behaviour based safety/ iCARE program to promote safety culture. • Implement effective Hazard Communication and Right To Know program. Grievance log • Deploy Incident and Injury Free campaign to the workforce early in the project. • Enforce implementation of SOP 400 – Permit To Work and other appropriate Chevron SOPs. Incident log • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. Soil Contaminati Operation of Agura Avoid • Train and equip relevant staff in safe storage and handling practices, and rapid spill response and Spill Control and Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Resources on of soil power plant and contaminatio cleanup techniques. Response Plan HES Coordinator scope of works resources equipment n of soil • Include environmental awareness regarding waste handling into induction programme for all employees. Visual inspection and maintenance, resources • Provide spill containment equipment to ensure that incidental spills/leaks are promptly and adequately Visual inspection and photographic Contractor HES responsibilities of discharge of water contained, including drip pans. records and record Manager the NNPC/CNL containing entrained • Develop a Spill Control and Response Plan to respond to spills and leaks. photographic records JV and contractor oil/chemicals, sewage • Store hydrocarbons, fuels, lubricants and chemicals in bunded and lockable oil storage tanks, with staff / Waste water hoses and gauges kept within the bund. Waste manifests treatment process • NNPC/CNL JV shall ensure that the diesel storage tanks and components meet international standards for structural design and integrity and provide corrosion protection. Incident log and • Undertake periodic inspection and maintenance of storage tanks, pipes and associated components. records of corrective • Equip tanks with spill and overfill prevention devices (e.g. alarms, automatic shut-off devices and catch actions basins). • Construct storm water channels and oil/ water separators in diesel storage, handling and transfer areas. Records of • Categorize and containerize wastes to prevent contact with soil and groundwater before being communication with transported to the licenced disposal site. the authorities • Adopt and implement waste management practices as outlined in the AIPP Waste Management Plan (Annex E), including waste removal by licenced waste disposal contractor and fuel and waste oil containment and disposal. • All incidents of contamination shall be reported to the FMEnv and the relevant state departments. These events shall be investigated and addressed in consultation with all relevant authorities. • Implement SOP 701 Waste Management Practices requirements. • Implement SOP 111 – Hazardous Substance Control Plan requirements. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 34 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Surface Contaminati Operation of Agura Avoid Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources(Operation) WHO Limits Borehole and Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the and on of surface power plant and gas contaminatio surface water HES Coordinator scope of works Groundwat and ground pipeline. Rainwater n of surface • Monitoring of waste water discharge (prior to discharge) will be undertaken to ensure that water quality FMEnv Limits sampling and er water and other wash down and ground remains within Nigerian, WHO and World Bank limits. Any sludge that is produced will be disposed of as Contractor HES responsibilities of Resources resources on the site, accidents water hazardous waste to an appointed licensed waste disposal facility. World Bank Group/ Document review Manager the NNPC/CNL and spills, accidental resources IFC EHS Guideline JV and contractor waste leaks, bunds limits staff overflowing Equipment Cost for sampling maintenance and and analysis of inspection schedule liquid effluent and receiving water Relevant Chevron bodies are SOPs approx. 1,000 USD for set-up Incident log and and 5,000 USD records of corrective for each actions monitoring event Waste Waste Wastes from plant Reduce Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources and Surface and Groundwater Records of disposal Document review Prior to operation, NNPC/CNL JV Costs associated impacts processes/ domestic unplanned Resources: Potential Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources site selection quarterly HES Coordinator with identification waste resulting in impacts of Visual inspection and inspection potential waste • Identify suitable disposal sites and confirm capacities for disposal for general and hazardous wastes Visual inspection and and photographic (approx. 2,000 contamination of prior to the initiation of site clearance activities. photographic record record USD) water supplies and soil; visual impacts Traffic: Increased Operational traffic to Reduce risk • Develop and enforce an effective journey management schedule. Journey Management Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Road accident and from the site of accidents • Require all drivers observe load limits and speed limits for all roads used. Schedule HES Coordinator scope of works risks • Require competency training on driving, and identification of road signs and traffic codes for vehicle Visual inspection and drivers and conductors before mobilisation is allowed. National Traffic and Contractor HES responsibilities of • Use road signs at strategic points, sirens and public announcements where necessary to warn people of Transport laws Manager the NNPC/CNL oncoming heavy duty vehicles. JV and contractor • Certify and renew all its vehicles for roadworthiness. Training material and staff • Avoid night trips. training records • Use escort vehicle during transportation of large and bulky loads. • Limit vehicular movement during peak traffic through effective logistic and material movement planning. Visual inspection • Implement NNPC/CNL JV's SOP 104 Land Transport Safety Management System requirements. records and photographic records Copies of driver licences Community Increased Risks of explosions Reduce risks • Revalidate the Quantitative Risk Assessment for the gas pipeline, handling facilities and gas turbines Quantitative Risk Document review Prior to operation, NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the and risks of and resulting damage of accidents and implement any additional measures required. Assessment quarterly HES Coordinator scope of works Worker accidents to buildings, risks to and • Revalidate the building siting assessment. and Health and and employees and local explosions • Ensure strict application of international standards of operations. Emergency Contractor HES responsibilities of Safety explosions communities as well • Implement the Project Emergency Response Plan (ERP) (Annex E). Response Plan Manager the NNPC/CNL as risks of associated • Coat all pipelines with an anti-corrosive material to prevent leaks and spills. JV and contractor environmental • Implement an effective and continuous pressure and flow monitoring system including provision for Job Hazard Analysis staff contamination automatic shutdown in case of leak or failure. records • Conduct frequent fire drills at the Project site to acquaint personnel with fire emergency procedures. • Ensure all fire-fighting equipment is readily available. Continuous Pressure • Undertake job hazard analyses for all work with associated fire or explosions risks (i.e. hot work). and Flow Monitoring • Implement appropriate Chevron SOPs from the 100-800 series to manage risks. results Building site assessment Fire drill log Fire fighting equipment maintenance records Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 35 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 36 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Table 7.5  Operational Phase: Environmental Management Measures Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Air Quality Increased Power generation Reduce Mitigation as for Air Quality: increased levels of PM10 25% of the hourly Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the levels of CO activities including emissions of WHO limit HES Coordinator scope of works gas transmission CO and responsibilities and gas combustion, Monitoring data from Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL emergency power the CEMS Manager JV and contractor supply staff Air Quality Increased Release of GHG Reduce • Make use of high efficiency turbines to optimise the plants energy use. Turbine maintenance Quantify and Annually NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the levels of from combustion of emissions of • Develop and implement a turbine maintenance programme to ensure turbines run at optimal programme record the total HES Coordinator scope of works greenhouse natural gas greenhouse performance. volume of GHG and responsibilities gases gases emissions Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL Manager JV and contractor staff Air Quality Increased Power generation Reduce • Maintain all vehicles and combustion engines as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and operated 25% of the hourly Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the levels of NO2 activities including emissions of as per the original specifications. WHO limit HES Coordinator scope of works gas transmission NO2 • Use Combustion Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) for each gas turbine generator to continuously and responsibilities and gas combustion, monitor air emissions. Monitoring data from Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL emergency power • Fit the gas turbines with two dry low NOx combustors. the CEMS Manager JV and contractor supply • Maintain all vehicles as per the vehicle maintenance schedule. staff Air Quality Increased Power generation Reduce • Maintain all vehicles and combustion engines as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and operated 25% of the hourly Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the levels of PM10 activities including emissions of as per the original specifications. WHO limit HES Coordinator scope of works gas transmission PM10 • Use CEMS for each gas turbine generator to continuously monitor air emissions including methane, and responsibilities and gas combustion, non-methane and VOC gases as well as thermal radiation generated from fuel combustion processes. Monitoring data from Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL emergency power the CEMS Manager JV and contractor supply . staff Noise and Increased Power generation Reduce • Implement the SEP to communicate with the affected communities on a regular basis. SEP Document review Quarterly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Vibration ambient activities, including ambient • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any HES Coordinator scope of works noise and emergency power noise and damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line Grievance log Review of and responsibilities vibration generators and ad vibration with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. monitoring results Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL hoc movement of • Plan vehicle/ equipment movements to avoid travel through residential areas. Noise monitoring Manager JV and contractor heavy vehicles/ • Avoid clustering of machinery and other large operational vehicles near residences and other sensitive results against World staff equipment during land uses. Bank/ IFC EHS maintenance and • Undertake noise monitoring at closest sensitive receptors. Guidelines Cost for sampling repairs and analysis of liquid effluent and receiving water bodies are approx. 1,000 USD for set- up and 5,000 USD for each monitoring event Groundwat Depletion of Borehole drilling and Reduce water • Reduce water usage and record water use through monitoring to enable reduction. Grievance log Document review Quarterly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the er groundwater use as process usage • Maintain taps and water pumping and transmission mechanisms at optimal working condition. HES Coordinator scope of works Resources resources. water, domestic • Regularly check all plant equipment and pipelines for leaks. Maintenance log and responsibilities Water use for uses, washing, • Undertake detailed water analysis and implement recommendations. Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL process firewater • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Manager JV and contractor water respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between staff (cooling, fire NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. tanks, washing etc.) will be extracted from three boreholes on site with a flow rate of Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 37 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation 200m3/h per well. Infrastructu Increased Local health service Reduce strain • Maintain on-site medical and ambulance facilities for Project workers. Medical records Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Ambulance re and strain on local requirements by on local • Transfer Project workers with serious illness or injuries to Lagos for treatment in line with Chevron SWP HES Coordinator facilities as a Social health workforce and health and 108 - Emergency Medical Evacuation. contract with a Services services and migrant job seekers other Contractor HES private provider. other Use of already under services Manager community resourced health Staff costs fall infrastructure facilities by project within the scope of staff reduces service works and quality responsibility of Deterioration in NNPC/CNL JV service due to HES staff. increased use without increased resources Infrastructu Improved Project supply of Improved No specific enhancement measures have been identified. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a re and electricity electricity to the electricity Social supply National Grid supply Services Economic Employment Around 80 Enhance • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft Local Content Plan Document review Quarterly HES Advisor Falls within the Benefits opportunities permanent positions employment MOU with the local communities. scope of works and Goods and service opportunities • Include requirements to prioritize local employment wherever possible in the tender process. Signed MOU PGPA Advisor and responsibilities economic contracts, Increased and • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract awards. of the NNPC/CNL stimulus cash flow into local economic • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should be channeled Records of JV and contractor economy /economic stimulus to the communities through the ICSC leadership. communication with staff stimulus • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the MOU with local communities. local communities and ICSC Percentage of contracts held with local companies Economic Increased Increased tax Enhance There is very little that the Project can do to maximise the benefits of increased government revenue. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Benefits national tax revenues increased revenues national tax revenues Livelihoods Disruption to Disruption of fish Disruption to • Develop a SEP in line with the draft MOU to facilitate engagement with the community so that Stakeholder Meeting minutes Monthly PGPA Advisor Falls within the fishing stocks resulting from fishing stakeholders are informed of NNPC/CNL JV’s activities. Consultation Plan from community scope of works activities potential activities • Implement and disclose a grievance procedure and respond to all grievances timeously. meetings HES Advisor and responsibilities contamination • Develop and maintain emergency and spill/leak prevention and response/countermeasures plans for all Grievance of the NNPC/CNL phases of the project. Mechanism Grievances JV staff • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and reported and dealt respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between Emergency and Spill with according to NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Response Procedure grievance mechanism Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 38 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Livelihoods Disturbance Discharge of NOx Limit Mitigation as for Air Quality: increased emissions of NO2 25% of the hourly Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the of agricultural and CO2 into the disturbance WHO limit HES Coordinator scope of works activities atmosphere of agricultural and responsibilities resulting in activities Monitoring data from Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL decreased the CEMS Manager JV and contractor productivity and staff damage to crops. Livelihoods Local Opportunities for Enhance • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft Local Content Plan Document review Monthly PGPA Advisor/ Falls within the business goods/ service employment MOU with the local communities. HES Advisor scope of works development contracts with opportunities • Include requirements to prioritize local employment wherever possible in the tender process. SEP and responsibility NNPC/CNL JV and • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract awards. of NNPC/CNL JV Local business economic • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should be channelled Records of and contractor development stimulus to the communities through the ICSC leadership. communications staff Supply of • Engage with local communities in accordance with the draft MOU, and pursue finalisation and regarding contract goods/services to agreement with local communities. opportunities NNPC/CNL JV workforce Percentage of local employees and vendors Tender documents to include local employment clause Sense of Altered sense Presence of Project Limit impacts • Pursue a proactive SEP that is built on openness, mutual trust and inclusiveness in terms of its Grievance log Document review Quarterly PGPA Advisor Falls within the Place of place infrastructure on sense of operational activities and community-based development initiatives. scope of works place • Manage the location of contractor accommodation to limit the impact of high numbers of outsiders Visual inspection and Visual inspection HES Advisor and responsibilities converging on local towns. photographic of the NNPC/CNL • Implement a Code of Conduct for all employees. evidence JV staff Code of conduct Traffic Increased Operational traffic to Increased • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Grievance log Visual inspection Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the traffic and from the site traffic respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works congestion congestion NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Journey Management record of road and responsibilities • Develop a journey management schedule to peak traffic times. Schedule repair Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL Manager JV and contractor Document review staff Community Deterioration Air and Noise Avoid Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources (Operation) , Air Quality: increased Soil Resources: Soil Resources: Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Health and in community pollution from deterioration emissions of NO2 (Operational) and Noise and Vibration: Increased Ambient Noise and Vibration Contamination of Soil Contamination of HES Coordinator scope of works Safety health operational of community (Operation) Resources(Operation Soil and responsibilities conditions processes – (release health ) , Air Quality: Resources(Operat Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL and of SOx, NOx, PMx). conditions • Maintain sufficient financial resources to address any required cleanup of the environment. increased emissions ion) , Air Quality: Manager JV and contractor increased Impacts on surface and nuisance of NO2 (Operational) increased staff irritation water and and Noise and emissions of NO2 (noise and groundwater quality Vibration: Increased (Operational) and dust) due to unplanned Ambient Noise and Noise and events ie spills of Vibration (Operation) Vibration: hazardous materials, Increased Ambient fuel. Noise and Vibration (Operation) Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 39 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Worker Health and Power generation Health and • Provide and require use of appropriate PPE for all employees and provide training and awareness PPE logs Visual inspection Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Health and Safety activities including Safety raising as part of induction. and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works Safety Hazards for gas transmission Hazards for • Implement a Worker Health and Safety Plan for the site for construction, operation and Worker Health and record and responsibilities onsite and gas combustion, onsite decommissioning phases. Safety Plan Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL Employees emergency power Employees • Maintain all work equipment at an optimal operating condition. Document review Manager JV and contractor supply. Exposure to • Plan activities involving heavy equipment operation (e.g., cranes), pile-driving or blasting to occur during Equipment staff hazardous materials, periods of the day that would be expected to minimize disturbance. maintenance moving vehicles and • Ensure periods of respite are provided in the case of unavoidable maximum noise level events. schedules and noise emissions. • Ensure, where feasible and reasonable, that ‘low noise’ equipment, or methods of work with the lowest records noise impacts are selected. • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric-controlled Records of safety units, where feasible. campaigns, including • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. training records • Deploy a behaviour based safety/ iCARE program to promote safety culture. • Implement effective Hazard Communication and Right To Know program. Grievance log • Deploy Incident and Injury Free campaign to the workforce early in the project. • Enforce implementation of SOP 400 – Permit To Work and other appropriate Chevron SOPs. Incident log • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. Soil Contaminatio Operation of Agura Avoid • Train and equip relevant staff in safe storage and handling practices, and rapid spill response and Spill Control and Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Resources n of soil power plant and contaminatio cleanup techniques. Response Plan HES Coordinator scope of works resources equipment n of soil • Include environmental awareness regarding waste handling into induction programme for all employees. Visual inspection and responsibilities maintenance, resources • Provide spill containment equipment to ensure that incidental spills/leaks are promptly and adequately Visual inspection and photographic Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL discharge of water contained, including drip pans. records and record Manager JV and contractor containing entrained • Develop a Spill Control and Response Plan to respond to spills and leaks. photographic records staff oil/chemicals, • Store hydrocarbons, fuels, lubricants and chemicals in bunded and lockable oil storage tanks, with sewage / Waste hoses and gauges kept within the bund. Waste manifests water treatment • NNPC/CNL JV shall ensure that the diesel storage tanks and components meet international standards process for structural design and integrity and provide corrosion protection. Incident log and • Undertake periodic inspection and maintenance of storage tanks, pipes and associated components. records of corrective • Equip tanks with spill and overfill prevention devices (e.g. alarms, automatic shut-off devices and catch actions basins). • Construct storm water channels and oil/ water separators in diesel storage, handling and transfer areas. Records of • Categorize and containerize wastes to prevent contact with soil and groundwater before being communication with transported to the licenced disposal site. the authorities • Adopt and implement waste management practices as outlined in the AIPP Waste Management Plan (Annex E), including waste removal by licenced waste disposal contractor and fuel and waste oil containment and disposal. • All incidents of contamination shall be reported to the FMEnv and the relevant state departments. These events shall be investigated and addressed in consultation with all relevant authorities. • Implement SOP 701 Waste Management Practices requirements. • Implement SOP 111 – Hazardous Substance Control Plan requirements. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 40 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Surface Contaminatio Operation of Agura Avoid Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources(Operation) WHO Limits Borehole and Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the and n of surface power plant and gas contaminatio surface water HES Coordinator scope of works Groundwat and ground pipeline. Rainwater n of surface • Monitoring of waste water discharge (prior to discharge) will be undertaken to ensure that water quality FMEnv Limits sampling and responsibilities er water and other wash and ground remains within Nigerian, WHO and World Bank limits. Any sludge that is produced will be disposed of as Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL Resources resources down on the site, water hazardous waste to an appointed licensed waste disposal facility. World Bank Group/ Document review Manager JV and contractor accidents and spills, resources IFC EHS Guideline staff accidental waste limits leaks, bunds Cost for sampling overflowing Equipment and analysis of maintenance and liquid effluent and inspection schedule receiving water bodies are approx. Relevant Chevron 1,000 USD for set- SOPs up and 5,000 USD for each Incident log and monitoring event records of corrective actions Waste Waste Wastes from plant Reduce Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources and Surface and Groundwater Records of disposal Document review Prior to NNPC/CNL JV Costs associated impacts processes / unplanned Resources: Potential Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources site selection operation, HES Coordinator with identification domestic waste impacts of Visual inspection quarterly and inspection resulting in potential waste • Identify suitable disposal sites and confirm capacities for disposal for general and hazardous wastes Visual inspection and and photographic (approx. 2,000 contamination of prior to the initiation of site clearance activities. photographic record record USD) water supplies and soil; visual impacts Traffic: Increased Operational traffic to Reduce risk • Develop and enforce an effective journey management schedule. Journey Management Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Road accident risks and from the site of accidents • Require all drivers observe load limits and speed limits for all roads used. Schedule HES Coordinator scope of works • Require competency training on driving, and identification of road signs and traffic codes for vehicle Visual inspection and responsibilities drivers and conductors before mobilisation is allowed. National Traffic and Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL • Use road signs at strategic points, sirens and public announcements where necessary to warn people of Transport laws Manager JV and contractor oncoming heavy duty vehicles. staff • Certify and renew all its vehicles for roadworthiness. Training material and • Avoid night trips. training records • Use escort vehicle during transportation of large and bulky loads. • Limit vehicular movement during peak traffic through effective logistic and material movement planning. Visual inspection • Implement NNPC/CNL JV's SOP 104 Land Transport Safety Management System requirements. records and photographic records Copies of driver licences Community Increased Risks of explosions Reduce risks • Revalidate the Quantitative Risk Assessment for the gas pipeline, handling facilities and gas turbines Quantitative Risk Document review Prior to NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the and risks of and resulting of accidents and implement any additional measures required. Assessment operation, HES Coordinator scope of works Worker accidents and damage to buildings, and • Revalidate the building siting assessment. quarterly and responsibilities Health and explosions risks to employees explosions • Ensure strict application of international standards of operations. Emergency Contractor HES of the NNPC/CNL Safety and local • Implement the Project Emergency Response Plan (ERP) (Annex E). Response Plan Manager JV and contractor communities as well • Coat all pipelines with an anti-corrosive material to prevent leaks and spills. staff as risks of • Implement an effective and continuous pressure and flow monitoring system including provision for Job Hazard Analysis associated automatic shutdown in case of leak or failure. records environmental • Conduct frequent fire drills at the Project site to acquaint personnel with fire emergency procedures. contamination • Ensure all fire-fighting equipment is readily available. Continuous Pressure • Undertake job hazard analyses for all work with associated fire or explosions risks (i.e. hot work). and Flow Monitoring • Implement appropriate Chevron SOPs from the 100-800 series to manage risks. results Building site assessment Fire drill log Fire fighting equipment Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 41 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation maintenance records   Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 42 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Table 7.6  Decommissioning Phase: Environmental Management Measures Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Air Quality Increased Knock down of plant Reduce • Apply a coat of liquid asphalt or similar on earth banks and slopes to prevent erosion soil erosion. WHO Emission Limits Document review Daily NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the levels of infrastructure and emissions of • Reduce dust emissions with water sprays or dust extraction where possible. HES Coordinator scope of works dust, PM10, increased vehicular dust, PM10, • Use erosion control measures for erosion and dust control, on long term exposed surfaces, or on long FMEnv Limits Visual inspection and CO, VOC movement CO, NOx term stockpiles. and photographic Contractor HES responsibilities of • Cover all materials with the potential to lead to dust emissions, during transport. PM10 monitoring record Manager the NNPC/CNL • Use water to wash and damp down surfaces and roads. results JV and contractor • Maximum speed limits of 15kph of unhardened surfaces. staff • Maintain storm water drains and guttering and ensure it is clear of material build up. Visual inspection • Provide and enforce the use of appropriate PPE to minimise exposure to dust. records and photographic records Soil Increased Removal of Prevent soil • Rehabilitate and re-vegetate cleared areas adjacent to the Project site before the next wet season. Visual inspection Visual inspection Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Resources soil erosion hardstanding and erosion • Minimise simultaneous transportation and excavation to reduce erosion. records and and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works infrastructure, photographic records record and backfilling as well as Contractor HES responsibilities of increased road use Manager the NNPC/CNL for decommissioning JV and contractor vehicles staff Influx and Change in Influx of NNPC/CNL Minimise • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft SEP Document review Prior to PGPA Advisor/ Falls within the Demograp demographic JV workers for short changes in MOU with the local communities. recruitment, HES Advisor scope of works hics profile term demographic • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Worker Code of Visual inspection monthly and responsibility decommissioning profile respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between Conduct of NNPC/CNL JV work as well as NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. and contractor retrenchments of • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the draft MOU with local communities. Training material and staff permanent • Make community leaders aware of the project activities and impacts, including feedback on in-mitigation. training records for employees, resulting • Develop and enforce a Code of Conduct for Project workers and ensure that these measures are strictly cultural awareness in ethnic tension and enforced. training conflict as well as • Non-local decommissioning workers to be housed in a closed camp. increased crime • Liaise with local law enforcement agencies as required in relation to crime attributable to the external Finalised MOU NNPC/CNL JV decommissioning workforce and take appropriate action where necessary. • Brief the decommissioning contractor and all NNPC/CNL JV employees on the sociocultural norms and Meeting minutes with sensitivities of the neighboring communities before commencement of work in the area. local law enforcement Infrastructu Increased Local health service Reduce • Maintain on-site medical and ambulance facilities for Project workers. Medical records Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Ambulance re and strain on requirements by strain on • Transfer Project workers with serious illness or injuries to Lagos for treatment in line with Chevron SWP HES Coordinator facilities as a Social local health workforce and local health 108 - Emergency Medical Evacuation. contract with a Services services and migrant job seekers and other Contractor HES private provider. other Use of already under services Manager community resourced health Staff costs fall infrastructure facilities by project within the scope staff reduces service of works and quality responsibility of Deterioration in NNPC/CNL JV service due to HES staff. increased use without increased resources Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 43 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Livelihoods Disruption to Disruption of fish Minimise Mitigation as for Surface and Groundwater Resources: Impacts to Surface and Groundwater Resources SEP Document review Monthly PGPA Advisor Falls within the fishing stocks barge disruption to (Decommissioning) scope of works activities transport activities fishing Grievance log and responsibility and potential activities • Inform the four communities within the ZOI of the barge routes and schedules to avoid impacts on of NNPC/CNL JV contamination fishing activities (in line with the SEP) and through the ICSC). and contractor Potential for collision • Constrain barge activities to day light hours. staff with fishing vessels • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. • Develop and maintain emergency and spill/leak prevention plan (all project phases). Traffic Damage to Transportation of Avoid • Engage with the local authorities in order to repair any damage to the road as a result of the project Scheduled meetings Visual inspection Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the road large and bulky loads damage to activities. with local authorities and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works infrastructure of materials and road • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any record of road and responsibility equipment from the infrastructure damage or accidents); and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line Grievance log repair Contractor HES of NNPC/CNL JV site, waste removal with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Manager and contractor Meeting minutes staff Traffic Increased Transportation of Reduce • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Grievance Grievance log Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the traffic large and bulky loads traffic respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between Mechanism HES Coordinator scope of works congestion of materials and congestion NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Journey and responsibility equipment from the • Design journey management schedule that avoids peak hour travelling times during the day. Journey Management management log Contractor HES of NNPC/CNL JV site, waste removal • Drivers to adhere to the roads and avoid driving on road shoulders. Schedule Manager and contractor staff Community Deterioration Air pollution and Prevent Mitigation as for Air Quality: Increased levels of dust, PM10 and NOx (Decommissioning) and Surface Grievance log Document review Monthly PGPA Advisor Falls within the Health and in noise nuisance as a deterioration and Groundwater Resources: Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources (Decommissioning) scope of works Safety community result of in Records of and responsibility health decommissioning community • Limit activities associated with high levels of noise to daylight hours only. communication with of NNPC/CNL JV conditions activities – followed health • Consult with affected communities where high noise levels are unavoidable and consider measures local communities and contractor and by cessation of conditions such as break periods. staff increased emissions. Impacts and • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any Insurance documents irritation on surface water and nuisance damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line (noise and groundwater quality with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. dust) due to unplanned • Maintain sufficient financial resources to address any required cleanup of the environment. events ie spills of hazardous materials, fuel and wash down. Worker Health and Noise/ vibration and Reduce • Provide and require use of appropriate PPE (all employees and contractors). Worker Health and Visual inspection Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Health and Safety air emissions from exposure of • Provide training and awareness raising on PPE use for all employees, as part of induction. Safety Plan and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works Safety Hazards for construction as a Health and • Prepare a Worker Health and Safety Plan for the site for construction, operation and decommissioning record and responsibility onsite result of activities Safety phases. Training Records Contractor HES of NNPC/CNL JV Employees including heavy duty Hazards for • Provide respite in the case of unavoidable maximum noise level events. Document review Manager and contractor equipment, site onsite • Use ‘low noise’ equipment, or work methods. Grievance log staff clearance and large Employees • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric-controlled vehicles use. units, where feasible and reasonable. Exposure to • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. hazardous materials, • Deploy a behaviour based safety/ iCARE program to promote safety culture. moving vehicles. • Deploy Incident and Injury Free campaign to the workforce early in the project. • Implement NNPC/CNL JV SWP 801- Occupational Hygiene - Hearing Conservation program requirements. • Enforce implementation of SOP 400 – Permit To Work and other appropriate Chevron SOP 500 series - Safe Work Practices and PPE, and other appropriate SOPs. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 44 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Soil Contaminati Decommissioning Avoid • Train and equip relevant staff in safe storage and handling practices, and rapid spill response and Spill Control and Document review Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Resources on of soil and knock down of contaminatio cleanup techniques. Response Plan HES Coordinator scope of works resources plant infrastructure, n of soil • Develop a Spill Control and Response Plan to respond to spills and leaks. Visual inspection and storage of hazardous resources • Provide spill containment equipment to ensure that incidental spills/leaks are promptly and adequately Visual inspection and photographic Contractor HES responsibilities of materials, wastes contained, including drip pans. records and record Manager the NNPC/CNL • Store hydrocarbons, fuels, lubricants and chemicals in bunded and lockable oil storage tanks, with photographic records JV and contractor hoses and gauges kept within the bund. staff • Design all diesel storage tanks and components to meet international standards for structural design Waste manifests and integrity and to have corrosion protection and spill and overfill prevention devices (e.g. alarms, automatic shut-off devices and catch basins). Incident log and • Undertake periodic inspection and maintenance of storage tanks, pipes and associated components. records of corrective • Construct storm water channels and oil/ water separators in diesel storage, handling and transfer areas. actions • Dispose of wastes in line with established the AIPP Waste Management Plan (Annex E), including categorizing and containing all waste materials before being transported to the licenced disposal site by a Records of licenced waste disposal contractor. communication with • Establish adequate bund walls and foundations where hazardous substances are stored (e.g. fuel, the authorities waste areas). • Separate all waste types and store on hard standing. • Report all incidents and spills to the FMEnv and LASEPA to ensure that appropriate response measures are implemented. • Ensure correct disposal of demolition waste and chemicals (including transformer oil and residual sludge from the wastewater treatment works. Surface Contaminati Leaks and spills Avoid Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources As for Soil Borehole and Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the and on of surface related to contaminatio Resources: surface water HES Coordinator scope of works Groundwat and decommissioning n of • Carefully decommission the groundwater abstraction boreholes, or if they are to remain in continued Contamination of Soil sampling and er groundwater wastes and fuel Groundwater use, ensure they are capped to prevent the development of a potential pathway for contaminants. Resources Contractor HES responsibilities of Resources resources storage, hazardous Resources • Reduce or prevent off-site sediment transport using appropriate methods such as effective site drainage, Document review Manager the NNPC/CNL materials. and sediment/silt trap mechanisms. WHO Limits JV and contractor Decommissioning, • Design permanent drainage installations for heavy rainfall events and protect storm water channels staff demolition and using slope, limitation techniques, rip-rap and lining. FMEnv Limits removal of fuel storage tanks and World Bank Group/ dismantling of effluent IFC EHS Guideline treatment plant. limits Equipment maintenance and inspection schedule Waste Waste Waste Generation Reduce Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources and Surface and Groundwater Records of disposal Document review Prior to site HES Advisor in Costs associated impacts Construction waste / impacts of Resources: Potential Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources (Decommissioning) site selection preparation consultation with with identification General waste / waste activities NNPC/CNL JV and inspection Sewage and • Identify suitable disposal sites and confirm capacities for disposal for general and hazardous wastes Records of sales of HES Coordinator (approx. 2,000 wastewater related prior to the initiation of decommissioning activities. machinery, buildings and Contractor USD) impacts, resulting in • All metal shall be sold for scrap and machinery; and infrastructure and buildings shall be dismantled and infrastructure HES Manager potential such that as much of this waste can be reused or recycled. contamination of water supplies and soil; visual impacts Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 45 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Traffic: Increased Transportation of Reduce the • Limit land transportation by using barges and other water vessels for large and bulky loads. Journey Management Review incident Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Road accident large and bulky loads risk of • Develop and enforce a journey management schedule to avoid peak traffic times. Schedule reports, training HES Coordinator scope of works risks of materials and accidents • Require competency training (including defensive driving), and identification of road signs and traffic records, and equipment from the codes for vehicle drivers and conductors before mobilisation is allowed. Training material and grievance log Contractor HES responsibilities of site, waste removal • Use road signs and sirens at strategic points to warn people of oncoming heavy duty vehicles. training record Manager the NNPC/CNL • Drivers to observe speed limits. Motor Vehicle JV and contractor • Certify all vehicles for roadworthiness (and renew as required). Incident log and Crash (MVC) rate staff • Avoid night trips. records of corrective • Use escort vehicle during transportation of large and bulky loads. actions • Implement NNPC/CNL JV's SOP 104 - Land Transport Safety Management System requirements. • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Grievance log respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Traffic: Increased Transportation of Reduce risks • Conduct transportation risk assessment and implement recommendations. Transportation Risk Document review Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Water- risks of large and bulky loads of collisions • Comply with NNPC/CNL JV's Marine Safety procedures and all water way transport rules (NNPC/CNL Assessment HES Coordinator scope of works based collisions of materials and JV and contractors) and Chevron SOP 515 - Boat Transportation and Personnel Transfer. Visual inspection and equipment from the • Notify stakeholders of barge routes and dates through SEP. Grievance log and photographic Contractor HES responsibilities of site via Lagos lagoon, • Limit barge activities to day light hours. record Manager the NNPC/CNL including waste • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Incident log JV and contractor removal. respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between PGPA Advisor staff NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. PPE records for • Licence all vessels used for transport. vessels • All on board transport vessels must wear adequate PPE. Barge Movement Plan Community Increased Removal of Project Reduce risks Mitigation as for Waste Impacts (Decommissioning) As for Waste Impacts Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the and risks of infrastructure of accidents (Decommissioning) HES Coordinator scope of works Worker accidents and • Prepare and implement a decommissioning and demolition plan which provides instructions on the safe and Health and and explosions removal of project infrastructure. Decommissioning Contractor HES responsibilities of Safety explosions • Conduct frequent fire drills at the Project site to acquaint personnel with fire emergency procedures. and Demolition Plan Manager the NNPC/CNL • Ensure all fire-fighting equipment is readily available. JV and contractor • Undertake job hazard analyses for all work with associated fire or explosions risks (i.e. hot work). Fire drill log staff • Implement appropriate Chevron SOPs from the 100-800 series to manage risks. Fire fighting equipment maintenance records Incident log Air Quality Increased Power generation Reduce Mitigation as for Air Quality: increased levels of PM10 25% of the hourly Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the levels of CO activities including emissions of WHO limit HES Coordinator scope of works gas transmission and CO and gas combustion, Monitoring data from Contractor HES responsibilities of emergency power the CEMS Manager the NNPC/CNL supply JV and contractor staff Air Quality Increased Release of GHG from Reduce No specific mitigation is available n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a levels of combustion of natural emissions of greenhouse gas greenhouse gases gases Air Quality Increased Power generation Reduce • Maintain all vehicles and combustion engines as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and operated 25% of the hourly Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the levels of NO2 activities including emissions of as per the original specifications. WHO limit HES Coordinator scope of works gas transmission and NO2 • Use Combustion Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) for each gas turbine generator to continuously and gas combustion, monitor air emissions. Monitoring data from Contractor HES responsibilities of emergency power • Fit the gas turbines with two dry low NOx combustors. the CEMS Manager the NNPC/CNL supply • Maintain all vehicles as per the vehicle maintenance schedule. JV and contractor staff Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 46 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Air Quality Increased Power generation Reduce • Maintain all vehicles and combustion engines as per the manufacturer’s recommendations and operated 25% of the hourly Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the levels of activities including emissions of as per the original specifications. WHO limit HES Coordinator scope of works PM10 gas transmission and PM10 • Use CEMS for each gas turbine generator to continuously monitor air emissions. and gas combustion, Monitoring data from Contractor HES responsibilities of emergency power the CEMS Manager the NNPC/CNL supply JV and contractor staff Noise and Increased Power generation Reduce • Implement the SEP to communicate with the affected communities on a regular basis. SEP Document review Quarterly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Vibration ambient activities, including ambient • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses (for any HES Coordinator scope of works noise and emergency power noise and damage or accidents) ; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line Grievance log Review of and vibration generators and ad vibration with the draft MOU between NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. monitoring results Contractor HES responsibilities of hoc movement of • Plan vehicle/ equipment movements to avoid travel through residential areas. Noise monitoring Manager the NNPC/CNL heavy vehicles/ • Avoid clustering of machinery and other large operational vehicles near residences and other sensitive results against World JV and contractor equipment during land uses. Bank/ IFC EHS staff maintenance and • Undertake noise monitoring at closest sensitive receptors. Guidelines repairs Cost for sampling and analysis of liquid effluent and receiving water bodies are approx. 1,000 USD for set-up and 5,000 USD for each monitoring event Groundwat Depletion of Borehole drilling and Reduce • Reduce water usage and record water use through monitoring to enable reduction. Grievance log Document review Quarterly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the er groundwater use as process water, water usage • Maintain taps and water pumping and transmission mechanisms at optimal working condition. HES Coordinator scope of works Resources resources. domestic uses, • Regularly check all plant equipment and pipelines for leaks. Maintenance log and Water use washing, firewater • Undertake detailed water analysis and implement recommendations. Contractor HES responsibilities of for process • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Manager the NNPC/CNL water respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between JV and contractor (cooling, fire NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. staff tanks, washing etc.) will be extracted from three boreholes on site with a flow rate of 200m3/h per well. Infrastructu Increased Local health service Reduce • Maintain on-site medical and ambulance facilities for Project workers. Medical records Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Ambulance re and strain on requirements by strain on • Transfer Project workers with serious illness or injuries to Lagos for treatment in line with Chevron SWP HES Coordinator facilities as a Social local health workforce and local health 108 - Emergency Medical Evacuation. contract with a Services services and migrant job seekers and other Contractor HES private provider. other Use of already under services Manager community resourced health Staff costs fall infrastructure facilities by project within the scope staff reduces service of works and quality responsibility of Deterioration in NNPC/CNL JV service due to HES staff. increased use without increased resources Infrastructu Improved Project supply of Improved No specific enhancement measures have been identified. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a re and electricity electricity to the electricity Social supply National Grid supply Services Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 47 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Economic Employment Around 80 permanent Enhance • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft Local Content Plan Document review Quarterly HES Advisor Falls within the Benefits opportunities positions employment MOU with the local communities. scope of works and Goods and service opportunities • Include requirements to prioritize local employment wherever possible in the tender process. Signed MOU PGPA Advisor and economic contracts, Increased and • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract awards. responsibilities of stimulus cash flow into local economic • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should be channeled Records of the NNPC/CNL economy /economic stimulus to the communities through the ICSC leadership. communication with JV and contractor stimulus • Pursue finalisation and agreement of the MOU with local communities. local communities staff and ICSC Percentage of contracts held with local companies Economic Increased Increased tax Enhance There is very little that the Project can do to maximise the benefits of increased government revenue. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Benefits national tax revenues increased revenues national tax revenues Livelihoods Disruption to Disruption of fish Disruption to • Develop a SEP in line with the draft MOU to facilitate engagement with the community so that Stakeholder Meeting minutes Monthly PGPA Advisor Falls within the fishing stocks resulting from fishing stakeholders are informed of NNPC/CNL JV’s activities. Consultation Plan from community scope of works activities potential activities • Implement and disclose a grievance procedure and respond to all grievances timeously. meetings HES Advisor and contamination • Develop and maintain emergency and spill/leak prevention and response/countermeasures plans for all Grievance responsibilities of phases of the project. Mechanism Grievances the NNPC/CNL • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and reported and JV staff respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between Emergency and Spill dealt with NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Response Procedure according to grievance mechanism Livelihoods Disturbance Discharge of NOx Limit Mitigation as for Air Quality: increased emissions of NO2 25% of the hourly Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the of and CO2 into the disturbance WHO limit HES Coordinator scope of works agricultural atmosphere resulting of and activities in decreased agricultural Monitoring data from Contractor HES responsibilities of productivity and activities the CEMS Manager the NNPC/CNL damage to crops. JV and contractor staff Livelihoods Local Opportunities for Enhance • Develop, implement and update SEP to facilitate engagement with the community in line with the draft Local Content Plan Document review Monthly PGPA Advisor/ Falls within the business goods/ service employment MOU with the local communities. HES Advisor scope of works development contracts with opportunities • Include requirements to prioritize local employment wherever possible in the tender process. SEP and responsibility NNPC/CNL JV and • Develop and implement a Local Content Plan for employment, supplies and contract awards. of NNPC/CNL JV Local business economic • All local community content opportunities (employment, contract and sub-contract) should be channelled Records of and contractor development stimulus to the communities through the ICSC leadership. communications staff Supply of • Engage with local communities in accordance with the draft MOU, and pursue finalisation and regarding contract goods/services to agreement with local communities. opportunities NNPC/CNL JV workforce Percentage of local employees and vendors Tender documents to include local employment clause Sense of Altered Presence of Project Limit impacts • Pursue a proactive SEP that is built on openness, mutual trust and inclusiveness in terms of its Grievance log Document review Quarterly PGPA Advisor Falls within the Place sense of infrastructure on sense of operational activities and community-based development initiatives. scope of works place place • Manage the location of contractor accommodation to limit the impact of high numbers of outsiders Visual inspection and Visual inspection HES Advisor and converging on local towns. photographic responsibilities of • Implement a Code of Conduct for all employees. evidence the NNPC/CNL JV staff Code of conduct Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 48 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Traffic Increased Operational traffic to Increased • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and Grievance log Visual inspection Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the traffic and from the site traffic respond timeously with corrective actions identified. This should be in line with the draft MOU between and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works congestion congestion NNPC/CNL JV and the local communities. Journey Management record of road and • Develop a journey management schedule to peak traffic times. Schedule repair Contractor HES responsibilities of Manager the NNPC/CNL Document review JV and contractor staff Community Deterioration Air and Noise Avoid Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources (Operation), Air Quality: increased Soil Resources: Soil Resources: Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Health and in pollution from deterioration emissions of NO2 (Operational) and Noise and Vibration: Increased Ambient Noise and Vibration Contamination of Soil Contamination of HES Coordinator scope of works Safety community operational processes of (Operation) Resources(Operation Soil and health – (release of SOx, community ) , Air Quality: Resources(Opera Contractor HES responsibilities of conditions NOx, PMx). Impacts health • Maintain sufficient financial resources to address any required cleanup of the environment. increased emissions tion) , Air Quality: Manager the NNPC/CNL and on surface water and conditions of NO2 (Operational) increased JV and contractor increased groundwater quality and and Noise and emissions of NO2 staff irritation due to unplanned nuisance Vibration: Increased (Operational) and (noise and events i.e. spills of Ambient Noise and Noise and dust) hazardous materials, Vibration (Operation) Vibration: fuel. Increased Ambient Noise and Vibration (Operation) Worker Health and Power generation Health and • Provide and require use of appropriate PPE for all employees and provide training and awareness PPE logs Visual inspection Weekly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Health and Safety activities including Safety raising as part of induction. and photographic HES Coordinator scope of works Safety Hazards for gas transmission and Hazards for • Implement a Worker Health and Safety Plan for the site for construction, operation and Worker Health and record and onsite gas combustion, onsite decommissioning phases. Safety Plan Contractor HES responsibilities of Employees emergency power Employees • Maintain all work equipment at an optimal operating condition. Document review Manager the NNPC/CNL supply. Exposure to • Plan activities involving heavy equipment operation (e.g., cranes), pile-driving or blasting to occur during Equipment JV and contractor hazardous materials, periods of the day that would be expected to minimize disturbance. maintenance staff moving vehicles and • Ensure periods of respite are provided in the case of unavoidable maximum noise level events. schedules and noise emissions. • Ensure, where feasible and reasonable, that ‘low noise’ equipment, or methods of work with the lowest records noise impacts are selected. • Use alternatives to diesel/petrol engines and pneumatic units, such as hydraulic or electric-controlled Records of safety units, where feasible. campaigns, including • Reduce throttle settings and turn off equipment and plant when not used. training records • Deploy a behaviour based safety/ iCARE program to promote safety culture. • Implement effective Hazard Communication and Right To Know program. Grievance log • Deploy Incident and Injury Free campaign to the workforce early in the project. • Enforce implementation of SOP 400 – Permit To Work and other appropriate Chevron SOPs. Incident log • Develop, implement and disclose grievance procedure which tracks grievances and responses; and respond timeously with corrective actions identified. Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 49 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Soil Contaminati Operation of Agura Avoid • Train and equip relevant staff in safe storage and handling practices, and rapid spill response and Spill Control and Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Resources on of soil power plant and contaminatio cleanup techniques. Response Plan HES Coordinator scope of works resources equipment n of soil • Include environmental awareness regarding waste handling into induction programme for all employees. Visual inspection and maintenance, resources • Provide spill containment equipment to ensure that incidental spills/leaks are promptly and adequately Visual inspection and photographic Contractor HES responsibilities of discharge of water contained, including drip pans. records and record Manager the NNPC/CNL containing entrained • Develop a Spill Control and Response Plan to respond to spills and leaks. photographic records JV and contractor oil/chemicals, sewage • Store hydrocarbons, fuels, lubricants and chemicals in bunded and lockable oil storage tanks, with staff / Waste water hoses and gauges kept within the bund. Waste manifests treatment process • NNPC/CNL JV shall ensure that the diesel storage tanks and components meet international standards for structural design and integrity and provide corrosion protection. Incident log and • Undertake periodic inspection and maintenance of storage tanks, pipes and associated components. records of corrective • Equip tanks with spill and overfill prevention devices (e.g. alarms, automatic shut-off devices and catch actions basins). • Construct storm water channels and oil/ water separators in diesel storage, handling and transfer areas. Records of • Categorize and containerize wastes to prevent contact with soil and groundwater before being communication with transported to the licenced disposal site. the authorities • Adopt and implement waste management practices as outlined in the AIPP Waste Management Plan (Annex E), including waste removal by licenced waste disposal contractor and fuel and waste oil containment and disposal. • All incidents of contamination shall be reported to the FMEnv and the relevant state departments. These events shall be investigated and addressed in consultation with all relevant authorities. • Implement SOP 701 Waste Management Practices requirements. • Implement SOP 111 – Hazardous Substance Control Plan requirements. Surface Contaminati Operation of Agura Avoid Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources(Operation) WHO Limits Borehole and Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the and on of surface power plant and gas contaminatio surface water HES Coordinator scope of works Groundwat and ground pipeline. Rainwater n of surface • Monitoring of waste water discharge (prior to discharge) will be undertaken to ensure that water quality FMEnv Limits sampling and er water and other wash down and ground remains within Nigerian, WHO and World Bank limits. Any sludge that is produced will be disposed of as Contractor HES responsibilities of Resources resources on the site, accidents water hazardous waste to an appointed licensed waste disposal facility. World Bank Group/ Document review Manager the NNPC/CNL and spills, accidental resources IFC EHS Guideline JV and contractor waste leaks, bunds limits staff overflowing Equipment Cost for sampling maintenance and and analysis of inspection schedule liquid effluent and receiving water Relevant Chevron bodies are SOPs approx. 1,000 USD for set-up Incident log and and 5,000 USD records of corrective for each actions monitoring event Waste Waste Wastes from plant Reduce Mitigation as for Soil Resources: Contamination of Soil Resources and Surface and Groundwater Records of disposal Document review Prior to operation, NNPC/CNL JV Costs associated impacts processes/ domestic unplanned Resources: Potential Contamination of Surface and Groundwater Resources site selection quarterly HES Coordinator with identification waste resulting in impacts of Visual inspection and inspection potential waste • Identify suitable disposal sites and confirm capacities for disposal for general and hazardous wastes Visual inspection and and photographic (approx. 2,000 contamination of prior to the initiation of site clearance activities. photographic record record USD) water supplies and soil; visual impacts Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 50 of 51                               Agura IPP Project EIA   Aspect Potential Project Activities / Desired EMP Mitigation Performance Monitoring Timing/Frequen Responsibility Estimated Cost Impact Environmental Outcome Indicator/ cy Aspects Documentation Traffic: Increased Operational traffic to Reduce risk • Develop and enforce an effective journey management schedule. Journey Management Document review Monthly NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the Road accident and from the site of accidents • Require all drivers observe load limits and speed limits for all roads used. Schedule HES Coordinator scope of works risks • Require competency training on driving, and identification of road signs and traffic codes for vehicle Visual inspection and drivers and conductors before mobilisation is allowed. National Traffic and Contractor HES responsibilities of • Use road signs at strategic points, sirens and public announcements where necessary to warn people of Transport laws Manager the NNPC/CNL on-coming heavy duty vehicles. JV and contractor • Certify and renew all its vehicles for roadworthiness. Training material and staff • Avoid night trips. training records • Use escort vehicle during transportation of large and bulky loads. • Limit vehicular movement during peak traffic through effective logistic and material movement planning. Visual inspection • Implement NNPC/CNL JV's SOP 104 Land Transport Safety Management System requirements. records and photographic records Copies of driver licences Community Increased Risks of explosions Reduce risks • Revalidate the Quantitative Risk Assessment for the gas pipeline, handling facilities and gas turbines Quantitative Risk Document review Prior to operation, NNPC/CNL JV Falls within the and risks of and resulting damage of accidents and implement any additional measures required. Assessment quarterly HES Coordinator scope of works Worker accidents to buildings, risks to and • Revalidate the building siting assessment. and Health and and employees and local explosions • Ensure strict application of international standards of operations. Emergency Contractor HES responsibilities of Safety explosions communities as well • Implement the Project Emergency Response Plan (ERP) (Annex E). Response Plan Manager the NNPC/CNL as risks of associated • Coat all pipelines with an anti-corrosive material to prevent leaks and spills. JV and contractor environmental • Implement an effective and continuous pressure and flow monitoring system including provision for Job Hazard Analysis staff contamination automatic shutdown in case of leak or failure. records • Conduct frequent fire drills at the Project site to acquaint personnel with fire emergency procedures. • Ensure all fire-fighting equipment is readily available. Continuous Pressure • Undertake job hazard analyses for all work with associated fire or explosions risks (i.e. hot work). and Flow Monitoring • Implement appropriate Chevron SOPs from the 100-800 series to manage risks. results Building site assessment Fire drill log Fire fighting equipment maintenance records   Draft EIA Report Chapter Seven November 2013 Page 51 of 51 Agura IPP Project EIA 8 DECOMMISSIONING 8.1 Introduction The proposed Project has a design lifespan of 20 years. However, with regular maintenance it is anticipated that the useful life of the power plant could extend well beyond the design lifespan. There is currently no agreement in place which defines what will happen to the facility at the end of its useful lifecycle, but it is anticipated that the Project site will be decommissioned with the intention for reuse or redevelopment, or returned to its original state. Decommissioning refers to the dismantling, decontamination and removal of process equipment and facility structures; the removal of surface installations; and re-contouring the land and planting vegetation to prevent soil erosion as appropriate. When a power plant is closed down permanently, the facility must be decommissioned by safely removing it from service and reducing residual environmental aspects to a level that permits the termination of operation. Decommissioning is, however; also implemented after each temporary structure and installations has ceased functioning, is out of service and has been deactivated, including after the construction phase. This section provides an overview of the probable decommissioning activities that will be undertaken after the Agura IPP ceases operation. 8.2 Decommissioning Activities In line with statutory requirements in Nigeria, a detailed Decommissioning Plan will be developed prior to initiation of decommissioning activities. Such decommissioning and abandonment activities are expected to incorporate remediation/restoration of the project environment at the end of the project/facility lifespan. The Decommissioning Plan for the proposed Agura IPP will comply with the provisions and requirements of the Federal Ministry of Power and/or any other regulatory body that has authority at the time of the decommissioning. The process currently in place in Nigeria would require NNPC/CNL JV to undertake an assessment as part of the Decommissioning Plan to identify the best environmental and economic solution for the disposal/ reuse of the emptied and cleaned structures and equipment NNPC/CNL JV would submit the Feasibility Assessment report for review and approval by appropriate regulatory authority prior to implementation by NNPC/CNL JV. The requirements for the proposed power plant decommissioning activities may be divided into two phases, initial activities, major decommissioning activities and abandonment activities. These are described within this section. Draft EIA Report Chapter Eight November 2013 Page 1 of 5 Agura IPP Project EIA 8.2.1 Initial Activities When NNPC/CNL JV decides to shut down the power plant permanently, it must first seek decommissioning approval from the federal ministry of power and any other applicable regulatory authority as at the time of decommissioning. A complete and comprehensive Decommissioning Plan will be prepared, specifying the activities that will be undertaken during the decommissioning and abandonment phase of the project. This plan/report will contain processes that lead to a complete deactivation of the power plant as well as restoration of the environment suitable for its planned re-use. The plan will also contain the schedule for which the above processes are to be accomplished as well as an estimate of the expected costs. Consultation will also be undertaken with appropriate stakeholders including host communities and regulatory authorities on the Decommissioning Plan. Discussions with authorities and land owners would be carried out to assess reuse of the site. 8.2.2 Major Decommissioning Activities After due approval of decommissioning plan by the appropriate regulatory bodies NNPC/CNL JV will begin decommissioning activities. These activities will include removal of infrastructure at the end of the construction phase as well as the permanent removal of such major components as the gas turbines, generators, steam turbine condenser module, large piping systems, pumps, and valves after the end of the operational phase. For the different phases of the power plant the major decommissioning activities expected will include the following Construction/ Installation Phase During construction, temporary support infrastructure including access roads, storage yards, and camps will be located near or adjacent to the power plant. During the construction of each camp or facility, the site will be cleared and topsoil from the site will be stripped and stored for later use. As the infrastructure, logistics, and the EPC Contractor ceases operation from areas where construction has been completed, the support facilities will be decommissioned if no further use is warranted. Buildings, fencing, and other components will be demolished and removed, or reused at another location, as appropriate. Construction related sites to be decommissioned and reclaimed will be re-contoured and restored so that the pre-disturbance vegetation can re-establish itself in a short period of time. Reclamation will be limited to disturbed areas of the site. Close attention will be paid to areas where erosion potential is high. Operations/ Facility Closure Phase Consistent with industry standards, decommissioning activities will commence when plant and associated facilities are no longer necessary for operations and will consist of the following activities: Draft EIA Report Chapter Eight November 2013 Page 2 of 5 Agura IPP Project EIA  Shut down of operating processes in a safe manner;  Removal of liquid and solid contents and wastes for treatment and disposal;  Flushing and cleaning of pipeline systems and tanks to remove oils and gases. The project facilities shall be thoroughly cleaned with approved cleaning agent prior to abandonment in order not to negatively impact the environment. The project has designed the facilities to ease cleaning by operations and it is anticipated that operations will utilize a regular cleaning agent in line with DPR requirements;  Once the system has been cleaned and the presence of hydrocarbons has been eliminated, all pipelines are to be disconnected and vital components of the facilities isolated. All associated equipment, valves, piping, instruments and controls located on the facility including the pig launcher, pumps, and scrubbers shall be removed from the site and disposed of at an approved disposal facility or sold to third parties for recycling (see Section 9.2.1);  If the site is no-longer to be used, full restoration and landscaping will be carried out. This would involve consultation with authorities and land owners and re-instatement to the original vegetation type as is practicable. The general order of preference of decommissioning options available for redundant structures and equipment are as follows:  Re-use: by sale and/or transport to another project or company;  Re-cycle: breaking down structures and equipment for raw materials, either at the site or after transport to a breaking or salvage yard, dependent upon ease of transport and safety considerations. The majority of the metal structures and equipment will be recycled;  Disposal: some materials are not suitable for recycling and must be disposed to a licensed waste management facility; and  Leave in-situ: in some cases the best environmental and economic option may be to leave material in-situ. The most obvious example in this respect are pipelines as once emptied and cleaned empty steel pipes do not impose a significant environmental hazard, however pulling such pipes out would cause additional damage in the extraction process. 8.2.3 Abandonment After decommissioning of the power plant facility, abandonment of the power plant will be guided by NNPC/CNL JV’s corporate policy of Operational Excellence and Protection of People and the Environment. Strict adherence to NNPC/CNL JV’s facilities abandonment policy ensures that the environment in areas of operation will be returned as close to their natural state as possible. Prior to the abandonment process NNPC/CNL JV will establish a standard procedure for incorporating the following practices:  Identification of the components of the plant that will be abandoned and/or removed;  The proposed method(s) for abandonment/removal disposal or re-use of plant equipment/material applicable;  Processes put in place to mitigate all environmental impacts associated with the decommissioning/abandonment process; and  Appropriate site rehabilitation program to return the project area to its use prior to project development. Draft EIA Report Chapter Eight November 2013 Page 3 of 5 Agura IPP Project EIA The procedure will be in accordance with approved federal ministry of power and international industry standards. Specific abandonment process will commence after decommissioning activities. Associated plant equipment which will include pumps and screening plants will be lifted onto heavy duty transport vehicles for transportation. Offices and accommodation compartments will also be lifted after disconnection of electrical lines, cooling systems and water piping for reuse or dismantling and disposal offsite. 8.3 Environmental and Social Impacts of Decommissioning Activities The key biophysical, socio-economic and unplanned impacts related to decommissioning activities are summarised in Table 8.1. Further details of these impacts are provided within Chapter 5. The mitigation measures associated with the decommissioning phase of the Project are described within Chapter 6. Draft EIA Report Chapter Eight November 2013 Page 4 of 5 Agura IPP Project EIA Table 8.1 Environmental and Social Aspects Related to Decommissioning Type Aspect Impact Increased levels of dust, PM10, CO, NOx from the demolition of buildings Bio-physical Air Quality and an increase from vehicular movement. Removal of hard standing causing a disturbance and associated soil Soils compaction resulting in increased soil erosion. Soil profile to be re- established through artificial means and through colonisation by plants. Air pollution and noise nuisance due to decommissioning activities can Socioeconomic Community result in deterioration in community health conditions. Impacts on Health surface water and groundwater quality due to unplanned events ie spills of hazardous materials, fuel and wash down and risks of explosions may also exacerbate impacts on community health. Changes in sociocultural heritage practices may occur as a result of Cultural changes in demographics due to the influx of workers during the Heritage decommissioning phase. Barging during decommissioning may disrupt fishing activities on the Livelihoods Lagos Lagoon. Furthermore, there is the potential for collision with fishing vessels. An influx of NNPC/CNL JV workers for short term decommissioning Influx and work as well as retrenchments of permanent employees may result in Demographics ethnic tension and conflict as well as an increase crime. The increased number of workers and migrant job seekers will require Community access to health and education services, which will result in a potential Infrastructure strain on already under resourced facilities. Noise/ vibration and air emissions from decommissioning including the Worker Health use of heavy duty equipment and vehicles pose a health risk to and Safety employees on site. Furthermore, exposure to hazardous materials and moving vehicles poses a safety risk to employees. Transportation of large and bulky loads of materials and equipment Traffic from the site including waste removal may cause damage to road infrastructure and cause traffic congestion in the area. The decommissioning and knock down of infrastructure may result in Unplanned Soils spills and leaks, particularly of fuel and waste storage areas. Transformer oil from the AIPP substation should be carefully removed for reuse or disposal to an appropriate licenced facility. Leaks and spills may occur due to the decommissioning and removal of Groundwater fuel storage tanks and dismantling of the effluent treatment plant. Transformer oil from the AIPP substation should be carefully removed for reuse or disposal to an appropriate licenced facility. Transportation of large and bulky loads of materials and equipment Accidents and from the site via Lagos Lagoon and site roads increases the risk of Explosions vehicle accidents and/or explosions for hazardous material transport. Potential contamination related to spills and incorrect waste handling Waste and chemical spills (including transformer oil, residual sludge from the wastewater treatment works and diesel). It is possible to recycle demolition waste (rubble etc) if there is a suitable use for this kind of material, e.g. access roads. Draft EIA Report Chapter Eight November 2013 Page 5 of 5 Agura IPP Project EIA 9 CONCLUSIONS 9.1 The EIA Process This EIA for the proposed Project was undertaken in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Decree (Decree No. 86 of 1992) as well as the World Bank Group Performance Standards and relevant guidelines. The overall EIA process comprised of a number of key steps, namely:  Scoping;  Baseline studies;  Stakeholder consultation;  Impact identification and evaluation; and  Mitigation and management planning. This EIA report provides a description of the EIA process and results of the assessment. It provides a description of the stakeholder engagement process that was undertaken during the EIA whereby potentially impacted communities, the general public, the World Bank, and local and national authorities were notified and consulted regarding the project and the anticipated consequences. Baseline information on receptors and resources was collected during the EIA from existing data sources and through field surveys carried out during the wet and dry seasons. A description of the existing environmental and socio-economic conditions is provided as a basis against which the impacts of the project can be assessed. The biophysical, social-economic and health impacts of the proposed project have been assessed and mitigation measures identified to avoid or reduce adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts. Mitigation measures identified are included in Chapter 6 and the EMP is provided in Chapter 7. 9.2 Summary of Impacts and Mitigation The EIA identifies a number of potential impacts associated with the Project. The impacts were identified and assessed in accordance with the impact assessment methodology described in Chapter 5 and are designated as being of minor, moderate or major impact significance. Mitigation measures and enhancement measures were then identified to be implemented as part of the Project design, construction, operation and decommissioning phases. The impacts were then reassessed, with the implementation of the mitigation measures and a residual significance was assigned to each impact. The increased emission of greenhouse gases during the operational phase was identified as a significant residual impact. In accordance with Performance Standard 6, the Project will quantify and record the project GHG emissions, annually. Draft EIA Report Chapter Nine November 2013 Page 1 of 3 Agura IPP Project EIA There were no other impacts with a major residual significance. Prior to mitigation, the impact assessment identifies two negative impacts of major significance, namely increase in the risk of road accident risks during construction and decommissioning (as a result of road use by heavy vehicles and the close proximity of local communities). These impacts are reduced to moderate on the implementation of various mitigation measures including limiting road transportation in favor of barges, journey management planning, driver training, speed limit enforcement and the use of road signs, sirens and public announcements where necessary. A number of benefits related to the Project are also identified (presented as positive impacts). These include benefits to the national macro-economy in the form of increased national tax revenues; economic stimulus and business development as a result of improved national electricity supply; as well as increased local employment and local business development related to the increased local demand for goods and services. Fourteen (14) negative social and biophysical impacts are identified as having a moderate significance prior to the implementation of mitigation measures, namely:  Disturbance and/ or loss of benthic organisms during dredging;  Decrease in surface water quality as a result of increased turbidity during construction  Depletion of groundwater resources due to water use;  Loss and disturbance of vegetation during construction;  Increased strain on local health services and other community infrastructure during construction and decommissioning);  Deterioration in community health conditions and increased irritation (noise and dust) during all Project phases;  Disturbance of sand mining activities;  Health and safety hazards for onsite employees during all Project phases;  Unplanned waste impacts (potential contamination related to waste materials, waste water, decommissioning wastes, and general waste) during decommissioning;  Contamination of surface and ground water resources during operation; and  Increased road traffic risks during operation. Four minor-moderate impacts are also identified prior to mitigation, including impacts to surface water quality (increased turbidity) during construction; change in demographic profile during construction as well as increased traffic congestion during construction and decommissioning. There also are a number of additional impacts of minor and negligible negative significance prior to mitigation. The significance of all moderate, minor-moderate and minor impacts (pre-mitigation) are reduced to minor or negligible significance with the implementation of the identified mitigation measures. Cumulative impacts are also considered in the context of the planned Phase 2 and Phase 3 expansions to the Project and neighboring EEPBU and AES Barge Power Plant projects. The negative cumulative impacts identified included additional air quality (minor-moderate for NO2 emissions and significant for greenhouse gases), noise emissions (minor), surface and ground water quality impacts (moderate) as well as further increased strain on community infrastructure (minor). The cumulative contribution of these projects to Draft EIA Report Chapter Nine November 2013 Page 2 of 3 Agura IPP Project EIA macroeconomic benefits related to the increase in the stability of power supply is considered significant, while the cumulative positive impacts of the developments on increased employment and economic stimulus in the local communities is also expected to be of moderate significance. Draft EIA Report Chapter Nine November 2013 Page 3 of 3 Annex A Stakeholder Engagement Material Annex 1 Agura Community Community Profile AIPP SIA: Community Profile for Agura Community Data Required Data Collected 1. Date 29th February, 2012 2. Name of Village Agura 3. Names of participants (include position See attendance sheet in community) 4. Village location (description/GPS The meeting was conducted in a mini town hall within the centre of the coordinates) community 5. Name of Chief Chief Badru S. Ogunderu 6. Name of Main Chief 7. Names of interviewers Justin Okwuofu and Amarachi Okoroiwu 8. Interview start/end time 1:00 – 2:30pm 9. Other information The community belongs to Agura-Iponmi political Ward D3 in the FG political delineation Historical Profile 10. Origin (where do the villagers come Ijebu –Idowa in Ogun State. from, when and why?) 11. Proportion (%) natives/settlers Community comprises 65% indigenes and 35% non-indigenes, also known as strangers in local parlance. 12. Other information Community is arranged in the Community Development Association for administrative convenience and to achieve widespread development Demographics 13. Approximate village population Community members were able to provide their population figures which they estimated it to be about 3.5 million. This was disputed by a member of the community who opined that the population of Agura could be about 500,000 14. Approximate number of Community There are 8 registered CDAs and 6 unregistered CDAs. Registered CDAs Development Areas (CDAs) are those registered with the Local Council authority while unregistered CDAs are emerging ones that have met registration requirements but yet to be given certificates. 15. Percentage of men in the community 25% 16. Percentage of women in the 40% community 17. Percentage of children – 16 and below 35% AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 18. Percentage of disabled people or people with long term illnesses 5% 19. Has the population of the village Population increase in the community was attributed to influx of people into increased or decreased in the last 10 the area and new births years? Why? 20. Has there been migration into the There has been significant migration into the area due to the following area? Where have these people come reasons: the area is peaceful, prospects of employment opportunities due to from and why? the upcoming Chevron/NNPC power project and because of the high cost of living in Lagos metropolis, people prefer to come and settle in the community. The settlers are from different parts of the country and ethnic groups namely; Ilaje, Ijaw, Ibos, Hausa etc Ethnicity and Religion 21. Ethnic groups, - percentage of people They were unable to define the proportion of the various ethnic groups but in each group (approx) mentioned that the major ethnic groups are well represented in the community. They gave the estimates below: Agura 60%, Ilaje 3%, Benue 10%, Ibo 7%, Igbira 8%, Hausa 5% and Ijaw 3% 22. What is the native ethnic group that founded the village? Yoruba 23. Religions (indicate proportions of Muslim, traditional religion and Christians Christian 50%, Muslim 35% and African Traditional Religion 15% 24. Where are the places of worship for Muslim Mosque the different religious groups? (specify place) Christian Churches Traditional Shrine Other (please specify) 25. How many places of worship are in the Mosques 18 mosque community for the different religious Churches 25+ groups? Traditional shrines Alagura shrine, Osogbo, Awopa Iginipia, Buro Kpakpo, Elese shrine, Ogunyashi, Aye Other (please specify) 26. How long does it take to get there? Muslim The places of worship are scattered all over the community and, for this reason, it takes 1 <5 minutes Christian worshipers less than 45 minutes. A small 2 5 – 30 minutes proportion of community members travel long 3 31 – 60 minutes Traditional distances to worship at distant locations 4 + 60 minutes Other (please specify) 27. What method of transport do you use Muslim Community members get to their worship places to get to your place of worship? on foot for close location, private cars for those 1 Foot Christian who own one while those worshipping outside 2 Bicycle the community travel with commercial buses or 3 Mini bus Traditional tricycles. 4 Taxi 5 Private Car Other (please specify) 6 Tri-cycle (keke Nape or Keke Maraa) AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 28. What languages are spoken in the Languages spoken includes: Ijebu and Yoruba are spoken, while a majority family (indicate proportions if relevant). of community members speak pidgin English. People from other ethnic What other languages are understood group such as Ibo and Ijaw speak their languages within their families and (by all? Most educated? Youth?) circles of fellow tribes-men Community Relations 29. Does the village have conflict with Community has no conflict with neighbouring communities. neighbouring communities? If yes, what is the nature of this conflict? 30. Who resolves conflict between the 1 Assembly Member (Please specify) community and other parties? 2 Unit Committee Member 3 Oloritun (conflict warden)/CDA Chairman 4 Traditional Chief 5 Priest or Religious leader 6 Police 7 Head Man 8 Community Development Authority (CDA) 9 Other (please specify) 31. If there is conflict at the household 1 Assembly Member (Please specify) level, who resolves conflict between 2 the households and other parties? Unit Committee Member 3 Oloritun (conflict warden) 4 Traditional Chief 5 Priest or Religious leader 6 Police 7 Head Man 8 Community Development Authority (CDA) 9 Other (please specify) 32. Are there community support No. mechanisms to support families or individuals in times of need? (If yes, please specify) 33. What is the nature of your relationship 1 High 2 Support 3 No 4 Negative with the surrounding communities? dependency provided when support necessary provided Their relationship with other communities is cordial; since they are located a. Agura far apart and do not depend on any particular community. They share closer b. Ijede ties with Egbin and participate during their masquerade festivals and other socio-cultural activities. Agura community also played key role during the c. Ipakan coronation of the Oba of Egbin Kingdom by fully participating in the d. Egbin coronation ceremonies. AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 3 e. Other (please specify) 34. Are there any other communities that Agura has a good relationship with Iponmi which is where the fishing port is you have a relationship with? (please located. People from both communities have cordial relationship and list) participate in each other cultural festivals 35. What source of communication do you 1  Radio rely on for information? 2  TV 3 Traditional Chief 4  Religious authorities 5 Friends/Family 6  Newspaper 7 Telephone 8  CDA 9 Others - the town crier Livelihoods and Occupation 36. Primary Occupations/livelihoods (indicate approx % of households for whom this a primary occupation) - Farming 20% - Fishing 15% - Hunting 5% - Trading (are they full time) 10% (Yes) - Regular jobs (e.g. government or 5% private – note the types of employment and numbers) - Other (teacher, health worker, church 5% worker) - Unemployed (number of people ) 40% 37. To what extent is unemployment / About 45% of community members are unemployed. The figure is high underemployment a problem? Is this because of the large influx of people into the area who came in search of increasing / decreasing and why? jobs from Chevron. They are disappointed because work is yet to commence on the site 38. % of people in village who run a business or have the following skills: . Food preparation 12% [female dominated] . Boat handling (large / small) 8% [M] . Driving 10% [M] AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 4 . Carpentry 10% [M] . Plumber 5% [M] . Mechanic 5% [M] . Typist/Computer operator 5% [M/F] . Seamstress / tailor 15% [M and F] . Others 30% (bricklayer, hairdressers, welding) [M/F] 39. What is the typical division of roles and In a typical Agura family, the men meet the financial needs of the family, labour between men / women / while the women do most of the household chores such as sanitation, children in the household? Does this laundry, shopping, cooking and care giving to the children. The children help vary? the family by fetching water, buying little items from local stalls, washing dishes amongst other domestic chores. In some families, the men help to prepare the children for school and drop them off at school. Public Infrastructure 40. Does the village have primary and The community has a Methodist Primary school which was recently secondary schools? How many pupils renovated by Chevron. Though the renovation exercise had been attend? completed, the classrooms are not in use as there were not enough furniture items for the pupils to sit on. Most of the pupils go to school on foot. If no, indicate the name of school and Respondents reported that the government is expected to procure more village where children attend school desks before commissioning. It was clarified that the classrooms will only be and approximate distance. How do open for use when the desks are procured and supplied to the school. children travel to school? Pupils and teachers were using the verandahs of the classrooms for classroom instruction. At the time of the study, they had used the verandah as the space for learning for three-quarter of the term within which the study coincided. There was no secondary school in the community. Community members access secondary education in neighbouring communities of Gberige, Igbokuta, Oke agbo, Ikorodu and Ewu Elepe. Major means of transportation to these schools are motor cycle, tricycles (i.e. Keke Marwa) and mini bus 41. Does the village have a health centre The community has a primary health care (PHC) centre which provides /health post/clinic /health basic health services. They highlighted the poor state of the centre due to volunteer/traditional herbalist (indicate inadequate medical personnel, equipment and poor state of the facility. The which one available in village OR if not centre refers complex cases to secondary health facility at Ijede or Ikorodu. name of village where they go instead) There is also a private maternity that community members even prefer to the Health Centre. Private clinics usually charge more fees for consultation and treatment. 42. What water sources are available? Community borehole donated by the Local Government, well and private boreholes, the lagoon (only for fishing, water transportation and sand mining) 43. If lagoon is a water source are there specific places you go to use the Not applicable water? Where? Get GPS is possible 44. Number of communal wells /hand No hand pumps, 15 private boreholes, 1 community borehole, 5 communal pumps / boreholes? wells 45. Graveyard/other sacred locations(e.g. They have several shrines/scared places located around the community. sacred forest areas) or cultural heritage 46. Police station (indicate if in village OR No police station in the community, but the nearest is at Ijede if not name of village where they go instead) 47. Football field /play ground /other Open space at the Primary School is used at football field/play ground. playing area – please specify 48. Number of village restaurant/road side About 15 restaurants and small food stalls are located around the food seller (places where food is community, close to the road AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 5 prepared on the premises and sold fresh) 49. Town Hall/Community centre There was no town hall, but there is a community resource centre or private mini hall where meetings can be held 50. Village shop (indicate what type of They are local shops where raw food items, provisions, clothing and goods they sell - places where food is accessories are sold sold that is packaged or prepared elsewhere 51. Does the village have a permanent No; but people operate from their doorsteps and shops in front of houses. market or stalls? 52. Do they have market days, which days, NA no of stalls? 53. Which other markets do they go to – in They do major shopping in Lagos, Ikorodu and Ijede markets which village where are they going instead? 54. Bank (indicate if in village or if not No bank in the community. The only bank in the area is Wema Bank located name of village where they go instead) in Ijede- the LG Council headquarters Transport 55. Types and number of bus, lorry, taxi, 1 Bicycle – non common other. State the quality of transport 2 Mini bus – used by community members to Ikorodu and Lagos services available to the village. 3 Taxi – not available 4 Private Car – few community members own cars 5 Motorcycle (Okada)- the most common means of transportation 6 Tri-cycle (Keke NAPEP or Keke Marwa)- available in the community 7 Other (please specify) 56. Regularity (how often?) 1 Bicycle Scarcely used 2 Mini bus Used regularly 3 Taxi Common in the area 4 Private Car Used only by few owners 5 Motorcycle (Okada) Used regularly 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape Used regularly or Keke Maraa) 7 Other (please specify) 57. Route (from village to where?) 1 Bicycle Not common 2 Mini bus From Community to Ikorodu 3 Taxi From community to Ikorodu, Gberige and other nearby villages 4 Private Car Used only by owners to service their needs 5 Motorcycle (Okada) From community to Ijede, Egbin, and other nearby villages 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape Used mostly by students to school or Keke Maraa) 7 Other (please specify) 58. Cost of travel per trip? 1 Bicycle - 2 Mini bus N150 3 Taxi N200 4 Private Car - 5 Motorcycle (Okada) N70 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape N50-N100 or Keke Maraa) 7 Other (please specify) Amount depends on distance covered Land Ownership 59. Do people in the village own land? Is Yes people do own land through outright purchase or by inheritance. When this a formal or informal agreement people purchase land, there is usually a written agreement. To encourage and with whom? rapid development in the community, those who purchase land are given 3 years to develop their property; after which the landlord might be persuaded to resell the plot of land and refund the first buyer his money without interest. AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 6 60. Can people inherit land? Does this Yes, people inherit land, the land where community is located and do some vary according to which ethnic group farming activities and sell to outsiders was originally inherited from their you are from? ancestors. Women also inherit land. 61. Does this differ for settlers? Can Non natives can only plant trees on land they purchase, but not on rented settlers plant trees on the land they land or land parcels under leasehold. farm? 62. What happens if you don’t use your The landlord can take it back, re-sell and refund money to the first buyer. In land for several years? Does the chief recent times, it depends on the content of the agreement that both parties take it back? signed when land was purchased 63. Do women have rights over land? Yes, women do have right over family land as they can also inherit land from What are these? their parents. 64. Is land rented out to others? How is Land can be rented or leased for farming purposes, the buyer relinquish the renting of land arranged? Are they land at the end of the farming season after harvesting all the crops planted. formal or informal agreements? With There is no written agreement for rented or leased land; it is usually done whom? based on mutual understanding and trust. 65. Are any farm labourers employed in Yes, they are from Benue and Hausa people, they are paid for per day’s job village? Where are they from? How are or based on agreed milestones they paid? Community Assets and Facilities 66. List community assets e.g. agricultural None exist processing equipment (cassava grater) – This does not include assets owned by individuals that they charge the community to use. 67. Does the village have electricity? Where does this come from? Yes, from the national grid, PHCN (Power Holding Company of Nigeria ) 68. Main type of cooking fuel: Fuel wood, and kerosene are the major cooking fuel used in the community gas/kerosene/ fuel wood/charcoal 69. Main village source of water for Sources of water for drinking and domestic purposes includes: community cooking /washing /bathing: well, hand borehole, private boreholes, well and rainwater pump/river 70. Means of garbage disposal indicate if Garbage is disposed in the bush or burnt, some section of the community the this is done in designated has designated places where garbage is disposed. There is also a public location/s or anywhere government garbage disposal agency that come periodically to collect garbage, people pay stipends for the services 71. Assets owned by individuals that they Grating machine charge the community to use. Health 72. Do you have medicines available? Medicine is available in medicine stores and health centre 73. Do you have access to health Yes services? 74. How much time does the health care Health professionals are not steady at the primary health centre especially professional stay in the community? at night. The private maternity in the community provides 24hours services 75. What are common health problems in Malaria, typhoid, diabetes, skin rashes, the village? Administration and Networks 76. What are the different governance The main governance structure is the Council of Chiefs headed by the structures in the community and how Village Chief. do these relate to the state governance structures? 77. Are there any CBOs groups, - There is a community development association (CDA) AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 7 associations or cooperatives in the - Agura fishing Association based at Iponmi village? What are these? (e.g. - women’s savings groups? Hunters The Chiefs support the formation and existence of these groups but do not association? Etc). What is the role of interfere with their activities as he acts only as adviser. The groups meet on the chiefs in these groups? their appointed dates and give feedback to the village leadership on key resolutions and decision reached. 78. Who represents the government The councilor represents the community at the Local Government Council administration at village level? Potential effects of the project 79. What do you know about the project? Community members are aware of the upcoming project following land acquisition and ground breaking ceremonies conducted some years back. Also through the formation of the ICSC, more community members have become aware of the project. There has been a few scholarship awards for indigenes in the community. 80. What is the best way to provide information about the project? Through the ICSC and community town hall sessions 81. What impacts could the project have – Positive Negative both positive and negative? - Creation of employment - Noise and air pollution which opportunities for the might result adverse health unemployed and environmental problems - Boost in economic activities in future in the area - Increase in social vices due - Steady power supply to influx of people into the area - Pressure on the little available social infrastructure 82. What sort of mitigation/enhancement is Enhancement Mitigation possible? Provide access road and more - Use environment friendly borehole for community techniques to reduce impact on the ecosystem - Follow up by Chevron to minimize bias in employment and contract awards Additional Information 83. Any additional comments from community or information 84. Facilitators Comments and key observations Community members are receptive, sincere and participated in the whole exercise. The team noted the high expectations in community members which were conveyed in most of their responses. AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 8 Focus Group Discussions FGD Note prepared by Celine Uzoho FGD with Agura Youths facilitated by Sylvanus Abua, Celine Uzoho and Adeola Awolola. Location of FGD meeting Agura Community Number of participants (see attendance sheet) Meeting date Duration 2 hours 1.1 OCCUPATION/HOUSEHOLD  While some youth were schooling, others are artisans and deliver products and services such as furniture items, welding, tailoring and fashion designing etc.  The boy and girl children have equal opportunity to education especially at the primary level. But at the junior and senior high school levels, there are more boys in schools as a result of the girls dropping out of school. Reasons for higher drop-out of the girl child include early marriage and teenage pregnancy. Some parents support early marriage due to their inability to fund the schooling of many children. By this action, the boy children get more opportunity and sponsorship. Again, the boy child engages in menial jobs to fund their tertiary education program considering their adventurous nature which gives them more access to information compared to the girls who are expected to be more passive and subjected to carrying out home household tasks including babysitting kid siblings.  Young people have access to both government and private primary schools in the community, but for the junior and senior high schools they go to communities like Ijede, Ikorodu town, Imota.etc because of non- availability of government secondary or high schools in the community.  In general, over 90% of junior high school students get to senior high school and obtain the Senior Secondary School Certificate (SSCE). However, about 40% of the holders of the SSCE certificate go into skills development program for Welding, Aluminum fabrication, Tailoring, Furniture making and design amongst others.  School dropout rate is estimated to be about 10-15% with the boy child rating about 6%. The reason for boy children dropout from school is sometimes attributed to family background especially in polygamous homes, where a parent (the mother of the child) is not there to encourage and guide him on academic work. The child end up going into learning a trade. Additionally, the youths informed us that the boy children also drop out of school for skill development acquisition because of peer group influence particularly when they are not doing well academically and seeing other young people that dropped out of school getting income from their trades, They make up their minds to stop schooling.  In terms of future ambitions, the youth said they have plans to go into personal businesses and service provisioning. Among the services they want to provide include carpentry, plumbing, tiling, security consultant, tailoring /fashion and designing, fish supplies through fish farming etc.  The youths said they are committed to achieving their future ambitions if they have the enabling power, part of which is initial capital as some of the trade requires reasonable amount of money to operate. On the contrary, they reported that some of them may not go far in business due to poor finance.  On getting employment, the youths affirmed that it is generally difficult getting jobs in both government and the private sectors, considering the high unemployment rate in the country as result of inadequate industrial establishments. According to them, Agura community has qualified youths that can fit into different job area and though there is just one government establishment (Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) in the area, the slot that is usually given to the youths from the community is the position of security guards, house FGD with Agura Youths facilitated by Sylvanus Abua, Celine Uzoho and Adeola Awolola. Location of FGD meeting Agura Community Number of participants (see attendance sheet) Meeting date Duration 2 hours keeper, etc.  School leavers with the senior high school Certificate in government employment receive the minimum wage of 18,000 naira per month while those working in the private sectors earn between ten thousand naira {#10,000} and fifteen thousand naira {#15,000}. Also, the working condition and hours of work for those on government payroll is different from those in the private company. While government work hours is eight per day and staff enjoy some level of benefits such as leave and over time allowances, staff bus, medical fees/hospitals and Christmas bonus etc, staff in private small scale business organizations enjoy little or nothing as benefit and they work beyond eight hours. The reason for this disparity is largely because of the small capital base of SME businesses which does not give room to such spending.  It was affirmed that young people migrate from the community to other towns and locations. This is for purpose of finding jobs and/or opportunities for further education, employment or skills development. It should be noted that at the time of the study, there were no institutions of higher learning in Agura.  The role of youths at home is slightly different from each other. For the boy children, their major role include fetching of water for household use, cutting of weeds and ensuring the premises is clean and ensuring that younger family members are not unnecessarily molested in the community.  The girl children on the other hand, carry out house chores like babysitting, going to the market, cooking, serving cooked food, sweeping the house and washing of dishes etc  Agura youths do engage in both formal and informal job sectors to earn income in order to contribute to household upkeep. Some of the work they do include civil service, bricklaying, trading, welding, table water vendor, tailoring, fishing etc. to support self and their household members financially. 1.2 Traditions  The community has strong traditions some of which are celebrated monthly, quarterly or annually as occasion demands. The traditions include: Eluku, Kori, Egunu, Ogun, Ogebgo and Oro.  There are specific events /festivals observed by the people of Agura as stated above. For instance, the Eluku and Kori festivals are celebrated every 3 years. The Egunu festival is celebrated bi-annually while the Ogebo festival which is called Odun Alagura and Ogun festival is celebrated annually in the month of September and December respectively. The Oro festival is a yearly event.  There are sites with traditional sacred importance in the community. For instance, each of the above mentioned festivals like the Oro, Ogun, Kori etc have sacred sites which they call shrine and women are not permitted to enter them.  The youths take part in the traditional events. They cover-up and appear as masquerades displaying their traits. They ensure violators of the rules guiding conduct during festivals are punished. For instance, during Oro festival, movement of people is restricted. Youths mount strategic points to apprehend offenders who they drag to the elders for penalty which is usually in cash. In addition, they ensure residents in the area switch off the light in their houses while the event is on. Sometimes, they beat offenders to force them comply with the instruction.  The perceptions of the youths have changed over time. They are more enlightened and exposed to issues of resource control, land boundaries and demarcation, living standard and economic empowerment than the traditions of the community. FGD with Agura Youths facilitated by Sylvanus Abua, Celine Uzoho and Adeola Awolola. Location of FGD meeting Agura Community Number of participants (see attendance sheet) Meeting date Duration 2 hours  The youth of Agura informed us that they do not engage in riots or communal fights. The community leaders and elders seek their opinions on issues that affect the generality of the people and where there are indications of displeasure the issues are resolved before it generates to a chaos. 1.3 Decision – Making:  The youth in Agura are involved in decision making at home but the quality of the contributions expected of them is determined by their age and the issue on focus. For example, they take part in agreeing to their line of duties at home; daily menu chart, choice of college and career to pursuit, the type of dress they want for Xmas etc. For the older youths, they can decision on how much income to contribute for the welfare of the household, they can contribute in taking decision in choosing dates for sibling’s marriage engagement and wedding.  At the community level, youths agree on sanitation days in the community. They also jointly agree with elders on days and dates for festivals and plan together how to curb security challenges during the period.  There are youth groups or associations in the community. This includes the Muslim youth group, the Agura/Egbin youth group or association; this comprises both indigenes and non-indigenes residing in the community. They foster peace and unity in the community and supports members in difficult challenge.  The Muslim youth association endeavour to meet the needs of their members and also meet basic needs of the aged and the needy amongst them.  All the youth groups have the objective of upholding and ensuring peace in the community. They ensure their members obey the rules and regulations governing the community. In addition, they ensure the community is clean by carrying out sanitation exercises quarterly or before any major festival. Sometimes, they act as police for members of the community by assuring that intruders do not invade the community. 1.4 Health  The youth did not record any major health problem in the community. For them the common problem is malaria and this can be easily treated with drugs or native herbs –Agbo Iba Specifically, the young people said they do not have particular health problems and as a result have no health concerns.  Youth have option of health facilities they can access from the community. There is both private and health center. According to them, they make use of the private hospitals more than the government health facility when there is need to go to the hospital. This is because of poor service delivery and inadequate personnel and facilities in the hospitals.  The youth affirmed using traditional medicine practitioners and herbalist in handling their health issues. According to them, the herbs they get locally are easily accessible and have no implication when compared with modern medicine which they say have side effects. More so, going to the health facility center may be mere waste of time because health personnel and drugs may not be available. FGD with Agura Youths facilitated by Sylvanus Abua, Celine Uzoho and Adeola Awolola. Location of FGD meeting Agura Community Number of participants (see attendance sheet) Meeting date Duration 2 hours 1.5 Recreation  The youth engage more in sporting activities like football, snooker, draughts, ayo etc. Ayo is a Yoruba traditional game called Mancala in English and Oware in Warri, Delta State of Nigeria.  Yes, there are opportunities for young people to engage in regular exercises. For instance, they have opportunity to playing football in the community using school premises, (when the pupils would have closed for the day) personal compounds, playing on the road in the community, and engaging in draught and ayo games because of it availability and peaceful co-existence of the people.  There are no avenues for youth’s sports in the community. What is available for recreational avenue are residential premises, school compounds and viewing centers etc. Youths engage in football, draught, snooker and draught using these venues.  The recreational activities the youth enjoy include playing and watching football, snooker. These represent the preferences of male youth. Few youth girls have access to volleyball and football. Most of their recreation time is spent sitting at home or with girl friends. They make use of private viewing centers to watch English FA league matches. The snooker is also privately owned. They pay some fee to have access to the game. They play football on the street, in an open land, in a school or residential premises 1.6 Project  Prior to the FGD, most of the youths are aware of the joint power plant project to be implemented by CNL and NNPC. They know that CNL has acquired some portion of land from Agura/Egbin for the project and envisaged that the project when completed will boost electricity supply in the country.  The youths are of the opinion that the project will affect them positively as it will create job opportunity in the community. It will empower the people economically and attract socioeconomic development to the rural area. According to them, the immediate impact may be influx of emigrant due to high economic activities which will increase social insecurity. To mitigate these impacts, the youth suggested that a “qualitative policing strategy” should be put in place by CNL/NNPC to protect the power plant facility as well as the members of the community bearing in mind the high influx of people likely to be attracted into the community because of the project.  Another impact of the project on the community the youths says will be in high cost of goods and service. They appealed to CNL/NNPC to fix the road network to reduce traffic and high cost of transportation fare which translates to cost of goods and services. In addition, the youths noted that the community will be facing another level of noise besides the one from the Power holding operations which has a discomforting effect on the people. They also alleged that hunters are out of job because there is no bush for them to hunt and the animals have all ran away. To mitigate this, the youths suggested a stepping down of the noise the power plant is likely to generate and suggested employment of the hunters to lessen their suffering since their livelihood will be taken away. Finally, they have fears that members of the community may be vulnerable to electrocution and advised that the project area be barricaded well to prevent easy access to it to avert casualties. , FGD with Community Fishing Folks at Agura Community facilitated by Amara Okoroiwu and Justin Okwuofu Location of FGD meeting Mini Village Hall Number of participants 26 (see attendance sheet) Meeting date 29-02-2012 Duration 2 hours 1.1 General Profile  Participants said fishing folks reside in the community permanently and are members of the community. The fishing folks comprise indigenes and non indigenes. The non indigenes are from Ijebu, Ilaje and the Ijaws.  The team was informed that 45% of the entire population are in fishing activities. The percentage of men and women involved in fishing is 70% and 30% respectively. The male are mostly youths, while female fishing folks are mostly middle aged women  Villagers involved in fishing are more than the non natives. They reported that there are no separate and specific roles for both men and women during fishing, but mostly, women help to paddle the boat, bail out water from canoe, support the men to cast the nets, whereas the men draw out the net, drive the speed boats, throw the spears (for big fishes). In addition, only women are involved in fish processing after fishing expeditions.  There is an association for fishing folks called Agura Fishermen Association that is based at Iponmi which is a fishing port and where the community conducts its fishing activities. 1.2 Fishing Location and Availability of Fish  Fishing is done in the lagoon at Ipomi, which is the only fishing site. There are no restrictions where people can fish and who does the fishing; rather people are free to fish anywhere.  Fishing folks from other communities fish at the same fishing site. They come from nearby communities such as:Ikosi, Ijede, Egbin, Ipakan, Badore, Ipesu, Gadangba, Oriba and Iponmi.  There is no alternative fishing site for natives. Fishing is done daily, both during the day and at night or at any available time. The team gathered that they have more fish catch at night than during the day though it depends on the season. The bumper harvest for most fish species is during the peak dry season from December to February. 1 1.3 Fish Catch  Fish species available include: o Kuta o Ofon o Owere o Kugbe o Igbakere o Obokun o Epiya - Tilapia o Kekere o Abo o Jagede o Agasa o Efolo o Igun o Ija o Ajiboto o Ijaga o Prawns, crab, assorted crayfish and other seafood  The size of fish caught depends on the season. They reported that they have good catch during the peak dry season due to high salt incursion but at other times may catch little or no fish at all.  Large proportions of the fish caught are sold fresh,while the fisherman goes home with a little proportion that is processed at home for sale and household use. About 95% of the catch is sold fresh while 5% is brought home. The ajiboto species comes in large sizes, the tilapia small sizes, some like efoloijaga and igun cannot be sold fresh except they are dried.  They do not have standard measurement for fish; rather they use intuition and mutual agreement about the monetary value. Crayfish and crabs are sold in baskets 1.4 Income  A fisherman during the peak fishing season makes a minimum of about N60,000 per week, while during the lean period, they make between N10,000 –N15,000 but during unfavourable weather conditions, when the catch is poor, they earn about N5000 per week.  For the fishing folks, income from fishing constitute a total of 98% of the total household income because they have no other livelihood than fishing, the remaining 2% come from income from other sources like remittances 2 1.5 Fish Supply  The fishing folks use wooden canoe and motor boats. Other fishing gears include paddle, assorted types of nets for various fish types, bailer (calabash used for bailing water from the canoe), bamboo, bow and arrow, anchor, spear, hook and line.  To maintain their boat, spare parts are bought at Ido, a nearby community. There are no canoe carpenters in the community, therefore the carpenters are brought to the ports from other communities to construct or patch the canoe when required. They have boat engine repairers that service boat engines at the port.  They experience bumper catch during the dry season and few catch during the raining season. The reason for the high fish harvest during the dry season is high salt incursion during the dry season and high dilution of lagoon during the raining season. But generally, there are fishes for each season whether dry or wet. 1.6 Fish Supply Chain  In recent times, both men and women sell fish unlike in the past where only men sell fish. Their children are not involved in the sales but can assist the women in fish processing.  The fishing folks sell to fish mongers and middlemen who usually come to the riverbank to buy fish once the fishing folks return from fishing expedition. The middlemen and fishmonger in turn sell the fish at nearby markets and at Ikorodu. The team gathered that some fishing folks sell the fresh fish to their wives who may decide to re-sell the fresh fish or smoke the fish before selling to middlepersons or fish mongers. The percentage of fish sold fresh compared to the volume that is processed is 95% to 5% respectively.  They prefer to sell the fish fresh rather than process it, as they make more income from fresh fish than when it is processed. Some fish species (such as ijaga) cannot be sold fresh because it gets spoiled quickly. Therefore, it is processed before sold.  The fish mongers take canoe to bring the fish from Iponmi (the community fishing site) to Agura before transporting it to the market in Ikorodu with vehicle.  High proportion of fish caught is usually sold fresh and this does not change per season. Fish mongers stand by at the fishing ports awaiting the return of fishermen from fishing 1.7 Attitude to the project  They became aware of the project during the land acquisition process  They learnt chevron gave scholarship to some indigenes  To maintain flow of information, chevron should engage the community through town hall meetings for proper information dissemination and clarifications of emerging issues.  People are losing confidence in the process due to delay in project commencement Positive Impact  The fishing folks envisage that the project will create employment opportunities for the unemployed and some of their members. This could boost economic activities, constant power supply and widespread development in the area. Negative Impact  Their fears for the upcoming power plant include: noise and air pollution which may result to adverse health condition in the long run;fish depletion due to discharge of hot water into the water body; high migration of fish population due to frequent movement of barges and water vessels to Chevron site. The possibility of the barges and vessels damaging fishing gears especially the fishing nets.  Increase in social vices due to large influx of people into the community 3 1.8 Key fishing Issues  Key problems faced when fishing is the blockage of fishing sites and water surface by large colonies of water hyacinth which damage fishing gears and make fishing frustrating; discharge of hot water from Egbin power plant into the lagoon makes fishes to flee from the area hence they have to travel long distances before they can make a good catch.  Sea piracy and damage of nets by barges. Suggestions on mitigation strategies  Provision of fishing gears to fishing folks to support members replace worn out gears  Clearing of water hyacinth from the water ways  Government and Chevron should provide a regulatory framework to control the activities of water vessels and barges operating in the water ways 4 FGD Note prepared by Linda Bembatoum FGD with Traders in the Community facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Town Hall Number of participants 15 participants Meeting date 01.03.2012 Duration 1hr 1.1 General Profile  When participants were asked when they started their businesses, many of them had been traders for between 10-17 years.  The traders mostly sold provisions (milk, tea, garri and other dried food stuffs), soft drinks, cooked food such as rice and stew, alcohol and beer. There were others who provided services such as tailoring and hairdressing.  Majority of the people in the community identified trading as their primary occupation and source of income. According to participants in the FGD, 80% of women are traders.  Trading is not peculiar to a single ethnic group. Due to the lack of a market in Agura, most people trade in their homes. There is also no market association for the same reason. 1.2 Supply Chain  The traders get their goods from locations in Lagos which include Ikorodu, Sabo and Mile 12.  Goods are sold to people in the community and anybody else that is willing to buy within or outside the community  Goods are usually transported by public bus or car or by chartered transportation. 1.3 Pricing and Expenditure  Traders sell at different prices. There are no fixed prices for particular products except for the Association of tailors and hairdressers. Association is an important factor in price control.  Public transportation drivers usually pay money and tolls at checkpoints, therefore traders do not pay tolls directly.  During the Focus Group it was discovered that the majority of the traders did not have employed staff because they could not afford it. Only one woman who had a wholesale beer business had four members of staff. The staff is paid monthly and work 7am-10:30pm daily.  Traders selling drinks were able to make between N10,000 to N100,000 a week. A trader selling cooked food like rice said she made about N2000 Naira a week. A phone recharge card seller said she sold about N4000 Naira a day making N28, 000 Naira a week. Therefore the value of goods sold per week varies. 1.4 Challenges  The main problem with trading in Agura is that everybody is a trader and trading similar items; due to this, volume of sale per day is very low and this has implications for turnover per month.   Capital for expansion of trade businesses is lacking as the women lack access to formal micro credit scheme.  No market stalls exist to sell goods to the public 1.5 Attitude Towards Project  Information about the project is not spread widely enough very few women have had information about the project. It was suggested that the best way to provide information to the community about the project is through a town hall forum organised by Chevron or the CDA  The traders feel that as more people move in they will be more people to support or patronise their businesses.  Increased transportation in the area will increase access to the Agura community  With the potential of stable light and electricity, those who have secured access to land will be encouraged to build houses in Agura.  Previous industrial projects like the NEPA project that was installed in the early 1980’s provided more stable light to the degree that most people don’t have to have generators.  Negative impact of previous industrial projects include: noise pollution from the site and an increase in the cost FGD with Traders in the Community facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Town Hall Number of participants 15 participants Meeting date 01.03.2012 Duration 1hr of fish due to industrial activities near the water causing water pollution. FGD Notes Prepared by Sylvanus Abua Focus Group Discussion with Farmers in Agura facilitated by Amara Okoroiwu and Sylvanus Abua Location of FGD meeting Agura Mini Town Hall Meeting date 2.3.2012 Duration 1 hr 1.1 General Profile  Three participants indicated they were involved in petty trading as alternative source of livelihoods. One participant indicated he is doing farming as the only means of livelihoods. For those that indicated farming as alternative livelihoods, they reported that trading is something they do only once in a while, particularly when there is very little farm work to do. They reported that they farm throughout the year..  The main crops cultivated by the farmers mostly in the rainy season include cassava, yam, cocoyam, melon and maize. They also grow vegetables such as okro and pepper. During the dry season, farmers cultivate fluted pumpkin, okro, ewedu and soko.  Farmers from Agura own plots they use for farming, while migrants rent land on an annual basis. Land rents are based on informal agreements between the leasor and leasee. Indigenes that are landless also rent land from the land-wealthy families.  Some land owners estimate land rent per acre or proportion of acres for payment on an annual basis. A plot of land can be rented for up to 5 years, provided the leasee renews the rent annually. The renting of land is measured with an agreement. A formal agreement would occur between a farmer and the community (if the community owns the land) or between a farmer and a particular family (if the land belongs to a family).  Settlers are not allowed to plant permanent trees because tree planting establishes long-term access to the land. Plantain and banana can be planted because these can be harvested over a shorter period of time. Likewise, no one is allowed to erect a building on rented land. As noted above, a plot of land can be rented for up to 5 years.  People can inherit land as an asset from their parents. You could even buy land from another family if you have the money for outright purchase.  The seasonal calendar off farming activities as discussed during the session is presented below: -Feb-Mar-The farmers clear the bush on the land in preparation for planting new crops. -April-With the rains starting in April, planting begins in April. The farmers make ridges in preparation for planting of crops. April to September is the peak season for farming activities in the area. -May-In May the planting begins and ends in June in preparation for the rainy season. -June-December- Farmers use this period for weeding because a lot of weeds grow during the wet season. Between June and December, cassava farmers weed their farms thrice. First weeding is in June; second weeding in September and third weeding in December. In addition, from October to November, farmers plant tomatoes, okro, pepper and groundnut because they grow well towards the end of the year.  According to the farmers, there are some areas that are not appropriate for farming. For example, the area CNL acquired for the project is no longer appropriate for farming. Also, if an area is not forested or have a lot of grasses, the yield will be lower. For this reason, most farmers select areas they believe will give higher yield as returns on investment. the land is still good for farming and they use fertilizer and waste from poultry to improve their yield.  Usually, men clear the bush and make heaps/ridges for planting, while women plant crop and do the weeding. In the case of cassava for an example, women weed in June, September and December.  Both male and female children support the farming once they are back from school and during holidays. Focus Group Discussion with Farmers in Agura facilitated by Amara Okoroiwu and Sylvanus Abua Location of FGD meeting Agura Mini Town Hall Meeting date 2.3.2012 Duration 1 hr Majority of children and youth in the area are students, while some are artisans.  Farmers hire experts to apply pesticides on their farms. Those who spray the farm receive daily wage of N2000 per worker. In addition to chemicals, farmers use sheep dung on to wet cassava leaves as a means of deterring insects and other pests from destroying cassava leaves. Children also help to fetch firewood for cooking.  According to the KIs, farming is mostly for sale. They sell about 80% and consume about 20%. This does not differ from crop to crop but it applies mostly to the cassava crop which is used to make garri (a major staple food in Nigeria).  Farming implements that are used principally include hoe, cutlass, rake, file for sharpening machete and axe.  During dry season, farmers depend on irrigation farming to cultivate vegetables such as pumpkin and okro, but cassava and yam are two primary crops that depend solely on rain.. They fetch water from swampy areas to water their plants. During dry season, farmers prefer to locate their farms close to sources of water supply in order to irrigate their crops.  New farmers get their seeds from the market or they are assisted by an older farmer who can give them new seeds. Older farmers usually keep parts of the crops and save it for use in the next year. This is usually the case with corn and cassava crops. Farmers also buy cassava cuttings from their neighbours.  The farmers use fertilizers both in the form of artificial fertilizer as poultry waste (i.e. as farm yard manure). Farmers reported that they have no problems getting fertilizers.  Farmers reported that they have difficulties getting money for farm expansion. They could only have access to credits and loans through farmers associations. As one of the coping strategies, some farmers sell part of their farms when in need of cash.  Main challenges faced by farmers include harsh weather condition as too much rain (usually from June to August) can affect yield, while sunshine intensity can wither crops. They also face the challenge of managing crop pests such as cane rat, bush rats, ants and earthworm (usually in the wet season). 1.2 Views on the Project  The farmers had heard about the CNL project, but there was very little information about progress made so far.   Negative effects of the power plant- Loss of farmlands to the AIPP project is seen as a negative impact on the people especially for those farmers who depend solely on farming for their livelihoods security. The farmers were concerned about noise pollution in the farmlands.  Positive Effects- The farmers felt that if regular light is made available from the AIPP, grounding of cassava to make garri and other products will be made easier and faster. Stable light would also make things easier for welders, tailors and other businesses that rely on electricity. The power plant will also provide employment for community members (directly or indirectly).  The farmers envisage that the influx of more people into the community will enable fast sales of their products Key Informant Interview Key Informant Notes Prepared by Linda Bembatoum Key Informant Interview with CDA in Agura Community facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Town Hall Number of participants 2 participants Meeting date 2 March 2012 Duration 45mins 1.1 General Profile  Mr. Wale Banjoko and Mr. Oyekan Nurudeen were interviewed as key informants representing the Community Development Association of Agura.  The main role of the CDA in Agura is to take on electrification projects. The CDA facilitates and provides the poles and the wire while the government provides the transformer  It was the landlord association that metamorphosed into the CDA that we have today in Agura.  The CDA is also taking care of road networks and the grading of roads.  Other CBO’s in the community include: The Muslim Association and the Christian Association. Both of these associations carry out humanitarian initiatives. Other CBO’s in existence include the Youths Association which is responsible for street lights and the clearing of trash. The Women’s Association is mainly concerned with how to operate the fish market which is currently non-functional due to incomplete facilities and inadequate land space.  The CDA’s main focus at this point in time is electrification of the community. Other projects that they hope to implement include building a public borehole and a public toilet. They are also hoping to set-up a security network in collaboration with state government police. At present they have a local night guard which they pay about 15,000 naira a month. According to them this is not sufficient security for the community.  The CDA has a Certification of Registration.  According to the CDA, the physically challenged, widows and the elderly are vulnerable groups in the community. The CDA contributes money for the widows so that they are able to bury their husbands but they would like to do more. They also assist in taking the elderly to hospital when needed however this is not always practical as it is expensive to buy drugs and go to private hospitals. In addition the CDA also raises funds for emergency accidents and natural disasters i.e. house destruction. Voluntary donations are sometimes made for emergency pregnancies.  The CDA have said that they are willing to take responsibility for managing the communities. For example the CDA has been very active in settling community issues. During a period of crisis the CDA usually calls on indigenes, religious leaders and traditional rulers to convene and encourage dialogue. The CDA also interfaces for the community during meetings with multinationals. The CDA meets with the stakeholders and are able to speak on behalf of the community on concerns negative impacts.  Some NGO’s in the area include: Gberi geberi CDA, Egbin CDA, Ijede CDA, Yaba tech CDA, Alausa CDA, there was also mention of an Environmental NGO in Ijede but our informants could not recall the full name of the organisation. The key informants also mentioned that 1 member of each household is selected to be a member of the CDA. Therefore the number of members is quite large and hard to keep records of. 1.2 Views on the Project  The Key Informants have received some information about the project. According to them the Agura plant will be a twin to the Egbin Power plant. They have advised that information about the project be channeled through the CDA and consequently the CDA will pass on the information to the community.  According to our Key Informants the power plant will bring the following benefits: more job opportunities, if there is frequent light in the community more people will move into the area. This in turn will provide more Key Informant Interview with CDA in Agura Community facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Town Hall Number of participants 2 participants Meeting date 2 March 2012 Duration 45mins clients for those who run various businesses or provide services.  One of the key informants mentioned that he had a recycling machine which will be used for the betterment of the community if light becomes stable.  It will bring confidence and encouragement to the community.  Negative impacts of the power plant: The KI’s were concerned that the plant would cause noise and air pollution i.e. smell of gas in the atmosphere. They were equally concerned about fire outbreaks from the plants. They were also concerned that the existence of the power plant would affect the livelihoods of fisher folk (as the plant might release hot air into the lagoon causing fish to die or swim to other regions). There were also fears that the power plant would spoil business for the hunters i.e. the power plant would drive game animals away from the area.  With more money and industry coming into the community there was a fear that insecurity and armed robbery would rise. Therefore the KI’s advocated that Chevron provide security for the community-not just themselves.  In order to manage the negative impact it was advised that Chevron create barricades to keep people away from dangerous areas.  The KI’s also advised that Chevron maintain the existing road well. Key Informant Interview with Okada Riders Association in Agura Location of FGD meeting Mini Village Hall Team members Amara Okoroiwu and Justin Okwuofu Participants & Position Mr. Mureeden Badru - Chairman Mr. Ogah A. Sunday - Secretary Meeting date 02-03-2012 Duration 1hour: 30mins 1.1 Association & membership  The Motor Cycle Riders Association has 150 registered members. Before new members are admitted, they register with the Lagos State Government Vehicle Licensing Office (VLO) to acquire the plate number, and then they pay to the Association registration fees of N7000, 2 crates of mineral and four packets of biscuit. The Association/union in turn issues members identity card and stickers.  The Association meets twice a week – Tuesdays and Thursdays. At their meetings, they discuss welfare of members and other issues affecting their operation to ensure that members operate in line with government guidelines guiding their business.  Registered members can operate everywhere around Lagos, but if outside the LGA, they need to buy the sticker of that LGA.  Members comprise natives and non natives. Apart from natives who are Yorubas, there are also people from Binis, Ijebus and Ibos. Most members reside in the community while a few live in nearby communities such as Ijede, Gberigbe etc  Possible causes of conflict include: refusal to buy tickets and attend meetings. These acts can lead to offenders paying some stipulated amount like N1000 or more depending on the gravity of the offence, sometimes, the motor cycle of defaulters are confisticated.  There is a constitution and about six executive positions/members namely: Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary Assistant Secretary, Financial Secretary, Treasurer and Provost.  Tenure for ExCo members is 4 years, after which they can re-contest for maximum of 2 tenures.  Members enjoy financial and moral support in times of need from the union. 1.2 Social impact  The union plays key role in local transportation. They provide quick transport services which aids commuters who are in a hurry to reach their destinations timely. They operate daily.  They help community members get to the hinterland especially to the fishing port which has difficult terrain and cannot be accessed by vehicles  Vehicle transportation is unavailable in the rural areas; hence, motor cycle is the easiest and cheapest form of movement within the community  The proportion of community members that use motorcycle daily and those that do not use it is 80:20 1 1.3 Training & Safety  The Association conducts test riding for prospective members to access their ridring skills before being recommended for registration  Periodically, training is conducted by Zonal Vehicle Licensing Office (VLO) before plate numbers are issued  Through periodic checks, the association ensures that members comply with government policies of not carrying pregnant mothers, underage children and students, which they have concerns about as the local people depend solely on motorcycle to reach their destination regardless of who is involved. They argued that most of the area has difficult terrain and are rural, and they often assist pregnant mother to reach hospital during labour among other critical conditions.  It is compulsory for members to wear crash helmet and eye goggle while conducting their business, though sometimes, operators do not comply with these policies especially when they are operating in the outskirts of the town where no authority is monitoring their activities. For example, respondents stated that there is a Government policy that motor cycle operators should not carry pregnant women, underage children and students, but considering the remote location of the village and absence of vehicles operating within the area, commuters prefer to patronize motorcycle operators even when a pregnant mother is in labour and needs to go to the hospital at night, motor cycle operators are always available to provide transport services whenever. 1.4 Energy  There is no fuel station in the community; they buy fuel and oil at Ijede and Ewo-owa about 3 km from the village.  No scarcity except during national strikes  Sales are at FG approved pump price of N97. After the partial subsidy removal, cost of transport increased from by 30%. Apart from the general increase in fares, the amount charged per drop also depends on the distance. 1.5 Income  There are two classes of motor cycle riders, those riding their personal “bikes” and the other riding for someone. On average, those riding for someone remit N1000 daily whereas those who work for themselves go home with N1500 after all expenses. 1.6 Opinions about the project  Some members have heard about the project, particularly when the land was acquired. Then natives were informed that Chevron intends to generate power supply by building a power plant and that indigenes will be recruited but till date they were yet to heard from the company. Others heard rumours that work is about to commence at the site  All members do not have concrete and same information about the project  They believe they will benefit from the project in the following ways: o Enjoy more patronage due to huge influx of people into the area o Membership of Association will increase o Employment opportunities for members 2 1.7 Concerns  Security risk such that some members might lose their motor cycles to armed robbers  Restriction of members from entering into the project site/area  Noise and air pollution which may have health implications overtime.  Increase in social vices due to boost in commercial activities  Members should be included 1.8 Other information  Members should be included in the recruitment process  Provide motor cycles, crash helmet and eye goggle to improve the health and safety standards in their job  Liaise with relevant bodies to conduct periodic training to enhance their knowledge base 3 Surveys SCOPING: HEALTH POST SURVEY Data Required Data Collected 1. Interview date and start/end time 1:00pm 2. Name of team member conducting interview Amarachi & Justin 3. Name of person(s) being interviewed and Ajana Patricia, for the matron positions 4. Health post location (description/GPS) North East Issues 5. Describe the main health issues (e.g. smoking, The main health issues in the area include: drinking, skin allergies, malnutrition, lack of inadequate facilities and personnel at the health access to health services, lack of access to water centre. and sanitation, etc) 6. Describe the main diseases, both communicable Malaria and typhoid are the most prevalent (e.g. HIV) and non-communicable (e.g. cancer, disease in the area. Out of the 200 cases that mental health). Collect health statistics if easily attend the health center over the last two years, available or note where these can be collected. 75% were cases of malaria, while other health services provided within the period are ante natal services and some deliveries. About 120 patients were treated for malaria in the month of February 2012. There are cases of HIV/AIDS in the area but people hardly go to the health centers to ascertain their status 7. Are the above mentioned issues/diseases unique The case of HIV/AIDS could not be established to this area? Try to differentiate main problems as it is based on anecdotes. in villages (e.g. rural areas) from main problems in city suburbs. Facilities 8. Describe the facilities that exist The facility is a Health Centre located at Agura Village. It has 1 ward with 4 beds, delivery room. Nurses provide skeletal pharmacy services, reception hall with 7 benches, staff quarters and injection room. Also people prefer visiting private hospitals or clinics than the health centers. 9. Are these the main health facilities that exist in Other health facilities that exist in the area are: the area? If no, describe what is and where. Temitope Private Maternity Clinic and General Hospital at Ijede 10. List the number of staff that work at the health They had a total of 10 staff members. These facilities and describe the skills of the health are: 1 chief nursing officer (with 12 years workers (e.g. qualifications, training, and experience), 1 Principal nursing officer (with 20 AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 experience). years experience), 1 nursing officer (with 11 years experience), 1 Community Health Extension Worker (CHEW), 2 gardeners, 4 gate men. Regarding training, the nursing officers have undergone training on cervical cancer screening and eye testing. 11. Do these facilities require improvement? If so, The facility have insufficient furniture and note what is desired and if there is funding beddings; no window blinds, no mosquito screens in the ward and reception hall. Services 12. Describe the services provided (traditional Services provided includes: family planning healing, treatment, vaccinations, check-ups, services, vaccination, antenatal care. They make surgery, etc) referral to Bolafas Medical Laboratory Ikorodu for diagnoses and secondary health care. They administer vaccines to pregnant mothers and children. They coordinate and conduct immunization in the area. 13. Describe the treatment available. Are different Considering that the facility is a primary health treatments available in neighbouring villages? If care facility, they provide basic/primary health yes list village name and treatment care and refer cases above primary health to private hospitals or General Hospitals. Available treatment includes:  treatment for malaria,  administering anti-malaria drugs,  treat minor ailments like cold, headache  check blood pressure  treat minor injuries They refer birth complications to Primary Health Care Center Ijede 14. Are different services available in neighbouring Yes, services are available at secondary villages? If yes, describe and note which village facilities at Ijede and Ikorodu. For example, diabetes and HIV/AIDS management are treated at PHC Ijede [currently operating as an emerging General Hospital]. Access 15. Is there a restriction on who can access these Community members are free to access health services? Describe who services anywhere in the Local Government and beyond. AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 16. Do people outside the village use these People from other villages access health facilities? Why? Explore if the following are services at the centre, they came from Gberige, prohibitive: cost, transportation, lack of Igbalu, Mowonla. The only issue is that the awareness, etc. local people have lost interest considering that the centre is not well equipped to meet the health needs of the villagers. 17. Are there any specific vulnerable groups from a The vulnerable group was identified as: health perspective? - children between 0-5years - pregnant mothers - the aged people from 70 years+ The afore-named groups are considered more susceptible to diseases than other groups because they have weak resistance to diseases. Project Impacts 18. Can you see any positive or negative impacts for Positive impacts include: health that could result from the project? - Steady supply of light to enhance service delivery in the health centre especially for the sterilization of equipment and improve visibility during childbirth and the environment. Negative Impact - Proper regulation of light supply to avoid damage of appliances. The respondent is of the opinion that PHCN should regulate the voltage they make available to consumers. - Population explosion leading to pressure on existing infrastructure. According to the respondent, the mitigation strategy for this is upgrading the PHC to a General Hospital with adequate personnel and equipment/drugs. 19. Other comments The health centre was renovated in 2008 after the structure was abandoned for over two years. The first delivery in the health centre was in 2001. There is a record of 5 registered women that attend ante-natal clinic as at the time of this study. AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 3 School Profile Survey Data required Data collected 1. Interview date and start/end time 1.3.2012 2. Name of team member conducting Sylvanus Abua and Deola Awolola interview 3. Name and position of person(s) being ------------------,proprietess of Ruthina International Schools, Agura interviewed General Information 4. School name and location (village Ruthina International Schools, Agura name and GPS coordinates) Northing Easting 5 Is the school primary and/or secondary The school is nursery and primary, with a plan of adding secondary in the next academic session beginning in September 2012 6 Is the school private or public? Private 7 Are there other schools nearby? There are at least five other nursery schools within Agura. A missionary primary school, named Methodist Primary School, is about a kilometre away, but in the same village. The GPS co-ordinates of the second primary school is as follows: There is also a private secondary school in the village, but most community members report claim there is no secondary school in the village. The team realised it is a way of expressing their need for a public school since public schools in Lagos State do not charge tuition fees. 8. Total number/proportion of students At least 150 pupils. The Proprietess was not able to disaggregate the (include male/female split) population by sex. 9. School staff (describe how many and There were 11 staff members (9F/2M). Their roles are: role) Role Sex Number of staff Proprietor M 1 Proprietess F 1 Head Teacher F 1 Teachers F 7 (all female) Driver M 1 Total 7M, 9F 10 How many classes are offered (describe The school started in 2010, enrolling pupils who had started in other these)? schools into Basic 1-3 and Primary 1-3. At the time of the study, there were a total of 10 classes – 5 for basic and 5 for primary levels. The pioneer class will be having their first school leaving exams when they get to Primary 6 (terminal class) next academic session year (i.e. October 2012 – July 2013). The classes are as follows: Basic Level Primary Level Basic 1 Primary 1 Basic 2 Primary 2 Basic 3 Primary 3 Basic 4 Primary 4 Basic 5 Primary 5 11 Average size of classes (include male The average class size was 20 pupils. The respondent couldn’t disaggregate and female split) the class size by sex. 12. How is it decided where children attend Important determinants are: school?  School fees – i.e. the amount of fees paid in relation to what learners pay in comparable schools  Standard – parents would like lower fees, but very high standard  School environment – i.e. space, facilities available  Subjects offered – i.e. teaching content or programme of study. 13 How is the school funded? The school is funded from school fees that pupils pay. There were between 140-150 pupils enrolled at the private school at the time of the study. The respondent didn’t have the precise number of pupils. Each pupil pays N4000 per term. 14 Do parents have to pay to send children Usually, parents don’t pay for their children’s access to primary and to school? How much? What happens secondary education in public schools, but private schools like this one to children whose families cannot pay? charge fees. Each pupil pays N4000 per term. Those who are not able to pay attend public schools. 15 How long is the school year? (describe The school calendar is 9 months, beginning in September and ending in term start/finish dates) July the following year. The total holiday period is average of 3 months per year. 16 Describe the average school day The school day begins at 8.00am and closes at 2.00pm. Tuesday is sports (start/finish time and routine) day; Friday is for extra-curricular activities while other days are for academic activities solely. 17 Is student progress tracked in each There are 4 levels of continuous assessment in all the subjects being taught. subject? (describe how) These are weekly assessment; mid-term exams; end-of-term exams and final exams at the end of the study duration. Promotion to the next class is based on pupils’ performance in the end-of-term exams. 18 What are the leaving It is expected that at the end of primary education, children should be able skills/qualifications of the students to read and write more fluently. In addition to these skills, pupils acquire (collect statistics if they are available vocational skills such as embroidery (also known as “tie and dye”, in local e.g. literacy passing of exams, entrance parlance), baking cookery and the basics of farming. to further education, etc) 19 Number/description of subjects taught Following the curricula for nursery and primary schools, subjects taught include English Language, Maths, Elementary Science, Social Studies, Moral Instruction, Health Education, French, Yoruba, Rhyme and Story Telling 20 Language(s) spoken at school English Language is the official language. Although it is unlawful to speak Yoruba, some pupils unable to speak the English Language speak Yoruba as well. 21 Describe the school facilities (number There were 3 building, one of which was yet to be completed. The two of classrooms, courtyard, flat area, buildings available for academic purpose had a total of 8 rooms, while one library, laboratories, toilets, etc) of the rooms serves as proprietor’s office and resource room. 22 Describe the teaching aids available Teaching materials include blackboard, desks and resources for (blackboard, desks, books) instructional practice such as posters. 23 Describe the sports facilities available The spatial arrangement of the three buildings allows a quadrangle in the (football area, playground, other sports middle, which serves as playground and football pitch. equipment) 24 Do children from other villages attend Yes. The number of children from other villages that attend the school is as the school (indicate which villages and follows: 5 from Ijede, 2 from Gberigbe, 2 from Igbalu and Okeletu. The number of children) rest of the pupils are from Agura. 25 Are any children excluded from No. The only exception is children whose parents insist they should be attending school (disabled, different admitted to a higher class than the one the school authority feels is most ethnic or religious group) appropriate for the pupil considering their prior learning. 26 Is fresh water readily available for No. Pupils are encouraged to bring water from their houses. drinking/sanitation 27 How do children travel to/from school? There is a school bus for bringing pupils to school in the morning and Is there a cost? taking them back to their houses when the school closes. Each pupil pay N2000 per month as transport fees for the services the school provides in this regard. 28 Does the school compete against other The major competition the school had had is spelling competition. At the schools in sports, carnivals or music time of the study, the school was preparing for another spelling competition festivals? Where does this happen and scheduled to hold in March 2012. how often? 29 What are the special characteristics of According to the respondent, the school’s distinctive competencies include the school? Are there particular spacious classroom, cordial relationship with parents of pupils and the strengths and/or challenges? policy that pupils and teachers should communicate in the English Language while in the school premises. Challenges the school has been facing include inadequate funds due to relatively low tuition paid as well as the location of the school in a rural area as this has the consequence of low patronage. 30 Describe the performance of the school The school is yet to have First School Leaving Certificate Examination. in the last three public examination Anecdotally, parents have been reporting that their children are now able to (e.g. SSCE) read and write and communicate in English Language. 31 If secondary school, what is the Next academic session, final year pupils will be sitting for final exams as average ratio/proportion of the students well as entrance exams for secondary school admission (if they intend to go that enter university directly after to private schools). The proprietor estimates that at least 50% of pupils in completing their secondary school their fifth year are even qualified to enter secondary school without taking here? their sixth and final year. SCHOOL PROFILE SURVEY [Only complete when visiting a school. Other more general questions in the village questionnaire] Data Required Data Collected 1. Interview date and start/end time 12/3/2012 2. Name of team member conducting interview Sylvanus Abua, Linda Bembatoum, Celine Uzoho 3. Name and position of person(s) being Olusanya Elizabeth E.M. interviewed Assistant Head Teacher General Information 4. School Name and Location (village name and North Methodist Primary School, Agura GPS point) 0569517 East 0723040 5. Is the school primary and/or secondary? Primary 6. Is the school a private or public school? It’s a Public Missionary School under the control of Lagos State Government 7. Are there other schools nearby? Yes, there are about eighteen (18) other private primary schools in the community. 8. Total number/proportion of students (include The student’s population (male and female) is said male/female split) to be four hundred and ninety seven (497). However, the statistics of male and female students was not readily available. 9. School staff (describe how many and role) There were 16 school staff members. There is a Head teacher and Assistant Head teacher, 10 regular teaching staff and 4 non- teaching staff 10. How many classes are offered (describe these) At the time of the study, Primary 1, 2 and 3 had 1 class each while primary 4, 5 and 6 had 2 classes each. 11. Average size of classes (include male/female The size of a class ranged from 48-52 pupils. split) 12. How is it decided where children attend school Parents take the decision and usually consider accessibility, cost of educating their children, quality of teachers and teaching methods. According to the findings, some parents agree to enroll their children into public schools because it is tuition free and will easily cope with the living and transport costs compared to the high fees charged in the private schools AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 13. How is the school funded? Is funding Lagos State Government funds the school through sufficient? annual subventions. However, reportedly, the funding is not sufficient. The school does not have adequate facilities like desks, water, conducive classrooms for teaching and learning processes. However, Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL) recently complemented government’s effort by renovating the school and providing water borehole in the school premises. At the time of the study, pupils and teachers had been sitting outside to have their classes for up to two-third of the present term (nine weeks), partly due to the fact that the renovated facilities were yet to be commissioned. It was reported that the government has responsibility for providing desks before the commissioning. At the end of the interview, the head teacher pleaded with the researchers to advocate on their behalf for the classrooms to be opened for use. 14. Do parents have to pay to send children to Parents do not have to pay because public schools school? How much? What happens to children do not pay fees. However, parents are responsible whose families cannot pay? for living costs and transport during the school terms. Parents pay for exercise books while government provides text books for the pupils. 15. How long is the school year (describe term The school year runs for 9 months. The school start/finish dates) session starts in September and ends in June. A school term lasts 3 months, while the entire holiday period spans a total of 3 months. Holidays at the end of the first two terms are usually short, but the final term has the longest holiday, lasting 14 to 15 weeks. 16. Describe the average school day (start/finish School activities commence daily at 7:45am with time and routine) school assembly. Teaching instruction starts at 8:00am and by 10: am the pupils are released for a short break for 10 minutes after which learning continues till 11:45 am when they go for long break of up to 35 minutes. Academic work ends for the junior classes at 1:00pm, while senior classes close at 2:pm 17. Is student progress tracked in each subject Yes. Student’s progress is tracked in each subject (describe how) through continuous assessment test and performance in examinations. 18. What are the leaving skills / qualifications of The qualification is First School Leaving Certificate. the students (collect statistics if they are Based on the curriculum, at graduation, they are available e.g. on literacy, passing of exams, expected to read and write basic materials more entrance to further education etc) fluently and should be able to contribute to management of the home. While in primary school, pupils also acquire skills in gardening, sports (e.g. football, volley ball) and games (e.g. chess, scrabble). AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 19. Number/description of subjects taught The major subjects are: Moral instruction. Civic Education Social studies Basic science Agriculture Home Economics English language Mathematics and Yoruba language 20. Language(s) spoken at school English and Yoruba languages. 21. Describe the school facilities (number of The school is 2 block structures with 9 classrooms. classrooms, courtyard, plat area, library, 1 staff room for the staff and 1 office for the head laboratories, toilets etc) teacher and his assistance. In all, there are 13 toilet facilities. 6 in each of the block and one in the office of the head master of the school. 22. Describe the teaching aids available (black Available teaching aids in the school include a board, desks, books) white board, texts books and posters provided by the government and exercise books by parents. On teaching aids, subject teachers go to the Resource Centre at Ikorodu Local Government Education Authority every Wednesday and Friday to collect instructional materials for the following week. There are standby instructors that guide them on how to apply the aids on subject teachers in the LGA produced weekly. This a compulsory exercise for all the teachers in the LGA 23. Describe the sports facilities available (football There were no sporting facilities but there is a area, play ground, other sports equipment) football pitch in the school premises. According to the assistant headmistress of the school, pupils practice sports like 200m and 400m relay run, fashion parade, lime range game etc When questioned on the sporting event for their sport’s day, she said the school has never organized a competition but they look forward to one with renovation of the school. 24. Do children from other villages attend the Yes, other pupils from Iponmi, a neighboring school (indicate which villages and number of community attend the school. children) The actual number of the pupils could not be ascertained. 25. Are any children excluded from attending No child is excluded from attending school on the (disabled, different ethnic or religious group) basis of disability, ethnicity or religion. 26. Is fresh water readily available for Yes. There is a borehole in the school constructed drinking/sanitation by CNL, but at the time of this report, it was yet to be in use, because it has not been commissioned. 27. How do children travel to/from school? Is there Children get to school either by trekking or a cost? traveling on a commercial motorbike depending on the distance between their homes and the school. The living costs and transport during the school is borne by the parents. 28. Does the school compete against other schools Yes, the school does compete against other schools in sports carnivals or music festivals? Where in sports. According to the information given to does this happen and how often the team, the school recently participated in a 200m relay competition in Gberigbe Primary School. A school competition takes place once a year usually during the first term. AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 3 29. What are the special characteristics of the The major strength for the school is in the quality of school? Are there particular strengths and / or the teaching staff. They are all trained teachers. challenges. One of the challenges in the school is the fencing of the school premises. The school compound is not fenced off and children can sneak out of the premises at any time. 30. Describe the performance of the school in the The school does not take part in public last three public examination (e.g. sssc) examination. At completion of primary education, pupils are automatically posted to Junior High Schools based on continuous assessment and cumulative performance over the period of their study. However, private schools conduct entrance examination, but due to cost of schooling in private schools the patronage of public schools is higher. The school does not conduct entrance exams hence records were not available to prove the performance of pupils in exams. Generally, the respondent reported that the school has been doing well academically. 31. If secondary school, what is the average ratio / Not applicable proportion of the student that enter university directly after completing their secondary school here? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 4 School Profile Survey Data required Data collected 1. Interview date and start/end time 6.3.2012 2. Name of team member conducting Sylvanus Abua and Deola Awolola interview 3. Name and position of person(s) being Mrs A.M. Ojo, Head Teacher and Manager interviewed General Information 4. School name and location (village NEP1A Staff Nursery and Primary School, Egbin name and GPS coordinates) Northing Easting 5 Is the school primary and/or secondary NEPA Staff Schools has both a Nursery and Primary School arm and a Secondary School arm. The team conducted the school profiling with the Nursery and Primary School arm. 6 Is the school private or public? The school was registered as a private school owned by NEPA, a government corporation. 7 Are there other schools nearby? There are at other private schools around the area (particularly in Ijede, some 10 minutes walk from the school). There is also Luwasa Primary and Secondary School in Ijede that is about 5 minutes drive from the NEPA schools. 8. Total number/proportion of students There were 260 pupils in the Nursery School and 770 pupils in the Primary (include male/female split) School, making a total of 1030 pupils in both schools. While female pupils made up 53% of the Nursery school population, male pupils made up about 60% of the Primary School population. Taken together, male pupils made up 57% of the entire population of the two schools. 9. School staff (describe how many and There were 57 staff members (49F/8M). All the male staff were working role) with the Primary School. Staff roles in both the nursery and primary schools are presented in Table 1 below: Role Number of staff Nursery School Primary School Head Teacher 1(F) 1(F) Teachers 35 (28F,7M) 7(all female) Cleaners 5 (1M, 4F) 8 (all female) Total 33F, 8M 16F 10 How many classes are offered (describe The school has a total of 18 classes. Nursery School has 8 classes, while the these)? Primary School has a total of 10 classes as listed in Table 2 below Level Number of classes Nursery School Nursery1 4 Nursery2 4 Primary School Primary 1 4 Primary 2 1 Primary 3 1 Primary 4 1 Primary 5 1 Primary 6 2 Total 18 11 Average size of classes (include male The average class size was 35for both Nursery and Primary Schools.. 1 NEPA is the abbreviation for National Electric Power Authority, now named Power Holding Company of Nigeria and female split) 12. How is it decided where children attend Important determinants of choice of school are: school?  Infrastructure available in the school  Standard and teaching methods  Teachers qualifications and experience and  Testimonies that parents and pupils give in the community 13 How is the school funded? The school is funded by NEPA management. Infrastructure is provided by NEPA with some support by Parents Teachers Association (PTA). 14 Do parents have to pay to send children Being a private school, pupils pay tuition. Children of NEPA staff pay to school? How much? What happens N4,500 per term, while other children pay N17,000 per term. to children whose families cannot pay? 15 How long is the school year? (describe The school calendar is 9 months, beginning in October and ending in July term start/finish dates) the following year. The total holiday period is average of 3 months per year. The first term starts in October and ends in December; the second term starts in January and ends in March; while the third term starts in April and ends in July. 16 Describe the average school day The school day begins at 8.00am and closes at 2.00pm. The school (start/finish time and routine) observes 45 minutes break from 11.00 to 11.45am. The school has set aside Wednesday as Society Day, During society day, the various clubs and societies in the school such as Red Cross Society and Scouts hold their meetings.. 17 Is student progress tracked in each There are 4 levels of continuous assessment in all the subjects being taught. subject? (describe how) These are weekly assessment; mid-term exams; end-of-term exams and final exams at the end of the study duration. Promotion to the next class is based on pupils’ performance in the end-of-term exams. 18 What are the leaving It is expected that at the end of nursery and primary education, children skills/qualifications of the students should be able to read and write more fluently. In addition to these skills, (collect statistics if they are available pupils acquire vocational skills such as handcraft, needlework and beading. e.g. literacy passing of exams, entrance Pupils also learn how to develop arguments through debate . to further education, etc) 19 Number/description of subjects taught Following the curricula for nursery and primary schools, subjects taught include English Language, Maths, Elementary Science, Social Studies, Civic Education, ICT, Introductory Technology, Visual Arts and Writing, Moral Instruction, Health Education, French, Yoruba, Rhyme and Story Telling. 20 Language(s) spoken at school English Language is the official language. Although it is unlawful to speak Yoruba, some pupils unable to speak the English Language speak Yoruba as well. 21 Describe the school facilities (number The school had 18 classrooms, a room for instructional practice for each of of classrooms, courtyard, flat area, the classes identified in Q. 10 above. In addition, the school has a standard library, laboratories, toilets, etc) library and laboratories such as computer lab, home economics lab. There is a lot of open space for children to play around during break period. . 22 Describe the teaching aids available Teaching materials include blackboard, desks and resources for (blackboard, desks, books) instructional practice such as posters. 23 Describe the sports facilities available The school has adequate sports facilities such as football pitch and a lot of (football area, playground, other sports open space for field and track events. equipment) 24 Do children from other villages attend Yes. Children from several villages attend school at the NEPA Nursery and the school (indicate which villages and Primary School. Children from neighbouring communities such as Ijede, number of children) Ipakan, Agura, Okeletu, Gberigbe and even Ikorodu (a bigger town) are enrolled in the school. However, the Head Teacher and Manager was unable to provide statistics of children from each village. 25 Are any children excluded from No. The school doesn’t discriminate against any child on the basis of attending school (disabled, different ethnicity, disability and religious preference. The only situation where ethnic or religious group) children can be denied admission is inability to apply for admission in time. This is so because admission into the school is highly competitive and a lot of people who apply late are not offered placement. 26 Is fresh water readily available for No. Pupils are encouraged to bring water from their houses. drinking/sanitation 27 How do children travel to/from school? There is a school bus for bringing pupils to school in the morning and Is there a cost? taking them back to their houses when the school closes. NEPA bus picks pupils from the school gate because the school is very large and the distance from the school gate to the school is quite far. 28 Does the school compete against other The school competes well with other schools and has been winning medals schools in sports, carnivals or music over the years. The school has been involved in contests such as football festivals? Where does this happen and and games such as scrabble, playing of chase and spelling competition, how often? There were lots of medals displayed at the office of the Head Teacher and Manager. 29 What are the special characteristics of According to the respondent, the school’s distinctive competencies include the school? Are there particular teachers’ work attitude and readiness to work, teachers being morally strengths and/or challenges? upright and leading by examples and motivation from the NEPA management. The major challenge the school was facing is the need for fencing off the the school. Due to lack of fence, it is difficult to control pupils’ movement as some can sneak away into their houses during school hours. There is also a need to improve infrastructure within the school.. 30 Describe the performance of the school According to the respondent, pupils performance has been very in the last three public examination satisfactory. They sometimes record 100% pass rate in the primary school (e.g. SSCE) final exams (i.e. First School Leaving Certificate Examination). In addition, at graduation, almost every child gets admission into gifted child schools such as the one in Suleija.. 31 If secondary school, what is the n/a. average ratio/proportion of the students that enter university directly after completing their secondary school here? Annex 2 Egbin Community Community Profile AIPP SIA: Community Profile of Egbin Data Required Data Collected 1. Date 5th March 2012 2. Name of Village Egbin 3. Names of participants (include position 8 attendees in community) Chief Olayemi 4. Village location (description/GPS coordinates) 5. Name of Chief 6. Name of King 7. Names of interviewers Justin Okwuofu, SylvanusAbua, Amara Okoroiwu&DeaolaAwolola 8. Interview start/end time 1:30pm -3:00pm 9. Other information Historical Profile 10. Origin (where do the villagers come The people of Egbin are descendants of Awujale in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, from, when and why?) Nigeria. 11. Proportion (%) natives/settlers Native 40%, Urhobo, Hausa , Ibo, Ijaws, Ilaje, Egun 12. Other information Demographics 13. Approximate village population The people estimated their population to be about 15,000 14. Approximate number of Community 8 CDAs Development Areas (CDAs) 15. Percentage of men in the community 55% men 16. Percentage of women in the 45% community 17. Percentage of children – 16 and below They estimated the population of children 16 and below to be about 1500 18. Percentage of disabled people or 5% people with long term illnesses 19. Has the population of the village Population has increased due to boost in economic activities in the area. increased or decreased in the last 10 Reportedly, the “installation” of the Oba brought relative peace and stability years? Why? in the community AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 20. Has there been migration into the There has been migration into the area, especially those who come due to area? Where have these people come the PHCN Power plant in the community. The people are from different from and why? states all over Nigeria and at times foreigners, who come periodically to transact businesses Ethnicity and Religion 21. Ethnic groups, - percentage of people in each group (approx) Yoruba - 80% Others (Ibos, Ijaws, Tiv, Itsekiris) – 20% 22. What is the native ethnic group that founded the village? The Ijebus 23. Religions (indicate proportions of Muslim, traditional religion and Muslim –60% Christians Christain – 35% Traditional worshippers -5% 24. Where are the places of worship for Muslim mosque the different religious groups? (specify place) Christian churches Traditional shrines Other (please specify) 25. How many places of worship are in the Mosques 6 community for the different religious Churches 28 groups? Traditional shrines 13 Other (please specify) NA 26. How long does it take to get there? Muslim The worship places are located all over the community. For most people, it takes between 1 <5 minutes Christian 10 – 30 minutes to access the worship centres 2 5 – 30 minutes 3 31 – 60 minutes Traditional 4 + 60 minutes Other (please specify) NA 27. What method of transport do you use Muslim Majority of community members trek to their to get to your place of worship? worship sites since the sites are not distant from 1 Foot Christian the community. However, some people use 2 Bicycle motorcycle and private cars to get to their 3 Mini bus Traditional respective places of worship either within or 4 Taxi outside the community 5 Private Car Other (please specify) 6 Tri-cycle (keke Nape or KekeMaraa) 28. What languages are spoken in the Yoruba (Ijebu dialect) and the English Language are the most common family (indicate proportions if relevant). languages spoken in the community What other languages are understood (by all? Most educated? Youth?) Community Relations AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 29. Does the village have conflict with neighbouring communities? If yes, Yes what is the nature of this conflict? There is a feud between the community and Ijede- their immediate neighbouring village..The forms of conflict span from boundary disputes, domination tussle, economic conflict (in terms of sharing of resources) and land ownership tussles There was a serious boundary conflict in May 2011 that led to loss of lives, destruction of cars and other properties worth millions of Naira. 30. Who resolves conflict between the 1 Assembly Member (Please specify) community and other parties? 2 Unit Committee Member 3 Oloritun (conflict warden) 4 Traditional Chief 5 Priest or Religious leader 6 Police 7 Head Man 8 Community Development Authority (CDA) 9  Other (please specify) The Government at the Local and State levels 31. If there is conflict at the household 1 Assembly Member (Please specify) level, who resolves conflict between the households and other parties? 2 Unit Committee Member 3  Oloritun (conflict warden) 4 Traditional Chief 5 Priest or Religious leader 6 Police 7  Head Man 8 Community Development Authority (CDA) 9 Other (please specify) 32. Are there community support Yes, There is a community purse to support struggling members and mechanisms to support families or families in times of need. The Oba assists the unemployed to secure individuals in times of need? (If yes, employment. In addition, sequel to the crisis that broke out in May 2nd 2011, please specify) that led to many casualties, the affected families were treated free of charge amongst other provisions from the community leadership. Sources of community income include: royalties from oil companies, levies from sand miners, heavy truck operators and commercial business outfits 33. What is the nature of your relationship 1 High 2 Support 3 No 4 Negative with the surrounding communities? dependency provided when support necessary provided Have a more cordial relationship with Agura community According to the a. Agura Kabiyesi of Egbin, the people have close affinity with the people of Agura Egbin has no cordial relationship with them though they are neighbours. b. Ijede AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 3 Have cordial relationship with Ipakan Tinuade. According to them, they have c. Ipakan affinity with Ipakan Tinuade and they do not recognize the people in the NEPA resettlement as Ipakan since they were resettled on Egbin land. NA d. Egbin e. Other (please specify) 34. Are there any other communities that They have very good relationship with Gberigbe you have a relationship with? (please list) 35. What source of communication do you 1 Radio rely on for information? 2 TV 3 Traditional Chief 4 Religious authorities 5 Friends/Family 6 Newspaper 7 Telephone 8 CBOs 9 Other (please specify) Livelihoods and Occupation 36. Primary Occupations/livelihoods (indicate approx % of households for whom this a primary occupation) - Farming 55% - Fishing 25% - Hunting 2% - Trading (are they full time) 10% - Regular jobs (e.g. government or 5% private – note the types of employment and numbers) - Other (teacher, health worker, church 3% worker) - Unemployed (number of people ) 60% of community members are unemployed. However, there are some people that have source of income but look forward to “white collar” jobs but they reported that they are unemployed. AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 4 37. To what extent is unemployment / underemployment a problem? Is this According to the people, unemployment is a huge problem in the community increasing / decreasing and why? because following the FG acquisition of their farmland for the power plant project in 1984, the community lost its traditional livelihoods -– farming and fishing. They stopped farming, and a few went into trading and others into fishing. Only a small proportion is engaged in farming activities in recent times. 38. % of people in village who run a business or have the following skills: . Food preparation 10% . Boat handling (large / small) 5% . Driving 25% . Carpentry 8% . Plumber 10% . Mechanic 5% . Typist 2% . Seamstress / tailor 20% . Other Welding, building construction, - 15% 39. What is the typical division of roles and The women are responsible for cooking, laundry, sanitation, child labour between men / women / bearing/home keeping, whereas the men typically provide money for the children in the household? Does this family, pay school fees etc. The roles typically do not vary. For the fishing vary? and farming folks, the men do the more tedious jobs whereas the women and children do the less strenuous jobs Public Infrastructure 40. Does the village have primary and The only primary school in the community is within the PHCN estate. secondary schools? How many pupils Community members stated that sometimes, there are restrictions as per attend? admission of pupils from the community and that it mostly for children whose parents work for PHCN. If no, indicate the name of school and village where children attend school The secondary school that previously existed in the community was and approximate distance. How do relocated to Ijede, a neighbouring community, when NEPA acquired the land children travel to school? for the power plant. Children from the village attend private primary and secondary schools located at Ijede. Community members acquire secondary education at Gberige. The major means of transport to school is motor cycle, tricycle and mini bus. 41. Does the village have a health centre The Health centre is located at the boundary between the community and /health post/clinic /health Ijede. There are also traditional birth attendants in the community. volunteer/traditional herbalist (indicate Community member rely heavily on use of herbs especially to combat which one available in village OR if not sicknesses such as malaria, dysentery, typhoid and fever. In fact they treat name of village where they go instead) with the herbs first before visiting the hospital. 42. What water sources are available? There are hand dug and concrete wells. Few household have borehole water, others fetch from the PHCN estate. During the rainy season, they harvest rainwater for bathing and cooking. 43. If lagoon is a water source are there specific places you go to use the The lagoon is not a source of water for domestic purposes water? Where? Get GPS is possible AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 5 44. Number of communal wells /hand pumps / boreholes? 45. Graveyard/other sacred locations(e.g. There are several sacred places within the community. Most of the locations sacred forest areas) or cultural are grooves and shrines. heritage 46. Police station (indicate if in village OR Police station is at Ijede the LGA headquarters if not name of village where they go instead) 47. Football field /play ground /other There are no football pitches or play grounds in the community. According to playing area – please specify knowledgeable local informants, the community lost its playground to the PHCN estate 48. Number of village restaurant/road side There are two restaurants and about 10 mini restaurants. food seller (places where food is prepared on the premises and sold fresh) 49. Town Hall/Community centre There is a community Town Hall. It was vandalized during the last conflict in the community on 2nd May 2012 between the community and their neigbour – Ijede 50. Village shop (indicate what type of goods they sell - places where food is There are some village shops located by the road side. Most of them sell sold that is packaged or prepared provision, food items, fruits and drinks. elsewhere 51. Does the village have a permanent No . However, traders either hawk or sell in front of their houses. market or stalls? 52. Do they have market days, which days, No no of stalls? 53. Which other markets do they go to – in Ijede and Ikorodu market which village where are they going instead? 54. Bank (indicate if in village or if not name of village where they go instead) No bank in the community. Wema Bank is the only bank providing financial services in Ijede and covering the entire area that includes Egbin. Transport 55. Types and number of bus, lorry, taxi, 1 Bicycle other. State the quality of transport 2 Mini bus services available to the village. 3 Taxi 4 Private Car 5 Motorcycle (Okada) the most commonly used 6 Tri-cycle (Keke NAPEP or Keke Marwa) 7 Other (please specify) 56. Regularity (how often?) 1 Bicycle Not available 2 Mini bus 3 Taxi 4 Private Car Often (used by owners about 10%) 5 Motorcycle (Okada) Very often 6 Tri-cycle (Keke used but not common within the community NAPEP or Keke Marwa) 7 Other (please specify) Foot – common 57. Route (from village to where?) 1 Bicycle 2 Mini bus 3 Taxi 4 Private Car 5 Motorcycle (Okada) Village to ijede and nearby villages 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape Used by students when they get to Ijede or KekeMaraa) 7 Other (please specify) 58. Cost of travel per trip? 1 Bicycle 2 Mini bus AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 6 3 Taxi 4 Private Car NA 5 Motorcycle (Okada) N70 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape or KekeMaraa) 7 Other (please specify) Land Ownership 59. Do people in the village own land? Is The community leadership reported that the community has no land this a formal or informal agreement following the acquisition of their farmlands for the construction of the Egbin and with whom? power station. This has resulted to the loss of their traditional livelihood- farming. 60. Can people inherit land? Does this Yes, people can inherit land from their parents. Women can also inherit vary according to which ethnic group land. you are from? 61. Does this differ for settlers? Can No. Non-indigenes cannot plant trees on lease land that they use for farming settlers plant trees on the land they activities. But they can plant trees on plots they bought out rightly. farm? 62. What happens if you don’t use your NA land for several years? Does the chief take it back? 63. Do women have rights over land? Yes, women can own land by inheritance What are these? 64. Is land rented out to others? How is Land can be rented for crop farming. No formal agreement is entered. It is renting of land arranged? Are they based on mutual consent and understanding. formal or informal agreements? With whom? 65. Are any farm labourers employed in NA village? Where are they from? How are they paid? Community Assets and Facilities 66. List community assets e.g. agricultural NA processing equipment (cassava grater) – This does not include assets owned by individuals that they charge the community to use. 67. Does the village have electricity? Yes, PHCN, though not regular Where does this come from? 68. Main type of cooking fuel: Kerosene and fuel wood gas/kerosene/ fuel wood/charcoal 69. Main village source of water for Borehole and wells cooking /washing /bathing: well, hand pump/river 70. Means of garbage disposal indicate if Lagoon, burning the this is done in designated location/s or anywhere 71. Assets owned by individuals that they Grinding machine, borehole charge the community to use. Health 72. Do you have medicines available? No 73. Do you have access to health Yes services? 74. How much time does the health care Health care professional sare always available at the health centre at Egbin professional stay in the community? 75. What are common health problems in Common cold sicknesses, fever, malaria, typhoid AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 7 the village? Administration and Networks 76. What are the different governance The different governance structure in the community is as following in their structures in the community and how hierarchical order of importance: do these relate to the state governance structures? Olutuomoba Iyalode Apeno OluowoAro Odofin Otumba Lisa (Head of the Chiefs) Kabiyesi 77. Are there any CBOs groups, associations or cooperatives in the There are Community Development Association (CDAs), fishing groups village? What are these? (e.g. women’s savings groups? Hunters Chiefs in the groups play advisory roles. association? Etc). What is the role of the chiefs in these groups? 78. Who represents the government The Kabiyesi administration at village level? Potential effects of the project 79. What do you know about the project? Yes, they know that CNL has acquired their land for the AIPP. 80. What is the best way to provide Though the community is represented on the stakeholder committee, the information about the project? people still want future information about the project through written correspondences and meetings 81. What impacts could the project has – Positive Negative both positive and negative?  Project will bring socio-economic  Noise pollution and gaseous development to the area emission  Boost in economic activities  Vibration  Constant supply of electricity 82. What sort of mitigation/enhancement is Enhancement Mitigation possible?  Provision of jobs to indigenes  Modern power plant should  Host communities should not pay be constructed for power supply Additional Information 83. Any additional comments from Serious complaints that community was not consulted properly and that EIA community or information was not done, and if it was done, the document should be made available to the community. The people also complained about the structure and composition of the Independent Community Stakeholders Committee; they challenged the inclusion of Ipakan and Ijede on the Committee. They also complained that the ICSC out to be reconstituted since their tenure had lapsed. AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 8 84. Facilitators Comments and key observations AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 9 Focus Group Discussions FGD with Community Fishing Folks at Egbin Community facilitated by Amara Okoroiwu and Justin Okwuofu Location of FGD meeting By the Town Hall Number of participants 10 (see attendance sheet), they are all fishing folks Meeting date 5-03-2012 Duration 2 hours 1.1 General Profile  The fishing folks comprise indigenes and non indigenes. While indigenes involved in fishing are permanent residents, the Egun people from Badagry area come seasonally to fish in the area; hence, they are not permanent residents in the community. In general, fishing folk comprise middle-aged and elderly people.. Fishing is not only for natives, non natives are also involved, people from different ethnic group such as the Ijebus, Ilajes, Ijaws and the Eguns.  About 10% of the entire population is engaged in fishing and fish processing activities. Women make up 5% of the proportion involved in fishing. The women do not embark on fishing expedition but are fish mongers; they buy from the fishermen who are mostly their husband to either sell fish fresh or processed by frying and smoking.  More villagers are involved in fishing activities than the non natives. In addition, only women are involved in fish processing after fishing expeditions.  There is a fishing association; the association is a social network of fishing folks. They assist members in time of need; for example, by contributing money to buy nets and engines for members who lose their net or have faulty engine. 1.2 Fishing Location and Availability of Fish  Fishing is done in the lagoon, though lately due to the discharge of hot water into the lagoon, there are no fishes around, the fishing folk go as far as Ajah, Epe, Maroko in Lagos State, etc to fish. There are no restrictions or boundaries to where fishing can be done.  In the entire community, 40 persons are involved in fishing with 20 boats of 2 persons per boat. They are mostly indigenes and few non-indigenes.  There are other places like Badagry, where they can fish but most fishing folks are unable to reach those areas because of low engine capacity.  There is no alternative fishing site for natives. Fishing is done daily, day and at night regardless of the season, though if it is during the heavy rains, fishing activity is reduced. 1 1.3 Fish Catch  Fish varieties available are: o Kuta - Tiger fish o Ofon o Owere o Kugbe o Igbakere o Obokun o Epiya - Tilapia o Kekere o Abo o Jagede o Agasa o Efolo o Igun o Ija o Ajiboto o Ijaga o Prawns, crab, assorted crayfish and other seafood  The quantity of fish caught depends on quantity and the season. There are various fish varieties for different seasons. Most fish varieties are seen during the dry season due to increase in salinity of the lagoon water. There has been significant reduction in fish stocks in the past 10 years. Before, they do not go far to fish but now, they travel very far because of depleting fish stocks. The fishing folks attributed the dwindling and reduction in fish stocks to the hot effluence discharged into the lagoon from the PHCN power plant which results to frequent temperature increase in the water body and subsequent migration of fishes away from the area.   Oil spills are sometimes seen on water surfaces, which , according to the people, is not good for aquatic life  The quantity of fish caught depends on the season. The bumper fish harvest is during the dry season. More proportions of the fishes caught are sold fresh while the fishermen go home with a little proportion that is processed at home for sales and domestic use. About 80% is sold while 20% is for household consumption. The Kuta and ajibete species comes in large and wide sizes, the tilapia come in small sizes, some species like ‘efolo’ ‘ijaga’ and ‘igun’ cannot be sold fresh except they are dried. One Kuta (tiger fish) sells for about N60,000 while a basket of medium sized tilapia is for about N5,000  But during the lean period, fishes caught are not enough. In some cases, little proportion are sold while in some cases when fish catch is very low, none is sold.  There is no standard measurement for fish; rather, they use intuition and mutual agreement about the monetary value of the fish.. Crayfish and crabs are sold in baskets because the discrete units are smaller in size Prices vary depending on fish availability. During the peak periods, a fisherman makes average of N40,000 per week.  December to April is their fishing peak period whereas the lean period is from May to October. 2 1.4 Income  On average, a fisherman makes N60,000 per week during the peak season makes , between N10,000 –N15,000 during the lean period and about N5000 whenever the weather condition is unfavourable.  For the fishing folks, income from fishing constitute a total of 98% of the total household income because they have no other livelihood than fishing, the remaining 2% come from income from other sources like as remittances 1.5 Fish Supply  The fishing folks use wooden canoe and motor boats. Other fishing gears include paddle, assorted types of nets for various fish types, bailer (calabash used for bailing water from the canoe), bamboo, bow and arrow, anchor, spear, hook and line.  To maintain their boat, spare parts are bought at Iddo ,market, a nearby community. There are no canoe carpenters in the community, therefore the carpenters are brought to the ports from other communities to construct or patch the canoe when required. They have boat engine repairers that service boat engines at the port.  They experience bumper catch during the dry season and few catch during the raining season, the reason for the high fish harvest during the rainy season is due to high salt incursion during the dry season and high dilution of lagoon during the raining season. But generally, there are fishes for each season whether dry or wet. 1.6 Fish Supply Chain  In recent times, both men and women sell fish unlike in the olden days were only men sell fish, their children are not involved in the sales but can assist the women in fish processing.  The fishing folks sell to fish mongers and middlemen who usually come to the riverbank to buy fish once the fishing folks return from fishing expedition. The middlemen and fishmonger in turn sell the fish at nearby markets and at Ikorodu. The team gathered that some fishing folks rather than sell to the middlemen or fishmongers sell the fresh fish to their wives who may decide to re-sell the fresh fish or smoke the fish before selling. The percentage of fish sold fresh to that processed is 95% to 5% respectively.  They prefer to sell the fish fresh rather than processing it, as they make more income from fresh fish than when it is processed. Some fish species (such as ‘ijaga’) cannot be sold fresh therefore it is processed before sold.  The fish mongers take canoe to bring the fish from Iponmi (the community fishing site) to Agura before transporting it to the market with vehicle.  That high proportion of the fish is sold fresh has been an age long trend and does not change per season because the fish mongers stand by at the fishing ports awaiting the return of fishermen from fishing 3 1.7 Attitude to the project  They became aware of the project during the land acquisition process  They learnt chevron gave scholarship to some indigenes  To maintain flow of information, chevron should engage the community through town hall meetings for proper information dissemination and clarifications of emerging issues.  People are losing confidence in the process due to delay in project commencement Positive Impact  The fishing folks envisage that the project will create employment opportunities for the unemployed and some of their members, lead to boost in economic activities, constant power supply and widespread development in the area. Negative Impact  Their fears for the upcoming power plant include: noise and air pollution which may result to adverse health condition in the long run, fish depletion due to discharge of hot water into the water body, high migration of fish population due to frequent movement of barges and water vessels to Chevron site. The possibility of the barges and vessels damaging fishing gears especially the fishing nets.  Increase in social vices due to large influx of people into the community 1.8 Key fishing Issues  Key problems faced when fishing is the blockage of fishing sites and water surface by large colonies of water hyacinth which damage fishing gears and make fishing frustrating; discharge of hot water from Egbin power plant into the lagoon makes fishes to flee from the area hence they have to travel long distances before they can make a good catch.  Sea piracy and damage of nets by barges Suggestions on mitigation strategies  Provision of fishing gears to fishing folks to support members replace worn out gears  Clearing of water hyacinth from the water ways  Government and Chevron should provide a regulatory framework to control the activities of water vessels and barges operating in the water ways 4 FGD Note prepared by Linda Bembatoum FGD with Traders in the Community facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Town Hall Number of participants 58 participants Meeting date 06.03.2012 Duration 1hr 1.1 General Profile  When asked when they started their businesses, various answers were given from one year to 40 years ago.  The men and women trade in various goods and services which include the sand mining business, selling of food stuff such as rice, beans and other dry foods, selling of fish and other sea food, jewellery, tipper business etc. The predominant trade for women is buying and selling of food stuff, fish, clothing and jewellery.  Trading is the main source of income amongst the indigenous people while fishing is secondary business. The business men and women estimate that in the community most people are 60% farmers and 40% fishermen/women.  The majority of the indigenous people (i.e. the Ijebu’s) are in the trading business. The Igbo’s from South East Nigeria that are resident in the community are predominantly traders and they constitute about 30% of the trading population.  Generally most of the traders go into business as a permanent source of income.  Traders normally hawk their goods around as there is no permanent place to hawk their goods.  Although there is no formal market, associations do exist in the community. Members of traders association meet at least once a week. Some of the associations include: Market women’s association, Sand seller’s association, Fish sellers association, Ground pepper’s association, Tipper’s Association, Local Gin Association etc.  Although a market does exist in Egbin, it is not put to use because there are no market stalls there. Therefore people prefer to hawk. The people of Egbin need a wholesale and retail market but at the moment no capital exists to set it up. According to the traders, letters have been written to NNPC, Chevron and NEPA regarding assistance to set up a market but there has been no reply to the request.  There are several benefits to being a member of an association: members contribute money on a regular basis to support one another, for example, in the event of weddings or funerals. The Fish Sellers Association contribute funds so that they can buy fish and share amongst themselves; boosting their businesses and capital. In the Tippers Association assistance is given at times when a member’s vehicle is faulty by supporting with funds/loan for repairs. As an association, the Tippers Association was able to buy a portion of land on which to park their vehicles. The Sand Seller’s Association have a boat they use for their business and they rally together whenever there is fault with the boat in order to fix it for the benefit of everyone in the group.  Problems with associations vary depending on the nature of the association and their financial position. For example the Tipper Association have few vehicles and need more vehicles. Spare parts are also quite expensive to buy for repair. The vehicles they have at the moment are old. The fish sellers association needs a cold room to preserve their catch. The members of the firewood association contribute money every week to bring out heavy logs of wood from the forest. They are in need of a pick-up so that they spend less money on hiring one each time they need it. 1.2 Supply Chain  Traders get their goods from various sources depending on what they sell: For example the water sellers get their products from ‘The Peri Pure Company’ located on Ikorodu Road, Ijede. Those who sell rice, Garri and beans (Staple foods) get their food from Mile 12 in Lagos. The team encountered a jewelry seller who FGD with Traders in the Community facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Town Hall Number of participants 58 participants Meeting date 06.03.2012 Duration 1hr recounted that she gets her goods from Idunmota (in Lagos) and sometimes from abroad in Dubai. The fish sellers mainly get their fish from the lagoon.  Traders sell to any interested buyers from anywhere within or outside the community.  Goods are usually transported by hired pick-up or cars (usually public vehicles-not private). 1.3 Pricing and Expenditure  Associations are usually responsible for fixing the standardised price of goods.  The costs associated with selling goods are many. Traders are forced to pay tolls that are not recognized by the government. There is corruption with tolling at the local government level. Payment of tolls is done each time one goes through the tolling area. The traders find this unfair. They claim that having a large pick-up vehicle to carry goods would cut costs as it would limit the number of trips that need to be made.  Most of the traders own small businesses therefore they operate on their own rather than employ people.  The value of goods sold is relative to the kind of goods sold. For example the tippers who supply sand said they make about 70,000 - 120,000 Naira per week. Those in the sand mining business make about 20,000 naira per week. The ‘pure water’ sellers (those who sell drinking water in plastic bag sachets) make about 25,000 naira per week. The fish sellers claim to make about 15-20,000 naira per week while those who sell firewood sell about 100 pieces in a week at the cost of 80.00 naira each. Therefore it varies based on the product and the demand for it. 1.4 Challenges  For those involved in sand mining, the job is risky as small boats can capsize at any time due to the heavy load of the sand. The people of Egbin mentioned about 1 or 2 instances where people drowned and died. They expect that the AIPP may be able to help them with larger boats.  Reportedly, there is no land anymore to plant cassava due to the encroachment of NEPA and Chevron; this is a problem of inadequacy as the entire farmland of the people was acquired during Federal Government of Nigeria acquisition of land for the Egbin Thermal Station.  The traders lamented that there is little access to capital for expansion of trade.  Transportation remains a problem for moving goods  The people of Egbin need a functional market with the adequate infrastructure  They also claim that they want access to the international market. This is bound to happen if people move into the community due to the influence of the AIPP. 1.5 Attitude Towards Project  Expectations are high for the AIPP. The community is eagerly waiting for positive impact from the project to occur in the form of social investment and other things. The community are aware of the power plant.  According to the traders, the best way to spread information about the project is through a town hall session organised for the community members. The Oba should also be briefed with his chiefs.  Negative impacts of the project: The negative impact is that the smell of gas is being perceived from the power plant site. They have also complained of land degradation and water pollution due to Chevron’s activities. The water at times gets too hot due to the power plant activities and therefore kills the fish in the sea.  The people want Chevron to support their businesses i.e. Food canteens, and employment for some of their community members. According to them quota consideration should be taken into account when employing staff.  Consideration should also be given to the elderly in the community as there are some that have lived up to 120 years. The traders suggested some sort of social stipend for them.  Positive impact of the project: According to the traders, the project is good because it fosters competition i.e. people will aspire to achieve higher and work for Chevron. They are expecting that the project will create employment and bring infrastructural development to Egbin FGD with Traders in the Community facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Town Hall Number of participants 58 participants Meeting date 06.03.2012 Duration 1hr  The people feel that people’s businesses will grow as the population moves into the area.  The traders have said that they fear that as Chevron moves into the community, the cost of transportation will rise in the area. Therefore Chevron should invest in affordable transportation for the community.  The community is hoping that one of the positive impacts will be the availability of electricity in Egbin. Key Informant Interview Key Informant Notes Prepared by Linda Bembatoum Key Informant Interview with CDA in Egbin Community facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Town Hall Number of participants 2 participants Meeting date 7 March 2012 Duration 50mins 1.1 General Profile PNI facilitators interviewed 2 members of the CDA in Egbin. They include: Mr. Turaki, Lola Lookman- General Secretary of Towns CDA(for 16 years) Mrs. Toyin Idowu- Chairman Ojo Olokun CDA Egbin  According to the CDA representatives, the role of the CDA as spelt out in the constitution of Lagos State is to contribute towards the development of the community. For the CDA in Egbin this comprises road construction, building of the town hall, ensuring sanitation, the beautification of the surroundings and other social development projects such as provision of education, health and security needs.  The CDA representatives explained that all Community Based Organisations were under the CDA.  At the moment the CDA’s main focus is on security. The reason for this according to the key informants is because of some people they described as ‘hoodlums’. They referred to these people as settlers in the community. They refused to speak in detail about the crisis that took place on the 2nd of May 2011 between the community and the people referred to as ‘hoodlums’ since the case is still in court.  The community is planning to set-up a police post that will be on night and day shift in order to protect the community from future acts of violence. The community is therefore advocating for this through the office of the CDA. The police post will be managed by the CDA with possible assistance from the Police Community Relations Committee (PCRC).  When asked about concerns about the AIPP project, the CDA members stressed that they welcome the project. However the Oba Obateru of Egbin (King of Egbin) is concerned that the project will be safe i.e. from vandalisation and any form of fire or electrocution. This is one of the reasons why he King is concerned with building up security.  With regards to the vulnerable persons in the community (i.e. elderly people, unemployed graduates, single pregnant women, widows and orphans), the KIs informed that such persons were taken care of by religious organisation activities. .  Most recently the CDA has tried to assist the vulnerable through an anti-malaria treatment campaign in which the CDA members facilitated the distribution of free mosquito nets to every household. The research team saw evidence of this during the Household Surveys in Egbin. When people were asked whether they possessed mosquito nets, most people volunteered the information that the nets were given to them by the local government.  In response to the question of where vulnerable persons are kept in the community, the KIs said that they were in their respective homes, being assisted by their families.  A cancer awareness initiative was also organised in Egbin by the Olori (Kings Wife). The CDA assisted to facilitate the initiative. It is not clear specifically what was achieved during this initiative but it heavily involved the women in the community and focused on preventive measures- since the Olori (King’s Wife) was the initiator of the programme.  The CDA KI’s explained that they would like to do more activities but complained about lack of funds. They however praised the King of Egbin for his substantial contribution towards the CDA to augment the CDA Key Informant Interview with CDA in Egbin Community facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Town Hall Number of participants 2 participants Meeting date 7 March 2012 Duration 50mins contribution to the Police Community Relations Committee (PCRC).  According to the KI’s there is also no CDA secretariat for the purpose of having meetings and assisting the most vulnerable.  The CDA is committed and willing to take responsibility in managing community’s interest and mitigating any potential negative impacts. The KI’s gave examples of previous acts of commitment. They mentioned the role played by the CDA to distribute mosquito nets to all households and the role they played in mobilising the community for immunization injections. In addition the CDA played a crucial role when flooding occurred in Egbin community. They mobilised themselves to clear and de-silt the gutters in order to lessen the flooding.  NGO’s working in the nearby region include: 1)The Youth Wing, Egbin, 2)The Religious Wing- They provide free drinking water for the community, 3)The Muslim Community- The are presently undertaking the construction of a mosque in the community. 1.2 Views on the Project  According to the KI’s the CDA is aware that a Power Plant is going to be put in operation by Chevron.  In their opinion, the best way to pass information to the community is though the CDA. The KI’s informed the facilitators that the CDA is accessible via e-mail, Face book, phone contact and postal address. According to them communication through any of these means is reliable. The PNI facilitators collected their telephone contact information.  Benefits of the power plant: The CDA believes that the power plant will be a source of pride to the community because they will be the ones hosting the power plant. They also expect that Chevron will construct a good road linking to the area. It is expected that community members will be compensated through employment opportunities directly or indirectly i.e. the employees of the power plant will support the businesses in the community. They also believe that the project will result in general development in the community in terms of skills building for community members and social infrastructure.  Negative Impact of the Power Plant: The CDA foresees a situation where neighboring communities may act inappropriately due to envy. In order to avoid any conflict, the CDA has advised that the community (especially the community leaders) be kept updated on the latest activities of the power plant. Key informant Interview: Tipper Association at Egbin S/No Data Required Data Collected Note Interview date, start time/end time 6th Feb 2012 11:00am – 12noon Name of village Egbin Name of person(s) being interviewed & Mr. Similiu Saminu, the Chairman position Mr. Tajudeen Auyuba, the secretary. A Association Profile (Composition & membership) 1 What is the name of the umbrella body Association of Tipper & Quarries Owners of Nigeria of Tipper association in this village Egbin 2 What is your numerical strength 15 members including Chairman and Secretary. Membership consists of truck owners and drivers operating at the water side. 3 Do you have meeting days? If yes how They meet weekly; on Fridays many times in a week and venue 4 Is there an ExCo, how many? What is They have 6 Executive members namely: Chairman, the tenure of their office? Secretary, PRO, Financial Secretary, Treasurer and Welfare Officer. Their tenure is 3 years of two terms. 5 What tools of office does the They have a constitution. association have, e.g. constitution, 6 How many operators have been There are 7 registered vehicles of different sizes ranging registered so far? from 5tons to 20 tons. 7 Are there people from other ethnic Members are from various ethnic groups like – Yoruba, groups? Please list Ijaws, Tiv, Hausa and Ibo. 9 What are the possible causes of conflict Mistrust and violation of tenets of the constitution. in your association 10 What do you think is the impact of your To support developmental effort in the community, like association/union on the community environmental sanitation. 11 What safety gadgets do you use while Hard hat and safety boot doing your business? 12 Are there trainings organised for No training for the members yet. The association is still members, what type? at the formative stages, and that will be considered in the future. B Energy 13 Where do you get fuel for your Trucks They get fuel from the fuel station at Ijede and Gberigbe and how much? 14 Do you experience fuel scarcity? What Fuel scarcity is experienced when there is national strike are the possible causes? or shortage in the supply and distribution of the commodity C General 16 Type of vehicles owned by members Members own various sizes of trucks used for conveying sand. Sizes range from 5 tons to 20 tons. 17 How much does a trip cost? Depending on the location, they charge from N5,000 for delivery to Ijede, (2-5KM, max) the neighbouring village and N20,000 to Agura (about 15KM away). The distance and texture of the sand determines the cost. Customers come from Ijede, Agura, Gberigbe, Ikorodu etc. After expenditure, they make between N3000 –N5000 per trip. 18 How much money does your business Depending on the volume of business, [did not specify provide your household each week how much exactly] but they make more money when construction work is going on which is mostly during the dry season 19 What proportion of total household 70% income does this make up each week, in percentage? 20 Challenges in the job High waves usually encountered between June and August, which makes it difficult to mine sand. Also during the rainy season, there is less patronage because little construction works go on during that period. Attitude to the project 21 What information have you received They heard that Chevron has acquired land for about the project? construction of a power plant through community members. They have also heard that Chevron will soon start construction work at the power plant. 22 What do you think is the best way to Through conducting Town hall sessions and share information about the project correspondences to the village leaders 23 Do you foresee any positive impacts  Employment creation for members who want to take associated with the proposed project up jobs at the site  High demand for sand which will increase their income  Socio-economic development of the area as more people will move into the community to carry out business activities. 24 Do you have concerns about the Locating the project near the community will lead to project? What concerns high influx of people into the area and consequently inflation due to high cost of living in the area Surveys School Profile Survey Data required Data collected 1. Interview date and start/end time 6.3.2012 2. Name of team member conducting Sylvanus Abua and Deola Awolola interview 3. Name and position of person(s) being Mrs A.M. Ojo, Head Teacher and Manager interviewed General Information 4. School name and location (village NEP1A Staff Nursery and Primary School, Egbin name and GPS coordinates) Northing Easting 5 Is the school primary and/or secondary NEPA Staff Schools has both a Nursery and Primary School arm and a Secondary School arm. The team conducted the school profiling with the Nursery and Primary School arm. 6 Is the school private or public? The school was registered as a private school owned by NEPA, a government corporation. 7 Are there other schools nearby? There are at other private schools around the area (particularly in Ijede, some 10 minutes walk from the school). There is also Luwasa Primary and Secondary School in Ijede that is about 5 minutes drive from the NEPA schools. 8. Total number/proportion of students There were 260 pupils in the Nursery School and 770 pupils in the Primary (include male/female split) School, making a total of 1030 pupils in both schools. While female pupils made up 53% of the Nursery school population, male pupils made up about 60% of the Primary School population. Taken together, male pupils made up 57% of the entire population of the two schools. 9. School staff (describe how many and There were 57 staff members (49F/8M). All the male staff were working role) with the Primary School. Staff roles in both the nursery and primary schools are presented in Table 1 below: Role Number of staff Nursery School Primary School Head Teacher 1(F) 1(F) Teachers 35 (28F,7M) 7(all female) Cleaners 5 (1M, 4F) 8 (all female) Total 33F, 8M 16F 10 How many classes are offered (describe The school has a total of 18 classes. Nursery School has 8 classes, while the these)? Primary School has a total of 10 classes as listed in Table 2 below Level Number of classes Nursery School Nursery1 4 Nursery2 4 Primary School Primary 1 4 Primary 2 1 Primary 3 1 Primary 4 1 Primary 5 1 Primary 6 2 Total 18 11 Average size of classes (include male The average class size was 35for both Nursery and Primary Schools.. 1 NEPA is the abbreviation for National Electric Power Authority, now named Power Holding Company of Nigeria and female split) 12. How is it decided where children attend Important determinants of choice of school are: school?  Infrastructure available in the school  Standard and teaching methods  Teachers qualifications and experience and  Testimonies that parents and pupils give in the community 13 How is the school funded? The school is funded by NEPA management. Infrastructure is provided by NEPA with some support by Parents Teachers Association (PTA). 14 Do parents have to pay to send children Being a private school, pupils pay tuition. Children of NEPA staff pay to school? How much? What happens N4,500 per term, while other children pay N17,000 per term. to children whose families cannot pay? 15 How long is the school year? (describe The school calendar is 9 months, beginning in October and ending in July term start/finish dates) the following year. The total holiday period is average of 3 months per year. The first term starts in October and ends in December; the second term starts in January and ends in March; while the third term starts in April and ends in July. 16 Describe the average school day The school day begins at 8.00am and closes at 2.00pm. The school (start/finish time and routine) observes 45 minutes break from 11.00 to 11.45am. The school has set aside Wednesday as Society Day, During society day, the various clubs and societies in the school such as Red Cross Society and Scouts hold their meetings.. 17 Is student progress tracked in each There are 4 levels of continuous assessment in all the subjects being taught. subject? (describe how) These are weekly assessment; mid-term exams; end-of-term exams and final exams at the end of the study duration. Promotion to the next class is based on pupils’ performance in the end-of-term exams. 18 What are the leaving It is expected that at the end of nursery and primary education, children skills/qualifications of the students should be able to read and write more fluently. In addition to these skills, (collect statistics if they are available pupils acquire vocational skills such as handcraft, needlework and beading. e.g. literacy passing of exams, entrance Pupils also learn how to develop arguments through debate . to further education, etc) 19 Number/description of subjects taught Following the curricula for nursery and primary schools, subjects taught include English Language, Maths, Elementary Science, Social Studies, Civic Education, ICT, Introductory Technology, Visual Arts and Writing, Moral Instruction, Health Education, French, Yoruba, Rhyme and Story Telling. 20 Language(s) spoken at school English Language is the official language. Although it is unlawful to speak Yoruba, some pupils unable to speak the English Language speak Yoruba as well. 21 Describe the school facilities (number The school had 18 classrooms, a room for instructional practice for each of of classrooms, courtyard, flat area, the classes identified in Q. 10 above. In addition, the school has a standard library, laboratories, toilets, etc) library and laboratories such as computer lab, home economics lab. There is a lot of open space for children to play around during break period. . 22 Describe the teaching aids available Teaching materials include blackboard, desks and resources for (blackboard, desks, books) instructional practice such as posters. 23 Describe the sports facilities available The school has adequate sports facilities such as football pitch and a lot of (football area, playground, other sports open space for field and track events. equipment) 24 Do children from other villages attend Yes. Children from several villages attend school at the NEPA Nursery and the school (indicate which villages and Primary School. Children from neighbouring communities such as Ijede, number of children) Ipakan, Agura, Okeletu, Gberigbe and even Ikorodu (a bigger town) are enrolled in the school. However, the Head Teacher and Manager was unable to provide statistics of children from each village. 25 Are any children excluded from No. The school doesn’t discriminate against any child on the basis of attending school (disabled, different ethnicity, disability and religious preference. The only situation where ethnic or religious group) children can be denied admission is inability to apply for admission in time. This is so because admission into the school is highly competitive and a lot of people who apply late are not offered placement. 26 Is fresh water readily available for No. Pupils are encouraged to bring water from their houses. drinking/sanitation 27 How do children travel to/from school? There is a school bus for bringing pupils to school in the morning and Is there a cost? taking them back to their houses when the school closes. NEPA bus picks pupils from the school gate because the school is very large and the distance from the school gate to the school is quite far. 28 Does the school compete against other The school competes well with other schools and has been winning medals schools in sports, carnivals or music over the years. The school has been involved in contests such as football festivals? Where does this happen and and games such as scrabble, playing of chase and spelling competition, how often? There were lots of medals displayed at the office of the Head Teacher and Manager. 29 What are the special characteristics of According to the respondent, the school’s distinctive competencies include the school? Are there particular teachers’ work attitude and readiness to work, teachers being morally strengths and/or challenges? upright and leading by examples and motivation from the NEPA management. The major challenge the school was facing is the need for fencing off the the school. Due to lack of fence, it is difficult to control pupils’ movement as some can sneak away into their houses during school hours. There is also a need to improve infrastructure within the school.. 30 Describe the performance of the school According to the respondent, pupils performance has been very in the last three public examination satisfactory. They sometimes record 100% pass rate in the primary school (e.g. SSCE) final exams (i.e. First School Leaving Certificate Examination). In addition, at graduation, almost every child gets admission into gifted child schools such as the one in Suleija.. 31 If secondary school, what is the n/a. average ratio/proportion of the students that enter university directly after completing their secondary school here? Annex 3 Ijede Community Community Profile AIPP SIA: Community Profile Data Required Data Collected 1. Date 23/2/12 2. Name of Village Ijede 3. Names of participants (include position in community) Chief Matto Lamina CDC Chairman, Ijede LCDA Chief Morufu Alase Chairman Oke Oyinbo CDA Chief Moshood Oyebanjo Baba Oloja of Ijede 4. Village location (description/GPS N0565419 coordinates) E0725652 5. Name of Chief 6. Name of King HRM F.A. ORESANVA THE ALAJEDE OF IJEDE KINGDOM 7. Names of interviewers Justin Okwuofu and Mariam January (During pilot survey) and updated by Amara Okoroiwu during SIA 8. Interview start/end time 9. Other information Historical Profile 10. Origin (where do the villagers come According to the Alajede in Council, it was gathered that from, when and why?) around the 15th century two brothers (Lemurin and Luwasa) who are from the ruling house in Ile-Ife migrated to settle ? down in the places now called Ijede in ikorodu and Elemurin in Ogun State. The brothers were given some gift by the father (king of Ile-Ife), the gifts were a pair of Golden Shoe, Walking stick, Crown, Staff of office and 16 male and female slaves each before they embarked on the journey. After series of consultation with the gods, it was revealed that Luwasa (founder of Ijede) should settle down in the present place called Ijede (which at that time was a virgin land) was by the river side while the brother (Lemurin) should proceed further. The name Ijede was gotten when Luwasa went to fish in the river with Ije (bait) and made a lot of catch; he then decided to call the place “IJEYIMADE” meaning “a place where my bait has made a lot of catch”. The name later changed to “IJEYIDE” and later to the present name it is been called “IJEDE”, it is said that all three names means the same thing. Ijede share boundaries with Lamuga (which is the boundary between Elemurin and Ijede), Egbin, Ikorodu and Water (River). Lemurin who is the brother of Luwasa (founder of Ijede) later settled in a place called Elumirin in Ogun State. There are 5 ruling houses in Ijede and they are state according to how they follow in ascending the throne, they are as follows;  Ladaga Ruling House  Ariyera Ruling House  Orese Ruling house  Ajanaku Ruling House  Atobatele Ruling House The above named ruling houses in Ijede are from the five male children of luwasa (founder of Ijede) and they have AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 been rotating the kingship amongst them with mutual understanding and that is after whoever that is on the throne passes on (Osi igba) the next family produces the next king and it goes on like that until all five houses have produced each, they then start from the first family again. Sometime in the 1960’s, there was a gazette that was done by the state government confirming the ruling houses and the way it is been rotated by the people bringing it into law. Presently, the king on the throne is from the Ladaga family. 11. Proportion (%) natives/settlers There are 70% natives and 30% settlers Native – 70%, Settlers – 30% 12. Other information Trade/CDC Demographics 13. Approximate village population ? 14. Approximate number of Community Development Areas (CDAs) 93 CDAs 300 HH 15. Percentage of men in the community 40% 16. Percentage of women in the community 60% 17. Percentage of children – 16 and below 60% 18. Percentage of disabled people or people with long term illnesses 10% 19. Has the population of the village Yes increased or decreased in the last 10 Development coming up in terms of environment, years? Why? safe, job opportunities, cheap land etc 20. Has there been migration into the area? Where have these people come All over the country from and why? Ethnicity and Religion 21. Ethnic groups, - percentage of people Isoko, Ibo, Hausa/Fulani, Ijaw, Urhobo, Calabar in each group (approx) 22. What is the native ethnic group that Yoruba (Ijede) founded the village? 23. Religions (indicate proportions of Muslim (5), Christian (3), ATR (2) Muslim, traditional religion and Christians) 24. What languages are spoken in the family (indicate proportions if relevant). Yoruba What other languages are understood English & Pidgin (by all? Most Educated? Youth?) 25. Where are the places of worship for Muslim Mosques in the community AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 the different religious groups? (specify Christian Churches in the community place) Traditional Shrines in the community Other (please specify) 26. How many places of worship are in the Mosques 25 community for the different religious Churches Over 50 groups? Traditional shrines Over 6 Other (please specify) 27. How long does it take to get there? Muslim 5 – 30 minutes 1 <5 minutes Christian 5 – 30 minutes 2 5 – 30 minutes 3 31 – 60 minutes Traditional 31- 60 minutes 4 + 60 minutes Other (please specify) 28. What method of transport do you use Muslim Foot, tri-cycle and private car to get to your place of worship? 1 Foot Christian Foot, tri-cycle and private car 2 Bicycle 3 Mini bus Traditional Foot, tri-cycle and private car 4 Taxi 5 Private Car Other (please specify) 6 Tri-cycle (keke NAPEP or Keke Marwa) 29. What languages are spoken in the Yoruba and English (Yoruba is the native language which is family (indicate proportions if relevant). also the major language of communication and mostly used What other languages are understood by people that do not have formal education. English (by all? Most educated? Youth?) Language is used by youths and those that have formal education. Community Relations 30. Does the village have conflict with neighbouring communities? If yes, Conflict with Egbin over boundary what is the nature of this conflict? 31. Who resolves conflict between the 1 Assembly Member (Please specify) community and other parties? 2 Unit Committee Member 3 Oloritun (conflict warden) 4 Traditional Chief 5 Priest or Religious leader 6  Police 7 Head Man 8 Community Development Authority (CDA) 9  Oth er (please specify) Local and State Government Authority AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 3 32. If there is conflict at the household 1 Assembly Member (Please specify) level, who resolves conflict between 2 the households and other parties? Unit Committee Member 3  Oloritun (conflict warden) 4 Traditional Chief 5  Priest or Religious leader 6  Police 7 Head Man 8 Community Development Authority (CDA) 9 Other (please specify) 33. Are there community support N/A mechanisms to support families or individuals in times of need? (If yes, please specify) 34. What is the nature of your relationship 1 High 2 Support 3 No 4 Negati with the surrounding communities? depend provided support ve ency when provided necessary a. Agura b. Ijede 1 (high dependency with NEPA resettlement) c. Ipakan d. Egbin e. Other (please specify) 35. Are there any other communities that you have a relationship with? (please list) 36. What source of communication do you 1  Radio rely on for information? 2  TV 3  Traditional Chief 4  Religious authorities 5 Friends/Family 6  Newspaper 7  Telephone 8  CBOs 9 Other (please specify) AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 4 Livelihoods and Occupation 37. Primary Occupations/livelihoods (indicate approx % of households for whom this a primary occupation) - Farming - Fishing - Hunting (Hunters assoc) - Trading (are they full time) - Regular jobs (e.g. government or Teaching private – note the types of employment PHCN and numbers) Civil Servant Health Workers Private Hospital Hotels - Other (teacher, health worker, church worker) - Unemployed (number of people ) 70% 38. To what extent is unemployment / Population and lack of employment opportunities underemployment a problem? Is this and companies increasing / decreasing and why? 39. % of people in village who run a business or have the following skills: . Food preparation 10% . Boat handling (large / small) 3% . Driving 70% . Carpentry . Plumber . Mechanic . Typist . Seamstress / tailor . Other 40. What is the typical division of roles and Women – Trading labour between men / women / Men – Artisan, sand mining and paid employment children in the household? Does this vary? Public Infrastructure AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 5 41. Does the village have primary and Primary – 2 secondary schools? How many pupils Secondary - 1 attend? 1<1 If no, indicate the name of school and village where children attend school and approximate distance. How do children travel to school? 42. Does the village have a health centre Health Centre - 2 /health post/clinic /health Herbalist volunteer/traditional herbalist (indicate TBAs – encourages them to register at the Health Centre which one available in village OR if not name of village where they go instead) 43. What water sources are available? Private borehole and well, LG borehole, Private companies 44. If lagoon is a water source are there Yes – there is a spring water (Odoro River) specific places you go to use the water? Where? Get GPS is possible 45. Number of communal wells /hand LCDA (10) AES (2) pumps / boreholes? 46. Mosque/church/other religious places Mosque (25) churches (over 50) 47. Graveyard/other sacred locations(e.g. 1 graveyard (demolished) sacred forest areas) or cultural heritage 48. Police station (indicate if in village OR Yes – Area ‘N’ command - DPO if not name of village where they go instead) 49. Football field /play ground /other In the palace and Primary School playing area – please specify 50. Number of village restaurant/road side ? food seller (places where food is prepared on the premises and sold fresh) 51. Town Hall/Community centre Yes 52. Village shop (indicate what type of Individual lock-up stores goods they sell - places where food is Provision, frozen food, electronics, household wears, sold that is packaged or prepared building materials elsewhere 53. Does the village have a permanent Yes market or stalls? 54. Do they have market days, which Before 9th days but no more (everyday) days, no of stalls? 55. Which other markets do they go to – in Mile 12 which village where are they going instead? 56. Bank (indicate if in village or if not name of village where they go instead) Wema Bank Transport 57. Types and number of bus, lorry, taxi, 1 Bicycle other. State the quality of transport 2 Mini bus services available to the village. 3 Taxi 4 Private Car Okada, tricycle 5 Motorcycle (Okada) State Govt gave a bus (BRT) 6 Tri-cycle (Keke NAPEP or Keke Marwa) AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 6 Destination of the buses is Ikorodu 7 Other (please specify) 58. Regularity (how often?) 1 Bicycle 2 Mini bus 3 Taxi Daily 4 Private Car 5 Motorcycle (Okada) 6 Tri-cycle (Keke NAPEP or Keke Marwa) 7 Other (please specify) 59. Route (from village to where?) 1 Bicycle 2 Mini bus Ijede - Ikorodu 3 Taxi 4 Private Car 5 Motorcycle (Okada) 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape or Keke Maraa) 7 Other (please specify) 60. Cost of travel per trip? 1 Bicycle 2 Mini bus 3 Taxi Taxi – 150, bus – 120, BRT – 100, 4 Private Car tricycle - 50 5 Motorcycle (Okada) 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape or Keke Maraa) 7 Other (please specify) Land Ownership 61. Do people in the village own land? Is Land belongs to ruling houses. But individuals buy and can this a formal or informal agreement resell and with whom? 62. Can people inherit land? Does this Yes vary according to which ethnic group you are from? 63. Does this differ for settlers? Can No settlers plant trees on the land they farm? Yes 64. What happens if you don’t use your No; but miscreants can resell land for several years? Does the chief take it back? 65. Do women have rights over land? Inheritance; by number of wives What are these? 66. Is land rented out to others? How is No; given out freely for farming in order to secure the land renting of land arranged? Are they formal or informal agreements? With whom? 67. Are any farm labourers employed in Yes; indigenes & foreigners; not fixed village? Where are they from? How are they paid? Community Assets and Facilities 68. List community assets e.g. agricultural No processing equipment (cassava grater) – This does not include assets owned by individuals that they charge the community to use. 69. Does the village have electricity? Yes; PHCN AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 7 Where does this come from? 70. Main type of cooking fuel: Kerosene; firewood gas/kerosene/ fuel wood/charcoal 71. Main village source of water for Boreholes cooking /washing /bathing: well, hand pump/river 72. Means of garbage disposal indicate if LAWMA; paid for by individuals (Nco pes room) the this is done in designated location/s or anywhere 73. Assets owned by individuals that they N/A charge the community to use. Health 74. Do you have medicines available? Yes but low access 75. Do you have access to health Yes services? 76. How much time does the health care 24hrs professional stay in the community? 77. What are common health problems in Malaria, maternal health care the village? Administration and Networks 78. What are the different governance There are 7 different governance structures in the structures in the community and how community and they are in hierarchical order; do these relate to the state governance  Aladeje structures?  Council of Chiefs  Baales  Olorituns  CDC  CDAs Head of Family It should be noted that amongst the Council of Chiefs there is a group called “Ewarefa Mefa” (6 iniatiates who are chiefs), they are the King-Makers. 79. Are there any CBOs groups, Yes; CDA, AjedeLuwasa Improvement Asso., Hunters Asso., associations or cooperatives in the Fishermen; market women etc. village? What are these? (e.g. Leadership governance women’s savings groups? Hunters association? Etc). What is the role of the chiefs in these groups? 80. Who represents the government LCDA Chairman administration at village level? Potential effects of the project 81. What do you know about the project? Power plant – 2 phases completed Quarterly mtg 82. What is the best way to provide Information should be regular information about the project? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 8 83. What impacts could the project have – Positive Negative both positive and negative?  Employment  Pollution  Socio – Economy  Affect fishing activity will increase livelihood 84. What sort of mitigation/enhancement is Enhancement Mitigation possible?  Give priority to cashment  Security problem area Additional Information 85. Any additional comments from  All unskilled should be given to the catchment areas community or information  Community members should also be given consideration for specialized skill  Concern about when project will start  Security, employment opportunity  The landlord should be vigilant to know the background of tenants in his/her houses 5 Ruling Houses  Gladega  Aniyera  Ajanaku  Atobatele  Orese Meeting time: 12.50pm – 02.42pm 1. Osugbo 2. Ijinla 3. Igunuko 4. Ajede 5. Egirrin 6. Ota 7. Eluku 8. Agemo Remoreke Agbo Festival (Once in every 3years, all members of the community participated) 86. Facilitators Comments and key observations AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 9 School Profile Survey Data required Data collected 1. Interview date and start/end time 22.3.2012 – started at 12.00p.m. and ended at 1.45p.m. 2. Name of team member conducting Sylvanus Abua and Deola Awolola interview 3. Name and position of person(s) being Mr Olufemi Adeyeyi Babanisa, Principal of Senior High School interviewed General Information 4. School name and location (village Luwasa Senior High School, Ijede name and GPS coordinates) Northing Easting 5 Is the school primary and/or secondary The school is secondary and has two arms – Junior High School for JS 1-3 and Senior High School for SS 1-3 . 6 Is the school private or public? It is a public school managed by Lagos State Post-Primary School Board 7 Are there other schools nearby? Although there are other schools (particularly private schools) within the area, this is the only government secondary school in Ijede. There is another government secondary school at Gberigbe.. This opportunity underlines the importance of public schools. In some communities (such as Agura) where there are private schools, but no public schools, community members usually report that there are “no schools” 8. Total number/proportion of students The school had a total of 538 students (283M/255F). The number of (include male/female split) students in each of the three levels of Senior High School (i.e. SS1-SS3) was 289 in SS1, 149 in SS2 and 100 in SS1. The population of male students made up 53% of the entire population. 9. School staff (describe how many and The school had 29 staff members (11M/18F). Roles assigned to staff role) include Principal, Vice Principal Admin, Vice Principal Academics, Heads of Departments for each of the subjects, subject teachers, counsellor, tutors for each class appointed on a yearly basis and non-academic staff such as clerks and cleaners. 10 How many classes are offered (describe The school had a total of 11classes. Each level of the Senior High School these)? had three pathways and these are Science, Arts and Commercial , The number of classes for each of these pathways is presented in Table 1 below Pathway Level of Senior High School Total SS1 SS2 SS3 number of classes Science 1 1 1 3 Arts 2 1 1 4 Commercial 2 1 1 4 Total 5 3 3 11 11 Average size of classes (include male The average class size for the three different levels of Senior High School and female split) was 58, 49 and 33for SS1 SS2 and SS3, respectively. 12. How is it decided where children attend Important determinants of choice of school are: school?  Proximity to their residence as this affects transport cost and  Teachers qualifications and experience 13 How is the school funded? The school is funded by Lagos State Government, but Parents/Teachers Association, the private sector and civil society also provide support. In fulfilment of its corporate social responsibility (CSR), Chevron Nigeria Ltd (CNL) provides support in terms of recruitment of corps members for the one-year mandatory service to the nation upon graduation from higher institutions of learning. CNL recruited two corps members last year and this year corps members have just been posted to the school. CNL, working in partnership with CDA, pays stipends to the corps members who teach some of the subjects that the school either does not have teachers or there is a need for more teachers in the subject area. Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) provided support in construction of toilets, Blue Schools, Nigeria has provided support in water supply, while African Safe Water Project recently re-roofed the main building and also completed a water harvesting project. African Safe Water project also intends to begin a tree planting project under its one student, one tree scheme. 14 Do parents have to pay to send children Being a public school, parents don’t have to pay to send their children to to school? How much? What happens the school. Public schools managed by Lagos State Government offer free to children whose families cannot pay? education up to secondary school. Apart from the fact that students don’t pay fees, they are also given books covering 5 major subjects that they select based on their preferred pathways. 15 How long is the school year? (describe The school calendar is 9 months, beginning in October and ending in July term start/finish dates) the following year. The total holiday period is average of 3 months per year. The first term starts in October and ends in December; the second term starts in January and ends in March; while the third term starts in April and ends in July. 16 Describe the average school day The school day begins at 8.00am and closes at 2.00pm. The school (start/finish time and routine) observes 45 minutes break from 11.00 to 11.45am. . 17 Is student progress tracked in each There are 4 levels of continuous assessment in all the subjects being taught. subject? (describe how) These are weekly assessment; mid-term exams; end-of-term exams and final exams at the end of the study duration. Promotion to the next class is based on pupils’ performance in the end-of-term exams. 18 What are the leaving Being a Senior High School, students are expected to read and write more skills/qualifications of the students fluently when they complete the secondary school career. The school also (collect statistics if they are available offers opportunity for learning vocational skills so that some students could e.g. literacy passing of exams, entrance be self-employed when they complete their secondary education. to further education, etc) 19 Number/description of subjects taught The following subjects are taught at Senior High School level: English Language, Literature in English, General Maths, Further Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Agricultural Science, Government, Christian Religious Education, Islamic Education, Introductory Technology, Economics, Commerce, Accounting, Fine Arts, Health Science Yoruba. It should be noted that in SS2 students are expected to select a maximum of 9 subjects for registration in the final exams in SS3. 20 Language(s) spoken at school English Language is the official language. Although it is unlawful to speak Yoruba, some pupils unable to speak the English Language speak Yoruba as well. 21 Describe the school facilities (number The Senior High School has 11 classrooms, one for each of the classes of classrooms, courtyard, flat area, identified in item 10 above. In addition to classrooms, the school has a well library, laboratories, toilets, etc) equipped laboratory for the teaching of the sciences as well as a standard library. 22 Describe the teaching aids available Teaching materials include blackboard, desks and resources for (blackboard, desks, books) instructional practice such as posters. The school has both white board and blackboards. Permanent whiteboards are available for the Junior High School also located within the same premises. 23 Describe the sports facilities available The school has a lot of space for sports and games, but the football pitch is (football area, playground, other sports remote from the area for academic activities. The principal reported that equipment) they usually hold inter-house sports and inter-school competition. According to him, there will be inter-house competition next year. Students can also use any of the open spaces for practice of sports and games. 24 Do children from other villages attend Yes. Luwasa Secondary School is the oldest school in the area and has the school (indicate which villages and always offered opportunity for people within the area to acquire post- number of children) primary education close to their villages. Before Gberigbe and Elekpe had their schools, people were acquiring secondary education here in this school. People from Agura and Okeletu were acquiring secondary education here, but at present, people from Agura prefer going to Gberigbe while those from Okeletu prefer Elekpe. The major reason for this preference is proximity to their villages. Most of the students at Luwasa Senior High School are from Ijede, Egbin and Ipakan that are located within the vicinity. 25 Are any children excluded from No. Once a prospective student is qualified for admission and is admitted, attending school (disabled, different staff and the school authority do not have any reason to discriminate ethnic or religious group) against the person. 26 Is fresh water readily available for Yes. Water is readily available. Even people from Ijede usually fetch fresh drinking/sanitation water from the school compound. 27 How do children travel to/from school? There is no school bus at present. Most people trek to school, while some Is there a cost? use commercial motorcycles (also known as okada, in local parlance). The school is on the highway and close to Abule Eko Junction. This offers an advantage to students coming from neighbouring communities to use buses and stop at the junction before trekking into the school compound. It will take most students 5 minutes to trek from Abule Junction to the school compound. 28 Does the school compete against other The school takes part in inter-school competition. There are tournaments schools in sports, carnivals or music such as Principals’ Cup that schools compete for at the zonal level. festivals? Where does this happen and According to the principal, the final of the Principals’ Cup tournament will how often? be held soon. The school also takes part in spelling, debate and quiz competitions with other schools. There is also Mathematics Competition that is held periodically. The school was in third position during the latest Mathematics Competition. 29 What are the special characteristics of The principal reported that the major strength of the school is that the the school? Are there particular students are relatively well behaved compared to students in other schools. strengths and/or challenges? He also identified cordial teacher-students relations as an important strength of the school. There is also a lot of interest in sports and this is evident in the number of medals they have won over the years. In terms of challenges, he identified students attitude towards their studies as most important challenge they have been addressing. He also noted that they have insufficient teachers. As reported earlier, CNL helps to address this challenge by recruiting corps members for the school. Corps members stay for a year only. However, batches of corps members are deployed twice a year, providing an opportunity for overlap of the time that they are available for service provision. There is also the problem of accommodation for teachers. For this reason, most of the teachers come late to school because they are not resident in the community and they may experience traffic congestion on their way to school in the morning. Furthermore, fencing of the school is a key challenge that the school faces. Due to this situation, it is difficult to control students’ movement out of the school. 30 Describe the performance of the school The principal recounted poor performance. According to him, SS2 were in the last three public examination 138, but only 100 could pass the end of year exam and had promotion to (e.g. SSCE) SS3. In addition, few candidates had up to 6 credits in the final exams (i.e. SSCE). 31 If secondary school, what is the Last academic session, only 1 student was qualified to enter the University, average ratio/proportion of the students having 6 credits including English Language and Mathematics. According that enter university directly after to him, the state government is very concerned about the need to improve completing their secondary school students’ academic performance across the state, particularly in schools here? where low academic performance has been recorded. The school has set a target of 50% increase in the number of candidates having a minimum of 6 credits in their final exams. To achieve this target, SS3 class holds tutorials (also called “lessons”) from 2.30-4.30pm Monday to Thursday every week. On Fridays, the tutorials start at 2.00pm and closes at 5.00pm. The state government also organises English and Mathematics lectures for all students at Igbokota from 12.00noon to 300pm every Saturday. Focus Group Discussions FGD Note prepared by Deola Awolola Meeting Date 29.03.2012 Name of Village Ijede Number and Name of Participants Twenty-five (25) (See Attendance List) Name of Facilitator Adeola Awolola Duration 2 hours 1.1 GENERAL PROFILE  Trading in Ijede is as old as the town itself, with the earliest form of trade being the sales of food stuff and household provisions. Presently, the various items of trade in Ijede include processed and raw food, meat, wood, sand, toiletries, provisions, household items, clothing, recharge cards, e.tc.  However more specialised businesses like sand dealing dates back to about thirty (30) years ago.  The proportion of community members engaged in trading generally is about 80% of the total population. Out of this proportion, those that trade as a major occupation are about 60% and than those that do it as a secondary activity are about 40%. However for businesses like sand dealing (i.e. sand mining, selling and transportation to construction sites), those engaged in the business as their major occupation are more. It was estimated that out of a total of about 200 sand dealers, only about 20 of them engage in sand dealing as a secondary occupation.  There were also traders who reside in Ijede but have their shops outside the community.  A particular ratio could not be given for the proportion of men and women traders, but it was stated that there were more female traders than male traders.  But it was easier for sand dealers to estimate the proportion of male and female sand dealers. According to participants in the FGD, the percentage of women and men in the business are 12% and 88% respectively.  The proportion of traders that have a fixed place in the community market is low and this is due to the limitation of space in the market. Those traders that presently have a fixed place in the market are seen as the struggling -class who have to confine themselves to the limited space because they cannot afford to source for bigger space.  The sand dealers have a fixed place near the lagoon called ‘Beach’ where they all trade. However, the space is also insufficient and prone to accidents because the terrain is steep and swampy.  The traders in Ijede have an association called Ijede Market Men and Women Association. They also belong to the Lagos Marketing Association. Traders cannot be forced to become members of the association and as such, not all the traders belong to the association especially those who trade in front of their houses. Benefits of being a member are in the form of funds and contributions that they raise among themselves.  The sand dealers association is called Ijede Sand Dealers Association and membership is compulsory for every sand dealer in the community. It was easy for the association to enforce this because they all mine sand in the same place and the Association’s office is also located at the Beach.  The butchers in the community are members of the Ikorodu Butchers’ Association because they are too few to be an independent association. The people were unable to give an estimate of the number of butchers in the community.  One major challenge Ijede Market Men and Women Association is the fact that the traders are not operating in a central place which makes it difficult for administrative functions. 1.2 SUPPLY CHAIN  Generally, traders get their goods from places like Mile 12, Ikorodu, Imota, and Iddo in Lagos State as well as Sagamu in neighbouring Ogun State. .  Sand dealers buy sand from sand miners in Aiyetoro, Langbasa, Oke-Ira, Ajah, Iponmi Meeting Date 29.03.2012 Name of Village Ijede Number and Name of Participants Twenty-five (25) (See Attendance List) Name of Facilitator Adeola Awolola Duration 2 hours  There are four actors in the sand mining value chain. The first are the ‘Pullers’ who are labourers/sand diggers; the second are the ‘Carriers’; the third are the ‘Loaders’; and then the ‘Dealers’. The dealers earn more money/profit.  Apart from the people residing in Ijede, people from Agura, Ikorodu, Idumota, and some other parts of the state patronize Ijede’s market. Particularly, people come from these places to buy Fufu (food made from cassava) and fish mostly to resell, or to consume. Also the people who plant vegetables like Ugu (fluted pumpkin used as soup ingredient) take their goods to Iddo, Mile 12 to sell to middlemen.  Sand from Ijede is sold to residents as well as others from Mayan, Adamo, Itamago, Oke-Ito, Agura, Igbe, Ikorodu, Ewu-Elepe, Okeletu, Erunwe, Ota-Ona.  Traders use public buses and cabs, to transport their goods. For heavy goods such as wood, traders hire trucks for the purpose, while sand is transported using 9x11 Maxi trucks commonly called tippers. The tippers are owned by private individuals, and they also have an association. 1.3 PRICING AND EXPENDITURE  Pricing for goods and commodities is at the free will of traders but there are a few exceptions to this. For goods/services such as turkey, wood, yam, and pepper grinding, the traders in this category each have their own unions and are therefore bound by the agreements made by the union on pricing. Sand dealers are also bound by the agreement of their association.  Night sellers at the Ijede market pay a levy of N20 per night to the local government authority. Annual permits are also paid by all traders to the local government authority and the permits range from N1,700 to about N5,000, depending on the size of one’s shop.  The sand dealers pay the sum of N4,000 annually to the state government. They also pay an indirect levy of N200 per day on each truck to the local government through the transporters. Apart from these levies, the dealers also tax themselves to contribute money when there are external demands from the community.  For shop owners, they either manage their shops solely, or employ an average of one (1) person as shop assistants/salesperson depending on the size of the shop or whether trading is a primary/secondary activity. Businesses like food selling may employ as many as five (5) sales girls/boys. Shop owners earn profits while shop assistants are either paid daily wages or salaries. Shops are open for an average of six (6) days a week, with an average of ten (8) working hours spent in each work day.  In the sand business, each sand dealer has been limited by the association to operate only one boat per week due to space constraints, with a maximum of four (4) working days in each week. The sand dealers have permanent employees who earn wages/salaries. There are also other casual workers who are employed on needs basis and paid per job. Casual workers are placed on a 2-day rotation in such a way that if an individual works on one day, he would not be allowed to work the next day. This is generally because the supply of labour is greater than its demand in the business.  The value of goods sold per week depends on the type of goods being sold but the traders claimed that sales are generally low. Turnover may be as low as N5,000 per week, but can also reach N50,000 per week. 1.4 CHALLENGES  A major challenge that all traders face is that of insufficient funds/finances. According to them, they lack micro-finance institutions that can grant them soft loans with little or no interest.  Traders are also unable to expand due to the limitation of space. The fixed market at Ijede is too small to accommodate a significant proportion of traders in the community which makes it difficult for the Market Meeting Date 29.03.2012 Name of Village Ijede Number and Name of Participants Twenty-five (25) (See Attendance List) Name of Facilitator Adeola Awolola Duration 2 hours Association to be efficient and effective.  Sand dealers also have space constraints at the Beach. Apart from the limited space, water hyacinth is a menace to the dealers. In addition, they identified industrial dredgers as a threat to the sustainability of their livelihoods because the dealers are manual dredgers and do not have the capacity to compete and thrive.  Another challenge that was stated is transportation, especially for the wood sellers. They often have to pay exorbitant amounts to private transporters to move heavy goods. 1.5 ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE PROJECT  The traders are aware of Chevron’s presence in the community but have no details on the nature of the project. They would like information to be provided to them through the traditional leadership, radio and TV broadcasts, religious bodies (including Christian, Muslim, and Traditional worship leaders), and invitation of groups to meetings. Groups that may be active in this type of proposed forum include the Ajede Luwasa Improvement Association and Isokan Youth association. In addition, it was suggested that public enlightenment programmes should be carried out.  Potential positive impacts of the proposed project include: - A reduction in unemployment in the target communities leading to empowerment of people in these communities. - Provision of constant supply of electricity in the community. - The community will be a beneficiary of Chevron’s social responsibility programs. In particular, they expect that Chevron may assist in solving drainage problems in the community.  An increase in population will lead to an increase in money circulation and market demand for goods and services provided by the traders, which will in turn lead to increase in their incomes. -  Potential negative impacts of the proposed project include: - Loss of farmlands and livelihoods due to land acquisition by the project. - Health concerns about gas emissions from the proposed IPP. - Safety concerns as the traders believe that such a project could be a target for any civil or regional war. They stressed that in the event of a war, there will be no place to run to as they have been enclosed in terms of space by the project facility. - The group also raised concerns about blasts from the proposed IPP as well as its transmission lines.  Major benefits from previous industrial projects include: - Rehabilitation of the town hall by NEPA. - Employment of both skilled and unskilled labour as well as permanent staff by NEPA. - Provision of toilet facilities and construction of borehole water at Luwasa High School by NEPA. - AES (an energy company) is constructing a 7-classroom block at Anwaru-Islam Primary School where they have demolished some government abandoned constructions. - AES also donated equipment worth seven million naira (N7,000,000) to Ijede Health Centre. - Nigerian Gas Company (NGC) constructed two 4-bedroom flats for Ijede Health Centre doctors, and also employed senior staff from the community into the organisation. - Automatic employment by AES for community graduates who graduate with a distinction. - Scholarships.  Major problems from previous industrial projects include: - Reportedly, marginalisation from enjoying constant supply of electricity that is generated from the Egbin Power Plant. The traders stated that those who live within the NEPA quarters enjoy uninterrupted power supply as opposed to the erratic supply they experience in the community. - Reportedly, marginalisation from full employment benefits as community members are only employed as Meeting Date 29.03.2012 Name of Village Ijede Number and Name of Participants Twenty-five (25) (See Attendance List) Name of Facilitator Adeola Awolola Duration 2 hours junior staff in these organisations. The community representatives at the FGD claim that they have graduates who are specialists in their various fields of study who can equally fill specialised/senior staff positions. FGD with Community Fishing Folk at Ijede Community facilitated by Amara Okoroiwu Location of FGD meeting Palace, Ijede Number of participants 17 (see attendance sheet) Meeting date 29-03-2012 Duration 2 hours 1.1 General Profile  Majority of fishing folk reside in the community permanently and are members of the community. Only about 12 migrant fishermen who come from Ijaw land, Badagry and Ilaje to fish, reside in the community for a while and travel back to their respective communities.  The fishing folk comprise indigenes and non indigenes. There is no restriction to those who can fish, although most of the people in the community involved in fishing are Yoruba’s. The non natives are the Eguns (from Maroko, Ebutte Metta axis) and the Ilajes.  Proportion of people living in the community involved in fishing was about 40%. They fall between the age group of 15years and 60years. Fishing is a male dominated profession, with about 8 women who were fish mongers  During fishing expedition, about 10 men can be involved at the same time, though the number depends on the type of net being used. Concerning responsibilities, some throw in the net, others set the net under water while others draw the net. There is a fishing method called akaja: a method whereby an artificial fish pond is created within the lagoon and allowed to stay for three months before the fish is harvested with net. Here about 30 people in three or four boats are involved in setting it  There are two fishing associations in the community namely; o Ajumode Fishing Association [with a membership strength of 42 persons at the time of the study] o Ajumode Tobalashe Fishermen Association [having 38 members at the time of the study] o Only Ajumode Fishing Association has been registered with the LGA since 2008, they have operational constitution and meets twice a month. Members have identity cards. Representatives of Ajumode Tobalashe Fishermen Association reported that they lost some of the local government registration documents, but they had started a process of registration at the state level.  The association assists members in time of need through financial contribution. They also buy some equipment for members and allow them to use the equipment and then pay back in instalments. In the event of accident leading to loss of boat or engine, the association replaces the items lost. In this way, the association helps to insure the fishing business against risk. 1 1.2 Fishing Location and Availability of Fish  Fishing is done in the lagoon, but those who own outboard engines go as far as Maroko, Bariga, Epe and Atlantic Ocean.  Fishing folks can fish anywhere. There are no boundaries or restrictions where people can fish. Those with outboard engine travel without boundaries to fish. Those who have only paddles, fish only in the lagoon. They claim it limits their productivity considering the fact that they are confined to fishing in the lagoon because they have no outboard engines to travel out to have good catch.  People from other communities/ethnic groups, namely, the Ijaws, Eguns and Ilajes also fish around Ijede area.  The only place they cannot fish is close to the power plant before the water temperature around there is warm.  Fishing is done daily, both day and at night or at any available time. The team gathered that they have more fish catch at night than during the day though it depends on the season. The bumper harvest for most fish species is during the peak dry season (i.e. from December to February).  There are seven types of net namely: abirike, awonyibo, fishon, girignyo, akatu, oshere. Akatu, type of net requires minimum of three people in the boat. The Abrike type requires minimum of two and awonyinbo about 18 persons. 2 1.3 Fish Catch  Fish species available include: o Atoko, Kuta, Ofon, Owere, Kukun, Red sniper, Kugbe, Igbakere, Obokun, Tilapia, Kekere, Abo, o Jagede, Agasa, Efolo, Igun, Ajiboto, Ijaga, Sogbo o Prawns, crab, assorted crayfish and other seafood  Fish types caught depends on the season, although fish is available in reasonable quantity all year round, they experience bumper harvest during the dry season due to high salt incursion from the Atlantic Ocean into the lagoon. Sometimes, they may catch little or no fish at all the rest of the year.  During the dry season (i.e. December to March), all fish types are available. During most of the rainy season and beginning of dry season (i.e. May to November), due to salt water incursion from the ocean, the salt water comes in with much salt water fishes. July to September is the lean period, characterised with heavy rains and storms, and as a result, fishing activities reduce drastically because of heavy storms.  There is considerable reduction in fish quantity over the past ten years. The fishing folks attributed this to the proliferation of water hyacinth, which disallow some fish species to breed in the area. Though water hyacinth is a plant, it is invasive. They traced that the water hyacinth spread from the ijaw speaking communities in Bayelsa, then it was seen at Delta and Ondo states before it reached the community  The cause of the depleting stocks was also credited to the hot water effluence discharged into the lagoon from the Power Holding Company of Nigeria, PHCN (formerly known as National Electric Power Authority, NEPA) Thermal Plant. They argued that the warm water is not encountered around Iponmi – another community, adding that fish does migrate away from the area due to the un-conducive temperature of the lagoon.  The use of scale for measuring fish is not practiced in the area. Fish is measured with intuition and mutual agreement about the price especially the big ones like Cuta and Owere, but the fish that are naturally smaller like Tilapia, Ijaga and Efolo are measured in baskets. The following breakdown was given: S/No. Fish types Season No of Baskets Per Comments Day 1 Efolo Rainy season 40 - Dry Season 2 - 2 Owere Dry season 5 pieces One measures up to 20 metres Rainy season 1 - 3 Tilapia Dry season 5 - Rainy season 2 - 4 Ijaga Dry season 5 Rainy 2 Though not daily  Large chunk of the fish is sold fresh. The proportion of an average catch consumed at the household level is estimated to be about 20%, while 80% is sold. During the lean period, the proportion of fish consumed at the household level is estimated to be about 60%, while 40% is sold. Whenever there is very little catch, none is sold . 3 1.4 Income  For a typical fishing household, fishing provide 100% of household income  A fisherman during the peak fishing season makes a minimum of about N60,000 per week, while during the lean period they make between N10,000 –N15,000. When the weather condition is unfavourable, the catch is poor, with fisher folk earning about N5000 1.5 Fish Craft and Gear  The fishing folks use canoe, paddle and outboard engine. Other fishing gears include paddle, assorted types of nets for various fish types, bailer (calabash used for bailing water from the canoe), bamboo, bow and arrow, anchor, spear, hook and line.  To maintain their boat, they buy wooden planks at Ikorodu, nails from the community or Ikorodu depending on price. The aluminium used to line the canoe underneath is both at Ikorodu or Owode before mile 12 Lagos. The outboard engine is bought from Oyingbo market, fishing nest from Idumagbo and Adeniji Adele. Most of the fishing gears are imported like the outboard engine, whereas some net types are made in Nigeria.  There are resident technician and boat carpenters in the community who service the engine who they malfunction. It takes between 2-3 years before the canoe are replaced. The fishing folks wash their canoe on return from fishing.  Regarding fishing migration patterns, the fishing folk migrate during November period to fish around Bariga and Ebuttemeta and to fish for a week before they return to the community. 1.6 Fish Supply Chain  Most fishermen sell their catch to their wives, who later resell to other fishmongers from within and outside the community. Those whose wives are not involved infish business sell directly to the middlemen. It is estimated that 80% of the fisher mongers are from Ijede, while about 20% come from Ikorodu.  The middlemen and fishmongers in turn sell the fish at nearby markets in Imota, Ketu and at Ikorodu. The fishing folks sell 100% of the fish fresh, but the fish monger sell 70% fresh and dry 30%. Some of the fish sold fresh are preserved in the fish till they are sold off.  The means of fish preservation is smoking, it is preferred by all. This method does not change across the seasons. Some households do fry fish for domestic consumption but not as a means of preservation. 1.7 Attitude to the project  They became aware of the project during the land acquisition and compensation process  They also heard from the community leaders  To maintain flow of information, the fishing folks advised written correspondence to be sent through the paramount ruler.  People are losing confidence in the process due to delay in project commencement Positive Impact  The fishing folks envisage that the project will create employment opportunities for the unemployed.  Steady power supply in the area Negative Impact  Water and air pollution which may threaten local livelihood and general quality of life. They recommend that Chevron should construct a power plant that is more environmental friendly than the one constructed by the PHCN. 4 1.8 Key fishing Issues  Some of their fishing challenges include: o Inadequate fishing gears o Proliferation of water hyacinth on the water ways o Sea piracy and damage of nets by barges o Insufficient funds to procure good outboard engine Suggestions on mitigation strategies  They appealed to chevron to assist the fishing folks through the provision of fishing gears to improve their business  Clearing of water hyacinth from the water ways  Government and Chevron should provide a regulatory framework to control the activities of water vessels and barges operating in the water ways 5 FGD Note prepared by Celine Uzoho FGD with Ijede Women facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Benbamtoun Location of FGD meeting Ijede Women FGD Number of participants (see attendance sheet) Meeting date 29/3/2012 Duration 2 hours 1:1 QUALITY OF LIFE  The role women play in the community( household, village, local leadership) Generally, Ijede women said they play varied role in the community. At home they are mothers who take care of the house by sweeping and keeping it clean and ensuring there is food and water for every member of the family. They prepare children for school and guide them in doing their school home work. Apart from caring for the children, they also care for their husband who is the head of the family. In the community, the women informed us that they act as watch dog in the community. Thus, once they observe any suspicious movement by strange people in the community; they quickly alert the men on the situation. The men consequently inform the police or community vigilante group who acts on top of the issue. On local leadership, they affirmed that women are represented in the Council of Chiefs (elders and leaders representatives in the community). They hold meetings with the men as a group and when decisions are to be made they jointly agree as a group.  Ijede women opined they have a say in decisions that are taken at their household levels. For instance, in the area of marriage engagement for their children, the women said they join in family meetings to agree on date for the occasion, choice of family uniform for the occasion and in assigning roles on the activities for the event. They also said they agree with their husbands on the choice of school for their children or skills to trade on for any that wants to learn a trade. Besides, the women also attested to their contribution to family issues like settlement of dispute.  Women can and do play acceptable roles in village level issues and politics. According to the information given to the team by the women on acceptable roles for them on community issues, they said women play the role of peace maker. They do this by nominating women and representatives at the council of elders’ cabinet to intervene on behalf of couples on family marital challenges. Politically, women are registered folks of political parties and act efficiently for the parties in and around their community. One key role they play as politicians include grass root campaign for their political parties which they do on house to house visit, one- on one or community – wide women forum. From comments made by the women during the meeting, they are happy to be seen getting involved in these activities. It shows that Ijede women’s aspiration is not just to be glued to their family chores, but that if given opportunity, can excel in order areas of endeavour.  Yes, the women reported that it is acceptable for the girls to access formal education. Based on their views, the girls can get to the highest level of education as long as her will power is sustained. In comparison, boys and girls have equal opportunity of getting to the highest level of education once they are interested in academic pursuit and sponsorship is FGD with Ijede Women facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Benbamtoun Location of FGD meeting Ijede Women FGD Number of participants (see attendance sheet) Meeting date 29/3/2012 Duration 2 hours available. But where they are disenchanted for one reason or another, the opportunity may slip off their hands. Thus, there is no difference between the two, for they have equal chance.  The women informed that about 20% of their folks are working in the formal sector. The remaining 80% are traders. The women affirmed that many of them are educated for formal sector employment but the jobs are not there for them to get, hence the reason for the high gap.  In the event of dispute between a husband and wife, the women reported that the dispute can be resolved by the couple themselves, through the intervention of family members. If the dispute remains unresolved by these channels, we take the matter to the community head or other influential members of the community that we know will speak truth on the matter for peaceful settlement. The women said they are generally pleased with the outcome of the settlement because of the unbiased judgement no matter the status of those involved..  The women acknowledged the existence of women associations and groups in the community. These includes: Egbe Kolapo Ladies, Friendly club, Tiwa-tiwa women Club, Prestige Ladies, Premier Ladies Club, Queen’s Ladies, Omi- tuntun Cooperatives, Igba otun Cooperatives, Otun-otun Cooperatives. Apart from the last three associations that operate as cooperatives, the other groups are majorly social associations. They meet monthly to discuss issues that promote the club such as timely payment of fees and fine, abiding to the guiding principles of the club, and on issues affecting members particularly, when there is request for fund raising to assist a financial member that has fund challenge Besides, the groups support members with their presence in occasions such as burial, marriage engagement, wedding, child dedication etc. Their monthly contribution ranges between 200 – 1000 naira. For the Cooperatives such as Omi-tuntun, Igba –Otun and Otun-Otun, the group said they meet monthly except when there is an emergency meeting. Membership is mixture of male and female which includes, teachers, traders etc and is mandatory for each member to contribute 500 naira per month. Loan to members is redeemable within 5 months of collection and the borrower must have two guarantors before the money is given to him/her. 1.2 OCCUPATION/LIVELIHOOD  The main economic activities of the women of Ijede are trading. They trade in food stuff, provisions, clothing and accessories, Building materials, and artisan services like tailoring and hairdressing amongst others. For the women that trade in large food stuff, they reported playing the role of traversing to other States to get items like tomatoes and pepper, yam, garri, vegetables, palm oil etc Another role women play in this regard is FGD with Ijede Women facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Benbamtoun Location of FGD meeting Ijede Women FGD Number of participants (see attendance sheet) Meeting date 29/3/2012 Duration 2 hours the sale of the food stuff. They categorise and arrange them, fixing prizes and sits down to sale them. Additionally, the women in tailoring and hair dressing, reported they have the responsibility of satisfying their customers in the area of making clothe and dresses according to chosen design and dressing of hair both in local plaiting and using modern salon tools.  Responding to the question on significant change in the role of women since the last generation, the women informed there has been no changes. This is largely attributed to the economy. According to them, women on daily basis are impoverished. Many of their husbands are out of job and the children they suffered to train in high schools don’t have jobs. Upon this, women struggle even in old age to make end meet and their role as mothers in the home has not changed they rejoined. However, they are also of the view that in the future, things will change in the area of education. In this view they acclaimed that their girl children are encouraged to go to school and this will terminate illiteracy among women which will positively position them socially and economically.  On how much women contribute to family income, the women unanimously said they put in more than 50% of total family expenditure. According to them, the rate of inflation in the country is very high and there are lots of issues to tide up in children’s school fees, feeding generally, payment of house rent, transportation, clothing, etc, The income of one person especially where the money is small will not be able to cater for the needs of the family and the family will suffer beyond measure. So in order to help in the upkeep of the family, they go into trading and other businesses so as not to depend on what is coming in from man alone. And because they are mothers, they see more than the men and sometimes spend more than them on issue that affects the family. For widows, they said they contribute 98% of the income for their families. Apparently, the women affirmed there are no single parents in the community.  On the question of women headed households, the women responded in affirmative that there are households headed women. These categories of women they said are widows and are estimated to be about 1000 in number.  The women affirmed there are many households where men and family members migrate for the purpose of work. According to their report, some members of their households have employment in far locations from the community and outside the State which compels them to live outside their homes. Further, the women said some other reasons why some of their relations migrate is to reduce the stress of coming home daily considering the high traffic FGD with Ijede Women facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Benbamtoun Location of FGD meeting Ijede Women FGD Number of participants (see attendance sheet) Meeting date 29/3/2012 Duration 2 hours and cost of transportation.  The first foremost problems faced by women in the community according to the information given to the team are the poor economic activities in the community. The reason for this they said is because of absence of a big market in the community. The kind of market they envisage is a 5-days market that will attract marketers from neighbouring communities and State. Secondly, the women identified poor capital to run their businesses as another problem faced by women in the community. For instance, getting soft loans facility to boost their business. For the girls, the women said their major problem is unemployment. As graduates, it is frustrating to complete schooling and remain idle. Many of them resort to menial jobs with lean salaries. This situation also causes the girls to be vulnerable to social menace. In addition, the women noted that women headed households problems are not different from theirs and their girl children.  On the problems faced by working women especially in formal sectors, the women said that part of the problem is low income and irregular payment. Also, the women face the problem of traffic jam and high cost of transportation. Some of them spend more half of their salaries on transportation. To this group, the women ascertained that women usually remain in the job because they want to be busy in order to support the home. 1.3 Health 1.3.1 Morbidity  The main health problems suffered by people in the community includes: high blood pressure (BP) diabetes, headache, malaria, typhoid, hernia, etc. In prioritizing the problems, the following were identified as top three: (1) Diabetes (2) High blood pressure (3) Arthritis. According to the women, diabetes treatment used to be free but is almost unaffordable for the poor in the recent times. hey also affirmed that blood in the urine and guinea worm diseases are not common illness to the members of the community. However, they ascertained that malaria fever is a common disease among men, woman and children in the community just as watery stool/diarrhoea outbreak is more common to children, even though it rarely happens in the present time.  On particular health problems faced by women, the women identified diabetes, hyper tension and Arthritis as their most challenging health problem.  On the question of any serious outbreaks in the community in the last one year, the response was in the negative. They said it’s been long the community experienced an outbreak. They however, confirmed that tuberculosis is high among the people.  On occupational hazards, the women said many of face various level of hazards. For FGD with Ijede Women facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Benbamtoun Location of FGD meeting Ijede Women FGD Number of participants (see attendance sheet) Meeting date 29/3/2012 Duration 2 hours instance, the traders who do interstate business face the hazard of road accidents. They expressed the stress they go through in travelling and moving round the market in order to select the right goods.They cited a particular incident where the lorry conveying traders who went to buy food stuff from another State fall on the road and three members of the community died in the accident. Besides, the women said traders also face loss hazards especially for those that sale perishable items like vegetables like tomatoes, pepper plantain. Once these goods are not disposed on time, they get spoil and the owners bear the brunt. The women also reported that fishing folks face the hazard like boat capsize as a result of high tide and water hyacinth while those that smoke fish and the people that fry meat have the hazards of fire flame entering their eyes which causes sight problem to them. Also, the women who specialize in cooking agbo-lba (local herbs for malaria treatment) suffer flame hazard.  On the question of where people access healthcare, the women responded that the people of Ijede community access the Health center in the community or the General hospital in Ikorodu about an hour’s journey from the community. 1.3.2 Mortality  On major causes of death in the community, the women blamed it on poverty. In their words, they said many people in the community are poor and cannot afford good medical care. For example, if a sick person that needs blood transfusion cannot afford the money, he/she is left in the hospital to die. Again, they said that urine test is about 4,000. For people who cannot raise 4,000 to check their urine, their sugar level may be too high and they die untimely.  Another cause of death that the women affirmed in the community high blood pressure. Everybody in the community is undergoing one form of stress or another. This is attributed to the high inflation in the economy and many people don’t have regular income. Yet family needs like payment of children’s school fees, feeding, clothing, and transportation cost has to be met. The women reported that men and women, boys and girls die in the community. They could ascertain the rate of difference. For people that die on road accident, the women attributed it to bad road – death of traders as mentioned above and carelessness of some drivers who do not maintain their vehicle properly and drives roughly, to abandonment of broken down vehicles on the highway without proper indication to on coming vehicles. However, they said road accidents have reduced in recent time. Stroke the women confirmed is another killer disease amongst the people. Malnutrition was also reported to be common with families that are impoverished and it cuts across children and adults in the family. 1.3.3 lifestyle Asking if smoking was common in the community, the women reported that many people FGD with Ijede Women facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Benbamtoun Location of FGD meeting Ijede Women FGD Number of participants (see attendance sheet) Meeting date 29/3/2012 Duration 2 hours smoke especially marijuana. They could not estimate the number of packets that they smoke. They also acknowledged that both men and women smoke but the men smoke more. More so, they said the women that smoke are usually strangers and the age group of the people that smoke are adolescent and some elderly men. Drinking they said is common in the community. It cuts across the men, youths and women. The level is higher among the youths and men. The age range is considered to be between 25- 50 years. 1.3.4 Health facilities-Quality and access  The women said they access healthcare facility at the health center and general hospital. Others also use private hospitals especially those that their spouses work in formal sectors. In their opinion, the health facilities are good but they cannot really say the type of facilities used since they are not health workers  It takes about 10-30 minutes to get to the health center within the community and about 1 hour to access the general hospital in Ikorodu town  The women said they are not satisfied with the health facilities, because there is no emergency on ground, people are usually kept waiting when they have high fever. Besides, they don’t get the drugs that are prescribed within the hospital. They go to chemist and pharmacies to get these drugs. In addition, the women narrated that sometimes, long queue at the health center discourage people from using the center. This sometimes drives people to the use of traditional herbs, they commented.  One of the problems with the health center the women remarked is lack of dedication or commitment to work among the health workers. Sometimes, the staffs are not there to attend to the patients. Secondly, lack of drugs in the health center which compel patients to go outside the hospital to purchase drugs which may have expired is a factor to the problems of the hospital.  On improving the health center, the women advocated that a committee be set up to look into the problems of the health with a view to recommending what needs to be improved, and ensuring it is implemented.  The women said everyone in the community cannot afford healthcare treatment. For example, some aged who rarely have people to assist them, widows, single parent especially women and the poorest of the poor in the community are in the class of those who cannot pay medical bills easily. From the analysis of the women, this set of people resort to traditional medicines to treat illnesses.  The women attested that members of their families have received vaccinations at one time or another at the health center. For example immunizing children against diastases like polio, inoculation against yellow fever etc  Positively, the women affirmed that they and members of their families do visit the traditional medicine practitioners. Yes, it is common in the community. This is so because it is cheap and people believe it does not have as much side effect like the modern FGD with Ijede Women facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Benbamtoun Location of FGD meeting Ijede Women FGD Number of participants (see attendance sheet) Meeting date 29/3/2012 Duration 2 hours medicine. From the report, it is mainly used by the elderly who beliefs so much its efficacy.  Traditional medicine according to the women is used for many ailments such as malaria fever, dysentery, pile, high blood pressure. More so, It is also used so as to keep the body strengthened and fit. It is used by men, women, boys and girls depending on one’s need or health challenge the women concluded. 1.4 Livelihood and Potential Effects of Impact of the Project  On what information the women have received on the project, some of them acknowledged having heard about the project others said they have not heard anything about it. According to them, it is the Egbin power holding project they know in area. The women said they prefer getting information on the project through one-on-one town hall sessions with the women.  The women unanimously made the following highlights as positive impact to the project: (1) Employment (2) Constant power supply. On negative impact, the women said they may be abandoned and not consulted again on the issues that concern the project.  On enhancement measures, the women implored that people from the community should be considered for employment. In their comments, there is high unemployment of graduates from that area. Employing them therefore will make the people see CNL as responsive to its CSR and will help to create good enabling environment for their operations. The outcome of youth employment will be constant power supply because the youths of the area will not have cause to disrupt work the women pointed out. Mitigation on the negative impact, the women said that it is important for them to have full knowledge of events in regards to the project as stakeholder. To this end, they solicited hat women should be carried along on the activities of the project even to the point of employment because there are some of them that are qualified to work in the plant. 1.5 Key Social Problems and Development Issues  The women identified the following factors as key social problems /development issues in the community. Market Cooperative( Micro credit facility Secondary school to add to existing one due to large population. Higher institution in the community. FGD with Ijede Women facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Benbamtoun Location of FGD meeting Ijede Women FGD Number of participants (see attendance sheet) Meeting date 29/3/2012 Duration 2 hours 1.6 Traditions  According to information given by the women, there are strong traditions in the community. This includes Remireke. Remireke tradition that celebrates indigenes of the community who returns from overseas. This is done every three years. Agemo festival is a traditional masquerade celebrated on quarterly basis as fixed by the traditionalists and their gods. The Igunuu festival as a tradition, is celebrated every February and is usually very colourful especially at the State level. Eluku festival is another masquerade festival celebrated in the month of November annually  The women confirmed there are sites with traditional/sacred importance in the community. For instance, there is the Ekpa shrine, Jigbo shrine, Ajede shrine, Eluku shrine and Egenin shrine. Women are generally not allowed to enter any of the shrines. FGD Note prepared by Sylvanus Abua Focus Group Discussion with Ijede Youth Location of FGD meeting Ijede Community Meeting date 29.3.2012 Name of village Ijede Names of participants and their occupation See attendance sheet Name of team members Sylvanus Abua Venue Ijede Palace Duration 2 hours 1.1 OCCUPATION/HOUSEHOLD  In terms of occupation, participants in Ijede Youth FGD agreed youth belong to any of the following 5 categories. For each category they also estimated the proportion of youth as reported below. -Unemployed youth – 30%, -Presently schooling at the different levels of education – 15%, -Acquiring vocational skills as apprentices -20%, -Employed in the formal sector – 5% and - Artisans – 30%.  Some of the youth schooling within the community are involved in artisanry on a part-time basis. The artisanry activities most youth are involved in include furniture making, masonry, welding, tailoring and fashion designing etc.  At the primary school level, boys and girls tend to have equal opportunity, but there are more boys than girls at the higher levels of education, beginning from junior and senior high school levels. The reason is some girls drop out of school due to teenage pregnancy and early marriage. Some parents support early marriage due to their inability to fund the schooling of many children. When money is scarce, parents prefer to pay for the education of their boy child to the detriment of the girl child.  Majority of children attend primary and secondary schools within the vicinity. While some are in private schools, most people are enrolled in Luwasa Primary and Secondary School and NEPA Primary and Secondary School, which are both public schools. There are more people in Luwasa Primary and Secondary School because the NEPA school was established to support the education of children of NEPA staff primarily. Beyond the junior and senior high school, community members school outside the community because such institutions of higher learning are not available locally.  About 80% of people who enrol for JHS continue to SHS. The drop-out rate is about 20%. This is partly because Lagos State Government has a free education scheme up to SHS level. Those who drop out of school just after JHS do so partly because of poor guidance by their parents and sometimes loss of parents.  Majority of youth aspire to learn a trade, while others want to pursue their academic career beyond the secondary level. Most of the youth are very determined about fulfilling their aspirations.  Youth reported that it has been difficult to get employed in the formal system partly due to lack of information about available opportunities coupled with lack of transparency in the recruitment process.  Those that start working straight after primary and secondary education earn below the minimum wage of N18,000 per month. Some youth reported that some community members earn between N2000 and N3000 per month. Those who complete post secondary education and find jobs in the formal system can earn from N40,000 and above as their start salary. Those who find jobs in oil companies earn many times these amounts. Typical conditions of service include work hours beginning from 8.00am –4.00pm Monday to Friday, with staff having annual leaves as defined in staff policies. Focus Group Discussion with Ijede Youth Location of FGD meeting Ijede Community Meeting date 29.3.2012 Name of village Ijede Names of participants and their occupation See attendance sheet Name of team members Sylvanus Abua Venue Ijede Palace Duration 2 hours  A lot of youth move out of the village to Lagos and other places within the country in search of employment opportunities. Some youth also move out to the cities so they can acquire post-secondary education.  Traditional roles assigned to male youth include technical work such as repairs, while female youth are assigned roles that relate to women’s reproductive roles such as washing clothes, cooking and other tasks associated with caring for everyone in the family. Both male and female youth help in fetching water and running errands. In business, female youth tend to play the role of secretary’s and sales persons.  Generally speaking, youth support their parents to ensure that they have sufficient income to meet the families’ needs. The youth in Ijede are involved in menial jobs as a means of supporting their families. 1.2 Traditions  The community has strong traditions some of which are celebrated monthly, quarterly or annually as occasion demands. Examples of the traditions in Ijede are Agboremireke, Kuri, Alugbagba, Rumori, Epa, Eluku (which is common in Ijebu land), Jigbo (which is practised in Egbin and Ijede), Olugbe Festival and Oro Festival. For instance, during Oro festival, people are bound to switch off the light in their houses. Offenders are usually cautioned by youths to comply with the instruction while the event is taking place. Sometimes, they beat offenders to force them obey the instruction.  There are specific events /festivals observed by the people of Ijede and there are sites with traditional sacred importance in the community. For instance, the above mentioned festivals have sacred sites which are called shrines and women are not permitted to enter them.  The youths take part in most of the traditional events, and their involvement include preparations for the ceremonies and ensuring that those who violate the rules guiding conduct during these festivals are punished.  The perceptions of the youths have changed over time. They are more enlightened and engaged in the wider issues of society such as improving living standard as well as economic empowerment than the traditions of the community.  Whenever there are crises, the youth are invited for meetings and informed about action they need to take. Sometimes, the youth try to resolve conflict through social dialogue with youth leaders from the community involved in the conflict. If this fails, this may lead to crisis as the case of Ijede and Egbin in May last year. The conflict with Egbin in May 2011 relates to masquerades dance encroaching into the territory of the neighbouring community. 1.3 Decision Making  In decision making at home, youths contribute in some situations such as the day to day running of family businesses. Some participants in the FGD felt that the level of contributions to decision making at the household level is determined by age. The younger they are, the less contribution they make in decision-making at home. In some homes, when youth reach the age of 25 and above, they are given more opportunities to take part in decision making at the household level.  At the community level, youths contribute in decision making. For example, in agreeing sanitation days in the community. They jointly agree with elders on days and dates for festivals and how to curb security challenges during the period.  There are youth groups and associations in the community. The major youth group is the Ijede Chapter of National Focus Group Discussion with Ijede Youth Location of FGD meeting Ijede Community Meeting date 29.3.2012 Name of village Ijede Names of participants and their occupation See attendance sheet Name of team members Sylvanus Abua Venue Ijede Palace Duration 2 hours Youth Council of Nigeria. The National Youth Council of Nigeria started during President Olusegun Obasanjo’s regime and has officials at the national level, geopolitical level, state, LGA and local community levels. According to the youth, there is also a World Youth Assembly at the international level. The National Youth Council of Nigeria was created to foster youth and social development through interactions and social dialogues. Last year, the National Youth Council of Nigeria, Ijede Branch organised a seminar for orienting Ijede youth in the secondary school to some aspects of engineering. According to participants, this was intended to boost interest of Ijede youth in pursuing careers in engineering.  Sometimes the National Youth Council of Nigeria becomes a ploy for politicians to garner the support of youth more easily. There is also the Muslim Youth Group, which comprises both indigenes and non-indigenes who are Muslims and are residing in the community. They foster peace and unity in the community and supports members in difficult challenge.  All the youth groups have the objective of upholding and ensuring peace in the community. They ensure their members obey the rules and regulations governing the community. In addition, they ensure the community is clean by carrying out sanitation exercises quarterly or before any major festival. Sometimes, they provide support to community authorities in enforcing rules and regulations. 1.4 Health  According to the youth, malaria is the most important health problem in Ijede. They explained that poor drainage system is the major reason for high incidence of malaria in Ijede. Some youth feel that HIV&AIDS is equally an important health problem that needs attention. They argued that the incidence of HIV infection may be higher than the statistics available because some youth don’t want to take advantage of opportunities for voluntary counselling and testing.  Ijede youth access health services at the PHC located on the boundary between Ijede and Egbin. There are also pharmacy shops, private clinics and traditional medicine practitioners available within the community. 1.5 Recreation  The youth engage more in sporting activities like football, basket ball, table tennis, snooker, draughts, etc. Communities within the area organise sports completion and festivals. Participants reported that Ijede Sports Festival will be held later in the year. The Festival will bring together youth from up to 19 communities who will compete for medals.  Some youth go to the gymnasium for exercise, while some do exercises in their homes.  There is a football pitch where the youth play football. Some youth play football on the street, in an open land, in a school or residential premises  In addition, there is a stadium erected by government that is yet to be commissioned for use. The stadium has sporting facilities such as lawn tennis court, boxing ring, etc.  Youth in the area also visit private viewing centers to watch English FA league matches. They pay fees for watching the matchers. Snookers are also privately owned and the owners charge fees for access to these facilities. 1.6 Project  Prior to the FGD, some of the youth had heard about the AIPP, but they needed more information about when the project will start and how youth will benefit from the project. They know that CNL has acquired some portion of land from Agura/Egbin for the project and envisaged that the project when completed will boost electricity supply in the country. Focus Group Discussion with Ijede Youth Location of FGD meeting Ijede Community Meeting date 29.3.2012 Name of village Ijede Names of participants and their occupation See attendance sheet Name of team members Sylvanus Abua Venue Ijede Palace Duration 2 hours  The youths are of the opinion that the project will affect them positively as it will create job opportunities in the community.  According to participants, negative impacts of the project could include loss of livelihoods as some community members in Agura lost their land, possibility of blow-out as well as power surge.  To mitigate these impacts, the youth suggested that youth should be involved in the stakeholders’ forum, the project should employ qualified youth and they should be some compensation for those who lost their land. , Key Informant Interview Key Informant Notes Prepared by Linda Bembatoum Key Informant Interview with CDC in Ijede Community facilitated by Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Ijede Palace Compound Number of participants 3 participants Meeting date 29 March 2012 Duration 50 mins 1.1 General Profile  3 members of the Community Development Committee (CDC) participated in this Key Informant Interview. They include: Mr. Matthew Lamina- CDC Chairman, Yusuf Jubril -CDC Secretary and Mr. Bamidele A.O. Ajayi- First Vice-Chairman of the CDC.  According to the Key Informants, the main role of the CDC is Community Development. By this they mean that the CDC acts as an intermediary between the Local Government and the Community Development Associations (CDA). There are 50 CDA’s under the Ijede CDC. According to the CDC, recent CDC projects include the construction of boreholes and the electrocution of the various CDA areas. The CDC has also assisted in creating linking roads between the CDAs in the area. Providing these forms of infrastructure is what the CDC is focused on at the moment.  The CDC’s concerns regarding the AIPP include the following: 1) They are concerned that the project will affect the abundance of fish in the lagoon since people are known to fish as a means of livelihood in Ijede. The fear is that activities near the water would cause the temperature of the water to rise thereby forcing the fish to move further away into the ocean. 2) The CDC members also suggested that the activities of the AIPP may reduce the amount of farming land available to the farmers. This would affect the livelihoods of farmers and reduce the rate of food production. The CDC representatives suggested that both farmers and fishermen be compensated with the provision of alternative means of employment.  The CDC would also like Chevron to keep the community updated about the AIPP through the CDC which will act as an intermediary.  According to the CDC, the vulnerable people in the community include 1) the unemployed youth (recent graduates), 2) unemployed adults, 3) people with disabilities and widows in the community.  In order to take care of these vulnerable groups, the CDC has a poverty alleviation program. This program is funded by the Local Government. Individual contributions of about N10, 000 naira are collected once in a while. These funds are used to aid the vulnerable groups mentioned above.  There is also a school for the physically challenged popularly referred to in Nigeria as the ‘Deaf and Dumb School’. This school is located in Ikorodu and it is funded by the state government.  The CDC members stressed the need for more funds and resources and suggested that Chevron assist by sponsoring vulnerable persons for various vocational training workshops.  The vulnerable people are mostly in their homes being taken care of by their families as the CDC does not have the means to take on those responsibilities.  The CDC Key Informants have said that they are willing and ready to manage the community’s interest and mitigate any potential negative impacts. They demonstrated evidence of this commitment by showing the PNI facilitator a recent letter calling for an urgent meeting the next day to resolve a conflict between two communities. The conflict had to do with boundary and electricity issues. As the case was confidential the KI informants were not able to give much detail on it. The CDCs explained that a major part of their work is to resolve community conflicts and ensure security in the community.  In addition the CDC has interdepartmental relations with the police. Every month the CDC holds meetings Key Informant Interview with CDC in Ijede Community facilitated by Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Ijede Palace Compound Number of participants 3 participants Meeting date 29 March 2012 Duration 50 mins with the Police Community Relations Committee (PCRC).  The NGOs operating in the nearby area include: 1) The Ishokan Youth Congress-This is a Community Based NGO run by the youth in the community. 2) The Association of Unity Estate Phase 1 Okeletu Women’s Wing- This group is a residential association run by women. They meet every Sunday to support and assist each other as needed.3) Ajede Luwasa Improvement Association (ALIA) - The patron of this CBO is the Oba (King) of Ijede. They are responsible for making sure that events in the palace run smoothly. 1.2 Views on the Project  According to the CDC representatives, they first heard about the AIPP project about 6 to 7 years ago. One CDC member said he got the information from the land owners after the land was bought from them by Chevron. The second CDC KI said he heard about the project when through the Nigerian Gas Company (NGC) as he was a former member of staff there. According to him The NGC is the company responsible for supplying Gas to Chevron for the AIPP project.  The CDC members have advised that Chevron communicate with the Community Development Association (CDA) because they cover the entire Local Council Development Area (LCDA). Through the CDA news about the project will be spread widely. The CDA can be contacted at the Local Government Area Secretariat since they have an office there.  It was suggested that Chevron keep the community leaders informed about the progress of the project at all times.  Positive Impact of AIPP-The CDC members envisaged that the benefits of the project would include: 1) Employment opportunities from Chevron would be made available for the people in the LCDA. 2) Influx of people, factories and businesses into the area which would lead to more job opportunities and infrastructural development. 3) the CDC believes that Chevron AIPP project will benefit the CDC in terms of project implementation in the community. They assume that Chevron will work in collaboration with the CDC to implement social infrastructural projects.  Negative Impact of the AIPP- 1) The CDC members feel that the security of the community might be jeopardized. They gave an example of how the NEPA premises had to be heavily secured with army staff due to threats made by Boko Haram. According to them if Chevron AIPP takes off, the CDC fear that there will be more threats from Boko Haram and therefore need for more security for the power plant and the community as a whole.2) The project could lead to infertility of land thereby reducing the land available for farming 3) The CDC feel that fishing would be reduced due to the activities of the AIPP. In their opinion the power plant would increase the temperature of the water in the lagoon thereby causing fish to die or move further up the lagoon.4) Health factors: The inhalation of gas and air pollution in general was another negative impact foreseen by the CDC.  Suggestions to Mitigate the Negative Impacts-1) For the fishermen who might lose their source of livelihood due to the AIPP project, it was suggested that Chevron provide alternative employment for the fishermen as compensation. 2) In order to mitigate the pollution of the environment by gas, it was suggested that Chevron should find a chemical to neutralize the effect of the gas in the atmosphere to avoid health issues. 3) In order to resolve the security risks, the CDC members propose that Chevron should employ more security combat. They should have a security group to protect the community as well and liaise with CDC to suggest trustworthy people who can act in the capacity to protect the community.  In addition, the CDC KI made a request that they would like to know the technicalities of the power plant system in order to understand how it will generate power. KII Note prepared by Deola Awolola Meeting Date 27.03.2012 Name of Village Ijede Name of Organisation Ganiyu-Tarzan Enterprises Nigeria Name of Chairman Mr. Ganiyu Balogun Tarzan Name and Position of Participant Mr. Akeem Balogun, Generanl Manager (GM) Operations Name of Interviewers Adeola Awolola, Sylvanus Abua and Rasheed Adeniran Duration 30 minutes 1.1 ASSOCIATION AND MEMBERSHIP  Tarzan Mass Transit is not a membership organisation, but a private business enterprise. It is a sole proprietorship that provides mass transit service in sea transport. The Tarzan Mass Transit operates as a company and formal organisation   They have 9 staff in all including 1 GM, Operations; 4 ticketers; 3 boat operators; and 1 support staff.  Tarzan Mass Transit is not a business membership organisation, but recruits staff for their business operations. The company recruits staff on the basis of requisite skills like ability to swim and understanding of the ocean terrain.  The organisation has 2-3 boats, but has a fleet of up to 70 boats at the head office in Ikoyi. Due to security problems (e.g. theft), the company uses fewer boats in Ijede. During the key informant interview, the respondent reported that 2 boats were stolen in Ijede in the past. When need arises for more boats, the company gets additional boats from the head office.  There are no known conflicts between the organisation and the community. The respondent reported that the only connection with the community is power supply to enable Tarzan provide services to the community  The major impact of the organisation’s operations on the community has been reduction in travel time as well as cost of traveling from Ijede to Ajah. It takes 10-15 minutes to travel by jetty from Ijede to Ajah compared to 4 hours by road. The transport cost by jetty is N250 compared to a minimum of N500 by road.  Training for staff is conducted periodically in areas related to marine operations. 1.2 ENERGY  The company experiences fuel scarcity whenever there is general scarcity in the country or in Lagos.  The boats run on petrol and the company buys petrol at fuel stations located within the area 1.3 INCOME  The respondent preferred not to discuss about the company income. However the transportation fare for a one- way trip is N250. 1.4 PROJECT  The respondent had no prior knowledge of the project.  For an organisation like the Tarzan, formal communication through emails, letters and brochures were suggested as the best way to provide information about the project.  One positive project impact that was identified was a more steady supply of power, which is critical to the growth of any company. The respondent believes that the project will provide business opportunities for the Tarzan Transit. CNL staff may want to hire Tarzan boats when need arises. The project may also attract people to the area and Tarzan will contribute to the success of the project. 1.5 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION  The Tarzan Transit is well appreciated by the community because of the transportation problem that the organisation is helping to solve. Surveys SCOPING: HEALTH POST SURVEY AT HEALTH CENTRE, IJEDE Data Required Data Collected 1. Interview date and start/end time 23rd March 2012 2. Name of team member conducting interview Amara Okoroiwu and Justin Okwuofu 3. Name of person(s) being interviewed and Mr. H.T Dauda – Administrative Officer positions 4. Health post location (description/GPS) North East Issues 5. Describe the main health issues (e.g. smoking,  Poor access to potable water and sanitation, drinking, skin allergies, malnutrition, lack of  Skin allergies access to health services, lack of access to water  Inadequate health equipment and sanitation, etc) 6. Describe the main diseases, both communicable Main diseases include: Water borne diseases (e.g. HIV) and non-communicable (e.g. cancer, like cholera and typhoid. The respondent mental health). Collect health statistics if easily attributed this to inadequate access to potable available or note where these can be collected. water to many people in the community and surrounding communities. Many people still rely on well water since there are no public water supply systems. Apart from few boreholes in the community (which are sold), the only free potable water near the community is the one located inside the PHCN estate; however, few persons go there because of the distance. Apart from the above, malaria is another health challenge suffered by all. The respondent opined that malaria is endemic in Nigeria and this is compounded by poor sanitation. 7. Are the above mentioned issues/diseases unique The issues/diseases are not unique to this area to this area? Try to differentiate main problems as they are common problems faced in both in villages (e.g. rural areas) from main problems urban and rural areas in Nigeria. in city suburbs. Facilities AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 8. Describe the facilities that exist The health facility is a Comprehensive Health Centre. The centre has the following Wards and Departments: Maternity, Male, Surgical, Paediatric, Female and Intensive Care Unit Wards. Apart from these, the Health Centre has a surgery theatre, Labour Room, Medical/Social Services, Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory. In all there are 36 beds and 16 children cots in the Health Centre. There are also several sections such as the Administrative, Catering, Laundry, Security, Environmental Health, Engineering, Transport, Health Information, Audit and Accounts Departments. The departments are equipped with about 20 computers, and file cabinets in each office, printers, photocopying machines and office furniture. 9. Are these the main health facilities that exist in The health centre is the major health facility the area? If no, describe what is and where. that exists in the area. There is a General Hospital at Ikorodu where patients are often referred to and a Primary Health Centre in Agura. Apart from these facilities that are government-owned, there are also several private clinics, pharmacy shops and traditional herbalists who provide health care delivery to the people of the area. 10. List the number of staff that work at the health 14 doctors (includes : gynecologist, physician) facilities and describe the skills of the health , 36 nurses, 4 Community Health Officers, and workers (e.g. qualifications, training, and 13 Pharmacists. In all, there are 167 staff in the experience). Health Centre. As part of education to train staff and maintain best practices in the Centre, the hospital management conducts continuous medical education for all staff monthly. In addition there is periodic training organized for all staff by the Ministry of Heath 11. Do these facilities require improvement? If so, The facilities require improvement especially in note what is desired and if there is funding the following area: - extension of the laboratory and maternity ward - expansion of the theatre and labour room - The Centre do receive regular funding support from the State Government but there is no funding to carry out the expansion and extension that are required. Services AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 12. Describe the services provided (traditional The following services are provided at the healing, treatment, vaccinations, check-ups, centre surgery, etc) - Surgery - Management of accidents and emergencies - General out-patient services - Medical and Social services (eg. counseling, Heart-to-Heart Centre) - Family planning - Antenatal and post natal services - Childcare - Vaccination - check up - laboratory services for diagnoses - nursing services (- casualty ) 13. Describe the treatment available. Are different The above mentioned treatments are available. treatments available in neighbouring villages? If But there are no drugs for HIV clients. For this yes list village name and treatment reason, they provide only counseling services through the Heart- to-Heart Centre. HIV clients are referred to General Hospital Ikorodu. 14. Are different services available in neighbouring villages? If yes, describe and note which village The services they provide are not available in nearby communities, as patients from other communities come to the Health Centre to access medical services or go to General Hospital Ikorodu. There is a primary Health Care Centre at Agura and Ipakan that provide basic healthcare services. Access 15. Is there a restriction on who can access these There are no restrictions as to who can be services? Describe who treated. According to the respondent, in the past, patients with gunshot wounds are not treated unless there is a police report, but now the rule is “treat first.” There is restriction only during non visiting hours for patients in the ward. During the FGDs held with women and youths of Egbin, there was the insinuation that there is bias in the treatment of people of Egbin because the Health Centre is located in Ijede; because of this, we asked the respondent to respond to this allegation against the Health Centre. According to him, during the crisis between Egbin and Ijede last year, there were casualties on both sides and they treated them equally, but the leadership of the two communities accused the AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 3 Health Centre of bias. He affirmed that patients are treated equally regardless where they come from. 16. Do people outside the village use these Yes people do come from outside the village to facilities? Why? Explore if the following are use the facility. People come from Ajah, Epe, prohibitive: cost, transportation, lack of Ipakan, Ikorodu, etc, the cost is not prohibitive. awareness, etc. People prefer to come to the centre because they get better services than from health centers providing basic services. 17. Are there any specific vulnerable groups from a health perspective? Above 60 years 0-12 years old Commercial sex workers (minimal cases) Project Impacts 18. Can you see any positive or negative impacts for Positive impact of project includes health that could result from the project? - Job creation for indigenes - Steady power supply in the area which will reduce cost of fuel consumption Negative Impact - Thermal pollution which will threaten traditional occupation which is fishing - Facilities in the health centre may be over stretched when there is increase in population due to migration of people to the area during and after construction of the AIPP. 19. Additional information from the Health Centre The respondent explained that there is tussle for supremacy between Egbin and Ijede. The hospital is situated on land belonging to both villages. Each community then lay claims over the facility There are cases of violent clash between the two communities in the past, but the most brutal one occurred last year (May 2011). There is apprehension that there may be a reoccurrence this year as it usually occurs during their yearly festivals in May. To maintain cordial relationship between the two communities, patients from both villages are treated equally and concession given to patients with highest degree of injury. 20. Support enjoyed from private sector/companies AES (an energy company) donated medical operating in the area equipment worth about N6M to the Centre in 2009. Several letters and appeal had been written to Chevron to provide the centre with an ambulance, but there is yet to be feedback to the AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 4 community. AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 5 Annex 4 Ipakan Community Community Profile AIPP SIA: Community Profile IPAKAN (TINUADE/SARUMI) Data Required Data Collected 1. Date 23-03-2012 2. Name of Village Orile-Ipakan, Egbin. 3. Names of participants  Alhaji Chief Ismeal OwololaSarumi (include position in  AlhajiRasaklawalSarumi community)  AlhajiShehuSarumi  MuhideenSarumi  LekanTijaniSarumi 4. Village location (description/GPS coordinates) 5. Name of Chief Alhaji Chief Ismael OwololaSarumi 6. Name of Baale/Main Alhaji Chief Ismael OwololaSarumi Chief/King 7. Names of interviewers RasheedAdeniran and Amara Okoroiwu 8. Interview start/end time 5:01pm-6:25pm 9. Other information The interview was conducted with the above people in attendance that is heads of different households in the Sarumi family in the Tinude/Oshimade lineage from OrileIpakan community. Every information reported in this report was based on what the chiefs accounted for as been true and facts. Historical Profile 10. Origin (where do the According to elderly local informants, Sarumi family is from one of the ruling families in villagers come from, Lagos (Onilegbele of Lagos lineage). At around 1775, a man named Shoku (the Onilegbale when and why?) of Lagos) migrated from Lagos to settle in Ijede on fishing escapes, he married from Egbin community,TinuadeOshinmade who is a sister to a man called Obateru (founder of Egbin Community) came to stay with her brother (Obateru)in Egbin but after awhile, she decided to settle in a place close to her brother (Obateru) which was given to her by her brother (Obateru). People came to settle in the place and started developing the place, the place is now known as OrileIpakan Community in Egbin.They are said to be settled in the place as against the story that they were resettled in the area during the NEPA acquisition of land. 11. ` Proportion (%) 99%- Natives natives/settlers 1%- settlers 12. Other information All the information gotten were gotten from a family named Sarumi who claim to be acquainted with the facts about the community. Demographics 13. Approximate village The chiefs in attendance for the meeting claimed that the population of the people in the population community was about 250,000 as at the 1999 census. Although the households in the area where the community is said to be situated could not confirm the figure presented. 14. Approximate number of Two (2) CDAs Community Development Areas (CDAs) 15. Percentage of men in the 20% community 16. Percentage of women in 30% the community 17. Percentage of children – 50% 16 and below 18. Percentage of disabled 0 people or people with long term illnesses AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 19. Has the population of the There has been an increase in the population as birth rate is higher than death rate. There village increased or are now more families in the community who have children and are still having more decreased in the last 10 children. There are not many cases of death in the community. years? Why? 20. Has there been migration Yes into the area? Where There are migrants from Badagry, Ilaje and Delta areof the country. have these people come They are mostly seasonal migrants who come around for awhile to do business, the Egun from and why? (Badary), Ilaje (Ondo) and Ijaws (Delta) have settlements in the community that they stay when they are around. Ethnicity and Religion 21. Ethnic groups, -  Ijebu- 60% percentage of people in  Ilaje- 8% each group  Hausa- 5% (approximately)  Egun- 7%  IsaleEko- 40% 22. What is the native ethnic The Ijebu’s group that founded the village? 23. Religions (indicate Muslims- 85% proportions of Muslim, Christians- 10% traditional religion and Traditional- 5% Christians 24. Where are the places of Muslim  EbuteOlowo worship for the different Area religious groups? (specify  Ayegbami Area place)  Pacific Area Christian In Ijede community Traditional  EbuteOlowo Area (2)  Ayegbami Area Other (please specify) 25. How many places of Mosques Three (3) worship are in the Churches None (0) community for the Traditional shrines Three (3) different religious groups? Other (please specify) 26. How long does it take to Muslim 1 get there? 1 <5 minutes Christian 2 2 5 – 30 minutes 3 31 – 60 minutes Traditional  Ojuyemora 4 + 60 minutes Shrine- 2  Oju Ota Shrine- 1  Remireke Shrine- 2 Other (please specify) 27. What method of transport Muslim 1 do you use to get to your place of worship? 1 Foot Christian 1 2 Bicycle 3 Mini bus Traditional 1 4 Taxi 5 Private Car Other (please 6 Tri-cycle (keke Nape or specify) KekeMaraa) AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 28. What languages are Yoruba (Eko Dialect)- 99% spoken in the family English (Good) (indicate proportions if relevant). What other languages are understood (by all? Most educated? Youth?) Community Relations 29. Does the village have Yes, the community has conflict with the NEPA resettlement center people and this is conflict with neighbouring because the resettlement people claim to be the main Ipakan community people and they communities? If yes, acknowledge them as not members of Ipakan community. what is the nature of this conflict? They also have some measure of conflict with the Ijede community people and this is because the people of Ijede see them as tenants in Ijede and not land owners or a community as they have all their houses in an area called EbuteOlowo in Ijede. 30. Who resolves conflict 1 Assembly Member (Please specify) between the community and other parties? 2 Unit Committee Member 3 The option that applies is Oloritun (conflict warden) marked “X’” 4 Traditional Chief 5 Priest or Religious leader 6 Police 7 Head Manx 8 Community Development Authority (CDA) 9 Other (please specify) 31. If there is conflict at the 1 Assembly Member (Please specify) household level, who resolves conflict between 2 Unit Committee Member the households and 3 other parties? Oloritun (conflict warden) 4 Traditional Chief The option that applies is 5 marked “X” Priest or Religious leader 6 Police 7 Head ManX 8 Community Development Authority (CDA) 9 Other (please specify) 32. Are there community  Yes support mechanisms to  They have the culture of levying every support families or familyhead a certain amount to support each other when they are in need ( burials, individuals in times of weddings, naming even when they have to do something in the community). need? (If yes, please specify) 33. What is the nature of your 1 High 2 Support 3 No support 4 Negative relationship with the dependency provided provided surrounding when communities? necessary 2, most especially during festivity. a. Agura 2, most especially during festivity. b. Ijede c. Ipakan 2, towards developmental programmes and during festivity. d. Egbin 2 e. Resettlement Centre f. AbuleEko 2 AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 3 34. Are there any other  Epe- the community people normally communities that you go to Epe whenever there is masquerade festivals to perform in the masquerade dance have a relationship with? and also to merry with them. (please list) 35. What source of 1 RadioX communication do you rely on for information? 2 TVX 3 The options that applies Traditional Chief are marked “X” 4 Religious authorities 5 Friends/Family 6 Newspaper 7 Telephone 8 CBOs 9 Written Letters X 10 CDA meetingsX 11 Town crierX Livelihoods and Occupation 36. Primary Occupations/livelihoods (indicate approx % of households for whom this a primary occupation) - Farming 2% - Fishing 37% - Hunting 0 - Trading (are they full 2% time) - Regular jobs (e.g. 40% government or private – note the types of employment and numbers) - Other (teacher, health 1%- Religious Workers worker, church worker) - Unemployed (number of 9% people ) 37. To what extent is  Yes- Unemployment is on the increase in the community. unemployment /  People are been laid off from work e.g banks underemployment a  Unemployed graduates are on the increase. problem? Is this increasing / decreasing and why? 38. % of people in village who run a business or have the following skills: AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 4 . Food preparation 1% . Boat handling (large / 3% small) . Driving 1% . Carpentry 1% . Plumber 1% . Mechanic 2% . Typist 1% . Seamstress / tailor 2% . Other 39. What is the typical  The women are always doing the domestic chores of the house division of roles and  The men are in most cases in-charge of providing for the family labour between men /  The children are to support and assist the women in the domestic chores in the house. women / children in the household? Does this It should be noted that the above information varies mostly between the men and the vary? women in some household, most especially when the women are heavy with pregnancy or are seriously ill. Public Infrastructure 40. Does the village have  There is neither a primary nor secondary school in the community.However, there are primary and secondary schools in Ijede and Egbin that members of Ipakan can access. schools? How many pupils attend?  The pupils in the community go to the following schools for their primary and secondary schooling; If no, indicate the name of  PHCN Staff School, Egbin it is about 1.5km from community school and village where  Anwarul-Islam children attend school  Anglican Primary School, Ijede it is about 3km from community and approximate distance. How do children travel to school? 41. Does the village have a  There is a comprehensive health centre. health centre /health  There are also traditional doctors (Herbalist) post/clinic /health volunteer/traditional herbalist (indicate which one available in village OR if not name of village where they go instead) 42. What water sources are  There are 10 boreholes in the community (Indigenous-8 and CDA-2) available?  There are 6 wells in the community (all indigenous)  There is just a stream in the community (Odoro Stream). 43. If lagoon is a water source are there specific places you go to use the water? Where? Get GPS is possible 44. Number of communal wells /hand pumps / boreholes? 45. Graveyard/other sacred There are 4 sacred forest around the community locations(e.g. sacred  Igbo Ajede forest areas) or cultural  Igbo Eluku heritage  Igbo Ota  Igbo Oro AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 5 46. Police station (indicate if They go to the police station in Ijede. in village OR if not name of village where they go instead) 47. Football field /play ground They use the mini stadium in Egbin as their football field and play ground in the schools /other playing area – around the community. please specify 48. Number of village Six (6) restaurant/road side food seller (places where food is prepared on the premises and sold fresh) 49. Town Hall/Community They make use of the town hall in Ijede and also the family compound. centre 50. Village shop (indicate NA what type of goods they sell - places where food is sold that is packaged or prepared elsewhere 51. Does the village have a No, they make use of the Egbin market. permanent market or stalls? 52. Do they have market No, they go on the days that the Egbin market is on. days, which days, no of stalls? 53. Which other markets do They sometimes go the market in Egbin during the market day to either sell or buy goods. they go to – in which village where are they going instead? 54. Bank (indicate if in village or if not name of village WEMA Bank in Ijede. where they go instead) Transport 55. Types and number of 1 Bicycle bus, lorry, taxi, other. 2 Mini bus State the quality of 3 Taxi transport services 4 Private Car available to the village. 5 Motorcycle (Okada) 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape or KekeMarwa) 7 Other (please specify) 56. Regularity (how often?) 1 Bicycle 2 Mini bus 3 Taxi 4 Private Car 5 Motorcycle (Okada) 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape or KekeMaraa) 7 Other (please specify) 57. Route (from village to 1 Bicycle Within Community where?) 2 Mini bus Ikorodu, Lagos 3 Taxi 4 Private Car 5 Motorcycle Ijede (Okada) 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Ewolepe, Gberigbe Nape or KekeMaraa) 7 Other (please specify) 58. Cost of travel per trip? 1 Bicycle AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 6 2 Mini bus 150 per person to Ikorodu 3 Taxi 4 Private Car 5 Motorcycle 50 per person around neigbouring communities (depends on (Okada) negotiation) 6 Tri-cycle (Keke 150 per person to gberigbe, Ewolepe and 30 per person around Nape or neigbouring communities. KekeMaraa) 7 Other (please specify) Land Ownership 59. Do people in the village A few number of people own land in the community. It is few because the land space is not own land? Is this a formal big enough for everyone to own their land. There is always a formal agreement between the or informal agreement land owners and the person intending to buy the land. and with whom? 60. Can people inherit land? Yes, people can inherit land from their father as long as it was formally purchased by the Does this vary according father at the time of purchase. It doesn’t have anything to do with ethnicity. to which ethnic group you are from? 61. Does this differ for No, it does not differ with settlers. Settlers are allowed to do what they wish on their land as settlers? Can settlers long as it is in the ambit of the law of the land. plant trees on the land they farm? 62. What happens if you No don’t use your land for The chiefs can only take back lands that were not formally acquired at the time of purchase several years? Does the and have been left unused for several years. chief take it back? 63. Do women have rights Yes, women are seen as equals when it comes to issues of properties in the land. They over land? What are have right to farm, plant trees, build houses, lease out land and even sell land as long as it these? is theirs. 64. Is land rented out to Yes, land renting is usually been done between the owner of the land and whoever is others? How is renting of interested in renting the land and its mostly done formally. The head the family of the owner land arranged? Are they is most times informed of the development and this is just for information sake. formal or informal agreements? With whom? 65. Are any farm labourers Yes, the engage the services of labourers who are mostly from the north (sand mining) and employed in village? the riverine areas (fishing). They are paid daily. Where are they from? How are they paid? Community Assets and Facilities 66. List community assets NA e.g. agricultural processing equipment (cassava grater) – This does not include assets owned by individuals that they charge the community to use. 67. Does the village have Yes electricity? Where does They get power supply from the PHCN power plant in Egbin. this come from? 68. Main type of cooking They make use of mainly the following for cooking; fuel: gas/kerosene/ fuel  Kerosene wood/charcoal  Firewood  Charcoal 69. Main village source of The main source of water in the community for the following are; water for cooking  Cooking- Well, Borehole /washing /bathing: well,  Washing- Well, Borehole hand pump/river  Bathing- Well, Borehole AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 7  Drinking- Borehole, Sachet Water 70. Means of garbage The refuse in the community is been disposed majorly through the services of waste disposal indicate if the disposal trucks that come into the community to pick them up. The refuse are packed in a this is done in designated container and kept in front of each house for it to be picked. location/s or anywhere 71. Assets owned by NA individuals that they charge the community to use. Health 72. Do you have medicines No, they visit a pharmacy in Ijede to get their drugs. available? 73. Do you have access to Yes, they go to the general health centerthat is in between Egbin and Ijede for their health health services? services. 74. How much time does the They are always available in the health center. 24 hrs health care professional stay in the community? 75. What are common health Amongst all other health problems, malaria can be said to be common among the people of problems in the village? the community. Administration and Networks 76. What are the different The governance structure in the community are as follows; governance structures in  Compound Head the community and how  Family Head do these relate to the  Community Development Association state governance Usually information follow this network structures? CDA-----Compound Head------Family head 77. Are there any CBOs There are no association in the community. groups, associations or cooperatives in the village? What are these? (e.g. women’s savings groups? Hunters association? Etc). What is the role of the chiefs in these groups? 78. Who represents the They have three (3) stakeholders in the ICS; government 1) Alhaji Chief Olowolola administration at village 2) AlhajiShehuSarumi level? 3) Prince AdeyemiSarumi They also have someone in the local government council who is a supervisor in the Local Government Council (AlhajiAdemola Sheriff Sarumi). Potential effects of the project 79. What do you know about  That Chevron purchased a land somewhere around Agura that they want to build a the project? power plant on. (Independent).  That when the plant commence operation, there would be stable and steady power supply which will increase economic activities in the area. 80. What is the best way to  Through the ICS provide information about  Written letters the project?  Community visits AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 8 81. What impacts could the  Employment for the youths  A default on the part of chevron on the MoU project have – both  Scholarships for students  Marginalization of the community. positive and negative?  Provision of more social  Pollution of water (Lagoon). infrastructures  Increase in the economic activities. 82. What sort of  An avenue for information  Chevron should find a means of disposing the mitigation/enhancement sharing between the unwanted chemicals instead of pouring into the river. is possible? community and Chevron.  Effluence from the plant should be treated.  An avenue for complains from both the community and Chevron.  If there is a mutual understand between Chevron and the community. Additional Information 83. Any additional comments  Chevron should ensure that they do more community visit for good information sharing. from community or  More consideration should be given to catchment areas when it comes to benefit information sharing.  Ensure that employment should be on merits.  Implementation of the MoU should be fully enacted.  Ensure that Chevron maintain a cordial relationship with the community at all times to bring about continuous development. 84. Facilitators Comments  It was gathered from the chiefs from the Sarumi family that the present land that the and key observations PHCN power plant is on was sold to the federal government by the Obateru and Tinuade families.  It was also gathered that both families enjoy cordial relations with the PHCN as reported by the Sarumi family.  It was gathered from the Sarumi family that the Tinuade people live at the EbuteOlowo area of Ijede but they regard themselves as of the Ipakan Community. AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 9 AIPP SIA: Community Profile Data Required Data Collected 1. Date 28.03.2012 2. Name of Village NEPA Resettlement Centre 3. Names of participants (include position Chief Mustapha Lasisi – Baale Ipakan in community) Chief Shamsudeen Salami - Otun Baale Mr. Lateef Kehinde - General Secretary 4. Village location (description/GPS N 0566031 coordinates) E 0725484 5. Name of Chief 6. Name of Baale/Main Chief/King Chief Mustafa Lasisi 7. Names of interviewers Adeola Awolola and Sylvanus Abua 8. Interview start/end time 01:15pm – 03:00pm 9. Other information Historical Profile 10. Origin (where do the villagers come Ipakan was founded in the 14th century by four (4) principal persons namely from, when and why?) Folaji, Oriyomiaberuagba, Omidijiotaibayomi, and Elebu Omoaladorinojule. These four came from different places; Folaji and Oriyomi both from Lagos Island, Omidiji from Abeokuta, and Elebu from Osun Osogbo. The four founders were farmers and fishermen. The name ‘Ipakan’ was derived from two words – ‘Ipa’ which means the act of killing and ‘Akan’ which means crab. Put together, Ipakan means the act of killing crabs. The crabs were used as fishing hooks, locally called ‘Ije-Eja’. Ipakan was originally located at the area between Agura and the Egbin Power Plant, beside the lagoon but were resettled to their present location after the NEPA acquisition in 1981. Relics of the demolished buildings still remain at the original site. Buari Saka from the Oriyomi family was the Baale of Ipakan as at the time of the resettlement. The people of Ipakan resettled as one body and still maintain their government till date. Till today, kingship is rotated among the four (4) founding families. 11. Proportion (%) natives/settlers 20% : 80% 12. Other information Demographics 13. Approximate village population 500,000 according to the 2006 Population Census. 14. Approximate number of Community Two (2) Development Areas (CDAs) 15. Percentage of men in the community 31% 16. Percentage of women in the 57% community 17. Percentage of children – 16 and below 12% 18. Percentage of disabled people or 0.001% people with long term illnesses AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 19. Has the population of the village Population has increased over the last 10 years due to infrastructural increased or decreased in the last 10 development in the community and because the environment is not as years? Why? polluted as urban centres. Also the people in Ipakan enjoy good health. 20. Has there been migration into the There has been migration into the area from urban centres within and area? Where have these people come outside Lagos State. Some of these people migrate due to high from and why? accommodation costs in urban centres and their inability to sustain such standards. Ethnicity and Religion 21. Ethnic groups, - percentage of people The cumulative proportion of the Ijebus and the Ekos is approximately 80%. in each group (approx) The Ilajes are about 16% of the total population. Other ethnic groups like the Igbos, Delta, Tapas, Hausas e.tc make up the remaining 4% of the population. 22. What is the native ethnic group that Yoruba. founded the village? 23. Religions (indicate proportions of Muslims - 40% Muslim, traditional religion and Traditional Religion - 30% Christians Christians - 30% 24. Where are the places of worship for Muslim Ipakan (within the Community) the different religious groups? (specify place) Christian Ipakan (within the Community) Traditional Ipakan (within the Community) Other (please specify) - 25. How many places of worship are in the Mosques Two (2) community for the different religious Churches Six (6) groups? Traditional shrines Eight (8) Other (please specify) 26. How long does it take to get there? Muslim 2 1 <5 minutes Christian 2 2 5 – 30 minutes 3 31 – 60 minutes Traditional 2 4 + 60 minutes Other (please specify) - 27. What method of transport do you use Muslim 1 to get to your place of worship? 1 Foot Christian 1 2 Bicycle 3 Mini bus Traditional 1 4 Taxi 5 Private Car Other (please specify) - 6 Tri-cycle (keke Nape or Keke Maraa) 28. What languages are spoken in the Eko, Ijebu and Ilaje dialects of Yoruba language are the general and most family (indicate proportions if relevant). common languages. Among the youth and the most educated people, What other languages are understood English language is spoken. (by all? Most educated? Youth?) AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 Community Relations 29. Does the village have conflict with Yes, Ipakan has territorial and land disputes with Egbin. neighbouring communities? If yes, what is the nature of this conflict? 30. Who resolves conflict between the 1 Assembly Member (Please specify) community and other parties? 2 Unit Committee Member 3 Oloritun (conflict warden) 4 Traditional Chief 5 Priest or Religious leader 6 Police 7 Head Man 8 Community Development Authority (CDA) 9 Other (please specify) Panel of enquiry set up by the State Government 31. If there is conflict at the household 1 Assembly Member (Please specify) level, who resolves conflict between the households and other parties? 2 Unit Committee Member 3 Oloritun (conflict warden) 4 Traditional Chief 5 Priest or Religious leader 6 Police 7 Head Man 8 Community Development Authority (CDA) 9 Other (please specify) 32. Are there community support No. This is because people are barely surviving on the funds available to mechanisms to support families or them and are therefore incapable to contribute for such community support individuals in times of need? (If yes, mechanisms. please specify) 33. What is the nature of your relationship 1 High 2 Support 3 No 4 Negative with the surrounding communities? dependency provided when support necessary provided 2 a. Agura 1 b. Ijede N/A c. Ipakan 4 d. Egbin - e. Other (please specify) AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 3 34. Are there any other communities that Abule Eko, Gberigbe, Okeletu, Igbe you have a relationship with? (please list) 35. What source of communication do you 1 Radio rely on for information? 2 TV 3 Traditional Chief 4 Religious authorities 5 Friends/Family 6 Newspaper 7 Telephone 8 CBOs 9 Other (please specify) Local Government Livelihoods and Occupation 36. Primary Occupations/livelihoods (indicate approx % of households for whom this a primary occupation) - Farming and Fishing 30% - Hunting 0.0006% - Trading (are they full time) Almost every household engage in trading as either a primary or secondary economic activity. Full time and part time traders collectively account for about 80% of the total population. - Regular jobs (e.g. government or A cumulative proportion of 20% for both categories. private – note the types of employment and numbers) - Other (teacher, health worker, church worker) Traditional Herbalists 0.04% - Unemployed (number of people ) 20% 37. To what extent is unemployment / Unemployment/underemployment has created a scarcity of funds that would underemployment a problem? Is this have been hitherto used for community development. This situation has a increasing / decreasing and why? ripple effect as those who have access to funds are over-charged by the community in order to make up for those who do not have funds to contribute. Unemployment/underemployment is increasing because the government and corporate organisations are not co-operating with people’s demands and needs. 38. % of people in village who run a business or have the following skills: . Food preparation 30% . Boat handling (large / small) Uncommon AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 4 . Driving 8% . Carpentry 0.0000036% . Plumber 0.001% . Mechanic 0.001% . Typist 0.001% . Seamstress / tailor 10% . Other - 39. What is the typical division of roles and In practical terms, the men and women are both breadwinners in the homes; labour between men / women / they support each other in paying the bills. The women are also expected to children in the household? Does this bear children. vary? Children go to school and assist their parents with house chores. They also assist their parents at their places of business in some cases. Public Infrastructure 40. Does the village have primary and There are no public primary schools in the community, but there are two secondary schools? How many pupils private primary schools. However those who attend the private schools are attend? not many. There is no secondary school in the community, either public or private. If no, indicate the name of school and Children in the community attend Ahmadiya Primary School, Anglican village where children attend school Primary School, and Luwasa High School in Ijede. The closest among these and approximate distance. How do schools is 20 minutes away while the farthest is about 45 minutes distance children travel to school? both by foot. Children travel to school by foot; commercial motorcycles ‘Okada’; tricycles; and private cars depending on the socio-economic status of their family. 41. Does the village have a health centre The community has no health centre or clinic but use the health centre at /health post/clinic /health Ijede which is in close proximity to them (about 10 minutes away from the volunteer/traditional herbalist (indicate community). which one available in village OR if not There are however about twenty (20) traditional herbalists in the community name of village where they go instead) and they have their own association. 42. What water sources are available? Pipe-borne water, borehole, well, rain harvesting. 43. If lagoon is a water source are there N/A specific places you go to use the water? Where? Get GPS is possible 44. Number of communal wells /hand 5 pumps / boreholes? 45. Graveyard/other sacred locations(e.g. The closest cemetery is the Ijede Cemetery. However, people also bury their sacred forest areas) or cultural dead within their compounds. heritage 46. Police station (indicate if in village OR No police station in the village, instead they go to Ijede. if not name of village where they go instead) 47. Football field /play ground /other Ipakan Recreation Centre. playing area – please specify 48. Number of village restaurant/road side Ten (10) food seller (places where food is prepared on the premises and sold fresh) 49. Town Hall/Community centre This facility is still under construction and yet to be completed. AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 5 50. Village shop (indicate what type of Types of goods sold include food stuff, provisions, clothing, wood, electrical goods they sell - places where food is equipment, drinks, spare parts for boats and automobiles, e.tc. sold that is packaged or prepared elsewhere 51. Does the village have a permanent The village has no permanent market but shares market with Ijede. market or stalls? 52. Do they have market days, which days, The Ijede market is a daily market. no of stalls? 53. Which other markets do they go to – in Most people shop in household stalls in the community. which village where are they going instead? 54. Bank (indicate if in village or if not No banks in the village, villagers patronize Wema Bank in Ijede or go to name of village where they go instead) Ikorodu. Transport 55. Types and number of bus, lorry, taxi, 1 Bicycle other. State the quality of transport 2 Mini bus services available to the village. 3 Taxi 4 Private Car 5 Motorcycle (Okada) 6 Tri-cycle (Keke NAPEP or Keke Marwa) 7 Other (please specify) Cannot say but they share the same garage with Ijede and Egbin. 56. Regularity (how often?) 1 Bicycle - 2 Mini bus Daily 3 Taxi Daily 4 Private Car Daily 5 Motorcycle (Okada) Daily 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape Daily or Keke Maraa) 7 Other (please specify) Daily Boat/Ferry 57. Route (from village to where?) 1 Bicycle - 2 Mini bus Ijede - Ikorodu 3 Taxi Chartered to any location. 4 Private Car Any location 5 Motorcycle (Okada) Within the community and to neighboring communities 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape Within the community and to neighboring or Keke Maraa) communities 7 Other (please specify) Ijede – Ajah/Badore/Victoria Island/Oke-Ira Boat/Ferry 58. Cost of travel per trip? 1 Bicycle 2 Mini bus N120 3 Taxi Varies depending on destination. 4 Private Car - 5 Motorcycle (Okada) Between N50 and N250 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape Between N75 and N250 or Keke Maraa) 7 Other (please specify) N250 Land Ownership 59. Do people in the village own land? Is The land is for the community as it is a resettled land. However the property this a formal or informal agreement on land is owned by individuals. and with whom? 60. Can people inherit land? Does this People can inherit land and it doesn’t vary with ethnic differences. vary according to which ethnic group you are from? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 6 61. Does this differ for settlers? Can Land ownership does not differ for settlers. Settlers are allowed to plant on settlers plant trees on the land they land as long as they obtain the permission to do so beforehand. farm? 62. What happens if you don’t use your Nothing happens to land that is left unoccupied or undeveloped as land for several years? Does the chief ownership of property is sole and permanent. take it back? 63. Do women have rights over land? Women have the right to own and develop property just as men do. What are these? 64. Is land rented out to others? How is Land is rented out to others and arrangements on rent are made between renting of land arranged? Are they the property owner and the tenant. formal or informal agreements? With whom? 65. Are any farm labourers employed in Farm labourers are employed from both community natives and settlers. The village? Where are they from? How are Hausas and Abakalikis are particularly known for this activity. Farm they paid? labourers are paid wages. Community Assets and Facilities 66. List community assets e.g. agricultural Land, boats, outboard engines, town hall, recreation centre. processing equipment (cassava grater) – This does not include assets owned by individuals that they charge the community to use. 67. Does the village have electricity? The community is connected to the national grid and takes its source from Where does this come from? Ikorodu. 68. Main type of cooking fuel: Wood, charcoal, kerosene, electric and gas cooker. gas/kerosene/ fuel wood/charcoal 69. Main village source of water for Boreholes and wells. cooking /washing /bathing: well, hand pump/river 70. Means of garbage disposal indicate if Lagos State Waste Management Authority – Private Sector Participation the this is done in designated (LAWMA - PSP) location/s or anywhere 71. Assets owned by individuals that they Borehole charge the community to use. Health 72. Do you have medicines available? Yes, some medicines are available at the health centre. 73. Do you have access to health Yes, there is access to the Health Centre at Ijede. services? 74. How much time does the health care professional stay in the community? 75. What are common health problems in Malaria fever. the village? Administration and Networks 76. What are the different governance The head of the community is the Baale, assisted by the Otun Baale. Other structures in the community and how titles in the community are Balogun (Chief Warrior), Abore, Laagba, Alaran do these relate to the state governance and Akowe (Secretary). The Baale relates with the state and local structures? governments on behalf of the community through meetings and letters. 77. Are there any CBOs groups, CBO groups include the Community Development Associations (CDAs); associations or cooperatives in the Youth Association; Fishermen’s’ Co-operative; Association of Pepper village? What are these? (e.g. Grinders, Tailors, Hairdressers, Wood sellers; Traditional Herbalists, e.tc. women’s savings groups? Hunters AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 7 association? Etc). What is the role of the chiefs in these groups? 78. Who represents the government The Ward Chairman or representative. Ipakan is under Ward A political zone administration at village level? in Ikorodu LGA. Potential effects of the project 79. What do you know about the project? No specific information has been received about the project. Information gotten on the project has been through word of mouth. The community believes that Chevron did not engage the community through the right institutional head, but rather singled out a family and left out the rest of the community. 80. What is the best way to provide Through the traditional leadership. information about the project? 81. What impacts could the project have – Positive Negative both positive and negative? - Employment of both skilled and - Conflicts in the near or far future if unskilled labour from the community proper community engagements are - Enhancement of economic not carried on, and the community activities included as one of the stakeholders. - Promotion of local businesses like - Marginalization of the community farming and fishing from project benefits. - Provision of necessary assistance to the community through Chevron’s social responsibility. 82. What sort of mitigation/enhancement is Enhancement Mitigation possible? - Good salaries should be paid to all - Chevron should resolve the issues staff employed revolving around who the - Employment of individuals should appropriate stakeholders are. be through the community heads - Benefits from the project should be and should not be random. This will administered in such a way that ensure that the community heads individuals don’t take advantage of it are be able to vouch for the at the expense of community characters of the people been development. Distribution of project employed, and reduce the risk of benefits should also be free and fair. employing dishonest people. - Information on the project and its - Employing people from the benefits should be disseminated community will ensure safety and through radio broadcasts and security of the project facilities as the newspapers so that everybody will people will be more vigilant and want be privy to such information. to protect what is theirs. Additional Information 83. Any additional comments from Going forward, community engagements should be periodic and should not community or information be limited to only the traditional leadership. This way, there will even me more avenues opened up for further developmental projects that will be of mutual benefits in the community. 84. Facilitators Comments and key observations AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 8 Focus Group Discussions FGD Note prepared by Linda Bembatoum FGD with Women in the Community facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Tinuade Family Compound (Orile Ikpakan) Number of participants 3 Participants Meeting date 22.03.2012 Duration 1hr 1.1 Quality of Life  In the community, the women take on the role of caretaker for the children and husband and the general upkeep and cleaning of the home and the community as well.  According to the Tinuade family women, the women in the community do not play any leadership roles in the community. The men are the leaders of the community. However in the home, the women do take part in decision-making i.e. family meetings, they ensure that the children get the best possible affordable education. Women are equally responsible for planning their children’s weddings.  The major expenditure of the household is on food for feeding the family.  The acceptable roles that women can take on in the community include some chieftaincy titles and other smaller roles. The full leadership roles are reserved for the men i.e. title of Oba (King).  Girls are encouraged to go to school up to any level. According to them equal rights are given to both men and women.  The women of the Tinuade family estimated that about 40% of them worked in the formal sector. They insisted that there a few doctors, lawyers and teachers. Unfortunately the facilitating team was not able to meet such women as most of them would have been at work in Lagos at the time of the Focus Group Discussions.  Generally, conflict between husband and wife is resolved within the confines of the home. However if a resolution is not achieved, the case is taken to the elders. Women elders are usually part of resolving the conflict. If after the intervention the women are not happy, they accept the situation and stay in the relationship for better or worse.  Women’s groups and associations exist in Orile Ikpakan. They include: 1) Women’s support groups popularly known as ‘Egbe’ 2) The Sunshine Sisters group-this is a women’s social association and 3) The Salatu group- this is a women’s Islamic prayer group.  As the Orile Ikpakan community is predominantly Islamic, polygamy is quite prevalent.  Women can inherit land; there is no discrimination with regards to inheritance. 1.2 Occupation/Livelihood  According to the women, the main economic activities undertaken by women in Orile Ikpakan is petty trading otherwise known as buying and selling. There is evidence for this in the household surveys that were taken in the Ikpakan area. In the past women used to farm but due to limited farming land, women have switched to petty trading as a means of livelihood.  The women feel that no significant change has taken place in the role of women since previous generations as the women are still marginalized and maintain similar roles of cooking , cleaning and taking care of the children. The women blame this lack of change on the government, saying that government does not care about the grassroots. One woman compared things to countries in Europe where unemployed mothers are supported by the government so that they can get back on their feet.  The women also mentioned that Chevron has lifted the hopes of the women by promising them vocational training and the set-up and registration of cooperatives. They hope that this will be put in place soon.  Women-headed households exist in Orile Ikpakan. According to the Tinuade women, the percentage of women –headed households is 50% (meaning half of the women’s population). The women we interviewed complained that in most cases women-headed households exist because the men are not active in the lives of FGD with Women in the Community facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Tinuade Family Compound (Orile Ikpakan) Number of participants 3 Participants Meeting date 22.03.2012 Duration 1hr the family. The only evidence we could gather to support this was from one woman who was part of the FGD group. She claimed to be separated from her husband due to his inability to support her and her children. There was no evidence of this from the household interviews conducted in the area.  In Orile Ikpakan people are known to migrate for the purpose of work. Due to the traffic in Lagos, workers normally stay in Lagos during the week and return to the community during the weekend.  There are unique problems faced by women and girls. For the mature women, they complain of lack of money or capital to start-up or expand their trade businesses. The younger women face unemployment problems once they get out of secondary school and higher institutions. Most times to learn a trade or a skill is too expensive for the young women. Marital conflict was also said to be an issue amongst mature and younger women.  Women-headed households suffer from lack of support and insecurity both financially and physically and other difficulties arising due to being a single parent.  Working women face the difficulty of the cost of transportation. They spend the majority of their salary earnings on public transport. The salary is often inadequate for the upkeep of the family and the payment of house bills such as electricity and house rent. Working women also face the problem of finding appropriate nannies or caretakers for their children when they are at work.  Women are able to inherit land in the community. There was no complaint of discrimination against inheritance. 1.3 Health  The main health problems suffered by people in the community include Malaria, cough/cold, and high blood pressure and Rheumatism (This is in order of the frequency of the ailment).These illnesses are common to both men and women. High blood pressure is particularly common in women.  The women could not confirm if there was a prevalence of HIV in the community. According to them it is not known so they assume that HIV is not a problem in the community. There have been no serious outbreaks of diseases either.  According to the women, the key occupational hazards for women and men include stress related diseases such as High Blood Pressure and Hypertension. This is due to the stressful life that generally exists in Lagos.  People generally access western medical healthcare at the General Hospital located in Ijede. Mortality  The main causes of death include old age, malaria, hypertension and diabetes. The women have suggested that people are dying because of lack of money and also because life is stressful.  In terms of children, child mortality is said to be low. Therefore it is the working force and elders in the community that are at risk. Lifestyle  Smoking is not a common habit in the community. When smoking occurs it is usually practiced by the men in the community. The same applies to drinking. Drinking and smoking was not associated with any age group as the ages vary.  According to the women, no obvious prostitutes exist in the community.  The women all shared the same sentiments that polygamy was not good. They preferred monogamous relationships. They also felt that extra-marital affairs were not acceptable. 1.4 Healthcare facilities  Healthcare is usually accessed at the General Hospital in Ijede which is about 10 minutes away from the Tinuade family compound.  The women are not entirely satisfied with the healthcare services. Despite the fact that they feel the hospital is well-equipped, access to drugs is challenging because they are either referred to hospitals in Ikorodu to get FGD with Women in the Community facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Tinuade Family Compound (Orile Ikpakan) Number of participants 3 Participants Meeting date 22.03.2012 Duration 1hr medicine (about an hour away) or they have to pay high prices for drugs at the pharmacy.  The women advocated that government should get involved to subsidise the cost of medicine.  Medical healthcare is generally unaffordable for most groups. Most especially widows, single parents and the aged. Those who cannot afford western medical treatment opt for traditional (herbal) medicine.  Immunization is available mainly for children through the local health facilities. The immunization vaccines available include: Polio and Measles vaccine.  Visits to the traditional medicine doctors are common. In this particular community they are called Iya Agbo (directly translated as mother of herbs). These are the people who cook and sell the herbs.  Traditional medicine is used to treat the following ailments: pile, malaria, arthritis, High Blood Pressure and Rheumatism. According to the women almost everybody uses traditional medicine (locally known as Agbo) for one ailment or the other.  Trained midwives exist and are used in the community. 1.5 Livelihood and Potential Effects of the Project  The women claim that they have received no information about the AIPP project  The women suggested that Chevron should come to their meeting to tell them about the project i.e. through an organised town hall meeting.  Positive Effects of the Project: The women envisage that the project will bring employment to the people of the community, most especially the real stakeholders and owners of the land and an increase in skilled and unskilled labour. They have high expectations that social amenities will ensue such as scholarships for students, improved health care facilities and adequate care for the elderly.  Negative Impact: The women fear that the AIPP could cause a fire hazard. Therefore in order to prevent this they should adhere to safety standards for themselves and the community’s sake. The women also fear that gas emissions would pollute the air and cause health problems. The women have advised that safety standards should be adhered to, to avoid this from happening. 1.6 Key Social Problems and Development Issues  The women were asked to prioritise their needs. As it was a small women’s gathering due to the tension that existed in the community, a simple brainstorming between the women ensued to decide on their four prioritised needs. This was unlike the system of priority voting and matrix ranking that was used for larger groups in other communities.  The women’s prioritised needs were listed as follows: 1) Creation of adequate drainage in order to contain soil erosion, 2) Employment for the empowerment of women,3) Adequate care for the elderly in the community, 4) Provision of potable water. 1.7 Traditions  Strong traditions do exist in the community. Several traditional festivals exist in the community. They include:  Oro festival-For this festival special dates are chosen each year and the women stay indoors. The festival starts at midnight and runs for about 24hrs. During these hours of day and night the women cannot step out.  Boat Regatta(Remi Reke Festival)- This festival runs every three years. It usually takes place in December.  Ota Festival- This festival is supposed to take place every year however in recent times it has not been held due to scarcity of funds.  The Ileya and Eid-El-Fitri(Ramadan) – These are traditional Muslim holidays observed by the community and the nation. These are public holidays.  Many other festivals exist such as the Shokun festival which occurs every year. It has a special site (shrine) allocated to it.  All of the mentioned festivals have shrines attached to them.  The women feel that the Egbin power plant has not brought much advantage to their community. They feel cheated by the project because according to the women some households that were removed from the site only received N1000.00 as compensation. FGD with Community Fishing Folks at Community facilitated by Amara Okoroiwu Location of FGD meeting Mini Village Hall Number of participants 12 (see attendance sheet) Meeting date 29-03-2012 Duration 2 hours 1.1 General Profile  The fishing folks reside in the community permanently. They comprise of indigenes and non indigenes. The non natives that come around the area to fish are from Ilaje and Egun (from Yoruba tribe with a different dialect, live around Badagry area). When the Eguns come around to fish in the lagoon, they camp in the community for a week before migrating to another destination.  40% of community members are involved in fishing activities, of this proportion, 70% are men whereas 30% women are involved. The reason for this proportion is because it is a male dominated occupation. The men engage in major fishing activities, the women are only engaged in fishing for crayfish, prawns and crabs.  Different ethnic groups involved in fishing in the area are from – Ijebu, Ilaje and Egun (mini tribes in Yoruba), Ijaws and Hausa.  More community members are involved in fishing than non natives. The age range for fishing folks are between 15 to 65years, though there is no age limit, but due to age and strength failing them as they grow older, they retire from fishing activities.  There are five fishing associations in the community namely: o Seven Seas Fishermen Association o Iranlowo Fishermen Association o Ejalombu Fishermen Association o Asejere Fishermen Association Iranlowo Fishermen Association is the only group that is registered with the State Government. The associations meet once a month, usually the last Sunday of the month. Some of the roles of the fishing association includes but not limited to: o Explore means of securing assistance from the government and donor agencies o Assist members through monthly contributions to enable them replace bad fishing gears. This they do by buying the particular fishing gears members are in need of and the members will pay for the cost of the items in instalments. 1 1.2 Fishing Location and Availability of Fish  Fishing is done in the Lagoon, there are no restrictions as to where people can fish and who does the fishing, fishing can be done in the lagoon and other tributaries of the Atlantic ocean aas far as Aja and Epe, those who own outboard engines go as far as Badagry area and into the Atlantic Ocean.  The only alternative fishing site for the fishing folks is the Atlantic Ocean for those who have outboard engine, not for those with paddle because of the strong waves prevalent especially during the rainy season. Fishing is done daily, both during the day and at night or at any available time. Most fishing folks prefer fishing at night because by of the calmness that prevail and less commuters use the lagoon during that period.  Fishing depends on tidal movement/fluctuations – the low and high tide, each of the tide type last for maximum of six hours. Therefore, the fishermen have skills to determine which tide is favourable for fishing, they go out when the water is ebbing and return when the tide is high, it is believed that fish migrate from the ocean as the water is flowing back towards the shore.  A typical fishing expedition last between 4 to 6 hours. During the dry season, some folks fish at the Atlantic ocean, it takes between 2 to 3 hours to get there with outboard engine. Outboard engine range from 25 Horse power to 50Horse power. 2 1.3 Fish Catch  Fish varieties currently available include: o Barracuda o Owere o Kuta o Ofon - Shiny nose o Kugbe o Igbakere - Golden fish o Obokun - Catfish o Epiya - Tilapia o Kekere o Abo o Jagede o Agasa o Efolo o Salapore o Ijaga o Prawns, crab and assorted crayfish  The size of fish caught depends on the season, they disclosed that they have good catch during the peak dry season due to high salt incursion from the ocean into the lagoon but at other times may catch little or no fish at all especially during the heavy rains between August and September.  Fish sizes vary depending on varieties, they range from small fishes like tilapia, to medium size fish such as the catfish variety to the large fishes that can measure from 2kg to 12 kg and above such as the owere and cuta. During the peak fishing season in January and April, they can get as much as 15 to 20 baskets in a week, sometime up to 30.  There is noticeable decline in fish stock in the past 10 years. The fishing folks attributed this condition, to the dredging of the lagoon, which made some water channels in the lagoon to be blocked thereby restricting fish migration from the ocean into the lagoon.  Fishing folks said various fishes are caught at specific times in the year, viz: o January to April: is the season for bumper harvest for big fishes such as Barracuda, Owere o April to July ending; there is abundant harvest for all fish varieties o July to September: fish quantities decline during this period, not as much as is found in April  Fishing is their main source of livelihood, high proportion of fish caught is sold while a small quantity is sold. o January to April, the proportion of subsistence to sales is given as 10%: 90% o April to July, the proportion is given as 15%:85% o July to Sept, because the quantity declines, household consume more while sales ratio decline accordingly 60% - 40%, o When the quantity caught is small, all is used for domestic purposes none is sold. Sometimes, they may catch no fish at all. There is a fishing method called ‘akaja’, whereby a portion of the lagoon is fenced with raffia and palm front are dropped at the waterbed, after three months, the place is surrounded with net and all the raffia fence removed to harvest the fish trapped within the fence. The fishing folks can fish at the site for a week. 3 1.4 Income  During the dry season, which is the peak fishing season, a fisherman makes much money, details are given as follows: o January – July they make up N100,000 per week o August beginning to September; they make about N40,000 per week o October beginning to December; they make up to N20, 000 per week.  Income from fishing constitutes two-third of total household income. Fishing is the major and in some cases the only source of livelihood for the fishing folks. Wives of the fishing folks are involved in fish processing and petty trading, this make up for the remaining one-third of household income. Income made from these sources is less than N5000 per week. 1.5 Fish Supply  The fishing folks use canoe with outboard and motor boats. Other fishing gears include paddle, assorted types of nets for various fish types, bailer (calabash used for bailing water from the canoe), bamboo, bow and arrow, anchor, spear, hook and line. Some of the fishing gears like the fishing nets are fabricated in Nigeria while some other equipment are imported.  To make new boats, they buy planks from Ikorodu, outboard engine from Ebutte-meta and fishing gears like nets are procured at Ebute Idimagbo. There are resident carpenters and technicians within the community. They service their outboard engine once a month except there is an emergency fault that requires urgent attention; comprehensive servicing is done twice a year.  Apart from the periodic servicing and maintenance of equipment, the fishing folks observe a routine of scrubbing, washing and cleaning the boat on return from fishing trips.  Fishing is done all through the year- wet or dry season. 1.6 Fish Supply Chain  The fishermen sell the fish to their wives on return from fishing expedition; the women later re-sell the fish to the fish mongers who come from within and outside the community to buy. This can be done at the waterside or at the fisherman’s house.  The fisher mongers later transport the fish through road to the central market at Ijede, Ikorodu or other destinations. Processed fish are sold in the local markets or taken to Badagry, Ijaga, Ejiri, Abeokuta etc  Species are sold at varying prices considering their sizes, Owere sell for between N2000 to N6000, Cuta N5000 to N10, 000 while Obokun (catfish) sell for N3000. Tilapia is sold in baskets, each basket cost N8000.  More proportion of fish is processed, little is sold fresh. The proportion of fish sold fresh to that processed is 5% and 95% respectively.  Fish preservation method used in the community is smoking. Although a few put in the refrigerator, but majority smoke as a means of preservation. Apart from smoking as a means of preservation, some fish species are preferred smoked. So they are not sold fresh except smoked, they include: Efolo, Ijaga, Igun and shalapore.  They prefer to sell the fish fresh rather than processing it, as they make more income from fresh fish than when it is processed. Some fish species (such as ‘ijaga’) cannot be sold fresh therefore it is processed before sold. This practice does not change by season, it is a standard practice and preference of fish mongers and consumers in the area. 4 1.7 Attitude to the project  They became aware of the project during the land acquisition process  They stated that Chevron should intimate the community of their programmes through written correspondences to the village leader Positive Impact  The power plant when completed will boost economic activities in the area, as much people will migrate into the area and income generated activities will be enhanced  The project will bring about steady power supply in the area Negative Impact  If thermal effluence is discharged into the lagoon, it will result to migrate of fishes out of the area leading to reduction in household income of fishing folks. In verifying the issue of thermal effluence discharge continuously by the PHCN plant at Egbin, the fishing folks said that some of the big net they use for fishing require some members of the fishing crew to dive into the water to set the net, so is that that point they notice the water is hot, but when such activity is conducted elsewhere. 1.8 Key fishing Issues  Sea piracy is usually experienced during the lean period between September to November. When attacked, the fishing folks are dispossessed of their outboard engines.  They are faced with the problem of inadequate fishing gears. Since specific fish varieties requires specific type of net, fishing folks who do not have such nets types will not have reasonable catch. Also those who do not own outboard engine cannot travel beyond the lagoon to fish. Due to paucity of funds, those who want to buy outboard engine resort to buying fairly used engines.  They experience difficulty in buying fuel for their outboard engine because filling station frown at selling fuel in kegs, this delays their movement and fishing activities  Destruction of fishing gears by company barges and wood loggers. The fishing folks explained that companies such as Julius Berger prefer transporting their equipment through the lagoon at night and since they fish majorly at night, the barges in the process, damage their nets likewise the wood loggers who transport their logs through the lagoon. They appealed to government to help speak to this operator to reduce the impact of their activities on fishing activities. Suggestions on mitigation strategies  Extension services should be extend to the area to acquaint the fishing folks with recent innovations in fishing and best practices in using the waterways.  Provision of fishing gears to fishing folks to support members replace worn out gears  Clearing of water hyacinth from the water ways  Government and Chevron should provide a regulatory framework to control the activities of water vessels and barges operating in the water ways 5 Key Informant Interview KII Note prepared by Deola Awolola Meeting Date 23.03.2012 Name of Village Ipakan (Tinuade Oshimade Sarumi Family) Name and Position of Participants Prince Sarumi Adefolaju Idreez Youth Secretary for Tinuade Oshimade Sarumi Family Name of Interviewer Adeola Awolola Duration 2 hours 1.1 OCCUPATION/HOUSEHOLD  Majority of the youth in the community go to school. The proportion of youths who are in formal education is higher than those who were learning a trade (i.e. acquiring vocational skills such as aluminum fabrication, tailoring). However, the population of unemployed graduates is higher than those who are employed.  Boys and girls have equal rights to education and there is no discrimination as to who goes to school or not.  There are no educational institutions inside Tinuade Orile Ipakan, so people go to neighbouring communities (e.g. Ijede, Egbin) for both primary and secondary education, including Junior High School (also known as Junior Secondary School, JSS) and Senior High School (also known as Senior Secondary School). Most people school in Ijede.  Most people complete their secondary education up to Senior High School. Those that do not complete their secondary education either go to technical colleges afterwards, or learn a trade. This way, the people who drop out of school become self reliant.  School drop-out rate is less than 10%.  There are all forms of profession among the youths including formal, informal and technical forms. Generally, some people want to be self-employed if they have the opportunity and resources to, but more people want to work with corporate organizations.  People may not be able to achieve their goals due to insufficient funds and a lack of sponsors. Fathers are limited resources due to low income level and may not be able to support their children financially to the level they desire. There is also the concern about insecurity of jobs as those that are even employed are wary of been sacked or dismissed.  It is difficult to get employed in good companies or government. People graduate with good results but when they apply to companies, they are turned down. According to the respondents, employment is no longer based on merit but on who you know; so those who have ‘godfathers’ get employed even if they have poor results.  For those that start jobs straight after leaving either JSS or SSS, their level of income is generally low - lower that the minimum wage figure of N18,000. This category of people typically becomes artisans, or they get engaged in some other types of unskilled labour. Furthermore, those who may require their artisanal services are not many in the community resulting in low engagement and low income.  Young people move away from the community in search of better opportunities in big cities greener pastures as the community is under-developed.  Youths respond to their parents’ needs and run errands at home.  They also go out to work in order to contribute to the household income. They do whatever decent work their hands find to do just to make ends meet. 1.2 TRADITIONS  There are no strong traditions in the community, but there is a dominant religion which is Islam. However, the dominant deities of the land are Ota Gborowo. Imale Eremireke, Ogun and Shookun.  There are festivals in which each of these gods is celebrated annually. However, these festivals are no longer of high significance because of the unavailability of funds to organize the appropriate celebrations. All Muslim Meeting Date 23.03.2012 Name of Village Ipakan (Tinuade Oshimade Sarumi Family) Name and Position of Participants Prince Sarumi Adefolaju Idreez Youth Secretary for Tinuade Oshimade Sarumi Family Name of Interviewer Adeola Awolola Duration 2 hours festivals are very well celebrated including Eid-el-Fitr, Eid el-Adha, as well as other Christian festivals like Christmas. Furthermore, ancestral fathers of the land are celebrated annually.  There are sites with traditional/sacred importance in the community. For instance, the above mentioned deities have sacred sites attached to them as shrines.  The expectations of youth are that the youth should be united and should have one voice. They should not constitute nuisances to the community; they should be well-learned; and they should have a good knowledge and understanding of their history and lineage.  Youths have maintained expected standards overtime as there is a constitution that has been guiding the youths of the community from time past. The constitution is amended if and when required.  Youths do not engage in riots or communal fights as this will be against what their elders have taught them as well as their expectations towards them. 1.3 DECISION MAKING  Youths take part in decision making at home. Their parents encourage them to partake in conversations that have to do with decision making.  The Tinuade family have periodic and regular family meetings in which the youths are participants as well as members of the executive committee.  The Tinuade Sarumi Progressive Forum is the only youth group in the community. The forum organises seminars, career talks and support members financially. They have quick communication among each other and advise themselves to live in peace and unity. 1.4 HEALTH  The most common ailments in the community are malaria and flu, particularly because of the occasional cold breeze from the lagoon. People are able to manage their health on time because they are enlightened.  There are no hospitals in the community but people visit the government hospital in the neighbouring community – Ijede Health Centre. Others visit private hospitals in the area.  Yes, people use herbs and visit traditional medicine practitioners. The commonest herb is Agbo Iba which is effective against malaria fever. 1.5 RECREATION  The youths engage in sports like football, sprinting, high jump, lawn tennis, table tennis e.tc.  The common types of exercise in the community are dancing and weight lifting.  Though there are no specific venue for sporting activities, youths utilise any available space they see when they need it.  Typical recreational activities among the youth include drama, music, and dance/choreography. They organise these activities among themselves, and sometimes go to neighbouring communities to perform. 1.6 PROJECT  The project has been discussed among the youth in their youth forum, so they have background information on the project.  According to the youth, one of the opportunities that the project can bring is employment opportunities which will empower the youth to develop their community, as well as achieve their own goals.  The impacts that could result from the proposed project are noise pollution, water pollution, air pollution and odour from gas emissions.  One idea for enhancing the opportunities mentioned above is that those who have gone to school and are qualified should be given employment based on their expertise. Also, there should be provision for artisans and other unskilled labour to be gainfully engaged. Furthermore, a vocational centre can be established where Meeting Date 23.03.2012 Name of Village Ipakan (Tinuade Oshimade Sarumi Family) Name and Position of Participants Prince Sarumi Adefolaju Idreez Youth Secretary for Tinuade Oshimade Sarumi Family Name of Interviewer Adeola Awolola Duration 2 hours people can learn vocational skills.  The youths made suggestions for mitigating impacts to include taking care of those individuals who earn their livelihoods on water and providing alternative support for them. Also the gas emissions can be reduced by using Best Available Technology for the project. Maintenance of equipment may also reduce noise that may emanate from them. Key Informant Notes Prepared by Sylvanus Abua Key Informant Interview with CDA in Ipakan facilitated by Sylvanus Abua and Rasheed Adeniran Location of FGD meeting Palace of Ipakan Baale Number of participants 4 participants Meeting date 28.3. 2012 Duration 50mins 1.1 General Profile  According to the CDA representatives, the role of the CDA is to contribute towards community development. Ipakan CDA liaises between the community and the local government authority on all community development affairs. CDA helps to bridge the gap between government and the community, bringing government closer to the people. .  The CDA comprises landlords/landlady as every landlord/landlady in Ipakan is a member of the CDA.  So far, Ipakan CDA has provided support to hairdressers associations and fishermen. While hairdressers received some training, fishermen were supported with Yamaha power boat and nets. The CDA reported that the fishermen association has been managing the boat well. They suggested that community members need a lot of support in the area of vocational training.  The CDA identified street light, water supply, town hall and drainage channel as major priorities for Ipakan. . They noted that people are interested in the project and are expecting that they will have employment from the project, receive scholarships to further their academic careers and that the company will fulfil their corporate social responsibilities in terms of social investments. 1.2 Views on the Project  Information about the project: According to the key informants, the CDA has been very aware of that the power plant project. They seem to be most aware of the project.  In their opinion, the best way to pass information to the community and the CDA is though the Baale of Ipakan. They also indicated that information for CDA members can also be sent through the CDA chairman and/or secretary.  Benefits of the power plant: The CDA believes that the power plant will provide employment opportunities for most youth in the community. They also expect that Chevron will construct a good road linking to the area. It is expected that community members will be compensated through employment opportunities directly or indirectly i.e. the employees of the power plant will support the businesses in the community. They also believe that the project will result in general development in the community in terms of skills building for community members and social infrastructure.  Negative Impact of the Power Plant: When the team asked about concerns they have, CDA members indicated that the project may contribute to ozone layer depletion and that the chemical wastes can affect the stock of fish in the lagoon. Key Informant Notes Prepared by Linda Bembatoum Key Informant Interview with CDC in Ijede Community facilitated by Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Ijede Palace Compound Number of participants 3 participants Meeting date 29 March 2012 Duration 50 mins 1.1 General Profile  3 members of the Community Development Committee (CDC) participated in this Key Informant Interview. They include: Mr. Matthew Lamina- CDC Chairman, Yusuf Jubril -CDC Secretary and Mr. Bamidele A.O. Ajayi- First Vice-Chairman of the CDC.  According to the Key Informants, the main role of the CDC is Community Development. By this they mean that the CDC acts as an intermediary between the Local Government and the Community Development Associations (CDA). There are 50 CDA’s under the Ijede CDC. According to the CDC, recent CDC projects include the construction of boreholes and the electrocution of the various CDA areas. The CDC has also assisted in creating linking roads between the CDAs in the area. Providing these forms of infrastructure is what the CDC is focused on at the moment.  The CDC’s concerns regarding the AIPP include the following: 1) They are concerned that the project will affect the abundance of fish in the lagoon since people are known to fish as a means of livelihood in Ijede. The fear is that activities near the water would cause the temperature of the water to rise thereby forcing the fish to move further away into the ocean. 2) The CDC members also suggested that the activities of the AIPP may reduce the amount of farming land available to the farmers. This would affect the livelihoods of farmers and reduce the rate of food production. The CDC representatives suggested that both farmers and fishermen be compensated with the provision of alternative means of employment.  The CDC would also like Chevron to keep the community updated about the AIPP through the CDC which will act as an intermediary.  According to the CDC, the vulnerable people in the community include 1) the unemployed youth (recent graduates), 2) unemployed adults, 3) people with disabilities and widows in the community.  In order to take care of these vulnerable groups, the CDC has a poverty alleviation program. This program is funded by the Local Government. Individual contributions of about N10, 000 naira are collected once in a while. These funds are used to aid the vulnerable groups mentioned above.  There is also a school for the physically challenged popularly referred to in Nigeria as the ‘Deaf and Dumb School’. This school is located in Ikorodu and it is funded by the state government.  The CDC members stressed the need for more funds and resources and suggested that Chevron assist by sponsoring vulnerable persons for various vocational training workshops.  The vulnerable people are mostly in their homes being taken care of by their families as the CDC does not have the means to take on those responsibilities.  The CDC Key Informants have said that they are willing and ready to manage the community’s interest and mitigate any potential negative impacts. They demonstrated evidence of this commitment by showing the PNI facilitator a recent letter calling for an urgent meeting the next day to resolve a conflict between two communities. The conflict had to do with boundary and electricity issues. As the case was confidential the KI informants were not able to give much detail on it. The CDCs explained that a major part of their work is to resolve community conflicts and ensure security in the community.  In addition the CDC has interdepartmental relations with the police. Every month the CDC holds meetings Key Informant Interview with CDC in Ijede Community facilitated by Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Ijede Palace Compound Number of participants 3 participants Meeting date 29 March 2012 Duration 50 mins with the Police Community Relations Committee (PCRC).  The NGOs operating in the nearby area include: 1) The Ishokan Youth Congress-This is a Community Based NGO run by the youth in the community. 2) The Association of Unity Estate Phase 1 Okeletu Women’s Wing- This group is a residential association run by women. They meet every Sunday to support and assist each other as needed.3) Ajede Luwasa Improvement Association (ALIA) - The patron of this CBO is the Oba (King) of Ijede. They are responsible for making sure that events in the palace run smoothly. 1.2 Views on the Project  According to the CDC representatives, they first heard about the AIPP project about 6 to 7 years ago. One CDC member said he got the information from the land owners after the land was bought from them by Chevron. The second CDC KI said he heard about the project when through the Nigerian Gas Company (NGC) as he was a former member of staff there. According to him The NGC is the company responsible for supplying Gas to Chevron for the AIPP project.  The CDC members have advised that Chevron communicate with the Community Development Association (CDA) because they cover the entire Local Council Development Area (LCDA). Through the CDA news about the project will be spread widely. The CDA can be contacted at the Local Government Area Secretariat since they have an office there.  It was suggested that Chevron keep the community leaders informed about the progress of the project at all times.  Positive Impact of AIPP-The CDC members envisaged that the benefits of the project would include: 1) Employment opportunities from Chevron would be made available for the people in the LCDA. 2) Influx of people, factories and businesses into the area which would lead to more job opportunities and infrastructural development. 3) the CDC believes that Chevron AIPP project will benefit the CDC in terms of project implementation in the community. They assume that Chevron will work in collaboration with the CDC to implement social infrastructural projects.  Negative Impact of the AIPP- 1) The CDC members feel that the security of the community might be jeopardized. They gave an example of how the NEPA premises had to be heavily secured with army staff due to threats made by Boko Haram. According to them if Chevron AIPP takes off, the CDC fear that there will be more threats from Boko Haram and therefore need for more security for the power plant and the community as a whole.2) The project could lead to infertility of land thereby reducing the land available for farming 3) The CDC feel that fishing would be reduced due to the activities of the AIPP. In their opinion the power plant would increase the temperature of the water in the lagoon thereby causing fish to die or move further up the lagoon.4) Health factors: The inhalation of gas and air pollution in general was another negative impact foreseen by the CDC.  Suggestions to Mitigate the Negative Impacts-1) For the fishermen who might lose their source of livelihood due to the AIPP project, it was suggested that Chevron provide alternative employment for the fishermen as compensation. 2) In order to mitigate the pollution of the environment by gas, it was suggested that Chevron should find a chemical to neutralize the effect of the gas in the atmosphere to avoid health issues. 3) In order to resolve the security risks, the CDC members propose that Chevron should employ more security combat. They should have a security group to protect the community as well and liaise with CDC to suggest trustworthy people who can act in the capacity to protect the community.  In addition, the CDC KI made a request that they would like to know the technicalities of the power plant system in order to understand how it will generate power. Key Informant Notes Prepared by Linda Bembatoum Key Informant Interview with Farmers in Ipakan facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Ipakan (Nepa Resettlement) Baale (Chief’s) Compound Number of participants 2 participants Meeting date 28 March 2012 Duration 1 hr 1.1 General Profile Two farmers were interviewed as Key Informants from the Ipakan community. They include: Suleiman Ogunbiyi and Monday Omoleyin  Of the two farmers Mr. Monday Omoleyin said he engaged in other activities aside from farming. He is a traditional herbalist and treats people with herbal medicine. He also repositions babies in the stomach so that pregnant women can deliver easily. Lastly Mr. Omoleyin explained that he speaks to the Gods on behalf of the people.  The main crops cultivated by the farmers include cassava, corn, beans and okro. These crops change from season to season  The farmers interviewed owned their own plots of land as it was inherited from their fathers. These cases are unique as most farmers who have not inherited land, have to pay for their land. Normally payment for land is done on a yearly basis. Payment for land is usually given to the elders that own the land.  Settlers are allowed to farm in the community of Ikpakan but they need to pay an agreed sum to the land owners.  It is easier for a Yoruba man to inherit land than an Igbo or Hausa person. This does not mean that people of different tribes cannot inherit land in the community. According to the farmers, the quantity of land inherited by an Igbo man is likely to be smaller than the land inherited by a Yoruba man.  Nothing will happen to land that is unused for a period of time. According to the farmers, this type of land will become more useful and more fertile if left alone. A settler who chooses not to use his/her land for a long time could face the risk of the land being confiscated by the Olori Ebi (Elders of the community). This would however not happen to an indigene of the community.  The renting of land is measured with an agreement. A formal agreement would occur between a farmer and the community (if the community owns the land) or between a farmer and a particular family (if the land belongs to a family).  The farmers time-table for the year is as follows: Feb-Mar-The farmers cut down the bush on the land, April-The farmers install ridges on the land, May-In May the planting begins and ends in June in preparation for the rainy season, June-December- The farmers use this period for weeding as lot of weeds grow during the wet season, Oct-Nov-During these months the farmers plant tomatoes, okro, pepper and groundnut because they grow well towards the end of the year.  The location of the farming land in the community is after Abule Eko, near the NEPA plant.  People from other areas are allowed to farm there.  According to the farmers, the land is still good for farming and they use fertilizer and waste from poultry to improve their yield.  There are, however, some farming lands in the community that are infertile.  Activities of women in farming include: the cultivation of land and the planting of maize and various vegetables.  The men are the ones who clear and burn the forests, make the ridges, plant the crops along with the women Key Informant Interview with Farmers in Ipakan facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Ipakan (Nepa Resettlement) Baale (Chief’s) Compound Number of participants 2 participants Meeting date 28 March 2012 Duration 1 hr and weed.  Both male and female children support the farming once they are back from school. They help to carry the stems; they assist in carting the weeds away. In addition they bring home firewood for cooking.  Children are not involved in the sprinkling of pesticides. Pesticides are not used by farmers in Ikpakan.  According to the KI’s most farmer’s farm to sell rather than for self consumption. They sell about 80% and consume about 20%. This does not differ from crop to crop but it applies mostly to the cassava crop which is used to make Garri (a major staple food in Nigeria).  Examples of main farming implements used include: Hoe, cutlass, motor saw and axe.  The farmers rely completely on rain water for farming. This is why they normally wait till May and June to plant crops.  New farmers get their seeds from the market or they are assisted by an older farmer who can give them new seeds. Older farmers usually keep parts of the crop and save it for use in the next year. This is usually the case with corn and cassava crops.  The farmers use fertilizers in the form of poultry waste. Pesticides are not used.  Farmers have access to credits and loans through farmers associations  The KI farmers are both members of the Ifelodun Agriculture Society, which is a recognized farming association in the community. Apart from contributing money for the upkeep of the association, the farmers assist each other to clear farmlands and in return the assisted farmers provide food and refreshments to show gratitude. These are the benefits attached to being a member of the association.  Main challenges faced by farmers include lack of sufficient credit facilities and insufficient capital to hire tractors to clear the ground as a result the farmers clear their lands manually with the assistance from other farmers. According to the farmers, most people are no longer interested in farming because of the stress involved in it. The shortage of farmers means that the few farmers existing try to be ‘Jack of All Crops’ rather than specializing in specific crops or plants. 1.2 Views on the Project  The farmers are aware that Chevron bought some land because when land was acquired some people were employed from the community to provide security for the area.  As the farmers did not know much about the project, they were briefed by the PNI team facilitators.  According to the farmers, the best way to provide information about the project would through public radio announcements and informing the Baale (Head) of Ikpakan.  Negative effects of the power plant- The taking away of farming land for the AIPP project is seen as a negative impact on the people especially the farmers who farm for their livelihood. The farmer also referred to a pipeline that supposedly came from Warri for the NEPA site. The farmers claimed that homes were affected and they do not want a repeat of this. The farmers were concerned about noise pollution in the farmlands. They claimed that sometimes when power plant work is in operation, it is hard to hear people speak or communicate with fellow farmers on the field.  Positive Effects- The farmers felt that if regular light is made available from the AIPP, grounding of cassava to make garri and other products will be made easier and faster. There would also be liveliness in people’s homes if the light is available at night. Stable light would make things easier for welders, tailors and other businesses that rely on electricity. The power plant will also provide employment for community members (directly or Key Informant Interview with Farmers in Ipakan facilitated by Celine Uzoho and Linda Bembatoum Location of FGD meeting Ipakan (Nepa Resettlement) Baale (Chief’s) Compound Number of participants 2 participants Meeting date 28 March 2012 Duration 1 hr indirectly).  The farmers envisage that the influx of more people into the community will enable fast sales of their products Surveys Annex 5 Memorandum of Understanding MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN CHEVRON NIGERIA LIMITED AND AGURA INDEPENDENT POWER PROJECT COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS COMMITTEE AND LAGOS STATE GOVERNMENT --------------------------- 2010 1 This Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) is entered into on this day of 2010, BETWEEN Chevron Nigeria Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, acting as operator for and on behalf of the joint venture between Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation and Chevron Nigeria Limited (“NNPC/CNL JV”) (hereinafter called “COMPANY”) of the one part AND The Agura Independent Power Project Community Stakeholders Committee (hereinafter called “ICSC”) an association formed to represent the Ijede, Ipakan, Egbin and Agura Communities of Lagos State (“the Community”) which expression shall include, the Obas, Baales, Council-of-Chiefs, compound leaders, Community Development Committee, youth and women’s groups, indigenes and all satellite settlements/communities of the Community of the second part. AND Lagos State Government (hereinafter referred to as “LASG”) of the third part. Each of the COMPANY, ICSC and the LASG is hereinafter referred to as a “Party” and collectively as the “Parties”. PURPOSE COMPANY, ICSC and the LASG, have decided to enter into this MOU in order to establish the framework within which COMPANY and ICSC can work together to create a climate of understanding between the Parties so as to achieve the following objectives: OBJECTIVES Participatory Partnership To encourage the COMPANY and ICSC to work with the LASG and other stakeholders, including non-governmental organizations (“NGOs”) as partners for the promotion of development and peace. It is understood by all Parties that this objective can only be achieved in an atmosphere of trust and understanding among all the Parties. Transparency and Accountability 2 To encourage the Parties to operate an open and accountable system through the implementation of the governance model contemplated by this MOU. Capacity Building The Parties intend, through the governance model contemplated by this MOU, to encourage the transfer of responsibility and accountability for decision making, planning and execution of development projects/programs to the ICSC. It is expected that if properly implemented, this process will assist the Community through the ICSC to develop the capacity to own and manage their own development programs. Additionally, the Parties intend that, over time, the Community members will gain and develop the skills and competencies to attract external funds from diverse sources for their own development. Safety, Security and Rule of Law To jointly promote a safe and secure environment within the Community in which the Community can fulfill its developmental potentials and COMPANY can fulfill its business goals. Community Empowerment and Sustainable Development To assist the ICSC in its efforts to peacefully lead the Community and assist in its economic development. Relationship between COMPANY and ICSC To promote harmonious relationship between the Community and COMPANY Supremacy of the MOU This MOU shall supersede and replace any previous or existing agreements or memoranda of understanding between the Community and the COMPANY, which previous agreements and memoranda of understanding are hereby terminated. This MOU shall be the one single expression of the understanding between the Parties, as hereinafter set forth. NOW THEREFORE, THE PARTIES IN PURSUANCE OF THE ABOVE OBJECTIVES HEREBY AGREE AS FOLLOWS:- 1. ICSC OBLIGATIONS: The ICSC agrees that it shall: a. Provide a conducive and peaceful environment within the Community and for COMPANY, its contractors, subcontractors, agents and personnel to work free from disruption, invasion, disturbance, interference and threat in any of COMPANY’s offices, location and or operational base. 3 b. Take primary responsibility for the activities and community development programs as stated in Schedule D of this MOU. c. Participate in the resolution of all compensation matters to the Community, encourage and promote peaceful conduct in all activities in respect of compensation matters as well as advise on, and facilitate the amicable resolution of any dispute that may arise therefrom. d. Ensure that the terms of this MOU will not be varied or amended during the term of this MOU except by written agreement of the Parties. e. Ensure that the terms of this MOU are recognized by the ICSC and the Community in the event that the composition or membership of the ICSC changes from time to time. f. Use all peaceful means and proper influence vested in the ICSC to ensure that no person, entity or community within the ICSC communities interferes or restricts COMPANY, its contractors, subcontractors, agents, and personnel from carrying out their operations. g. Recognise that this MOU shall apply to, and captures all understandings in respect of all and any part of the activities as contained in Schedule A (where hiring of Community workers does not apply) and work programs as contained in Schedule B, to be executed by COMPANY, its contractors, subcontractors, agents, and personnel throughout the term of the MOU. h. Ensure that ICSC shall not enter into any other agreement or have any other understanding concerning the subject matter of this MOU with the COMPANY’s contractors and subcontractors as well as their respective affiliates working in the area. i. Ensure that where a new activity is commenced or initiated by COMPANY during the duration of the MOU, the terms of this MOU shall apply to such activity. j. Ensure accountability and transparency in all dealings and give full, complete and timely information to the full assembly of all the communities that make up the ICSC on all issues of common interest regarding the various benefits coming to the Community through the ICSC from the COMPANY. k. Formalise and document conflict of interest policy for ICSC contracting. l. ICSC agrees to maintain and comply with the conflict of interest and improper influence policies, as set forth in Sections 11 and 12, to promote and encourage transparency and fairness in the award of contracts and to communicate such policies to its members, communities and contractors. ICSC will award contracts using an open tendering and competitive bid process and only 4 contractors that are competitive and meet ICSC’s contracting process (including compliance with conflict of interest and improper influence policies as set forth in Sections 11 and 12) will be selected. m Take a positive leadership role and take responsibility for the actions of their indigenes and members of the Community. n. Through dialogue and in consultation with the Community Engagement Management Board (“CEMB”) create standards of fairness in all issues concerning the distribution of Community benefits. o. Take all reasonable action(s) to eliminate conflict and foster mutual understanding of the needs and problems of the Parties. p. Ensure that the focus and direction of the ICSC shall be to address the following issues in a manner consistent with the understandings embodied in this MOU:-  Community employment  Community development.  Security and safety of all personnel and property, including but not limited to personnel and property of Community and COMPANY.  Discipline of Community workers q Provide CEMB with quarterly, written financial reports, and present annual, written financial reports at Annual General Meetings. Complete and present to CEMB, annual, written audits of all bank accounts by external auditors approved by the Company. r. Use its authority and influence to lawfully protect all COMPANY property and assets in a safe and reasonable manner, and ensure that none of these is vandalized, looted or damaged. s. Use its authority and influence to ensure that its decisions on any issue discussed shall be understood by the Community and its members and be accepted and regarded by members of the Community as binding. t. Register itself as a legal entity with the Nigerian Corporate Affairs Commission. u. Seek additional sources of project funding from Federal, State and Local Governments as well aslocal and international donors. All stakeholders will assist the ICSC in the performance of this responsibility o v. Ensure that ICSC is inclusive and representative of the interests of women, youths and all segments of its members and provides equal opportunity for all to serve and in particular, establish a women and youths committees and or any other committee that will ensure full representation and performance of ICSC commitments herein. 5 o w. Ensure fair distribution of contract opportunities among the members of the Community and that contracts opportunities or awards are not given to only influential members of the Community 2. COMPANY OBLIGATIONS: 2.1 Hire of Community Workers by Contractors 2.1.1 COMPANY agrees that contractors executing work programs for COMPANY shall hire as many Community workers as COMPANY or said contractors may require, provided such Community workers meet all COMPANY’S and contractor’s pre-employment qualifications and other employment requirements. The number and requisite qualifications for employment of Community workers to be employed shall be determined solely by COMPANY and/or COMPANY contractors. 2.1.2 The process for hiring of Community workers by contractors executing work programs for COMPANY shall be as stated in Schedule C 2.1.3 COMPANY and ICSC agree that contractors reserve the right to select, discipline or reject any Community worker presented by the ICSC which in contractor’s opinion is not a competent person in terms of qualifications, skill, attitude, performance or behaviour. ICSC shall have the opportunity to timely nominate a replacement candidate for any rejected or released Community worker as necessary. However, the ICSC will lose the privilege, if three successive candidates are rejected for a designated position because of their stated lack of competence in terms of qualifications, skill, attitude, performance and or behaviour. The period allowed for submission of replacement candidates shall be determined by the work programme. 2.1.4 COMPANY and ICSC agree that all Community workers shall be required to sign a contract of employment that complies fully with this MOU prior to employment, indicating their agreement to the terms and that they are fit to perform the duties specified, whether they are being employed by the COMPANY , its contactors and/or subcontractors. The contract of employment shall specify the type of work offered, the work schedule, the work hours, terms of employment, compensation, work codes and practices, safety rules and regulations, including COMPANY’S drug and alcohol policy. Wages shall only commence after a Community worker has signed a contract of employment and has reported for work at site. No wages shall be earned after a worker’s contract of employment expires or is terminated. 2.1.5 COMPANY and ICSC agree that the duration of the contract of employment of Community workers employed by COMPANY’s contractors shall be as determined by the needs of COMPANY’s contractors and specified in the letters of employment, subject to contractors’ right to terminate individual contracts of employment in accordance with Section 2.1.6 below. 6 2.1.6 Termination of Community workers, whose services are no longer required, must be in conformity with the terms of the contract of employment between the contractor and the Community worker. Contractor shall not provide any other benefits to the Community or the worker. ICSC will be informed of the termination of any Community worker. 2.1.7 Compensation rates and benefits for the Community workers will be commensurate with the rates and benefits provided by contractor to other Nigerian national employees performing similar work. 2.1.8 COMPANY and ICSC agree that all Community workers hired by a contractor pursuant to this MOU shall observe, follow and abide by all safety regulations and practices, work codes and practices maintained at the work place, including COMPANY’s drug and alcohol, conflicts of interest and improper influence policies and shall not receive homage, “public relations,” dash, tips. COMPANY or contractor may impose discipline, including termination of employment of any Community worker who violates any rules, regulations, codes and practices at the work place. ICSC will be informed of the termination of any community worker. 2.1.9 All candidates nominated by ICSC from the Community for employment shall undergo normal medical screening at contractor’s expense and must be confirmed fit before being hired. Contractor shall conduct orientation exercise(s) for Community workers to ensure they are briefed on the terms of employment, work codes, security and safe practices maintained at the work place, including COMPANY’s drug and alcohol, conflicts of interest and improper influence policies. Contractor will provide safety training for all Community workers. The number of Community workers to be hired is at the discretion of the contractor, but must be aligned with the scope of work. 2.1.10 In the event of strikes or absence from work without authorization, COMPANY or its contractors or subcontractors will not pay wages to any Community worker in the event that such worker did not render services. 2.1.11 The requirements for provision of labour from members of the Community do not apply in respect of all regular and routine operations and maintenance activities contained in Schedule A performed by in-house resources, whether by COMPANY or by a contractor. 2.2 Community Contractors a. As part of the COMPANY’s policy to promote local content, COMPANY will endeavour to award contracts to suitably qualified contractors indigenous to the Community. b. To assist COMPANY in evaluating the qualifications of contractors indigenous to the Community, ICSC shall provide a list of competent Community contractors, who shall be pre-qualified by COMPANY and its 7 contractors in accordance with their respective pre-qualification procedures and standards, and if COMPANY deems it necessary, put them through safety seminars, workshops, etc before they are allowed to bid for work. c. These contracts will be awarded using an open tendering and competitive bid process and only Community contractors that are competitive per COMPANY’s contracting process will be selected. 2.3 Community Subcontractors to COMPANY’s Contractors a. COMPANY agrees to use reasonable efforts to ensure that indigenous Community contractors are included in the sub-contracting process of COMPANY’s contractors. b. ICSC agrees that COMPANY’s contractors will consider nominated Community contractors in accordance with the contracting processes of COMPANY and its contractors. c. ICSC further agrees that the sub-contractors will be as identified by COMPANY’s contractors and subject to contractor’s procedures and standards. d. Whenever a contractor not indigenous to the Community represented by the ICSC wins a contract to be executed within the Community, the selected contractor will be required to give consideration to local community content. e. COMPANY will share information and enlighten ICSC on local community content policy. f. The COMPANY expects that local contractors will acquire relevant skills and develop business capacity through the execution of the projects at prices competitive with the COMPANY’s estimates. 2.4 Company Employment All Parties recognize and accept that COMPANY is an equal opportunity employer. 2.5 Continuing Company Responsibilities 2.5.1. Scholarships: a. COMPANY will continue to fund and administer the COMPANY’S 8 Community scholarships programme in respect of all scholarships until the existing beneficiaries graduate or terminate their studies, outside of and in addition to any contribution it may elect to make under the MOU. b. The award and administration of Community scholarship will be handed over to ICSC at the end of the term of this MOU provided ICSC displays proven capacity to award and administer same while COMPANY will continue to fund the scholarships at its own expense, outside of and in addition to any contribution it may elect to make under this MOU, and subject to CNL/NNPC/JV budget approval. c. The award and administration of these scholarships shall be conducted by COMPANY in accordance with the terms of this MOU until same is transferred by COMPANY to ICSC. COMPANY will hand over details of the scholarship scheme it was operating to the ICSC and pay the costs for administering same to the ICSC annually. The modality for the transfer of the administration of scholarship to the ICSC will be discussed and agreed by ICSC and COMPANY. d. All scholarships shall be awarded on the basis of individual merit to persons selected on the basis that (i) they are from the Community; (ii) they are bona fide students in higher institutions of learning; and (iii) they require financial assistance to further their education. The names of beneficiaries of scholarships will be verified by the PRC and forwarded to CEMB for approval. Upon approval by CEMB scholarship funds shall be disbursed directly to the bank accounts of the beneficiaries. e. The number of scholarships that shall be awarded by COMPANY under the Community scholarship programme will be twelve (12) annually. 2.5.2 Science Teachers Programme: Any stipends payable to National Youth Service Corps members serving in the Community under COMPANY’s science teachers’ programme will continue to be paid by COMPANY and the programme administered by COMPANY, subject to NNPC/CNL JV budget approval and will be funded outside of and in addition to any contribution it may elect to make under this MOU. 2.6 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING COMPANY, outside of and in addition to any Contribution it may elect to make under this MOU, and subject to NNPC/CNL JV budget approval, will support and administer training and capacity building activities for ICSC members and executives based on clearly identified training needs associated with their respective roles and responsibilities. Decisions to approve training for members and executives of ICSC shall utilize a process that includes COMPANY representatives. 9 3. LASG OBLIGATIONS 3.1 The LASG agrees to perform the following: a. Identify a single high-level point of contact who will present ICSC development projects to state agencies and ensure harmonization of ICSC projects with overall development plans of the LASG. b. To be actively involved in the meetings, plans and activities specified under this MOU. c. Identify potential projects in the Community development (CD) plan that can be funded from the LASG budget. d. Play very active role in conflict resolution in the implementation of the MOU especially when its intervention is sought by the Community and or Company as provided in section 5 below. e. Appoint a respectable senior official (not less than an Assistant Director) of the state with knowledge of the Community and issues relating to them to head the Dispute Resolution Standing Team as stated in Section 7.13 below. 4. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT/SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS a. In the interest of fostering mutually beneficial and peaceful relations with the Community, the ICSC shall, working with the committees set up under the governance model provisions set out in Section 5 of this MOU, identify potential projects that will reasonably contribute to the sustainable economic or other development in the Community. b. These identified projects and all development projects within the Community will be funded by a cash contribution (“Contribution”) in such amount as COMPANY may elect each year to provide to the ICSC. Such Contribution will be paid into the bank account approved by the CEMB (hereinafter “the MOU Project Bank Account”). c. For the three years duration of this MOU, the COMPANY elects to contribute the sum of twenty million Naira (N20,000,000.00) only annually. The amount of Contribution made annually by the COMPANY for the three years duration of the MOU and any Contribution that may be made in subsequent years shall be at the COMPANY’S discretion and subject to NNPC/CNL/JV budget approval. d. Notwithstanding Section 4 (b) above, for the duration of this MOU, fifteen per cent (15%) of each year’s Contribution shall cover administrative expenses annually for the ICSC. The fifteen per cent (15%) 10 administrative expense of the ICSC shall be paid by COMPANY into a bank account approved by the CEMB and administered by the ICSC (hereinafter “the ICSC Bank Account”). e. The ICSC Bank Account is intended to fund operating costs such as office rental, staff salaries, accounting services, town hall meetings, enlightenment campaigns and any other overhead incurred in the implementation of ICSC’s activities as outlined within this MOU. The ICSC Bank Account will be maintained by the ICSC with effective accounting and internal controls, including the maintenance of books and records which accurately and completely reflect the amount and purpose of the disbursement of funds from such accounts. COMPANY has the right to inspect any books and records regarding the ICSC Bank Account and disbursement of funds from such accounts to determine compliance with the terms of this MOU. f. All bank accounts provided for in this MOU shall be established in banks located in Nigeria. The accounts shall be held in the name of the organization or body for whose purposes the account is established under this MOU and establishment of any bank account shall be subject to the approval of the CEMB. g. The COMPANY and the ICSC contemplate that this Contribution is to be the only financial contribution made to the Community, and other than as specifically set out in this MOU, replaces any prior COMPANY sponsored or community development programmes. h. The ICSC agrees to meet the costs of all logistics for organizing and executing activities (including logistics for community engagement meetings, end of year gifts distribution etc) within the scope of this MOU from the portion of the Contribution set aside for administration under the provision of Section 4(d). i. ICSC shall use the Contribution for the projects and activities specified in Schedule D, for the purpose of improving the quality of life and provide sustainable development in the Community and shall be accountable to the people of the Community and the CEMB, for the appropriate allocation thereof. j. Not withstanding the provision of Section 4 (c) and (e) above, for the three years duration of the MOU, COMPANY will provide a further sum of two million naira (N2,000,000.00) only as a Peace Bonus to ICSC in the event there is no disruption to COMPANY’S operations in any particular year. Payment of the Peace Bonus in subsequent years will be at COMPANY’s discretion. The application of this bonus shall be as stated in Schedule E. 85% of the bonus shall be utilized for projects in accordance with Section 4(i) above and may target projects for particular groups such as youths and women. In the event that a Peace Bonus is earned, fifteen per cent (15%) 11 of the Peace Bonus shall be added to the ICSC Bank Account established by Section 4(d). Funds paid as Peace Bonus shall be subject to the same procedures for disbursement and project approval as Contributions made by COMPANY under this MOU. k. For the avoidance of doubt, disruption means stoppage of any activity, regardless of the duration, involving COMPANY, its contractors, subcontractors, agent and or personnel, whether in the field, en-route to the field or offices, or at any other location including respective offices as well as disruptions resulting directly from compensation issues and or for any reason l. Disbursement from the MOU Project Bank Account shall be as stated in the governance provisions in Section 5 of this MOU and the signatories to the account shall be as stated under the governance model. The MOU Project Bank Account will be maintained with effective accounting and internal controls, including the maintenance of books and records which accurately and completely reflect the amount and purpose of the disbursement of funds from that account. COMPANY has the right to inspect any books and records regarding the MOU Project Bank Account and disbursement of funds from that account to determine compliance with the terms of this MOU. m. Funds for Community development or sustainable development projects contained in Section 4 (b) and (c) above will be deposited into the MOU Project Bank Account in four equal quarterly installments. n. Any funds outstanding at the end of any year from any contributions made by COMPANY, including any contribution towards administrative expenses, shall be rolled over into the Contribution for the next year and used for the financing of community development projects and administrative expenses in accordance with this MOU. o. ICSC, COMPANY and LASG shall each nominate one signatory to the MOU Project Bank Account. The signatories nominated by each of ICSC, COMPANY and LASG shall be confirmed in writing to CEMB. Before funds may be disbursed from any of these accounts, the three signatories must jointly sign. The signature of each signatory affirms on behalf of each Party that the disbursement is appropriate and consistent with the terms of this MOU. 5. GOVERNANCE MODEL 5.1 To encourage transparency and accountability and to achieve the objectives of this MOU, there shall be established for the purpose of implementing the terms of the MOU, the following committees:- 12 5.1.1 The CEMB which shall be the committee providing general oversight of all activities contemplated by this MOU. a. The CEMB shall be made up as follows:-  ICSC – 4 representatives  Donor agency, if any – 1 representative  Government – 2 representative (one appointed by the State Government and one appointed by Ikorodu Local Government)  COMPANY – 1 representative  NGO - 1 representative (the NGO to be selected by mutual agreement of CNL and ICSC and paid by COMPANY)  National Petroleum Investment Management Services (“NAPIMS”) – 1 representative b. The functions of the CEMB shall be to: i. Provide general oversight for Community and COMPANY relations ii. Engage and pay external auditors. iii. Review the reports of all sub-committees, particularly the Project Review sub-committee, for community development plans and approve as appropriate iv. Review funding requests and approve cash withdrawals, subject to the disbursement provisions of Section 4(n). v. Engage in conflict resolution between stakeholders vi. Strengthen the mandate and capacity of the PRC for projects maintenance planning and monitoring vii. Review audited accounts viii. Work to enlarge the resource base of the ICSC for the development of the communities ix. Provide general oversight for the sub-committees established under this MOU 5.1.2 The Project Review Sub-Committee a. The Project Review sub-committee shall be made up of eight ( 8 ) members representing the following:-  COMPANY – 1 representative  NGO - 1 representative  LASG– 1 representative  ICSC - 4 representatives  NAPIMS – 1 representative b. The functions of the Project Review sub-committee shall be to: i. Work with the ICSC to develop a Community Development (“CD”) plan and build the ICSC for sustainable development. ii. Ensure the CD plan is in alignment with the State and Local Governments development plans and meets the Community’s needs. iii. Ensure transparency and accountability in the design and execution of all projects carried out under the terms of this MOU 13 iv. Will be responsible for reviewing budget proposals, contracting plans and validating project execution plans from ICSC v. Review the contracting plan of the ICSC to ensure that projects and other activities to be executed under this MOU shall, as much as possible, be executed by contractors from within the communities. vi. Request funding for the CD plan through the CEMB. vii. Prepare budget for project maintenance for CEMB’s approval viii. Monitor all projects and plan maintenance of same. ix. Report and be responsible to the CEMB. 5.1.3 The Accounts Audit Sub-Committee a. The Accounts Audit Sub-Committee shall be made up of six (6) persons nominated as follows:-  ICSC – 2 representatives (including its financial secretary)  LASG – 1 representative  COMPANY – 1 representative  NGO - 1 representative  Donor agency - 1 representative b. The functions of the Accounts Audit sub-committee shall be to: i. Regularly advise the CEMB on the status of accounts and budget preparation ii. Act as “gatekeeper” to account and ensure that all documentation [relating to the accounts established under this MOU are maintained and complete. iii. Ensure transparency and accountability in the design and execution of all projects carried out under the term of this MOU iv. Ensure the preparation of annual audited accounts. v. Monitor and track fulfillment of parties’ commitments and adherence to CEMB’S decisions and report to CEMB. c. No member of the Accounts Audit committee shall be a member of the CEMB or shall be eligible for selection as a signatory to the MOU Project Bank Account or ICSC Account. 5.1.4 The Peace Sub-Committee (PC) a. The PC shall be made up of representatives of the following bodies.  ICSC - 2 representatives  COMPANY - 1 representative  LASG. - 1 representative  NGO – 1 representative b. There will be an additional non-permanent member of the PSC who shall be the representative of COMPANY’s contractor involved in any conflict. c. The main function of the PSC is to assist Parties to resolve conflicts as set out in Section 7 below. 14 5.2 A reputable and independent firm of external auditors, approved by Company, shall be engaged by the CEMB on behalf of the Parties, to conduct an annual audit of the MOU, CEMB and ICSC bank accounts set up to implement this MOU and of all disbursements from the Contributions. 5.3 The Communication Sub-Committee. a. The CEMB shall establish a Communication Sub-Committee which shall comprise of:  ICSC- 2 representatives  LASG. 1 representative  COMPANY – 1 representative  NGO 1 representative b. The functions of the Communications Sub-Committee shall be as follows: i. Ensure that all communication relating to any matter which is the subject of this MOU is effectively done and as at when due. ii. Monitor Parties’ communication commitments. iii. Provide regular report of its activities to CEMB. iv. Perform such other functions as the CEMB may assign to it. 6 MEETINGS: a. The CEMB shall meet as necessary but must hold mandatory quarterly meetings. These meetings shall be held as soon after the end of each quarter of the year as is possible, on dates and at locations to be agreed by the Parties. The Chairman of the CEMB shall have the responsibility to give notice of the meetings to all Parties. b. All Parties shall endeavour to be adequately represented at all the afore- mentioned quarterly meetings c. A quorum is formed when at least one representative of each of the COMPANY, the ICSC and one other entity represented on the CEMB is present. d. The budget/activities of the preceding past quarter shall be reviewed at the next quarterly meeting and approval for projects given thereat. e. Each Party and entity represented on the CEMB and the other committees established under the governance model in this MOU shall have one vote only, regardless of the number of representatives such Party or entity has on the Committee. f. Decisions of the CEMB and other committees shall be taken by consensus and where this is not possible, by a two third majority of members present 15 and voting. In the event of a stalemate, the project/expenditure under consideration shall be deemed to be rejected or not approved. g. The CEMB shall, at least twice every year, submit progress and implementation reports on community engagement efforts to the COMPANY, ICSC, and LASG. h. The CEMB shall also convene an Annual General Meeting (“AGM”) of all stakeholders. i This AGM shall be chaired by the Chairman of the CEMB j. For the purposes of the AGM in Section 6 (h) above, the following shall be regarded as the stakeholders:- i. All members of the CEMB ii. All members of the ICSC iii. COMPANY representatives iv. All members of the Audit Sub-committee v. All members of the PRC vi. All members of the Communication Sub-Committee vii. All members of the Peace Sub-Committee viii. All members of the Employment Sub-committee k. The external auditors’ annual report will be presented to all stakeholders at the AGM 7. DISPUTE RESOLUTION 7.1. COMPANY and ICSC agree that conflicts, disagreements, misunderstandings and disputes between any community or their representatives and COMPANY or agents and contractors, either in the implementation of this MOU or in the course of the operations of COMPANY in and around the communities making up the ICSC shall be resolved peacefully and amicably through dialogue and in line with the processes outlined in this MOU. 7.2. Members of the communities who are aggrieved by the actions of COMPANY or its contractors shall forward their complaints to the ICSC who shall take all necessary steps to resolve the dispute or where necessary bring the matter to the attention of COMPANY. 7.3 Any disagreements that arise in the implementation of this MOU and or execution of the work program that are not disputes between COMPANY and ICSC, shall first be referred to representatives of COMPANY for resolution. 16 7.4 COMPANY representatives shall within forty-eight (48) hours of being notified of the dispute or as soon thereafter as possible use the internal processes and organs of the COMPANY to amicably resolve the dispute. 7.5 If however the dispute is still unresolved, the matter shall be referred to the PSC and or CEMB which shall as quickly as practicable arrange a meeting of all the necessary Parties. 7.6 Where the dispute is between COMPANY and ICSC, either of the Parties can write to the other stating the issues in dispute and the other Party is obliged to respond within three (3) days or as soon as practicable. 7.7 Where the issue is still unresolved after the response, either party can refer the matter to the PC and or CEMB for resolution. 7.8 In situations where the issues involve more than one regional body, it is agreed by all the Parties that an enlarged PC can be set up to resolve the dispute. 7.9 In the event the enlarged PC cannot resolve the dispute, the matter shall be referred to an enlarged CEMB to be made up of all the members of the regional bodies involved in the matter. 7.10 COMPANY and ICSC agree that in no circumstances will any person or group of persons be permitted to visit the COMPANY’s field locations or any other COMPANY work locations to register any grievance. All complaints or grievances shall be channeled as provided for in Section 7.2 above, through the ICSC which shall, where necessary, refer the complaints to COMPANY’s Policy, Government and Public Affairs Department for handling. 7.11 COMPANY and ICSC agree that in the event of any dispute, all work at COMPANY’s work site will continue fully, while an off-site meeting is convened as necessary to resolve the dispute. There shall be no work stoppage pending resolution of the dispute. 7.12 The ICSC agrees to work together with COMPANY, even at short notice, to address Community issues or disturbances that may arise in the course of the implementation of this MOU. 7.13 A standing team comprising nominees of the LASG, ICSC and COMPANY (“Standing Team”) shall be created for disputes that will involve government intervention. The Standing Team will serve as a resource to work together to peacefully resolve disputes. 7.14 In situations where there is an immediate threat of violence or threat to safety of people or property or escalation of any dispute and the LASG is involved, the Standing Team will serve as a resource in an effort to assist 17 in a peaceful resolution. However, nothing in this section is intended to limit or restrict any party’s ability to call upon the LASG to intervene where necessary. 7.15 In addition, in situations where immediate safety to people or property is not at risk, in the joint effort to promote dialogue and peaceful resolution to disputes, LASG assistance may be requested if the ICSC/COMPANY/PSC/CEMB's efforts to amicably resolve any dispute is not successful. 7.16 The Parties agree that they will seek to resolve disputes under this Section 7 by means of dialogue and persuasion. In performance of the obligations in this Section 7 and the other provisions of this MOU no person shall be required or expected to undertake any activity which will expose them to risk of harm of any kind. 8. TRANSITION PROJECTS: COMPANY will continue to fund and execute all outstanding Community projects committed to or being handled by COMPANY directly before the execution of this MOU outside of and in addition to any Contribution it may elect to make under this MOU, subject to NAPIMS’ approval. 9. NO AGENCY RELATIONSHIP This MOU is not intended to create, and shall not be construed to create, an agency relationship between the Parties, and no Party shall be deemed to be an agent or representative of another Party by virtue of this MOU. This MOU shall not constitute ICSC as the agent or legal representative of COMPANY or its contractors, nor shall ICSC have the right or authority to assume, create or incur any liability or obligation, express or implied, against, in the name of, or on behalf of COMPANY or its contractors. No party shall interfere in the internal processes or arrangement of the other particularly the process of selecting the members and executives of the ICSC 10. CONFLICT OF INTEREST. Neither ICSC nor LASG nor any of their members, agents, representatives or contractors may engage in any of the following activities without COMPANY’s prior written consent: 10.1 Give to or receive from any director, employee or agent of COMPANY or any affiliate of COMPANY in connection with this MOU, either of the following: (a) Any gift, entertainment or other benefit of significant cost or value. (b) Any commission, fee or rebate. 18 (c) Enter into any business arrangement with any director, employee or agent of COMPANY or any affiliate of COMPANY (other than as a representative of COMPANY or its affiliate). ICSC or LASG shall notify COMPANY immediately of any violation of this Section 11 or of the occurrence of any event prior to the date of this MOU which, if it had occurred after the date of this MOU, would constitute a violation of this Section 10. 11. IMPROPER INFLUENCE Neither ICSC nor LASG nor any of their members, agents, representatives or contractors may make any payment or give anything of value to any official of any government or public international organization (including any officer or employee of any governmental department, agency, company or other instrumentality) to influence the official’s or organization’s decision or to gain any other advantage for COMPANY or any other person arising out of this MOU. ICSC or LASG shall notify COMPANY immediately of any violation of this Section 11 or of the occurrence of any event prior to the date of this MOU which, if it had occurred after the date of this MOU, would constitute a violation of this Section 11. 13. NATURE OF AGREEMENT AND TERMINATION Each Party acknowledges that this MOU is intended to be an expression of mutual intent and understanding, and is not intended to be a legally binding agreement between the Parties. This MOU may be terminated at any time by any Party hereto giving three months written notice of such termination to the other Parties. Notwithstanding the foregoing, COMPANY may terminate this MOU, effective immediately for any violation of Sections 10 or 11, and is not obligated to make any contributions after the date of termination, and may seek recoupment for the amount of the payment or value of the gift paid or given in that violation. The Parties agree that unless or until any Party notifies the other Parties of its intention to terminate the MOU, the non-monetary terms of the MOU shall remain in place until a new MOU is signed or a notice of termination is given by any Party. 14. COMMENCEMENT AND DURATION This MOU shall become effective from the date COMPANY takes a Final Investment Decision on the Agura Independent Power Project and shall be for a term of three (3) years, subject to extension on terms and conditions to be mutually agreed upon by the Parties. 19 SIGNED FOR AND ON BEHALF OF COMMUNITY HEREIN REPRESENTED BY THE ICSC NAME _________________________________________ POSITION _____________________________________ ADDRESS _____________________________________ SIGNATURE ___________________________________ DATE __________________________________________ NAME _________________________________________ POSITION _____________________________________ ADDRESS _____________________________________ SIGNATURE ___________________________________ DATE __________________________________________ NAME _________________________________________ POSITION _____________________________________ ADDRESS _____________________________________ SIGNATURE ___________________________________ DATE __________________________________________ NAME _________________________________________ POSITION _____________________________________ ADDRESS _____________________________________ SIGNATURE ___________________________________ 20 DATE __________________________________________ NAME _________________________________________ POSITION _____________________________________ ADDRESS _____________________________________ SIGNATURE ___________________________________ DATE __________________________________________ NAME _________________________________________ POSITION _____________________________________ ADDRESS _____________________________________ SIGNATURE ___________________________________ DATE __________________________________________ NAME _________________________________________ POSITION _____________________________________ ADDRESS _____________________________________ SIGNATURE ___________________________________ DATE __________________________________________ NAME _________________________________________ POSITION _____________________________________ ADDRESS _____________________________________ SIGNATURE ___________________________________ DATE __________________________________________ 21 ON BEHALF OF CHEVRON NIGERIA LIMITED By: ________________________________ Signature: ___________________________ Date: _______________________________ Witnessed By: _______________________ Signature: ___________________________ Date: _______________________________ ON BEHALF OF THE LAGOS STATE GOVERNMENT By: _______________________________ Signature: __________________________ Date: ______________________________ Witnessed By: ______________________ Signature: __________________________ Date: ______________________________ 22 SCHEDULE A Regular and routine operations and maintenance activities performed in house by COMPANY or contractor (Community hiring does not apply) include the following:  Logistical support to both marine and aviation activities  Petroleum Engineering and Construction related activities  Equipment maintenance and testing  Diving  Survey  Vessel cleaning  Switch Yard Maintenance  Circuit Braker servicing  Isolator Blade Alignment  Protection Relay Maintenance and Calibration  Battery Bank Maintence  HES Related activities  Gas Pipeline construction and installation  Installation and maintenance of Electricity lines Comment [FAHO1]: Project owners should list activities that will performed in house under this schedule 23 SCHEDULE B Anticipated work programs include, but are not limited to the following:  Drilling work programs  Construction work programs such as offshore pipe lay, riser, and well jacket installation with lay barge spread(s) and associated marine vessels  Painting work programs 24 SCHEDULE C The process for hiring shall be as follows:- 1. COMPANY shall work with each contractor to determine the number of Community workers required for each work program consistent with terms of this MOU. 2. COMPANY will allocate available jobs, in totality for all work programs, according to agreements entered into with all community groups. COMPANY shall communicate these numbers to the ICSC with a request to supply names of, at most, two candidates per position. 3. Candidates will be interviewed, tested and selected by contractor. 4. Where ICSC fails to respond to COMPANY’s request for Community Workers within the stipulated time, such delay at the instance of ICSC shall not be a reason for delay of work or contractor mobilization. 25 SCHEDULE D Contributions made under this MOU are intended to cover the following types of projects and activities: Funds shall be allocated to the Community and invested in projects and sustainable programs jointly agreed upon by ICSC, CEMB and the COMPANY. These projects shall include but not be limited to:  Water projects  Construction and maintenance of:-  Science laboratory blocks  Waiting sheds  Town halls  Dispensary, cottage hospitals and doctors’ quarters  Teachers quarters  Landing jetties  Road construction  Women development centre  Capacity building schemes  Small scale business development  Education, health and infrastructural development  Technical skills acquisition programs  Sports  Community outreach programs  Charitable donations and contributions to the Community (not including donations and contributions to specific individuals or to any government officials, and consistent with the provisions of Sections 10 and 11)  Management and maintenance of existing projects and planning for future projects 26 SCHEDULE E The Peace Bonus specified in Section 4(h) of the MOU shall be divided into three parts viz:  50% daily bonus  35% monthly bonus  15% yearly bonus Daily Bonus  This shall be 50% of the amount of the Peace bonus divided by 365 days. For each day with no work disruption, the ICSC earns the daily amount. If there is a work disruption, the daily amount for that day is lost. The Daily Bonus shall be paid quarterly to the ICSC and GMOU bank accounts, at the same time that each quarterly Contribution is paid. Monthly Bonus  This represents 35% of the amount of the Peace bonus divided by 12 months and this amount is fully earned if there is no work disruption in any day in the month. The Monthly Bonus shall be paid quarterly to the ICSC, and GMOU bank accounts, at the same time that each quarterly Contribution is paid. Yearly Bonus  This is 15% of the amount of the Peace bonus and can be earned at the end of each year provided ICSC has earned at least 8 monthly bonuses in the year. 27 Chevron Independent Power Project: INDEPENDENT POWER PROJECT Agura, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities SLA Report COMPOSITE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR AGURA, IJEDE, IPAKAN AND EGBIN COMMUNITIES SPONSORED BY CHEVRON/NNPC Facilitated by: 1. R & D Africa Consult 2. Claim & Insurance Diagnostics Ltd. Website: www.randdafrica.com Website: www.cidl-ng.com E-mail: info@randdafrica.com E-mail: info@cidl-ng.com : leotigerng@yahoo.com: Solomon@cidl-ng.com Telephone: 234(0)8033032764 Telephone: 234(1)4037473-4, 08020781196 With technical support from Integrated Development and Community Empowerment Centre (IDCEC), idcecprodriven@yahoo.com talktoniyi@yahoo.com 234 (0)8033675020 September, 2007 Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agura, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities SLA Report Table of Content Description Page no Cover………………………………………………………………………......i Table of Content…………………………………………………………........ii Acronyms……………………………………………………………...............iv 1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………….1 2.0 Sustainable Livelihoods Assessment…..…………………................2 2.0 Context of Egbin Community........………………...................2 2.1 Location……………………………………………………….2 2.1.1 Agura.............................................................................2 2.1.2 Ijede...............................................................................2 2.1.3 Ipakan............................................................................2 2.1.4 Egbin..............................................................................2 2.2 History and Formation…………………...................................3 2.2.1 Agura.............................................................................3 2.2.2 Ijede...............................................................................3 2.2.3 Ipakan............................................................................4 2.2.4 Egbin..............................................................................5 2.3 Environment Characteristics.…………………………….........5 2.4 Population and Ethnic Composition..........................................5 2.4.1 Agura.............................................................................5 2.4.2 Ijede...............................................................................6 2.4.3 Ipakan............................................................................6 2.4.4 Egbin..............................................................................6 2.5 Social, Institutional and Political Characteristics......................7 2.5.1 Agura.............................................................................7 2.5.2 Ijede...............................................................................8 2.5.3 Ipakan............................................................................9 2.5.4 Egbin..............................................................................10 2.6 Infrastructure..............................................................................11 2.1.1 Agura..............................................................................11 2.1.2 Ijede................................................................................12 2.1.3 Ipakan.............................................................................14 2.1.4 Egbin...............................................................................14 2.7 Local Economy...........................................................................15 2.8 Pattern of Conflict in the community.........................................15 2.8.1 Agura..............................................................................15 2.8.2 Ijede................................................................................16 2.8.3 Ipakan.............................................................................18 2.8.4 Egbin...............................................................................18 Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report 1.0 Introduction For more than four decades through constructive collaboration, Chevron and its Joint Venture Partner, the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) have built a winning team in the Nigerian Oil & Gas sector. The NNPC/Chevron Joint Venture apart from excelling in its core business of oil and gas production has been pivotal in promoting ideas and programs that foster sustainable developments in all facets of the Nigerian society. As a Company, we strongly support the Federal Government’s ongoing economic reforms, especially in the energy sector. The Agura Power Plant will be a combined cycle plant situated adjacent to the Egbin Thermal Power station and is planned to deliver approximately 700-800MW capacity when completed. The first phase which will be commissioned in 4Q2010- 1Q2011 will generate between 400- 500MW of electricity with gas supplied from the CNL Joint Venture through the NGC- operated ELPS system or through the proposed NNPC/CNL Escravos Lagos Offshore Pipeline. The generated power will be sold through a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with PHCN or its successors and injected into the National Grid for transmission and distribution. The Agura Power plant will contribute significantly to the sustainability of economic development of Nigeria. The new community engagement strategy of CNL through setting up of Regional Development Council (RDC) to manage the various Global Memorandum of Understanding signed with communities under each RDC has taken CNL to a new level of sustainable development in the Niger Delta in particular and the country at large. Against this backdrop, all the stakeholders in the oil and gas sector have been reviewing and developing new models that would address a lot of the development needs and aspirations of the people being impacted by oil and gas activities. Consensus building, dialoguing and participation of all the parties that such activities would affect have become very important in decision making process for the either upgrading/ reviewing of existing projects or starting off a new one. Following this, was the need to reach out to all these key players in the development sector with integration of the existing system in order to arrive at more participative, rural people driven and sustained community development programme. The Independent Power Project (IPP) in CNL decided to engage the services of three organizations to conduct a similar exercise in all the four communities that the project will impact on. They are Integrated Development and Community Empowerment Centre (IDCEC), Research and Development Africa Consult, and Claims and Insurance Diagnostics. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 1 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report 2.0 Community Context 2.1 Location 2.1.1 Agura Agura is located in the Ikorodu area of Lagos. It is about 30km from Ikeja, the capital of Lagos State and perhaps an hour driving distance from the State capital. Agura is bordered by Gberigbe in the south, Ipakan in the west, Egbin and Ijede in the North and East respectively. The challenge of access has restrained Agura to a terminal. Although Egbin and Ipakan/Ijede border the community at the east and north respectively, they are accessed through the south in what appears to be a circular movement. The reason is that only one road connects Agura to the rest of the world – the Ikorodu–Ijede road, which veers off on the west into Agura through a border town, Gberigbe. A major impact of this challenge of ingress and egress has been exorbitant transport fares for the community people and other visiting commuters. It costs more to commute from Ikorodu to Agura than from Ikorodu to the neighbouring communities of Ijede/Ipakan/Egbin even though the distances are about the same. 2.1.2 Ijede Ijede lies about 15 kilometers south east of Ikorodu and approximately 30km east of Lagos. Set on a slight rise overlooking the northern part of the Lagos lagoon, it is bordered by Agura, Ipakan and Egbin to the east, Igbogbo to the west and Ikorodu to the north. The Lagos lagoon forms Ijede’s southern boundary. The estimated traveling time from Ikorodu to Ijede by road is approximately 40 minutes, and 1 hour from Ikeja, the State capital. One road connects Ikorodu to Ijede and runs through Ijede terminating at Egbin. Another road exists to Ikorodu which passes through Igbogbo and represents a shorter distance. This was a functional route in ancient times but is now inaccessible due to the need for a bridge at the Ijede end of the road. 2.1.3 Ipakan Ipakan and its neighboring communities – Ijede, Egbin and Ipakan – are located close to the northern end of the Lagos lagoon and belong to the tropical freshwater forest ecological zone. The community’s present habitat in the Ebute Olowo area of Ijede. Is bounded by the Lagos lagoon on the Southern and Western axis, Egbin and Ijede communities in the East and West respectively. Located within the Ikorodu division of Lagos, it is about 30-35km from Ikeja the State’s capital and some 35 minutes drive from the Ikorodu Local Government Secretariat. 2.1.4 Egbin Egbin lies about 15 kilometers south east of Ikorodu and approximately 30km east of Lagos. Set in a terminal overlooking the northern part of the Lagos lagoon, The community is cordoned off by the PHCN power station on the East, Ijede community in the West, Abule Ebute settlement 1and the Lagos lagoon in the South and Abule Eko street in the North. Located in Ikorodu area of present day Lagos State, it is about one hour’s drive from Ikeja the State capital, and about 30minutes drive from the Headquarters of Ikorodu Local Government Area. 1 resettlement for tenants of the Ipakan community Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 2 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Except guided by a person familiar with the location, it is almost impossible to tell the demarcation between Egbin and neighbouring communities – Ipakan and Ijede. The all live together and share resources together. The farthest distance from Egbin to Ipakan or Ijede is perhaps five minutes walking time. 2.2 History and Formation 2.2.1 Agura The inhabitants migrated from Ijebu Ife in the 17th century and named their new-found home Agura, after a god they worshipped. The presence of a good number of traditional religious worshippers in the community exemplified by various shrines buttresses this religious heritage. About six traditional religious shrines could be expressly identified by facilitators and participating community members guiding the SLA team during a transect walk. Agura, Egbin and Ipakan share the same ancestry and migrated from Ijebu Ife about the same time. This explains why they are neighbours. In fact, it is reported that the trio are siblings Agura and Egbin, male, while Ipakan was a female. Agura is chiefdom and has a ‘Baale’ – traditional chief – responsible for the community administration. . 2.2.2 Ijede It is difficult to determine the date of Ijede’s formation. Some accounts during the SLA indicate the 1600s. Other accounts inform the community has been in existence for over 650 years while a documented report of human development in Ijede estimates it has existed for between 250 to 500 years. All these point to the fact that Ijede is an ancient community. Its early times are shrouded in folklore. History has it that Ijede, which means the place of fish, was named after the founder Ajede. It is believed that he migrated from Ile Ife, the traditional home of the Yorubas, in fulfillment of prophecy that he would be the founder of a community closely located to the lagoon. After months of traveling, Ajede eventually retired in the present location known today as Ijede, which incidentally overlooks the Lagos lagoon. A close look at the community reveals vestiges of a glorious past. It was gathered that Ijede was a Native Authority during the colonial era with complete administrative structures and has remained a kingdom since its establishment. At various times in history, it was a thriving market centre, a hub between parts of the Niger Delta and communities across the lagoon. This was perhaps facilitated by the lagoon through which Portuguese traders made contact with it before the turn of the 18th century. It would become part of the British colony of Lagos afterwards, beginning 1718. Community administration dates back to pristine times when the Osugbo – traditional court – determined disputes involving community persons while the Awo-opa cult – gendarmes – maintained law and order. However, these administrative structures became absorbed in the colonial system over the course of time. The British introduced the Native Authority (N.A) ordinance in 1937, which incorporated structures for courts, revenue, law and order. On 1st of April 1938, Ijede Native Authority was established with complete administrative structures just at the same date Ikorodu became a Native Authority. The first impressions of a visitor to Ijede are that of a colonial administrative centre. The various experiences of the past explain this ambience. Initial enquiries from this SLA team sought to establish the reasons for Ijede’s preeminence over its neighbours. Why is it the only Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 3 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report community around the environs with the schools, health centre, court, Local Government administrative office? Why the street lights, jetty, police station etc? The ‘whys’ were simply compelling. 2.2.3 Ipakan The Ipakan community was founded about 1600 (17th century) by the daughter of the first Dagburewe of Idowa Ijebu, called Tinuade Osimade having migrated with her two brothers from Idowa Ijebu, an area estimated to be between Ijebu Ode and Ijebu Ife in present day Ogun state, Nigeria. The community is regarded as one of the first settlements along the Lagos lagoon. Its indigenes recount with relish, tales told them by their grandparents, of times past when present day developments like Ajah and Badore were mere fishing outposts. Although a princess and a direct descendant of the first Dagburewe of Idowa Ijebu, Tinuade Osimade married Sarumi and hence had to move to Ebute Olowo her husband’s abode in present day Ijede. It is pertinent to note at this point that although she moved to Ebute Olowo with many members of her Ipakan community, her title and lands are vested till date, in the Tinuade Osimade Sarumi Royal Family (their claim to royalty being the lineage of Tinuade Osimade). The peculiarity of their descent from a woman nonetheless, the Tinuade Sarumi family are custodians and promoters of the Ipakan community and the community lands. Furthermore, we must note also that the Ipakan community lands are not far removed from that of their neighbours (Agura and Egbin) whose founders were brothers to Tinuade Osimade. They all migrated from Idowa Ijebu and settled along the Lagos lagoon about the same time. Ipakan is a predominantly agrarian community, with most of her people involved largely in subsistence farming, fishing, petty trading and sand dredging from the bed of the surrounding Lagos lagoon. Because of their peculiar ancestral progeny from a woman, their claim to royalty is limited by Yoruba traditional customs and they can only have a community chief (Baale). The Sarumi family of this community, are said to have sole rights of ascendancy to this title. However, upon acquisition of parts of Ipakan land along with those of their neighbours, for the construction of the Egbin Power Station, by the Federal Government, tenants of the Ipakan community living and farming on the acquired land were resettled in a location along the Lagos lagoon. The resettlement named the ‘Ipakan Resettlement’ was complete with roads, concrete houses (bungalows) and other basic amenities- though all that remains at present are only traces of what used to be. The people of the resettlement community today claim they are part of the Ijede community. This can be adduced to the fact that the paramount ruler of Ijede (Alajede of Ijede) a neighbouring, but larger and fast growing community has bestowed recognition on them by allowing them have a baale as their traditional ruler. The Ipakan community (Ebute Olowo quarters) is presently considering, and strongly too, relocating from their present location to another. At the moment they inhabit the Ebute Olowo area in Ijede, a location that served them as a fishing base for over two centuries. The planned resettlement location IPAKAN, is their Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 4 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report farming base as well as their residential base in the days before large parts of the land was acquired for use by NEPA now PHCN for the construction of the Egbin Power Plant. The community’s present location is bordered by Ijede community in the North, Egbin community in the East and the Lagos lagoon on the Southern and Western axis. 2.2.4 Egbin Egbin community was founded by OBATERU TOKO, son of the 1st DAGBUREWE of IDOWA IJEBU (and a sibling of the founder of Ipakan a neighboring community). The first settlers arrived and soon settled at this location in the 1600s about the time the Ipakan community was founded by Obateru Toko’s sister Otuyimika Tinuade Sarumi. Egbin, Ipakan and Agura share the same ancestor. The direct descendants of the founder and claimants to royalty and indeed throne of the chiefdom are as follows: 1. Gbarole 2. Laada 3. Matimoju 4. Oyebo 5. Igara bada 2.3 Environmental Characteristics The large land mass and perhaps other environmental resources like the forest and lagoon has attracted lots of immigrants to the community. Land is relatively cheap compared to mainland Lagos; hence lots of immigrants have settled and developed residential properties in the community. Average temperatures during the seasons are roughly 29º C and 33º C during the rainy and dry seasons respectively. The soil is loamy and supportive to agriculture while the lagoon and swamps support fishing. There is considerable swamp fishing amongst the community people. The forests encourage game and logging although they are heavily depleted owing to poor forest stewardship. 2.4 Population and Ethnic Composition 2.4.1 Agura Agura is made up of five major clans commonly referred to as families. Information gathered during the SLA exercise indicates that there are roughly sixty (60) households per clan. The definition of household here is a man, his wife or wives, children and other dependants living with them. The average household size is eight (8). This brings the population of Agura to an estimated figure of two thousand four hundred persons (2,400). The population is predominantly Yoruba with a minor mix of people from the middle belt, Igbo and Niger Delta nationalities especially Isoko and Ilaje. Farming, trade and fishing opportunities explain the presence of these ethnic groupings in the community: the middle belt settlers for the vegetation, which supports agriculture; the Igbos for the trade, and the Ilajes for the lagoon which provides great possibilities for fishing. Hence, in the outer part of the community and very close to the farmlands and forest, it is easy to notice the construction of buildings in a Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 5 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report new settlement dominated by immigrants. They have all come for the opportunities provided by the environment and the affordability of land in the community. 2.4.2 Ijede A human development study of Ijede conducted by consultants of United States Institute of Cultural Affairs (ICA) around the period 1977 – 1980 puts the population of Ijede at roughly 5000. On the other hand, discussions during the livelihood assessment reveal that there are about 25 ‘families’ in Ijede. The use of family in this context can be very confusing and different from the conventional western definition of family. Family in this sense refers to clan or descendants of a community founder. Hence, there are approximately 25 clans in Ijede. Each clan, we were informed, has an average of 25 nuclear families. A nuclear family in Africa comprises a man, his wife/wives – in most cases, wives, if the setting is rural –, their children and dependants. Hence, the average Ijede clan has 25 nuclear families. Each nuclear family comprises a man, two wives and about 8 children. The estimated population of Ijede at present could be put at roughly 6875 people. This is about 37.5% increase above 1980 figures. But this figure is tenable considering that it precludes non-indigenes. The people are predominantly Yoruba with a minor mix of immigrants and settlers who were attracted by fishing prospects in the lagoon and trade, respectively. The groups are mainly from Isoko, Ijaw, Urhobo, and Itsekiri, parts of Ondo State particularly Ilaje, Igbo, Hausa and Efik. The Ilajes and Ijaws are particularly attracted by the lagoon. They are accomplished fishermen and could be found in the banks of the lagoon, during the community engagement, tending their boats and fishing gadgets. 2.4.3 Ipakan The estimated population of people of this community is about 3,000 (Three Thousand) and the demographics are estimated thus: Men 10%, Women 25% and; Youths (male & female) 65% Information gathered from the community engagement reveal that the people are Yoruba’s and they speak the Ijebu dialect of the Yoruba language. There are however immigrants from other Nigerian ethnic groups like Ijaws, Igbos, Hausas, Itsekri/Urhobos and Edos. The SLA team was informed that there are about 250 houses in the Ebute Olowo area and that there are about 8 – 10 occupants per house on the average. From this it can be concluded that the population of Ipakan community is about 2500. However, a more critical and realistic estimate – considering actual housing stock identified, the average household size seen during the engagement and other dynamics – would be roughly 1500. 2.4.4 Egbin In Egbin, like in other neighboring communities and indeed the whole of Africa, there is a sharp departure from the western definition of “family”. While in the west the family is described as a man his wife and children, in Egbin, the family transcends generations and traces pure genealogies and often encompasses all offspring of the family’s founder. There are five major families of the nature just described in the Egbin community and to which we refer to henceforth as clans for clarity purposes. Each clan has about ten (10) sub Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 6 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report units we shall henceforth refer to as family units and these are further sub divided into about fifteen households (15) each. Each household has about nineteen members i.e. one man, three to four wives (3 to 4) and about fifteen to twenty children (15 to 20). From the foregoing the population of the Egbin community is put at approximately three thousand (3, 000) and the percentage demographics, estimated thus: Men 30%, Women 40% and; Youths (male & female) 30% The community is populated mainly by the Yoruba ethnic group, though immigrants of other Nigerian ethnic extract, especially the Ijaws also live and work in the community. 2.5 Social, Institutional & Political Characteristics 2.5.1 Agura The tapestry in the social, institutional and political in Agura combines to define the community and the underlying reasons for its present human development situation. It would appear there is an overarching emphasis on the spiritual even if in a trilogy. The people are predominantly Moslems but there is also the powerful presence of the Christian faith and traditional religion in the community exemplified by several orthodox Christian and Pentecostal churches in a rather small community of about 2, 400 persons. In Agura you would find, 1 central mosque and private mosques belonging to families. There are also mosques built by individuals and open to the public for worship. The transect walk was able to identify about five African traditional religious shrines in the community for the area covered. It is believed that there could be more considering that the five were merely in the axis of the transect trip. These indices combine to show the deep religious inclination of the people and are underscored by the mutual respect the groupings have for one another. During prayer sessions in the SLA, members of the alternative faith show respect for the prayer of a particular faith be it Islam or Christian. We were also informed that all and sundry respect and adhere to the demands of the traditional religion especially during their annual feast. It would appear that culture and religion are interwoven in the cycles of this community’s life. Other social institutions in the community include social clubs of the men, women and youth which cater for the social needs of various community groupings and provide support in times of need for instance, during naming ceremonies, weddings, burials or parties. Some of these clubs include Agura Youth Association, which operates to develop the youth; Omolere Social Club, Ultimate Social Club and Amuludun Social Club which are age grade associations and Oredegbe Social Club. A body known as Community Development Association (CDA) is responsible for the development of the community. Well recognized by the government at both the Local Government and State levels, the CDA is government’s partner for penetration of development at the community level and the people’s representative in developmental consultations with the State. It is comprised of worthy selected members so identified by the community. There is also the Community Development Council (CDC), which is coordinating body for CDAs in the area. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 7 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report The SLA team was informed that most of the registered political parties in Nigeria are represented in the community although only the Action Congress (AC) and Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) are easily identifiable. It would appear that the community exerts minimal political influence going by certain indications. The only visible impact of political participation is its membership of a political ward and water tanks donated to the community water project (borehole) by a former distinguished senator and another politician. The rest is a moribund primary health centre that was never commissioned. It is unclear why it was not commissioned but available evidence points to a certain capacity deficiency within the CDA to meaningfully engage government for results. The other evidence of political penetration, though doubtful, is the local primary school, which was not initiated by government – Methodist Primary School. It is a missionary Primary School and was inherited by government during government’s take-over of mission schools. The state is rather deplorable. These are the only evidences of political penetration in the area. The reason for this state of affairs is however evident – It was difficult to identify any educated person of note from the community and there is hardly any influential representation in the political parties or State government administration except a secretary to the former governor of the State Asiwaju Ahmed Bola Tinubu. The community’s political stock is grossly inadequate and can hardly support its development aspirations. 2.5.2 Ijede The social, institutional and political characteristics of Ijede conjure images of a dynamic ancient administration that has evolved over time. The three community characteristics have a way of merging into a seamless unit that supports effective community administration for growth and development. The impacts can be demonstrated in terms of an early governance system that comprised the courts (Osugbo), law enforcement (Awo-Opa) and traditional activities, which all operated under the leadership of the Alajede. Even at the present, social organizations in the community recognize and defer to the authority of the Alajede – institution of the monarchy – which wields enormous political influence over the community. His Royal Highness (HRH) Oba F.A. Oresanya Ladega II, Alajede of Ijede, is the 10th Oba of Ijede. He rules in council with the help of recognized chiefs notably, the Olisa, Aro, Odofin Eletu, Iyalode, Otunba, Olugbe and Olotu Erelu. The Alejede and his council of chiefs hold its meetings every Thursday. The meetings discuss community administration and governance. There are several social and cultural organizations in the community. Of the social organizations some of which further the economic well being of the society, the Community Development Association (CDA) stands out. The CDA pursues community development activities for the community and represents the community interface in engagements with government. It is a recognized State organ for development at the grassroots. An organ known as ALIA – Ajede Luwasa Improvement Association – is the umbrella body for all social organizations in the Ijede and neighbouring communities. The cultural heritage is rich. Some of the notable cultural festivals marked by the community are Eluku, Agemo, Agbo Remireke, Jigbo, Eginri, Ota, Oro, Epa, and Igunnuko. The Oro festival took place sometime around this engagement exercise. The religious groups co-exist in harmony. There are three major religious groups in the community: Islam, Christian and African traditional religion. Three denominations of the Islamic faith operate each of which has its own mosque. Ijede is predominantly an Islamic community but there is a significant population of Christians fuelled perhaps by early contact with missionaries and demonstrated by the presence of orthodox and Pentecostal churches. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 8 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report The ever growing ministry of Pentecostal Christianity is perhaps another reason for the sizeable Christian population. The community has shrines where traditional religious people worship. Three major political parties– maintain a visible presence and the community continues to enjoy good representation in government. This is underscored by the siting of a Local Development Authority in the community together with other administrative facilities of government notably, a Local Government maternity, a Health Centre and a court. The community has serving directors of government ministries and parastatals. It has at various times produced a State Commissioner, a representative in the State Assembly, two mayors and supervisory councilors 2.5.3 Ipakan Social Interactions in the community are largely along demographic boundaries and are described thus: Youth 1. Ebute Olowo youth congress 2. Sarumi progressive union 3. New generation extension (Youths) Women 1. Trading society 2. Fisher Folk Association (Egbe Eleja) 3. Garri sellers Association 4. Sand Dealers Association (Egbe oniyepe) 5. Wood Dealers Association (Egbe onigi) 6. Food sellers Trading society 7. Egbe Onigi There are noticeable religious activities in the community. Though a predominantly Muslim community, traditional religious worship is widely practiced. However, Christianity also co- exists peacefully with other religions in the community. The political situation in Ipakan is not passive. However the level of activity cannot be comparable to what obtains in mainland Lagos. The community is part of Ward A in the Ikorodu Local Government Area. The incumbent councilor of the ward and Action Congress (AC) ward chairman for the ward, reside among the people. Ipakan is chiefdom and ought to be led by a chief called the “Baale”. At present there seems not to be a baale in the Ebute Olowo (Ipakan) there’s no palace and so the community’s leaders operate from home. The people practice the polygamous system of marriage and often marry amongst themselves. But they also intermarry with people from the neighbouring communities. Marriage rights are not complete without the payment and collection of bride price by the Groom’s and Bride’s family respectively. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 9 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report 2.5.4 Egbin Social activities in Egbin are along the age long “age group” setting popular amongst the Yoruba’s. This is the practice of people interacting at age group levels and also assigning community duties along this line. Members of the community are also involved in other groups covering religious and occupational interests as well as other inclinations. The social institutions in the community include social clubs of the men, women and youth which cater for the social needs of various community groupings and provide support in times of need for instance, during naming ceremonies, weddings, burials or parties. Below is a list of identified social groups/institutions in Egbin: 1. Egbin Indigenous youths 2. Egbin progressive movement 3. Egbe Elede Women Association (crayfish sales Association) 4. Egbe Oniyepe (male & female Association) 5. Owoyele akindele descendent (for women) 6. Ilelabola omo egbe jaminatu (for women) 7. Omowumi social circle (for women) 8. Ajo omode (group of fisher folks) 9. Moslems 10. Christians 11. Traditional worshippers 12. CDA (community Development Association) The Community Development Association (CDA) is responsible for the development of the community. It is recognized by the government at both the Local Government and State levels, as a useful tool for access and penetration of development at the community level. They also act as the people’s representative in consultative forums, either with government or advocacy groups. The CDA is made up of revered and respected members of the community. Being a religious community and a multi religious one at that, most of the institutional characteristics of this community tend towards the divine. The SLA team noted during our transect walk and from our FDGs that there are: 1. Two Churches - Four Square Gospel Church - Christ Apostolic Church 2. Two Mosques - Egbin Central mosque (which though still under construction is used regularly by the Muslim faithful in the community - Alhaji Bello Mosque is the other mosque where Muslim members of the community fulfill their religious obligations 3. Nine Shrines2 - Awo opa, Osugbo, Ota, Oju-olokun, Epo, Jigbo, Aye, Agemo and Obalu oye . At the time of this engagement, there was no institutionalized chief or king in this community, but a community leader called the “olootu”. However, plans were underway for the selection and subsequent enthronement of a traditional ruler for the community. 2 The shrines are all owned and managed by individuals for the worship of specific idols Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 10 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report The community is part of Ward A in the Ikorodu local Government Area. There is no observable presence of any of the political parties and the people display a non committal attitude towards political issues, these they adduce to previously unpleasant political experiences where their allegiances were courted by politicians, only for them to be abandoned after the elections. 2.6 Infrastructure 2.6.1 Agura For development to happen in a community there must be the presence of basic infrastructures like schools, health centre / hospital, water and sanitary facilities, power supply, roads, political access etc. For sustainability there must incremental improvements in these facilities and their management. Despite the absence of these basic social amenities in Agura, maintenance of existing infrastructures has suffered the most. People do not feel ‘served by’ any level of government and the community lack the necessary strategy for demanding good governance from it. Power, education, health, access, water and sanitation remain critical challenges to the development of the community. Power: Despite being an adjoining / host community to PHCN’s Egbin power station and closely located to it, Agura continues to suffer inadequate power supply. The community has be on the national grid for over a decade but stayed in darkness for a long time as a result of the failure of its only transformer, which officers of the PHCN took away for repairs and never returned3. The community informed that they made efforts to recover the transformer but was told that it was transferred to the Ikorodu PHCN office for repairs. They have consequently gone to Ikorodu and were informed that the transformer does not exist in the records. Nothing has been done after this. Again, the gross inadequacy that exists in the CDA is made manifest. It was only in August 2007, when the community contributed and bought a new transformer that power returned to Agura. But this singular transformer hardly provides for the power needs of the rapidly expanding community. Health Care: A building for primary health care delivery was constructed in the community by the Lagos State government but was never furnished with facilities: equipment, drugs, personnel, etc until it dilapidated. As previously indicated, it was not commissioned. Schools: The only primary school in the community, Methodist Primary School, was established by missionaries and taken over by Government. It is presently dilapidated and in a state that can never support learning. The school is generally poorly equipped. This is apart from the gross inadequacy of qualified teaching personnel in it. The pupils simply cannot read and write. Water: There are boreholes in the community most of which are private and require the payment of money to access. Only one, provided by government, is free and continues to function due to good management by the community. Sanitation: There are no public sanitary systems in the community or primary school. People revert to the bush in most instances creating a health problem and other risks. 3 Members of the community repeatedly informed the SLA team during general and focus group sessions that officers of the PHCN collected the community’s only transformer for repairs and have never returned the same. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 11 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Roads: One tarred road through neighbouring Gberigbe provides access to the community. Other roads in the community are not tarred including a direct route to Chevron’s upcoming Independent Power Project (IPP). Transport: Transportation is mostly by commuter bus for trips to Ikorodu and ‘okada’ – commercial cyclists – for trips to nearby Gberigbe and Ijede/Ipakan/Egbin. Housing: Houses in the community are, in the most, made of concrete and zinc. Earlier homes are of mud but have been modernized over time with refurbishments incorporate concrete plaster over mud and thatch roofs replaced with zinc. There are concrete homes of aluminum roofing in the modern settlement mostly populated by immigrants. Communication: Most GSM networks function in the community although reception is usually poor. 2.6.2 Ijede The state of infrastructure in the community may be deplorable but the stock is impressive for a typical Nigerian community. Three major reasons account for this: The first is early contact with Colonial Administration which established Administrative Headquarters in the community, which provided access to the lagoon. The Colonial Administration established the Court, Municipal Administrative Affice, Colonial District Officer’s Residence popularly known as Oke Oyinbo and a ferry service to mention but a few. The second is that successive governments, especially after independence, built upon this Colonial legacy. Thirdly, Ijede was the centerpiece of a United States’ Institute of Cultural Affairs’ human development exercise in Nigeria, and one of 24 global locations where it sought to demonstrate models of successful local development. This brought about the sustained management of development projects in the community for a period of three years beginning 1977 through 1980. The following is a step-by-step account of the state of infrastructure in Ijede. Schools: There are three primary schools and one secondary school. They are all owned by government. The primary schools serve Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin while the secondary is the only one in the environs. We were informed that the average size of a class in the secondary is 150. The schools are dilapidated in all cases and operate with insufficient desks and other teaching aids. Sixty individual desks, for instance, is the average number of desks per class in the secondary school. The environment in most instances can hardly support learning. Qualified teaching staff is grossly inadequate encouraging the establishment of several private schools in the area. Fees in the private schools are considered exorbitant. Health Facility: There are two health facilities in the community – one primary health centre / maternity established by the Local Government and one primary health centre established by the State. Both of them function but are challenged by a gross inadequacy of staff, facilities and drug to respond to health matters in the local population. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 12 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Jetty: There is a collapsed jetty at the community water front. Minimal boat services are provided by a private company that secured operational lease of the facility from government. The ferry travels across the lagoon to locations like Ajah, Badore and Lagos Island. Water and Sanitation: There is, mini water works scheme, a public bore hole and several private bore holes in the community. The mini water works, established by the Lagos State government does not operate but represents good source potable water. The public borehole also does not function due to maintenance issues. Only the private bore holes operate and are well maintained perhaps because they are economic investments. People who cannot afford the borehole water revert to the ancient community spring, Oworodo. A unique feature of Oworodo is that it discharges into the lagoon but the retreating waves from the lagoon do not enter it. For centuries, Oworodo has served as the ever dependable source of water for the community. Some elderly people still prefer it to the boreholes. Roads: One tarred road runs through the major administrative landmarks in the community and connects the Ikorodu-Ijede-Egbin road. Other internal roads though graded are not tarred. A unique opportunity for road transportation in the community is the ancient Ijede-Igbogbo-Ikorodu road. This road is graded but not tarred and lack of usage has influenced narrowing of the tracks by shrubs. There is also the challenge of a stream at the Ijede end which requires construction of a bridge. The people estimate the road provides a far shorter route to Ikorodu than the present one. Market: There is one market in the community built by the Local Government authority. With about 30 stalls, the market serves Ijede and the neighbouring communities of Egbin and Ipakan. Located just behind the community motor park and Police Station, people just would not patronize it. They inform that it is remote but the SLA team considers its location convenient as it is just in the heart of the community. The only reasons we could establish for its poor functionality were, an extortionist regime that has caused inflation in the market, and the absence of conveniences. Well organized, the market would serve the neighbouring communities including Igbogbo, if the access road is connected. Motor Park: There is a community motor park just in front of the market. Not much happens around the park. Commuters prefer to hike their rides along the road, that is, the Ikorodu – Ijede – Egbin road. They find it more convenient. This is in addition to the fact that low activity in the market has adversely affected the utility of the park. Police Station: Law and order in the community and adjoining communities is maintained by a Police Station located by the Ijede motor park just in front of the market. Town Hall: Ijede has one town hall that serves the community well. The town hall was venue of the SLA consultations. It is well maintained and secured by the community. Unlike other town halls in rural communities, this one is usually locked. It is not a place to find derelicts. We were informed that the community rents it out for social functions. The hall could sit a thousand people. Petrol Stations: There are three petrol stations in Ijede owned and operated by private entities. They serve the local people and the various corporate bodies operating in and around the community. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 13 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Electricity: Power is provided by the government-owned Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) at commercial rates and distributed through transformers, poles and cables in the community. Some members of the community own power generators to augment the erratic supply from PHCN. The community has street lights which they have maintained since the 1970s. Communication: A post office and telephone exchange are presently under construction on community sponsorship. All GSM telephone services – MTN, Celtel, Globacom – are present in the community except Nitel. Two radio stations owned by government – FRCN (Federal Government) and Radio Lagos (Lagos State Government) – operate in the area. There is also a community newspaper, Starlight, operated by a private individual. 2.6.3 Ipakan Water: Community people get their water from two hand dug wells since 2005, while the borehole under construction is yet to be completed. Power: Power is provided by the government-owned Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) at commercial rates and distributed through transformers, poles and cables in the community. Some members of the community own power generators to augment the erratic supply from PHCN. The community has street lights which they have maintained since the 1999 but as the time of the exercise it was not functioning. Road: The only road in the community is not tarred thereby restricts transportation to and within the community. Apart from this, the community is highly prone to erosion Communication: Most GSM networks function in the community although reception is usually poor. 2.6.4 Egbin In Egbin community, most basic amenities that are necessary to catalyze development are either not available, grossly insufficient, or in a state of neglect and disrepair. This is occasioned by neglect of the community like most others around it. Below is a description of the state of Infrastructures in this community: Power: Despite being the host community to PHCN’s Egbin power station the community continues to suffer inadequate power supply. The community has in place a working electricity transformer provided by PHCN. Water: There is a borehole constructed by AES and a “well to tap” water system constructed by the community, both water systems are in serviceable conditions but are dependent on the availability of power for functionality. Roads: There are only two roads leading into the community, these roads are un-tarred and are at different levels of disrepair. Health Care: There is no health care facility within this community, but residents have access to the Ijede health centre a few minutes away from the community, else they patronize traditional health practitioners and Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs). Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 14 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Housing: Houses in the community are largely mud houses, mud houses with cement coating and concrete houses with corrugated zinc roofing. The SLA team however observed new modern housing units at various levels of completion. Town hall: There is a functional town hall in the community. 2.7 Local Economy Artisan occupations in the skilled and unskilled categories dominate the local economy of these four communities. The challenge of physical and social infrastructure notably education and social amenities account for this lopsided economic character. As a result of poor education, technically qualified persons to operate a more advanced economy are hardly found in the community. Hence, majority of the people engage in farming, fishing, hunting and trading. These represent the major occupations. Minor occupations include semi-skilled activities like quarter master work in the local jetties, driving and ‘okada’ riding, traditional birth attendance (TBA) (local midwives), carpentry, tailoring and hair dressing. Seasonality plays a critical role in productivity and income especially in the occupations farming, fishing and trading. The farming season begins March after the early rains and intensifies over the months peaking in July, the harvest period. Afterwards, it takes a dip with little or no farm work over the period November through February. Major farm produce from the community include yam, cassava, maize and vegetables. Fishing is generally anchored on water levels and weather. October to May represent the height of the fishing season with the season rising in October and peaking in February – March. The period, July to September, are times of low fish catch for fishermen. But crustaceans like crayfish, crab and periwinkle are in abundance around this time. August and September are austere times for fishermen. During this period, they revert to other occupations as a coping mechanism or simply borrow. Crocker and catfish are some of the fish types caught by the fishermen. The catfish are mostly from the swamps where the fishermen also fish. Trading is an all season activity especially trade in food items, articles and other petty trading. The trading season is a function of income. In the early part of the year, the period following the Christmas and New Year celebrations, trading is at the lowest ebb. The reason is that people have just come back from holiday celebrations and are usually broke. The trading activity appreciates in March – April just in time for Easter and the Moslem Ileya festival. After this period, there is a long lull and a dip around August – September where parents save to send their children to school. Most income around this time is not spent but save for school fees and other contingent educational demands. Subsequently, trading appreciates peaking in the period November – December just in time for Christmas. Tailoring and hair dressing also follow seasonality peaking mostly during festivities. 2.8 Pattern of Conflicts 2.8.1 Pattern of Conflicts in Agura Causes of Conflict in Agura Agura is a peaceful community with little or no conflicts. No conflict situation with any of its neighbours could be established just as there are no major conflicts in the community. The Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 15 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report only indications of internal conflict are minor disagreements between clans. The underlying issues are usually land and other suspicions of individual and family motives. The other type of internal conflict is the usual disagreement between spouses. If we consider that these are but normal occurrences in human relationships, then it could be safe to conclude that there are no conflicts in Agura. Severity & Frequency No casualties have been recorded in the various conflict situations, which are however, infrequent. Mediation Efforts & Conflict Resolution Mechanisms There are no institutionalized conflict resolution mechanisms in Agura. They are addressed as they arise since they are infrequent and minor. However, disputes are usually settled at the community level by the Baale or family / community elders. The SLA was unable to establish record of any inter or intra communal dispute before the court. Impacts It is difficult to establish any considerable impacts of conflicts in Agura. When the issue was raised in the FGDs, none could identify any impacts. However, experiences of the SLA team reveal the possibility of certain unsavory impacts even if minor. The first engagement with the community to select facilitators for the assessment met with stiff contentions and disagreements amongst sections of the community. The issue revolved around questions of transparency in the selection of these people. Some sections of the community believed that the process would be influenced as they thought some highly placed individuals in the community would influence the SLA team to choose their candidates for the assignment. The immediate result was polarization of the community and delay in the selection process. In the process of time other issues around political ascendancy and community leadership ensued but were ultimately addressed even though some parties left unsatisfied. From a critical viewpoint, there are two impacts of the minor conflicts that occur in Agura: The first is that it could lead to a lack of cohesion in community development. This may well be the case if one compares the development of Agura with that of neighbouring Ijede, which happens to be masters of synergy in the area, even when conflict situations are evident. The other obvious impact of the subtle conflict in Agura is pronounced suspicions of each other’s motives in group activities. 2.8.2 Pattern of Conflicts in Ijede Conflict negatively impacts livelihood and impedes sustainable community development. This section examines the possibility of any conflict situations in the community, identifying the root causes, its severity and frequency, the mediation efforts that have been employed to address them and the impacts they have had on livelihoods. The essence is to devise approaches to deal with conflicts, if any, so that the community can pursue sustained development. Causes of Conflict Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 16 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Three major conflict triggers were identified during the engagement. The first two were expressly identified by the groups and the last through much probing. These situations are namely: Divergent views on development of the community. Inter family squabbles between husband and wife, and intra family disputes. Extortionist situation in the local community market. The first two are normal as people tend to hold tenaciously to their view until they are confronted with a better view point. The tendency for people to hold on to their divergent views was manifest throughout this engagement especially during the recommendations for community development projects. It is all about the passion people feel for their development. But it could degenerate to hatred. Inter and intra family squabbles were also identified as conflict triggers. From time to time there are household disagreements between a man and his spouse just as there are disputes between families in the community, over land or some other issues. The third conflict trigger represents a cankerworm that is gradually eating deep into the economic fabric of the community. It emerged by default. The assessment exercise sought to know why the built up stalls in the community market were overgrown by weeds. Arguments about its location could not impress because it is just by the motor park and Police station and right within the community. It was eventually disclosed that certain elements saddled with authority over management of the market imposed arbitrary tolls and harassed the market women for money. Severity & Frequency Frequency and severity of the first two situations above are hardly intense. But the third situation provides a cause for concern. The reason is that it is persistent and key informants spoke with grave concern regarding the issue. They informed that it is one of the major reasons why commerce has not thrived in the community lately. Mediation Efforts & Conflict Resolution Mechanisms Major mediation efforts and mechanisms employed to address the conflicts are: Through the intervention of family heads. Through the various channels of the traditional institution, for example, the intervention of the Alajede-in-Council The third conflict situation was hardly addressed before the assessment exercise. The reason is that people are generally fearful to talk about it. The parties involved have been reminded about the negative impact the situation portends for the community’s upcoming development plan, notably, the demise of cooperatives and micro finance prospects. They assured that the situation will be resolved. Impacts The impacts of conflict in Ijede have been loss of synergy in community development and diminishing commerce. Due to mistrust, people are unable to confide in each other’s motives. This attitude has not furthered the interest of sustained development of the community. The extortionist situation in the market has almost killed commerce. People hardly patronize the community market. The place is a ghost town. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 17 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report 2.8.3 Pattern of Conflicts in Ipakan The community is largely peaceful and there is no record of inter - community clashes with its neighbours. However, there are cases of minor internal community unrests. Causes of Conflict: The focus group discussions (FGDs) reveal that the major cause of conflict in the community is land (or property) dispute usually between landlords and tenants. Severity and Frequency: These conflicts are usually mild in nature as there is no record of loss of lives or damage to properties due to the conflicts. They are also infrequent. The community is generally understood to be peaceful. Mediation Efforts & Conflict Resolution Mechanism: There are two levels of authority that usually mediate in conflict situations: The head of the concerned families and; The community chiefs Solutions are first proffered by the head of the concerned families. If and when matters get out of hand, the community chiefs are invited. Impacts: The impacts of the internal community conflicts have never been known to be dire. 2.8.4 Pattern of Conflicts in Egbin From all interactions with the community, the SLA team gathered that there has been no record of conflict either resolved or unresolved, between this community and others around it. However there are reports of minor disagreements between families and persons. Causes of Conflict The major cause of the internal conflict that exist in the community revolves round disagreements arising from divergence in the opinions and views of individuals and families. Severity & Frequency No severe conflict is on record. Neither did the SLA team observe any sign of previous conflicts nor witness an actual conflict. Frequency of conflict is relatively mild. Mediation Efforts & Conflict Resolution Mechanisms Mediation is handled by the community leader-the Olootu, religious leaders and leaders of thought in the community. Impact Conflicts have led to many holding back their views and opinion in the public. The impact has been a general loss to the community in terms of inability to fully explore its potentials. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 18 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report 3.0 Summary of SLA findings 3.1 Summary of SLA findings in Agura Livelihood Assets, Strategies, Outcomes and Security Assets Strategies & Findings in Agura Outcomes Human Assets The human assets comprise mostly artisans in farming, fishing, hunting and other skilled and unskilled labour like carpenters, drivers, fashion designers and construction labourers. There is hardly any technical manpower in the community except for a stream of young girls who are presently undergoing training as nurses. There are also lots of traditional birth attendants (TBAs). Natural Assets The natural assets include water and water bodies especially the lagoon which provides a fishing site, swamps which also provides a fishing site and is rich in bamboo, dry forests for game and timber and farmlands for cultivation. Physical Assets The physical assets include private houses both ancient and modern, a dilapidated health centre and primary school, a moribund town hall. There is also a transformer for electricity, a single tarred road in the community, water wells and boreholes although only one borehole is public. Economic Assets Economic and financial assets of Agura derive essentially from the rich natural resources – forest, farmland and water. In other words, community livelihood depends largely on natural endowments and how they are managed for incomes and sustainability. From the forest, there are such economic and financial resources like timber – even though it is heavily depleted –, snail and game animals (bush meat). Traditional medical experts extract roots and tree barks for medicine. The farmlands produce cash crops like cassava, yam and vegetables in abundance and are cultivated for subsistence and income. It also the place for kola nut plantations, traditional cash crop for the communities in the area. Fish, crayfish and other crustacean remain major economic and financial assets from the lagoon and constitute a major asset to the local economy Social Assets 1. Social Cultural Clubs The Agura Youth Association, Omolere Social Club, Ultimate Social Club, Amuludun Social Club and Oredegbe Social Club 2. Muslims and Christian Groups Muslim Men and Women groups, Christian Men and Women groups 3. Notable Traditional Festivals Elekuku, Agemo, Jigbo, Epa, Awo-opo, Remireke, Igunuko, Osugbo, Obaluaye and host of other. 4. Sporting Basket Ball, Snookers, Football, Table Tenis, Draft, Ayo among others Political Assets There is a complete absence of any notable political asset in the community safe for the presence of a few identifiable political parties. Their participation in politics does not seem to have been fruitful. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 19 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Livelihood Strategies Findings in Agura Production, income, The livelihood strategies of the people reflect in their mode of production, consumption. which informs their income and consumption patterns. Most productive engagements are in farming, fishing and hunting and involve the use of crude implements and primordial approaches. Little or no innovation has occurred. There is the complete absence of mechanization except for some remote instances in fishing where a few people employ the use of outboard engines in fishing. Trading, and the skilled occupations of tailoring, brick laying etc are basically artisan. There are no credit systems to support productivity or provide options for citizens to escape the trap of poverty. Income trickles in from the rather primitive production system. Needless to say, it is barely enough to provide for the rural livelihoods. Consumption patterns follow seasonality. People make and consume more during the dry season because it is the harvest time for farmers and peak period for fishing. Otherwise, there is much austerity during the off seasons. Seasonality Two major seasons occur which determine productivity on annual basis. These are the rainy and dry seasons. The rainy season covers the period March - October and supports farming. Land is cleared as early as February in expectation of early rains which signify the beginning of a new planting season. Planting, weeding and harvest occurs in the period between the months. Conversely, the dry season, the period between November and February is most suitable for fishing and represents a period of good fish catch. Diversification No significant changes in strategies have been recorded over time. Migration/Immigration There is hardly any record of emigration in all the communities except for civil servants working outside the community. However, considerable immigration exists with the presence of Isoko, Edo and Topo people in the community. Attracted by prospects in farming and the great possibility provided by the lagoon for fishing, Agura habours a good community of immigrant farmers from Nigeria’s middle belt and fishermen from the Niger Delta especially Ilaje people. Other immigrants in Agura are land speculators and property developers who have come to take advantage of the relatively cheap land in the community. Livelihood Outcomes Findings in Agura Health Security There is gross health insecurity in this community. Without a primary health centre or any chemists, the health insecurity can only be imagined. The community resort mostly to traditional medical personnel for herbal treatment and self medication when they are down with illness. These processes are not ones to be readily guaranteed. Education Security There is no record of any person educated to tertiary (degree) level in the whole community. Most literate ones only managed through the local primary school and in some cases, a secondary school elsewhere. It was reported that pupils from the local primary school cannot read and write. The situation of education in the community and the entire area is deplorable Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 20 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Housing Security The housing stock seems adequate and there is a good number of housing developments in the immigrant area. Political Security Without a voice in government and any meaningful representation in any of the political parties, the political situation of the community, is obviously not one to be desired. Income Security Income is insecure. They are subject to the vagaries of crude productive systems and seasonality. Poor education and the attendant illiteracy have not supported the people’s ability to engage in corporate work either. The adverse environmental impact of PHCN’s thermal operations on fish and fishing also represents a major cause of income insecurity Food Security Food security is poor. On the average, families are able to provide two square meals per day – mostly afternoon and night. Foods consumed the most are carbohydrates such as maize, yam, bread, rice etc. The only source of protein in the diet is the fish they catch in the lagoon. Safety There is no police post in the community. However, there is a local form of security or vigilante service for certain community infrastructure. When it comes to personnel and property security, Agura cannot be said to be secure. Security of life and property in the community is questionable. 3.2 Summary of SLA findings in Ijede Livelihood Assets, Strategies, Outcomes and Security Assets Strategies & Findings in Ijede Outcomes Human Assets Greater literacy has provided a good stock of technocrats in the civil service including directors of government ministries and parastatals. There are also several well educated persons from the community including medical doctors, nurses, lawyers and engineers. You will also find well educated retirees also who are also re-fired and who champion the cause of its development just like there are established entrepreneurs. Natural Assets The major and most significant natural asset in the community is the lagoon, which in times past was the community’s mainstay. There is also the Oworodo natural spring, which provided potable water over the ages before the advent of bore holes and other water sources. There are also the swamps rich in bamboo and fertile land for cultivation. Physical Assets The physical assets are numerous but continue to suffer great depreciation due to neglect and a poor maintenance culture. The major physical assets include individual houses of concrete and zinc/aluminum roofing, a two tarred roads and several un-tarred roads, two health centres, a town hall, several private and public schools including three primary and one secondary schools owned by government; electricity, water works and bore hole, jetty and a market. In most cases, the states of these infrastructures are deplorable. Economic Assets The community’s economic assets are located in the lagoon, which provides fish and fish products for income; trade and enterprise supported by a sizeable population, a strong corporate work force and civil service. There are also banks to support enterprise. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 21 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Social Assets Religious associations of the Christian, Moslem and traditional faiths represent some of the social assets. Perhaps the most significant social asset of the community is the institution of the monarchy – the Aleje. It has also proved to be a vital political asset for the people. Political Assets A State Commissioner, an honourable member in the State Assembly, two Local Government chairmen and several Supervisory councilors of the municipality represent political assets the community has drawn from at various times. Livelihood Strategies Findings in Ijede Production, income, The livelihood strategies of the people reflect in their mode of productivity consumption. and income sources, and revolve around trade in fish / fish products and other trade; artisan occupations, dredging, corporate work and civil service, and micro enterprise activities. The women trade in fish and fish products. Most of the other trades are also dominated by the women. The men are more engaged in corporate work and civil service. Sand dredging is done by the men with the use of canoes and baskets but the sand is marketed by women. Income trickles in from the rather primitive production system and is hardly enough in most cases. Consumption patterns follow seasonality. People make and consume more during the dry season because it is the peak period for fishing. Otherwise, there is much austerity during the off seasons. Seasonality Two major seasons occur which determine productivity on annual basis. These are the rainy and dry seasons. The rainy season covers the period March - October and supports farming. Land is cleared as early as February in expectation of early rains which signify the beginning of a new planting season. Planting, weeding and harvest occurs in the period between the months. Conversely, the dry season, the period between November and February is most suitable for fishing and represents a period of good fish catch. Diversification No significant changes in strategies have been recorded for Agura over time. Migration/Immigration Considerable emigration and immigration exist in Ijede. Several Ijede sons and daughters have emigrated mostly to Lagos as a result of work in the civil service. They however visit the community from time to time. Fishing activities and to a lesser extent trading account for most of the immigration. The economic opportunities provided by the lagoon have attracted immigrants from the Ijaws of Niger Delta and the Ilajes of Ondo State. There are also fishermen from Epe and Badagry in Lagos State. The immigrant traders are significantly Igbos. Other factors responsible for immigration in Ijede include the presence of corporate bodies, PHCN at Egbin, AES and NGC; and affordable accommodation. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 22 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Livelihood Outcomes Findings in Ijede Health Security Two primary health centres exist in the community. But they lack equipment and personnel. Population pressure on the facilities is great and it can hardly attend to the demands. Scarcity of drug is also another issue. Lots of people travel to Ikorodu for proper medical care or simply resort to traditional means, which can hardly be guaranteed. There is obvious health insecurity in the community. Education Security Literacy level is average and well above other member communities of the Chevron IPP Stakeholder Committee. However, educational facilities are in a state of disrepair and the pressure on the facilities is great. The state of the secondary school is pathetic. The environment is simply in conducive for learning – inadequate chairs, no laboratory, over-populated classrooms (about 150 students in a class). This is in addition to shortage of qualified teachers; The situation in Education is insecure. Housing Security The housing stock may be adequate for the population. People did not seem to complain about housing in the engagement and this is understandable – citizens living outside the communities have homes in the community that are hardly occupied. Income Security The presence of some livelihood constraints such as the adverse environmental impacts of PHCN’s turbines on fishing in the lagoon and unemployment has negatively impacted incomes. This is in addition to a poor knowledge of income possibilities outside the traditional. There is income insecurity in Ijede. Food Security Nutrition is poor. It is more so because most households can hardly afford two meals a day - afternoon and night. The food consists mainly of carbohydrates and the only source of protein enrichment is the fishes they catch in the lagoon, which has grossly reduced. Safety There is a Police Station in the community. Security is relatively assured compared to neighbouring communities. The Alajede’s presence is an added advantage to community security. Miscreant and other criminals know that they cannot survive the Alajede’s sanctions. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 23 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report 3.3 Summary of SLA findings in Ipakan Livelihood Assets, Strategies, Outcomes and Security Assets, Strategies & Findings in Ipakan Outcomes Human Assets The community’s human assets include: A retired Assistant Commissioner of Police Retired railway workers A Divisional Police Officer P.R.O. Lagos state Polytechnic University graduates Skilled fisher folks- with good diving abilities Artisans skilled in repairing outboard boat engines and boats Artisans skilled in the production of fishing nets, tacks and taps Artisans skilled in local sand dredging Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA) and Native Health Care practitioners and; A good stock of unskilled labour Natural Assets Natural assets in the community include: Water: Water is available from wells and rain catchments. Potable water is however available from rain catchments only, and this is during the season. Water bodies / Fishing sites: The lagoon provides a large body of water for fishing and transportation. It is essential for fishing and trapping of crustaceans. Dry Forests: The forest represents a good resource for lumbering and game although the major activity in it at present is game hunting. The forest is partially inaccessible due to PHCN’s fencing work that has cordoned off the major access to it. People now have to revert to a circular trip through distant communities in order to access the land.. Farmland: There is good arable land for cultivation away from the community. This farmland which belongs to the community is a desired place of their re-location. Physical Assets The community’s major physical assets include: Housing: The housing asset stock of the community consists mainly of concrete homes of zinc roofing. Most early homes of mud and thatch have been modernized with concrete plaster and zinc. Water Wells & Bore Holes: There are two (2) wells. They are both overused, thus affecting their optimality. Functionality is dependent of power supply. Occupational Tools & Gadgets: Individuals in the community especially farmers and fishermen and skilled artisans retain a good stock of occupational gadgets. The farmers have crude farm implements like hoes, shovels, etc. For the fishermen, there are such asset stock as fishing nets, tacks and canoes. The skilled artisans have implements like hammers, winches, and pliers’ e.t.c. Roads: Two roads leading into the community, which are in a state of neglect and disrepair. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 24 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Economic Assets From the forest, there are such economic and financial resources like timber; snail and game animals (bush meat). Traditional medical experts extract roots and tree barks for medicine. The people have banana/plantain and pine apple plantations, and an abundance of bamboo. They also engage in sand dredging, boat, making and operate a thrift society. Fish, crayfish and other crustacean remain major economic and financial assets from the lagoon and constitute a major asset to the local economy. Social Assets Religion, age groups, women and youth associations constitute the major social networks. The religious groups offer assistance to members and fellowship in times of need. Ipakan is a predominantly Moslem community. Political Assets There is no notable political asset in the community. Livelihood Strategies Findings Production, income, Farming, fishing, sand dredging and other artisan work are the major consumption. occupations in the community. Farming is the traditional peasant/subsistence farming involving the use of the crude implements: hoes, cutlasses, shovels etc. There is no noticeable attempt to mechanize. It is dominated by the women who constitute a major part of the work force. Immigrant farmers cultivate land on lease or rent arrangement from land owners, which the farmer could redeem with produce harvests. . Availability of the land depends on the owner’s willingness to release same for lease. Fishing is conducted in the lagoon. Lagoon fishing makes use of tacks, nets etc with mostly canoes for fish catch. Other fishing activities in the lagoon make use of traps to catch crustaceans like crayfish, crab and periwinkle. Fishing in the lagoon is done mostly at night. Trading, boat making, welding and tailoring are the major artisan occupations. Entrepreneurs are usually the residue of skills and knowledge for enterprise, through apprenticeship. Start up funds are generated from owner’s savings in most cases or from family. Sand dredging is another major occupation. The dredgers dive into the lagoon with baskets to scoop sand from the water bed and have to repeat this process about fifty times to fill up a canoe. The sand dredged is usually marketed by the women at the shores. Sometimes the community is encouraged to get buyers so that they can earn some income. Seasonality Two major seasons occur which determine productivity on annual basis. These are the rainy and dry seasons. The rainy season covers the period March - October and supports farming. Land is cleared as early as February in expectation of early rains which signify the beginning of a new planting season. Planting, weeding and harvest occurs in the period between the months. Conversely, the dry season, the period between November and February is most suitable for fishing and represents a period of good fish catch. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 25 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Diversification The community still employs and maintains their pristine occupational approaches. There are no remarkable changes in strategies. Migration/Immigration Migration is relatively high. Although there are traces of inward migration by other ethnic groups, most of the indigenous people live outside the community, especially the youth who have gone in search of white-collar jobs in the city. Livelihood Outcomes Findings in Ipakan Health Security There is no health institution in the community but the facility at Ijede is a stone throw away. If improved and equipped, it can conveniently serve both communities. There is health insecurity in the community. Several persons still resort to traditional medicine as a result of poverty. Education Security Literacy level is low. Only a few of the children in this community go as far as the University. This fact can be adduced to the poor educational standards and facilities and the inability of parents to sponsor their wards through higher education. Housing Security In the community the most visible sort of houses are bungalows and very few storey building. Amongst this bungalows form of houses, there are houses made of concrete with zinc roofing, mud houses plastered with concrete with zinc roofing and few mud houses with zinc roofing. Some of the houses are vulnerable to erosion. Judging by the housing stock and their attributes, shelter presents a challenge. Income Security The presence of some livelihood constraints such as environmental degradation and impacts of PHCN’s turbines on the lagoon, inaccessible farmland and unemployment has adversely affected the community income streams. Food Security Nutrition is poor. It is more so because most households can hardly afford two meals a day - afternoon and night. The food consists mainly of carbohydrates and the only source of protein enrichment is the fishes they catch in the lagoon, which has grossly reduced. Safety The people engage a local form of security called the “Olode”. This however cannot compare with modern security sophistication and thus provides little security to lives and properties from criminal incursions. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 26 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report 3.4 Summary of SLA findings in Egbin Livelihood Assets, Strategies, Outcomes and Security Assets, Strategies & Findings in Egbin Outcomes Human Assets Egbin community has: A good artisan population skilled in traditional forms of fishing, farming, hunting and trading A number of indigenes in the employ of the State’s Civil Service A significant population of people knowledgeable in traditional medicine. Sufficient number of traditional birth attendants and; A sizeable population to support a market economy. Natural Assets The natural assets include water and water bodies especially the lagoon which provides a fishing site; dry forests for game and timber; and farmlands for cultivation. Physical Assets The major physical asset stock are houses, water facilities, occupational gadgets, town hall transformer, dilapidated roads Economic Assets Economic and financial assets for the community derive essentially from the rich natural resources – forest, farmland and water. In other words, community livelihood depends largely on natural endowments and how they are managed for incomes and sustainability. From the forest, there are timber – even though it is heavily depleted –, snail and game animals (bush meat), roots and herbs for traditional medicine. Fish, crayfish and other crustacean remain major economic and financial assets from the lagoon Social Assets The community has a strong social network typified by the following: Religious: Churches Four Square Gospel Church and Christ Apostolic Church Mosques Egbin Central mosque and Alhaji Bello Mosque Traditional worshippers/Idol Shrines Awo opa, Osungbo, Ota, Oju-olokun, Sango, Epo, Jigbo, Aye, Agemo and Obalu oye Non religious Egbin Indigenous youths Egbin progressive movement Egbe Elede Women Association (Crayfish Sellers Association) Egbe Oniyepe (male & female Association) Owoyele Akindele descendants (for women) Ilelabola omo Egbe Jaminatu (for women) Omowumi social circle (for women) Ajo omode (group of fisher folks) Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 27 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Political Assets There is a complete absence of any notable political asset in the community safe for the presence of a few identifiable political parties. Their participation in politics does not seem to have been fruitful. Livelihood Strategies Findings Production, income, The livelihood strategies of the people reflect in their mode of production, consumption. which informs their income and consumption patterns. Most productive engagements are in farming, fishing and hunting and involve the use of crude implements and primordial approaches. Little or no innovation has occurred. There is the complete absence of mechanization except for some remote instances in fishing where a few people employ the use of outboard engines in fishing. Trading, and the skilled occupations of tailoring, brick laying etc are basically artisan. There are no credit systems to support productivity or provide options for citizens to escape the trap of poverty. Income trickles in from the rather primitive production system. Needless to say, it is barely enough to provide for the rural livelihoods. Consumption patterns follow seasonality. People make and consume more during the dry season because it is the harvest time for farmers and peak period for fishing. Otherwise, there is much austerity during the off seasons. Seasonality Two major seasons occur which determine productivity on annual basis. These are the rainy and dry seasons. The rainy season covers the period March - October and supports farming. Land is cleared as early as February in expectation of early rains which signify the beginning of a new planting season. Planting, weeding and harvest take place in the period between the months. Conversely, the dry season, the period between November and February is most suitable for fishing and represents a period of good fish catch. Diversification No significant changes in strategies have been recorded over time. Migration/Immigration Some of the people from this community go to the city for their different businesses and in search of a secure livelihood especially in the off farm season. On the other hand people from other parts of the country come into the community to work in farms and to fish for a living. Livelihood Outcomes Findings Health Security There is health insecurity in this community. This is due largely to the inadequacy of the Ijede health center to cope with patients’ being the only health facility in the vicinity (the facility sees about 200-400 patients daily). People resort mostly to traditional medicine and self medication when they are down with illness. These processes cannot be guaranteed. Education Security The chances of development are slim for any society challenged by illiteracy. With only one secondary school in the vicinity, (we were told that the Luwasa College in Ijede serves over five communities including Egbin, with about 150 pupils in a classroom on the average.) The foundation for literacy is grossly inadequate. The people claim that there are over 100 higher education graduates from the community. Using the youth Focus Group as a sample class, we can only estimate the literacy level to be about 20%. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 28 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Housing Security The housing stock seems adequate. Political Security With unfruitful experiences of participation in politics and a consequent non-challant attitude, political security eludes the community. There is hardly a voice for the community in government. Income Security Income is insecure. They are subject to the vagaries of crude productive systems and seasonality. Poor education and the attendant illiteracy have not supported the people’s ability to engage in corporate work either. The adverse environmental impact of PHCN’s thermal operations on fish and fishing also represents a major cause of the insecurity Food Security Food security is poor. On the average, families are able to provide two meals per day – mostly afternoon and night. Foods consumed the most are carbohydrates such as maize, yam, bread, rice etc. They suffer micro nutrient deficiency. Safety There is no police post in the community. However, there is a local form of security or vigilante service for certain community infrastructure. When it comes to life and property, Egbin cannot be said to be secure. Security of life and property in the community is questionable. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 29 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report 4.0 Equity and Social Inclusion 4.1 Agura As in most places in Africa, Agura women are completely disenfranchised in the community development process. They are in no way involved in the decision-making process of the community and as such lack a voice in their own development. It is difficult to imagine how the development that will positively impact the gender will occur under the circumstances. During the general meeting preceding the focus group sessions of this SLA exercise, women were present – the facilitators having been mandated to ensure their attendance – but they made no useful contribution to the discussions until the engagement went into the group sessions. Within the group, they were most forthcoming and provided useful information for community development planning as well as cross checks on certain information provided during the general sessions and other focus group discussions. They represented a useful triangulation tool and a veritable source of information for development planning. Land ownership and use is purely determined by men. The same is true of other productive assets. There is no debate over who allocates the use of land in the community. It is purely the preserve of men in Agura. Hence, the farmers amongst the women can only farm the portion of land that belongs to their husbands even when they have the capacity to expand. Most activities of the women in Agura are outcomes of decisions arrived at by the men. The realities of the decisions weigh less in the balance. It is not as if the women do not know or cannot see the futility of this lopsided approach to development; they have been brought up in a social setting that has minimum tolerance for what is commonly perceived as dissent and would rather not fray any nerves. Away from the perennial challenge of gender mainstreaming, the community of Agura has proved to be receptive to immigrants. The presence of a good number of immigrants in the community explains this belief. In addition, the immigrants live in a section of the community referred to as immigrant quarters. There are no prejudices against training women but most of the women are not lettered in English and marry early. In most instances, the women are responsible for raising the child. 4.2 Ijede Ijede community is warm and receptive. This is perhaps another reason why it has advanced much more than its neighbours. An index of this attitude is reflected in the fact that there are two other communities residing in Ijede land. They are both known as Ipakan. One of them is distinguished as Ipakan Resettlement, being displaced immigrants (mostly farmers) who cultivated Ipakan land – site of the present PHCN facilities. The Ijede people have graciously allowed them to appoint their own ‘Baale’ (traditional chief) within its kingdom. This is significant. The other community is Ipakan Ebute Olowo (Sarumi family), owners of the land acquired by PHCN. In our engagement with them, they expressed deep gratitude to Ijede for accommodating them over the ages. They confirmed that Ijede have always maintained good relations with them even though they are Ijede’s tenants. The warm attitude of Ijede is further buttressed by the fact that fishing in its waters is almost completely done by immigrants. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 30 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report On the other hand gender inclusiveness poses a great challenge for the community. Like most rural communities in Africa, the women of Ijede are deeply disenfranchised. There is a visible exclusion of women in the decision making process. During the engagement leading to this livelihood assessment, the contribution of the women came mostly from the retired Iyaloja – women market leader –, a very old woman, and the present one. They were able to speak perhaps because of the important position they occupy in the society. The rest of the women who made contributions were encouraged by members of the SLA team. In the critical community development planning emanating from this exercise, there was visible absence of women on arrival of the team. Close to one hour after arrival, the women were not there. They only showed up when the SLA team insisted and informed that the process would not commence, and may be suspended, if the women are not in attendance. Generally, the women are in no way involved in the decision-making process of the community and as such lack a voice in their own development. It is difficult to imagine how the development that will positively impact the gender will occur under the circumstances. The reasons for the dying commerce in the community are also located in this gender inequality. Determining the major cause of the poor market functionality was a herculean task. The general consultation could not establish the facts. Most respondent feigned ignorance and tended to provide diversionary reasons. It was only in the FGD with the women that a clue emerged and even at that it was not clear because nobody wanted to be identified as the ‘singer’. The issues were finally established in an informal discussion with a few women. Land ownership and use is purely determined by men. The same is true of other productive assets but anyone can exploit resources in the lagoon. There is no debate over who allocates the use of land in the community. It is purely the preserve of men in Ijede. Hence, the farmers amongst the women can only farm the portion of land that belongs to their husbands. Most activities of the women are outcomes of decisions reached by the men. The realities of the decisions weigh less in the balance. It is not as if the women do not know or cannot see the futility of this lopsided approach to development; they have been brought up in a social setting that has minimum tolerance for questioning the authority of the man. 4.3 Ipakan From our assessment of the people of Ipakan one can safely conclude that they are a peace loving people. They displayed strong communal relations amongst themselves and readily watch-out for the common good throughout the engagement. They are united and often present a common voice. However, like most other parts of the developing world the women of this community are allowed little or no say in matters of development. Throughout the engagement, the women were usually silent and hardly forthcoming. They only spoke freely during the Women FGD session. Only a handful of women who have attained certain societal status have the courage to contribute during general discussions. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 31 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report 4.4 Egbin Women are disenfranchised like in most neighboring communities and most parts of the country. They are usually relegated to the background in matters concerning the community and hardly make representations at community level. Land ownership and use is purely determined by men. The same is true of other productive assets. There is no debate over who allocates the use of land in the community. It is purely the preserve of men in Egbin. Hence, the farmers amongst the women can only farm the portion of land that belongs to their husbands even when they have the capacity to expand. Most activities of the women in Egbin are outcomes of decisions arrived at by the men. The realities of the decisions weigh less in the balance. It is not as if the women do not know or cannot see the futility of this lopsided approach to development; they have been brought up in a social setting that has minimum tolerance for such engagements and would rather not fray any nerves. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 32 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report 5.0 Vulnerability Analysis 5.1 Sources of Stress and Shocks Four main sources of stress and shocks can be identified in all the four communities. They relate to seasonality impacts on the major occupations, transportation of farm produce, the health impacts of menial tasks and environmental impacts of PHCN’s power plant in the lagoon. All the stress and shocks have severe income implications and in some cases constitute health hazards. Seasonality: Seasonality compels certain period of low activity in the major occupation, farming and fishing. During these periods, incomes in the occupations are drastically reduced as a result of off-season idleness. Transportation of Produce: Apart from the difficulty of conveying produce out of the farms, farmers face the added challenge of transporting their produce to markets far removed from the community as a result of the absence of a market in the community and its environs. All these result in health and income challenges. Menial Tasks: Owing to the crude approach to farming and fishing, the people over exert themselves. Hence there are regular complaints of waist pain and arthritis amongst them. Environmental Impact of PHCN’s Power Plant: The SLA team was informed – and this was corroborated by the other member communities of the Chevron IPP Stakeholder committee – that the PHCN uses the lagoon to cool its turbines. The extremely high temperature from the turbine perpetually warms the lagoon killing the fishes and keeping them away. The result has been very poor fish catch for the fishermen and little or no income for them. The alternative nowadays is for fishermen to go deep into the waters but they lack the gadgets to survive the tides. 5.2 Coping Strategies A major coping strategy for most stress and shock revolve around shifting from a particular occupation to other occupations during the off-seasons. Most of the people can comfortably operate in more than one occupation. This is the result of adjustments to seasonality impacts over time. A regular farmer may take to casual labour in a construction site during the off-season just like a fisherman may resort to swamp fishing, trapping of crustaceans or simply trade in articles. The incomes may not compare to what their regular occupations fetch but they manage to pull through the difficult times. In some instances, people resort to borrowing with a promise to pay back during the regular season. 5.3 Chronic Vulnerability Some identifiable chronic vulnerability in the community relate to: Menial Tasks: Waist pain and arthritis are obvious impacts which continuously recur as a result of the production approaches. Generally, aggregated cycles of farming shock represent a major source of chronic health vulnerability. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 33 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Access to Health: People are susceptible to sickness and diseases as a result of poor access to primary health care. Minor ailments are hardly diagnosed and degenerate patients’ health as a result of poor attention. Other cases are compounded by reverting to ineffective traditional medical practices. Power shortage: Power shortage in certain sections of the community has adversely affected artisan enterprises like hair dressing, tailoring and other occupations that depend on power for productivity. Illiteracy/Poverty: Sustained cycles of illiteracy and poverty have reinforced impoverishment of the community. PHCN’s Turbine: The disappearance of fish from the lagoon around the community represents a chronic vulnerability for fishing. 5.4 Temporary Vulnerability Temporary vulnerability in the community is represented by the following: Inadequate power supply: Complementing power supply in all the communities with additional transformers and a few poles and cables will address the power challenges of the community and boost productivity. Nutritional challenges: Seasonality compels challenges in the people’s nutrition. Farmers, fishermen and other artisans can hardly maintain a good level of nutrition during off-season periods. Poor access to markets: Poor access to markets is yet another temporary vulnerability that can be addressed by the development of a community market infrastructure. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 34 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report 6.0 Community Constraints and Opportunities 6.1 Agura Community Constraints and Opportunities Agura Livelihood Constraints For Agura to meet its developmental expectations some constraints to its human development must be addressed. These constraints relate to illiteracy, mistrust in the community ranks, poor market access, capacity challenges etc. The following is a brief analysis of the critical constraints. Poor Educational Development & Delivery: There is no chance of development for any society challenged by illiteracy. The 21st century is an age of information where communities excel on the basis of information at their disposal. The foundation for literacy is completely absent in Agura. A primary school with hardly a qualified teacher cannot produce pupils that can advance to higher education and effectively compete in modern society. The proof exist that Agura is deeply challenged by illiteracy. The present pupils in the community school, we were told, cannot read and write. Absence of primary health care delivery: Health is wealth. Without a functional primary health centre in Agura, the workforce remains at risk especially in this day of HIV-AIDS. There is no primary health care delivery. There is no information on HIV-AIDS. This community is running a great risk. Capacity Challenges: Agura is deeply challenged by capacity required to support improved productivity in the major occupations of farming and fishing. There is also a challenge in enterprise development. Poor access to markets for farm produce and challenges of evacuation of produce from the farms is critical constraints to sustainable development of the community. Mistrust: This constraint is multi-dimensional. It inhibits collective action, which is required for development of cooperatives. Cooperatives remain the most reliable vehicle for community development. Hence, synergy can hardly be achieved. The other aspect of mistrust has to do with a past unsavory experience with the formation of cooperatives in the community. An organization had come with the pretence of helping the community to register and organize cooperatives fit to benefit from a micro credit programme. It ended up duping the community of initial contributions. Absence of Credit: Without a bank (commercial, community or micro finance) or credit associations, it is impossible to raise funds for enterprise. This is further compounded by the absence of cooperatives. Agura Livelihood Opportunities There are several opportunities for growth, income; employment and generally, development beckon in this peaceful community by the Lagos lagoon. Education: A good foundation for literacy can be laid by improving facilities at the local primary school and deploying the qualified teachers. There are only 6 classrooms which serve the community. Getting qualified teachers to support the existing ones provides great opportunity for education including further education and the foundation to compete in this information age. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 35 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Cooperatives and Capacity Building: The establishment and formation of cooperatives along certain demarcations represent a tonic for enterprise development and capacity building in the occupations. People in the occupations: farming, fishing, etc can be easily trained when they work in groups – cooperatives. Agriculture: Opportunities to expand agric productivity exist and must be explored. For instance, the Federal and State governments have programmes supporting cassava production which could be leveraged. Processing through cottage industry, for cassava and other farm produce represent another big opportunity. Local processing at the moment is crude, cumbersome and discouraging. The youths agree that they have not fully explored the potentials in farming and fishing and inform that the reason has to do with the discouraging approaches. Mechanization of agricultural and fishing practices is a great opportunity. Micro Finance and Enterprise Development Fund: The absence of cooperatives and banking facilities represent a great opportunity for micro finance, banks and micro finance institutions (MFIs). With cooperatives in place and well organized, MFIs will find in Agura and neighbouring communities, a good investment. Water and Sanitation: The provision of more boreholes especially around the public utilities – Primary school, Health Centre, and Town Hall – provides great opportunity for sanitation. This could be complimented by sanitary systems like public toilets in the community . The lagoon remains a great investment treasure large explored for transportation to Lagos Island, Victoria Island and environs. Transportation to these destinations by the lagoon is cost effective, fast and quite safe. It compares more favourably against the road trip which takes an average of three hours at the time of this SLA exercise. But transport across the Lagoon to V.I is approximately ten minutes. Good, functional jetties and efficient boat transport companies are all that the situation requires. The opportunity for tourism around the shores of the lagoon also beckons. Real Estate: The vast parcels of land in the community provide an opportunity for real estate as is presently being demonstrated. Cottage Industries: Small scale industries like bakery, tailoring, hair dressing, piggery and poultry farming are great opportunities for micro enterprise. These activities are presently not-existent in the community, for employment and income. 6.2 Ijede Community Constraints and Opportunities Ijede Livelihood Constraints For Ijede to maintain the gains of its superior livelihood systems within its environs, its head start in education, social network and organizational capacity must be maintained and improved upon. It must particularly build on the gains of the United States Institute of Cultural Affairs human development experiment in the community. Some of the constraints that it must address in this quest include: Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 36 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Deplorable and dilapidating educational infrastructure and quality: Existing schools require renovation and expansion to accommodate the growing population. They are still operating with the plan of perhaps four decades ago. The quality of teaching personnel is low. It represents a major constraint to literacy and academic excellence. Poor organization for enterprise and markets: Extortionist regime in the market must be dismantled. Else there is no chance of the community, especially the women, coming together to form, register and operate the necessary cooperatives that support enterprise development. Prohibitive rent for the market shops, absence of electricity and sanitary challenges – absence of public toilets – are the other constraints that must be addressed for enterprise and markets to flourish. Capacity challenges in enterprise especially amongst artisans: The people recognize that they are challenged by capacity to organize and run cooperatives able to attract micro finance and enterprise development funds. People interested in cottage industry enterprises and those already engaged in them inform that they require training and capacity building to improve their productivity. Absence of recreation: The stress arising from the absence of recreational facilities represents a constraint to productivity and adversely affects youth development. Depreciating social amenities: Just like the challenge of infrastructure in the schools, other social amenities suffer the same fate of decadence. In some instance, the cause can be located around a poor sense of ownership, for example, the public bore hole and mini water works. Improved organization in the community especially within the leadership category (IPP Stakeholder Committee) can address this constraint. Inadequate capital for enterprise – Micro finance and enterprise development fund: Funding represents a perennial challenge to the development of sustainable enterprise in the communities. As usual in all communities, funding is a major challenge here. However, without the right organization – well organized and managed cooperatives – external funding will not come. Ijede Livelihood Opportunities Several opportunities for growth, income, employment and generally, development beckon in this peaceful community by the Lagos lagoon. Water & Sanitation: Refurbishing the mini water works and the piping network around the community will put paid to issues around water. It represents an opportunity for sanitation in the community, schools and other facilities that must not be ignored. This could be further complimented by sanitary systems like public toilets in the market, schools and health centres. The lagoon remains a great treasure largely unexplored for transportation to Lagos Island, Victoria Island and environs. Transportation to these destinations by the lagoon is cost effective, fast and safe. It compares more favourably against the road trip which took an average of three hours at the time of this exercise. But transport across the Lagoon to V.I is approximately ten minutes. Repairing the existing jetty and approving more private speed boat operators presents a great opportunity for transport and commerce. The opportunity for tourism around the shores of the lagoon also beckons. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 37 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report The full potential for fishing in the lagoon presently lies comatose as a result of PHCN’s environmental issues. Addressing its cooling of turbines in the lagoon will bring back the fishes for better livelihoods. There is also good opportunity for more innovative fishing through the use of outboard engine boats and other advanced fishing facilities. Cottage Industries: The cottage industries of the 1970s to 1980s – garment, block molding, poultry, etc – testify to the spirit of industry in Ijede and represent an opportunity to be re-enacted. Small scale industries like bakery, tailoring, hair dressing, piggery and poultry farming are great opportunities in micro enterprise. Cooperatives and Capacity Building: The establishment and formation of cooperatives along certain demarcations represent a tonic for various existing enterprises and upcoming ones to grow and develop. The opportunity for training and capacity building for enterprises also beckons Micro Finance and Enterprise Development Fund: The absence of cooperatives and micro finance banking facilities represent a great opportunity for micro finance, banks and micro finance institutions (MFIs). With cooperatives in place and well organized, MFIs will find Ijede a very handsome investment. Education: A greater foundation for literacy can be laid by improving facilities at the local institutions. There is great opportunity for employment for qualifying indigenes, in the corporate bodies establishing in the community who are attracted by the availability of gas form NGC. The area is fast turning into a power hub. 6.3 Ipakan Community Constraints and Opportunities Livelihood Constraint: Poor Educational facilities: There is only one (1) each of primary and secondary schools available around the community and there are about 150 students to a classroom. These facilities are grossly inadequate and unable to deliver qualitative education. Expansion Constraint: There is a serious limit to expansion possibilities in this community (Ipakan Ebute Olowo), and this puts a limit to their infrastructure development Other: constraints to the people’s livelihood noted during the SLA engagement include: - Lack of adequate dredging materials - Absence from their homeland - Inability to access their farmland - Unavailability of improved preservation facilities for agricultural produce - Poor access roads and transportation - Absence of credit systems Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 38 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Livelihood Opportunities: The following issues represent opportunities for development of Ipakan community. Micro finance scheme and enterprises development Water transportation Improved fishing methods and aqua culture Animal husbandry Bursary and scholarship scheme would offer tremendous opportunity for higher education. 6.4 Egbin Community Constraints and Opportunities Livelihood Constraints For any community and indeed Egbin community, to meet its developmental expectations some of the limitations to human development in the community must be addressed. Below follows a list of critical constraints: Poor Educational Development & Delivery / Illiteracy: There is no chance of development for any society challenged by illiteracy. Where the difference between success and failure is usually the quality and timeliness of information at your disposal. The foundation for literacy is completely absent in Egbin. Capacity Challenges: Egbin is deeply challenged by capacity required to support improved productivity in the major occupations of farming and fishing. There is also a challenge in enterprise development. Poor access to markets: for farm produce and challenges of evacuation of produce from the farms is a critical constraint to sustainable development of the community. Absence of Credit: Without a bank (commercial, community or micro finance) or credit associations, it is impossible to raise funds for enterprise. This may however be cushioned by the presence of a thrift society. Malnutrition: the SLA team observed a high level of nutritional deficiencies amongst the people especially the children, and poor access to portable water, thus increasing their susceptibility to ailments and diseases Access to farmlands: the people complained about constraints in accessing their farmlands Livelihood Opportunities There are several opportunities for growth and enterprise development. Cooperatives & Capacity Building: The establishment and formation of cooperatives along certain demarcations shall catalyze enterprise development and capacity building in the occupations. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 39 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Agriculture: Opportunities to expand agric productivity exist and should be explored, for profitability. Better access to community farmlands with mechanized system of farming should be encouraged and supported for maximal profitability. Micro Finance & Enterprise Development Fund: The absence of micro-finance facilities and cooperative societies portend a great opportunity for enterprise development. With cooperatives in place and well organized, MFIs will find in Egbin and neighboring communities, a good investment basin. Water & Sanitation: The provision of more boreholes especially around the public utilities provides great opportunity for sanitation. This could be complimented by sanitary systems like public toilets in the community. The lagoon: remains a great investment treasure which can be exploited for transportation purposes and the eventual opening up of this community and her neighbors to traders, workers and investors from other parts of Lagos. Cottage Industries: Small scale industries like bakery, tailoring, hair dressing, piggery and poultry farming are great opportunities for micro enterprise. These activities are presently non-existent in the community. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 40 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report 7.0 Recommendations In the light of challenges of resource limitation and allocation, recommendations for this project provide a great challenge. It is even made more difficult when we consider that almost every challenge confronting the community is critical to its development. Or how do you choose between healthcare and education, or between capacity building for enterprise and markets? Making a choice under the circumstances is simply difficult. There is a challenge of prioritizing responses to the huge development gasps established in all the four communities considering that every aspect of the gaps reinforces poverty. Poverty in all the communities is a combination of income and asset poverty and, therefore, requires committed action in all fronts to arrest. Having said these, we cannot escape the challenge of resource scarcity. Hence, the community was encouraged to make recommendations with the understanding that the emerging CD Plan would be passed over an initial period of three years within which time the major priorities would hopefully be addressed. The use of certain critical elements that support sustainable action / responses to development were introduced and encouraged namely: Application of Value Drivers Resource protection / remediation Concept of partnership as against dependency and in particular developing a concurrent critical mass able to utilize economies of scale to enhance competition and community competitiveness The first criteria provides a window for the people to critically examine the recommendations they make with respect to how a recommended project or action impacts the community. Emphasis is on recommendation that positively impact a wider rather than a narrow cross section of the community. The Value Driver format in table overleaf was employed for this purpose. The second criterion promotes conservation of natural resource and discourages reckless exploitation without provisions for remediation or sustainable management of the natural resource for instance, logging. The third is a call to partnership. Most communities suffer a dependency syndrome. Hence, this criterion calls attention to the value of partnership and the various resources that exist for partnership in community development. Communities are acutely unaware of these resources. Hence it brings them to the awareness of the value of collaboration to draw on resources available in international development especially from the United Nations agencies, the World Bank, IMF, corporate bodies, NGOs etc. They are also reminded that Government remains a primary responsible organ for development and the need to fashion out a constructive approach to working with government. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 41 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Framework Format of Value Drivers for Community Development Planning 1. Impact High Medium Low High “value added”: broad social and/or economic benefit. (Example: significant increase in household income, creates jobs, enhances peace and stability, etc.) Spreads benefits equitably among beneficiaries Strengthens peaceful and orderly society Addresses youth unemployment/underemployment Improves opportunities for women 2. Sustainability Encourages self-reliance and avoids dependency Responds to existing or potential market (for economic projects) Strengthens capacity of individuals, community-based organizations, NGOs or local government Opens partnership opportunities with CBOs, NGOs, other donors or government Creates opportunity for government engagement and support 3. Project management High likelihood of success (from feasibility studies) Designed to build out from success Optimizes and/or complements existing resources and capabilities Beneficiaries are involved in program design and execution Project planning and execution is transparent Strengthens long-term positive relationships among stakeholders (e.g. government, private sector, etc.) 7.1 Project recommendation for Agura based Value Drivers The following are recommendations emerging from the SLA engagement in Agura community: Education: The people recommended improvement of educational facilities in the primary school with renovation of the building structure, provision of desks and instructional aides, fencing of the school for security of the new structure and amenities. They also recommended engagement of qualified teachers for the school. The people also recommended establishment and construction of a secondary school in the community to serve it and its neighbours. Scholarship: The people recommended scholarship for excelling indigent students in the community especially orphans. They promise to constitute a scholarship committee made up of reputable persons in the community, to manage this fund. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 42 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Power Supply: Retrieving its transformer under repairs with PHCN is an urgent task. The people also recommended deployment of more transformers and other distribution gadgets: poles, cables etc to serve the rapidly expanding community and support enterprise. Health Care: The people recommended renovation of and provision of equipment for the community health centre hitherto constructed but not commissioned before its dilapidation. They recommended engagement of doctors, nurses and other medical staff for the health centre in addition to the establishment of a drug revolving facility for the Centre, which they will support in managing through a Community Health Management Board. Water Systems: Six more boreholes are required in the community especially at public places: school, health centre, town hall etc. The present bore hole in the community has been well managed by the community but remains grossly inadequate to meet its water needs and majority of the people are unable to afford the cost of the private bore holes. They therefore resort to streams and other sources that do not guarantee sanitation. Markets: The closest markets to the community are Ijede and Ikorodu. The community recommends establishment of a market within its environs to support commerce and relieve its artisans the great task of transportation. Employment & Income Generation: Employment and income generation for the community are recommended on three fronts. - The community demands that corporate bodies operating as its guests should give preference to its qualified citizens in employment whenever a vacancy exists. - Formation of three cooperatives is recommended – one for the men and two for the women. The men’s would be a multipurpose cooperative society while the women’s would be a farmers’ cooperative and a women’s multipurpose cooperative. They recognize that the formation and development of cooperatives is essential for enterprise development and would require support in the formation, registration, development and capacity building of these associations. - Capacity Building for occupational activities like farming, fishing, micro enterprises and cottage industries come highly recommended. The people desire capacity building, that is, training for improved agriculture, fishing and other enterprise processes; they also recommend support for mechanization of agriculture, food processing, fishing and cottage industries through provision of equipment for hire. - Micro Finance and enterprise development fund for occupational activities are also recommended. They require finance to expand opportunities in farming, fishing, processing, cottage industries (purchase of machinery, equipment and wares), and generally, trading activities. 7.2 Project recommendation for Ijede based Value Drivers The following recommendations emerged as the highest priorities in Ijede community engagement: Power Supply: The people recommended uninterrupted power supply to the community. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 43 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Education: The people recommended improvement of facilities in all the schools notably, renovation of the buildings, construction of new classroom blocks, laboratory for the secondary school, sanitary systems for all schools and water for the schools. They recommended engagement of qualified teachers for the schools. Scholarship: Scholarship for indigenous students is recommended. Library: The people recommended the construction and development of a public library for the community. Alajede’s Palace: Renovation and fencing of the Alajede’s palace was recommended. Health Care: The people recommended upgrading of the Health Centre with complete medical facilities including a theatre, a blood bank, staff quarters, engagement of more medical personnel especially medical pediatrics, surgeon and increased drug revolving facility. Post office / Telephone Exchange: The community recommended completion/support to its communal effort in the construction of a postal agency and a telephone exchange. Road construction: Construction of the following roads were recommended: Pacific- Igbe-Igbogbo road; Chevron-Abule Eko-Mayflower road; Oba Aniyera-Atobatele Avenue-Ilupeju road; and Mayflower-Ayegbami road. Also, the following drainages were recommended for construction: Oke Oyinbo drainage, Pacific-Igbe road drainage, Nofiu and Oshofo area drainage. Water: The community is of the opinion that if the mini water works in the community is reactivated with the necessary piping network, the challenge of water in the community would have been addressed. Jetty: The collapsed jetty at the water front is recommended for reconstruction. Also it is recommended that more commercial boat operators be approved to ease transportation to the islands. Coastal line and natural spring development: The community recommended the development of its natural spring and coastal line for tourism. Development of sporting facilities: The development of sporting facilities for recreation was also recommended. Markets, Employment and Income Generation: Recommendation for markets, employment and income generation were on the following basis: - Dismantling of extortionist structures and middlemen involved in women trade. - The community demands that corporate bodies operating as its guests should give priority to qualified candidates from the community in matters of employment whenever a vacancy exists. - Formation of cooperatives to attend to women trade and other enterprise development (cottage industry) needs. They recognize that the formation and development of cooperatives is essential for enterprise development and would Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 44 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report require support in the formation, registration, development and capacity building of these associations. - Capacity Building for occupational activities like aquaculture, micro enterprises and cottage industries come highly recommended. The people desire capacity building, that is, training for improved fishing and other enterprise processes; they also recommended support for cottage industries through provision of machinery and equipment on reimbursable basis. - Micro Finance and enterprise development fund for occupational activities are also recommended. They require finance to expand opportunities in fishing, trading, cottage industries (purchase of machinery, equipment and wares), and generally, enterprise development. 7.3 Project recommendation for Ipakan based Value Drivers Relocation/Resettlement: the proposed relocation of the community is a good plan as it shall improve the livelihood system of the community’s populace by increasing access to farmlands and indeed additional sources of income, reducing the risk of flood and erosion and other chronic and temporary vulnerabilities. However for the overall success of this move the following important steps are recommended: - Design of the new community layout/plan: detailing location and facilities for the new settlement including requisite facilities etc will be very useful - Structured relocation plan: detailing relocation procedures over time. Enterprise Development, Cooperative societies and Micro finance The people requested capacity building initiatives in other to boost enterprise development of the community. Establishing financial institutions - Microfinance banks and institutions, community banks, Co operative societies - in the community will also go a long way to enable the attainment of their development goals. Scholarship awards and increased Educational opportunities: The people recommended construction of a community library and the award of scholarship to excelling indigent students in the community, so as to increase opportunities for formal education in the area. They intend to constitute a scholarship board made up of reputable persons in the community, to manage this fund. Employment opportunities: The people advocated increased employment opportunities for members of the community in Government establishments and in companies operating in their locality. 7.4 Project recommendation for Egbin based Value Drivers Construction of roads, transport network and drainage system: The people are of the opinion that good roads will open up the community thus improving trade with other communities, and lead to enterprise development, which will go a long way in empowering the people to further take charge of their destinies. A good drainage system will also promote longevity of the roads. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 45 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agrua, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities’ SLA Report Educational opportunities and Scholarship: The people recommended construction of a community library and the scholarship awards for excelling indigent students in the community, so as to increase opportunities for the education of the populace. They promise to constitute a scholarship board made up of reputable persons in the community, to manage this fund. Health Care: The people recommended the construction of Health care facilities in the community. Though the SLA team noted that the Ijede Health Center is just a stone’s throw away from the Egbin community and if improved can serve both communities well. Enterprise Development and Markets: The people requested capacity building initiatives in other to boost enterprise development in the community. For accelerated development of enterprises there is need to create avenues of exchange for goods and services with financial returns thus the community recommended the establishment of a market within its environs to support commerce and relieve its artisans the great task of transportation, as the closest market to them is in Ijede. Establishing financial institutions - Microfinance banks and institutions, community banks, Co operative societies - in the community will go a long way to enable the attainment of this lofty goal. Employment: The people recommended that in order to stem the tide of unemployment in the community, establishments coming into the community should give employment priorities to indigenes of the community. Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Page 46 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agura, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities SLA Report 3.0 Summary of SLA Findings……………………………………..........19 3.1 Summary of SLA Findings in Agura....………………………..19 3.2 Summary of SLA Findings in Ijede....………………………....21 3.3 Summary of SLA Findings in Ipakan....……………………….24 3.4 Summary of SLA Findings in Egbin....………………………...27 4.0 Equity and Social Inclusion…………………………………….........30 4.1 Agura.........................................................................................30 4.2 Ijede...........................................................................................30 4.3 Ipakan........................................................................................31 4.4 Egbin......................................................................................... 32 5.0 Vulnerability Analysis……………………………………………......33 5.1 Sources of Stress and Shocks ………………............................33 5.2 Coping Strategies.......................................................................33 5.3 Chronic Vulnerability.................................................................33 5.4 Temporary Vulnerability............................................................34 6.0 Community Constraints and Challenges............................................35 6.1 Agura..................................... ………………............................35 6.2 Ijede....................................... ………………............................36 6.3 Ipakan..................................... ………………...........................38 6.4 Egbin...................................... ………………............................39 7.0 Recommendations.................................................................................41 7.1 Project Recommendations for Agura based value drivers..........42 7.2 Project Recommendations for Ijede based value drivers............43 7.3 Project Recommendations for Ipakan based value drivers..........45 7.4 Project Recommendations for Egbin based value drivers...........45 Annex 1: Sample SLA notes (including attendance) Annex 2: Photo Gallery Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Chevron Independent Power Project: Agura, Ijede, Ipakan and Egbin Communities SLA Report ACRONYMS ADP - Agriculture Development Programme CID - Criminal Investigations Department CNL - Chevron Nigeria Limited DFID - Department for International Development (U.K.) ETF - Education Trust Fund FGD - Focus Group Discussion GMOU - Global Memorandum of Understanding IRDC - Itsekiri Regional Development Council LGA - Local Government Area NDDC - Niger Delta Development Council NDR - Niger Delta Region NGO - Non-Governmental Organization NNPC - Nigeria National Petroleum Company PHCN - Power Holding Company of Nigeria PRA - Participatory Rural Appraisal RDC - Regional Development Council SL - Sustainable Livelihoods SLA - Sustainable Livelihoods Assessment Facilitated by Research and Development Africa Consult, Claims and Insurance Diagnostics With technical assistance from Integrated Dev. and Community Empowerment Centre, September 2007 Annex B References AIP Project EIA 10 REFERENCES Adegoroye, A. (1991) The challenges of environmental enforcement in Africa: The Nigerian Experience. Third International Conference on Environmental Enforcement. 43-54 pp Allen, S. E., Grimshaw, H. M., Parkinson, J. A. and Quarmby, C. (1974) Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London Chevron Nigeria Limited (2006). Independent Power Project – Preliminary Assessment of Impact Report. Rainforest Limited. Chevron Nigeria Limited (2007). Independent Power Project – Composite Sustainable Livelihood Assessment Report for Agua, Ijede, Ipaka and Egbin Communities. R&D Africa Consult, Claim and Insurance Diagnostics Ltd. Chevron Nigeria Limited (2011). Basis of Design Manual for a Simple Cycle Power Plant and Substation. Chevron Nigeria Limited (2013). Assessment of the Agura Independent Power Project Air Quality Impacts. URS Chevron Nigeria Limited (2013). Updated Noise and Vibration Study, Chevron Agura IPP Project. URS Chevron Nigeria Limited (2013). Environmental Baseline Survey Report. Environmental Accord Nigeria Limited Donahue, R.L., Miller, R.W., Shickluna, J.C. (1990). Soil: An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth. Prentice-Hall of India. Environmental Accord Nigeria Limited (2011) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Azura Edo Independent Power Plant Project in Ihovvbor, Benin City, Edo State. Environmental Resources Management (Pty) Ltd Fagade SO, Olaniyan CIO (1974). Seasonal Distribution of the Fish Fauna of the Lagos Lagoon: bull.de.IFANSER. A. 36(1): 244-252. Draft EIA Report References July 2013 Page 1 of 3 AIP Project EIA FAO (2002). Ecosystem issues. OAR/National Undersea Research Programme/G.Mc Fall Federal Environmental Protection Agency (1991) Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Control in Nigeria. Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Nigeria Heywood, V. H. and Moore, D. M. (eds.). (1978). Flowering Plants of the World. Hutchinson, J. and Dalziel, J. M. (1954 - 1967). Flora of West Tropical Africa Vol. I-III. Crown Agents for overseas Governments and Administrations. London. Internal Energy Agency (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), Accessed 28 February 2013 IUCN (1996). Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 448pp. IUCN (2001) Protected Areas of the World: A Review of National Systems. Volume IV, IUCN, Gland Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. (Lowbeer-Lewis, N. (2010) Nigeria and Nuclear Energy: Plans and Prospects. Nuclear Future Energy’s Paper, No 11, Center for International Governance Innovation. Macintosh, D.J. and Ashton, E.C (eds).2003. Report on the Africa Regional Workshop on the Sustainable Management of Mangrove Forest Ecosystems. ISME/CENTER/CAW. Sambo, A. S. (2008) Matching Electricity Supply with Demand in Nigeria, International Association for Energy Economics, Fourth Quarter 32-36 Singh, V. (2001) Blending Wind and Solar into the Diesel Generator Market. The Renewable Energy Policy Project. Research Report Number: 12 Smart, M. (1997). The Ramsar Convention: Its Role and Wise Use of Wetland Biodiversity. In: The Convention on Wetlands in the Conservation and Use of Biodiversity. Hails, A. J. (ed): Publishes Ramsar convention Bureau, 20-21. UNDP and Energy Commission of Nigeria (2005). Renewable Energy Master Plan UNDP and Energy Commission of Nigeria Draft EIA Report References July 2013 Page 2 of 3 AIP Project EIA U.S. EPA, 2004. User’s Guide For The AMS/EPA Regulatory Model-AERMOD. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-454/B-03-001. Webb, J.E., Wallwork, J.A.. Elgood (1981). Guide to Living Amphibians. The Macmillan Press, Ltd., London. 142pp. World Bank (2009) Statistics on Access Power Supply in Nigeria. Accessed at ((http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS). May 2013. Draft EIA Report References July 2013 Page 3 of 3 Annex C Plant Layout Schematic Annex D Fuel Network Diagrams An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture BASIS OF DESIGN MANUAL FOR A FUEL GAS PIPELINE & GAS CONDITIONING FACILITIES CNL AGURA INDEPENDENT POWER PROJECT LAGOS, NIGERIA Prepared By: Date: 2013-02-28 K. D. (Ken) Hubley, P. Eng. Project Engineering Manager Reviewed By: Date: 2013-02-28 K. D. (Ken) Hubley, P. Eng. Project Engineering Manager Approved By: Date: 2013-02-28 B. Alam, P. Eng. Project Manager 2013-Feb-28 Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 1 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture RECORD OF REVISION Rev. Authorizing Signatures Date Description No. Prepared By: Reviewed By: Approved By: PA 08-Jul-04 Initial Issue for Internal Review C. Dos Ramos D. Shankar N/A N/A PB 08-Jul-30 Issued for Client Review C. Dos Ramos D. Beauchamp N/A N/A 00 08-Oct-08 Issued for Final Client Comment C. Dos Ramos D. Beauchamp N/A N/A 01 08-Nov-17 Issued for Design C. Dos Ramos D. Beauchamp N/A N/A 02 09-Nov-05 Revised Scope C. Dos Ramos B. Alam Shadman Ishrat 03 10-Oct-21 Revised Scope C. Dos Ramos K. D. (Ken) Hubley B. Alam 04 11-May-19 Revised scope C. Dos Ramos K. D. (Ken) Hubley B. Alam Added Terminal Points and Line 05 13-Feb-28 K. D. (Ken) Hubley K. D. (Ken) Hubley B. Alam Diameters Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 2 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Ba c kg ro u n d Info rm a tion & Cu rre nt Situ atio n .............................................................. 4 2 P ro c e s s De s c rip tio n ......................................................................................................4 3 En viro n m e n ta l Co n d itio n s ............................................................................................ 5 4 De s ig n Ba s is ..................................................................................................................6 4.1 Design Codes ......................................................................................................6 4.1.1 American Codes & Standards .................................................................................... 6 4.1.2 International Codes & Standards ............................................................................... 6 4.1.3 NGC Specifications, Codes and Standards ............................................................... 6 4.1.4 Nigerian National Codes and Standards .................................................................... 7 4.1.5 Applicable Chevron and NGC Standards Matrix ........................................................ 7 4.2 Process Design ....................................................................................................9 4.2.1 Fuel Gas ..................................................................................................................... 9 4.2.2 Design & Operating Flow Rates ............................................................................... 10 4.2.3 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure ................................................................. 11 4.2.4 Gas Flow Temperature............................................................................................. 11 4.2.5 Process Sparing ....................................................................................................... 11 4.3 Mechanical & Piping Design ..............................................................................11 4.3.1 Pipeline ..................................................................................................................... 11 4.4 Facilities .............................................................................................................14 4.4.1 ELPS Tie-In Interface ............................................................................................... 14 4.4.2 Agura Power Plant Site ............................................................................................ 15 4.4.3 Pigging Equipment ................................................................................................... 17 4.4.4 Piping........................................................................................................................ 17 4.5 Electrical & Instrumentation ...............................................................................19 4.5.1 Analyzers .................................................................................................................. 19 4.5.2 ESD .......................................................................................................................... 20 4.5.3 Lighting ..................................................................................................................... 20 4.5.4 Cathodic Protection .................................................................................................. 20 4.5.5 Remote Terminal Unit (RTU).................................................................................... 21 4.5.6 Flow Meters .............................................................................................................. 21 4.6 Civil Works .........................................................................................................21 4.6.1 Earthwork ................................................................................................................. 21 4.6.2 Roads and Paved Areas .......................................................................................... 22 4.6.3 Drainage ................................................................................................................... 22 4.6.4 Fencing ..................................................................................................................... 22 4.6.5 Sanitary Facilities ..................................................................................................... 22 4.6.6 Piping Support and Miscellaneous Structures ......................................................... 22 4.6.7 Platforms .................................................................................................................. 23 4.6.8 Embedments and Anchors ....................................................................................... 23 4.6.9 Buildings ................................................................................................................... 23 4.6.10 Enclosures ................................................................................................................ 23 4.7 Safety in Design .................................................................................................23 5 Op e ratin g P h ilo s o p h y ................................................................................................. 23 Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 3 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture 1. Background Information & Current Situation The Government of Nigeria requested International Oil Companies (IOCs) to help increase the country’s power generation capacity by developing Independent Power Plants (IPPs) in Nigeria. The Agura Independent Power Project (AIPP) is an initiative undertaken by a joint venture partnership of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL) to fulfill this mandate. Stage 1 of the AIPP will consist of two (2) simple-cycle gas turbine generators located adjacent to existing Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) and AES power plants at Egbin, near Ikorodu in the Lagos state of Nigeria. The ultimate development of the AIPP will consist of three (3) gas turbine generators, three (3) heat recovery steam generators and one (1) steam turbine generator operating in combined cycle. The fuel gas required to drive the gas turbine generators will be supplied from an existing 762mm (30") diameter lateral on the Escravos-Lagos Pipeline System (ELPS). The 762mm (30") diameter lateral currently supplies fuel gas to the nearby PHCN and AES power plants. Fuel gas for the AIPP will be taken from the 762mm (30") diameter lateral through a tie-in upstream of the Nigerian Gas Company (NGC) gas conditioning facility at Egbin. A new pipeline lateral will be constructed from the tie-in point to the AIPP site with associated gas conditioning facilities at the AIPP site. The fuel gas pipeline and gas conditioning facilities will be designed, constructed, commissioned, owned and operated by NGC. 2 Process Description CNL will inject gas into the existing ELPS at Escravos and remove gas from a tie-in point on the 762mm (30") diameter ELPS lateral upstream of the Egbin gas conditioning facility. A pig launcher will be provided at the pipeline inlet near the tie-in point to accommodate pipeline cleaning or inspection tools. There will be no facilities on the pipeline between the ELPS tie-in site and the AIPP site. A pig receiver will be provided at the AIPP site for retrieval of pipeline cleaning or inspection tools. The gas exiting the pipeline at the AIPP site will be conditioned by a knockout drum and filters to remove any liquids that may be present in the pipeline. Any liquids in the process equipment are drained to a sump tank. The sump tank will be emptied by a mobile vacuum truck as required and the condensate disposed of off site. Following the filters, the gas is heated to compensate for the temperature loss which will occur when the pressure is reduced through the pressure regulating valves. After the regulating valves, the gas is metered before delivery to the power plant. The scope of the fuel gas pipeline package ends at the inlet flange of the 500mm (20- inch) to 300mm (12-inch) reducer at the outlet of the flow meters of the NGC Pressure Reducing and Metering Station (PRMS) located on AIPP property. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 4 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture Pressure relief lines, process equipment vents, and piping vents will be routed to a safe location for discharge of the hydrocarbon gases. 3 Environmental Conditions Elevation (Site) 4 m Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL) Ambient Conditions (from 2003 to 2007 inclusive at Ikeja, Nigeria): Median of Dry Bulb Range, °C 20.5 23.5 28.5 32.5 36.5 Coincident Median RH Range, % 93 88 80.5 70.5 55.5 Frequency of Occurrence, hrs/yr 289 4,261 3,151 1,051 8 Average Maximum Dry Bulb, °C 33 Average Minimum Dry Bulb, °C 22 Maximum Dry Bulb, °C 36 Minimum Dry Bulb, °C 19 Dry Bulb Temperatures exceeded 1% of the time 2.5% of the time 5% of the time °C 33.7 33.1 32.6 Mean Coincident RH Range, % 56 to 85 Design Ambient Temperature for: Electrical equipment exposed to 45 ambient conditions, °C Electrical equipment indoors in 45 ventilated areas, °C VAC Design Conditions External Dry Bulb Temperature, 34 °C External Relative Humidity, % 80 Internal Dry Bulb Temperature, °C 24 Internal Wet Bulb Temperature, 17 °C Internal Relative Humidity, % 50 Rainfall: Annual Maximum Yr (2003 to 1,699 mm 2007) Annual Average 1,532 mm Maximum in 24 hours 163.6 mm Wind Maximum Wind Velocity 36 m/s (approximate) Average Wind Velocity 3.7 m/s Prevailing Wind Direction, from 213.75° to 281.25° Centers are W, WSW & SW (4,140) Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 5 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture (h/y) West African Trade Wind, end Nov to mid Mar, 0.5 to 10 µm Harmattan Wind (dust laden) dust Gust wind Speed (m/sec.) Use value in the IBC Design Life 20 years The ground temperature for the buried gas pipeline is 21°C 4 Design Basis 4.1 De s ig n Co d e s 4.1.1 Am e ric a n Co d e s & S ta n d a rd s AISC American Institute of Steel Construction ANSI American National Standards Institute API American Petroleum Institute ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials AWS American Welding Society IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers ISA Instrumentation Society of America MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society NEC National Electrical Code NEMA National Electrical Manufacturer's Association NESC National Electrical Safety Code OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration NFPA National Fire Protection Association NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers SSPC Steel Structures Painting Council 4.1.2 In te rn a tio n a l Co d e s & S ta n d a rd s BS British Standards IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IBC International Building Code ISO International Standards Organization 4.1.3 NGC S p e c ific a tio n s , Co d e s a n d S ta n da rds API American Petroleum Institute ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 6 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture BS British Standards DNV Det Norske Veritas EIA Electronics Industry Association IP Institute of Petroleum IEC International Electrotechnical Commission ISA Instrumentation Society of America ISO International Standards Organization MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers TEMA Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association 4.1.4 Nig e ria n Na tio n a l Co d e s a n d S ta n d a rd s FMENV Federal Ministry of Environment Regulations DPR Department of Petroleum Resources (EGASPIN) NFC National Fire Code 4.1.5 Ap p lic a b le Ch e vro n a n d NGC S ta n d a rd s Ma trix AGURA DISCIPLINE DESCRIPTION CES SPEC NGC SPEC PROJECT BS 12/1881/1926/2008/4 Civil & AP1-APGN-CIV- Steel Fabrication CIV-EG-398 449/ Structural SPC-000-00002-00 4461/4466/4483/ CP 116 Plain and Reinforced Civil & AP1-APGN-CIV- Concrete - an Exception to CIV-SU-850-J Structural SPC-000-00003-00 PIP STS03001 Civil & AP1-APGN-ARC- Chain Link Fencing CIV-EG-1952 Structural SPC-000-00029-00 Civil & Standard Design Guide GD-S99641-3 GD-S99641-3 Structural Sheet for Pipe Trenches Civil & Guide Sheet for Pipe GF-M99874-7 GF-M99874-7 Structural Supports (2 sheets) Single Layer Fusion Bonded AP1-APGN-COM- Coatings Epoxy for External Pipeline COM-SU-4042-E ASME B31.8 SPC-000-00004-00 Coating AP1-APGN-COM- Coatings External Coatings COM-SU-4743-D ASME B31.8 SPC-000-00002-00 Corrosion OPCO Drawings for CP 1020/CP 13 13 Protection Cathodic Protection 1074/ISO 15568-1 Corrosion Cathodic Protection Test CP 1020/CP AP1-APGN-PPL- CPM-DU-6004 Protection Stations for Pipelines 1074/ISO 15568-1 SPC-000-00005-00 Corrosion CP 1020/CP AP1-APGN-PPL- Pipe Isolation CPM-DU-6005 Protection 1074/ISO 15568-1 SPC-000-0000600 Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 7 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture AGURA DISCIPLINE DESCRIPTION CES SPEC NGC SPEC PROJECT Corrosion Electrical Continuity CP 1020/CP AP1-APGN-PPL- CPM-DU-6006 Protection Bonding 1074/ISO 15568-1 SPC-000-00007-00 Corrosion CP 1020/CP AP1-APGN-PPL- Cased Crossings CPM-DU-6007 Protection 1074/ISO 15568-1 SPC-000-00008-00 Corrosion Deep Anode ICCP for ISO 15568-1,2/ CP AP1-APGN-PPL- CPM-DU-6008 Protection Pipelines 1014,1020 SPC-000-00009-00 Corrosion Surface MMO Groundbed ISO 15568-1,2/ CP AP1-APGN-PPL- CPM-DU-6009 Protection ICCP System for Pipelines 1014,1020 SPC-000-00010-00 Distributed Anode ICCP Corrosion ISO 15568-1,2/ CP AP1-APGN-PPL- Systems for Pipelines and CPM-DU-6010 Protection 1014,1020 SPC-000-00011-00 Plant Facilities Distributed Sacrificial Anode Corrosion ISO 15568-1,2/ CP AP1-APGN-PPL- Systems for Buried CPM-DU-6017 Protection 1014,1020 SPC-000-00013-00 Pipelines Corrosion Sacrificial Anode Banks for ISO 15568-1,2/ CP AP1-APGN-PPL- CPM-DU-6018 Protection Pipelines 1014,1020 SPC-000-00014-00 Flare/ Relief AP1-APGN-FRS- Relief Valves FRS-SU-5032-A API - RP 520,521 Systems SPC-000-00001-00 Field Hydrostatic Testing of AP1-APGN-PIP- Piping PIM-SU-3541-C ASME B31.8 Piping Systems SPC-000-00001-00 AP1-APGN-PPL- Piping Piping Design PIM-DU-5138-A SPC-000-00006-00 Material Specifications for Carbon Steel, Cr-Mo, and AP1-APGN-PPL- Piping PIM-SU-5112-A Stainless Steel Piping SPC-000-00004-00 Systems Standard Piping Details and AP1-APGN-PIP- Piping GC-L34496-11 Construction Notes SPC-000-00008-00 AP1-APGN-PPL- Pipeline Seamless Line Pipe PPL-SU-1051-B API 5L SPC-000-00017-00 ASME BPV AP1-APGN-PPL- Pipeline Radiographic Inspection PPL-EG-1564-D SECTION III/ BS SPC-000-00020-00 2910 Onshore Pipeline AP1-APGN-PPL- Pipeline PPL-EG-1800-H ASME B31.8 Construction SPC-000-00018-00 AP1-APGN-PPL- Pipeline Induction Bending PPL-SU-4737-C ASME B31.8 SPC-000-00019-00 Standard Detail of Bars at ASME B16.9 / MSS Pipeline GA-L99880-2 GA-L99880-2 Pipe Line Tee Connections SP75 Safety in AP1-APGN-SID- Safety in Designs SID-SU-5106-A Design SPC-000-00001-00 Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 8 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture 4.2 P ro c e s s De s ig n 4.2.1 Fu e l Ga s 4.2.1.1 Co m p o s itio n & P ro p e rtie s Fuel gas will be supplied to the AIPP by a consortium of gas producers including CNL and Shell Nigeria via the NGC ELPS 762mm (30") diameter lateral. The actual gas supplied to the plant is likely to be a mixture from the various providers and therefore the average fuel gas composition shown in Table 4.2.1.1-1 will be used as the representative fuel for hydraulic calculations and process heat and mass balance modeling purposes. Table 4.2.1.1-1 Representative Fuel Gas Composition for Normal Operation Average Composition Component Formula Mole % Nitrogen N2 0.66 Carbon Dioxide CO2 2.55 Methane CH4 88.75 Ethane C2H6 5.93 Propane C3H8 1.28 i-Butane C4H10 0.26 n-Butane C4H10 0.26 i-Pentane C5H12 0.09 n-Pentane C5H12 0.06 Hexanes C6H14 0.06 Heptanes + C7H16 0.10 TOTAL 100.00 Physical Parameter Units Value 3 Heating Value; HHV kJ/Nm 39,578 Heating Value; HHV Btu/scf 1062 Heating Value; HHV kJ/kg 50,553 Heating Value; HHV Btu/lb 21,734 3 Heating Value; LHV kJ/Nm 36,009 Heating Value; LHV Btu/scf 966 Heating Value; LHV kJ/kg 45,995 Heating Value; LHV Btu/lb 19,774 Molecular Weight 18.45 Specific Gravity 0.64 Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 9 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture Physical Parameter Units Value Pipeline Supply Pressure at plant boundary Bar(g) 40 - 60 Pipeline Supply Temperature at plant boundary °C 20 - 25 The operating experience of the AES and PHCN power plants (adjacent to the AIPP and getting fuel gas from the same 762 mm (30”) pipeline) indicates that there are times when the gas in the NGC pipeline is “off-spec” and contains a considerable amount of liquids. This tends to happen when NGC pigs the pipeline but can occur at other times as well. The composition shown in Table 4.2.1.1-2 is the worst case off-spec gas composition to be used for calculating liquid volumes and sizing the liquids handling facilities. Table 4.2.1.1-2 Fuel Gas Composition for Calculating Maximum Condensate Volumes Average Composition Component Formula Mole % Nitrogen N2 0.82 Carbon Dioxide CO2 1.07 Methane CH4 90.56 Ethane C2H6 0.67 Propane C3H8 4.92 I-Butane C4H10 0.00 n-Butane C4H10 0.00 Neo-Pentane C5H12 0.00 I-Pentane C5H12 0.00 n-Pentane C5H12 0.00 Hexanes + C6+ 1.96 TOTAL 100.00 Molecular Weight 19.56 Specific Gravity 0.68 4.2.2 De s ig n & Op e ra tin g Flow Ra te s The design and operating flow rates of the fuel gas pipeline and associated gas conditioning facilities will be determined during detailed design based on the requirements of the selected gas turbine generators and fuel gas heaters. The design flow rate will be adequate for operation of three (3) gas turbine generators. The design flow rate will also account for fuel gas used by the fuel gas heaters and the anticipated increase in fuel gas consumption due to degradation of the three (3) gas turbine generators over the design life of the power plant. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 10 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture 4.2.3 Ma xim u m Allo wa b le Op e ra tin g P re s s u re The Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP) of the fuel gas pipeline and gas conditioning facilities will be 10,000kPa(g) (1450psig) to match the MAOP of the 762mm (30") diameter ELPS lateral. 4.2.4 Ga s Flow Te m p e ra tu re The temperature of the fuel gas received at the inlet of the AIPP site could range from 20°C to 50°C. However, the flowing gas temperature delivered to the AIPP must meet the turbine fuel gas specification requirements. The turbine fuel gas temperature requirements will be confirmed during detailed design. Fuel gas heaters will be provided downstream of the filters and upstream of the pressure regulating valves at the AIPP site to restore any temperature drop in the gas due to the pressure regulation process and provide any additional heat required to ensure the fuel gas delivery temperature specification is met. 4.2.5 P ro c e s s S pa rin g Certain process equipment at the AIPP site will have 100% capacity installed spares to allow continued operation when the primary equipment is shutdown for maintenance or other reasons. The major installed spare process equipment at the AIPP site will be: • 100% capacity gas filter • 100% capacity orifice flow meter • 100% capacity gas heater • 100% capacity pressure regulating valve train 4.3 Me c h a n ic a l & P ip in g De s ig n 4.3.1 P ip e lin e 4.3.1.1 S ize The fuel gas pipeline from the ELPS lateral hot tap to the PRMS will be 400mm (16- inch) diameter. The main stream piping diameter inside the PRMS will be 500mm (20-inch) diameter. The outlet of the PRMS will be a 500mm (20-inch) diameter flange. The Power Block EPC Contractor will provide a 500mm (20-inch) by 300mm (12- inch) diameter flanged reducer. 4.3.1.2 Ca p a c ity The pipeline capacity will be based on the fuel gas requirements of the selected gas turbine generators plus the fuel required for thePRMS and AIPP fuel gas heaters. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 11 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture The pipeline capacity will be adequate to supply up to three (3) gas turbine generators including additional allowances for fuel gas heater fuel and machine degradation over the design life of the power plant. 4.3.1.3 De s ig n P re s s u re The design pressure of the pipeline will be 10,000kPa(g) (1450psig) 4.3.1.4 Ma te ria l The line pipe material will be seamless carbon steel in accordance with Chevron Specification PPL-SU-1051 (AP1-APGN-PPL-SPC-000-00017-00), Seamless Line Pipe. The material grade and wall thickness will be selected to minimize costs based on material availability. 4.3.1.5 Co rro s io n Allowa n c e There will be no corrosion allowance on the buried pipeline. 4.3.1.6 In te rn a l Co a tin g There will be no internal coating on the buried pipeline. 4.3.1.7 Exte rn a l Co a tin g The pipeline will be externally coated with a single layer fusion bonded epoxy coating in accordance with Chevron Specification COM-SU-4042 (AP1-APGN-COM-SPC- 000-00004-00), Single Layer Fusion Bonded Epoxy for External Pipeline Coating. 4.3.1.8 Ro u tin g a n d Rig h t-o f-Wa y The approximate routing and right-of-way is shown on drawing 332430-0000-41DD- 0003-00, Agura Independent Power Project (AIPP), Power Block Scope, Plan. The pipeline route is adjacent to existing 330kV and 132kV overhead transmission lines and crosses a 330kV transmission line twice before entering the AIPP property. The pipeline will be a minimum of 50m away from the 330kV and 132kV overhead transmission lines. The final routing will be confirmed by induced voltage calculations to ensure a safe separation distance between the buried pipeline and the power lines. 4.3.1.9 Tie -in Lo c a tio n to ELP S The hot-tap tie-in to the ELPS pipeline will be at approximately 750m (2461') upstream of the pig trap at the NGC Egbin metering facility. 4.3.1.10 Ca th o d ic P ro te c tio n The pipeline will be cathodically protected with an impressed current cathodic protection system in accordance with Chevron Specification CPM-DU-6008 (AP1- APGN-PPL-SPC-000-00009-00), Deep Anode ICCP for Pipelines (for deep anode beds) or CPM-DU-6009 (AP1-APGN-PPL-SPC-000-00010-00), Surface MMO Groundbed ICCP System for Pipelines (for surface anode beds). Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 12 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture 4.3.1.11 S e c tio n a lizin g Va lve s Isolation valves will be provided at the inlet and outlet of the pipeline. There will be no intermediate sectionalizing valves on the pipeline between the 762mm (30”) ELPS tie-in site and the AIPP site. 4.3.1.12 Ba rre d Te e s Barred tees will be installed at connections to the main pipeline that are greater than 1/3 of the pipeline diameter to allow safe passage of the pig through the line. Barred tees will be in accordance with Chevron drawing GA-L99880-2. 4.3.1.13 Bu o ya n c y Co n tro l Where required, buoyancy control of buried pipelines will be identified on the alignment drawings and field verified, in areas requiring weighting. Heavy wall pipe, set-on weights, bolt-on weights and continuous concrete coating or screw anchors may be used. Where a gravity weighting system is specified, ensure that the pipeline has a minimum of 10% negative buoyancy, neglecting uplift resistance provided by backfill. At river, creek, swamp and other wet area crossings, the minimum specific gravity of the material into which the pipe will be installed will be assumed to be 1.2. 4.3.1.14 Me c h a n ic a l S h u t-Do wn Va lve An isolation valve will be provided at the 762mm (30") ELPS lateral tie-in site and an Emergency Shutdown (ESD) valve will be provided at the inlet of the knock-out drum to allow the pipeline to be isolated. The isolation valve at the 762mm (30”) ELPS tie-in site will be a manual valve. The shutdown valve at inlet of the knock-out drum at the AIPP site will be an electrically operated fail-safe valve (with local reset to open) controlled from the NGC ELPS pipeline control center and status monitoring in the AIPP DCS. 4.3.1.15 Ga s De te c tio n Gas detectors will be installed at the 762mm (30”) ELPS tie-in site and at the AIPP site to warn of gas leakage and be looped to the ESD to initiate a shutdown of the gas supply system. 4.3.1.16 We ld in g Welding will be in accordance with Chevron Welding Manual and API 1104. Automatic and/or manual welding will be used. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 13 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture 4.4 Fa c ilitie s 4.4.1 ELP S Tie -In In te rfa c e 4.4.1.1 Ho t-Ta p The tie-in to the 762mm (30") ELPS lateral will be done using the hot-tap method. The hot-tap will be a 400mm (16") tap on the 762mm (30") ELPS lateral and will be carried out according to the project’s hot-tap specification. A 400mm (16") isolation valve will be provided on the above ground portion of the hot-tap so the site piping may be tied-in at any time. 4.4.1.2 S c ra p e r Tra p A scraper launcher will be installed at the ELPS tie-in site to allow insertion of pigs into the pipeline. The scraper trap will be designed to accommodate instrumented pigs and cleaning pigs. It will be equipped with bypass piping and valves to allow flow to bypass the trap when it is not in use. Flow will normally not pass through the scraper trap. 4.4.1.3 Co n tro l S ys te m The tie-in site operation will be monitored remotely from the NGC ELPS pipeline control center using the RTU at the tie-in site. The RTU will communicate with the NGC SCADA system using a radio frequency or microwave telecommunication system. The NGC pipeline operators will monitor process variables at the tie-in site and will manage operation of the tie-in site. 4.4.1.4 Ele c tric P owe r Power for instrumentation, lights, RTU, and other electronic devices at the tie-in site will normally be supplied by a low voltage cable buried above the pipeline. The power will be 415VAC supplied from a substation in the AIPP. A step-down transformer will be provided at the tie-in site. The system voltage available on the low-voltage side of the step-down transformer will be 230V single phase and can be used for lighting or small power. A rectifier will supply DC power which will be used to supply services such as the RTU and communication equipment, circuit breaker trip coil and associated relays at 110V and some control equipment at lower voltages, such as 48V. A suitably sized UPS system with battery backup will be provided at the tie-in site to provide emergency power in case power is not available from the AIPP interconnect cable. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 14 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture 4.4.2 Ag u ra P owe r P la n t S ite 4.4.2.1 S c ra p e r Tra p A scraper receiver will be installed at the AIPP site to allow removal of pigs from the pipeline. The scraper trap will be designed to accommodate instrumented pigs and cleaning pigs. It will be equipped with bypass piping and valves to allow flow to bypass the trap when it is not in use. Flow will not normally pass through the trap 4.4.2.2 Me te rin g Custody transfer quality flow metering will be provided at the AIPP site. Orifice plates will be used to meter the gas flow. There will be two (2) 100% capacity flow meter trains with flow transmitters and local flow indication arranged in parallel to allow flow measurement in case one flow meter train is out of service. 4.4.2.3 Co n tro l S ys te m The fuel gas conditioning facilities at the AIPP site will be controlled by local PLCs and the NGC SCADA system. However, the fuel gas conditioning facility control system shall interface with the AIPP DCS system to allow monitoring of the fuel gas conditioning facility via the AIPP DCS system. The DCS system will allow power plant operators to monitor all process variables in the fuel gas conditioning area and help coordinate operation of the power plant with NGCs fuel gas conditioning system. 4.4.2.4 Liq u id s Co lle c tio n S um p Ta n k A liquids collection sump tank will be provided at the AIPP site. The knockout drum, gas filters, and piping will have drains connected to the sump tank. The sump tank will retain any condensate or liquid water that is removed from the incoming gas until the liquid can be removed from site by vacuum truck. The sump tank level will be indicated in the AIPP control room. Liquid volume calculations using the gas composition in Table 4.2.1.1-2 will be used to size the liquid collection tank. The sump tank will be an atmospheric tank located in a concrete pit. The tank vent will be located such that hydrocarbon vapors are discharged to atmosphere at a safe location. A vacuum truck connection with probe to the bottom of the sump tank will be provided to allow liquids to be removed from site by a vacuum truck. 1.4.2.4.1 Ta n k Ve n t S ys te m The sump tank will be an atmospheric tank continuously vented to the atmosphere. The tank vent will be located such that any vapors will discharge to atmosphere at a safe elevation and location for adequate dispersion. The vent line will be equipped with a flame arrestor. The vent discharge will be at sufficient height and distance from other facilities to ensure safe dispersion of any hydrocarbon vapor to the atmosphere without posing a safety risk to personnel or operating facilities. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 15 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture 1.4.2.4.2 Liq u id s Re m o va l A vacuum truck will connect to the sump tank using the truck connection provided and draw out any liquids from the tank into the truck. 1.4.2.4.3 Liq u id s Ha n d lin g Me th o d o lo g y In normal operation, no liquids are expected at the AIPP site from the incoming fuel gas. Any liquid in the gas will be removed and held in the knockout drum and filters. Any liquid in the knockout drum or filters will be automatically drained to the sump tank for retention. After draining the liquids to the sump tank, a vacuum truck from an approved disposal company will be dispatched to the site to collect the liquids and remove them from site. The vacuum truck will use the quick connector provided on the sump tank to remove the liquids from the tank. 4.4.2.5 Ga s He a te r Two (2) 100% capacity fuel gas heaters will be installed downstream of the gas filters and upstream of the pressure regulating valves. The heater will heat the fuel gas to compensate for the temperature loss through the regulating valves and to maintain fuel gas delivery temperature to the power plant. The heaters will be indirect fired natural gas heaters and will use natural gas from the fuel gas system for their operation. Two 100% capacity heaters will be installed in parallel to maintain the system operation in case one heater is out of service. 4.4.2.6 P re s s u re Re g u la tin g Va lve s Two (2) 100% capacity pressure regulating valve trains will be provided downstream of the fuel gas heaters to control the fuel gas pressure at the required level for the power plant gas turbines. Two (2) regulators will be installed in series (one monitor regulator and one controlling regulator) to meet code requirements. Two parallel trains of 100% capacity pressure regulating valves will be provided to maintain the system operation in case one valve or train is out of service. 4.4.2.7 Fu e l Ga s Filte rs Two (2) 100% capacity fuel gas filters will be provided downstream of the knockout drum and upstream of the fuel gas heaters. The filters remove impurities from the gas prior to heating and pressure regulation. Two 100% capacity gas filters will be installed to maintain the system operation in case one filter is out of service. 4.4.2.8 Ele c tric P owe r Main electric power for the pipeline and gas conditioning facilities at the AIPP site will come from the LV distribution panel in a substation within the AIPP. Emergency power and UPS power will come from the UPS distribution panel in the AIPP. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 16 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture 4.4.3 P ig g in g Eq u ip m e n t The pipeline will be designed to allow cleaning pigs and intelligent pigs to pass through the line. The following pigging equipment will be provided at both the 762mm (30”) tie-in and the AIPP sites to facilitate pigging operations: • 406mm (16") pig trap with quick opening closure; • Drip pan for catching any liquids or debris when the trap closure is opened; • Barred tees on pipeline branch connections; • Long radius bends to transition the pipeline from above ground to below ground; • Pig signalers, pig trap pressure gauges, relief valves and other instrumentation to allow safe operation of the facility; • Full bore valves on the pipeline for pig passage; • Bypass and kicker line piping; and • Trap isolation valves. 4.4.4 P ip in g 4.4.4.1 Flu id Ve lo c itie s Fluid velocities in piping systems will comply with the requirements in Chevron Specification PIM-DU-5138-A (AP1-APGN-PIP-SPC-000-00006-00), Piping Design. Where fluid services are not covered by PIM-DU-5138-A (AP1-APGN-PIP-SPC-000- 00006-00) that specifically relate to natural gas piping, fluid velocities given in the following table will be used. Service Fluid Fluid Velocities Condensate/Hydrate Drain Water 1.5 – 2.1m/s (5 – 7fps) Fuel Supply Natural Gas 15.2 – 27.9m/s (3000 – 5500fpm) 4.4.4.2 P ip e S ize s Standard process line sizes will be used that comply with the requirements specified in Chevron Specification PIM-SU-5112-A (AP1-APGN-PIP-SPC-000-00004-00), Material Specifications for Carbon Steel, CR-MO, and Stainless Steel Piping Systems. 4.4.4.3 P ip in g Ma te ria ls Piping materials will comply with the requirements in Chevron Specification PIM-SU- 5112-A (AP1-APGN-PIP-SPC-000-00004-00), Material Specifications for Carbon Steel, CR-MO, and Stainless Steel Piping Systems. Where fluid services are not covered by Chevron Specification PIM-SU-5112-A (AP1-APGN-PIP-SPC-000-00004-00) that specifically relate to natural gas service, piping materials given in the following table will be used. Service Fluid Material Condensate Condensate ASME A106 Gr. B Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 17 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture Service Fluid Material Natural Gas Natural Gas ASTM or A106 GrB Seamless 4.4.4.4 P ip in g a n d Ac c e s s o rie s The piping details specified in Chevron Specification, PIM-DU-5138-A (AP1-APGN- PIP-SPC-000-00006-00), Piping Design will apply. Where a specific application is not addressed, the following guidelines will be followed. Welded connections will primarily be used. Where frequent removal of an equipment item or a valve is anticipated, flanged connections will be used. Threaded pipe connections will primarily be used for small galvanized piping, thermowells, and threaded equipment connections. Welding connections smaller than 50 mm (2 inches) will generally be socket-welded connections. Welding connections 50 mm (2 inches) and above shall use butt weld connections. Vent and Drain Piping Vent and drain piping details specified in Chevron Specification, PIM-DU-5138-A (AP1-APGN-PIP-SPC-000-00006-00), Piping Design will be followed. Piping Flexibility Analysis The piping flexibility analysis requirements specified in Chevron Specification, PIM- DU-5138-A (AP1-APGN-PIP-SPC-000-00006-00), Piping Design will be followed. Valve and Valve Operator Selection The selection of valve type, valve operator type, and end configuration is made on the basis of suitability for intended service, hydrostatic testing, reliability, and economics. The general criteria given in this section will be used for valve selection. It should be recognized that these criteria may not apply in all cases due to such factors as lack of availability, excessive pressure drop where pressure drop is a critical consideration, and temperature limitations. Valve Selection for Fuel Gas and Condensate Service Valves in isolation and throttling service will be plug or ball valves. Valve Operator Selection The guidelines in this section will generally be used for valve operator selection. It will be recognized that these are guidelines and may not apply to every function. Powered vs. Manual Operation The selection of powered vs. manual operation will be made based on functional requirements, valve location, accessibility, valve size, required stroking speed, frequency of operation, environmental conditions, and failed position requirements. The following guidelines will be followed in determining the selection of powered or manual operators: Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 18 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture • Valves that are modulated to control process conditions, where manual control is not practical, will have power operators. • Valves that are installed for maintenance isolation purposes only will have manual (handwheel, lever, or gear) operators. • Valves (other than check valves) that are required to change position to perform a safety-related function will be power operated where required due to: (1) lack of time available for manual operation; (2) lack of available personnel to perform manual operation; or (3) lack of access due to environmental conditions. Air Operated Valves Air operators will be used where a valve is required to fail in the "open" or "closed" position. Air operators will be used where fast valve closing or opening is required. Motor Operated Valves Motor operators will be used where the valve must be operated following loss of air. To ensure that grease will not enter limit or torque switch compartments, the rotors of motor operated valves will not be located in a downward position whenever possible. Layout and Accessibility Platforms, chain operators, or other remote means will be provided for valve access to eliminate the necessity for operators to climb onto equipment to access the valve. Double Valving Criteria Instrument connections rated to ASME CL 1500# or greater will utilize double block root valves. Cavitation in Valves In control valve applications, consideration will be given to avoiding cavitation. Color Coding of Piping System Piping Systems will be color coded per Chevron Coating Manual (Section 320). 4.5 Ele c tric a l & In s tru m e n ta tio n 4.5.1 An a lyze rs A gas chromatograph will be provided at the AIPP site since this is the fuel gas custody transfer point. The gas chromatograph will allow on-line measurement and assessment of fuel gas composition and quality. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 19 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture 4.5.2 ES D A manual shutdown valve will be provided at the ELPS tie-in site between the 762mm (30”) ELPS lateral and the site facilities. This valve will provide positive isolation between the 762mm (30”) ELPS lateral and the tie-in site facilities. An emergency shutdown valve (ESDV) will be provided at the AIPP site between the pipeline and the fuel gas conditioning equipment (downstream of the pig receiver but before any conditioning equipment). This valve will provide positive isolation between the pipeline and the gas conditioning facility in case of emergency. 4.5.3 Lig h tin g 762mm (30") ELPS Tie-in Site During normal operation, site outdoor lighting will be powered from the site AC power system. There will be no back-up/emergency lighting system if the normal AC power system fails since this is not a critical operating area. However, egress lighting fixtures (10 lux) will be provided with battery packs to assure safe egress on a loss of the normal lighting power system. The site outdoor lighting will be 100-150 lux and provided along the perimeter fence and as required within the fence for security purposes. There are no indoor lighted areas. Outdoor lighting will be photocell controlled with "on-off-auto" selector switch. Outdoor area lighting for process areas, around equipment and on platforms will employ Metal Halide (MH) lamps with enclosed fixtures, integral ballasts, and guard covers mounted on poles or attached to structures as required. AIPP Site The fuel gas conditioning area will be provided with outdoor lighting between 100-150 lux, powered from the AIPP AC power system. Upon a loss of the normal AC power system, emergency lighting for the critical operating areas will be powered from the station battery or the stand-by diesel generator. Egress lighting fixtures (10 lux) will be provided with battery packs to assure safe egress from the area on a loss of the normal lighting power system. Outdoor lighting will be photocell controlled with "on-off-auto" selector switch. Outdoor area lighting for process areas, around equipment and on platforms will employ Metal Halide (MH) lamps with enclosed fixtures, integral ballasts, and guard covers mounted on poles or attached to structures as required. General illumination of outdoor areas will be provided by floodlights mounted on poles, buildings or structures as required. 4.5.4 Ca th o d ic P ro te c tio n A cathodic protection system will be installed for external corrosion protection of the fuel gas pipeline and any underground facilities at each end of the pipeline in accordance with NACE standards. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 20 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture An impressed current cathodic protection system with anode beds and rectifiers will be provided to protect the fuel gas pipeline. Sacrificial anode cathodic protection systems will be provided at the 762mm (30") ELPS tie-in and AIPP sites for the protection of underground structures or equipment of relatively small surface area. Magnesium, zinc, or aluminum anodes will be distributed along the structure to be protected. 4.5.5 Re m o te Te rm in a l Un it (RTU) The RTU will be a programmable logic controller and will be located at the 762mm (30") ELPS tie-in site. The RTU will monitor the tie-in site facilities. It will communicate with and be fully integrated with the NGC SCADA system to allow seamless operation of the tie-in site. The RTU will consist of standard, proven, hardware and software. The communication system will be fault tolerant and capable of dual redundant operation. The RTU will use a radio frequency or microwave telecommunication system for data transmission to the NGC SCADA system. 4.5.6 Flow Me te rs Orifice plates will be used to meter the gas flow. There will be two (2) 100% capacity flow meters with flow transmitters and local flow indication arranged in parallel to allow flow measurement in case one flow meter is out of service. 4.6 Civil Wo rks 4.6.1 Ea rthwork Clearing and grubbing will be limited to that required to construct the 762mm (30") ELPS tie-in site, fuel gas pipeline, and fuel gas treatment area at the AIPP site. Material from clearing and grubbing operations will, if possible be disposed off of the plant site. Topsoil from the 762mm (30") ELPS site and the AIPP site will be removed and stockpiled for reuse. Surplus topsoil will be placed and contoured to enhance site or plant appearance. Runoff from the temporary stockpiles at the sites will be collected. Temporary stockpile surfaces will be hydro-seeded to reduce erosion. The site including the construction lay down area, will be rough graded prior to construction. Excavation and fill slopes, fill materials, placement and compaction will be in accordance with the geotechnical report. Drainage from the disturbed site will be handled in accordance with the World Bank Storm Water management requirements. Topsoil along the pipeline right-of-way will be stockpiled in a dedicated pile during construction and replaced and re-seeded when construction is completed. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 21 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture 4.6.2 Ro a d s a n d P a ve d Are a s A compacted gravel road will be provided at the 762mm (30") ELPS tie-in site to allow vehicle access to the pig trap area for pigging operations. An asphalt paved road will be provided at the AIPP site to allow vehicle access to the equipment and pig trap area. Yard areas not requiring frequent access will be surfaced with crushed rock. Other non- traffic areas will be hydro-seeded. 4.6.3 Dra in a g e Storm water runoff at the 762mm (30") ELPS tie-in site and AIPP site will be managed through a combination of open trenches, swales, ditches, and underground piping as required. Surface drainage will be maximized and ditches having a grade of not more than 1% and normal minimum grade of not less than 0.25% will be routed to outfall structures near the shoreline. Soil erosion and sediment control plans will be developed as required. Maximum Hourly Rainfall will be considered for the design of the drainage system. 4.6.4 Fe n c in g The perimeter of the 762mm (30") ELPS tie-in site and the fuel gas conditioning area of the AIPP site will be enclosed with a 2.5-m high aluminum or hot dip galvanized coated steel wire fence, coated posts and rails, and accessories as required with a barbed wire overhang. Manually operated gates will be provided for personnel and vehicle access at the both sites. Grounding of the site fences will be included in the grounding study. The pipeline ROW is not fenced. 4.6.5 S a n ita ry Fa c ilitie s There are no sanitary sewage facilities at the 762mm (30") ELPS tie-in site or at the AIPP site. 4.6.6 P ip in g S u p p o rt a n d Mis c e lla n e o u s S tru c tu re s Piping within the 762mm (30") ELPS tie-in site and AIPP site will be supported on sleepers at grade, elevated pipe racks, or buried, whichever approach is most cost effective within the site boundaries. Pipe racks will be constructed of structural steel conforming to ASTM specifications or approved equal and will also provide support for cable tray and conduit runs where accessible. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 22 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture 4.6.7 P la tfo rm s Equipment at the AIPP site will be furnished with necessary steel access platforms, ladders, stairs, handrails, and grating in accordance with Chevron Standards and/or OSHA. Access will be provided for normal operation and maintenance of the sites. 4.6.8 Em b e d m e n ts a n d An c h o rs Miscellaneous embedments for supporting and anchoring equipment and structures to concrete foundations will be provided in such a manner as to provide proper field alignment. 4.6.9 Bu ild in g s There are no buildings at the 762mm (30") ELPS tie-in site or at the AIPP site. 4.6.10 En c lo s u re s A shelter/enclosure for the RTU and UPS equipment will be provided at the 762mm (30") ELPS tie-in site. A shelter/enclosure for the gas chromatograph equipment and other electrical equipment will be provided at the AIPP site. 4.7 S a fe ty in De s ig n The pipeline and facilities design will follow the recommendations in Chevron Specification, SID-SU-5106 (AP1-APGN-SID-SPC-000-00001-00), Safety in Designs. The location and orientation of piping and equipment will allow adequate space for access, operation and maintenance. Appropriate egress routes will be provided from the sites. Vent lines will be equipped with a flame arrestor at the tip to prevent flash back in case of ignition. Hand-held fire extinguishers will be provided at the above ground facility sites to assist in extinguishing small pool fires. Above ground metallic structures including equipment, piping, and structural steel will be adequately grounded to prevent shock due to the induced voltage from nearby high voltage electric transmission lines. Similarly, the induced voltage on the pipeline due to the parallel powerlines along the right-of-way will be verified to ensure safe distance from powerlines and proper operation of the cathodic protection system. 5 Operating Philosophy 762mm (30") ELPS Tie-in Site The 762mm (30") ELPS tie-in site will be an unmanned site remotely controlled by the NGC SCADA system. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 23 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture The site will be operated by NGC operators. The NGC SCADA system will communicate with the tie-in site RTU using a radio frequency or microwave telecommunication system. The RTU will transmit process information to the NGC SCADA system and receive commands from the NGC SCADA system. The PLC within the RTU will execute commands received from the SCADA system. NGC ELPS operators will communicate with AIPP operators via telephone to coordinate the operation of the 762mm (30") ELPS tie-in site lateral with the power plant operation. Isolation and shutdown valves at the site will be manually operated. An operator is required on site to open or close valves and isolate or de-isolate equipment. Equipment and piping drains will also be manually operated. NGC operators will manage the operation of this site and dispatch operators to the site as required to open or close valves. Launching pigs in the fuel gas pipeline and use of the pig trap will be a manual operation. Therefore, pig trap valves are manually opened / closed by an on-site operator when launching pigs. AIPP Site The fuel gas conditioning facility at the AIPP site will be an unmanned operating site. The fuel gas pipeline and associated gas conditioning facilities will be monitored and controlled by the NGC operators using the NGC SCADA system. However, the control system at the fuel gas conditioning area will interface with the AIPP DCS system to allow power plant operators to monitor operation of the fuel gas conditioning system and manage operation of the power plant accordingly. NGC ELPS operators will communicate with AIPP operators via telephone to coordinate the operation of the fuel gas system with the power plant operation. Control room operators at the power plant will have the ability to remotely open and close the isolation valve between the fuel gas conditioning area and the AIPP via the DCS system. This allows the AIPP site equipment to be quickly isolated from the fuel gas conditioning facilities in case of emergency. The isolation valves on fuel gas conditioning equipment can be remotely operated from the NGC SCADA system. Equipment and piping drains will be manually operated with the exception of the knockout drum and gas filter drains. Control valves on the knockout drum and gas filter drain lines will open automatically when high level is detected in the equipment to drain liquids to the sump tank. The operator is required to manually drain piping and other equipment. Both local and remote indication of differential pressure across the gas filters will be provided. High differential pressure will indicate clogging or restriction of the filters and will alert operators that the filters require maintenance. Both local and remote liquid level indication will be provided on the knockout drum and sump tank. Monitoring liquid levels remotely allows operations staff to anticipate when a vacuum truck is required to remove the contents of the sump tank. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 24 An Agura Power Generation Project Joint Venture Emptying liquids from the sump tank will be a manual operation. The site operator connects a vacuum truck to the piping connection provided on the tank and uses the vacuum suction to draw the liquids from the sump tank to the truck. Pressure safety valves on the site equipment and piping will automatically open and relieve excess pressure to a vent line in case of overpressure. Receiving pigs from the fuel gas pipeline and use of the pig trap will be a manual operation. Therefore, pig trap valves are manually opened / closed by the operators when receiving pigs. Basis of Design – Pipeline Rev 05, 2013-Feb-28 25 Annex E Existing Management Plans and SOPs Agura Independent Power Project Contractor’s Preliminary HES Plan EPC, 250-360 MW Simple Cycle Power Plant – ITB GAS – 2008 – CW630931 Chevron Nigeria Limited Rev 0 EXHIBIT D-7 WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN AGURA INDEPENDENT POWER PROJECT WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN DOCUMENT NO: EGIN-IPP-CNL-POW-OJOQ-00001 JULY 2009 FINAL OJOQ JUNE 2009 INITIAL DRAFT OJOQ REV DATE DESCRIPTION ORIG CHK APPR APPROVED BY: COMPANY APPROVAL: DATE: DATE: Location Project Operator Sponsors Type Originator Seq. # Document ERUNKAN NNPC & Control No. IPP CNL POWER OJOQ 00001 / EGIN CNL Waste Management Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 4 2. SCOPE................................................................................................................................ 4 3. DEFINITIONS...................................................................................................................... 4 4. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 4 4.1 Regulations, Codes and Standards .......................................................................... 4 5. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.............................................................................................. 6 5.1 Waste Stream Identification/Inventory ...................................................................... 7 5.2 Waste Characterization ............................................................................................ 7 5.3 Waste Collection/Storage......................................................................................... 7 5.4 Waste Minimization (Apply Hierarchy) ...................................................................... 8 5.5 Waste Tracking ...................................................................................................... 10 5.6 Treatment .............................................................................................................. 10 5.7 Disposal ................................................................................................................. 10 5.8 Monitoring .............................................................................................................. 10 5.9 Training .................................................................................................................. 11 APPENDIX A, WASTE INVENTORY & SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES................. 11 APPENDIX B, WASTE TRACKING LOG ...................................................................................... 23 B.1. General .................................................................................................................. 23 B.2. Instructions for Completing the Waste Tracking Log .............................................. 23 APPENDIX C, WASTE MANIFEST ............................................................................................... 24 APPENDIX D, NEUTRALIZING LIQUID WASTES ........................................................................ 25 APPENDIX E, WASHING EMPTY DRUMS .................................................................................. 26 E.1. General .................................................................................................................. 26 E.2. Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) .................................................................. 26 APPENDIX F, GENERATOR’S WASTE PROFILE SHEET ........................................................... 27 APPENDIX G, PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION ………………….……………………..29 Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 3 of 30 Waste Management Plan 1. INTRODUCTION It is the goal of the Agura Independent Power Project (IPP) to design, construct, and operate all facilities with environmental excellence. To this end, effective waste management practices shall be implemented during all phases of the project to avoid or minimize potential impacts on the environment and protect the public health, safety and welfare. Waste management principles and priorities shall be based on an integrated approach or hierarchy, which involves using a combination of techniques and programs to manage waste. Source reduction is at the top of the hierarchy, followed by recycling, recovery or reuse as preferred options to disposal. Destruction or treatment to render the waste non-hazardous, although a part of the hierarchy, shall be evaluated with respect to regulatory restrictions and environmental considerations (e.g., minimize emissions). Where the hazard cannot be eliminated, the wastes shall be contained in a secure manner and monitored to ensure impacts to the environment are minimized. This plan is not a detailed action plan. The CONTRACTOR shall provide a comprehensive working Waste Management Plan that: 1. Categorizes all CONTRACTOR’s wastes with the identified waste classification. 2. Lists all waste management practices for the defined generated wastes. 3. Clearly addresses all relevant laws, regulations, codes and standards relative to identified waste management of CONTRACTOR’s waste on the project. CONTRACTOR’s Industrial wastes not regulated by specific regulatory provisions shall be controlled in accordance with best operating practices and COMPANY requirements on Waste Management Environmental Performance Standard. 2. S COP E This Waste Management Plan: 1. Provides the framework within which the CONTRACTOR shall control, and if appropriate, treat and dispose of solid and liquid wastes generated by CONTRACTOR during Agura IPP; construction, operation and maintenance activities. Contractor shall segregate wastes into the four major categories as defined below. 2. Specifies CONTRACTOR process for waste segregation for transport and disposal as appropriate. 3. Defines the key elements that shall be incorporated into the CONTRACTOR’s and CONTRACTOR’s major sub-contractors’ detailed Waste Management Plan to ensure responsible management of their hazardous and non-hazardous waste materials. 3. DEFINITIONS All waste is classified into one of the following four major categories: Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 4 of 30 Waste Management Plan 1. Inert Waste - Waste that does not undergo any significant physical, chemical or biological transformation. Inert waste will not dissolve burn or otherwise physically or chemically react, biodegrade or adversely affect other matter which it comes into contact in a way likely to give rise to environmental pollution or harm human health. 2. Non-Hazardous Waste - Waste that is within the legal limits for discharge or release into the environment (i.e., anysolid waste, special waste, or sanitary waste that is not otherwise classified as a hazardous waste, biomedical waste, or low level radioactive waste.) 3. Domestic Waste - Solid wastes such as garbage and rubbish, and sanitary wastes from toilets, bathrooms and laundries. 4. Hazardous Waste - Waste characterized by a high potential for direct damage to health and welfare, or by causing serious pollution and environmental harm. Any discarded material which is covered by the regulations and that meets any of the following criteria: a) It exhibits one or more of the following hazardous waste characteristics, as defined in Part 261 (40 CFR 261), Subpart C; EGASPIN, Part VIII.C. Hazardous Waste Management; and S.I.15, Part II Dangerous Waste List: Ignitability - Wastes capable of causing a fire or sustaining an existing fire. Specifically: liquid waste with a flash point up to or causing fire through friction, absorbing moisture or spontaneous chemical change, which burn vigorously and persistently when ignited; waste oxidizers; and compressed gasses that can ignite. Corrosivity - Unstable wastes having a tendency to react violently with water, wastes that form potentially explosive mixtures with water or wastes when mixed with water produces toxic fumes in a quantity to present a danger to human health or the environment. Specifically: aqueous wastes having a pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5; and liquid wastes that corrode steel at a rate greater than 0.250 inches (6.35 mm) per year at a Reactivity - Substances that are likely to cause an explosion, are normally unstable and readily undergo violent change without detonating, can react violently, are potentially explosive or generate dangerous quantities of toxic or explosive gases, vapors or fumes when mixed with water. Toxicity - Wastes capable of leaching into the surrounding environment. Specifically: any material which could cause acute or chronic adverse health effects in persons exposed to low doses; or in the absence of data on human toxicity, have been shown in studies to have an oral LD 50 (rat) of less than 50 Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 5 of 30 Waste Management Plan milligrams per kilogram, an inhalation LD 50 toxicity (rat) of less than 2 milligrams per liter or a dermal LD 50 toxicity (rabbit) of less than 200 milligrams per kilogram or a 96-hour LC 50 toxicity to aquatic species. c) Used oil containing more than 1,000 ppm total halogens. d) Waste generated during medical procedures including bandages, dressings, surgical waste, tissues, dialysis wastewater, medical laboratory wastes and food waste from persons with infectious diseases. e) Waste from radioactive sources. 4. REFERENCES 4.1 Regulations, Codes and Standards This specification contains reference to the latest edition, including revisions, of the following regulations and guidelines: 1. Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN), Part VIII.C Hazardous Waste Management, Department of Petroleum Resources, Revised Edition 2002. 2. National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes Regulations - S.I.15), Federal Ministry of Environmental, 1991. 3. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 4. U.S. EPA Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 261 (40 CFR 261) 5. Global Upstream Waste Management Environmental Performance Standard 5. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS CONTRACTOR shall prepare for COMPANY review a detailed waste management plan for the Agura IPP. The plan shall be submitted within 60-days prior to mobilization and incorporate the following key elements: 1. Waste Stream Identification/Inventory 2. Waste Characterization 3. Waste Collection/Storage 4. Waste Minimization (Apply Hierarchy) 5. Tracking (from “cradle-to-grave”) 6. Treatment 7. Monitoring 8. Disposal 9. Training Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 6 of 30 Waste Management Plan Each element is addressed in the following subsections. 5.1 Waste Stream Identification/Inventory CONTRACTOR shall prepare an inventory containing descriptions, volumes and frequencies of the generated wastes as well as the proposed mitigation measures. Appendix A, Waste Inventory and Summary of Management Practices, provides a preliminary inventory of waste and management options to assist CONTRACTOR in preparation of the inventory. 5.2 Waste Characterization CONTRACTOR shall: 1. Characterize each waste generated by CONTRACTOR. Appendix A, Waste Inventory & Summary of Management Practices, provides classification and analyses, minimization options, and other management practices for typical wastes generated; construction, operation and maintenance activities to assist CONTRACTOR in waste characterization. The CONTRACTOR shall modify the information as needed for the Agura IPP activities. 2. Determine whether each waste of CONTRACTOR is classified as “non- hazardous” or “hazardous" as defined by regulation. This can either be done by: a) Testing the waste according to the methods set forth in Subpart C of 40 CFR 261, or b) Applying knowledge of the hazardous characteristic(s) of the waste in light of the materials or the processes used ("knowledge of process"). Review Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). 3. Provide a Site Safety Plan that describes the established policies and procedures to protect workers and the public from potential hazards posed by the generated wastes of CONTRACTOR for review by COMPANY. As a minimum, the plan shall contain the following information: a) Site’s Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). b) Description of the risks associated with each operation conducted. c) Confirmation that personnel have received appropriate training. d) Description of usable protective clothing and equipment. e) Description of any periodic environmental monitoring and samplings, and personnel monitoring. f) Site control measures describing work zones and decontamination procedures for personnel and equipment. g) Emergency Response Procedures and Hazardous Spill Control Plan. Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 7 of 30 Waste Management Plan 5.3 Waste Collection/Storage 1. CONTRACTOR shall segregate all its wastes as specified by COMPANY for safe transport and final disposal. 2. The hazardous waste collection/storage requirements for CONTRACTOR’s waste are as follows: a) Waste shall be collected /stored in containers, which are compatible with the waste and have a tight fitting cap or cover. b) Waste containers shall be located in a secure, posted area with controlled entry. c) Waste containers provided by CONTRACTOR shall be in good condition (i.e., not leaking or damaged). d) Waste containers shall be labeled with an orange "HAZARDOUS WASTE" label and must contain:  Waste name;  Waste components (if a mixture of chemicals);  Hazard(s); and  The name and telephone extension of the generator of the waste. 3. Waste deemed to be toxic or flammable shall be stored separately from other solid wastes and be equipped with secondary containment and recovery systems. 5.4 Waste Minimization (Apply Hierarchy) This section provides the general strategy for the COMPANY and CONTRACTOR to follow for waste management. The obligations for the CONTRACTOR to comply with this section are contained in subsequent sections of this document. The Hierarchy of Waste Management Strategies is shown graphically in Figure 4.1. The first priority emphasizes the reduction of waste generation during manufacturing activities through the use of fewer hazardous materials, material substitutions, process modifications, and housekeeping measures. Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 8 of 30 Waste Management Plan Source Reduction Onsite Recycling Offsite Recycling Onsite Treatment Air Emissions Effluent Offsite Treatment Air Emissions Effluent Incineration Air Emissions Waste Residuals Residuals Repository Figure 4.1, Waste Management Hierarchy The second priority is to recycle and reuse wastes. Remaining wastes and the residuals left by recycling would then be treated or incinerated. Where hazardous waste is amenable to forms of treatment other than incineration, these other forms of treatment should be given preference over incineration. The treatment residuals not capable of further reduction shall be placed in secure land disposal units. Treat individual components of the waste stream separately focusing on the largest or most hazardous components within the context of the hierarchy, which will have the greatest impact on the waste stream. Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 9 of 30 Waste Management Plan Waste shall be managed using the following prioritized program: 1. Reduction at Source - The elimination or minimization of waste (e.g., inventory management, improved operation, equipment modifications and good housekeeping). 2. Reuse - Using an item for its original purpose, or similar purpose, in its original form. 3. Recycling or Recovery of Resources - The conversion or extraction of waste into reusable materials. 4. Treatment - The destruction, volume reduction, detoxification or neutralization of waste (e.g., biological degradation, incineration, neutralization). 5. Residue Disposal - The safe disposition of wastes (after source reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery) in a permitted and COMPANY approved landfill. 5.5 Waste Tracking A “cradle-to-grave” tracking system will be established for all hazardous wastes. 1. CONTRACTOR shall cooperate with COMPANY to track all generated waste with a Waste Tracking Log maintained by COMPANY. Appendix B, Waste Tracking Log, presents a suggested format, which shall include as a minimum the following information: a) Date of Dispatch b) Description of waste c) Waste quantity/container type d) Designated disposal method and site e) Consignee/shipper name and means of transportation f) Confirmation of actual disposal for waste disposed of by CONTRACTOR. 2. CONTRACTOR shall provide information under Clause 5.5.1 a), b) and c) for waste generated by CONTRACTOR. 3. CONTRACTOR and COMPANY shall ensure that all transferred waste is properly manifested. Appendix C, Waste Manifesting Records, presents a suggested format for the Waste Manifest. 5.6 Treatment CONTRACTOR shall identify the: 1. Wastes that will be treated on-site. Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 10 of 30 Waste Management Plan 2. Treatment methods for such wastes that will comply with the terms of the Contract and Service Order and regulatory authorities. 5.7 Disposal (On-shore) COMPANY shall dispose of all wastes, except for those that are to be treated on-site as per 5.6 above. 5.8 Monitoring CONTRACTOR shall: 1. Identify the parameters for operational and compliance monitoring. 2. Ensure that sampling points are provided and/or identified. 3. Submit to COMPANY for review and comment a Waste Monitoring Plan. 5.9 Training CONTRACTOR shall: 1. Ensure that all CONTRACTOR personnel who generate, transport or otherwise manage waste are aware of their responsibilities through training. Training shall include but not limited to: a) Proper identification and handling of waste material. b) Radiological hazards. c) Health and safety concerns related to waste handling. d) Benefits of proper waste management. e) Methods used in segregating, characterizing and minimizing waste. f) The choice of final disposal option. g) Waste manifesting and tracking. h) Site Safety Plan, Emergency Response Procedures, and Hazardous Spill Control Plan. 2. Maintain records of all such training. Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 11 of 30 APPENDIX A: WASTE INVENTORY & SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES CONSTRUCTION PHASE – AGURA IPP E E E s st st tiiim mm aa a ttte eedd d G G Gee en nne eerr ra aa t ttiiin n ngg g W W W a aas sst tte ee C C Clll aaas ss ss siii ffiii f ccca a att tiiio oon n /// A n A A n n naa alll yyys siii s sss R R Ree es st st trr riii ccct ttiii ooon nnss /// C s C Caa auu ut ttiii ooon nns ss W W W a a ass st tte eeM Miii M nnn iiim mm iiiz z zaa at ttiii ooon nn M Ma M a an nna a agg gee emm me eenn nt tt /// D D Diii ssp sp poo os sa sa alll S S S t tto oorr ra aagg gee e T T T r r raa ann ns sp sp p o oorr r ttta aat ttiii ooon nn /// D D Doo oc ccu uum mm e een nntta t a at ttiii ooon nn QQ Q uu u aa a n nnt ttiii tty tyy S SSo oouu u r r r cc ce ee [ [[A AA ] ]] [[[D DD]] ] [ [[E EE]] ] OO Op pptt tiii ooo nn ns s s [ [[G GG]] ] [ [[H HH ] ]] LL L a a a b b b ee elll iiin nng gg [ [[J JJ] ]] [[B [BB]] ] [ [[C CC ] ]] [ [[F FF ] ]] [[ [II I] ]] Oil (used) 150 gallons per Motorized Equipment; 1. Waste usually classified as Non- 1.Do not dispose into open drains Volume reduction through Send to Escravos through Lagos SCM; Store in sealed, properly Ensure storage drum is 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation or month. Gear Box Crankcase Fluid; hazardous. 2. Contact MSDS of original material. inspection and preventive a. Recycled into production labeled metal or plastic clearly marked “WASTE disposal unless disposed overboard. Equipment Lubrication 2. Waste classification may be based 3. Avoid skin contact and wear maintenance program. drums and ensures it is not OIL” 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Processes. b. Incineration. filled to the brim. on previous knowledge or test for standard PPE when handling, Tracking Log. Flash Point, pH, Toxicity (TCLP). supplemented with disposable 3. Record quantity on Waste Information coveralls, chemically-resistant gloves Management System (WIMS). and apron. Cement waste Varies Casing activities Waste classified as Non-hazardous. Do not mix with garbage. Reduce quantities through Use for land reclamation Store in holding area. No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation or Waste analysis not required. adequate material calculation required. disposal unless disposed overboard. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Tracking Log. 3. Record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Gray water 2400- gallon per day. Living Quarters / Galley - Wastewater is classified as 1. Treat to satisfy effluent quality 1. Identify cleaners that provide 1. Treat effluent to improve the quality to Not normally stored. Not normally stored. 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and Grey water from showers, Domestic. criteria / discharge limitations, as adequate cleaning action but do regulatory requirement. disposal. sinks & dishwashing specified in DPR EGASPIN (Revised not create stable emulsion in the 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste e Edition 2002), Table II-6. wastewater treatment system. se Tracking Log. as ha 2. Do not discharge directly to surface 2. Identify cleaners that will not 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Ph water. diminish waste treatment nP Management System (WIMS). bacteria. on cttiio Acid/Caustic Varies Construction activities Waste is classified as Hazardous Corrosive (Do not mix strong acid 1.Re-use or return to supplier Neutralize pH between 6.5 and 8.0 and Keep containers tightly a) Clearly mark all 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and with strong base; Do not add water to closed to prevent spilling. containers with name of uc when pH < 2 or > 12. Analyze pH send to wastewater treatment. disposal. ru acid or base). Special PPE when 2. Use to neutralize other acid / waste and source of waste sttr after treatment to confirm caustic wastes. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste handling this waste. before transporting to ns neutralization is complete. Tracking Log. on handling or disposal site. Co 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information C b) Include MSDS. Management System (WIMS). Medical Waste Varies Infirmary (bandages, Waste is classified as Hazardous. 1.Infection hazard - Do not mix with None proposed Transport to Lagos medical incinerator 1. Sharps - Collect in Label waste container 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation and syringes, lab waste / normal trash site for proper disposal using: special designated / labeled “CAUTION MEDICAL recycling. specimens) 2.Wear special PPE when handling 1. Use Lagos CNL high-temperature sharps disposal container. WASTE BIO-HAZARD” 2. Record waste quantity and recycle destination on (disposable latex gloves, goggles/face incinerator. 2. Non-sharps - Collect in Waste Tracking Log. shield, and protective clothing) special designated / labeled 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information biohazard bag. Management System (WIMS). 3.Place both in sealed properly labeled containers for handling / transporting to disposal site. Refrigerant Varies Cooling and Refrigeration The use of ozone-depleting a) Non-ODS Substances shall be used. Use non-ozone depleting Collect and recycle or dispose non-ODS a) Not normally stored. Clearly mark all containers 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and Systems. substances (OSD) such as CFCs, b) The use and release of ozone substances. substances per COMPANY approved b) Do not transfer liquid with name of material disposal. HCFCs and HFCs are prohibited. depleting substances is restricted by procedures. from their original before transporting. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste international agreements. containers if they are no Tracking Log. longer needed. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 12 of 30 CONSTRUCTION PHASE – AGURA IPP E E E s st st tiiim m maa at tte eeddQ d QQ u u uaa ann nt ttiii tty tyy G G Gee en nne eerr ra aa t ttiiin n ngg g W W W a a ass st tte eeM Miii M nnn iiim mm iiiz z zaa at ttiii ooon nn T T T r r raa ann ns sp sp p o oorr r ttta aat ttiii ooon nn /// W W W a aas sst tte ee C C Clll aaas ss ss siii ffiii f ccca a att tiiio oon n /// A n A A n n naa alll yyys siii s sss R R Ree es st st trr riii ccct ttiii ooon nnss /// C s C Caa auu ut ttiii ooon nns ss M Ma M a an nna a agg gee emm me eenn nt tt /// D D Diii ssp sp poo os sa sa alll S S S t tto oorr ra aagg gee e D D Doo oc ccu uum mm e een nntta t a at ttiii ooon nn [ [[B BB] ]] S SSo oouu u r r r cc ce ee OO Op pptt tiii ooo nn ns s s LL L a a a b b b ee elll iiin nng gg [ [[A AA ] ]] [[[D DD]] ] [ [[E EE]] ] [ [[G GG]] ] [ [[H HH ] ]] [ [[J JJ] ]] [ [[C CC ] ]] [ [[F FF ] ]] [[ [II I] ]] Sanitary 2545 gallons per day Personnel Accommodations Waste is classified as Domestic. 1. Treat to satisfy effluent quality None proposed Raw sewage is processed through Not normally stored. If waste is transported, 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and Wastewater criteria / discharge limitations, as biological activated sludge-type store in closed containers disposal. specified in DPR EGASPIN (Revised treatment unit(s) prior to overboard clearly marked 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Edition 2002), Table II-6. discharge. “CAUTION - SEWAGE Tracking Log. 2. Sewage waste may be infectious. SOLIDS” Avoid skin contact and wear standard 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste PPE when handling this waste. Information Management System (WIMS). Rubbish/Garbage 250 pounds per day Personnel Accommodations. Waste is always classified as No special restrictions. a) Segregate batteries from Reduce volume (compact) and ship-to- Store in closed or covered No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and Domestic. Waste analysis not domestic trash. for disposal at LAWMA site bin. required. disposal. required. b) Segregate recyclable 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste materials from trash. Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Scrap Metal 8900 pounds per month Construction activities Waste classified as Non-hazardous. Do not mix scrap metal with Reduce quantities through Collect for recycling Store in holding area. No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation and (Pipe, welding Waste analysis not required. garbage. salvage efforts required. recycling. rods) 2. Record waste quantity and recycle destination on Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste e Information Management System (WIMS). as ha se Radioactive Varies NDT test Waste is classified as Hazardous Do not incinerate. 1. Return to supplier 1. Return undepleted radioactive Store in sealed, properly Label waste container 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation or Ph waste sources to the vendor for re-use. labeled plastic drums or “DANGER disposal. nP Hold for decay (short-term isotopes used in frac sand) 2. Return unusable radioactive materials other suitable containers. RADIOACTIVE 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste on MATERIAL” cttiio to the vendor for proper disposal. Tracking Log. uc 3. Material that can not be returned may 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste ru be disposed downhole. Information Management System (WIMS). Co ns on sttr Excavated Varies Construction activities Waste classified as Non-hazardous. Do not mix with garbage. N/A Use for land reclamation Store in holding area. No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation or C Materials Waste analysis not required. required. disposal. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Batteries 245 Pounds per month. Flashlights and other Waste is classified as Domestic. Do Not Incinerate. Use rechargeable or long-life Collect and store batteries separately No special requirements No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and (flashlight) devices. Waste analysis is not required. batteries. from other waste. when collected with required. disposal. Ship-to-shore for proper disposal. regular trash. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Batteries 880 Pounds per month. Motorized Equipment; Battery acid is hazardous - corrosive a) Do not send acid to sanitary 1. Reuse batteries where a) Return to supplier Hold in a covered drum. Label waste container: 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and (lead/acid) Generators and toxic. treatment system (battery acid content possible. b) Stabilize (neutralize acid) and “Used Batteries For disposal. is corrosive and may contain lead). 2. Investigate sending transport to treatment facility for Disposal/Recycle” batteries to a recycler. disposal. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste b) Special PPE when handling battery Tracking Log. acid (e.g., gloves, goggles/face shield, 3. Maximize use of protective clothing). rechargeable batteries. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). CONSTRUCTION PHASE – AGURA IPP Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 13 of 30 E E E s st st tiiim m maa at tte eeddQ d QQ u u uaa ann nt ttiii tty tyy G G Gee en nne eerr ra aa t ttiiin n ngg g W W W a aas sst tte ee C C Clll aaas ss ss siii ffiii f ccca a att tiiio oon n /// A n A A n n naa alll yyys siii s sss R R Ree es st st trr riii ccct ttiii ooon nnss /// C s C Caa auu ut ttiii ooon nns ss W W W a a ass st tte eeM Miii M nnn iiim mm iiiz z zaa at ttiii ooon nn M Ma M a an nna a agg gee emm me eenn nt tt /// D D Diii ssp sp poo os sa sa alll S S S t tto oorr ra aagg gee e T T T r r raa ann ns sp sp p o oorr r ttta aat ttiii ooon nn /// D D Doo oc ccu uum mm e een nntta t a at ttiii ooon nn [ [[B BB] ]] S SSo oouu u r r r cc ce ee [ [[A AA ] ]] [[[D DD]] ] [ [[E EE]] ] OO Op pptt tiii ooo nn ns s s [ [[G GG]] ] [ [[H HH ] ]] LL L a a a b b b ee elll iiin nng gg [ [[J JJ] ]] [ [[C CC ] ]] [ [[F FF ] ]] [[ [II I] ]] Hazardous Varies Surplus Chemicals. 1. Waste is usually classified as 1. MSDS recommended practice shall 1. Planning and utilization as Ship-to-shore for disposal using: Segregate and store in 1. Clearly mark all 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation or Substances Hazardous. be the preferred method of disposal. far as practical. 1. INTEL for waste collection and closed or covered containers with name of disposal. (chemicals) 2. Waste classification may be based 2. Special PPE when handling (e.g., transportation to shore. container. Store in original waste and source of waste 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste 2. Investigate substitution container where possible before handling or on previous knowledge or test for gloves, goggles/face shield, respirator with less hazardous materials 2. Recycled into production by Tracking Log. Flash Point, pH, Toxicity (TCLP) & and other protective clothing). transporting to disposal where possible. transferring into hydration unit at site. Include MSDS. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste chlorinated solvents. Escravos through SCM unit, if possible. Information Management System (WIMS). 3. Unknown chemical wastes shall be 2. CHEVRON approval of considered potentially hazardous until classification is required tested or otherwise demonstrated to be before shipping Non-hazardous. Solvent Varies Parts / Equipment 1. Waste usually classified as 1. Ignitable or flammable (may be 1. Planning and minimal use 1. Recycled into production by 1. Segregate and store in 1. Clearly mark all 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation or Cleaning; Laboratory; Hazardous. toxic). as far as practical. transferring into hydration unit at closed container/tank. containers with name of disposal. Process Operations. 2. Waste classification may be based 2. Do not incinerate chlorinated Escravos through Lagos SCM unit, if 2. Locate waste waste and source of waste. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste 2. Investigate use of non-HC possible. on previous knowledge. solvents. based solvents. container/tank away from 2. Include MSDS. Tracking Log. 3. If classification is unknown, test 2. Return to vendor ignition source and place 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste for Flash Point, pH, Toxicity (TCLP) portable extinguisher Information Management System (WIMS). & chlorinated solvents. within 50-feet. Roof Drainage: 3.64 million gallons per Roof Drainage System Waste is classified as Non- 1. Avoid rainwater run-offs from Implement effective 1. Segregate clean from contaminated No temporary storage is No special labeling is 1. Estimate and record treated quantity on Waste year based on average (i.e., collects rainwater and hazardous. entering any surface water in the rainwater treatment and rainwater (e.g., use drip pans with rain required. required. Information Management System (WIMS). Clean rainwater annual rainfall of 3000 and runoff from gutters, wash immediate vicinity. pollution prevention hoods, etc.). mm (118”). down water and spillage) practices, as appropriate. contaminated 2. Collect and treat contaminated 2. Clean-up deck spills using dry e (oily) runoff rainwater to satisfy effluent quality methods. asse from under / criteria / discharge limitations, as ha 3. Direct contaminated / oily runoff to Ph around specified in DPR EGASPIN (revised treatment (i.e., remove free oil by nP equipment. Edition 2002), Table III-1. gravity separation). on a. Discharge must not cause a visible cttiio sheen on the receiving waters. uc Varies ru Scrap Wood Construction and Waste classified as Non-hazardous Do not mix with garbage when Reduce quantities through Untreated: Chip and use for structural Store in holding area. No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and sttr demolition activities when not treated. Waste analysis not treated. adequate material calculation amendment for required. disposal. ns on required. composting/bioremediation. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Co Tracking Log. C 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Used Varies Construction activities Waste classified as Non-hazardous. Do not mix with garbage. Reduce quantities through Collect for recycling Store in holding area. No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation and polyethylene Waste analysis not required. salvage efforts required. recycling. bags 2. Record waste quantity and recycle destination on Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Concrete waste Varies Construction activities Waste classified as Non-hazardous. Do not mix with garbage. Reduce quantities through Use for land reclamation Store in holding area. No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and Waste analysis not required. adequate material calculation required. disposal. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Electrical Varies Construction activities Waste classified as Non-hazardous. Do not mix with garbage. Reduce quantities through Collect for recycling Store in holding area. No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation and Waste. Waste analysis not required. salvage efforts required. recycling. 2. Record waste quantity and recycle destination on Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). CONSTRUCTION PHASE – AGURA IPP Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 14 of 30 E E Ess st ttiiim mm a aa t tte eedd d G G Gee en nne eerr ra aa t ttiiin n ngg g W W W a a ass st tte eeM Miii M nn n iiim mm iiiz z zaa at ttiii ooon nn W W W a aas sst tte ee C C Clll aaas ss ss siii ffiii f ccca a att tiiio oon n /// A n A A n n naa alll yyys siii s sss R R Ree es st st trr riii ccct ttiii ooon nnss /// C s C Caa auu ut ttiii ooon nns ss M Ma M a an nna a agg gee emm me eenn nt tt /// D D Diii ssp sp poo os sa sa alll S S S t tto oorr ra aagg gee e T T T r r raa ann ns sp sp poo or rrt tta a att tiii ooonn /// L n L Laa ab bbe eelll iii nnng g g D D Doo oc ccu uum mm e een nntta t a at ttiii ooon nn QQ Q u uu aa a n n nttiii t tty tyy S SSo oouu urr r c cce ee OO Op pptt tiii ooo nn ns s s [ [[A AA ] ]] [[[D DD]] ] [ [[E EE]]] [ [[G GG]] ] [ [[H HH ] ]] [ [[III] ]] [ [[J JJ] ]] [[ [BB B ] ]] [ [[C CC ] ]] [ [[F FF ] ]] Lumber waste 3852 pounds per Construction Activities, This waste is usually classified Chevron and Contractor Reuse material when No special requirements 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation Treatment – Size reduction: Feed lumber waste No special labeling required. month. Warehouse as Non-hazardous. Treated or personnel are prohibited from possible. – segregate lumber and or disposal. through the chipper for use in the compost contaminated wood may be scavenging scraps, surplus or facility in Escravos. Treatment – Compost: wood scraps from regular 2. Record waste quantity and destination on classified Hazardous. Waste waste material without written Chipped wood will be used as compost bulking trash. Waste Tracking Log. classification may be based on approval from Logistics Dept. material at Escravos. Do not use pressure previous knowledge. If treated wood for composting. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste analysis is required, request Information Management System (WIMS). test for pH/Toxicity (TCLP). Treatment – Incineration: Chipped wood that is unsuited for compost bulking (treated or painted wood) may be fed to the incinerator. Do not burn pressure treated wood in the incinerator. Disposal – Wood or wood chips unsuited to be reused, used as compost bulking or incinerate may be sold as scrap. . Cooking Oils 12 gallons per month. Kitchen and Mess Hall. Waste is classified as No Restrictions. Consider alternate food Rinse to sanitary drain and discharge. Keep in closed or covered Clearly mark all containers with 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation Domestic. Waste analysis not preparation methods container if necessary. name of waste and source of and disposal. required. (baking) when possible. waste before transporting to 2. Record waste quantity and destination on handling//disposal site. Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Construction Phase Spray/Aerosol Cans Varies Personal Hygiene items Waste usually classified as Except for personal usage, a) Use non-aerosol cans; Depressurize; crush for volume reduction and Store or keep separate No special labeling required. 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation Domestic. Waste analysis not the use of aerosol cans is b) Volume Reduction. disposed at LAWMA site. from regular trash. and disposal. required. prohibited unless approved 2. Record waste quantity and destination on by COMPANY. Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Filters (engine, air, Varies Equipment maintenance 1. Spent engine filters usually 1. Non-empty oil filters may 1. Change filters based on Puncture canister, drain oil and recycle metal Drain all free oil prior to No special labeling required. 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation water) (e.g., internal classified as Non-hazardous contain hydrocarbon performance rather than on components. placement in metal or or disposal. combustion engines, after draining oil from filter. residue. Drain oil a calendar schedule. plastic drums. Hold with 2. Record waste quantity and destination on pumps, compressors, 2. Spent water filters usually immediately after removing 2. Replace air / water regular scrap metal. Waste Tracking Log. water filtration) classified as Non-hazardous. filter from service. filters with re-usable / 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste 3. Waste analysis not required. 2. Avoid skin contact with washable filters. Information Management System (WIMS). oil and wear standard PPE 3. Consider using oil filters when handling, with removable or supplemented with replaceable filter media. chemically-resistant gloves and apron or disposable coveralls. Oily Rags & Varies Oily absorbents / 1. Waste usually classified as 1. May be ignitable and/or 1. Good housekeeping and Transport to Escravos through Lagos SCM unit Store in closed or covered Label waste container “OILY 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation or Sorbent materials from spill Non-hazardous. toxic. maintenance to reduce for Incineration. container. RAGS” disposal unless disposed overboard. clean-up activities 2. If waste classification is 2. Keep away from ignition spills and leaks. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on unknown, test for Flash Point, sources. 2. Training to prevent Waste Tracking Log. pH, Toxicity (TCLP) & 3. Avoid skin contact and spills. 3. Record quantity on Waste Information chlorinated solvents. wear standard PPE when Management System (WIMS). handling, supplemented with disposable coveralls, chemically-resistant gloves and apron, respirator and/or face shield. CONSTRUCTION PHASE – AGURA IPP Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 15 of 30 E E E s st st tiiim m m aa att tee eddQ d QQ u u u aa ann n t ttiii tty tyy G G Gee en nne eerr ra aa t ttiiin n ngg g W W W a a ass st tte eeM Miii M nnn iiim mm iiiz z zaa at ttiii ooon nn W W W a aas sst tte ee C C Clll aaas ss ss siii ffiii f ccca a att tiiio o onn /// A n A A n n naa alll yyys siii s sss R R Ree es st st trr riii ccct ttiii ooon nnss /// C s C Caa auu ut ttiii ooon nns ss M Ma M a an nna a agg gee emm me eenn nt tt /// D D Diii ssp sp poo os sa sa alll S S S t tto oorr ra aagg gee e T T T r r raa ann ns sp sp poo or rrt tta a att tiii ooonn /// L n L Laa ab bbe eelll iii nnng g g D D Doo oc ccu uum mm e een nntta t a at ttiii ooon nn (( ( BBa B a ass se eeddo d o onn2 n 2255 500 0 S SSo oouu u r r r cc ce ee OO Op pptt tiii ooo nn ns s s [ [[A AA ] ]] [[[D DD] ]] [ [[E EE]]] [ [[G GG ] ]] [ [[H HH ] ]] [ [[III] ]] [ [[J JJ] ]] pp pe eer r r s sso oon nns s) s)[ ) [B [BB]] ] [ [[C CC ] ]] [ [[F FF ] ]] Drums & Varies Chemicals, lube and Waste may be classified as 1. Drums or drum liners Purchase materials in 1. Drums that contained non- Store empty drums with Clearly mark all empty drums with 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation or disposal Containers (empty) gear oil, etc. Hazardous if the drums and with less than 2 cm of returnable bulk containers hazardous / non-dangerous / non- covers or closures in name of previous contents and with unless disposed overboard. containers are not empty. residue are considered to reduce generation of toxic materials; re-use for waste place. appropriate warning/precautions 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste “empty” for drum washing. empty drums. storage purposes. before transporting to shore. Tracking Log. 2. Company policy prohibits 2. Drums that contained hazardous / 3. Record quantity on Waste Information Management selling or giving empty dangerous / toxic materials: re-use System (WIMS). drums to employees, for waste storage purposes contractors, or the public. (hazardous wastes only). 3. Avoid skin contact with 3. Crush drum before transportation, residues in empty drums, if metallic else punch holes to especially those that prevent reuse by third parties.. contained hazardous / 4. Empty and transport to Anstar dangerous / toxic materials. Nigeria Limited through Lagos SCM Wear standard PPE and for recycling. appropriate protective gloves (leather, chemically- 5. Return to supplier resistant rubber) when handling this waste. Fusion Bonding None proposed Pipe coating This waste is usually classified as May be Ignitable/Toxic. Do Completely use all Re-use – Identify other departments Keep in closed or covered Clearly mark all containers with 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and Epoxy (FBE) operations Hazardous. Waste classification Not Release to Wastewater materials. that may require the product if it is container. name of waste and source of waste disposal. may be based on previous System. reusable. Recycle – Recycle non- before transporting to handling or 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste as e se knowledge. If waste classification chlorinated thinner through disposal site. Include MSDS while Tracking Log. ha is not known, request test for Flash production system. Treatment – transporting. Ph Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information nP Point/pH/Toxicity (TCLP). Unusable paint may be incinerated. Management System (WIMS). Treatment – Allow empty paint on containers to dry prior to being sent cttiio to scrap metal. ns ru sttr uc Varies on Paint Residuals Industrial Coatings & 1.Waste usually classified as non 1. May be ignitable and/or Volume minimization 1. Return to supplier / manufacturer. Store in closed or covered 1. Clearly mark all containers with 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation. Co Thinners. hazardous toxic. (completely use all containers. name of waste and source of waste C 2.Allow empty paint containers to 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste 2. Waste classification may be 2. Do not release to materials). dry before reuse/recycle or ship-to- before transporting to handling or Tracking Log. based on previous knowledge. wastewater system. shore for disposal using: disposal site. Do not purchase paints 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information 3. If waste classification is not containing lead a. INTEL for waste collection and 2. Include MSDS. Management System (WIMS). known, test for Flash Point, pH, transportation to Escravos for Toxicity (TCLP). treatment. b. Send plastic containers to recycling facility. c. Send metal containers to Anstar Nigeria Limited through SCM Lagos for recycling d. DEL or BOSKEL for incineration of paint residue. Hydrotest water Varies Hydro-test operations Waste generally classified as non- 1. Discharge into high None proposed. Discharge into facility closed drain Not normally stored. Not normally stored. 1. Estimate and record the volume on Waste Information Hazardous. energy water body zones Management System (WIMS). shall meet DPR 2. Estimate and record the discharge rate. requirements as specified in EGASPIN (Revised Edition 3. Conduct Visual Sheen Test once/day when discharging 2002), Part III.E.3.6.2 (b). to sea. 2. Discharge shall not cause 4.Sample / record oil and grease content (mg/l) once/day a visible sheen on the 5.Sample and analyze for DPR requirements and report receiving waters. and document accordingly CONSTRUCTION PHASE – AGURA IPP Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 16 of 30 E E E s st st tiiim m m aa at tte eed ddQQ Quu uaa ann ntt tiii tty tyy(( (BBa B a a s se se ed dd G G Gee en nne eerr ra aa t ttiiin n ngg g C C Clll aaas ss ss siii ffiii f cc c a aatt tiiio o o n n /// n W W W a a ass st tte eeM Miii M nnn iiim mm iiiz z zaa at ttiii ooon nn T T T r r raa ann ns sp sp p o oorr r ttta aat ttiii ooon nn /// W W W a aas sst tte ee R R Ree es st st trr riii ccct ttiii ooon nnss /// C s C Caa auu ut ttiii ooon nns ss M Ma M a an nna a agg gee emm me eenn nt tt /// D D Diii ssp sp poo os sa sa alll S S S t tto oorr ra aagg gee e D D Doo oc ccu uum mm e een nntta t a at ttiii ooon nn o o onn2 n 2255 500p 0 p pe eer r rss so oon nn sss) ))[ [[B BB] ]] S SSo oouu urr r c cceee A AA nn n aaa lll yyyss siii sss OO Op pptt tiii ooo nn ns s s LL L a a a b b b ee elll iiin nng gg [ [[A AA ] ]] [ [[E EE]]] [ [[G GG ] ]] [ [[H HH ] ]] [ [[J JJ] ]] [ [[C CC ] ]] [ [[D DD ]] ] [ [[F FF ] ]] [[ [II I] ]] Gaseous Emissions CO – 1.20 metric tons per day. Main Engines Waste is classified as All gaseous emissions in the None proposed Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable 1). Monitoring of gas in µg/m3 for 1-hour, 8-hour, Daily NOx – 2.45 metric tons per day. Hazardous, these needs petroleum industry shall be average and annual for maximum exposure. VOC - 0.07 metric tons per day. further justification. registered with DPR. 2).Measure emission: Particulates, SO2, NOx, H2S vapor, NH3, CO, VOC and Hydrocarbon vapor, in µg/m3. CO- 0.13 metric tons per day. Diesel driver 3) Metering of volume of gas flared and monthly input to NOx- 1.15 metric tons per day. SANGEA. VOC- 0.02 metric tons per day. Storage Tanks CO, NOx, VOC Negligible. Fugitives VOC- 0.01 metric tons per day. Batteries 212 Pounds per month. Portable radios or phones; Waste is usually Do not incinerate. a) Purchase batteries from a) Return to supplier. Keep spent batteries in Label waste container: 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and (Ni/Cd/Li) some navigation equipment. classified as Hazardous. vendors that will accept spent b) Ship-to-shore for proper metal container until “Used Batteries For disposal. Waste analysis not batteries. disposal. recycled or disposed. Recycle” 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste required. b) Purchase long-life rechargeable Tracking Log. batteries. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information c) Purchase low-toxicity batteries. Management System (WIMS). Construction Phase Blasting grit Varies Blasting activities This waste is usually May be Inhalation hazard. Consider separating paint or metal 1.Treatment– Incorporate Store in closed Clearly mark all 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation or disposal. classified as Non- Residue from paint removal bits to re-use abrasive media and hazardous blasting media in containers or in piles. containers with name of cement mixture for disposal to 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste hazardous but may be may be toxic on the basis of reduce volume of residue for waste and source of waste Tracking Log. classified as hazardous if lead content. Special PPE disposal. reduce mobility of hazardous before transporting to it contains lead paint when handling this waste may constituents. See Appendix H handling or disposal site. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information residues. include: for stabilization instructions. Management System (WIMS). 1. Respirator Disposal– Non hazardous (Particulate) blasting media may be used for 2. Eye protection land reclamation or sent to a Government approved dump site. Oily Sand and Varies. Tank cleaning Waste generally 1. May be Downhole solids control (e.g., 1. Skiped and transfer to third 1. Store in water-tight Clearly mark all 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation and disposal solids. classified as non- Ignitable/Corrosive. expandable screen completion, party facility for treatment. leak-proof metal skips. containers with name of onshore. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Hazardous; however, 2. The discharge of oil sand consolidation, gravel packs). a. INTEL for waste collection 2. The radiation waste and source of waste Tracking Log. solids will be monitored contaminated sand and solids and transportation to shore. exposure rate before transporting to 2. Record quantity on Waste Information Management for NORM /LSA in into offshore zones shall meet b. DEL for treatment and (microrems/hr) shall handling or disposal site. System (WIMS) accordance with DPR requirements (i.e., oil disposal. be monitored and EGASPIN (Revised 3..Monitoring (overboard discharge) content < 10g/kg dry weight), reported for each a. Estimate / record quantity / weight. Edition 2002), Part as specified in EGASPIN container of waste III.E.4.5.1 (Revised Edition 2002), Part containing Sample / record content II.E.3.5.6.1 (f). NORM/LSA above 3. An application to dispose background levels. of waste containing a. Accumulation is NORM/LSA at levels of 50 prohibited, except in microrems/hr above accordance with the background levels, or 30 code of Practice of the pci/gm shall be submitted and Nigerian Nuclear appropriate approval granted Regulatory Authority. by the Director of the DPR. b. Special shielded containers shall be used to store and transport radioactive substances. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE – AGURA IPP Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 17 of 30 E E E s st st tiiim mm aa a ttte eedd d G G Gee en nne eerr ra aa t ttiiin n ngg g W W W a aas sst tte ee C C Clll aaas ss ss siii ffiii f ccca a att tiiio oon n /// A n A A n n naa alll yyys siii s sss R R Ree es st st trr riii ccct ttiii ooon nnss /// C s C Caa auu ut ttiii ooon nns ss W W W a a ass st tte eeM Miii M nnn iiim mm iiiz z zaa at ttiii ooon nn M Ma M a an nna a agg gee emm me eenn nt tt /// D D Diii ssp sp poo os sa sa alll S S S t tto oorr ra aagg gee e T T T r r raa ann ns sp sp p o oorr r ttta aat ttiii ooon nn /// D D Doo oc ccu uum mm e een nntta t a at ttiii ooon nn QQ Q uu u aa a n nnt ttiii tty tyy S SSo oouu u r r r cc ce ee [ [[A AA ] ]] [[[D DD]] ] [ [[E EE]] ] OO Op pptt tiii ooo nn ns s s [ [[G GG]] ] [ [[H HH ] ]] LL L a a a b b b ee elll iiin nng gg [ [[J JJ] ]] [[B [BB]] ] [ [[C CC ] ]] [ [[F FF ] ]] [[ [II I] ]] Oil (used) 530 gallons per Motorized Equipment; 1. Waste usually classified as Non- 1.Do not dispose into open drains Volume reduction through Send to Escravos through Lagos SCM; Store in sealed, properly Ensure storage drum is 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation or month. Gear Box Crankcase Fluid; hazardous. 2. Contact MSDS of original material. inspection and preventive a. Recycled into production labeled metal or plastic clearly marked “WASTE disposal unless disposed overboard. Equipment Lubrication 2. Waste classification may be based 3. Avoid skin contact and wear maintenance program. drums and ensures it is not OIL” 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Processes. b. Incineration. filled to the brim. on previous knowledge or test for standard PPE when handling, Tracking Log. Flash Point, pH, Toxicity (TCLP). supplemented with disposable 3. Record quantity on Waste Information coveralls, chemically-resistant gloves Management System (WIMS). and apron. Cement waste Varies Casing activities Waste classified as Non-hazardous. Do not mix with garbage. Reduce quantities through Use for land reclamation Store in holding area. No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation or Waste analysis not required. adequate material calculation required. disposal unless disposed overboard. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Tracking Log. 3. Record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Gray water 4550- gallon per day. Living Quarters / Galley - Wastewater is classified as 1. Treat to satisfy effluent quality 1. Identify cleaners that provide 1. Treat effluent to improve the quality to Not normally stored. Not normally stored. 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and Grey water from showers, Domestic. criteria / discharge limitations, as adequate cleaning action but do regulatory requirement. disposal. sinks & dishwashing specified in DPR EGASPIN (Revised not create stable emulsion in the 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Edition 2002), Table II-6. wastewater treatment system. e Tracking Log. asse 2. Do not discharge directly to surface 2. Identify cleaners that will not ha 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Ph water. diminish waste treatment Management System (WIMS). eP bacteria. ce nc Varies Corrosive (Do not mix strong acid Keep containers tightly a) Clearly mark all an Acid/Caustic Construction activities Waste is classified as Hazardous 1.Re-use or return to supplier Neutralize pH between 6.5 and 8.0 and 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and with strong base; Do not add water to closed to prevent spilling. containers with name of na when pH < 2 or > 12. Analyze pH 2. Use to neutralize other acid / send to wastewater treatment. disposal. en after treatment to confirm acid or base). Special PPE when waste and source of waste ntte handling this waste. caustic wastes. before transporting to 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste neutralization is complete. aiin handling or disposal site. Tracking Log. Ma 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information n // M b) Include MSDS. Management System (WIMS). on attiio Rubbish/Garbage 650 pounds per day. Personnel Waste is always classified as No special restrictions. a) Segregate batteries from Reduce volume (compact) and ship-to- Store in closed or covered No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and domestic trash. ra Accommodations. Domestic. Waste analysis not for disposal at LAWMA site bin. required. disposal. er required. b) Segregate recyclable pe 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Op materials from trash. O Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Sanitary 3705 gallons per day Personnel Waste is classified as Domestic. 1. Treat to satisfy effluent quality None proposed Raw sewage is processed through Not normally stored. If waste is transported, 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and Wastewater Accommodations criteria / discharge limitations, as biological activated sludge-type store in closed containers disposal. specified in DPR EGASPIN (Revised treatment unit(s) prior to overboard clearly marked 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Edition 2002), Table II-6. discharge. “CAUTION - SEWAGE Tracking Log. 2. Sewage waste may be infectious. SOLIDS” 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Avoid skin contact and wear standard Management System (WIMS). PPE when handling this waste. Medical Waste Varies Infirmary (bandages, Waste is classified as Hazardous. 1.Infection hazard - Do not mix with None proposed Transport to Lagos medical incinerator 1.Sharps - Collect in Label waste container 1.Waste Manifest required for transportation and syringes, lab waste / normal trash site for proper disposal using: special designated / labeled “CAUTION MEDICAL recycling. specimens) 2.Wear special PPE when handling 1. Use Lagos CNL high-temperature sharps disposal container. WASTE BIO-HAZARD” 2. Record waste quantity and recycle destination on (disposable latex gloves, goggles/face incinerator. 2.Non-sharps - Collect in Waste Tracking Log. shield, and protective clothing) special designated / labeled 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information biohazard bag. Management System (WIMS). 3.Place both in sealed properly labeled containers for handling / transporting to disposal site. Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 18 of 30 E E E s st st tiiim m maa at tte eeddQ d QQ u u uaa ann nt ttiii tty tyy G G Gee en nne eerr ra aa t ttiiin n ngg g W W W a a ass st tte eeM Miii M nnn iiim mm iiiz z zaa at ttiii ooon nn T T T r r raa ann ns sp sp p o oorr r ttta aat ttiii ooon nn /// W W W a aas sst tte ee C C Clll aaas ss ss siii ffiii f ccca a att tiiio oon n /// A n A A n n naa alll yyys siii s sss R R Ree es st st trr riii ccct ttiii ooon nnss /// C s C Caa auu ut ttiii ooon nns ss M Ma M a an nna a agg gee emm me eenn nt tt /// D D Diii ssp sp poo os sa sa alll S S S t tto oorr ra aagg gee e D D Doo oc ccu uum mm e een nntta t a at ttiii ooon nn [ [[B BB] ]] S SSo oouu u r r r cc ce ee OO Op pptt tiii ooo nn ns s s LL L a a a b b b ee elll iiin nng gg [ [[A AA ] ]] [[[D DD]] ] [ [[E EE]] ] [ [[G GG]] ] [ [[H HH ] ]] [ [[J JJ] ]] [ [[C CC ] ]] [ [[F FF ] ]] [[ [II I] ]] Batteries 331 Pounds per month, rtable radios or phones; Waste is usually classified as Do not incinerate. a) Purchase batteries from a) Return to supplier. Keep spent batteries in Label waste container: 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and (Ni/Cd/Li) me navigation equipment. Hazardous. Waste analysis not vendors that will accept spent b) Ship-to-shore for proper disposal. metal container until “Used Batteries For disposal. required. batteries. recycled or disposed. Recycle” 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste b) Purchase long-life Tracking Log. rechargeable batteries. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste c) Purchase low-toxicity Information Management System (WIMS). batteries. Electrical Waste. Varies nstruction activities Waste classified as Non-hazardous. Do not mix with garbage. Reduce quantities through Collect for recycling Store in holding area. No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation and Waste analysis not required. salvage efforts required. recycling. 2. Record waste quantity and recycle destination on Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Scrap Metal 350 pounds per month Construction activities Waste classified as Non-hazardous. Do not mix scrap metal with Reduce quantities through Collect for recycling Store in holding area. No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation and (Pipe, welding Waste analysis not required. garbage. salvage efforts required. recycling. rods) 2. Record waste quantity and recycle destination on Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste as e se Information Management System (WIMS). Phha Radioactive Varies NDT test Waste is classified as Hazardous Do not incinerate. 2. Return to supplier 1. Return undepleted radioactive Store in sealed, properly Label waste container 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation or eP waste Hold for decay (short-term sources to the vendor for re-use. labeled plastic drums or “DANGER disposal. ce other suitable containers. RADIOACTIVE nc isotopes used in frac sand) 2. Return unusable radioactive materials 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste an to the vendor for proper disposal. MATERIAL” Tracking Log. enna 3. Material that can not be returned may 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste ntte be disposed downhole. Information Management System (WIMS). Ma n // M aiin Plant wastewater: Varies Maintenance operations Waste generally classified as non- 1. Discharge into offshore zones None proposed. Discharge into facility closed drain Not normally stored. Not normally stored. 1. Estimate and record the volume on Waste Hazardous. shall meet DPR requirements as Information Management System (WIMS). on Hydrotest, attiio specified in EGASPIN (Revised 2. Estimate and record the discharge rate. Compressor Edition 2002), Part III.E.3.6.2 (b). ra wash, Floor 3. Conduct Visual Sheen Test once/day when er 2 Discharge shall not cause a pe flushing, filter discharging to sea. Op backwash. visible sheen on the receiving waters. O 4. Sample / record oil and grease content (mg/l) once/day 5. Sample and analyze for DPR requirements and report and document accordingly Batteries 725 Pounds per month. Flashlights and other Waste is classified as Domestic. Do Not Incinerate. Use rechargeable or long-life Collect and store batteries separately No special requirements No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and (flashlight) devices. Waste analysis is not required. batteries. from other waste. when collected with required. disposal. Ship-to-shore for proper disposal. regular trash. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Batteries 1102 Pounds per month, Motorized Equipment; Battery acid is hazardous - corrosive a) Do not send acid to sanitary 1. Reuse batteries where a) Return to supplier Hold in a covered drum. Label waste container: 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and (lead/acid) Generators and toxic. treatment system (battery acid content possible. b) Stabilize (neutralize acid) and “Used Batteries For disposal. is corrosive and may contain lead). 2. Investigate sending transport to treatment facility for Disposal/Recycle” batteries to a recycler. disposal. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste b) Special PPE when handling battery Tracking Log. acid (e.g., gloves, goggles/face shield, 3. Maximize use of protective clothing). rechargeable batteries. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 19 of 30 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE – AGURA IPP E E E s st st tiiim m maa at tte eeddQ d QQ u u uaa ann nt ttiii tty tyy G G Gee en nne eerr ra aa t ttiiin n ngg g W W W a aas sst tte ee C C Clll aaas ss ss siii ffiii f ccca a att tiiio oon n /// A n A A n n naa alll yyys siii s sss R R Ree es st st trr riii ccct ttiii ooon nnss /// C s C Caa auu ut ttiii ooon nns ss W W W a a ass st tte eeM Miii M nnn iiim mm iiiz z zaa at ttiii ooon nn M Ma M a an nna a agg gee emm me eenn nt tt /// D D Diii ssp sp poo os sa sa alll S S S t tto oorr ra aagg gee e T T T r r raa ann ns sp sp p o oorr r ttta aat ttiii ooon nn /// D D Doo oc ccu uum mm e een nntta t a at ttiii ooon nn [ [[B BB] ]] S SSo oouu u r r r cc ce ee [ [[A AA ] ]] [[[D DD]] ] [ [[E EE]] ] OO Op pptt tiii ooo nn ns s s [ [[G GG]] ] [ [[H HH ] ]] LL L a a a b b b ee elll iiin nng gg [ [[J JJ] ]] [ [[C CC ] ]] [ [[F FF ] ]] [[ [II I] ]] Hazardous Varies Surplus Chemicals. 1. Waste is usually classified as 1. MSDS recommended practice shall 1. Planning and utilization as Ship-to-shore for disposal using: Segregate and store in 1. Clearly mark all 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation or Substances Hazardous. be the preferred method of disposal. far as practical. 1. INTEL for waste collection and closed or covered containers with name of disposal. (chemicals) 2. Waste classification may be based 2. Special PPE when handling (e.g., transportation to shore. container. Store in original waste and source of waste 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste 2. Investigate substitution container where possible before handling or on previous knowledge or test for gloves, goggles/face shield, respirator with less hazardous materials 2. Recycled into production by Tracking Log. Flash Point, pH, Toxicity (TCLP) & and other protective clothing). transporting to disposal where possible. transferring into hydration unit at site. Include MSDS. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste chlorinated solvents. Escravos through SCM unit, if possible. Information Management System (WIMS). 3. Unknown chemical wastes shall be 2. CHEVRON approval of 3. Return to vendor classification is required considered potentially hazardous until tested or otherwise demonstrated to be before shipping Non-hazardous. Solvent Varies Parts / Equipment 1. Waste usually classified as 1. Ignitable or flammable (may be 1. Planning and minimal use 1. Recycled into production by 1. Segregate and store in 1. Clearly mark all 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation or Cleaning; Laboratory; Hazardous. toxic). as far as practical. transferring into hydration unit at closed container/tank. containers with name of disposal. Process Operations. 2. Waste classification may be based 2. Do not incinerate chlorinated Escravos through SCM unit, if possible. 2. Locate waste waste and source of waste. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste 2. Investigate use of non-HC on previous knowledge. solvents. based solvents. 2. Return to vendor container/tank away from 2. Include MSDS. Tracking Log. 3. If classification is unknown, test ignition source and place 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste for Flash Point, pH, Toxicity (TCLP) portable extinguisher Information Management System (WIMS). & chlorinated solvents. within 50-feet. Roof Drainage: 4.64 million gallons per Roof Drainage System Waste is classified as Non- 1. Avoid rainwater run-offs from Implement effective 1. Segregate clean from contaminated No temporary storage is No special labeling is 1. Estimate and record treated quantity on Waste e year based on average se (i.e., collects rainwater and hazardous. entering any surface water in the rainwater treatment and rainwater (e.g., use drip pans with rain required. required. Information Management System (WIMS). as Clean rainwater annual rainfall of 3000 ha and runoff from gutters, wash immediate vicinity. pollution prevention hoods, etc.). Ph mm (118”). down water and spillage) practices, as appropriate. eP contaminated 2. Collect and treat contaminated 2. Clean-up deck spills using dry ce (oily) runoff rainwater to satisfy effluent quality methods. nc from under / criteria / discharge limitations, as an 3. Direct contaminated / oily runoff to na around specified in DPR EGASPIN (revised treatment (i.e., remove free oil by en equipment. Edition 2002), Table III-1. ntte gravity separation). aiin a. Discharge must not cause a visible sheen on the receiving waters. Ma n // M Scrap Wood Varies Construction and Waste classified as Non-hazardous Do not mix with garbage when Reduce quantities through Untreated: Chip and use for structural Store in holding area. No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and demolition activities when not treated. Waste analysis not treated. adequate material calculation amendment for required. disposal. on required. composting/bioremediation. attiio 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Tracking Log. erra 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Oppe Information Management System (WIMS). O Used Varies Construction activities Waste classified as Non-hazardous. Do not mix with garbage. Reduce quantities through Collect for recycling Store in holding area. No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation and polyethylene Waste analysis not required. salvage efforts required. recycling. bags 2. Record waste quantity and recycle destination on Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Cooking Oils 26 gallons per month. Kitchen and Mess Hall. Waste is classified as Domestic. No Restrictions. Consider alternate food Rinse to sanitary drain and discharge. Keep in closed or covered Clearly mark all containers 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and Waste analysis not required. preparation methods (baking) container if necessary. with name of waste and disposal. when possible. source of waste before 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste transporting to Tracking Log. handling//disposal site. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Concrete waste Varies Construction activities Waste classified as Non-hazardous. Do not mix with garbage. Reduce quantities through Use for land reclamation Store in holding area. No special labeling 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and Waste analysis not required. adequate material calculation required. disposal. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 20 of 30 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE – AGURA IPP E E E s st st tiiim mm a aa t tte ee d d d G G Gee en nne eerr ra aa t ttiiin n ngg g W W W a a ass st tte eeM Miii M nnn iiim mm iiiz z zaa at ttiii ooon nn W W W a aas sst tte ee C C Clll aaas ss ss siii ffiii f ccca a att tiiio oon n /// A n A A n n naa alll yyys siii s sss R R Ree es st st trr riii ccct ttiii ooon nnss /// C s C Caa auu ut ttiii ooon nns ss M Ma M a an nna a agg gee emm me eenn nt tt /// D D Diii ssp sp poo os sa sa alll S S S t tto oorr ra aagg gee e T T T r r raa ann ns sp sp poo or rrt tta a att tiii ooonn /// L n L Laa ab bbe eelll iii nnng g g D D Doo oc ccu uum mm e een nntta t a at ttiii ooon nn QQ Q uu u aa a n n nttiii t tty tyy S SSo oouu urr r c cceee OO Op pptt tiii ooo nn ns s s [ [[A AA ] ]] [[[D DD]] ] [ [[E EE]]] [ [[G GG]] ] [ [[H HH ] ]] [ [[III] ]] [ [[J JJ] ]] [[ [BB B ] ]] [ [[C CC ] ]] [ [[F FF ] ]] Lumber waste 320 pounds per month. Construction Activities, This waste is usually classified Chevron and Contractor Reuse material when No special requirements 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation Treatment – Size reduction: Feed lumber waste No special labeling required. Warehouse as Non-hazardous. Treated or personnel are prohibited from possible. through the chipper for use in the compost – segregate lumber and or disposal. contaminated wood may be scavenging scraps, surplus or facility in Escravos. Treatment – Compost: wood scraps from regular 2. Record waste quantity and destination on classified Hazardous. Waste waste material without written Chipped wood will be used as compost bulking trash. Waste Tracking Log. classification may be based on approval from Logistics Dept. material at Escravos. Do not use pressure previous knowledge. If treated wood for composting. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste analysis is required, request Information Management System (WIMS). test for pH/Toxicity (TCLP). Treatment – Incineration: Chipped wood that is unsuited for compost bulking (treated or painted wood) may be fed to the incinerator. Do not burn pressure treated wood in the incinerator. Disposal – Wood or wood chips unsuited to be reused, used as compost bulking or incinerate may be sold as scrap. Bilge water Varies Vessel and tanker Waste generally classified as 1. Discharge into offshore None proposed. Discharge into facility closed drain Not normally stored. Not normally stored. 1. Estimate and record the volume on Waste operations non-Hazardous. zones shall meet DPR Information Management System (WIMS). requirements as specified in 2. Estimate and record the discharge rate. EGASPIN (Revised Edition 2002), Part III.E.3.6.2 (b). 3. Conduct Visual Sheen Test once/day when discharging to sea. 2. Discharge shall not cause Operation / Maintenance Phase a visible sheen on the 4.Sample / record oil and grease content (mg/l) receiving waters. once/day 5.Sample and analyze for DPR requirements and report and document accordingly Spray/Aerosol Cans Varies Personal Hygiene items Waste usually classified as Except for personal usage, a) Use non-aerosol cans; Depressurize; crush for volume reduction and Store or keep separate No special labeling required. 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation Domestic. Waste analysis not the use of aerosol cans is b) Volume Reduction. disposed at LAWMA site. from regular trash. and disposal. required. prohibited unless approved 2. Record waste quantity and destination on by COMPANY. Waste Tracking Log. 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Management System (WIMS). Filters (engine, air, Varies Equipment maintenance 1. Spent engine filters usually 1. Non-empty oil filters may 1. Change filters based on Puncture canister, drain oil and recycle metal Drain all free oil prior to No special labeling required. 1. Waste Manifest is required for transportation water) (e.g., internal classified as Non-hazardous contain hydrocarbon performance rather than on components. placement in metal or or disposal. combustion engines, after draining oil from filter. residue. Drain oil a calendar schedule. plastic drums. Hold with 2. Record waste quantity and destination on pumps, compressors, 2. Spent water filters usually immediately after removing 2. Replace air / water regular scrap metal. Waste Tracking Log. water filtration) classified as Non-hazardous. filter from service. filters with re-usable / 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste 3.Waste analysis not required. 2. Avoid skin contact with washable filters. Information Management System (WIMS). oil and wear standard PPE 3. Consider using oil filters when handling, with removable or supplemented with replaceable filter media. chemically-resistant gloves and apron or disposable coveralls. Oily Rags & Varies Oily absorbents / 1. Waste usually classified as 1. May be ignitable and/or 1. Good housekeeping and Transport to Escravos through Lagos SCM unit Store in closed or covered Label waste container “OILY 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation or Sorbent materials from spill Non-hazardous. toxic. maintenance to reduce for Incineration. container. RAGS” disposal unless disposed overboard. clean-up activities 2. If waste classification is 2. Keep away from ignition spills and leaks. 2. Record waste quantity and destination on unknown, test for Flash Point, sources. 2. Training to prevent Waste Tracking Log. pH, Toxicity (TCLP) & 3. Avoid skin contact and spills. 3. Record quantity on Waste Information chlorinated solvents. wear standard PPE when Management System (WIMS). handling, supplemented with disposable coveralls, chemically-resistant gloves and apron, respirator and/or face shield. Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 21 of 30 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE – AGURA IPP E E E s st st tiiim m m aa att tee eddQ d QQ u u u aa ann n t ttiii tty tyy G G Gee en nne eerr ra aa t ttiiin n ngg g W W W a a ass st tte eeM Miii M nnn iiim mm iiiz z zaa at ttiii ooon nn W W W a aas sst tte ee C C Clll aaas ss ss siii ffiii f ccca a att tiiio o onn /// A n A A n n naa alll yyys siii s sss R R Ree es st st trr riii ccct ttiii ooon nnss /// C s C Caa auu ut ttiii ooon nns ss M Ma M a an nna a agg gee emm me eenn nt tt /// D D Diii ssp sp poo os sa sa alll S S S t tto oorr ra aagg gee e T T T r r raa ann ns sp sp poo or rrt tta a att tiii ooonn /// L n L Laa ab bbe eelll iii nnng g g D D Doo oc ccu uum mm e een nntta t a at ttiii ooon nn (( ( BBa B a ass se eeddo d o onn2 n 2255 500 0 S SSo oouu u r r r cc ce ee OO Op pptt tiii ooo nn ns s s [ [[A AA ] ]] [[[D DD] ]] [ [[E EE]]] [ [[G GG ] ]] [ [[H HH ] ]] [ [[III] ]] [ [[J JJ] ]] pp pe eer r r s sso oon nns s) s)[ ) [B [BB]] ] [ [[C CC ] ]] [ [[F FF ] ]] Drums & Varies. Chemicals, lube and Waste may be classified as 1. Drums or drum liners Purchase materials in 1. Drums that contained non- Store empty drums with Clearly mark all empty drums with 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation or disposal Containers (empty) gear oil, etc. Hazardous if the drums and with less than 2 cm of returnable bulk containers hazardous / non-dangerous / non- covers or closures in name of previous contents and with unless disposed overboard. containers are not empty. residue are considered to reduce generation of toxic materials; re-use for waste place. appropriate warning/precautions 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste “empty” for drum washing. empty drums. storage purposes. before transporting to shore. Tracking Log. 2. Company policy prohibits 2. Drums that contained hazardous / 3. Record quantity on Waste Information Management selling or giving empty dangerous / toxic materials: re-use System (WIMS). drums to employees, for waste storage purposes contractors, or the public. (hazardous wastes only). 3. Avoid skin contact with 3. Crush drum before transportation, residues in empty drums, if metallic else punch holes to especially those that prevent reuse by third parties.. contained hazardous / 4. Empty and transport to Anstar dangerous / toxic materials. Nigeria Limited through Lagos SCM Wear standard PPE and for recycling. e se appropriate protective as gloves (leather, chemically- 5. Return to supplier Phha resistant rubber) when eP handling this waste. an na ce nc Fusion Bonding None proposed Pipe coating Completely use all Keep in closed or covered 3. Waste Manifest is required for transportation and en This waste is usually classified as May be Ignitable/Toxic. Do Re-use – Identify other departments Clearly mark all containers with ntte Epoxy (FBE) operations Hazardous. Waste classification Not Release to Wastewater materials. that may require the product if it is container. name of waste and source of waste disposal. aiin may be based on previous System. reusable. Recycle – Recycle non- before transporting to handling or 4. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Ma knowledge. If waste classification chlorinated thinner through disposal site. Include MSDS while Tracking Log. n // M is not known, request test for Flash production system. Treatment – transporting. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information Point/pH/Toxicity (TCLP). Unusable paint may be incinerated. Management System (WIMS). on Treatment – Allow empty paint attiio containers to dry prior to being sent ra to scrap metal. Op O er pe Paint Residuals Varies Industrial Coatings & 1.Waste usually classified as non 1. May be ignitable and/or Volume minimization 1. Return to supplier / manufacturer. Store in closed or covered 1. Clearly mark all containers with 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation. Thinners. hazardous toxic. (completely use all 2.Allow empty paint containers to containers. name of waste and source of waste 2. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste 2. Waste classification may be 2. Do not release to materials). dry before reuse/recycle or ship-to- before transporting to handling or Tracking Log. based on previous knowledge. wastewater system. shore for disposal using: disposal site. Do not purchase paints 3. Estimate and record quantity on Waste Information 3. If waste classification is not containing lead a. INTEL for waste collection and 2. Include MSDS. Management System (WIMS). known, test for Flash Point, pH, transportation to Escravos for Toxicity (TCLP). treatment. b. Send plastic containers to recycling facility. c. Send metal containers to Anstar Nigeria Limited through SCM Lagos for recycling d. DEL or BOSKEL for incineration of paint residue. Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 22 of 30 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE – AGURA IPP E E E s st st tiiim m maa at tte eed ddQQQ u u uaa ann nt ttiii tty tyy G G Gee en nne eerr ra aa t ttiiin n ngg g C C Clll aaas ss ss siii ffiii f cc c a aatt tiiio o o n n /// n W W W a a ass st tte eeM Miii M nnn iiim mm iiiz z zaa at ttiii ooon nn T T T r r raa ann ns sp sp p o oorr r ttta aat ttiii ooon nn /// W W W a aas sst tte ee R R Ree es st st trr riii ccct ttiii ooon nnss /// C s C Caa auu ut ttiii ooon nns ss M Ma M a an nna a agg gee emm me eenn nt tt /// D D Diii ssp sp poo os sa sa alll S S S t tto oorr ra aagg gee e D D Doo oc ccu uum mm e een nntta t a at ttiii ooon nn [[ [BB] B ] ] S SSo oouu urr r c cceee A AA nn n aaa lll yyyss siii sss OO Op pptt tiii ooo nn ns s s LL L a a a b b b ee elll iiin nng gg [ [[A AA ] ]] [ [[E EE]]] [ [[G GG ] ]] [ [[H HH ] ]] [ [[J JJ] ]] [ [[C CC ] ]] [ [[D DD ]] ] [ [[F FF ] ]] [[ [II I] ]] Gaseous Emissions CO - 2.55 metric tons per day. Main Engines Waste is classified as All gaseous emissions in the None proposed Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable 1). Monitoring of gas in µg/m3 for 1-hour, 8-hour, Daily NOx - 6.75 metric tons per day. Hazardous, these needs petroleum industry shall be average and annual for maximum exposure. VOC - 0.19 metric tons per day. further justification. registered with DPR. 2).Measure emission: Particulates, SO2, NOx, H2S vapor, NH3, CO, VOC and Hydrocarbon vapor, in µg/m3. CO- 0.25 metric tons per day. Diesel driver 3) Metering of volume of gas flared and monthly input to NOx- 1.45 metric tons per day. SANGEA. VOC- 0.12 metric tons per day. Storage Tanks Operation / Maintenance Phase CO, NOx, VOC Negligible. Fugitives VOC- 0.14 metric tons per day. Oily Sand and Varies Tank cleaning Waste generally 1. May be Downhole solids control (e.g., 1. Skiped and transfer to third 1. Store in water-tight Clearly mark all 1. Waste Manifest required for transportation and disposal solids. classified as non- Ignitable/Corrosive. expandable screen completion, party facility for treatment. leak-proof metal skips. containers with name of onshore. Record waste quantity and destination on Waste Hazardous; however, 2. The discharge of oil sand consolidation, gravel packs). a. INTEL for waste collection 2. The radiation waste and source of waste Tracking Log. solids will be monitored contaminated sand and solids and transportation to shore. exposure rate before transporting to 2. Record quantity on Waste Information Management for NORM /LSA in into offshore zones shall meet b. DEL for treatment and (microrems/hr) shall handling or disposal site. System (WIMS) accordance with DPR requirements (i.e., oil disposal. be monitored and EGASPIN (Revised 3..Monitoring (overboard discharge) content < 10g/kg dry weight), reported for each b. Estimate / record quantity / weight. Edition 2002), Part as specified in EGASPIN container of waste III.E.4.5.1 (Revised Edition 2002), Part containing Sample / record content II.E.3.5.6.1 (f). NORM/LSA above 3. An application to dispose background levels. of waste containing a. Accumulation is NORM/LSA at levels of 50 prohibited, except in microrems/hr above accordance with the background levels, or 30 code of Practice of the pci/gm shall be submitted and Nigerian Nuclear appropriate approval granted Regulatory Authority. by the Director of the DPR. b. Special shielded containers shall be used to store and transport radioactive substances. Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 23 of 30 Waste Management Plan AP P ENDIX B, WAS TE TRACKING LOG B.1. General CONTRACTOR shall 1. Maintain the Waste Tracking Log, which will form the basis of reviewing waste inventory and waste identification for each waste reduction efforts. 2. Make the Waste Tracking Log available to COMPANY for review and inspection on a periodic basis or upon request by COMPANY. B.2. Instructions for Completing the Waste Tracking Log 1. FACILITY NAME - Name of facility generating waste (e.g. Aje Field). 2. QUANTITY - Cubic meters = Length x Width x Height (if measurement is in feet, multiply by 0.0283) 3. VESSEL NAME - Indicate the name of vessel transporting waste. 4. DISPOSAL METHOD - Refer to specific waste detail sheet for recommended method. 5. DISPOSAL LOCATION - Location in which waste will be disposed. 6. INITIALS - Initials of the person filling the log. WASTE TRACKING LOG FACILITY NAME: Date Waste Quantity Vessel Disposal Disposal Initials Type (m3, Drums, Tanks) Name Method Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Name of Supervisor: Signature: Date: Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 24 of 30 Waste Management Plan AP P ENDIX C, WAS TE MANIFES T Section A, GENERATOR (Generator completes all of Section A) 1. Generator Name: 7. Generating Location: 2. Address: 8. Address: 3. Phone No.: 9. Phone No.: If owner of the generating facility differs from the generator, provide: 4. Owner’s Name: 10. Owner’s Phone No.: 5. Assigned Waste Code: 11. Description of Waste: 6. Container: Quantity Units Type P - Pounds DM - Metal Drum Y - Yards DP - Plastic Drum M3 - Cubic Meters B - Bag or Wrap Y3 - Cubic Yards T - Truck O - Other O - Other GENERATOR’S CERTIFICATION: I hereby certify that the above named material has been properly described, classified and packaged and is in proper condition for transportation according to applicable regulations: Generator Authorized Agent Name Signature Shipment Date Section B, TRANSPORTER (Transporter I completes 1-7; Transporter II completes 8-14) 1. Name: 8. Name: 2. Address: 9. Address: 3. Phone No.: 10. Phone No.: 4. Driver Name / Title: 11. Driver Name / Title: 5. Truck No: 12. Truck No: 6. Truck Lic. No./ State: 13. Truck Lic. No./ State: 7. 14. Driver’s Signature Shipment Date Driver’s Signature Shipment Date Section C, DESTINATION (Generator completes 1-4; Transporter completes 5-6; Destination Site completes 7-8) 1. Site Name: 3. Phone No.: 2. Physical Address: 4. Mailing Address: 5. Discrepancy Indication Space: TRANSPORTOR’S CERTIFICATION: I hereby certify that the above named material has been accepted and to the best of my knowledge the foregoing is true and accurate: 6. Name of Authorized Agent Signature Receipt Date SHIPPER’S CERTIFICATION: I hereby certify that the contents of this consignment are fully and accurately described above by proper shipping name and are classified, packaged marked and labeled / placarded and in all respects in proper condition for transport according to applicable section and national governmental rules: 7. Shipper’s Name & Title Signature Receipt Date 8. Name and Address of Responsible Agency Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 25 of 30 Waste Management Plan AP P ENDIX D, NEUTRALIZING LIQUID WAS TES Corrosive wastes should be neutralized before they are disposed. The following instructions describe neutralization for liquid wastes: 1. Only neutralize aqueous wastes in a container with a vent. 2. Test pH of waste and select a neutralizing agent. If pH of waste is: 1. ≤ 2.0, then use a normal solution or weaker sodium hydroxide (1.0 molar or less, NaOH Solution). 2. >2 and ≤6.5, then use a normal solution or weaker sodium carbonate (1.0 molar or less, NaCO 3 Solution). 3. > 6.5, then use normal solution or weaker hydrochloric acid (1.0 molar or less, HCl Solution). 3. Calculate the amount of neutralizing agent required 1. Perform a titration reaction with standard solution of the neutralizing agent or a calibration of pH values with the neutralizer. 2. Add wastes to neutralizing agent. 4. Check pH and if waste is between pH 6.5 and pH 8.0, then it is OK to release for disposal. Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 26 of 30 Waste Management Plan AP P ENDIX E, WAS HING EMP TY DRUMS E.1. General 1. Review the MSDS for the material originally in the drum to confirm appropriate protective equipment and to confirm that all drum contents are compatible with one another when mixed together or drained to wastewater. 2. Separate drums according to the chemical characteristics of the original contents (e.g., acids, caustics and oils) to prevent mixing incompatible wastes. 3. Drums or drum liners with less than 2 cm of residue are considered “empty” for drum washing. 1. Return non-empty drums to the waste generator to be used or emptied before washing. 2. Residue from drums with the same contents may be combined in a single drum for return or re-use. E.2. Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) 1. Special PPE may be required as indicated by MSDS. Minimum PPE when cleaning drums includes: 2. Rubber gloves and rubber boots 3. Face Shield 4. Impervious clothing (usually rain gear should be sufficient). 5. Select drum washing liquid and technique based on previous drum contents and on previous experience in washing drums. 6. After drum cleaning is complete, remove all labels and crush drum for scrap metal or move to empty drum storage for re-use. Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 27 of 30 Waste Management Plan AP P ENDIX F, GENERATOR’S WAS TE P ROFILE S HEET Permit No. Profile No. Renewal Date Hazardous Non-Hazardous Section A, Waste Generator Information 1. Generator Name: 2. Facility Street Address: 3. Phone No.: 4. Facility City: 5. State: 6. Postal Code: 7. Local Govt.: 8. Customer Name: 9. Customer Phone: 10. Customer Contact: 11. Customer Fax: Section B, Waste Stream Information 1. Name of Waste: 2. Color of Waste: 3. Strong Odor? Describe: 4. Single Layer or Multi-Layer: 5. Physical State at 70ºF: 6. Liquid Flash Point: (Solid, Gas, Liquid, Sludge, Other) (<73ºF, 73-99 ºF, 100-139ºF, 140-199ºF, >200ºF) 7. Free Liquid Range: to % 8. pH Range: to 9. Process Generating Waste: 10. Quantity of Waste, Estimated Annual Volume: Tons Yards Drums Other (specify) 11. Chemical Composition -Total Composition Must Equal or Exceed 100% Constituents Concentration Range Constituents Concentration Range 12. Oxidizer Pyrophoric Explosive Radioactive Carcinogen Infectious Shock Sensitive Water Reactive 13. Does the waste contain any carcinogens? List in Section B.11. Yes No 14. Does the waste contain any dioxins? List in Section B.11. Yes No 15. Does the waste contain any asbestos? If yes, Friable or Non-Friable Yes No 16. Does the waste contain any benzene? If yes, concentration ppm. Yes No 17. Does the waste contain <500ppm volatile organic? VO concentration ppm Yes No 18. Does the waste contain any ozone-depleting substances? Yes No 19. Does the waste contain any debris? List in Section B.11. Yes No 20. Packaging: Bulk Solid - Type / Size: Bulk Liquid - Type / Size: Drum - Type / Size: Other: 21. Shipping Frequency: Units Per: Month Quarter Year One Time Other (specify) 22. Is this a Hazardous Material? If no, skip 23, 24 and 25. Yes No 23. Reportable Quantity L ( bs./ kgs): 24. Hazard Class / ID Number: 25. Personal Protective Equipment Requirements: 26. Transporter / Transfer Station: Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 28 of 30 Waste Management Plan GENERATOR’S WASTE PROFILE SHEET Section C, Generator’s Certification 1. Is the waste a listed hazardous waste? Yes No a. If yes, identify: b. If yes, do underlying constituents (UHCs) apply? If yes, list in Section B.11. Yes No c. Does this waste contain debris? If yes, list in Section B.11. Yes No 2. Is an Emergency Response Procedure available and has it been tested? Yes No 3. Does the waste contain Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)? Yes No a. If yes, list in Section B.11. b. If yes, were the PCBs imported into Nigeria? Yes No 5. Does the waste contain radioactive material or is disposal regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission? Yes No 6. Does the Waste Profile Sheet and all attachments contain true and accurate descriptions of the waste material and has all relevant information within the possession of the Generator regarding known or suspect hazards pertaining to the waste been disclosed? Yes No 7. Enter the number of pages contained in this Waste Profile. Pages Signature: Title: Date: Name: Company Name: (Type or Print) Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 29 of 30 Waste Management Plan AP P ENDIX G, P ROCEDURE FOR S AMP LE COLLECTION 1. GENERAL The goal of sampling is to obtain for analysis a portion of the main body of the waste that is truly representative. a. If sample is transported in a container, warning and descriptive labels should be attached to the outer container, such as “Fragile”, “Hazardous”, “Corrosive” and “Flammable”. b. The person requesting the samples will determine quantity, the method and equipment to be used. These decisions will vary with the form and consistency of the waste materials to be sampled and shall be determined on a case by case basis. c. The following should be noted during sample collection. 6 COLLECTION OF S AMP LES CONTRACTROR shall ensure that samples that are truly representative of the existing condition is obtained and handled in such a way that id does not deteriorate or become contaminated before it reaches the laboratory. a. Sample containers should be made of materials that will not contaminate the samples and, before use, shall be cleaned thoroughly to remove all extraneous surface dirt. b. Sample labels shall have the following information: • Date and time of sampling. • Point/location of sampling (sufficient information should be provided to enable anyone to collect a second sample from the identical spot the first sample was taken). • Signature of sampler. Agura Independent Power Project Company Confidential Document Page 30 of 30 Health, Environment, and Safety Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) SOP-112 Lekki Main Office Emergency Response Plan Nigeria/Mid-Africa Strategic Business Unit SOP- 112 Nigeria/Mid-Africa SBU Lekki Emergency Response Plan INTENT SOP-112 provides the guidelines to assure the life safety of the Lekki main office building during emergencies. Effective: 01 June 2003 Page 2 of 17 Revised: 16 April 2009 Nigeria/Mid-Africa SBU SOP- 112 Lekki Emergency Response Plan SIGNATURES Approved: Original signed by Managing Director Fawthrop, A. L. Reviewed/Endorsed: Original signed by Director Business Services Imafidon, E. O. Prepared/Recommended: Original signed by HES/OE Manager Makoju Charles Page 3 of 17 Effective: 01 June 2003 Revised: 16 April 2009 SOP- 112 Nigeria/Mid-Africa SBU Lekki Emergency Response Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Purpose .................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Scope ........................................................................................................ 5 2.0 Definitions............................................................................................................ 5 3.0 Responsibilities .................................................................................................. 6 3.1 Management ......................................................................................... … 6 3.2 Incident Command System................................................................... … 6 3.3 Security Control Room Operator .............................................................. 6 3.4 Lead Loss Prevention Engineer ............................................................... 7 3.5 Lead Emergency Responder .................................................................... 7 3.6 Health, Environment and Safety Manager ............................................... 8 3.7 On Duty Security Officer ........................................................................... 8 3.8 Duty Floor Guards..................................................................................... 8 3.9 Front Desk Officer ..................................................................................... 8 3.10 Floor Captains ........................................................................................... 9 3.11 Employees – Office Occupants ................................................................ 10 3.12 Facilities Management Division ............................................................... 10 3.13 Medical Division ........................................................................................ 10 4.0 Emergency Response Procedure by Type ...................................................... 11 4.1 Fire Incidents............................................................................ ................ 11 4.2 Medical Incidents ...................................................................................... 11 4.3 Bomb Threat ............................................................................................. 11 4.4 Suspicious Item Found ............................................................................. 11 4.5 Suspicious Odor........................................................................................ 11 4.6 Civil Disorder ............................................................................................. 12 4.6 Time of Occurrence .................................................................................. 12 5.0 Alarm Testing & Maintenance ........................................................................... 13 5.1 Testing ..................................................................................... ................ 13 5.2 Maintenance.............................................................................................. 13 6.0 Emergency Evacuation Drills ............................................................................ 13 7.0 References ........................................................................................................... 13 8.0 Appendices .......................................................................................................... 14 Appendix I……………………………………….Fire Identification Process Flowchart Appendix II…………………………………Normal Office Hour Evacuation Flowchart Appendix III……………………………………Non-Office Hour Evacuation Flowchart Appendix IV………………………………Lekki Main Building Response Procedures Effective: 01 June 2003 Page 4 of 17 Revised: 16 April 2009 Nigeria/Mid-Africa SBU SOP- 112 Lekki Emergency Response Plan 1.0 INTRODUCTION This document contains guidelines to be followed by all Lekki main office building occupants, services personnel and visitors in an emergency. An emergency could be as a result of an incipient stage fire, suspicious articles, bomb threats, or other activities that pose a threat to life safety. A safely conducted emergency egress of the building will ensure zero injury to personnel and minimal damage to equipment while attempting to evacuate the building. 1.1 Purpose The document contains the specific instructions to all personnel concerned in ensuring safe egress of the building. Responsibility for safe egress of the building include that of employees – the main occupants of the building - and the personnel trained to respond to an emergency and assure safe egress of the building namely floor captains; services and maintenance personnel; emergency responders and security personnel. 1.2 Scope This document details the responsibility of individuals in an emergency. The document also serves as a template for developing the Emergency Evacuation Guidelines for other NMASBU locations and buildings. 2.0 DEFINITIONS Additional Precaution Required - Notification to all Lekki office occupants that the emergency situation resulting in evacuation of the office building requires additional precaution. Office may not be re-occupied. All Clear - Notification to all Lekki office occupants that the emergency situation resulting in evacuation of the building has been brought under control. Building may now be re-occupied and normal activities resumed. Alternate Floor Captain – Personnel who will act for the Floor Captains when the not available. Drills - Simulated emergency situation conducted to prepare office building occupants and personnel trained in responding to emergencies for a real emergency and to test response capabilities. Emergency Alarm - A staccato blast issued from the localized or general alarm system in the main office building. Emergency Responders - Personnel whose primary job function is to respond to and ensure prompt control of emergency situations in order to save lives and property. Evacuations - Orderly egress of all office occupants in response to an emergency alarm. Page 5 of 17 Effective: 01 June 2003 Revised: 16 April 2009 SOP- 112 Nigeria/Mid-Africa SBU Lekki Emergency Response Plan False Alarms - A staccato blast from the emergency alarm system resulting from the malfunctioning of the emergency alarm system or accidental activation of the system. Floor Captain - Personnel responsible to ensure orderly and safe egress of building occupants from a specific area in an emergency to the mustering points. 3.0 RESPONSIBILITIES In an emergency in the Lekki Main Office Building, the following details responsibilities and sequence of events to be carried out by groups responding to the emergency: 3.1 Management General Managers and Divisional Managers are responsible for ensuring that all employees are conversant with their role in an emergency within the office building. Supervisors are responsible for orienting new employees with evacuation procedures and routes and the location of emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers, alarms and exit signs. 3.2 Incident Command System – Ics Activation The incident command system (ICS) is used to manage all incidents; however, the full activation of the ICS shall be dependent on the extent of the emergency. Such events can result in a serious threat to life or property, and include major structural fires, hazardous chemical spills, suspicious articles, bomb threat, civil unrest or natural disasters. These incidents may require notification to government agencies, Joint Venture partners, CTOP Management, the media, etc. 3.2.1 The Incident Commander The Incident Commander is responsible for the overall management of the emergency to take quick, effective and orderly actions on incidents that may impact the company. For events or emergencies managed by the Emergency Responders, the Incident Commander shall be the Lead ER on duty. For larger or more complicated events requiring resources beyond the Emergency Responders capabilities, the Incident Commander is the General Manager–SCM. In his absence the alternate is the Supply Chain Services Manager 3.2.2 The Incident Command Team The IC Team reports to the Incident Commander. Membership, roles and responsibilities of the IC Team is detailed in Sections 2 & 6 of the CNL Crisis Management Plan. 3.3 Security Control Room Operator - #67958; ‘Zulu 9 Bravo’ On hearing the emergency alarm, the security control room operator shall: Effective: 01 June 2003 Page 6 of 17 Revised: 16 April 2009 Nigeria/Mid-Africa SBU SOP- 112 Lekki Emergency Response Plan 3.3.1 Proceed to the muster ground if conditions are no longer conducive to remain in the building, such as smoke, fire or as directed by the duty security officer. 3.3.2 Establish over-ride control of the Public Address system until the emergency situation is arrested and announce to the office occupants to evacuate the building. 3.3.3 Identify the point location of the alarm over the fire alarm panel and communicate this information to the Lead ER and Duty Security Officer. 3.4 HQ HES Supervisor - #68205; ‘Safety 3’ On hearing the emergency alarm, the HQ HES Supervisor shall: 3.4.1 Proceed to the mustering point. 3.4.2 Retain radio contact with the Lead ER and assist as required. 3.4.3 Relay information from the Lead ER on cause of the alarm to the floor Captains at the mustering point. 3.4.4 Obtain names of missing office occupants from the floor captains and communicate to the Lead ER. 3.4.5 Contact the HES Manager or his delegate on the cause of the alarm for authorization of an ‘all-clear’ or ‘additional precaution required’ notices when notified by Lead ER. 3.4.6 Communicate the all-clear notice to floor captains at the mustering point. 3.4.7 Where the HQ HES Supervisor is not available, any of HQ HES Engineers shall be responsible for his role. 3.4.8 The HQ HES Supervisor, in conjunction with the Floor Captains, is responsible for administering the life safety program for the Lekki Main office. Other functions of the HQ HES Supervisor are: 3.4.9 Preparing and maintaining the Emergency Response Plan. 3.4.10 Establishment, administration and continuous maintenance of fire disaster, and life safety programs. 3.4.11 Supervising the fire, disaster, and life safety program training. 3.4.12 Assume the position of the Incident Commander in the event of small emergencies in the building. 3.5 Lead Emergency Responder - #68888; ‘Responder 1’ 3.5.1 The lead ER on duty if contacted by any person other than HQ HES Supervisor shall establish radio contact with the HQ HES Supervisor. 3.5.2 Mobilize the crew of ER’s on duty to the main office building to determine the cause of the emergency and immediate actions to be taken to arrest the situation. The crew shall be properly kited and equipped to respond to the emergency. 3.5.3 Contact the security control room operator to identify location of the alarm on the fire alarm panel. 3.5.4 Respond to and mitigate the emergency situation, preserve the incident scene for future investigation with the assistance of the floor guard. Page 7 of 17 Effective: 01 June 2003 Revised: 16 April 2009 SOP- 112 Nigeria/Mid-Africa SBU Lekki Emergency Response Plan 3.5.5 Lead the ER crew to conduct Search and Rescue, if information is received from the HQ HES engineer on the mustering ground that specific occupants of the office building can not be accounted for. 3.5.6 Contact Duty Security Officer to solicit assistance of the secondary fire brigade. This additional crew of personnel shall be equally properly kited and equipped to offer assistance to the ER crew. 3.5.7 Activate the ICS (Incident Command System) where the scale and impacts of the emergency exceeds the capabilities of the ER Team and resources. 3.5.8 Disengage the Central Alarm System, once the ‘all-clear’ notice is issued 3.6 HES Manager - #68466; ‘Safety 1’ On hearing an emergency alarm, he/she or designee shall: 3.6.1 Establish radio contact with the HQ & MCP Manager and proceed to the mustering point. 3.6.2 Approve verbally the issuance of an ‘all-clear’ notice to the HQ HES Supervisor directly or through HQ & MCP Manager for communication to all occupants at the mustering point at the Lead ER’s confirmation that it is safe to do so. 3.6.3 Assume designated role of the HES Officer in the Incident Command Team once the Incident Command System (ICS) is activated by the Lead ER. 3.7 On Duty Security Officer - #67963 or 67966; ‘Nancy 4’ On hearing an emergency alarm, the duty security officer shall: 3.7.1 Contact the Lead ER and HQ HES Engineer and establish radio contact. 3.7.2 Ensure security personnel are engaged in crowd control at the ground floor exits and the mustering ground. 3.7.3 Will authorize the involvement of the secondary fire brigade in a wider evacuation operation if requested by the Lead ER. 3.8 Duty Floor Guards - Ground floor #68181 On hearing an emergency alarm, the floor guards shall: 3.8.1 If a member of the secondary fire brigade, and is contacted by the duty officer to do so, will proceed to the fire station for additional instructions from the lead ER. 3.8.2 Safely exit the building and muster with security personnel where conditions in the building are no longer conducive to remain. 3.9 Front Desk Officers - #68147 & #67979 On hearing an emergency alarm, the front desk officers shall: 3.9.1 Halt the admission of visitors into the Lekki office complex. 3.9.2 Ensure that building occupants and visitors exiting to the mustering point do not loiter in front of the building but proceed to the designated mustering points 3.9.3 Will have ready for reference purpose, register of visitors currently within the office complex at time of emergency. Effective: 01 June 2003 Page 8 of 17 Revised: 16 April 2009 Nigeria/Mid-Africa SBU SOP- 112 Lekki Emergency Response Plan 3.9.4 Ensure that all visitors at the lobby during the time an emergency alarm sounds are conducted to the ground floor mustering point along the Igbo-Efon Blvd. 3.9.5 Proceed to the mustering point with the visitors’ logbook. 3.9.6 Retain a log of visitors who wish to depart during an emergency evacuation. 3.9.7 Relay information to the specific floor captains at the mustering point on visitors to the office building at time of emergency. 3.10 Floor Captains – Ref: Appendix 2 On hearing an emergency alarm, the floor captains shall: 3.10.1 Ensure that all office occupants within own wing of the office building safely exit the building to the designated muster point. 3.10.2 Conducting a preliminary search of offices in own wing to ensure all rooms have been evacuated. 3.10.3 Notify the HQ HES Engineer at the muster point on number and names of missing building occupants. 3.10.4 Remain with occupants of his floor at the muster ground awaiting further instructions or the ‘all- clear’ notice from the HQ HES Engineer. 3.10.5 Communicate developments on emergency situation to the employees at the mustering points. 3.10.6 Ensures that employees at the mustering points do not panic, or loiter about the premises 3.10.7 Communicate the ‘all-clear’ notice to employees at the instruction of the HQ HES Supervisor. 3.10.8 In an emergency, the Floor Captains are under the direction of the HQ HES Supervisor. Other duties of the Floor Captain include: 3.10.9 Confirm that the required emergency number has been called 3.10.10 Make certain that the fire Alarm pull station has been pulled if applicable. 3.10.11 Keep an updated list of all occupants in his/her floor. 3.10.12 Ensure that office doors are closed and unlocked. 3.10.13 If required, advise all persons wearing high heel shoes to remove them while evacuating the building. 3.10.14 Working in pairs, search all offices (if safe to do so) to confirm that all occupants of his/her floor have all left. 3.10.15 Maintaining the Emergency Preparedness Program which shall consist of ensuring fire and safety equipment is present, and the checking, correction or reporting of faulty conditions that has to do with life safety of building occupants such as: • Obstruction of exits • Fire doors improperly blocked open • Emergency and directional exit light out • Blocked aisle ways, corridors, etc • Accumulation of combustible materials under stairwells 3.11 Employees – Lekki Main Office Building On hearing an emergency alarm, employees shall: Page 9 of 17 Effective: 01 June 2003 Revised: 16 April 2009 SOP- 112 Nigeria/Mid-Africa SBU Lekki Emergency Response Plan 3.11.1 Stop all activities at the safest possible condition, and calmly leave the office building using the nearest emergency exit. 3.11.2 Employees shall ensure on leaving their offices that they close all windows and close the office door (do not lock offices). 3.11.3 Employees shall proceed to the nearest stairwell or exit door following the emergency exit signs, these will come on to assist with evacuation in the event of a power outage. 3.11.4 Employees shall not use the lifts for egress or any other purpose once an emergency alarm has been sounded 3.11.5 On reaching the ground floor of the building, employees shall exit the building through the nearest exit door and proceed to the muster point for their respective floor of the office building located at the far end of the main car park along Igbo-Efon Blvd. 3.11.6 At the mustering point, employees shall await further instructions to be communicated by their respective floor captains. 3.11.7 Employees are responsible for familiarizing themselves with the main office building emergency exit routes, stairwells, muster point and the floor Captains for their respective floors. 3.12 Facilities Management The Manager, Facilities Management Division shall provide logistical support during an emergency evacuation if requested by the Lead ER. Services to be provided include: 3.12.1 Power Generation Technician - #68982 ‘Maint 18’ 3.12.1.1. The Lead ER shall contact the Power Generation Technician to cut off power supply to the building 3.12.1.2. The Lead ER shall authorize the Power Generation Technician to restore power to the building after emergency is arrested. 3.12.2 Where the Incident Command System (ICS) has been activated, the FM Manager shall assume his designated role as Operations Sections Chief within the ICS. 3.13 Medical Division - #67777 ‘Medical ‘21’ When contacted on duty nurse shall: 3.13.1 Activate the medical internal emergency response procedure 3.13.2 Dispatch the Medical ERT team and ambulance to the Lekki main office building and be on standby away from the building (in the intermediate zone). 3.13.3 The Medical ERT team shall administer first aid and other medical treatments to injured persons during the emergency. 3.13.4 Where the Incident Command System (ICS) is activated, the medical ERT Team shall assume its designated roles and responsibilities under the ICS. 4.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURES BY TYPE 4.1 Fire Incidents Effective: 01 June 2003 Page 10 of 17 Revised: 16 April 2009 Nigeria/Mid-Africa SBU SOP- 112 Lekki Emergency Response Plan If any occupant of the Lekki main office building identifies a fire, he or she shall carry out the following actions: 4.1.1 Raise an alarm to warn other office occupants within close proximity of the fire by pulling on manual alarm station. 4.1.2 Notify your floor Captain about the emergency 4.1.3 Dial 68888 and provide your name, nature of emergency, location and any additional useful information that will assist the response crew. 4.1.4 If it is incipient stage fire, and judged to be safe to do so, may attempt to put out the fire using a potable extinguisher. Potable extinguisher cabinets are located near stairwell doors on all floors of the office building. Otherwise evacuate the building. 4.2 Medical Incidents 4.2.1 In discovering injured personnel, call Medical emergency on phone #67777. Be ready to give your name, location and nature of the incident. 4.2.2 Call the floor Captain and inform him/her about the incident 4.2.3 Notify employee’s Supervisor about the incident 4.2.4 Keep the victim from moving. Administer first Aid if trained to do so. 4.2.5 The floor Captain shall restrict spectators 4.2.6 The victim’s Supervisor completes an Incident Report and sends to the Team Leader, Loss Prevention. 4.3 Bomb Threat 4.3.1 Upon notification of a bomb threat, call Security on 67999 or Nancy 4. 4.3.2 Write down the threat word-for-word as shown in the Bomb threat checklist 4.3.3 Security shall determine the validity of the threat. 4.3.4 Security shall determine further course of action. 4.4 Suspicious Item Found 4.4.1 Report any found suspicious item to the Security department on 67999 or Nancy 4. 4.4.2 Security shall secure the area around the suspicious item until security personnel arrive the scene. 4.4.3 Ensure that no one else touches the suspicious items 4.4.4 Follow instructions as dictated by the Security personnel. 4.4.5 If a ticking sound is heard, immediately evacuate all personnel to the mustering point – At this instant, do not wait for someone to tell you to evacuate. 4.4.6 Stay at the mustering station and await further instructions. 4.5 Suspicious odor 4.5.1 Report any suspicious odor to the Emergency Response on 68888 or Responder 1. 4.5.2 The Emergency Responder shall respond and assume all responsibility for the response to the incident by the occupants. Page 11 of 17 Effective: 01 June 2003 Revised: 16 April 2009 SOP- 112 Nigeria/Mid-Africa SBU Lekki Emergency Response Plan 4.6 Civil Disorder 4.6.1 The Security Division shall carry out the following functions in case of civil disorder 4.6.2 Notify all Floor Captains about the incident. 4.6.3 Make the following announcements to all occupants Announcement For Demonstrations There is a (demonstration in progress in front of the building). Due to our concern for your safety and wellbeing, the building is being locked down. All employees are advised to remain inside the building until the demonstration has ended. We shall keep you informed of the situation. All Clear Announcement The (demonstration in front of the building has ended. The demonstrators have left the area). You can now carry out your normal duty. Thank you for your cooperation. 4.6.4 The occupants of the building shall remain within the building and carry out the following functions: • They should not antagonize the demonstrators. • They should close the blinds and go to the core area of the building away from the exterior of the building. • They must remain in the building and not leave unless specifically directed to do so by Security • They should remain calm and await further directives. 4.6.5 The Security Supervisor shall carry out the following functions in case of civil disorder: • Determine the need for locking down the building • Contact relevant security agencies • Determine what further action is required • Communicate situation of things to the IC. 4.7 Time Of Occurrence 4.7.1 Normal Office Hours Emergency Evacuation Process Flowchart 1 summarizes the responsibilities of the CNL personnel. 4.7.2 Non-Office Hours Emergency Evacuation Process Flowchart 2 summarizes the responsibilities of the CNL personnel responding to an evacuation after normal office hours. Effective: 01 June 2003 Page 12 of 17 Revised: 16 April 2009 Nigeria/Mid-Africa SBU SOP- 112 Lekki Emergency Response Plan 5.0 ALARM TESTING & MAINTENANCE 5.1 Testing 5.1.1 The Central and Zonal Emergency Alarm testing shall be conducted monthly. The time of testing shall be the last Friday of each month at 4:00 p.m. 5.1.2 The FM E&I group shall make a Testing Announcement to all occupants of the building prior to the test. 5.1.3 Security Personnel (floor guards), Emergency Responders and the Building & Estate Services E&I group shall jointly conduct the tests. 5.1.4 The occupants of the office building are to continue normal activities during the test, which will be for duration of 5 minutes. 5.2 Maintenance The Facilities Management E&I group conduct preventive maintenance of the central alarm system as required. Preventive maintenance shall include servicing of the central alarm control panels & circuitry, activation stations and localized alarm bells 6.0 EMERGENCY EVACUATION DRILLS FREQUENCY The frequency for Emergency Evacuation Drills for the Lekki Main Office shall be once every quarter. 7.0 REFERENCES CNL Emergency Response Procedure Policy COPI HSE Guideline – ER 2 Spill Response Planning CNL Crisis Management Plan Page 13 of 17 Effective: 01 June 2003 Revised: 16 April 2009 SOP- 112 Nigeria/Mid-Africa SBU Lekki Emergency Response Plan APPENDIX I – EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCESS FLOWCHARTS Fire Identification & Response Process Flowchart An Emergency (Smoke, fire etc) occurs in the Lekki Main Office Building. Office Occupant notices An Emergency Alarm is the Emergency automatically activated Office occupant attempts to Office occupant calls the put out the fire with a hand- fire station on 68888 to held fire extinguisher. respond to the emergency . The office occupant successfully extinguishes the fire . Emergency Responders Emergency Responders do Lekki Main Office Building mobilize to the main office not successfully extinguish the Emergency Response building and put out the fire and the Lekki Main Office Procedure is initiated fire building Response Procedure is initiated. Effective: 01 June 2003 Page 14 of 17 Revised: 16 April 2009 Apendix II Normal Office Hour Evacuation Flowchart Alarm Pull Down Station Activated HQ HES Emergency Control Room Front Desk & Employees & Floor Guards Floor Captains SUPERVISR Responder Operator (Sec) Sec Officers Office Occupants EE's in alarm Contact Duty Sec Investigate cause Ensure office affected areas Establish contact Halt admission of Establish Contact Officer, Lead ER, of alarm and report occupants in their stop activities at with HQ HES visitors to affected with Lead ER and Medical Unit & back to Control wing are directed safest condition Supervisor building HQ HES Engineer Room Operator to muster point and exit building via stairs Identify location of Conduct search of Direct visitors in Proceed to Muster Dispatch properly alarm on panel offices in their lobby to muster EE's proceed to point and assist equipped ER and inform wing to ensure point along Igbo- muster point with evacuation Team to building appropriate floor evacuation is Efon Rd Proceed to guard complete (if safe) Mustering Point Communicate Investigate cause information on Relay alarm Proceed to muster of alarm with Recall Lifts to missing building information to point and conduct assistance of floor ground floor occupants to ER Lead ER head count guards Team If fire situation is Notify HQ HES Conduct Search & real, initiate "All Proceed to muster Engineer of any Rescue Operation Floor" alarm and point with visitor missing building if needed announce log book occupants evacuation on PA Communicate "All Notify HQ HES Communicate "All Clear" notice to Engineer and Announce "All Notify HQ HES EE's return to work Clear" notice when floor captains at Control Room Clear" notice on Engineer of any after "All Clear" issued by HQ HES muster area when Operator when PA missing visitors notice received Engineer event is over event is over Page 15 of 17 Effective: 01 June 2003 Revised: April 16, 2009 A p p e n d ix III N o n - O f fic e H o u r E v a c u a tio n F lo w c h a r t A la r m P u ll D o w n S ta tio n A c tiv a te d E m e rg e n c y C o n tr o l R o o m F ro n t D e s k & E m p lo y e e s & F lo o r G u a rd s R esponder O p e r a to r (S e c ) S e c O ffic e rs O ffic e O c c u p a n ts E E 's in a la rm In v e s tig a te c a u s e a ffe c te d a r e a s E s ta b lis h c o n ta c t C o n ta c t D u ty S e c H a lt a d m is s io n o f o f a la rm a n d re p o r t s to p a c tiv itie s a t w ith D u ty S e c O ffic e r, L e a d E R , v is ito rs to a ffe c te d b a c k to C o n tro l s a fe s t c o n d itio n O ffic e r a n d M e d ic a l U n it b u ild in g R o o m O p e ra to r a n d e x it b u ild in g v ia s ta irs Id e n tify lo c a tio n o f D ire c t v is ito rs in G ro u n d flo o r D is p a tc h p r o p e rly a la rm o n p a n e l lo b b y to m u s te r g u a r d s u n lo c k e x it E E 's p r o c e e d to e q u ip p e d E R a n d in fo rm p o in t a lo n g Ig b o - d o o rs a n d re c a ll m u s te r p o in t T e a m to b u ild in g a p p ro p ria te flo o r E fo n R d lifts to g r o u n d flo o r g u a rd P ro c e e d to m u s te r In v e s tig a te c a u s e E n s u r e o ffic e R e la y a la rm p o in t w ith v is ito r & o f th e a la rm w ith o c c u p a n ts o n th e ir in fo r m a tio n to e m p lo y e e s lo g a s s is ta n c e o f th e flo o r a re d ire c te d Lead ER books & conduct flo o r g u a rd to th e m u s te r p o in t head count If fire s itu a tio n is C o n d u c t s e a rc h o f N o tify L e a d E R o f C o n d u c t S e a rc h & re a l, in itia te "A ll o ffic e s o n th e ir a n y m is s in g R e s c u e O p e r a tio n F lo o r" a la r m a n d flo o r to e n s u re v is ito r s o r b u ild in g as needed announce e v a c u a tio n is o c c u p a n ts e v a c u a tio n o n P A c o m p le te C o m m u n ic a te " A ll C le a r' n o tic e to C o m m u n ic a te " A ll G ro u n d flo o r A n n o u n c e "A ll E E 's r e tu rn to w o r k S e c O ffic e r & C le a r" n o tic e w h e n g u a r d s lo c k e x it C le a r" n o tic e o n a fte r " A ll C le a r" C o n tr o l R o o m is s u e d b y th e L e a d d o o rs a fte r " A ll PA n o tic e r e c e iv e d O p e ra to rw h e n ER C le a r" N o itic e e v e n t is o v e r Effective: 01 June 2003 Page 16 of 17 Revised: 16 April 2009 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURES – LEKKI FACILITIES NOTIFICATION PROCEDURE ALL EMERGENCIES- CALL 63333; RADIO CALL SIGN GULF DAVID NOTIFY YOUR FLOOR CAPTAIN NOTIFY HES HEADQUARTERS SUPERVISOR: EXT. 68205 To report an emergency from outside Chevron location, call 01-2772222 then dial 63333 after the prompt. EMERGENCY ACTION TO TAKE PRE-PLANNING EVACUATION • Leave everything in a safe/secured position and go out • Review primary and alternate evacuation routes (do not use • Close office door as you leave main office entrance ) • Safely evacuate building, using the closest emergency • Know your Floor Captain/Alternate Floor Captain exit • Know your designated emergency assembly point • Report to your designated emergency assembly point • Floor Captains to maintain up to date list of floor occupants and and check in with your Floor Captain regularly communicate response procedures • Do not re-enter building until all clear signal is given MEDICAL • Call 63333 – Be prepared to give your name, nature and • Know Emergency #: 63333 location of incident • If trained, offer first aid, if needed • Sound alarm, Call 63333 – Be ready to give your name, • Locate the alarms and fire extinguishers in your building FIRE • Be familiar with Emergency Procedures nature and location of fire • Notify your Floor Captain/Alternate • Try extinguishing the fire if trained and judged safe to do so • Evacuate building according to procedures above • Obtain as much information as possible • Do not allow strangers to roam the building unescorted BOMB THREAT • Report unauthorized strangers to Security • Ask when the bomb is timed to go off, where it is and what it looks like • Review Bomb Threat Checklist • Notify Security, HES HQ Supervisor and Floor Captain OTHER EMERGENCIES (Suspicious item, odor, civil • Call 63333 – Be prepared to give your name, nature and • Understand Emergency Response Procedures (know your disorder, etc) location of incident exits, emergency numbers, etc) • Understand Shelter-In-Place guideline ALARM SYSTEM • The alarm system will be used for building emergencies, fire, bomb threats, etc • Know the location of the pull stations Page 17 of 17 Effective: 01 June 2003 Revised: April 16, 2009 Annex F Environmental Baseline Survey Report and Map CHEVRON NIGERIA LIMITED (CNL) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) OF AGURA INDEPENDENT POWER PROJECT (AIPP) IN LAGOS (ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE SURVEY REPORT) PREPARED BY ENVIRONMENTAL ACCORD NIGERIA LIMITED 13, ALABI STREET, OFF OGUNTONA CRESCENT, GBAGADA (PHASE 1), LAGOS +2348023609591; 01-8923090 http//www.envaccord.com FEBRUARY 2013 CONTENTS SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 Introduction 8 1.2 Field Team 8 1.3 Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Measures 11 1.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Measures 12 SECTION TWO: STUDY APPROACH AND SAMPLING METHODOLOGY 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Study Area 14 2.3 Sampling Approach 14 2.4 Sampling Procedure and Methodology 17 SECTION THREE: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 30 REFERENCES 96 2 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Geographical coordinates of sampling locations 14 Table 2.2: In-situ air quality and noise level meters 16 Table 3.1: Wet season air quality and noise results 28 Table 3.2: Dry season air quality and noise results 28 Table 3.3: Sample logging of borehole 1 (G1) 30 Table 3.4: Sample logging of borehole 2 (G2) 30 Table 3.5: Sample logging of borehole 3 (G3) 31 Table 3.6: Physico-chemical properties of ground water samples 33 Table 3.7: Microbial properties of ground water samples (dry season) 34 Table 3.8: Physico-chemical properties of soil samples from the study area 35 Table 3.9: Heavy metals concentrations in soil samples from the study area 36 Table 3.10: Physico-chemical properties of soil samples from the study area 37 (dry season) Table 3.11: Heavy metals concentrations in soil samples from the study area 37 (dry season) Table 3.12: Microbial properties of soil samples from the study area 38 (wet season) Table 3.13: Microbial properties of soil samples from the study area 39 (dry season) Table 3.14: Plant species recorded in the study area (wet season) 42 Table 3.15: Plant species recorded in the study area (dry season) 44 Table 3.16: Most common flora species identified in the study area 46 Table 3.17: Economic plants in the study area and their biodiversity status 52 Table 3.18: List of fauna species recorded in the study area 54 Table 3.19: Physico-chemical results of surface water samples from the 57 study area (wet season) Table 3.20: Heavy metals and hydrocarbon concentrations of surface water sample (wet season) 57 Table 3.21: Cations concentrations of surface water samples (wet season) 58 Table 3.22: Physico-chemical results of surface water samples from the study area (dry season) 58 Table 3.23: Heavy metals and hydrocarbon concentrations of surface water samples (dry season) 58 Table 3.24: Cations concentrations of surface water samples (dry season) 59 Table 3.25: Microbial results of surface water samples (wet season) 60 Table 3.26: Microbial results of surface water samples (dry season) 63 Table 3.27: Physico-chemical results of sediment samples from the study area (wet season) 65 Table 3.28: Heavy metals and hydrocarbons concentrations of sediment samples (wet season) 65 Table 3.29: Physico-chemical results of sediment samples from the study area 3 (dry season) 66 Table 3.30: Heavy metals and hydrocarbons concentrations of sediment Samples 67 Table 3.31: Microbial results of sediment samples from the study area (wet season) 67 Table 3.32: Microbial results of sediment samples from the study area (dry season) 68 Table 3.33: Composition and abundance distribution of phytoplankton (wet season) 71 Table 3.34: Phytoplankton community composition parameter (wet season) 73 Table 3.35: Composition and abundance distribution of zooplankton per ml (wet season) 78 Table 3.36: Zooplankton community composition parameter (wet season) 79 Table 3.37: Composition and abundance distribution of phytoplankton (dry season) 80 Table 3.38: Phytoplankton community composition parameter (dry season) 82 Table 3.39: Composition and abundance distribution of zooplankton per ml (dry season) 84 Table 3.40: Zooplankton community composition parameter (dry season) 85 Table 3.41: Benthic organisms composition and abundance in the study area (wet season) 88 Table 3.42: Benthic organism community composition parameter (wet season) 89 Table 3.43: Benthic organisms composition and abundance in the study area (wet season) 91 Table 3.44: Benthic organism community composition parameter (wet season) 92 Table 3.45: Fish species recorded in the study area (wet season) 93 Table 3.46: Fish species recorded in the study area (dry season) 93 4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Sampling map for AIPP baseline survey 13 Figure 2.1: AIPP vegetation sampling locations 20 Figure 3.1: Geological logging of the monitoring boreholes drilled at the project area 31 Figure 3.2: Direction of Groundwater Flow in the study area 32 Figure 3.3: Variations in the leaf forms of plants encountered in the project site 48 Figure 3.4: Vegetation profile of the study site 48 Figure 3.5: Wetland locations within and around the project site 50 Figure 3.6: Percentage occurrence of major phytoplankton groups 71 Figure 3.7: Phytoplankton Total number of species (S) and Abundance (N) 75 Figure 3.8: Percentage occurrence of zooplankton phylum and juvenile stages 75 Figure 3.9: Percentage occurrence of major phytoplankton groups 77 Figure 3.10: Phytoplankton Total number of species (S) and abundance (N) in the dry season 77 Figure 3.11: Percentage occurrence of zooplankton recorded in the dry season 83 Figure 3.12: Zooplankton Total number of species (S) and abundance (N) recorded in the dry season 86 5 LIST OF PLATES Plate 1.1:Team members preparing for the field sampling 7 Plate 1.2: Team members at the project site during field activities 10 Plate 1.3: Flora identification by EnvAccord’s ecologist 11 Plate 1.4: Health and Safety briefings 12 Plate 2.1: Borehole drilling activities 17 Plate 2.2: One of the boreholes drilled at the project site during baseline survey 18 Plate 2.3: In-situ plant identification 21 Plate 2.4: Faecal samples observed during fauna assessment 21 Plate 2.5: Bird nest observed at the study area 21 Plate 2.6: Interview with locals during fauna asessment in the study area 22 Plate 2.7: Surface water and sediment sample 22 Plate 2.8: A catch being hauled out by a fisherman using cast net around the study area of Lagos Lagoon 27 Plate 3.1: Tree cutting, an indication of anthropogenic influence in the study area 41 Plate 3.2: Withered flora species during the dry season compared to the green flora species of the wet season 41 Plate 3.3: Alstonia boonei 47 Plate 3.4: Chromolaena odorata 47 Plate 3.5: Alchornea cordifolia 47 Plate 3.6: Spigelia anthelmia 47 Plate 3.7: Calotropis procera 47 Plate 3.8: Avicennia germinans 47 Plate 3.9: Rhizophora recemosa 49 Plate 3.10: Eichhornia crassipies 49 Plate 3.11: Nymphaea lotus; 50 Plate 3.12: Pneumatophoruos roots 51 Plate 3.13: Littered and less water-logged Fresh water swamp 52 Plate 3.14: (A) A Dragon Fly, (B) A Formicary, (C) Decaying Milipede; 56 (D) Decaying remains of a piscivorous avifauna species Plate 3.15: A hunter’s shed showing evidence of hunting within the Project site 56 Plate 3.16: Fish Species recorded in the study area 94 6 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Anila Anila Resources Nigeria Limited BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CASHES Community Affairs, Safety, Health, Environment and Security CNL Chevron Nigeria Limited COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DPR Department of Petroleum Resources EGASPIN Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria EnvAccord Environmental Accord Nigeria Limited EPS Egbin Power Station ERM Environmental Resources Management ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment GPS Global Positioning System GTW Go-to Way HSE Health, Safety and Environment NAAQS Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards PVC Polyvinylchloride QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control TDS Total Dissolved Solids THC Total Hydrocarbon Contents TOC Total Organic Carbon TSP Total Suspended Particulates WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization 7 SECTION ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information This report presents information on the baseline environmental survey conducted by Environmental Accord Nigeria Limited (“EnvAccord”) as part of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study for Chevron’s Agura Independent Power Project in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria (“the Project”). The baseline description covers the two main hydrological regimes in Nigeria; dry and wet seasons. The wet season survey was conducted from October 29 to November 2, 2012 while the dry season was carried out from January 21 to 24, 2013. The overall objective of the field survey was to establish a current understanding of the bio-physical and chemical properties of various components of the project environment against which potential impacts can be assessed and future changes can be monitored. The following environmental components and attributes of the project area were surveyed and described: o Terrestrial flora (vegetation); o Terrestrial fauna (wildlife); o Air quality and noise; o Soil; o Ground water; o Surface water; o Sediment; o Plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton); o Benthic macroinvertebrates; o Fisheries; o Land Use It is important to note that this report does not include the socio-economic and cultural components of the project environment. The socio-economic baseline survey of the potentially affected communities in the project area had earlier been conducted and documented. 1.2 Field Team The field team raised by EnvAccord for the survey included the following specialists: Ibrahim Salau (MSc.) Project Director Atanda Olaogun (MSc.) Field Team Lead 8 Abass Agbaje (BSc.) Terrestrial Ecology Chinwe Ugwuzor (BSc.) Terrestrial Ecology Wale Folarin (MSc.) Water Quality/Safety Officer I Segun Asoro (MSc.) Hydrobiology Ademola Adeola (BSc.) Hydrobiology Anthony Ogundile (BSc.) Soil/Safety Officer II Chidinma Uzokwelu (BSc.) Soil Tunde Ladipo (BSc.) Air Quality and Noise Ebenezer Iwundu Logistics Officer In addition, officials of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) namely: Mr. Olayinka Tejuosho and Ms. Sankwai Linah Yahaya were involved in the wet and dry seasons survey respectively to supervise data collection and ensure compliance with the provision of the FMEnv sampling procedures and guidelines. Also, Hannah Young of Environmental Resources Management (ERM) took part in the dry season survey. The following Chevron staff were also involved in the baseline survey: Azeez Agoro, Martins Okiki, Charles Ilawole, and Chimaroke Okoronkwo. 9 Plate 1.1: Team members preparing for the field sampling 10 Plate 1.2: Team members at the project site during field activities Plate 1.3: Flora identification by EnvAccord’s ecologist 1.3 Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Measures The two-season baseline survey was conducted in line with EnvAccord’s Community Affairs, Safety, Health, Environment and Security (CASHES) Policy. Sampling activities were preceded by Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) briefings led by EnvAccord’s Safety Officer and Chevron’s Team Lead, highlighting potential hazards associated with the various field activities in relation to data acquisition and the need to forestall such risks. The following were some of the Health, Safety and Security measures adopted during the study: o No lone working was permitted. Team members were in pairs or more. o Two sets of first aid boxes were kept in care of the assigned on-site Safety Officers throughout the field work. o Each team member was encouraged to wear appropriate personal protective equipment. o Littering of the project site was strictly prohibited. Jute bags/disposable bags were provided at designated areas on site and were carted away daily. o Smoking, use of alcohol or hard drugs was strictly forbidden. o Sampling activities were carried out between 08:00hr and 17:00hr. o Adequate drinking water was made available for team members. 11 o Each day’s activities ended with wrap-up meeting where key achievements and lesson learnt were discussed. Plate 1.4: Health and Safety briefings 1.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) Measures Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) measures formed an integral part of the field survey. The quality assurance programs were put in place to prevent sample contamination and deterioration and covered all aspects of the survey, including sample collection, handling, transit to the laboratory, and data recording. The QA/QC programs were also extended to laboratory analysis, analytical data coding, statistical analysis and reporting. The QA/QC measures adopted during the field sampling include but not necessarily limited to the following: o The field methodologies were consistent with those approved by the FMEnv and the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN, 2002). o In-situ measurements of parameters with very short or no-holding analytical time were conducted immediately after sampling. o In-situ measuring meters were appropriately calibrated before use; 12 o Separate samples were collected for parameters requiring different treatment/preservation before analysis. o Samples were adequately preserved and labeled (including unique sample codes, date and time of sampling) with indelible makers. o Disposable rubber hand gloves were used to avoid cross contamination. o Cooler + ice chest were used on a daily basis to preserve samples on-site and in-transit to the laboratory. o Only recommended samples containers were used for sample collection. o Field data were appropriately recorded and documented. o All representative field samples were transported to the laboratory with chain of custody forms. o Laboratory analyses of all field samples were conducted at Anila Resources Nigeria Limited (“Anila”) located at 5, Afisman Drive, Off Anifowose Street, Ikeja, Lagos. Anila is accredited both by the FMEnv and the DPR. In addition, officials of the Federal Ministry of Environment conducted QA/QC visit to Anila Laboratory to witness analysis of the samples. The visit took place on November 19, 2012 and February 6, 2013 for wet season and dry season samples respectively. 13 SECTION TWO STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Introduction This section presents the procedures and methodologies adopted for various aspects of the field work. 2.2 Study Area The study area covered the direct project footprint and environment immediately surrounding the project site up to approximately 5km buffer. The project site is bordered to the south and east by the Lagos Lagoon, to the west by Egbin Power Station (EPS) and to the north by virgin land and Agura Community. The potentially affected communities in the study area are: Egbin, Agura, Ijede and Ipakan. 2.3 Sampling Approach Prior to the fieldwork, Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL) had prepared sampling locations on base maps generated from a recent satellite imagery of the study area. A preliminary classification of the habitat types in the study area through desktop research and results of previous environmental assessment study conducted in the area formed the basis of the sampling design. Pre-determined sampling locations were identified using Garmin Map-76 Global Positioning System (GPS) handsets. Each established sampling location in the work plan was geo-referenced on the GPS before setting out to the field for sampling. The GPS was used to navigate to each pre-determined sampling location using the Compass and Go-to Way (GTW) point menus. Efforts were made to locate and collect samples from the pre-determined points as much as possible. The sampling map employed for the baseline survey is provided in Figure 2.1 while Table 2.1 presents the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) of each sampling location. 14 Figure 2.1: Sampling Map for AIPP Baseline Survey 15 Table 2.1: Geographical Coordinates of Sampling Locations Environmental Sampling Code Coordinates Component Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Air Quality and A1 6 33 47.2 3 36 36.9 Noise A2 6 33 39.9 3 37 21.8 A3 6 33 28.1 3 37 34.9 A4 6 33 50.7 3 37 26.2 A5 6 34 01.4 3 37 24.2 A6 6 33 34.8 3 37 35.6 A7 6 33 36.4 3 37 41.8 A8 6 33 21.6 3 37 46.6 A9 6 33 34.0 3 37 53.6 A10 6 33 22.2 3 38 11.5 A11 6 33 51.0 3 37 59.4 A12 6 34 26.5 3 37 39.8 Terrestrial Flora VEG 1 6 33 47.2 3 36 36.9 VEG 2 6 33 39.9 3 37 21.8 VEG 3 6 33 28.1 3 37 34.9 VEG 4 6 33 50.7 3 37 26.2 VEG 5 6 34 01.4 3 37 24.2 VEG 6 6 33 34.8 3 37 35.6 VEG 7 6 33 36.4 3 37 41.8 VEG 8 6 33 21.6 3 37 46.6 VEG 9 6 33 34.0 3 37 53.6 VEG 10 6 33 22.2 3 38 11.5 VEG 11 6 33 51.0 3 37 59.4 VEG 12 6 34 26.5 3 37 39.8 Soil S1 6 33 47.2 3 36 36.9 S2 6 33 39.9 3 37 21.8 S3 6 33 28.1 3 37 34.9 S4 6 33 50.7 3 37 26.2 S5 6 34 01.4 3 37 24.2 S6 6 33 34.8 3 37 35.6 S7 6 33 36.4 3 37 41.8 S8 6 33 21.6 3 37 46.6 S9 6 33 34.0 3 37 53.6 S10 6 33 22.2 3 38 11.5 S11 6 33 51.0 3 37 59.4 S12 6 34 26.5 3 37 39.8 Monitoring G1 6 33 29.1 3 37 40.4 Borehole and G2 6 33 27.6 3 37 38.6 16 Ground water G3 6 33 27.4 3 37 41.8 Surface Water, A 6 33 13.6 3 37 40.0 Sediment and B 6 33 01.8 3 37 40.0 Hydrobiology C 6 32 45.6 3 37 39.9 D 6 32 29.2 3 37 39.8 AE1 6 33 11.8 3 37 56.3 BE1 6 33 02.0 3 37 56.3 CE1 6 32 45.8 3 37 56.2 DE1 6 32 29.5 3 37 56.3 AE2 6 33 32.3 3 38 28.9 BE2 6 33 12.8 3 38 28.8 CE2 6 32 46.1 3 38 28.8 DE2 6 32 29.9 3 38 28.7 AW1 6 33 27.2 3 37 23.7 BW1 6 33 14.8 3 37 23.6 CW1 6 32 53.6 3 37 23.6 DW1 6 32 32.3 3 37 23.6 AW2 6 33 28.9 3 36 48.5 BW2 6 33 19.0 3 36 48.5 CW2 6 33 02.8 3 36 48.4 DW2 6 32 46.6 3 36 48.4 CTRL 1 6 31 56.1 3 37 23.3 CTRL 2 6 31 57.1 3 38 28.7 CTRL 3 6 34 10.9 3 39 28.3 2.4 Sampling Procedure and Methodology 2.4.1 Air Quality and Noise Ambient air quality and noise levels of the study area were determined with the use of in-situ hand-held equipment (see Table 2.2) for the following parameters: Carbon (II) oxide, CO; Sulphur (IV) oxide, SO2; Volatile Organic Compounds, VOC; Ammonia, (NH3); Chloride, (Cl); Carbon (IV) oxides, CO2; Hydrogen Sulphide, (H2S); and Total Suspended Particulates (TSP). A hand-held in-situ Extech Integrating Sound Level Meter (detection range: 30-130 dBA) was used to take short-term readings (10-15 minutes) of the ambient noise levels in the area. Measurements were taken with the noise meter at a height of approximately 2 m above ground level and the response time set to slow and read on the ‘A’ frequency weighting scale (for human sensing). All measurements were conducted between 8.00 and 17.00hr representing daytime measurements. 17 Table 2.2: In-situ air quality and noise level meters S/N Parameter Equipment and Model Reading Range 1 CO Multi Gas Detector MultiRAE IR, Model No: 0-500 ppm PGM-54 (CO Sensor) 2 CO2 Multi Gas Detector MultiRAE IR, Model No: 0-20000 PGM-54 (CO2 Sensor) ppm 3 VOC Multi Gas Detector MultiRAE IR, Model No: 0-200 ppm PGM-54 (VOC Sensor) 4 SO2 Multi Gas Detector MultiRAE IR, Model No: 0-20 ppm PGM-54 (SO2 Sensor) 5 NO2 Multi Gas Detector MultiRAE IR, Model No: 0-20ppm PGM-54 (NO2 Sensor) 6 H 2S Multi Gas Detector MultiRAE IR, Model No: 0-50ppm PGM-54 (H2S Sensor) 7 NH3 Multi Gas Detector MultiRAE IR, Model No: 0-50 ppm PGM-54 (NH3 Sensor) 8 Cl2 Multi Gas Detector MultiRAE IR, Model No: 0-50ppm PGM-54 (Cl2 Sensor) 9 Noise level Extech Integrating Sound Level Meter 30-130 (Model No: 407780) dB(A) 10 Particulates Handheld Aerosol Monitoring (Casella 1 μg/m3 to Microdust pro 880nm) 25 g/m3 2.4.2 Soil Sampling A total of twenty four (24) soil samples comprised of top and sub soil were collected in each of the two seasons. The soil sampling was carried out to identify and evaluate the presence of any contaminant/pollutant of concerns that may be present in the soil environment of the study area. Soil samples were collected using a stainless steel auger at two depths: 0-15 cm (top soil) and 15-30 cm (sub soil). Once the auger was retrieved, the contents were homogenized and sub sampled for physico-chemical and microbial analysis. Soil samples for physico-chemical analysis were collected in appropriately labeled and selected polythene bags in accordance with the FMEnv and DPR’s sampling procedures. Samples for hydrocarbon analysis and microbial determination were collected on aluminium foils. Soil samples were preserved on ice-chips and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Other materials used during soil sampling were cutlass; plastic buckets; indelible markers; paper tape; and hand gloves. 18 2.4.3 Borehole Drilling and Sampling Three (3) monitoring boreholes were drilled manually at the project site using a hand generated rotary rig in a triangular array. The drilling method involves the loosening of the surface formation down to the desired depths. Water was applied through the drilling pipes to provide additional pressure while the drill auger was continuously rotated manually to cut through the geological formation to the desired depths. A picture reflecting part of drilling activities in the study area is shown in Plate 2.1. No chemical or any drilling fluid was applied to the drilling process, which may result in strata or aquifer contamination. The physical characteristics of the formation at every three feet (3ft) were carefully observed in-situ and immediately recorded in the field notebook. Once the aquifer type was reached and a five-inch polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe was threaded (screened) for the three boreholes (G1-G3) and fitted within the aquifer units. The boreholes were gravel-packed to secure the screen. A water pump was used to flush the boreholes. On completion of flushing, the boreholes were allowed a period of about 30 minutes to attain equilibrium and its static water level measured. The aquifer was then sampled into various pre-labeled sampling containers for in-situ and subsequent laboratory analysis. The base of the completed boreholes was cemented, labeled and dated. Plate 2.2 shows one of the three completed boreholes fitted with cap. Plate 2.1: Borehole drilling activities 19 Plate 2.2: One of the boreholes drilled at the project site during baseline survey Ground water samples were collected from the three (3) monitoring boreholes using an open bailer (a hollow tube with a check valve at its base). The bailer is attached to a line (polypropylene or nylon rope) and lowered into the water column with the check valve allowing water to flow through the bailer. When the desired depth is reached the bailer is pulled up with the weight of the water closing the check valve. At the surface, the water sampled is decanted into a pre- cleaned sample container. Immediately the water sampler was retrieved to the surface, in-situ measurements of water temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, and pH were taken using calibrated Extech Digital DO700 meter and Extech Oyster Meter (Model 341350A). Before sampling, the sample containers were rinsed with the water to be collected. Samples, consisted of four separate portions, were appropriately collected and stored for the determination of: o Physico-chemical properties such as hardness, COD, BOD, nitrate, sulphate, chloride, total suspended solids, etc. o Heavy Metals such as Iron, Mercury, Barium, Vanadium, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Zinc etc. 20 o Organics such as Oil & Grease. o Microbiology such as Total Heterotrophic Bacteria, Total Heterotrophic Fungi, Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria, Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi, and Coliform. Sample for heavy metals analysis was collected into a pre-cleaned 500ml plastic bottle and fixed with conc. HNO3 acid while sample for physico-chemical parameters not requiring chemical preservative was collected into a 2-litre capacity polythene bottle. Ground water sample meant for organics analysis was collected into a one-litre glass bottle and preserved with conc. H2SO4 acid. Microbiology samples were collected in pre- sterilized glass bottles (50ml each). All the samples were stored immediately after collection on ice-pack containers. 2.4.4 Terrestrial Flora (Vegetation) Sampling methods adopted for flora assessment were in accordance with the acceptable international standards. In-situ and ex-situ identification (Plate 2.3) of flora specimens were conducted both in the field and herbarium respectively using appropriate Floras, Manuals and Monographs (Heywood and Moore, 1978, Hutchinson and Dalziel, 1954-1967). Also, relevant photographs of sampling points and adjoining areas, species of plant and animals, habitats and other features of interest were taken. A combination of sampling techniques was employed for rapid assessment of the vegetation at every sampling location. Along transects, various vegetation and flora characteristics encountered were assessed and documented. Sampling techniques employed include: Plot-Less Method Due to the fixed nature of plants, plot-less sampling methods can be used to estimate density, species composition, growth and environmental factors. Plot-less sampling methods are based on the random selection of points within a particular survey area. The Quadrat Method A 2-D shaped (e.g. square or rectangle, or other shape) measurement (sampling unit) of different locations of the study area. Quadrat methods are favored in grasslands because a single observation represents several species. Vegetation assessment was carried out at twelve (12) locations within and around the project site (Figure 2.1). The choice of the sampling locations was based on habitat type present in the project area. . The geographical coordinates of the vegetation sampling points are indicated in Table 2.1 above. 21 LEGEND VEG1-12 Vegetation sampling locations 1 to 12 CNL IPP SITE Figure 2.1: AIPP vegetation sampling locations Assessment of vegetation at various sampling locations was based on the following: o Physiognomy; o Floristic composition and species identity; o Vegetation profile; o Ecosystem types; o Economic plants inventory and biodiversity assessment. In addition, the ecological status of the ecosystem and species was evaluated and classified appropriately according to the following threat categories (IUCN, 2001) as may be applicable: a) Endangered species, b) Vulnerable species, c) Near Threatened species. 22 Plate 2.3: In-situ plant identification 2.4.5 Terrestrial Fauna (Wildlife) A combination of sampling techniques and methodology was adopted for the fauna assessment of the study area. The major ecosystem types in the area were identified which helped in identifying various animal types. Also, representative fauna specimens (e.g. insects) were collected and preserved in formalin. Photographic recordings were also made. Other sampling methods employed were: foot print, faecal samples (Plate 2.4), nest type (Plate 2.5), feeding site, voice, physical appearance, shell types and interview with inhabitants (Plate 2.6). Plate 2.4: Faecal samples observed during Plate 2.5: Bird nest observed at the study fauna assessment area 23 Plate 2.6: Interview with locals during fauna asessment in the study area 2.4.6 Surface Water and Sediment Sampling A surface water and sediment survey was undertaken during the wet and dry season (Plate 2.7). A total of twenty three (23) locations were sampled on the surface water body (Lagos Lagoon) in the study area. Sampling locations coordinates are provided in Table 2.1. Plate 2.7: Surface water and sediment sample 24 Sediment samples were collected with the aid of a steel Van veen grab sampler. Prior to the first deployment and between sample stations, the grab sampler was thoroughly rinsed to remove visible sediment. At each station, the grab sampler was deployed and then heaved out with sediments. On retrieval the grab-bite- sediment sample was scooped into a plastic container and transferred into various sampling containers based on the parameters to be analyzed. Sediment samples were analyzed for the following parameters: o Physico-chemical characteristics: pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC), Exchangeable bases (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium); anions (sulphate, nitrate, phosphate and chloride). o Heavy Metals: Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, Chromium, Vanadium, Iron, Nickel, Lead and Mercury. o Hydrocarbons: Oil & Grease and Total Hydrocarbon Contents (THC) o Microbiology: Total heterotrophic bacteria, total heterotrophic fungi, hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria, hydrocarbon utilizing fungi and total coliform. 2.4.7 Plankton (Phytoplankton and Zooplankton) Phytoplanktoon and zooplankton composite samples were collected by dragging 55µm plankton net on the surface water body for 5-10minutes. All samples collected for phytoplankton analysis were preserved in Lugol’s iodine, while samples collected for zooplankton analysis were preserved in 4% buffered formaldehyde. A total of fifteen (15) samples were transferred to the laboratory for plankton analysis (phytoplankton and zooplankton composition and abundance distribution, including community structure by bio-indices). In the laboratory, five drops (using a dropper) of the concentrated sample (10ml) was investigated at different magnifications (50X, 100X and 400X) using a Wild II binocular microscope with calibrated eye piece and the average recorded. The drop count microscope analysis method described by Onyema (2007) was used to estimate the plankton flora and fauna. Since each sample drop from the dropper accounts to 0.1ml, the results on abundance/occurrence were multiplied accordingly to give the values as numbers of organisms per ml. To create a suitable plankton sample mount, a dropper was used to take at least 1.5ml of the sample after shaking properly. This was then allowed to stand for at least 3 minutes. After which one or two drops of concentrated sample from the dropper was then gently dropped on a glass-slide (7.5 cm by 2.5 cm) while placed on a flat laboratory table and covered with a glass-slide (2cm by 2cm). The mount was then placed on the microscope stage, fitted in, and all transects thoroughly observed for phytoplankton (cells, filaments, colonies) and 25 zooplankton species (e.g. adults and juvenile stages alike). Final data were presented as number of organisms (cells, filaments, colonies and whole organism) per ml. Appropriate texts were used to aid identification of the species. The diversity indices used for biological data analysis include eco-mathematical indices such as the total number of species (S), abundance of species (N), Log of Species diversity (Log S) and Log of species abundance (Log N). Others include Shannon-Wiener Index (Hs), Menhinick Index (D), Margalef Index (d), Equitability (j) and Simpson's Dominance Index (C) (Ogbeibu, 2005). a) Species Richness Index (d) The Species richness index (d) according to Margalef (1951) is a measure of diversity and was used to evaluate the community structure. Species Richness is a measure of the number of different kinds of organisms present in a particular area. The equation (i) below was applied. …………………………………………………………(i) Where: d = Species richness index S = Number of species in a population N = Total number of individuals in S species. b) Menhinick’s Index (D) The Menhinick’s Index (D) is one of several diversity indices used to quantify diversity and hence measure diversity in categorical data. It represents a biological association with a number which give a measure of its community structure. The equation (ii) below was applied. d= …………………………………………………………(ii) where: S = Number of species in a population N = Total number of individuals in S species. c) Shannon and Weiner diversity index (Hs) The Shannon and Weiner diversity index (Hs) is used to measure diversity in categorical data. It is simply the information entropy of the distribution, treating species as symbols and their relative population sizes as the probability. The equation below (iii) was applied. 26 ……………………………………..(iii) Where Hs = Shannon and Wiener diversity Index i = Counts denoting the ith species ranging from 1 – n Pi = Proportion that the ith species represents in terms of numbers of individuals with respect to the total number of individuals in the sampling space as whole. d) Species Equitability or Evenness index (j) The Species Equitability or Evenness index (j) is used to measure diversity in categorical data. The equation (iv) below was applied. j …………………………………………………………(iv) Where j = Equitability index Hs = Shannon and Weiner index S = Number of species in a population e) Simpsons dominance index (C) Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of diversity. It is often used to quantify the biodiversity of a habitat. It takes into account the number of species present, as well as the abundance of each species. Simpson's diversity index (D) is a simple mathematical measure that characterizes species diversity in a community. The proportion of species i relative to the total number of species (pi) is calculated and squared. The squared proportions for all the species are summed, and the reciprocal is taken. The equation (v) below was applied. …………………………………………………………………(v) Where n = the total number of organisms of a particular species N = the total number of organisms of all species 2.4.8 Benthic Macroinverebrate Benthic macroinvertebrates are animals without backbone that live on or in the sediment of the water body or attached to rocks or debris at the bottom. The minimum size is 0.55 mm in diameter. They include crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic worms and larval forms of aquatic insects. They are important in the aquatic ecosystem because they form part of the aquatic food chain. They are also used to assess water quality and as pollution indicators. 27 Macrobenthic communities have been seen as effective tools for assessing organic pollution. They are easy to monitor because they can be sampled quantitatively and also respond to man-made disturbance. Their sedentary nature makes it possible for them to be highly impacted by any xenobiotic compounds and other stressors released into the water body. Macro benthic samples were collected at each sampling station on the Lagos Lagoon in the study area. 0.1m2 Van Veen grab was used for sediment sample. The grab was lowered from an anchored boat to the bottom of the lagoon. The hauled sediment at each location was placed in plastic containers and washed with lagoon water. It was then sieved through a 0.5mm mesh sieve. The retained content of the sieve were put into a plastic container and preserved with 5% formalin solution. The preserved macrobenthos from the field samples were sorted and identified using hand lens and dissecting microscope. Classification and identification to genera and species level were done after the following authors Oyenekan, (1975), Edmunds (1978), Gosner (1971), and Schreider (1990). Apart from the Total number of species (S), abundance of species (N), Log of Species diversity (Log S) and Log of species abundance (Log N), other indices employed were Shannon-Wiener Index (Hs), Menhinick Index (D), Margalef Index (d), Equitability (j) and Simpson's Dominance Index (C) (Ogbeibu, 2005). 2.4.9 Fisheries Lagos Lagoon is one of the major lagoon systems in Nigeria. It is an extremely important ecosystem and, apart from high levels of biological productivity, it plays various important ecological roles such as transportation of nutrients and organic material to marine system through circulation (FAO 2002). The abundance of fish over two seasons (dry and wet) in the study area was determined. Fish from the study site were sampled using gill nets (mesh size: 9inches length: 6m), cast nets (mesh size: 9inches), hook (size: 2inches and lines by the local fishermen (Plate 2.8). The fish species were identified to the taxonomic level using Idodo-Umen (2003). Species were counted for number of individuals. The fish species were identified, sorted and frequency of occurrence were recorded in-situ and further identification was completed in the laboratory using FAO (1988, 1994). 28 Plate 2.8: A catch being hauled out by a fisherman using cast net around the study area of Lagos Lagoon 29 SECTION THREE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Introduction This section presents and discusses the results of in-situ and laboratory analyses obtained during the wet and dry season baseline survey for the proposed AIPP. The results were compared with relevant national legislated standards and international guidelines. For instance, the concentrations of air quality parameters and noise leves recorded at the study area were compared with the Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines provided in Tables 3a-d. Tables 3a: Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Pollutants Time of Average Limits Particulates Daily average of daily 250µg/m3 values 1hour 600 µg/m3 Sulphur oxide Daily average of hourly 0.01ppm (Sulphur dioxide) values 1 hour 0.1ppm Non-methane hydrocarbon Daily average of 3- 160µg/m3 hourly values Carbon monoxide Daily average of hourly 10ppm values 8-hour average 20ppm Nitrogen oxides Daily average of hourly 0.04- 0.06ppm (Nitrogen dioxide) values (range) Photochemical Oxidant Hourly values 0.06ppm Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA {now FMEnv}, 1991) Table 3b: Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria Duration per Day, Hour Permissible Exposure Limit dB(A) 8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100 1.5 102 1 105 0.5 110 0.25 115 Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA {now FMEnv}, 1991) 30 Table 3c: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines Parameter Averaging Period Guideline value in µg/m3 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 24 hour 20 (guideline) 10 minute 500 (guideline) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 1-year 40 (guideline) 1-hour 200 (guideline) Particulate matter (PM10) 1 year 20 (guideline) 24 hour 50 (guideline) Particulate matter (PM2.5) 1 year 10 (guideline) 24 hour 25 (guideline) Ozone 8-hour daily maximum 100 (guideline) Table 3d: World Bank Noise Level Guidelines Receptor One Hour LAeq (dBA) Day time (07:00 -22:00) 22:00 -07:00 Residential; institutional; 55 45 educational Industrial; commercial 70 70 3.2 Air Quality and Noise Level of the Study Area Tables 3.1 and 3.2 show the results of ambient air quality and noise levels recorded at the study area in the wet and dry seasons. Table 3.1: Wet Season Air Quality and Noise Results Sample CO NO2 VOC SO2 H2S TSP CO2 NH3 Cl2 Noise Code (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (mg/m3) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Level (dBA) A1 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.042 210 0.0 0.0 52.7 A2 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.028 070 0.0 0.0 56.6 A3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.012 060 0.0 0.0 49.3 A4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.017 090 0.0 0.0 54.2 A5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.008 070 0.0 0.0 53.0 A6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.021 070 0.0 0.0 48.5 A7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.017 110 0.0 0.0 49.5 A8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.014 080 0.0 0.0 47.9 A9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.020 090 0.0 0.0 48.3 31 A10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.016 110 0.0 0.0 46.5 A11 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.018 100 0.0 0.0 43.0 A12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.021 120 0.0 0.0 45.8 FMEnv 10 0.04- NS 0.1-1.0 NS 0.25 NS NS NS 90 0.06 Limit NS= Not Specified Table 3.2: Dry Season Air Quality and Noise Results Sample CO NO2 VOC SO2 H2 S TSP CO2 NH3 Cl2 Code (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (mg/m3) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) A1 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.032 110 0.0 0.0 A2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.017 60 0.0 0.0 A3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.010 60 0.0 0.0 A4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.010 60 0.0 0.0 A5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.012 80 0.0 0.0 A6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.015 70 0.0 0.0 A7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.022 70 0.0 0.0 A8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.010 80 0.0 0.0 A9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.012 70 0.0 0.0 A10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.011 110 0.0 0.0 A11 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.012 46 0.0 0.0 A12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.031 130 0.0 0.0 FMEnv 10 0.04- NS 0.1- NS 0.25 NS NS NS 0.06 1.0 Limit NS= Not Specified The concentrations of air quality parameters measured at the study area in the wet and dry seasons were either below the detection limit of the measuring equipment or recorded low when compared with the applicable limits. Carbonmonoxide (CO) ranged from 0.0ppm to 1.0ppm in the wet and dry seasons respectively which fall within the hourly average of 10ppm recommended by the FMEnv. Sulphurdioxide (SO2), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), Ammonia (NH3), and Chlorine gas (Cl2) were not detected in the dry and wet seasons. Total suspended particulate (TSP) ranged from 0.008mg/m3 to 0.042mg/m3 in the wet season while in the dry season a range of 0.010mg/m3 to 0.32mg/m3 was obtained. The concentrations of TSP obtained during the baseline study met the FMEnv daily average limit of 0.25mg/m3 (250µg/m3) 32 Ambient noise levels in the study area ranged between 43.0 and 56.6 dBA in the wet season and from 43.0 to 62.9 dBA in the dry season indicative of natural setting of the area with anthropogenic input. The noise levels obtained during study were within the FMEnv limit of 90dBA; however, the World Bank (WB) limit of 55dBA for residential receptor was exceeded in some of the locations sampled. Potential source of noise in the study area includes operational activities at Egbin Power Station, occasional vehicular movement, and noise from animals (e.g. birds) on site. The comparison of the ambient air quality results over the dry and wet seasons show that there is no significant seasonal variations in the values obtained. Generally, the concentrations of air quality parameters tend to be higher in the dry season than the wet season due to the prevailing weather conditions in the dry season such as high temperature, low relative humidity and high wind speed which do contribute to increase in ambient pollutants concentrations. The ambient air quality of the project area could be generally considered to be good since the concentrations of the toxic pollutants of concerns fall within the Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The potential anthropogenic source of air pollution in the study area includes emission from the existing Egbin Power Station (which is situated about 1km from the AIPP site) and occasional vehicular movement. 3.3 Geology and Hydrology 3.3.1 Geology Geologically, the study area is located within the Dahomey basin of Southwestern Nigeria and is composed mainly of the intercalation of sand, laterite, organic plant remains in some areas and coarse quartz sand serving as the main aquifer. The three (3) monitoring boreholes drilled at the study area revealed that the sedimentary stratas in the area were mainly sands with variation in colour and grain size (Tables 3.3 -3.5, and Figure 3.1). The coarse quartz sand serves as the main aquifer in the area. The ground water flow direction is Southwest to Northeast (Figure 3.2). Table 3.3: Sample Logging of Borehole 1 (G1) Depth Lithologic Description Comment (ft) 0 - 10 Whitish medium grained sand Samples are mainly sand with slight 10-12 Black organic plant remains colour and grain size variation. 13-20 Light coloured fine grained sand A thin strata of organic plant 33 21-40 Light coloured medium grained remains was found embedded sand within the sand stratas. 41-50 Whitish medium grained sand Slight clayey content occurs with depth. Whitish clay dominated 51-55 Fine grained greyish clayey sand within the strata at a depth of 61- 56-60 Creamy medium grained sand 63. 61-63 Very fine whitish clay Coarse grained quartz sand serves 64-70 Coarse grained sand as the main aquifer. Table 3.4: Sample Logging of Borehole 2 (G2) Depth (ft) Lithologic Description Comment 0-3 Reddish brown lateritic sand Reddish brown lateritic sand 4-10 Medium grained, light reddish dominated as the topsoil. The brown sand lateritic effect decreases with 10-13 Black organic plants remains depth. 14-20 Light brown medium grained sand Thin layers of organic plants 21-23 Black organic plant remains remains were found 24-30 Fine grained light coloured sand embedded within the sand 31-40 Light coloured medium – coarse layers. Medium – coarse grained sand grained sand dominated 41-54 Creamy medium grained sand down the stratas. with minor clay content Coarse grained quarzitic sand 55-58 Very fine grained whitish clay serves as the main aquifer. 59-70 Coarse grained quartz sand Table 3.5: Sample Logging of Borehole 3 (G3) Depth (ft) Lithologic Description Comment 0-4 Whitish medium grained sand Whitish medium grained 5-8 Reddish brown lateritic sand sand dominated as the 9-12 Light reddish brown medium grained topsoil. Clay becomes sand creamy and the organic 13-15 Fine-medium grained greyish sand plant remains becomes 16-21 Medium grained light grey sand more pronounced. 22-26 Very fine creamy clay Medium- Coarse grained 27-30 Black plant organic remains sand dominated the 31-33 Very fine grained greyish sand aquiferous zone. 34-40 Coarse grained light coloured sand The three (3) boreholes (G1, G2, G3) were drilled to a depth of 70ft, 70ft and 40ft respectively with the installed depth (casing depth) of 64ft, 70ft and 35ft respectively. The boreholes static water levels (SWL) are as follows: o G1 – 2.91m (9.6ft) o G2 – 3.94m (13ft) 34 o G3 – 1.45m (4.8ft) (without adding the gradient) and 2.85m (9.5ft) when the gradient relevant to G1 and G2 is added, as G3 is located in an excavated depression. Figure 3.1: Geological logging of the monitoring boreholes drilled at the project area Figure 3.2: Direction of Groundwater Flow in the study area 35 3.3.2 Ground Water Quality 3.3.2.1 Introduction Ground water quality comprises the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of ground water. Temperature, turbidity, color, taste, and odor make up the list of physical water quality parameters. Naturally, ground water contains mineral ions. These ions slowly dissolve from soil particles, sediments, and rocks as the water travels along mineral surfaces in the pores or fractures of the unsaturated zone and the aquifer. They are referred to as dissolved solids or suspended solids as the case may be. Some dissolved solids may have originated in the precipitation water or river water that recharges the aquifer. Dissolved solids in ground water can be divided into three groups namely: major constituents (such as Na+, Ca2+, SO42-, Cl-), minor constituents (e.g. K+, NO3-, CO32-) and trace elements (e.g. heavy metals). Except for natural organic matter originating from topsoils, all of these naturally occurring dissolved solids are inorganic constituents: minerals, nutrients, and trace elements, including trace metals. In most cases, trace elements occur in such low concentrations that they are not a threat to human health. However, high concentrations of trace metals can be found in ground water near contaminated sources, however, posing serious health threats. Microbial matter is also a natural constituent of ground water. Just as microbes are ubiquitous in the environment, they are not uncommon in the subsurface, including ground water (Harter 2003). Human activities can alter the natural composition of ground water through the disposal or dissemination of chemicals and microbial matter at the land surface and into soils, or through injection of wastes directly into ground water. Groundwater pollution (or groundwater contamination) is therefore defined as an undesirable change in groundwater quality resulting from human activities (Harter 2003). To assess the quality of ground water in the study area, water samples were collected from the three (3) monitoring boreholes drilled at the project site and analysed. 3.3.2.2 Results of Ground Water Samples Tables 3.6 and 3.7 show the results of physico-chemical and microbial properties of ground water samples from the study area. The values obtained were compared with the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limits for drinking water as enshrined in the National Guidelines for Water Quality in Nigeria (1999) 36 Table 3.6: Physico-chemical properties of Ground Water Samples (Wet and Dry Seasons) Parameters Wet Season Dry Season FMEnv Limit GW1 GW2 GW3 GW1 GW2 GW3 pH 6.20 6.55 10.23 6.31 6.50 10.0 6.0-9.0 TDS (mg/l) 205 172 794 218 177 602 500 Cl (mg/l) 260 250 700 180 80 140 NS Conductivity (µS/cm) 403 343 1530 415 350 1200 1500 Temperature (oC) 29.0 29.9 30.0 30.2 30.5 30.0 <40 Dissolved Oxygen 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.0 5.0 7.5 (ppm) NH3 (mg/l) 0.70 0.63 2.21 1.75 1.58 5.53 NS NO3 (mg/l) 2.4 14.2 18.0 6.804 12.412 6.928 10.0 NO2 (mg/l) 0.73 4.32 5.47 0.534 19.482 19.482 NS PO43- (mg/l) 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.18 0.08 0.17 5.0 SO42- (mg/l) 45.12 34.71 25.95 46.142 28.189 26.614 500 BOD5 (mg/l) 2.51 3.21 3.75 3.5 3.6 3.6 0 COD (mg/l) 4.42 5.65 6.60 5.83 8.19 7.99 NS TSS (mg/l) 19.54 20.77 8.98 15.44 16.41 7.09 >10 Turbidity (NTU) 11.1 11.8 5.1 5.2 4.9 7.3 1.0 Colour (Pt Co) 11.21 21.90 21.12 13.57 15.92 12.36 15.0 Oil & Grease (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 THC (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.3 Hardness (mg/l) 340 80 230 600 100 300 200 Na (mg/l) 228.92 173.08 82.55 56.43 98.54 93.73 200 K (mg/l) 3.85 4.46 6.46 1.95 1.63 2.09 NS Mg (mg/l) 5.21 4.64 0.128 3.09 2.77 2.47 30 Ca (mg/l) 0.520 2.227 0.665 <0.001 0.02 <0.001 70 Fe (mg/l) 0.148 <0.001 0.064 <0.001 0.0727 0.192 1.0 Cd (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.01 Pb (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 Zn (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.289 0.288 0.297 5.0 Ni (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 Cr (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 Hg (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 V (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 NS Cu (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.265 0.241 0.274 0.1 NS= Not Specified Table 3.7: Microbial properties of ground water samples (Dry and Wet Seasons) Season Sample Total Total Coliforms Total Total Predominant code heterotro heterotrop (cfu/ml) x hydrocarbo hydrocarbon species of micro phic hic fungi 102 n utilizing utilizing fungi organisms isolated bacteria (cfu/ml) x bacteria (cfu/ml) x 102 (cfu/ml) x 103 (cfu/ml) x 107 102 Dry G1 1.290 2.0 0.00 13.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger. G2 1.48 1.0 0.00 15.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, Rhizopus stotonifer. G3 1.85 1.0 0.00 19.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, lactobacillus spp, Mucor spp. Wet G1 1.0 1.0 0.00 7.0 0.0 Bacillus spp, Aspergillus niger. G2 0.5 0.5 0.00 5.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, Rhizopus stotonifer. 37 G3 0.3 0.5 0.00 12.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, lactobacillus spp, Mucor spp, FMEnv NS NS NS 0.0 NS NS Limit NS= Not Specified The analysis of the ground water results indicates that: o The ground water’s pH values ranged from 6.20 to 10.23 in the wet season and 6.31 - 10.0 in the dry season. With the exception of GW3, the pH values recorded in the ground water samples fall within the FMEnv limit of 6-9 for drinking water. GW recorded pH values of 10.23 and 10.0 in the wet and dry seasons respectively which exceeded the maximum pH permissible level of 9.0 characteristics affecting the acceptability of water for domestic use. The possible reasoning could be due to long term effect of sand mining in the area. o In-situ water temperatures were measured as being 29-300C in the wet season and 30-30.50C in the dry season which met the FMEnv limit of <400C for ground water samples. o Electrical conductivity (EC) ranged from 343- 1530µS/cm in the wet season and 350-1200µS/cm in the dry season. The EC value in the G3 during the wet season was slightly higher than the recommended limit of 1500µS/cm for drinking water. The possible reason for the elevated EC value in GW3 may be as a result of long-term effect of sand mining in the area. TDS has a direct relationship with electricitcal conductivity and its values ranged from 172ppm to 792ppm in the wet season and 177-602ppm in the wet season. Both conductivity and TDS are indicators of how much ions are dissolved in the water samples. o BOD5 and COD show positive correlation. BOD5 values in the ground water samples were low and ranged between 2.51 and 3.75mg/l in the wet season and 3.5 – 3.6mg/l in the dry season. The BOD5 values in all the water samples were higher than the FMEnv limit of 0mg/l for drinking water. COD, on the other hand, ranged from 4.42mg/l to 6.60mg/l in the wet season and 5.83- 8.19mg/l in the dry season. o Among the cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+), Na+ (sodium ions) recorded the highest concentration with a range of 82.55mg/l to 228.92mg/l in the wet season and 56.43-98.54mg/l in the dry season which fall within the FMEnv limit of 200pm for Sodium ion in drinking water. Calcium ions (Ca2+) recorded the lowest concentrations with a range of 0.52 to 2.227mg/l in the 38 wet season and <0.001 – 0.02mg/l in the dry season and fall within desirable limit of 75ppm. The concentrations of heavy metals in the groundwater samples were either below the detection limit of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer used for analysis or recorded very low when compared with the FMEnv standards for drinking water. Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Mercury (Hg) and Vanadium (V) were below the detection limit of 0.001mg/l while Zinc (Zn) ranged from <0.001mg/l to 0.297mg/l which fall within the national limit of 5.0mg/l presecribed for Zn in drinking water. o Hydrocarbon contents (THC and oil & grease) of the ground water samples were below the detection limit of the analytical instrument (<0.001mg/l) in the dry and wet seasons and met the FMEnv permissible limit of 0.05mg/l for Oil and grease in drinking water o Microbial contents of the water samples were dominated by heterotrophic bacteria which may have been introduced by natural sources. The hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi counts were low. No E-coli bacteria were detected in the borehole water samples indicating the absence of human faecal contamination. 3.4 Soil Quality The physico-chemical results of soil samples from the study area are presented in Tables 3.8 to 3.11 while the microbial results are provided in Tables 3.12 and 3.13. Table 3.8: Physico-chemical properties of soil samples from the study area (Wet season) Sampling pH Electrical Cl- SO42- TOC PO43- Total Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Location Conductivity N µS/cm mg/kg TS 1 5.12 64.2 30.0 22.25 3.25 0.09 3.72 61.24 71.27 49.34 323.27 SS 1 4.95 21.1 10.0 19.51 3.21 0.23 2.70 63.65 99.61 44.93 136.03 TS 2 5.13 22.5 10.0 21.12 3.49 0.00 0.00 55.19 129.09 48.24 149.24 SS 2 5.04 14.0 7.0 26.61 3.43 0.09 2.63 22.96 35.96 50.69 136.98 TS 3 5.71 19.5 7.3 17.74 3.03 0.07 5.77 65.27 79.46 48.40 284.68 SS 3 5.53 20.3 6.5 23.87 3.13 0.02 5.47 20.95 43.57 48.25 170.97 TS 4 5.45 26.2 10.0 10.64 3.21 0.00 9.82 85.81 169.56 39.12 56.15 SS 4 5.38 11.1 6.5 8.70 3.29 0.00 4.02 42.70 22.79 22.31 38.13 TS 5 5.00 31.2 10.0 26.45 3.41 0.00 6.79 26.18 27.22 25.02 53.80 SS 5 4.71 28.0 10.0 14.77 3.49 0.02 7.95 46.33 50.08 19.20 36.33 TS 6 5.13 69.6 30.0 34.35 3.49 0.05 6.70 51.57 64.71 50.83 154.95 SS 6 5.09 47.1 20.0 30.32 3.57 0.07 4.96 28.94 36.31 52.21 117.01 TS 7 4.42 22.3 10.0 6.61 0.20 0.00 7.08 34.64 102.55 29.62 40.69 SS 7 4.96 36.2 10.0 7.09 3.65 0.00 7.83 31.02 23.64 34.06 43.79 TS 8 5.50 27.8 10.0 20.48 3.43 0.00 11.03 47.54 70.47 48.43 101.75 SS 8 5.61 15.0 7.8 17.90 3.49 0.04 9.22 36.66 56.50 51.74 140.64 TS 9 4.48 30.3 10.0 18.87 3.33 0.00 8.22 45.93 32.11 25.82 38.73 SS 9 4.21 79.6 30.0 26.77 3.37 0.00 6.43 28.20 81.10 22.26 31.13 TS 10 6.85 41.4 20.0 6.77 3.47 0.04 9.80 29.41 184.59 53.03 249.29 SS 10 7.16 73.0 30.0 7.42 3.51 0.03 8.07 10.87 41.24 48.66 555.35 TS 11 3.60 164.5 80.0 0.00 3.63 0.01 8.99 121.67 121.68 48.92 50.10 39 Sampling pH Electrical Cl- SO42- TOC PO43- Total Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Location Conductivity N µS/cm mg/kg SS 11 3.47 214.0 100.0 0.00 3.73 0.08 11.47 95.08 114.98 50.92 73.32 TS 12 6.88 129.6 60.0 10.48 3.49 2.35 10.19 31.82 210.19 46.15 986.23 SS 12 6.97 102.4 50.0 14.03 3.61 2.95 10.37 11.68 209.63 49.99 919.87 Min 3.47 11.1 6.5 0 0.2 0 0 10.87 22.79 19.2 31.13 Max 7.16 214 100 34.35 3.73 2.95 11.47 121.67 210.19 53.03 986.23 Mean 5.26 54.6 24.0 16.36 3.29 0.26 7.05 45.64 86.60 42.01 203.68 S.D 0.96 51.64 24.9 9.34 0.68 0.74 2.96 26.58 58.23 11.46 260.32 Table 3.9: Heavy metals concentrations in soil samples from the study area (Wet season) Sampling Fe Cd Pb Zn Ni Cr Cu Hg V location mg/kg TS 1 1843.46 <0.001 <0.001 35.43 3.05 92.35 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 SS 1 1949.13 <0.001 <0.001 28.78 1.82 108.82 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 TS 2 1569.47 <0.001 <0.001 20.02 0.00 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 SS2 1564.68 <0.001 <0.001 17.23 1.67 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 TS 3 1917.44 <0.001 <0.001 26.59 <0.001 65.88 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 SS 3 1770.49 <0.001 <0.001 17.03 <0.001 37.64 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 TS 4 1770.49 <0.001 <0.001 22.97 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 SS 4 1691.28 <0.001 <0.001 13.60 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 TS 5 1748.72 <0.001 <0.001 23.33 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 SS 5 1758.72 <0.001 <0.001 32.23 <0.001 9.41 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 TS 6 1895.20 <0.001 <0.001 35.37 <0.001 59.41 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 SS 6 1747.24 <0.001 <0.001 34.78 <0.001 4.70 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 TS 7 1193.60 <0.001 <0.001 12.48 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 SS7 1358.86 <0.001 <0.001 16.08 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 TS 8 1841.13 <0.001 <0.001 9.64 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 SS 8 1918.02 <0.001 <0.001 12.60 <0.001 24.70 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 TS 9 1521.51 <0.001 <0.001 9.71 <0.001 44.12 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 SS 9 1570.20 <0.001 <0.001 18.61 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 TS 10 1805.08 <0.001 <0.001 14.20 <0.001 45.29 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 SS 10 1772.53 <0.001 <0.001 26.58 <0.001 55.88 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 TS 11 1799.56 <0.001 <0.001 22.41 <0.001 66.47 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 SS 11 1799.27 <0.001 <0.001 22.92 0.07 115.29 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 TS 12 1876.16 <0.001 <0.001 318.05 7.78 168.23 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 SS 12 1826.16 <0.001 <0.001 316.26 6.62 111.17 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Min 1193.6 - - 9.64 0 0.001 - - - Max 1949.13 - - 318.05 7.78 168.23 - - - Mean 1729.52 - - 46.12 0.88 42.06 - - - S.D 183.27 - - 83.85 2.10 48.19 - - - Naturally NS 0.03-0.3 2-20 5-500 5-500 10-200 50-100 NS NS occurring heavy metal conc limit* *Allen et al (1974) Table 3.10: Physico-chemical properties of soil samples from the study area (Dry season) Sampling pH Electrical Cl- SO42- TOC PO43- Total Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Location Conductivity N µS/cm mg/kg TS 1 5.38 64.8 30 56.77 0.399 0.08 3.16 16.59 51.16 48.06 246.68 SS 1 5.16 45.7 20 44.13 3.99 0.20 2.57 29.87 26.01 43.97 178.43 40 Sampling pH Electrical Cl- SO42- TOC PO43- Total Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Location Conductivity N µS/cm mg/kg TS 2 5.19 44.7 20 32.02 3.11 0.00 0.00 2.90 27.65 43.61 60.51 SS 2 4.94 36.1 10 31.39 2.97 0.08 2.87 0.415 62.95 36.91 42.45 TS 3 6.26 60.3 20 29.96 3.29 0.06 3.75 53.94 19.76 42.84 87.34 SS 3 6.14 37.8 10 27.17 2.91 0.02 5.09 29.87 4.91 35.92 110.90 TS 4 5.93 0.0 0.0 21.08 2.73 0.00 6.38 7.88 4.00 9.85 22.98 SS 4 5.00 0.0 0.0 21.26 2.75 0.00 3.06 17.01 50.97 6.18 11.58 TS 5 4.97 21.4 10 29.06 2.81 0.00 6.18 22.40 4.94 8.78 16.45 SS 5 5.01 18.7 0.0 32.83 2.79 0.00 6.36 22.40 15.50 8.10 6.57 TS 6 5.63 13.2 0.0 26.46 2.81 0.04 5.23 17.01 16.12 43.40 48.39 SS 6 5.09 0.0 0.0 28.79 2.85 0.06 4.61 5.39 7.56 49.02 115.62 TS 7 4.81 20.7 0.0 28.79 2.75 0.00 5.81 23.65 4.30 8.67 10.12 SS 7 4.87 0.0 0.0 24.34 2.72 0.00 5.32 46.88 12.18 7.59 8.81 TS 8 5.14 36.8 10 50.67 3.33 0.00 12.35 17.01 8.47 34.88 46.73 SS 8 5.06 34.8 10 45.92 2.93 0.03 4.43 8.71 7.64 27.23 17.08 TS 9 8.15 89.8 40 33.00 3.07 0.00 8.96 14.93 10.23 25.56 175.02 SS 9 8.18 63.7 30 25.83 2.85 0.00 5.02 10.78 17.60 14.72 106.57 TS 10 7.13 89.4 40 31.93 3.03 0.03 12.84 19.91 16.84 15.56 118.54 SS 10 8.16 102.8 50 31.75 2.95 0.03 6.86 13.69 22.47 13.78 109.25 TS 11 4.43 88.0 40 33.45 3.99 0.01 6.38 99.17 16.57 40.13 33.78 SS 11 4.13 77.0 30 31.12 3.79 0.07 8.14 77.59 131.87 45.10 25.85 TS 12 6.82 97.7 40 45.65 3.93 2.00 5.50 19.50 92.01 48.62 519.08 SS 12 6.63 85.2 40 42.33 3.99 2.51 4.87 10.37 11.05 49.37 402.09 Min 4.13 0 0 21.08 0.399 0.00 0.00 0.42 4.00 6.18 6.57 Max 8.18 102.8 50 56.77 3.99 2.51 12.84 99.17 131.87 49.37 519.08 Mean 5.76 47.03 18.75 34.47 3.66 0.22 5.66 24.49 26.78 29.49 105.03 S.D 1.18 34.1 16.8 9.23 0.72 0.63 2.85 23.44 31.05 16.36 127.44 Table 3.11: Heavy metals concentrations in soil samples from the study area (Dry season) Sampling Fe Cd Pb Zn Ni Cr Cu Hg V location mg/kg TS 1 1555.45 <0.001 <0.001 8.08 3.42 <0.001 17.36 <0.001 <0.001 SS 1 1544.55 <0.001 <0.001 0.37 7.86 8.31 17.99 <0.001 <0.001 TS 2 669.17 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 5.31 59.38 7.58 <0.001 <0.001 SS2 669.61 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 12.73 43.94 7.37 <0.001 <0.001 TS 3 1500.81 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 23.21 70.07 9.99 <0.001 <0.001 SS 3 1603.84 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 19.59 12.47 <0.001 <0.001 TS 4 1224.57 <0.001 <0.001 0.44 <0.001 <0.001 10.63 <0.001 <0.001 SS 4 955.44 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 34.44 4.04 <0.001 <0.001 TS 5 903.28 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 27.91 3.61 <0.001 <0.001 SS 5 1134.47 <0.001 <0.001 0.36 2.62 52.85 4.18 <0.001 <0.001 TS 6 1682.46 <0.001 <0.001 0.91 12.52 42.16 7.51 <0.001 <0.001 SS 6 1606.89 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 73.04 7.01 <0.001 <0.001 TS 7 425.775 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 4.46 <0.001 <0.001 SS7 259.24 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 21.97 2.83 <0.001 <0.001 TS 8 1598.17 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 7.72 4.96 <0.001 <0.001 SS 8 1508.51 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.29 79.57 5.81 <0.001 <0.001 TS 9 1558.36 <0.001 <0.001 0.920 11.72 121.14 6.80 <0.001 <0.001 SS 9 1563.73 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 16.37 87.88 6.80 <0.001 <0.001 TS 10 1522.32 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 9.50 5.95 <0.001 <0.001 SS 10 1442.39 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 4.35 <0.001 <0.001 TS 11 1612.27 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 10.91 <0.001 <0.001 SS 11 1532.49 <0.001 <0.001 0.11 <0.001 38.60 4.53 <0.001 <0.001 TS 12 1668.21 <0.001 <0.001 30.38 0.43 58.19 26.43 <0.001 <0.001 SS 12 1765.28 <0.001 <0.001 25.91 8.59 103.92 30.11 <0.001 <0.001 Min 259.24 - - 0.001 0.001 0.001 2.83 - - Max 1765.28 - - 30.38 23.21 121.14 30.11 - - Mean 1312.80 - - 2.81 4.38 40.01 9.32 - - 41 S.D 431.79 - - 8.00 6.55 35.70 7.07 - - Naturally NS 0.03-0.3 2-20 5-500 5-500 10-200 50-100 NS NS occurring heavy metal conc limit* *Allen et al (1974) Table 3.12: Microbial properties of soil samples from the study area (Wet Season) Sample Total Total Total Total Predominant species of micro code heterotro heterotr hydrocarbon hydrocarbo organisms isolated phic ophic utilizing n utilizing bacteria fungi bacteria fungi (cfu/g) x (cfu/g) x (cfu/g) x 103 (cfu/g) x 108 104 102 TS1 1.50 5.0 2.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Mucor spp, Trichoderma spp. SS1 1.60 2.0 6.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Penicillium spp, Rhizopus stotonifer. TS2 1.76 3.0 5.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium spp. SS2 1.23 2.0 4.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium spp TS3 1.53 1.0 8.0 6.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Aspergillus wentu, Mucor spp. SS3 2.30 5.0 6.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Trichoderma spp. TS4 2.23 6.0 21.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stotonifer. SS4 2.10 8.0 9.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Mucor spp, Penicillium spp. TS5 1.72 6.0 18.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium spp. SS5 1.60 4.0 12.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Aspergillus niger, Mucor spp. TS6 2.20 13.0 15.0 5.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Trichoderma spp. SS6 1.60 9.0 10.0 6.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Aspergillus wentu, Penicillium spp. TS7 1.74 12.0 8.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. SS7 1.65 8.0 9.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Penicillium spp, Rhizopus stotonifer. TS8 1.76 5.0 9.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichoderma spp. SS8 1.83 8.0 13.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. TS9 2.00 6.0 19.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. SS9 1.60 8.0 8.0 6.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium spp. TS10 2.16 6.0 17.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium spp. SS10 1.65 9.0 15.0 7.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Aspergillus wentu, Trichoderma spp. TS11 2.30 8.0 19.0 6.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucor spp. SS11 2.00 9.0 8.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp. TS12 1.65 8.0 13.0 5.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, 42 Sample Total Total Total Total Predominant species of micro code heterotro heterotr hydrocarbon hydrocarbo organisms isolated phic ophic utilizing n utilizing bacteria fungi bacteria fungi (cfu/g) x (cfu/g) x (cfu/g) x 103 (cfu/g) x 108 104 102 Rhizopus stotonifer, Trichoderma spp. SS12 1.79 7.0 10.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Aspergillus wentu, Fusarium spp. Table 3.13: Microbial properties of soil samples from the study area (Dry Season) Sample Total Total Total Total Predominant species of micro organisms code heterotro heterotr hydrocarbon hydrocarbo isolated phic ophic utilizing n utilizing bacteria fungi bacteria fungi (cfu/g) x (cfu/g) x (cfu/g) x 103 (cfu/g) x 108 104 102 TS1 1.890 7.0 21.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Mucor spp, Trichoderma spp. SS1 1.740 4.0 18.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Penicillium spp, Rhizopus stotonifer. TS2 2.310 6.0 24.0 5.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium spp. SS2 1.530 3.0 16.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium spp TS3 1.950 10.0 22.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Aspergillus wentu, Mucor spp. SS3 1.690 5.0 18.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Trichoderma spp. TS4 1.890 4.0 19.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stotonifer. SS4 1.180 7.0 13.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Mucor spp, Penicillium spp. TS5 1.550 5.0 20.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium spp. SS5 1.370 3.0 16.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Aspergillus niger, Mucor spp. TS6 2.140 10.0 23.0 6.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Trichoderma spp. SS6 1.040 8.0 12.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Aspergillus wentu, Penicillium spp. TS7 1.670 11.0 17.0 5.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. SS7 1.390 6.0 14.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Penicillium spp, Rhizopus stotonifer. TS8 1.890 5.0 19.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichoderma spp. SS8 1.480 7.0 15.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. TS9 2.230 6.0 24.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. SS9 1.770 8.0 18.0 6.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium spp. TS10 1.910 4.0 20.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium spp. SS10 1.150 7.0 12.0 5.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Aspergillus wentu, Trichoderma spp. TS11 2.410 8.0 25.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucor spp. SS11 1.740 5.0 18.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp. TS12 1.530 6.0 16.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Trichoderma spp. SS12 1.27 3.0 13.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Aspergillus wentu, Fusarium spp. An overview of the soil analysis results is provided below: 43 o Heavy metals: Heavy metals concentrations were generally low at all sampling stations and only detectable in trace amounts, similar to natural occurrence levels prescribed by Allen et., 1979. Topsoil samples generally showed higher heavy metal concentrations compared to the subsoil samples. In both the wet and dry seasons, iron (Fe) was the most abundant (1193.6-1949.13mg/kg and 259.24-1765.28mg/kg respectively) followed by zinc, then chromium. Zinc ranged between 9.64 and 318.05mg/kg in the wet season and <0.001 – 30.38mg/kg in the dry season. These values fall within the limit of 5-500mg/kg for Zn in soil. Similarly, the concentrations of chromium (<0.001-168.23mg/kg in the wet season; <0.001-121.14mg/kg in the dry season) and nickel (<0.001- 7.78mg/kg in the wet season and <0.001mg/kg – 23.21mg/kg in the dry season) fall within the prescribed limits of 10-200mg/kg and 5-500mg/kg respectively. The concentration of heavy metals recorded in the soil samples from the study area suggest that the soil environment of the project area is not polluted. o Cations concentrations: In the wet season, calcium ions recorded the highest concentration with a range of 31.13-986.23mg/kg, followed by K, then Na. Magnesium recorded the lowest concentration with a range of 19.2-53.03mg/kg. In the dry season, the concentrations of exhibited by the cations were: 6.57-519.08mg/kg, 4.0-131.87mg/kg, 0.42-99.17mg/kg, 6.18-49.37mg/kg for Ca, K, Na and Mg respectively. o Anions: Soil anions include chloride, sulphate, and phosphate. Among the anions, chloride recorded the highest concentrations with a range of 6.5- 100mg/kg in the wet season and 0-50mg/kg in the dry season. This was followed by sulphate with a range of 0-34.35mg/kg in the wet season and 21.28-56.77mg/kg in the dry season. Phosphase had the least concentration with a range of 0-2.95mg/kg in the wet season and 0- 2.51mg/kg in the dry season. o The pH of the soil samples varied from acidic to slightly alkaline. In the wet season, pH values ranged from 3.47-7.16 and 4.13-8.18 in the dry season The pH values of a soil have effects on plants by influencing the availability of macro and micro-nutrients, which are building blocks of sugars and proteins needed by plants. Soil pH of 4.8 is regarded as the lower limit for optimum growth of crops while pH of 9.5 is regarded as the upper limit of alkalinity beyond which crops become stressed. o Electrical conductivity: The electrical conductivity of soil expresses its total ionic strength (both cations and anions). Low total ionic strength indicates low dissolved salt content and vice versa. The electrical conductivity of the soil samples ranged from 11.1-21.4µS/cm n the wet season and 0-102.8µS/cm in the dry season. 44 o Total Organic Carbons (TOC): In the wet season the TOC concentration in the soil samples ramged from 0.2mg/kg to 3.73mg/kg while in the dry season, a range of 0.399 to 3.99mg/kg was recorded. o The total heterotrophic bacteria in the soil samples ranged from 1.23 x 108 to 2.30 x 108 cfu/g in the wet season and 1.04 x 108 to 2.41 x 108 cfu/g in the dry season while total heterotrophic fungi had a range of 1.0 x 104 to 13 x 104 cfu/g and 3 x 104 to 11 x 104cfu/g in the wet and dry seasons respectively. Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi in the soil samples were recorded low. Their population in the soil samples was less than 1% of the heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. E. coli bacteria were not detected in the soil samples. 3.5 Flora (Vegetation) Assessment of vegetation at various sampling locations was based on the following: o Physiognomy o Floristic Composition and Species Identity o Vegetation Profile o Ecosystem Types o Economic Plants Inventory and Biodiversity Assessment A. Physiognomy The project site recorded a variety of anthropogenic activities (Plate 3.1). The existing vegetation is largely secondary in nature and typifies a derived savannah with abundance of grasses and herbs and few clumped or scattered trees, especially in the swampy forest region. This grassland vegetation covers most part of the project site. The vegetation (mostly grasses and herbs) appeared pale brown and withered during the dry season survey owing to their inability to withstand the harsh climatic condition (Plate 3.2) whilst vegetation around the swampy forest were observed to be ever- green. 45 Plate 3.1: Tree cutting, an indication of anthropogenic influence in the study area A B Plate 3.2: Withered flora species during the Dry season in ‘A’ compared to the ever -green flora species of the wet season in ‘B’ B. Floristic Composition and Species Identity The project site recorded a variety of plant species. Tables 3.14 and 3.15 show a list of plant species encountered during sampling activities in the wet and dry seasons respectively. Flora species were noted to be more abundant during the wet season than the dry season. The most commonly encountered plant species identified during the wet and dry season survey are included in Table 3.16. Table 3.14: Plant Species Encountered in the Study Area (Wet Season) Sampling Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Description of Plant Species Location Location VEG1 060 33' 47.2 ̎ 0030 36'36.9 ̎ Secondary Ageratum conyzoides Succession Anthocleista vogelii Asystasia gigantica Azadiractha indica Bambusa vulgaris Chromolaena odorata Cocos nucifera Elaeis guineensis Eragrostis tenella, Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbia hirta Imperata cylindrica Musa paradisca Newbouldia laevis Panicum maximum Tridax procumbens VEG 2 060 33' 39.9 ̎ 0030 37' 21.8 ̎ Secondary Anthocleista djalonenesis Succession Azadiractha indica Chromolaena odorata Elaeis guineensis Ocimum basilicum Panicum laxum 46 Sampling Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Description of Plant Species Location Location Panicum maximum Panicum repens Psidium guajava Tridax procumbens VEG 3 060 33' 28.1 0030 37' 34.9 ̎ Cleared Land / Alstonia congensis Secondary Drynaria laureutii Succession Mimosa pudica Panicum laxum Panicum maximum Panicum repens VEG 4 060 33' 50.7 003037' 26.2 ̎ Derived Savanna Andropogun tectorun Chromolaena odorata Imperata cylindrica Panicum maximum VEG 5 06034'01.4 0030 37' 24.2 ̎ Cleared land Alchornea cordifolia very close to a Alstonia congensis Wetland Anthocleista djalonenesis Avicenia germinans Azadiractha indica Bridelia micrantha Chromolaena odorata Digitaria sp Elaeis guineensis Nymphaea lotus Paspalum virginatum VEG 6 060 33' 34.8 0030 37' 35.6 ̎ Secondary Anthocleista djalonenesis Succession Anthocleista djalonenesis Avicennia germinans Chromolaena odorata Imperata cylindrica Panicum maximum Panicum repens Raphia hookerie Tridax procumbens VEG 7 06033' 36.4 0030 37' 41.8 ̎ Disturbed Asystasia gigantica Wetland Chromolaena odorata Chromolaena odorata Nymphaea lotus Paspalum virginatum Pennisetum purpureum Tridax procumbens VEG 8 060 33' 21.6 0030 37' 46.6 ̎ Secondary Anthocleista djalonenesis Succession Avicennia germinans Lantana camara Panicum maximum Pennisetum purpureum Spigelia anthelmia Tridax procumbens Vitex doniana VEG 9 060 33' 34.0 0030 37' 53.6 ̎ Disturbed Chromolaena odorata Wetland Chromolaena odorata Paspalum virginatum Pennisetum purpureum Spigelia anthelmia Tridax procumbens VEG 10 06033' 22.2 0030 38' 11.5 ̎ Fringing Bryophyllum pinnatum Mangrove Calotropis procera vegetation Dryopteris sp. Eichhornia crassipes Psidium guajava Raphia hookeri 47 Sampling Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Description of Plant Species Location Location Rhizophora racemosa Spigelia anthelmia Terminalia cattapa VEG 11 060 33' 51.0 ̎ 0030 37' 59.4 ̎ Fresh Water Acalypha wilkesiana Swamp Forest Anthocleista djalonenesis Avicennia germinans Colocasia esculenta Drynaria laurentii Dryopteris sp. VEG 12 060 34'26.5 ̎ 0030 37' 39.8 ̎ Secondary Bambusa vulgaris Succession Calotropis procera Carica papaya Chromolaena odorata Colocasi esculenta Combretum sp Cybopogun citratus Dioscorea esculenta Musa sapientum Physalis micrantha Saccharum officinale Sida acuta Table 3.15: Plant Species Encountered in the Study Area (Dry Season) Sampling Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Description of Plant Species Location Location VEG1 060 33' 47.2 ̎ 0030 36'36.9 ̎ Secondary Ageratum conyzoides Succession Anthocleista vogelii Asystasia gigantica Azadiractha indica Bambusa vulgaris Chromolaena odorata Cocos nucifera Elaeis guineensis Eragrostis tenella, Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbia hirta Imperata cylindrica Musa paradisca Newbouldia laevis Panicum maximum Tridax procumbens VEG 2 060 33' 39.9 ̎ 0030 37' 21.8 ̎ Secondary Anthocleista djalonenesis Succession Azadiractha indica Chromolaena odorata Elaeis guineensis Ocimum basilicum Panicum laxum 48 Sampling Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Description of Plant Species Location Location Panicum maximum Panicum repens Psidium guajava Tridax procumbens VEG 3 060 33' 28.1 0030 37' 34.9 ̎ Cleared Land / Alstonia congensis Secondary Drynaria laureutii Succession Mimosa pudica Panicum laxum Panicum maximum Panicum repens VEG 4 060 33' 50.7 003037' 26.2 ̎ Derived Savanna Andropogun tectorun Chromolaena odorata Imperata cylindrica Panicum maximum VEG 5 06034'01.4 0030 37' 24.2 ̎ Cleared land Alchornea cordifolia very close to a Alstonia congensis Wetland Anthocleista djalonenesis Avicenia germinans Azadiractha indica Bridelia micrantha Chromolaena odorata Digitaria sp Elaeis guineensis Nymphaea lotus Paspalum virginatum VEG 6 060 33' 34.8 0030 37' 35.6 ̎ Secondary Anthocleista djalonenesis Succession Anthocleista djalonenesis Avicennia germinans Chromolaena odorata Imperata cylindrica Panicum maximum Panicum repens Raphia hookerie Tridax procumbens VEG 7 06033' 36.4 0030 37' 41.8 ̎ Disturbed Asystasia gigantica Wetland Chromolaena odorata Chromolaena odorata Nymphaea lotus Paspalum virginatum Pennisetum purpureum 49 Sampling Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Description of Plant Species Location Location Tridax procumbens VEG 8 060 33' 21.6 0030 37' 46.6 ̎ Secondary Anthocleista djalonenesis Succession Avicennia germinans Lantana camara Panicum maximum Pennisetum purpureum Spigelia anthelmia Tridax procumbens Vitex doniana VEG 9 060 33' 34.0 0030 37' 53.6 ̎ Disturbed Chromolaena odorata Wetland Chromolaena odorata Paspalum virginatum Pennisetum purpureum Spigelia anthelmia Tridax procumbens VEG 10 06033' 22.2 0030 38' 11.5 ̎ Fringing Bryophyllum pinnatum Mangrove Calotropis procera vegetation Dryopteris sp. Eichhornia crassipes Psidium guajava Raphia hookeri Rhizophora racemosa Spigelia anthelmia Terminalia cattapa VEG 11 060 33' 51.0 ̎ 0030 37' 59.4 ̎ Fresh Water Acalypha wilkesiana Swamp Forest Anthocleista djalonenesis Avicennia germinans Colocasia esculenta Drynaria laurentii Dryopteris sp. VEG 12 060 34'26.5 ̎ 0030 37' 39.8 ̎ Secondary Bambusa vulgaris Succession Calotropis procera Carica papaya Chromolaena odorata Colocasi esculenta Combretum sp Cybopogun citratus Dioscorea esculenta Musa sapientum Physalis micrantha 50 Sampling Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Description of Plant Species Location Location Saccharum officinale Sida acuta Table 3.16: Most Common Flora species identified in the Study Area Species Common name Family name Habit Alchornea cordifolia Cabbage tree Loganiaceae Shrub Alstonia congensis Devil’s Tree Apocynaceae Tree Anthocleista vogelii Cabbage tree Loganiaceae Tree Avicenia germinans Black mangrove Acanthaceae Shrub Azadiractha indica Dongoyaro/Neem tree Meliaceae Tree Calotropis procera Apple of sodom Apocynaceae Shrub Chromolaena odorata Siam weed Asteraceae Herb Cybopogun citratus Lemon grass Poaceae Herb Elaeis guineensis Oil palm tree Palmae Shrub Musa paradisca Plantain Musaceae Shrub Panicum laxum Lax panicgrass Poaceae Herb Panicum maximum Torpedo rice Poaceae Herb Raphia hookerie Raphia Palmae Shrub Spigelia anthelmia - Loganiaceae Herb Tridax procumbens Coat button Asteraceae Herb 51 Plate 3.3: Alstonia boonei Plate 3.4: Chromolaena odorata Plate 3.5: Alchornea cordifolia Plate 3.6: Spigelia anthelmia Plate 3.7: Calotropis procera Plate 3.8: Avicennia germinans C. Vegetation Profile Plant species were observed to occur as herbs, grasses, sedges, creepers, shrubs and trees with herbaceous species occurring in abundance. Figure 3.3 below 52 depicts the various leaf forms of plant species encountered during vegetation assessment by the study team. A B C D Figure 3.3: Variations in the leaf forms of plants encountered on the proposed site. They represent an index to over time climatic responses of the plants. (A) Leptophylls, these are smaller than 25mm²; (B) Nanophylls these are 25 – 225mm² (C) Microphylls, these are 225 – 20255mm². (D) Mesophylls, these are 2,025 – 18,225 mm (Daubenmire, 1968) The study area is observed to have been affected by anthropogenic activities; hence the land is not virgin ecologically. The vertical and horizontal arrangement of species as well as spatial distribution of individual species is depicted below in a scaled profile diagram of the vegetation types encountered in the assessment (Figure 3.4). 53 Figure 3.4: Vegetation profile of the study site. Tree width varies from 15cm to 1.5m. D. Ecosystem Types Ecosystem types encountered during ecological survey were observed and classified accordingly. The various ecosystem types include: mangrove; wetlands; fresh water swamp forest; abandoned farm land/secondary succession; and derived savanna. Mangrove The Mangroves are salt-tolerant characteristic complex plant communities usually occurring in low lying swamp land associated with rivers and Lagoon near the coast and under the influence of sea. The plant community of a mangrove swamp is most commonly termed “mangal”, a forest with a dense canopy, also known as mangrove swamp forest or, simply, mangrove. The mangrove forest of Nigeria is the largest in Africa and third largest in the world after India and Indonesia (Macintosh and Ashton, 2003). The Mangrove area was observed to be dominated by stilt rooted Rhizophora racemosa (Plate 3.9) about 30 feet high. The silts roots all bear many breathing pores (of value for a plant growing in a poorly aerated mud). Each silt root gives off many fine rootlets, so many that a thick, felted, peaty mat is formed that one may walk over without inconvenience. Both root types give stability to the plant in the soft rising mud. Additional aerial root may be seen hanging from the branches of the tress. Fresh water Eichhornia crassipies (Plate 3.10) were observed to be less abundant during the study within the mangrove area. This is due to higher salinity values recorded in dry months which is related to the high rate of evaporation from water bodies. 54 Plate 3.9: Rhizophora recemosa Plate 3.10: Eichhornia crassipies Wetlands The Ramsar Convention on wetlands define the term wetlands as area of marsh, fen, peat-land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tides does not exceed six meters (Smart, 1997). Free floating and submerged water wetland species were observed around this area. They include; Nymphaea lotus, Pistia stratiotes and Vossia cuspidata. Some indicator fresh water species observed include; Alstonia sp., Dryopteris sp., Anthocleista djalonenesis and Elaeis guineensis. Note that artificial wetlands (WL2 & WL3 from map below) encountered during the wet season survey were observed to have dried up in the dry season. LEGEND WL1-3 WETLAND 1 to 3 CNL IPP SITE Figure 3.5: Wetland locations within and around the Project Site 55 A B Plate 3.11: (A) Dryopteris species; (B) Nymphaea lotus Fresh Water Ecosystem Swamp Forest Soil in the fresh water ecosystem is water-logged, poorly aerated and poor nutritionally. Hence, plant species in this area develop pneumatophores (specialized aerial roots that serve respiratory functions in poorly aerated soils (Plate 3.12)). However, during the dry season survey, the fresh water swamp forest was observed to be less water –logged and littered with fallen leaves (Plate 3.13). Plate 3.12: Pneumatophoruos roots 56 A B Plate 3.13: Littered and less water-logged Fresh water swamp during the dry season in ‘A’ compared to the very water-logged Fresh water swamp of the wet season in ‘B’ Abandoned Farm Land/ Secondary Succession This area was observed to be already sand filled and the vegetation growing here are secondary because of succession. Derived Savanna The derive savanna usually results from destruction of forest for agriculture and subsequent burning. This area is characterized with major grassland coverer age with patches of shrubs and smaller trees including Elaeis guineensis. E. Economic Plants Inventory and Biodiversity Assessment The ecological status of the species was evaluated and classified appropriately according to the IUCN, 2001 threat categories. The gifts of nature are almost unlimited and a variety of useful products are obtained from the plant kingdom. Economic plants, which are essentials for the wellbeing of mankind, vary in uses and can be classified under the following: food, vegetables, fruits, oilseed, sugar, spice & condiments, medicinal beverages, timber, paper production, ornamental, etc. Table 3.17 below presents the economic plants observed in the study area with their biodiversity status. 57 Table 3.17: Economic plants in the study area and their biodiversity status Plant Species Common Name Family Name Use Biodiversity Status Acalypha Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Not Threatened wilkesiana Ageratum Goat weed Asteraceae Medicinal Not Threatened conyzoides Alstonia boonei Devil’s Tree Apocynaceae Medicinal, Boat Not Threatened Andropogun Giant bluestem Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened tectorun Anthocleista Cabbage tree Loganiaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Vogelii Asystasia Indian Asystasia Acanthaceae Medicinal Not Threatened gigantica Avicenia Black mangrove Acanthaceae Medicinal Not Threatened germinans Azadiractha Dongoyaro/ Meliaceae Medicinal Not Threatened indica Neem tree Bambusa Bamboo Poaceae Timber Not Threatened vulgaris Bridelia Coastal golden Phyllanthaceae Medicinal Endangered micrantha leaf Calotropis Apple of sodom Apocynaceae Medicinal Not Threatened procera Carica papaya Pawpaw Caricaceae Food, Medicinal Not Threatened Chromolaena Siam weed Asteraceae Medicinal Not Threatened odorata Cocos nucifera Coconut Palmae Food, Medicinal Not Threatened Colocasia Cocoyam Araceae Food, Medicinal Not Threatened esculenta Combretum sp. Bush Willows Combretaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Cybopogun Lemon grass Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened citratus Digitaria sp. Crab grass Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Dioscorea White Yam Dioscoraceae Food Not Threatened rotundata Drynaria Basket ferns Polypodiaceae - Endangered laureutii Dryopteris sp. Wood ferns dryopteridaceae - Not Threatened Eichhornia Water hyacinth pontederiaceae - Not Threatened crassipes Elaeis guineensis Oil palm tree Palmae Oil Not Threatened Euphorbia - Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Not Threatened heterophylla Euphorbia hirta - Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Imperata Spear grass Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened cylindrica Lantana camara Wild sage Verbenaceae Ornamental Not Threatened Mimosa pudica ‘Touch Me Not’ Mimosaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Musa paradisca Plantain Musaceae Food Not Threatened 58 Plant Species Common Name Family Name Use Biodiversity Status Musa sapientum Banana Musaceae Food Not Threatened Newbouldia Chieftaincy tree Bignoniaceae Medicinal Not Threatened laevis Nymphaea lotus Water lily Nymphaeaceae - Not Threatened Ocimum Basil Lamiaceae Spice, Medicinal Not Threatened basilicum Panicum laxum Lax panicgrass Poaceae Medicinal, Not Threatened Forage Panicum Torpedo rice Poaceae Medicinal, Not Threatened maximum Forage Paspalum Turfgrass Poaceae Forage Not Threatened virginatum Pennisetum Elephant grass Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened purpureum Physalis - Solanaceae Medicinal Not Threatened micrantha Piper guinense Guinea pepper Piperaceae Spice Not Threatened Psidium guajava Guava Myrtaceae Food Not Threatened Raphia hookerie Raphia Palmae Textile, Not Threatened Construction Rhizophora True mangrove Rhizophoraceae Fuel Not Threatened racemosa Saccharum Sugar cane Poaceae Food Not Threatened officinale Sida acuta Broomweed Malvaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Spigelia - Loganiaceae Ornamental Not Threatened anthelmia Terminalia Almond Combretaceae Food Not Threatened cattapa Tridax Coat button Asteraceae Medicinal Not Threatened procumbens 3.6 Fauna (Wildlife) Fauna species recorded in the study area were classified into the following; Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians, Aves, Insects and Mollusc (Table 3.18). Some of the fauna species in the area were based on interviews with inhabitants. There were a vast number of insects in the area and these include Termites, Moths, Black ant and Soldier ants. Varieties of species from the Group “Amphibians” are ably represented by different species of Toad and Frog while the molluscs through their shells were identified. 59 Table 3.18: List of Fauna Species recorded in the study area S/N Local names Species Family Group Biodiversity status African clawed Xenopus tropicalis Pipidae Amphibia 1. frog Least concern African giant Archispirostreptus Spirostretidae Arthropoda 2. millipede gigas Not evaluated African giant rat Crecetomys Nesomyidae Mammal/ 3. gambianus Rodent Least concern African green Treton calvus Columbidae Aves 4. pigeon Least concern African Palm Cypsivurus parvus Apodidae Aves 5. Swift Not evaluated African tree Heliosciurus Sciuridae Mammal/ 6. squirrel gambianus Rodent Least concern African yellow Scotophilus Vespertilionidae Mammal 7. bat dinganii Least concern 8. Black ant Lasius niger Formicidae Insecta Not evaluated 9. Black Kite Muluus migrans Accipitridae Aves Least concern 10. Boa Boa constrietor Boidae Reptilia Not evaluated Bush fowl Francolinus Phasianidae Aves 11. bicalcaratus Not evaluated 12. Cattle egret Ardeola ibis Ardeidae Aves Least concern Crested Hystrix cristata Hystricidae Mammal/ 13. Porcupine Rodent Least concern Dragon fly Acanthaeschna Aeishnidae Insecta 14. victoria Vulnerable Earthworm Lumbricus Acanthodrilidae Annelida 15. terrestris Not evaluated Giant African Sphodromantis Mantidae Insecta 16. mantis viridis Not evaluated Grasscutter Thryonomys Thryonomyidae Mammal 17. swinderrianus Least concern Green fruit Treron australis Columbidae Aves 18. Pigeon Least concern 19. Land Slug Limax maximus Limacidae Mollusca Not evaluated Little African Apus affinis Apodidae Aves 20. Swift Least concern Mona monkey Cercopithecus Cercopithecidae Mammal 21. mona Least concern 22. Monitor lizard Varanus albigularis Varanidae Reptilia Not evaluated Moth Chrysiridia Uraniidae Insecta 23. rhipheus Not evaluated 24. Ojola Python sebae Pythonidae Reptilia Not evaluated 25. Oka Bitis gabonica Viperidae Reptilia Not evaluated Red patch Chlosyne rosita Nymphalidae Insecta 26. butterfly Not evaluated 27. Sebe Naja melanoleuca Viperidae Reptilia Not evaluated Senegal coucal Centropus Cuculidae Aves 28. senegalensis Least concern 60 S/N Local names Species Family Group Biodiversity status 29. Snail Achatina achatina Achatinidae Mollusca Not Listed Soldier ant Strongylognathus Formicidae Insecta 30. alboini Vulnerable 31. Spider Araneidae Arachnida Not evaluated Striped ground Xerus erythropus Sciuridae Mammal 32. squirrel Least concern Termite Trinervitermes Termitidae Insecta 33. trinervoides Least concern 34. Toad Bufo bufo Bufonidae Amphibia Least concern White patch Chiomara asychis Hesperiidae Insecta 35. butterfly Not evaluated A B C D Plate 3.14: (A) A Dragon Fly, (B) A Formicary, (C) Decaying Milipede; (D) Decaying remains of a piscivorous avifauna species 61 Plate 3.15: A hunter’s shed showing evidence of hunting within the Project site 3.7 Surface Water The results of surface water analysis in the wet and dry seasons are presented in Tables 3.19 to 3.26. Table 3.19: Physico-chemical results of surface water samples from the study area (Wet Season) Sample pH Electrical Tempera DO TDS NH3 NO3- NO2 PO43- SO42- BOD5 COD TSS Turb- Colour Code Conductivity ture (0C) mg/l Idty Pt Co (µS/cm) (NTU) A 7.1 200 29.8 5.0 95.6 0.35 19.6 5.96 0.05 13.72 4.50 7.92 27.10 15.4 18.50 B 7.2 121 30.6 4.9 60.9 0.28 7.3 2.22 0.10 13.55 3.10 5.46 26.75 15.2 20.15 C 7.2 146 30.1 5.3 65.5 0.10 3.7 1.12 0.04 11.74 3.80 6.69 25.70 14.6 15.30 D 7.2 114 29.4 5.0 64.5 0.20 6.9 2.10 0.06 12.89 2.10 3.70 27.46 15.6 17.50 AE1 6.9 111 29.7 5.2 57.7 0.25 4.7 1.43 0.03 11.74 2.40 4.22 29.74 16.9 18.30 AE2 7.1 116 28.5 4.8 58.0 0.21 7.4 2.25 0.14 9.65 1.90 3.34 29.04 16.5 18.10 AW1 7.2 112 28.6 5.4 56.4 0.21 14.4 4.38 0.06 10.05 3.10 5.46 27.46 15.6 21.50 AW2 7.1 110 29.5 5.3 56.7 0.30 1.7 0.52 0.07 12.42 2.15 3.78 26.05 14.8 18.30 BE1 6.9 113 29.9 5.6 57.1 0.22 12.4 3.77 0.06 12.06 4.10 7.22 30.45 17.3 17.5 BE2 6.9 110 29.8 5.0 56.8 0.28 1.1 0.33 0.15 10.74 3.60 6.34 30.45 17.3 23.16 BW1 6.8 108 29.8 5.2 54.5 0.35 17.4 5.29 0.05 11.57 3.51 6.18 27.63 15.7 20.12 BW2 6.8 111 29.9 5.3 55.0 0.28 13.1 3.98 0.08 13.55 2.85 5.02 28.86 16.4 17.30 CE1 7.1 146 30.1 5.1 75.4 0.17 11.7 3.56 0.13 12.56 3.30 5.81 26.93 15.3 15.25 CE2 6.8 121 29.3 5.1 60.2 0.29 18.7 5.68 0.10 11.41 1.95 3.43 27.98 15.9 28.30 CW1 6.8 119 29.1 5.6 60.8 0.25 7.8 2.37 0.06 13.06 2.16 3.80 27.28 15.5 15.30 CW2 6.7 136 29.2 4.9 67.0 0.33 19.0 5.78 0.05 9.75 2.15 3.78 25.70 14.6 15.10 DE1 7.7 144.5 29.2 4.8 76.1 0.17 10.4 3.16 0.15 11.74 3.06 5.39 30.10 17.1 17.30 DE2 7.5 209 30.2 5.0 102 0.24 15.7 4.77 0.08 11.90 3.12 5.49 27.10 15.4 17.50 DW1 7.2 156.2 29.8 5.0 72.5 0.15 10.4 3.16 0.02 11.07 3.51 6.18 25.17 14.3 14,20 DW2 6.8 162 29.2 4.8 87.0 0.10 8.1 2.46 0.12 10.74 2.70 4.75 25.87 14.7 15.20 CTR1 6.9 150 29.3 5.2 74.0 0.20 22.3 6.78 0.08 11.90 2.80 4.93 28.51 16.2 15.60 CTR2 6.8 104 29.9 5.1 53.0 0.21 19.6 5.96 0.11 10.58 3.15 5.54 24.29 13.8 18.30 CTR3 6.5 119.2 30.2 5.1 60.0 0.31 17.9 5.44 0.05 10.08 3.03 5.33 25.17 14.3 14.21 FMEnv 6.0 NS 20-33 6.8 NS 2.2 NS NS NS NS 4.0 NS NS NS NS Standard - for water 9.0 quality (aquatic life) NS=Not Specified Table 3.20: Heavy metals and hydrocarbon concentrations of surface water samples (Wet Season) Sample Fe Cd Pb Zn Ni Cr Cu Hg V THC Oil & Code Grease 62 mg/l A 0.409 0.309 <0.001 0.039 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 8.32 <0.001 B 0.546 0.046 <0.001 0.035 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 5.73 <0.001 C 0.625 1.056 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 7.02 <0.001 D <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 3.89 <0.001 AE1 0.407 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 4.43 <0.001 AE2 0.252 0.127 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 3.51 <0.001 AW1 0.203 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 5.73 <0.001 AW2 0.875 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 3.97 <0.001 BE1 0.197 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 7.58 <0.001 BE2 0.255 0.040 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 6.66 <0.001 BW1 0.508 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 6.49 <0.001 BW2 0.607 0.598 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 5.27 <0.001 CE1 0.514 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 6.10 <0.001 CE2 0.331 0.054 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 3.60 <0.001 CW1 0.331 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 3.99 <0.001 CW2 0.616 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 3.97 <0.001 DE1 0.360 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 5.66 <0.001 DE2 0.151 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 5.76 <0.001 DW1 0.421 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 6.49 <0.001 DW2 0.764 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 4.99 <0.001 CTR1 0.261 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 5.18 <0.001 CTR2 1.148 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 5.82 <0.001 CTR3 0.837 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 5.60 <0.001 FMEnv 1.0 0.2-1.8 0.0017 50 0.025- 0.002 0.004 0.001 0.1 NS NS Standard 0.15 for water quality (aquatic life) NS=Not Specified Table 3.21: Cations Concentrations of surface water samples (Wet Season) Sample Code Na (mg/l) K (mg/l) Mg (mg/l) Ca (mg/l) A 43.39 3.82 2.13 0.280 B 37.79 3.71 2.65 0.055 C 36.62 3.59 2.29 <0.001 D 41.53 3.71 3.60 <0.001 AE1 44.07 3.65 3.64 <0.001 AE2 41.86 3.85 3.78 <0.001 AW1 39.52 3.69 4.70 <0.001 AW2 40.24 3.72 4.24 <0.001 BE1 47.70 3.89 4.29 0.020 BE2 43.43 3.73 4.20 0.120 BW1 43.02 3.76 4.35 0.095 BW2 44.03 3.77 4.50 0.125 CE1 45.85 3.68 3.76 0.090 CE2 43.23 3.76 4.16 0.050 CW1 43.91 3.88 3.94 0.150 CW2 44.31 3.87 4.41 0.205 DE1 47.90 3.82 4.48 0.235 DE2 45.72 3.93 4.58 0.225 DW1 46.81 3.98 4.86 0.240 DW2 49.55 3.83 4.31 0.305 CTR1 64.98 4.85 4.50 26.86 CTR2 52.73 3.85 4.77 0.705 CTR3 51.73 3.86 4.49 0.480 FMEnv Standard NS NS NS NS for water quality (aquatic life) 63 NS=Not Specified Table 3.22: Physico-chemical results of surface water samples from the study area (Dry Season) Sample pH Electrical Temperature DO TDS NH3 NO3- NO2 PO43- SO42- BOD5 COD TSS Turb- Colour Code Conductivity (0C) mg/l Idty Pt Co (µS/cm) (NTU) A 7.20 216 32.8 5.1 102.7 0.88 24.124 37.864 0.07 45.118 3.2 14.26 21.41 6.5 16.10 AE1 7.15 127 29.7 4.8 60.2 0.63 13.937 11.456 0.00 43.858 4.7 6.33 23.49 7.9 17.53 AE2 7.13 138 28.4 5.0 82.3 0.53 12.454 19.547 0.04 66.850 3.2 5.44 22.94 9.8 13.31 AW1 7.18 156 31.2 5.4 89.4 0.53 28.110 23.107 0.03 40.394 3.3 6.55 21.69 7.6 15.23 AW2 7.22 146 30.8 5.3 69.2 0.75 11.969 9.838 0.06 46.693 4.5 5.29 20.58 9.0 15.92 B 7.29 133.4 30.7 5.2 68.2 0.70 5.196 8.155 0.02 47.55 4.0 10.37 21.13 7.9 15.75 BE1 7.17 132 28.6 5.6 79 0.55 9.814 15.405 0.05 43.465 3.5 9.75 24.06 7.5 18.71 BE2 7.17 196 28.4 5.5 100 0.70 10.969 8.155 0.02 47.55 2.8 12.05 24.06 11.2 15.92 BW1 7.12 143.3 31.0 6.0 82.5 0.88 7.381 11.586 0.00 43.465 4.8 10.82 21.83 7.8 15.23 BW2 7.19 180 30.2 5.2 93.5 0.70 11.181 9.191 0.11 48.661 3.3 9.14 22.80 7.8 20.15 C 7.36 162 30.9 5.2 71.3 0.50 7.835 12.298 0.05 43.307 4.2 12.51 20.30 10.2 17.50 CE1 7.37 149 31.0 5.4 78.4 0.43 8.577 13.463 0.11 41.811 4.8 9.94 21.27 8.5 15.05 CE2 7.11 170 28.9 5.0 99.7 0.73 8.041 12.621 0.05 50.472 3.2 5.73 22.10 10.9 13.27 CW1 7.23 136 30.9 5.0 83.8 0.63 7.835 12.298 0.05 54.961 4.3 6.65 21.55 8.3 24.62 CW2 7.17 154.5 30.5 5.3 73.4 0.83 14.646 12.039 0.00 44.016 2.8 5.25 20.30 8.0 13.31 D 7.36 132 30.8 5.1 70.5 0.50 8.247 12.945 0.06 46.457 3.6 8.51 21.69 8.1 13.14 DE1 7.36 119 31.0 4.9 60.3 0.43 24.247 20.324 0.05 40.079 2.4 11.27 23.78 8.2 15.05 DE2 7.17 406 28.7 5.0 138.5 0.60 7.134 11.197 0.06 50.236 2.5 10.71 21.41 8.1 15.23 DW1 7.12 193 30.4 5.3 96.9 0.38 9.649 15.146 0.02 53.071 3.0 11.19 19.88 7.9 12.35 DW2 7.22 193.8 30.5 5.2 102 0.25 9.031 14.175 0.06 37.323 2.8 8.31 20.44 7.9 13.22 7.12 178 30.4 5.3 86.3 0.50 8.867 0.03 38.346 4.1 8.28 22.52 8.4 9.75 CTR1 5.649 7.06 186 28.9 5.4 94.5 0.53 8.285 0.04 37.717 2.7 10.53 19.19 8.7 19.05 CTR2 5.278 7.08 152.6 28.5 5.4 89.0 0.78 8.867 0.03 38.740 4.1 8.79 19.88 9.5 18.37 CTR3 5.649 FMEnv 6.0 - NS 20-33 6.8 NS 2.2 NS NS NS NS 4.0 NS NS NS NS Standard 9.0 for water quality (aquatic life) NS=Not Specified Table 3.23: Heavy metals and hydrocarbon concentrations of surface water samples (Dry Season) Sample Fe Cd Pb Zn Ni Cr Cu Hg V THC Oil & Code Grease mg/l A 0.238 <0.001 <0.001 0.377 0.113 <0.001 0.175 <0.001 <0.001 6.57 <0.001 AE1 0.171 <0.001 <0.001 0.296 <0.001 0.427 0.150 <0.001 <0.001 6.65 <0.001 AE2 0.258 <0.001 <0.001 0.307 <0.001 <0.001 0.311 <0.001 <0.001 5.72 <0.001 AW1 0.203 <0.001 <0.001 0.280 <0.001 <0.001 0.287 <0.001 <0.001 6.88 <0.001 AW2 0.125 <0.001 <0.001 0.275 <0.001 <0.001 0.243 <0.001 <0.001 5.56 <0.001 B 0.064 <0.001 <0.001 0.274 <0.001 <0.001 0.227 <0.001 <0.001 4.53 <0.001 BE1 0.206 <0.001 <0.001 0.273 <0.001 <0.001 0.187 <0.001 <0.001 5.99 <0.001 BE2 0.145 <0.001 <0.001 0.288 <0.001 <0.001 0.148 <0.001 <0.001 5.26 <0.001 BW1 0.299 <0.001 <0.001 0.316 0.097 <0.001 0.266 <0.001 <0.001 5.13 <0.001 BW2 0.374 <0.001 <0.001 0.306 <0.001 <0.001 0.283 <0.001 <0.001 4.16 <0.001 C 0.342 <0.001 <0.001 0.286 <0.001 <0.001 0.241 <0.001 <0.001 5.55 <0.001 CE1 0.235 <0.001 <0.001 0.298 <0.001 <0.001 0.255 <0.001 <0.001 4.82 <0.001 CE2 0.197 <0.001 <0.001 0.296 <0.001 <0.001 0.241 <0.001 <0.001 2.84 <0.001 CW1 0.076 <0.001 <0.001 0.276 <0.001 <0.001 0.203 <0.001 <0.001 3.15 <0.001 CW2 0.139 <0.001 <0.001 0.287 <0.001 <0.001 0.350 <0.001 <0.001 5.52 <0.001 D 0.005 <0.001 <0.001 0.290 <0.001 <0.001 0.333 <0.001 <0.001 3.07 <0.001 DE1 0.023 <0.001 <0.001 0.285 <0.001 <0.001 0.257 <0.001 <0.001 4.47 <0.001 DE2 0.232 <0.001 <0.001 0.307 <0.001 <0.001 0.283 <0.001 <0.001 4.55 <0.001 DW1 0.084 <0.001 <0.001 0.306 <0.001 <0.001 0.223 <0.001 <0.001 5.13 <0.001 DW2 0.026 <0.001 <0.001 0.301 <0.001 <0.001 0.225 <0.001 <0.001 3.94 <0.001 CTR1 0.084 <0.001 <0.001 0.284 <0.001 <0.001 0.329 <0.001 <0.001 8.70 <0.001 CTR2 0.104 <0.001 <0.001 0.307 <0.001 <0.001 0.285 <0.001 <0.001 4.60 <0.001 CTR3 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.303 <0.001 <0.001 0.312 <0.001 <0.001 4.42 <0.001 FMEnv 1.0 0.2- 0.0017 50 0.025- 0.002 0.004 0.001 0.1 NS NS 64 Sample Fe Cd Pb Zn Ni Cr Cu Hg V THC Oil & Code Grease mg/l Standard 1.8 0.15 for water quality (aquatic life) NS=Not Specified Table 3.24: Cations Concentrations of surface water samples (Dry Season) Sample Code Na (mg/l) K (mg/l) Mg (mg/l) Ca (mg/l) A 297.59 4.34 4.97 1.80 AE1 503.44 7.40 5.02 2.56 AE2 464.89 7.80 5.04 2.32 AW1 702.82 9.00 4.80 1.81 AW2 576.22 9.30 5.01 1.41 B 371.53 7.25 4.82 2.34 BE1 453.81 5.50 4.80 1.60 BE2 538.09 7.76 4.83 1.90 BW1 578.63 8.99 4.98 2.59 BW2 673.07 9.39 5.06 2.07 C 370.66 6.97 4.43 0.65 CE1 267.51 5.56 4.56 1.57 CE2 327.75 5.35 4.67 1.74 CW1 709.04 9.60 4.68 2.98 CW2 457.468 7.39 5.15 2.01 D 418.75 7.10 4.80 1.18 DE1 362.199 6.31 4.69 0.96 DE2 295.31 6.40 4.86 1.95 DW1 609.33 7.14 4.94 2.64 DW2 820.95 9.45 5.04 3.23 CTR1 603.07 8.05 4.97 <0.001 CTR2 434.10 6.76 4.84 1.10 CTR3 429.12 6.75 4.56 <0.001 FMEnv Standard NS NS NS NS for water quality (aquatic life) NS=Not Specified Table 3.25: Microbial results of surface water samples (Wet Season) Sample Total Total Total Total Total Predominant species of micro code heterotrophi heterotrophi coliforms hydrocarbon hydrocarbon organisms isolated c bacteria c fungi (cfu/ml) x utilizing bacteria utilizing fungi (cfu/ml) x (cfu/ml) x 102 (cfu/ml) x 102 (cfu/ml) x 102 107 103 A 1.50 6.0 2.30 10.00 2.0 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsielle spp, Aspergillus niger, B 1.48 5.0 0.00 18.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Fusarium spp C 2.10 7.0 0.00 23.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichoderma spp D 2.03 8.0 0.00 18.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium spp AE1 2.00 4.0 2.10 20.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, 65 Proteus spp, Escherichia coli, Mucor spp, Penicillium spp BE1 2.34 8.0 0.00 29.0 5.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Aspergillus wentu, Fusarium spp CE1 1.56 4.0 0.00 16.0 3.0 Bacillus spp Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma spp. AE2 2.38 6.0 1.50 24.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Proteus spp, Escherichia coli, Fusarium spp, Aspergillus niger. BE2 1.95 8.0 0.00 19.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma spp CE2 2.34 5.0 0.00 31.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Fusarium spp, Penicillium spp DE2 1.50 7.0 0.00 24.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aureus, Rhizopus stotonifer, Trichoderma spp. AW1 1.86 12.0 0.00 27.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Saccharomyces spp, Fusarium spp BW1 2.15 8.0 0.00 22.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Penicillium spp, Aspergillus wentu. CW1 1.67 2.0 0.00 18.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Aspergillus niger. DW1 1.80 5.0 0.00 14.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Mucor spp, Penicillium spp. AW2 1.79 4.0 0.00 9.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium spp. BW2 0.75 9.0 1.50 2.0 5.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus, Mucor spp. CW2 2.50 5.0 0.00 8.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, proteus spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Penicillium spp. DW2 1.35 6.0 0.00 19.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Fusarium spp, Trichoderma spp. CTRL 1 1.70 3.0 0.00 15.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Aspergillus niger. CTRL 2 2.00 1.0 0.00 21.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Rhizopus stotonifer. DE1 2.15 5.0 0.00 10.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, saccharomyces spp, Rhizopus stotonifer. CTRL 3 1.67 3.0 0.00 9.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. Table 3.26: Microbial results of surface water samples (Dry Season) Sample Total Total Total Total Total Predominant species of micro code heterotrophi heterotrophi coliforms hydrocarbon hydrocarbon organisms isolated c bacteria c fungi (cfu/ml) x utilizing bacteria utilizing fungi (cfu/ml) x (cfu/ml) x 102 (cfu/ml) x 102 (cfu/ml) x 102 107 103 A 1.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Klebsielle spp, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp. B 0.70 1.0 0.00 5.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Fusarium spp C 1.02 3.0 0.00 3.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichoderma spp D 1.32 2.0 1.0 4.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium spp AE1 1.20 4.0 1.0 3.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Proteus spp, Escherichia coli, Mucor spp, Penicillium spp BE1 1.60 5.0 0.00 5.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus wentu, Fusarium spp CE1 1.30 2.0 0.00 3.0 1.0 Bacillus spp Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma spp. AE2 1.75 4.0 1.20 10.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Proteus spp, Escherichia coli, Fusarium spp, Aspergillus niger. BE2 1.50 6.0 0.00 7.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma spp CE2 2.0 4.0 0.00 12.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Fusarium spp, Penicillium spp 66 DE2 1.0 3.0 0.00 4.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aureus, Rhizopus stotonifer, Trichoderma spp. AW1 0.57 6.0 1.0 7.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces spp, Fusarium spp BW1 1.30 5.0 0.00 10.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Penicillium spp, Aspergillus wentu. CW1 0.90 3.0 0.00 7.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Aspergillus niger. DW1 1.20 3.0 0.00 6.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Mucor spp, Penicillium spp. AW2 1.30 4.0 0.00 4.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium spp. BW2 0.86 4.0 1.0 9.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus, Mucor spp. CW2 2.00 5.0 0.00 8.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, proteus spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Penicillium spp. DW2 1.0 6.0 0.00 2.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Fusarium spp, Trichoderma spp. CTRL 1 1.03 1.0 0.00 5.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Aspergillus niger. CTRL 2 1.45 1.0 0.00 6.0 0.00 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Rhizopus stotonifer. DE1 1.56 5.0 0.00 11.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, saccharomyces spp, Rhizopus stotonifer. CTRL 3 1.60 3.0 0.00 4.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. The results of the surface water samples are summarily discussed below: o Temperature: Water temperatures fluctuated seasonally with lowest values occurring in the wet season and highest value in the dry season. Wet season water temperatures ranged between 28.6 and 30.20C and 28.4 – 32.8oC in the dry season and fall within the FMEnv standard of 20-330C for water quality (aquatic life). o pH: pH values ranged from slightly acidic to alkaline. In the wet season, the pH values ranged between 6.5 and 7.7 while in the wet season a range of 7.06 to 7.37 was obtained. The pH values fall within the FMEnv permissible limit of 6.0 -9.0 for water quality (aquatic life). o Conductivity and TDS: Conductivity values observed were relatively low in the study area. Specific conductivity values ranged from 104 to 200µS/cm in the wet season and 119-406µS/cm in the dry season. TDS ranged between 53.0 and 102mg/l in the dry season and 60.2 – 138.5mg/l in the wet season. o COD and BOD: Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels in the surface water samples ranged from 3.43 to 7.92mg/l in the wet season while in the dry season the values ranged between 5.44mg/l and 14.26mg/l. BOD had a range of 1.90 - 4.50mg/l in the wet season and 2.4 – 4.8mg/l in the dry season. The BOD concentrations recorded in some of the surface water locations were higher than the FMEnv permissible limit of 4.0mg/l. 67 This may be attributed to storm water discharge into the surface water body. The COD and BOD levels reflect moderate pollution levels in the surface water body. o Cations and Anions: With regards to cations, sodium ion recorded the highest concentration with a range of 36.62 to 64.98 mg/l in the wet season and 295.31- 820.95mg/l in the dry season. Calcium ions recorded the lowest concentration with a range of <0.001mg/l to 26.86 mg/l in the wet season and <0.001- 3.23mg/l in the dry season. The cationic order exhibited by the surface water sample is Na>K>Mg>Ca. Among the anions, sulphate recorded the highest concentration with a range of 9.65 to 13.72mg/l in the wet season and 37.323 – 66.850mg/l in the dry season. o Heavy Metals: The concentrations of heavy metals in the surface water samples were either below the detection limit of 0.001mg/l or detected in trace amounts, with the exception of Copper in the dry season. Cu had a range of 0.15 -0.311mg/l as against the FMEnv permissible limit of 0.004mg/l. Zn ranged from <0.001 to 0.039mg/l in the wet season and 0.273 – 0.377mg/l in the dry season which fall within the FMEnv permissible limit of 50mg/l. The concentrations of Pb, Hg and V in the wet and dry seasons were less than 0.001mg/l which fall within the FMEnv permissible limits of 0.0017mg/l, 0.001mg/l and 0.1mg/l respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in the surface water samples suggest low level of pollution. o Organics: Total hydrocarbon contents of the surface water samples were relatively low and ranged between 2.84mg/l and 6.88mg/l in the wet season and 2.84 – 6.88mg/l in the dry season. Oil & grease concentrations were less than 0.001mg/l in the wet and dry seasons which indicate low level of organic pollution. o The total heterotrophic bacteria in the surface water samples ranged from 0.75 x 107 to 2.50 x 107 cfu/g in the wet season and 1.04 x 108 to 2.41 x 108 cfu/g in the dry season while total heterotrophic fungi had a range of 1.0 x 103 to 12 x 103 cfu/g and 3 x 104 to 11 x 104cfu/g in the wet and dry seasons respectively. Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi in the surface samples were recorded low. Their population was less than 1% of the heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. E. coli in the water samples ranged from 0.0 to 2.30 x 102cfu/100ml in the wet season and 0.0 to 1.20 x 102cfu/100ml in the dry season suggesting faecal contamination of the surface water body. 3.8 Sediment 68 The physico-chemical and microbial results of sediment samples collected from the study area in the wet and dry seasons are presented in Tables 3.27 to 3.34 below. Table 3.27: Physico-chemical results of sediment samples from the study area (Wet Season) Sample pH Electrical TOC Total- PO43- SO42- Na K Mg Ca code Condcutivity N (µS/cm) mg/kg A 7.16 273.0 2.97 5.73 0.05 19.3 112.00 57.56 47.97 857.35 AE1 7.54 336.0 3.25 6.83 0.03 39.9 68.09 31.24 47.27 589.84 AE2 7.41 368.0 3.99 6.19 0.03 124.9 168.81 61.82 46.04 917.41 AW1 7.71 159.2 3.49 3.62 0.02 56.6 103.54 51.19 50.19 728.67 AW2 7.92 162.3 2.99 7.07 0.01 52.7 139.40 73.21 47.77 946.89 B 7.78 352.0 2.97 4.94 0.80 112.5 230.45 151.68 50.74 1086.88 BE1 7.36 165.9 3.99 6.61 0.73 28.5 181.30 54.72 50.59 644.19 BE2 6.85 693.0 3.71 3.66 0.69 159.9 645.85 170.00 55.59 1091.99 BW1 7.49 300.0 3.01 5.53 0.75 101.9 263.49 134.45 50.09 915.01 BW2 6.29 821.0 3.43 6.05 0.72 114.3 1271.95 210.15 50.01 1090.04 C 7.46 958.05 3.67 6.45 0.35 175.35 2738.51 220.35 50.72 1320.27 CE1 7.56 1001.0 3.99 5.74 0.40 203.6 1068.49 204.12 51.02 1282.53 CE2 7.17 690.0 3.69 4.85 0.40 149.2 506.44 191.40 51.81 1160.46 CW1 8.01 726.0 3.99 5.52 0.38 187.1 1392.02 210.14 47.40 1290.79 CW2 7.33 748.0 3.43 5.80 0.38 207.3 1144.23 210.11 54.68 1299.85 D 7.88 402.0 3.49 1.60 0.10 132.8 260.27 124.77 48.96 1105.20 DE1 7.64 537.0 3.31 6.65 0.09 126.5 359.79 140.58 49.37 1161.41 DE2 8.30 221.0 3.99 2.87 0.11 137.4 393.63 158.27 50.67 1216.31 DW1 7.23 822.0 3.99 4.65 0.10 133.4 780.82 213.55 47.19 1120.52 DW2 6.94 1183.0 3.89 5.95 0.15 118.0 2344.48 228.64 49.69 1224.47 CTR1 7.21 1067.0 3.83 6.74 0.21 118.6 803.38 190.36 48.95 1174.42 CTR2 6.38 815.0 3.99 5.62 0.20 120.15 204.27 54.88 49.98 696.59 CTR3 6.86 272.0 3.10 5.73 0.38 52.70 186.15 43.25 35.15 587.24 Min 6.29 159.20 2.97 1.6 0.01 19.3 68.09 31.24 35.15 587.24 Max 8.30 1183 3.99 7.07 0.8 207.3 2738.51 228.64 55.59 1320.27 Mean 7.16 568.37 3.57 5.41 0.31 116.2 668.15 138.54 49.21 1022.10 S.D. 7.54 321.47 0.39 1.36 0.27 53.70 717.42 69.52 3.78 237.68 Table 3.28: Heavy metals and hydrocarbon concentrations of sediment samples (Wet Season) Sample Fe Cd Pb Zn Ni Cr Cu Hg V Code mg/kg A 1810.17 <0.001 <0.001 34.96 4.22 76.47 5.50 <0.001 <0.001 AE1 1862.50 <0.001 <0.001 26.33 <0.001 57.64 3.76 <0.001 <0.001 AE2 1564.24 <0.001 <0.001 19.70 0.58 38.82 3.18 <0.001 <0.001 AW1 1750.14 <0.001 <0.001 39.98 <0.001 127.06 1.37 <0.001 <0.001 AW2 1837.21 <0.001 <0.001 50.37 0.87 160.00 3.40 <0.001 <0.001 B 1861.48 <0.001 <0.001 93.75 7.49 205.29 3.54 <0.001 <0.001 BE1 1740.55 <0.001 <0.001 29.65 <0.001 44.70 0.94 <0.001 <0.001 BE2 1795.78 <0.001 <0.001 59.45 5.38 128.23 12.01 <0.001 <0.001 BW1 1769.04 <0.001 <0.001 79.89 8.15 194.70 3.98 <0.001 <0.001 BW2 1774.85 <0.001 <0.001 172.57 20.89 223.53 36.90 <0.001 <0.001 C 1821.95 <0.001 <0.001 183.35 27.07 292.35 29.59 <0.001 <0.001 CE1 1917.00 <0.001 <0.001 119.31 17.76 239.41 16.93 <0.001 <0.001 CE2 2002.32 <0.001 <0.001 95.35 9.17 230.00 6.44 <0.001 <0.001 CW1 1825.43 <0.001 <0.001 185.78 19.07 288.82 10.20 <0.001 <0.001 69 Sample Fe Cd Pb Zn Ni Cr Cu Hg V Code mg/kg CW2 1839.10 <0.001 <0.001 189.90 15.43 261.17 13.82 <0.001 <0.001 D 1733.57 <0.001 <0.001 50.25 2.84 128.23 1.16 <0.001 <0.001 DE1 1795.06 <0.001 <0.001 70.57 6.47 168.82 6.07 <0.001 <0.001 DE2 1763.66 <0.001 <0.001 79.03 6.04 197.06 2.24 <0.001 <0.001 DW1 1745.20 <0.001 <0.001 75.65 5.82 170.59 9.40 <0.001 <0.001 DW2 1757.41 <0.001 <0.001 123.02 17.68 250.00 20.11 <0.001 <0.001 CTR1 1904.65 <0.001 <0.001 95.59 9.90 211.17 6.94 <0.001 <0.001 CTR2 1794.76 <0.001 <0.001 21.61 <0.001 37.64 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 CTR3 1652.15 <0.001 <0.001 18.51 <0.001 65.15 1.25 <0.001 <0.001 Min 1564.24 - - 18.51 0.001 37.64 0.001 - - Max 2002.32 - - 189.9 27.07 292.35 36.9 - - Mean 1796.44 - - 83.24 8.04 165.08 8.64 - - S.D. 88.62 - - 55.80 7.94 81.75 9.46 - - Table 3.29: Physico-chemical results of sediment samples from the study area (Dry Season) Sample pH Electrical TOC Total- PO43- SO42- Na K Mg Ca code Condcutivity N (µS/cm) mg/kg A 7.43 1.157 2.77 4.87 0.04 24.022 191.28 11.05 17.76 20.49 AE1 8.04 840 2.79 6.49 0.03 23.696 91.28 10.95 14.72 8.76 AE2 6.17 1.563 3.99 6.38 0.03 35.652 814.93 42.78 49.27 73.85 AW1 7.92 1.733 2.97 3.95 0.02 25.761 141.07 9.59 15.39 15.82 AW2 6.90 687 3.99 4.60 0.01 3.696 422.82 54.61 49.66 101.55 B 7.65 1.097 2.77 4.59 0.74 24.620 129.87 14.23 20.13 7.59 BE1 6.73 977 3.99 4.30 0.47 56.793 694.19 61.70 45.92 108.76 BE2 6.13 1.059 2.99 2.78 0.52 3.696 702.90 56.24 45.99 105.98 BW1 7.44 2.070 3.45 5.03 0.68 46.522 415.76 31.85 45.22 92.52 BW2 7.45 1.832 3.47 4.84 0.58 36.087 410.37 31.37 45.24 88.90 C 7.79 1.605 3.67 5.03 0.27 1.957 765.56 65.98 48.99 240.50 CE1 8.34 974 3.99 5.34 0.37 27.011 636.10 49.26 47.39 190.94 CE2 7.14 1.861 3.85 3.98 0.33 1.848 672.19 63.25 44.86 199.61 CW1 7.61 1.876 3.99 3.75 0.26 6.848 973.02 76.91 50.82 268.64 CW2 7.81 1.960 3.99 6.50 0.43 1.033 817.42 67.23 49.22 297.12 D 8.18 1.019 3.00 0.77 0.05 13.207 366.80 25.91 39.69 92.89 DE1 8.14 936 3.45 7.25 0.10 46.087 321.57 34.03 51.21 157.15 DE2 7.66 1.950 3.93 2.24 0.09 1.467 646.47 68.29 46.52 272.00 DW1 8.02 1.555 3.45 6.09 0.13 14.239 407.46 30.42 47.32 117.77 DW2 6.60 924 3.99 5.06 0.13 2.065 617.01 63.78 52.13 105.25 CTR1 7.87 1.507 3.65 4.79 0.15 28.967 414.93 30.67 49.73 185.54 CTR2 7.78 1.340 3.81 3.99 0.14 25.652 428.21 38.31 45.24 160.66 CTR3 7.60 1.226 2.95 3.09 0.21 27.826 119.91 13.63 26.25 15.33 Min 6.13 1.02 2.77 0.77 0.01 1.03 91.28 9.59 14.72 7.59 Max 8.34 977 3.99 7.25 0.74 56.79 973.02 76.91 52.13 297.12 Mean 7.50 223.24 3.52 4.60 0.25 20.82 487.01 41.39 41.25 127.29 S.D. 7.43 402.24 2.77 1.49 0.22 16.51 253.77 21.54 12.51 88.10 Table 3.30: Heavy metals and hydrocarbon concentrations of sediment samples (Dry Season) Sample Fe Cd Pb Zn Ni Cr Cu Hg V Code mg/kg A 993.08 <0.001 <0.001 4.80 2.11 13.06 0.99 <0.001 <0.001 70 Sample Fe Cd Pb Zn Ni Cr Cu Hg V Code mg/kg AE1 598.70 <0.001 <0.001 3.27 0.07 4.155 4.04 <0.001 <0.001 AE2 1881.10 <0.001 <0.001 26.33 8.15 27.31 9.00 <0.001 <0.001 AW1 838.76 <0.001 <0.001 2.89 1.53 15.44 4.82 <0.001 <0.001 AW2 2062.45 <0.001 <0.001 30.28 13.39 25.53 5.03 <0.001 <0.001 B 868.25 <0.001 <0.001 3.61 1.23 20.78 3.68 <0.001 <0.001 BE1 1853.64 <0.001 <0.001 28.29 9.53 29.09 6.52 <0.001 <0.001 BE2 1836.78 <0.001 <0.001 29.11 11.79 24.34 7.22 <0.001 <0.001 BW1 2026.85 <0.001 <0.001 16.01 6.04 36.81 2.55 <0.001 <0.001 BW2 1715.15 <0.001 <0.001 11.62 2.11 30.88 4.04 <0.001 <0.001 C 1980.50 <0.001 <0.001 27.22 4.66 30.88 7.65 <0.001 <0.001 CE1 2200.50 <0.001 <0.001 25.85 4.80 53.44 4.60 <0.001 <0.001 CE2 2003.60 <0.001 <0.001 24.40 7.35 57.60 5.52 <0.001 <0.001 CW1 2043.56 <0.001 <0.001 21.08 3.42 36.81 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 CW2 1853.93 <0.001 <0.001 28.33 4.29 53.44 3.11 <0.001 <0.001 D 1560.54 <0.001 <0.001 10.73 3.64 45.72 5.81 <0.001 <0.001 DE1 1715.73 <0.001 <0.001 14.64 2.98 39.19 3.68 <0.001 <0.001 DE2 2204.14 <0.001 <0.001 30.99 8.44 38.00 7.15 <0.001 <0.001 DW1 1526.82 <0.001 <0.001 9.14 6.84 25.53 11.12 <0.001 <0.001 DW2 1901.74 <0.001 <0.001 24.89 9.39 42.75 15.23 <0.001 <0.001 CTR1 1648.74 <0.001 <0.001 12.29 5.16 11.28 14.45 <0.001 <0.001 CTR2 1899.56 <0.001 <0.001 11.97 4.36 36.22 11.62 <0.001 <0.001 CTR3 8.86 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 1.23 27.91 12.68 <0.001 <0.001 Min 8.86 - - - 0.07 4.155 0 - - Max 2204.14 - - 30.99 13.39 57.6 15.23 - - Mean 1618.39 - - 17.29 5.33 31.57 6.54 - - S.D. 568.75 - - 10.37 3.55 13.79 4.11 - - Table 3.31: Microbial results of sediment samples from the study area (Wet season) Sample Total Total Total Total Total Predominant species of code heterotrophic heterotrophic coliforms hydrocarbon hydrocarbon microorganisms isolated bacteria fungi (cfu/g) x (cfu/g) x utilizing utilizing fungi (cfu/g) x 108 104 103 bacteria (cfu/g) (cfu/g) x 102 x 103 A 1.57 6.0 0.00 17.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma spp. B 1.35 10.0 1.00 13.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Escherichia coli, Rhizopus stotonifer, Aspergillus flavus. C 2.00 5.0 0.00 19.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp. D 2.21 9.0 0.00 22.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichoderma spp. AE1 1.67 12.0 1.40 16.0 5.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces spp, Aspergillus wentu. BE1 1.90 7.0 0.00 18.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Mucor spp, Aspergillus flavus. CE1 2.00 8.0 0.00 20.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Rhizopus stotonifer, Fusarium spp. DE1 2.00 11.0 0.00 18.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichoderma 71 Sample Total Total Total Total Total Predominant species of code heterotrophic heterotrophic coliforms hydrocarbon hydrocarbon microorganisms isolated bacteria fungi (cfu/g) x (cfu/g) x utilizing utilizing fungi (cfu/g) x 108 104 103 bacteria (cfu/g) (cfu/g) x 102 x 103 spp. AE2 3.12 7.0 0.00 24.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Staphylococcus aureus, Mucor spp, Trichoderma spp. BE2 2.15 9.0 1.50 27.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. CE2 2.10 5.0 1.00 30.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium spp. DE2 1.78 5.0 1.00 18.0 6.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Penicillium spp, Aspergillus niger. AW1 2.00 8.0 0.00 23.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma spp. BW1 2.14 13.0 0.00 23.0 6.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Saccharomyces spp, Aspergillus wentu, Fusarium spp. CW1 1.63 8.0 1.50 24.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Fusarium spp, Penicillium spp. DW1 2.18 6.0 0.00 22.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Nochardia spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma spp. AW2 2.00 9.0 0.00 18.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Penicillium spp, Mucor spp. BW2 1.45 3.0 1.30 14.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichoderma spp CW2 2.16 13.0 1.00 19.0 5.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium spp. DW2 1.76 9.0 0.00 10.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Trichoderma spp. CTRL1 1.43 5.0 0.00 22.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Mucor spp, Penicillium spp. CTRL2 2.17 6.0 0.00 9.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. CTRL3 1.09 6.0 1.10 7.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Mucor spp, Rhizopus stotonifer. Escherichia coli, Table 3.32: Microbial results of sediment samples from the study area (Dry season) Sample Total Total Total Total Total Predominant species of code heterotrophic heterotrophic coliforms hydrocarbon hydrocarbon microorganisms isolated bacteria fungi (cfu/g) x (cfu/g) x utilizing utilizing fungi (cfu/g) x 108 104 103 bacteria (cfu/g) (cfu/g) x 102 x 103 A 1.610 8.0 1.20 17.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. B 1.120 5.0 0.00 13.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Aspergillus flavus. C 1.750 7.0 1.20 19.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Escherichia coli, Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp. D 2.140 4.0 0.00 22.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichoderma spp. AE1 1.430 10.0 1.10 16.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces spp, Aspergillus wentu. BE1 1.740 3.0 0.00 18.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Mucor spp, Aspergillus flavus. CE1 1.830 10.0 0.00 20.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, 72 Staphylococcus aureus, Rhizopus stotonifer, Fusarium spp. DE1 2.090 7.0 1.30 25.0 6.0 Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichoderma spp. AE2 2.710 4.0 0.00 31.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Staphylococcus aureus, Mucor spp, Trichoderma spp. BE2 2.310 6.0 1.10 24.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. CE2 1.930 8.0 1.40 21.0 5.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium spp. DE2 1.410 5.0 1.20 15.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Penicillium spp, Aspergillus niger. AW1 2.060 8.0 1.30 26.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Escherichia coli, Trichoderma spp. BW1 1.980 10.0 0.00 23.0 5.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Saccharomyces spp, Aspergillus wentu, Fusarium spp. CW1 1.170 4.0 1.20 14.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Fusarium spp, Penicillium spp. DW1 1.890 6.0 0.00 22.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Nochardia spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma spp. AW2 1.090 7.0 0.00 18.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Penicillium spp, Mucor spp. BW2 1.280 5.0 1.30 14.0 2.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, CW2 1.790 11.0 1.20 19.0 3.0 Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosas, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium spp. DW2 1.410 5.0 0.00 15.0 4.0 Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Rhizopus stotonifer, Trichoderma spp. CTRL1 1.040 3.0 0.00 12.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Nocardia spp, Mucor spp, Penicillium spp. CTRL2 1.960 1.0 0.00 22.0 0 Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. CTRL3 1.190 2.0 0.00 14.0 1.0 Bacillus spp, Flavobacterium spp, Mucor spp, Rhizopus stotonifer. The sediment quality analysis results are summarized below: o pH and conductivity: The sediment’s pH values ranged from 6.29 to 8.30 in the wet season and 6.13-8.34 in the dry season while the electrical conductivity of the sediment samples ranged between 159.20 and 1183µS/cm in the wet season and 1.02 - 977µS/cm in the dry season. o Cations and Anions: Sodium ion recorded the highest concentrations among the cations analysed and ranged between 68.09mg/kg and 2738.51mg/kg in the wet season and 9.59- 76.91mg/kg in the dry season. This was followed by calcium ions with a range of 587.24 – 1320.27mg/kg in the wet season and 7.59 - 297.12mg/kg in the dry season. Magnesium recorded the lowest concentrations of 35.15 -55.59mg/kg in the wet season and 14.72 – 52.13mg/kg. Cations concentration in the sediment samples were higher in the wet season than the dry season. This may be due to contaminated storm water run off during the rainy season. Among the anions, sulphate had the highest concentration with a range of 19.3- 207.3mg/kg in the wet season and 56.79mg/kg in the dry season. Phosphate recorded the lowest 73 concentration with a range of 0.01- 0.08mg/kg in the wet season and 0.01- 0.74mg/kg in the dry season. o Total organic carbon (TOC) content of the sediment samples ranged from 2.97 to 3.99mg/kg in the wet season and 2.77 to 3.99mg/kg in the dry season. No significant variation is observed in the concentration of TOC recorded in both seasons. o Heavy metals: The sediment samples from the study area recorded low concentrations of heavy metals profile with the exemption of iron (Fe). Iron concentration ranged from 1564.24mg/kg to 2002.32mg/kg in the wet season and 8.86 – 2204.14mg/kg in the dry season. The concentrations of Pb, Hg, V, Cd, in the sediment samples during the two seasons survey were below the detection limit of the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) used for heavy metals analysis. The concentrations of other heavy metals recorded in the sediment samples during the wet season survey were 18.51 - 189mg/kg, <0.001- 27.07mg/kg, 37.64-292.35mg/kg and <0.001-36.9mg/kg for Zn, Ni, Cr and Cu respectively while in the dry season a range of <0.001- 30.99mg/kg, 0.07-13.39mg/kg, 4.155-57.6mg/kg and <0.001-15.23mg/kg respectively were recorded. o Microbiology: Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) recorded the highest population counts in the sediment samples with a range of 1.09 x 108 -3.12 x 108 cfu/g in the wet season and 1.040 x 108 -2.710 x 108 cfu/g in the dry season. The percentages hydrocarbon utilizers in the sediment samples for both dry and wet seasons are generally below 1% indicating low hydrocarbon contamination. E. Coli bacteria were recorded in some of the sampling locations with a range of 0.0 to 1.5 x 103 cfu/g in the wet season and 0.0 to 1.4 x 103 cfu/g in the dry season. The presence of E. coli in the sediment samples indicate faecal contamination. 3.9 Plankton 3.9.1 Phytoplankton Wet Season In the wet season, the phytoplankton recorded 4 (four) group of species. They were the Diatoms (Division – Bacillariophyta), Blue-green algae (Division – Cyanophyta), Chlorophytes (Division – Chlorophyta) and Chrysophytes (Division Chrysophyta). The dominant group of phytoplankton was the Diatoms, followed by the Blue-green algae, then Chlorophytes and the Chrysophytes. The Diatoms, recorded 59% (Centrales – 38.5% - 15 species, Pennales – 20.5% - 8 species), Blue-green algae (20.5%, 8 species), Chlorophytes 15.4%, 6 species, and 74 Chrysophytes reported (5.1%, 2 species) (Figure 3.6). A checklist of the phytoplankton spectrum is presented in Table 3.33 alongside the distribution of the phytoplankton species at the stations investigated while Table 3.34 presents the phytoplankton community’s eco-mathematical indices (biological indices). In all a total of thirty-nine (39) species were recorded at the 23 stations studied. Total number of species recorded per station ranged between 14 and 23. The key species occurring for the study area were Aulacoseira granulate Ehrenberg (Ralfs) and Aulacoseira granulate var. angstissima Muller in terms of occurrence and abundance. Chlorophytes Chrysophytes 15.4% 5.1% Blue-green algae Diatoms 20.5% 59% Figure 3.6: Percentage occurrence of major phytoplankton groups 75 Table 3.33: Composition and abundance distribution of phytoplankton per ml (Wet Season) Control 1 Control 2 Control 3 DW 1 DW 2 AW 1 AW 2 BW 1 BW 2 CW 1 CW 2 DE 1 DE 2 AE 1 AE 2 BE 1 BE 2 CE 1 CE 2 D A B C DIVISION – BACILLARIOPHYTA CLASS-BACILLARIOPHYCEAE ORDER I – CENTRALES AulacoseiragranulataEhrenberg (Ralfs) 14 5 10 5 10 20 3 7 20 13 7 14 5 10 5 10 20 5 10 20 3 7 14 Aulacoseiragranulatavar. angstissimaMuller 421 51 21 51 21 520 42 10 20 42 10 421 51 21 51 21 410 51 21 220 42 10 301 Aulacoseiragranulata var. angstissima f. spiralis - - 15 15 2 - - - - - - - 15 - 15 2 15 2 - - - Muller Aulacoseiragranulata var. curvata Simon 1 1 5 5 5 15 1 1 - - 1 5 5 Aulacoseiraislandica(O.F. Muller) Simonson - - - - - 1 3 - 1 3 - - 10 - - 1 - - 1 3 - - AulacoseiravariansAgardh - - - - - - - 5 - - 5 - - - - - - - - - - 5 - Campylodiscus clypeus (Ehr.) Kutzing 2 - 2 - 2 12 2 - 12 2 2 - 2 2 - - 2 - 12 2 2 Odontellaaurita(Lyngbe) Brebisson 1 1 2 1 2 5 - - 5 - - 1 1 2 1 2 5 1 2 5 - - 1 Odontellabiddulphiana Bayer - - - - - - 3 - 2 - 5 1 4 - 2 3 1 4 - 2 4 - - CoscinodiscuscentralisEhrenberg - - - - - - 22 - 1 20 - - - - - - - - - - 33 - - Coscinodiscuseccentrius Ehrenberg 3 5 2 5 2 - - - 3 - - 3 - - 5 2 - - 2 - - - 3 CoscinodiscuslineatusEhrenberg - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - CoscinodiscusradiatusEhrenberg 12 1 5 1 5 35 3 - - 3 - 3 1 5 1 5 - 1 5 5 3 - 12 CyclotellamenighinianaKutzing 5 - - - - - 1 5 1 5 5 - - - - - - - - 1 5 5 Terpsinoemusica(Ehr) Hustedt 1 3 - 3 - 1 - - 1 - - 1 3 - 3 - 1 3 - 1 - - 1 Order II – PENNALES Diatomaelongatum(Lyngb.) Agardh - - 2 - 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 - - 2 - 2 2 - 2 2 1 1 - FragillariaconstruensEhrenberg - 1 - 1 1 4 1 - 4 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 4 - Naviculacryptocephala(Kutz) Hustedt - - - - - - 2 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - NaviculamuticaKutzing 2 1 2 1 5 5 - 2 1 2 1 - 2 1 - - 5 - Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 - 1 1 - 1 - - 1 - 2 2 1 Synedra ulna var. biceps Ehrenberg 5 - - - - 2 1 1 - 1 5 - - - - - - - 2 1 5 Synedracrystallina(Ag) Kutzing 12 1 2 1 2 25 1 5 12 1 2 1 2 15 1 2 21 1 5 Synedrasp. - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - - - - DIVISION – CYANOPHYTA CLASS – CYANOPHYCEAE ORDER I – CHROOCOCCALES MicrocystisaureginosaKutzing 3 2 - 2 3 5 - 2 5 - 2 3 2 - 2 - 5 2 - 5 1 2 3 76 Microcystisflos-aquaeKirchner - - - - - - 2 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - Merismopediagluca(Ehr.) Nageli - - 1 2 1 11 1 1 - 2 - - 2 - 3 1 - 1 1 - 1 - Order II – HORMOGONALES Anabaena constrictaGeitler - - 2 - 2 - - 2 - - 2 - - 2 - 2 - - 2 - - 2 - LynbgyalimneticaLemm - - - - - 5 - - 5 - - - - - - - 5 - - 5 - - - LynbgyamartensianaMeneghini - 1 - 1 - 2 3 1 2 3 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 1 - 2 3 1 - OscillatoriaformosaBory - 5 1 5 1 - - 3 - - 3 - 5 1 5 1 5 1 - - 3 - OscillatorialimnosaAgardh 12 - 2 - 1 2 3 - - 1 - 6 - 5 2 4 3 - 2 1 1 - 1 DIVISION – CHLOROPHYTA CLASS – CHLOROPHYCEAE ORDER I – ULOTHRICALES Spirogyra africanaFritsch Cruda - 1 2 1 2 - 1 2 - 1 2 - 1 2 1 2 - 1 2 - 1 2 - Spirogyra sp. - - - - - 2 - - 2 - - - - - - - 2 - - 2 - - - ORDER II - CLADOPHORALES Cladophoraglomerata(L) Kutzing - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - ORDER III - CHLOROCOCCALES Scenedesmusquadriquada(Turp.) de Brebisson - - - - - 1 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - 1 - - 1 2 2 - ORDER IV - ZYGNEMATALES ClosteriumehrenbergiiMeneghini 3 - 2 - 2 - 1 2 - 1 2 3 - 2 - 2 - - 2 - 1 2 3 Gonatozygon sp. - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Staurastrumparadoxum var. cingulumW. and G.S. 3 - - - - - 2 1 2 2 1 3 - - - - 2 - - 2 2 1 3 West DIVISION – CHRYSOPHYTA ORDER – CHRYSOPHYCEAE ChrysotepphanosphaeraglobuliferaScherffel - - 1 - 1 2 - 1 - - 1 1 - 1 - 1 2 - - 2 - 1 1 Synurauvella Ehrenberg - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - Total species diversity (S) 15 14 19 15 20 22 21 20 21 20 21 17 15 18 16 20 20 14 19 23 22 20 16 Total abundance (N) 498 80 75 82 77 649 115 62 80 122 78 485 89 77 84 82 482 79 75 306 126 62 361 77 Table 3.34: Phytoplankton community composition parameter (Wet Season) Bio-indices Control 1 Control 2 Control 3 DW 1 DW 2 BW 1 BW 2 AW 1 AW 2 CW 1 CW 2 DE 1 DE 2 AE 1 AE 2 BE 1 BE 2 CE 1 CE 2 D A B C Total species diversity (S) 15 14 19 15 20 22 21 20 21 20 21 17 15 18 16 20 20 14 19 23 22 20 16 Total abundance (N) 498 80 75 82 77 649 115 62 80 122 78 485 89 77 84 82 482 79 75 306 126 62 361 Log of Species diversity (Log S) 1.18 1.15 1.28 1.18 1.30 1.34 1.32 1.30 1.32 1.30 1.32 1.23 1.18 1.26 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.15 1.28 1.36 1.34 1.30 1.20 Log of abundance (Log N) 2.70 1.90 1.88 1.91 1.89 2.81 2.06 1.79 1.90 2.09 1.89 2.69 1.95 1.89 1.92 1.91 2.68 1.90 1.88 2.49 2.10 1.79 2.56 Shannon-Wiener Index (Hs) 0.34 0.65 1.02 0.68 1.04 0.42 0.97 1.19 1.05 0.97 1.18 0.31 0.72 1.01 0.72 1.07 0.34 0.64 1.02 0.56 0.94 1.19 0.36 Menhinick Index (D) 0.67 1.57 2.19 1.66 2.28 0.86 1.96 2.54 2.35 1.81 2.38 0.77 1.59 2.05 1.75 2.21 0.91 1.58 2.19 1.31 1.96 2.54 0.84 Margalef Index (d) 2.25 2.97 4.17 3.18 4.37 3.24 4.22 4.60 4.56 3.96 4.59 2.59 3.12 3.91 3.39 4.31 3.08 2.98 4.17 3.84 4.34 4.60 2.55 Equitability Index (j) 0.29 0.57 0.80 0.58 0.80 0.31 0.73 0.91 0.79 0.75 0.89 0.25 0.62 0.81 0.60 0.82 0.26 0.56 0.80 0.41 0.70 0.91 0.30 Simpson's Dominance Index (C) 0.72 0.42 0.15 0.40 0.14 0.65 0.19 0.08 0.14 0.17 0.09 0.76 0.35 0.14 0.38 0.13 0.73 0.43 0.15 0.53 0.20 0.08 0.70 78 Figure 3.7: Phytoplankton Total number of species (S) and Abundance (N) Total species diversity (S) Total Abundance (N) 700 649 600 498 485 482 500 400 361 306 300 200 115 122 126 80 75 82 77 80 78 89 77 84 82 79 75 100 62 62 15 14 19 15 20 22 21 20 21 20 21 17 15 18 16 20 20 14 19 23 22 20 16 0 AE1 AE2 AW1 AW2 B1 BE2 CE1 CE2 CW1 CW2 DE1 DE2 Ctrl 1 Ctrl 2 Ctrl 3 BW1 BW2 DW1 DW2 A D C B Figure 3.7: Phytoplankton Total number of species (S) and Abundance (N) 3.9.2 Zooplankton Spectrum In the wet season, the zooplankton recorded 3 (three) groups of species for the zooplankton (Holoplankton and Meroplankton forms). They were Phylum – Crustacea, Phylum - Rotifers, and Phylum – Juvenile stages. The dominant group was the Phylum – Crustacea, followed by the Juvenile stages. The Crustaceans recorded 43.5% (Copepods, 7 species – 30.4% and Cladocerans, 3 species – 13.1%), Juvenile stages had 30.4%, while Rotifers recorded 26.1% (6 species) 79 (Figure 3.8). The juvenile stages were represented by seven forms namely: Copepod eggs, Rotiferan egg, Bivalve larva, Megalop larva, Nauplii larva of Barnacle, Nauplii larva of Copepods and Zoea larva. Figure 3.8: Percentage occurrence of zooplankton phylum and juvenile stages The diversity and distribution of zooplankton per ml per station is shown in Table 3.35 while Table 3.36 presents the zooplankton community’s eco- mathematical indices (biological indices). In all a total of Twenty-three (23) species/forms were recorded at the 23 stations studied. Total number of species recorded per station ranged between 10 and 16. AE 1 and CE 1 recorded the highest number of species (16 species) while AE 2, BW 1 and CE 1 recorded 10 species only. Furthermore, BE 1 recorded the highest number of individuals (40 individuals per ml) while AE 2 and CE 1 recorded 16 individuals per ml. Log of Species diversity recorded ranged from 1.00 to 1.20 while log of zooplankton abundance ranged between 1.20 and 1.60. Diaptomus sp. and Nauplii larva of Copepods were the key species occurring in terms of occurrence and abundance. Nauplii larva of Copepods represented the juvenile forms in this regard. The species recorded for the plankton analysis of the study area are common indicators of freshwater situations. With regards to the zooplankton spectrum, Cyclops strenus Fisher, Cyclops sp I and II. (Copepods), Diaphnia sp. (Cladocerans), Lecane bulla Gosse, Keratella sp., Tetrasiphon hydrocoral Ehrenberg and Brachionus spp. (Rotifers) among others encountered are known to be fresh water species. They have also been reported. The species of phytoplankton and zooplankton recorded for this study are known indigenous forms previously recorded in streams, rivers, fresh water lagoon and other 80 inland benthic water bodies (Nwankwo 1988; Onyema, 2008; Onyema and Ojo, 2008). Dry Season In the dry season, the phytoplankton recorded 2 (two) group of species. They were the Diatoms (Division – Bacillariophyta) and the Blue-green algae (Division – Cyanophyta). The dominant group of phytoplankton was the Diatoms, followed by the Blue-green algae. The Diatoms recorded 88.3% (Centrales – 47.1% - 8 species, Pennales – 41.2% - 7 species) while the Blue- green algae reported 11.8%, 2 species (Figure 3.9). The diversity and distribution of phytoplankton per ml per station in the dry season is shown in Table 3.37 while Table 3.38 presents the phytoplankton community’s eco-mathematical indices (biological indices). In all a total of seventeen (17) species were recorded at the 23 stations studied. Total number of species recorded per station ranged between 11 and 16. Figure 3.10 shows a graphical relationship between Total Number of Species (S) and Total Abundance of the species (N). The key species that occurred in the dry season were Melosira moniliformis Agardh, Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg, Coscinodiscus eccentrius Ehrenberg and Synedra ulna var. biceps Ehrenberg in terms of occurrence and abundance. Blue-green algae, 11.8% Diatoms, 83.3% Figure 3.9: Percentage occurrence of major phytoplankton groups 81 1600 1495Total species diversity (S) Total abundance (N) 1400 1200 990 995 955 1000 865 860 860 865 850 840 835 865 820 840 800 700 660 660 560560 550 535 600 485 395 400 200 13 14 15 15 12 12 14 14 13 14 13 13 13 13 14 15 16 13 11 13 14 16 16 0 CW 1P CW 2P AE 1p AE 2p BE 1p BE 2p BW 1p BW 2p CNTR 3p CE 1P CE 2P DE 1P DE 2P DW 1P DW 2P AP BP CP DP CNTR 1P CNTR 2P AW 1p AW 2p Figure 3.10: Phytoplankton Total number of species (S) and abundance (N) in the dry season 1600 1495 Total species diversity (S) 1400 1200 990 995 955 1000 865 860 860 865 850 840 835 865 820 840 800 700 660 660 560 560 550 535 600 485 395 400 200 13 14 15 15 12 12 14 14 13 14 13 13 13 13 14 15 16 13 11 13 14 16 16 0 AE1 AE2 BE2 CE1 CE2 CW1 CW2 DE1 DE2 AW1 AW2 B1 BW1 BW2 DW1 DW2 Ctrl 1 Ctrl 2 Ctrl 3 D C B A 82 Table 3.35: Composition and abundance distribution of zooplankton per ml (Wet Season) Taxa Control 1 Control 2 Control 3 DW 1 DW 2 AW 1 AW 2 BW 1 BW 2 CW 1 CW 2 DE 1 DE 2 AE 1 AE 2 BE 1 BE 2 CE 1 CE 2 D A B C PHYLUM – CRUSTACEA CLASS I: COPEPODA ORDER I: CALANOIDA Diaptomussp. 3 1 2 - 5 2 8 9 1 2 - 5 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 - 5 2 MicrocalanuspusillusGeisbrecht 1 - - 1 2 - 2 3 - - 1 2 - 1 3 - 1 1 - - 1 2 - Paracalanusparvus (Claus) - - 1 3 - 1 - 1 - 1 3 - 1 - - 1 - - - 1 3 - 1 ORDER II: CYCLOPOIDA Cyclops strenusFisher 5 3 - 1 - 2 - 2 3 - 1 - 2 1 3 - 4 5 3 - 1 2 Cyclops sp. I 1 - 2 - 3 - - - - 2 3 - - - 2 3 - - 2 3 Cyclops sp. II - 1 - - 1 1 - 2 - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 3 1 Eucyclopssp. 2 - - 2 - 2 - 1 2 1 2 - 2 2 2 - 2 2 2 - 2 2 CLASS II: CLADOCERA Diaphnia sp. I 3 - 5 2 1 3 - - 1 - 2 1 3 - - - - - 1 2 1 1 3 Diaphnia sp. II - 2 1 3 1 - 1 2 3 3 - - 2 3 2 - - 3 Bosminasp. 1 - 1 3 - 2 1 1 - - 3 - 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 3 - 2 PHYLUM: ROTIFERS CLASS: MONOGONOTA ORDER: PLOIMA Lecane bulla Gosse 2 - 2 1 2 1 - 2 - 2 1 2 1 2 - 2 2 2 - 2 1 2 1 Keratella sp. 1 3 - - 2 - 1 1 3 - - - - 1 3 - 1 1 3 - - 2 - Tetrasiphon hydrocoral Ehrenberg 3 - 1 2 - 2 - 3 - 1 2 - 2 3 - 1 - 3 - 1 2 - 2 Brachionus angularis Ahlstrom - - 1 - - 1 - - - 1 3 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - 3 1 83 Brachionus calicyflorus Ahlstrom 2 2 2 - - 2 - 2 - - 2 - 2 2 - - 2 - - Brachionus urceolaris Muller 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 2 - 1 - - - 2 - 1 - 2 - 1 2 - JUVENILE STAGES Copepod eggs 1 - - 2 1 2 1 1 - - 2 1 2 1 - - 1 1 - - 2 1 2 Rotiferan egg - 1 1 - - 1 - - 1 1 - - 1 - 1 1 - - 1 1 - - 1 Bivalve larva 2 - 4 - 2 - 2 2 - 4 - 2 - 2 - 4 2 2 - 4 - 2 - Megalop larva - - - - 3 - - - - - - 3 - - - - - - - - - 3 - Nauplii larva of Barnacle 1 1 3 2 - - 1 1 1 3 2 - - 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 - - Nauplii larva of Copepods 2 1 2 - 11 8 2 2 1 2 - 11 8 2 1 2 5 6 1 2 - 11 8 Zoea larva - 1 - 1 2 - - - 1 - 1 2 - - 1 - - - 1 - 1 2 - Total species diversity (S) 16 10 14 12 14 14 10 16 10 13 12 12 12 13 11 13 14 14 11 13 13 14 13 Total abundance (N) 32 16 27 22 40 29 22 34 16 24 22 38 26 23 19 24 29 32 17 23 24 42 28 84 Table 3.36: Zooplankton community composition parameter (Wet Season) Bio-indices Control 1 Control 2 Control 3 DW 1 DW 2 BW 1 BW 2 AW 1 AW 2 CW 1 CW 2 DE 1 DE 2 AE 1 AE 2 BE 1 BE 2 CE 1 CE 2 D A B C Total species diversity (S) 16 10 14 12 14 14 10 16 10 13 12 12 12 13 11 13 14 14 11 13 13 14 13 Total abundance (N) 32 16 27 22 40 29 22 34 16 24 22 38 26 23 19 24 29 32 17 23 24 42 28 Log of Species diversity 1.20 1.00 1.15 1.08 1.15 1.15 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.11 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.11 1.04 1.11 1.15 1.15 1.04 1.11 1.11 1.15 1.11 (Log S) Log of abundance (Log N) 1.51 1.20 1.43 1.34 1.60 1.46 1.34 1.53 1.20 1.38 1.34 1.58 1.41 1.36 1.28 1.38 1.46 1.51 1.23 1.36 1.38 1.62 1.45 Shannon-Wiener Index 1.15 0.95 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.04 0.88 1.09 0.95 1.06 1.05 0.97 0.97 1.08 0.99 1.06 1.08 1.07 0.99 1.06 1.08 1.04 1.01 (Hs) Menhinick Index (D) 2.83 2.50 2.69 2.56 2.21 2.60 2.13 2.74 2.50 2.65 2.56 1.95 2.35 2.71 2.52 2.65 2.60 2.47 2.67 2.71 2.65 2.16 2.46 Margalef Index (d) 4.33 3.25 3.94 3.56 3.52 3.86 2.91 4.25 3.25 3.78 3.56 3.02 3.38 3.83 3.40 3.78 3.86 3.75 3.53 3.83 3.78 3.48 3.60 Equitability Index (j) 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.97 0.90 0.91 0.88 0.90 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.90 0.90 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.91 0.91 Simpson's Dominance 0.08 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.12 0.18 0.11 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.14 0.14 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.12 0.13 Index (C) 85 Table 3.37: Composition and abundance distribution of phytoplankton per ml (Dry Season) Taxa CNTR 3p CNTR 1P CNTR 2P AW 1p AW 2p BW 1p BW 2p DW 1P DW 2P CW 1P CW 2P AE 1p AE 2p BE 1p BE 2p DE 1P DE 2P CE 1P CE 2P DP AP BP CP DIVISION – BACILLARIOPHYTA CLASS-BACILLARIOPHYCEAE ORDER I – CENTRALES Aulacoseira granulata Ehrenberg 10 25 - 15 10 10 15 15 10 30 10 10 15 - 25 - 15 10 10 10 25 15 15 (Ralfs) Aulacoseira granulata var. 45 920 15 10 - 45 10 10 145 120 40 45 10 120 120 15 10 20 45 45 120 110 100 angstissima Muller Melosira moniliformis Agardh 5 25 15 5 5 5 15 15 5 15 5 5 15 5 10 15 25 5 5 5 15 25 25 Campylodiscus clypeus (Ehr.) Kutzing - 5 - 15 - - 5 5 - 5 - - 5 5 5 - 15 - - - 5 15 15 Coscinodiscus centralis Ehrenberg 25 5 20 10 25 25 5 5 25 5 25 25 5 5 5 20 10 25 25 25 5 10 10 Coscinodiscus eccentrius Ehrenberg 40 10 40 45 40 40 10 10 40 10 40 40 10 10 10 40 5 40 40 40 10 45 45 Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg 680 420 790 640 680 680 420 420 680 420 680 680 420 420 420 790 640 680 680 680 120 185 145 Cyclotella menighiniana Kutzing 15 5 10 10 15 - 5 5 15 5 15 15 5 5 5 10 10 15 - 15 5 10 10 Order II – PENNALES Pinnularia major (Kutzing) Rabenh 5 15 10 - 5 5 15 15 5 15 5 5 15 15 15 10 10 5 5 5 15 10 10 Surirella ovata Kutzing - 5 5 - - - 15 15 - 15 - - 15 15 15 10 - - - - 15 - - Surirella striatula Turpin 5 10 15 15 5 5 10 10 5 10 5 5 10 10 10 15 15 5 5 5 10 15 15 Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg - - 5 15 - - - - - - - - - - - 5 15 - - - - 15 15 Synedra ulna var. biceps Ehrenberg 10 5 20 10 10 10 15 15 10 5 10 10 15 5 5 20 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 Synedra crystallina (Ag) Kutzing 15 35 10 20 15 5 10 10 5 35 15 15 10 35 5 10 20 15 - 15 35 20 20 Synedra sp. 5 - 15 15 5 5 - - 5 - 5 5 - - - 15 15 5 5 5 - 15 15 DIVISION – CYANOPHYTA CLASS – CYANOPHYCEAE Order – HORMOGONALES Oscillatoria formosa Bory 5 - 15 20 5 5 - - 5 - 5 5 - - 15 20 5 5 5 - 20 20 Oscillatoria limnosa Agardh - 10 5 15 - - 10 10 - 10 - - 10 10 5 15 - - - 10 15 15 Total species diversity (S) 13 14 15 15 12 12 14 14 13 14 13 13 13 13 14 15 16 13 11 13 14 16 16 Total abundance (N) 865 1495 990 860 820 840 560 560 955 700 860 865 550 660 660 995 850 840 835 865 395 535 485 86 Table 3.38: Phytoplankton community composition parameter (Dry Season) Bio-indices CNTR 3p CNTR 1P CNTR 2P AW 1p AW 2p BW 1p BW 2p DW 1P DW 2P CW 1P CW 2P AE 1p AE 2p BE 1p BE 2p DE 1P DE 2P CE 1P CE 2P DP AP BP CP Total species diversity (S) 13 14 15 15 12 12 14 14 13 14 13 13 13 13 14 15 16 13 11 13 14 16 16 Total abundance (N) 865 1495 990 860 820 840 560 560 955 700 860 865 550 660 660 995 850 840 835 865 395 535 485 Log of Species diversity (Log S) 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.18 1.08 1.08 1.15 1.15 1.11 1.15 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.20 1.11 1.04 1.11 1.15 1.20 1.20 Log of abundance (Log N) 2.94 3.17 3.00 2.93 2.91 2.92 2.75 2.75 2.98 2.85 2.93 2.94 2.74 2.82 2.82 3.00 2.93 2.92 2.92 2.94 2.60 2.73 2.69 Shannon-Wiener Index (Hs) 0.43 0.49 0.44 0.53 0.36 0.38 0.52 0.52 0.47 0.64 0.42 0.43 0.48 0.56 0.58 0.44 0.53 0.40 0.36 0.43 0.86 0.95 0.99 Menhinick Index (D) 0.44 0.36 0.48 0.51 0.42 0.41 0.59 0.59 0.42 0.53 0.44 0.44 0.55 0.51 0.54 0.48 0.55 0.45 0.38 0.44 0.70 0.69 0.73 Margalef Index (d) 1.77 1.78 2.03 2.07 1.64 1.63 2.05 2.05 1.75 1.98 1.78 1.77 1.90 1.85 2.00 2.03 2.22 1.78 1.49 1.77 2.17 2.39 2.43 Equitability Index (j) 0.38 0.43 0.37 0.45 0.33 0.35 0.45 0.45 0.42 0.55 0.38 0.38 0.44 0.51 0.50 0.38 0.44 0.36 0.35 0.38 0.75 0.79 0.83 Simpson's Dominance Index (C) 0.62 0.46 0.64 0.56 0.69 0.66 0.57 0.57 0.53 0.40 0.63 0.62 0.59 0.44 0.44 0.63 0.57 0.66 0.67 0.62 0.20 0.18 0.15 87 The zooplankton recorded 3 (three) groups of species in the dry season. They were Phylum – Crustacea, Phylum – Rotifers and Juvenile stages. The dominant group of zooplankton was the Phylum – Crustacea, followed by the Juvenile stages. The Crustaceans recorded 50% (Calanoid Copepods, 4 species – 25%, Cyclopoida, 2 species – 12.5% and Cladocerans, 2 species – 12.5%), Juvenile stages recorded 37.5% and Rotifers recorded 12.5% (2 species) (Figure 3.11). The juvenile stages were represented by six forms namely: Megalop larva, Nauplii larva of Barnacle, Nauplii larva of Copepods, Bivalve larva, Gastropod larva, Zoea larva. Rotifers 12.5% Crustacean 50% Juveniles 37.5% Figure 3.11: Percentage occurrence of zooplankton recorded in the dry season The diversity and distribution of zooplankton per ml per station is shown in Table 3.39 while Table 3.40 presents the zooplankton community’s biological indices. In all a total of 16 species/forms were recorded at the 23 stations studied in the dry season. Total number of species recorded per station ranged between 5 and 12. Figure 3.12 shows a graphical relationship between Total Number of Species (S) and Total Abundance of the species (N). Acartia clausii Giesbrecht, Cyclops strenus Fisher, and Diaphnia sp.were the key species recorded in terms of occurrence and abundance. Nauplii larva of Copepods and Bivalve larva represented the juvenile forms in this regard. 88 Table 3.39: Composition and abundance distribution of zooplankton per ml (Dry Season) CNTR 3p CNTR 1P CNTR 2P ZOOPLANKTON TAXA AW 1p AW 2p BW 1p BW 2p DW 1P DW 2P CW 1P CW 2P AE 1p AE 2p BE 1p BE 2p DE 1P DE 2P CE 1P CE 2P DP AP BP CP PHYLUM – CRUSTACEA CLASS I: COPEPODA ORDER I: CALANOIDA Acartia clausii Giesbrecht 85 25 40 - 25 35 55 85 25 25 25 40 - 25 25 - 25 35 25 40 25 25 35 Acartia discaudata Giesbrecht 50 75 30 - - - 50 5 75 - 75 30 - 75 - - - - 75 30 - - - Paracalanus parvus Claus - - 10 5 - - - - - - - 10 5 - - 5 - - - 10 - - - Paracalanus sp. - 15 - - - - - 15 - 15 - 15 - - - - 15 - - - - ORDER II: CYCLOPOIDA Cyclops strenus Fisher 35 70 15 - 70 5 35 70 70 70 15 - 70 70 - 70 - 70 15 70 70 - Cyclops sp. - 5 5 - - - - - 5 - 5 5 - 5 - - - - 5 5 - - - SUB-CLASS: BRANCHIOPODA ORDER: CLADOCERA Bosmina sp. 5 10 - - 5 - 5 10 - 5 25 - - 15 10 5 5 - - 5 5 5 - Diaphnia sp. 45 55 15 - 5 - 45 45 55 5 55 15 - 55 5 - 5 - 55 15 5 5 - PHYLUM: ROTIFERS CLASS: MONOGONOTA ORDER: PLOIMA Brachionus plicatilis Muller 10 - - 25 10 15 10 10 - 10 - - 25 - 10 25 10 5 - - 10 10 5 Lecane bulla Gosse 5 - 5 15 15 15 5 5 - 10 - 5 15 - 10 15 10 15 - 5 10 10 15 JUVENILE STAGES Megalop larva 15 25 5 - 10 85 - - - 10 25 - - - - - - - - 5 - - - Nauplii larva of Barnacle 10 30 10 - - - 10 10 30 - 30 10 - 30 - - - - 30 10 - - - Nauplii larva of Copepods 5 10 - - 10 5 25 25 15 - 15 5 15 15 - 15 - 25 15 5 - - 25 Bivalve larva 15 5 5 10 - 10 15 15 5 10 5 5 10 5 10 10 - 5 5 - 10 10 10 Gastropod larva - 10 - 5 - 25 - - - - - - 5 10 - - 10 - 10 - - - - Zoea larva 5 - 10 - 15 35 5 5 - 15 - 10 - - - - - 5 - 10 15 15 5 Total species diversity (S) 12 12 11 5 9 8 11 11 9 9 11 11 6 11 7 6 7 6 10 12 8 8 6 Total abundance (N) 285 335 150 60 165 225 230 250 295 160 345 150 75 320 140 75 135 90 305 155 150 150 95 89 Table 3.40: Composition and abundance distribution of zooplankton per ml (Dry season) CNTR 3p CNTR 1P CNTR 2P Bio-indices AW 1p AW 2p BW 1p BW 2p DW 1P DW 2P CW 1P CW 2P AE 1p AE 2p BE 1p BE 2p DE 1P DE 2P CE 1P CE 2P DP AP BP CP Total species diversity (S) 12 12 11 5 9 8 11 11 9 9 11 11 6 11 7 6 7 6 10 12 8 8 6 Total abundance (N) 285 335 150 60 165 225 230 250 295 160 345 150 75 320 140 75 135 90 305 155 150 150 95 Log of Species diversity (Log S) 1.08 1.08 1.04 0.70 0.95 0.90 1.04 1.04 0.95 0.95 1.04 1.04 0.78 1.04 0.85 0.78 0.85 0.78 1.00 1.08 0.90 0.90 0.78 Log of abundance (Log N) 2.45 2.53 2.18 1.78 2.22 2.35 2.36 2.40 2.47 2.20 2.54 2.18 1.88 2.51 2.15 1.88 2.13 1.95 2.48 2.19 2.18 2.18 1.98 Shannon-Wiener Index (Hs) 0.89 0.93 0.93 0.62 0.78 0.77 0.88 0.86 0.82 0.77 0.92 0.93 0.71 0.90 0.66 0.71 0.64 0.65 0.85 0.96 0.72 0.72 0.68 Menhinick Index (D) 0.71 0.66 0.90 0.65 0.70 0.53 0.73 0.70 0.52 0.71 0.59 0.90 0.69 0.61 0.59 0.69 0.60 0.63 0.57 0.96 0.65 0.65 0.62 Margalef Index (d) 1.95 1.89 2.00 0.98 1.57 1.29 1.84 1.81 1.41 1.58 1.71 2.00 1.16 1.73 1.21 1.16 1.22 1.11 1.57 2.18 1.40 1.40 1.10 Equitability Index (j) 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.88 0.82 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.86 0.81 0.89 0.89 0.92 0.86 0.78 0.92 0.76 0.84 0.85 0.89 0.79 0.79 0.87 Simpson's Dominance Index (C) 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.28 0.23 0.21 0.16 0.19 0.18 0.24 0.14 0.15 0.22 0.16 0.30 0.22 0.32 0.27 0.17 0.14 0.27 0.27 0.25 90 350 diversity (S) Total species345 335 320 305 295 300 285 250 250 225 230 200 165 160 150 150 155 150 150 150 140 135 90 95 100 75 75 60 50 12 12 11 9 8 11 11 9 9 11 11 6 11 7 6 7 6 10 12 8 8 6 5 0 BW 1p BW 2p CE 1P CE 2P CW 1P CW 2P DE 1P DE 2P AP BP DP CNTR 1P CNTR 2P AE 1p AE 2p AW 1p AW 2p BE 1p BE 2p CNTR 3p DW 1P DW 2P CP Figure 3.12: Zooplankton Total number of species (S) and abundance (N) recorded in the dry season Total number of species (S) Total Abundance (N) 400 345 350 335 320 305 295 300 285 250 250 225 230 200 165 160 150 150 155 150 150 140 135 150 90 95 100 75 75 60 50 12 12 11 5 9 8 11 11 9 9 11 11 6 11 7 6 7 10 12 8 8 6 6 0 D AE1 AE2 AW1 AW2 EE1 EE2 EW1 EW2 CE1 CE2 CW1 CW2 DE1 DE2 DW1 DW2 C B CTRL 1 CTRL 2 CTRL 3 A 91 3.10 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Wet Season Nine hundred and fifty six (956) species comprising three (3) phyla, Three (3) classes, Eleven (11) families were identified at the study area in the wet season. Table 3.41 and 3.42 present the composition, classification and number of benthos, collected in the study area. Results of benthic macrofauna analysis indicate that a total number of 11 taxa were identified in the samples. The fauna include members from the groups molluscs (gastropod and bivalves), arthropods and polychates. Pachymelina aurita and Macoma cumana formed the bulk of the species abundance. The number of individuals is unevenly distributed among the species found at the sampled station. Percentage abundance by major taxonomic key showed that 36.0% of the benthic composition were gastropods, while bivalves recorded the highest percentage with 59.3% and the arthropods and annelid represent 4.7%. Pachymelina aurita recorded the highest number of occurrence during the wet seasin sampling while Nereis lamellosa recorded the lowest number of occurrence. The presence of polychaetes Neries sp, within the study area is indicative of organic enrichment. The benthic macrofauna of the study area is numerically dominated by the species gastropod. It was predominant at all stations. The anthropogenic inputs may have contributed immensely to the low diversity of the benthic macroinvertebrates in the study area. 92 Table 3.41: Benthic organisms composition and abundance in the study area (Wet season) A B C D AE1 BE1 CE1 DE1 AE2 BE2 CE2 DE2 AW1 BW1 CW1 DW1 AW BW2 CW2 DW2 CTRL1 CTRL2 CTRL3 2 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA CLASS GASTROPODA Family Thiaridae Pachymelania aurita 12 10 12 12 15 8 11 15 16 10 17 12 12 8 12 7 8 - 14 3 14 4 8 Family Potamididae Tympanotomus fuscatus 6 8 7 6 10 6 6 8 - 4 5 7 - - 4 - - - 6 - 7 - 6 Family Eulimdae Eulima fischeri - - - - - - - 1 4 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - Family Turritellidae Turritella torulosa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - Turritella ungulina - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - CLASS BIVALVIA Family Donacidae Iphigenia rostrata - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 - - - - - - - - Family Tellinidae Macoma cumana 6 10 7 7 28 36 23 7 8 5 4 6 7 12 9 7 12 2 7 6 8 4 7 Tellina nymphalis 10 8 7 - 7 3 9 6 - 2 - 4 - - - - - - - - 5 - 9 Family Venridae Tivela tripla 7 8 8 12 10 8 - - 6 6 - 8 6 5 6 7 6 2 10 4 - 5 5 Family Mactridae Mactra glabrata 5 7 9 - - - - - - - - - - 7 11 6 - - 8 5 4 6 - Family Veneroidae Pitaria tumens 5 - 11 6 - 5 - 4 - 5 8 - 8 6 8 - - - - 4 - - 3 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA CLASS MAXILLOPODA Family Tetraclitidae Tetraclita squamata - - - 6 5 - 4 - 7 - 2 2 - 5 - 2 - - - - - - - PHYLUM ANNELIDA CLASS POLYCHAETA Family Nereidae Nereis lamellosa 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Total abundance (N) 52 51 61 49 75 66 53 41 41 32 36 39 33 43 58 32 26 4 47 22 38 19 38 Total species diversity (S) 8 6 7 6 6 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 4 6 7 7 3 2 6 5 5 4 6 93 Table 3.42: Benthic organism community composition parameter (Wet Season) A B C D AE1 BE1 CE1 DE1 AE2 BE2 CE2 DE2 AW BW CW DW1 AW2 BW2 CW2 DW2 CTRL1 CTRL2 CTRL3 1 1 1 Total species diversity (S) 8 6 7 6 6 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 4 6 7 7 3 2 6 5 5 4 6 Total abundance (N) 52 51 61 49 75 66 53 41 41 32 36 39 33 43 58 32 26 4 47 22 38 19 38 Log of Species diversity (Log S) 0.90 0.78 0.85 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.70 0.78 0.70 0.78 0.70 0.78 0.60 0.78 0.85 0.85 0.48 0.30 0.78 0.70 0.70 0.60 0.78 Log of abundance (Log N) 1.72 1.71 1.79 1.69 1.88 1.82 1.72 1.61 1.61 1.51 1.56 1.59 1.52 1.63 1.76 1.51 1.41 0.60 1.67 1.34 1.58 1.28 1.58 Shannon-Wiener Index (Hs) 0.85 0.77 0.84 0.76 0.71 0.61 0.62 0.69 0.65 0.73 0.59 0.73 0.59 0.76 0.82 0.77 0.46 0.30 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.60 0.76 Menhinick Index (D) 1.11 0.84 0.90 0.86 0.69 0.74 0.69 0.94 0.78 1.06 0.83 0.96 0.70 0.91 0.92 1.24 0.59 1.00 0.88 1.07 0.81 0.92 0.97 Margalef Index (d) 1.77 1.27 1.46 1.28 1.16 1.19 1.01 1.35 1.08 1.44 1.12 1.36 0.86 1.33 1.48 1.73 0.61 0.72 1.30 1.29 1.10 1.02 1.37 Equitability Index (j) 0.94 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.91 0.78 0.89 0.89 0.93 0.94 0.85 0.93 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.91 0.96 1.00 0.93 0.98 0.94 0.99 0.97 Simpson's Dominance Index (C) 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.19 0.22 0.34 0.25 0.21 0.25 0.20 0.31 0.20 0.27 0.19 0.16 0.19 0.36 0.50 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.13 94 Dry Season Two thousand four hundred and seventy eight (2,478) species comprising three (3) phyla, three (3) classes were identified at the study area in the dry season. Table 3.43 shows the composition, classification and number of benthos, collected in the study area while Table 3.44 presents the biological indices of the benthic community in the dry season. The benthic macroinvertebrates include members from the groups molluscs (gastropod and bivalves) and polychates. Mactra glabrata, Aloidis trigona and Macoma cumana formed the bulk of the species abundance. 29.73% of the benthic composition were gastropods, while bivalves recorded the highest percentage with 70.19% and annelid represent 0.081%. Mactra glabrata recorded the highest number of occurrences during the sampling period while Nereis spp. recorded the lowest number of occurrence. 95 Table 3.43: Benthic organism composition and abundance in the study area (Dry Season) A B C D AE1 BE1 CE1 DE1 AE2 BE2 CE2 DE2 AW1 BW1 CW1 DW1 AW2 BW2 CW2 DW2 CTRL1 CTRL2 CTRL3 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA CLASS GASTROPODA Tympanotonous fuscatus 11 7 10 12 1 1 9 21 - 3 12 4 8 22 15 32 1 25 13 - 10 9 5 Turritella ungulina - 2 6 - 3 - 53 41 - - 8 4 - 6 5 14 - 4 5 - 12 11 - Turritella annulata - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pachymelania bryoensis - - 22 - - - 8 6 - - 3 22 - - 44 12 2 7 48 - 34 9 - Pachymelania aurita - - 9 3 30 - 2 2 - - - 2 14 - 3 - - 5 16 - 7 1 - Nerita glabrata - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - Natica turtoni 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Natica fanel - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Turritella meta - - - 5 - - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - CLASS BIVALVIA Pitar tumens 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aloidis trigona 13 15 36 28 4 1 27 9 - - 25 30 24 18 22 - - 9 53 - - - 12 Ungulina alba - - 10 - - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - Mactra glabrata 51 10 76 29 - 3 27 72 - - 37 59 65 56 55 60 - 72 95 2 39 73 9 Macoma Cumana 7 25 - 47 1 - 30 13 - - - - 30 12 26 25 - 13 23 - 17 55 5 Tivela tripla 9 - - - 1 1 4 - - - - 14 - - - 23 - - - - 18 22 - Mactra nitida - 44 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 - - Tellina nymphalis 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - PHYLUM ANNELIDA CLASS POLYCHAETA Nereis 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - Total abundance (N) 107 104 171 124 40 6 160 164 0 3 89 139 142 114 170 166 3 253 2 155 155 180 31 96 Table 3.44: Biologocal Indices result of the benthic community in the study area (Dry Season) Index A B C D AE1 BE1 CE1 DE1 AE2 BE2 CE2 DE2 AW1 BW1 CW1 DW1 AW2 BW2 CW2 DW2 CTRL1 CTRL2 CTRL3 Total species diversity (S) 9 7 8 6 6 4 8 7 0 1 6 8 6 5 7 6 2 8 7 1 9 7 4 Total abundance (N) 107 104 171 124 40 6 160 164 0 3 89 139 142 114 170 166 3 136 253 2 155 180 31 Log of Species diversity 0.00 (Log S) 0.95 0.85 0.90 0.78 0.78 0.60 0.90 0.85 0.00 0.78 0.90 0.78 0.70 0.85 0.78 0.30 0.90 0.85 0.00 0.95 0.85 0.60 Log of abundance (Log N) 0.00 2.03 2.02 2.23 2.09 1.60 0.78 2.20 2.21 0.48 1.95 2.14 2.15 2.06 2.23 2.22 0.48 2.13 2.40 0.30 2.19 2.26 1.49 Shannon-Wiener Index 0.00 (Hs) 0.72 0.66 0.70 0.65 0.40 0.54 0.76 0.65 0.00 0.63 0.69 0.61 0.59 0.72 0.71 0.28 0.64 0.71 0.00 0.85 0.64 0.57 Menhinick Index (D) 0.00 0.87 0.69 0.61 0.54 0.95 1.63 0.63 0.55 0.58 0.64 0.68 0.50 0.47 0.54 0.47 1.15 0.69 0.44 0.71 0.72 0.52 0.72 Margalef Index (d) 0.00 1.71 1.29 1.36 1.04 1.36 1.67 1.38 1.18 0.00 1.11 1.42 1.01 0.84 1.17 0.98 0.91 1.42 1.08 0.00 1.59 1.16 0.87 Equitability Index (j) 0.00 0.75 0.78 0.77 0.83 0.51 0.90 0.84 0.77 0.00 0.82 0.76 0.79 0.84 0.85 0.92 0.92 0.71 0.84 #DIV/0! 0.89 0.76 0.95 Simpson's Dominance 0.00 Index (C) 0.05 0.26 0.07 0.21 0.58 0.08 0.18 0.09 1.00 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.12 0.09 0.56 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.12 0.20 97 3.11 Fisheries Fishing is a largely male preserve in the area with women predominately involved in the sale of the fish. The peak fishing season is during the dry season from December to January. Fishing takes place during the day as well as at night but many prefer to fish at night because of reduced traffic on the Lagoon. Fisher folk use various techniques which includes net fishing, spear fishing, fish traps (left in place for approximately 3 months) and fish farming as reported by the fishermen and observed during the baseline study. Wet Season A total of thirty one (31) countable individuals were recorded from 9 families during the wet season survey (Table 3.45). These include families Clupeidae, Cichlidae, Drepanidae, Pristigasteridae, Baridae, Mugilidae, Haemulidae, Hepsetidae and Latidae. Fagade and Olaniyan (1974) recorded these families as being among the fishes caught in the Lagos lagoon during the wet season of the year. Table 3.45: Fish species recorded in the study area (wet season) S/N Family Common Scientific Name Abun- % Abundance Name dance 1 Clupeidae Bonga Ethmalosa 1 3.0 fimbriata 2 Cichlidae Blackchin Sarotherodon 1 3.0 Tilapia melanotheron 3 Drepanidae Spade fish Drepane Africana 6 19.0 4 Pristigasteridae Bonga/Shad Ilisha Africana 8 27.0 5 Baridae Marine catfish Chrysichthys 4 13.0 nigrodigitatus 6 Mugilidae Flat mullet Mugill cephalus 3 10.0 7 Haemulidae Grunter Pomadasys 5 16.0 jubelini 8 Hepsetidae African pike Hepsetus odoe 1 3.0 9 Latidae Nile Perch Lates niloticus 2 6.0 TOTAL 31 100 Dry Season A total of forty three (31) countable individuals were observed from 12 families during the dry sampling period as shown in Table 3.46. 98 Table 3.46: Fish species recorded in the study area (dry season) S/N Family Common Scientific Name Abundance % Abundance Name 1 Clupeidae Bonga Ethmalosa fimbriata 2 4.7 2 Cichlidae Blackchin Sarotherodon 1 2.3 Tilapia melanotheron 3 Drepanidae Spade fish Drepane Africana 2 4.7 4 Sciaenidae Pseudotolithus 5 11.6 elongates 5 Baridae Marine Chrysichthys 8 18.6 catfish nigrodigitatus 6 Soleidea Sole fish Synatura lusitanica 4 9.3 7 Clupeidae Sardine Sardinella madernsis 2 4.7 8 Cichlidae Tilapia Tilapia zilli 6 13.9 9 Elopidea Elops lacerta 4 9.3 10 Ariidae Arius 4 9.3 heudeloti 11 Polynemidae Galeoides 2 4.7 decadactylus 12 Polynemidae Polydactylus 3 6.9 quadrifilis TOTAL 43 100 Plate 3.16 shows different fish species identified in the study area during the baseline survey. Drepane africana Sarotherodon melanotheron 99 Ethmalosa fimbriata Pomadasys jubelini Plate 3.16: Fish Species recorded in the study area 3.12 Land Use The land use analysis covers about 5 km buffer around the project site. High resolution Ikonos Imagery (1m) covering the area was locally sourced. The imagery was supported by other ancillary data include; plant layout, topographic sheets and map of Ikorodu LGA and ground thruthing. All GIS operations and image interpretation were carried out using Arc map GIS (version 9.3). Figure 3.13 and Table 3.47 show the land use distribution around the project area. The area has over the years developed from purely an agrarian settlement before 80s into a fast growing/developing environment with characteristics of semi-urban settlements. Although the area is one of the fastest developing areas of Ikorodu division of Lagos state, its built up area constitutes less significant area of the total area mapped. One major reason for this development is that, Egbin Power Station acquired fast amount of land measuring over 640 hectares which it has not put up to a quarter of it into usage. 100 Figure 3.13: Land use within 5km radius of the project area Table 3.47: Land use/Land cover in the project area S/N Land use / Land cover Area in Hectare % 1 Water Body 658.00 14.34 2 Power Station Complex 328.00 7.15 3 Light Forest 76.00 1.66 4 Riparian Forest 1237.00 26.95 5 Rubber Plantation 19.00 0.41 6 Built-up Area 50.00 1.09 7 Grassland 2078.00 45.27 8 Open Surface 46.00 1.00 9 Farmland 98.00 2.14 Total 4590.00 100 101 REFERENCES 1. Allen, S. E., Grimshaw, H. M., Parkinson, J. A. and Quarmby, C. (1974) Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London 569p. 2. Burkill, H. M. (1994). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa (2nd Edition). Vol. 2. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew. 3. Edmunds, J. 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Mudflat microalgae of a tropical bay in Lagos, Nigeria.Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences.9 (4): 877 – 883. 102 17. Onyema, I.C. (2008). A checklist of phytoplankton species of the Iyagbe lagoon, Lagos. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.3(3): 167 – 175. 18. Oyenekan, J.A. (1975): A survey of the Lagos lagoon Benthos (with particular reference to the Mollusca) M.Sc. thesis, University of Lagos. 137pp. 19. Schreider, W., 1990. Field Guide to the Commercial Marine Resources of the 20. Gulf of Guinea. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, pp: 268. 21. Smart, M. (1997). The Ramsar Convention: Its Role and Wise Use of Wetland Biodiversity. In: The Convention on Wetlands in the Conservation and Use of Biodiversity. Hails, A. J. (ed): Publishes Ramsar convention Bureau, 20-21. 103 Ecological Characteristics, Economic Importance and Biodiversity Status of Plant Species Encountered During Agura IPP Site Environmental Impact Assessment S/N Plant Species Common Name Family Name Use Biodiversity Status Habit Veg 1 Veg2 Veg3 Veg4 Veg5 Veg6 Veg7 Veg8 Veg9 Veg10 Veg11 Veg12 Total No of Spp Frequency % Average No Per Quadrat Density(Spp/100m2) R.Density % 1 Acalypha wilkesiana Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Shrub __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 3 __ 3 6.25 0.25 0.03 0.455235205 2 Ageratum conyzoides Goat weed Asteraceae Medicinal Not Threatened Herb 10 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 10 20.83333333 0.833333333 0.1 1.524390244 3 Alstonia boonei Devil’s Tree Apocynaceae Medicinal, Boat Not Threatened Tree __ __ 3 __ 5 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 8 16.66666667 0.666666667 0.08 1.238390093 4 Andropogun tectorun Giant bluestem Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Grass __ __ __ 5 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 5 10.41666667 0.416666667 0.05 0.78369906 5 Anthocleista vogelii Cabbage tree Loganiaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Shrub/Tree 2 __ __ __ 4 5 __ 3 __ __ 4 __ 18 37.5 1.5 0.18 2.843601896 6 Asystasia gigantica Indian Asystasia Acanthaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Herb 7 __ __ __ __ __ 6 __ __ __ __ __ 13 27.08333333 1.083333333 0.13 2.113821138 7 Avicenia germinans Black mangrove Acanthaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Shrub/Tree __ __ __ __ 6 10 __ 7 __ __ 8 __ 31 64.58333333 2.583333333 0.31 5.149501661 8 Azadiractha indica Dongoyaro/Neem Tree Meliaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Tree 5 4 __ __ 4 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 13 27.08333333 1.083333333 0.13 2.276707531 9 Bambusa vulgaris Bamboo Poaceae Timber Not Threatened Tree 10 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 5 15 31.25 1.25 0.15 2.688172043 10 Bridelia micrantha Coastal golden leaf Phyllanthaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Shrub __ __ __ __ 3 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 3 6.25 0.25 0.03 0.552486188 11 Calotropis procera Apple of Sodom Apocynaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Shrub/Tree __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 7 __ 10 17 35.41666667 1.416666667 0.17 3.148148148 12 Carica papaya Pawpaw Caricaceae Food, Medicinal Not Threatened Tree __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 2 2 4.166666667 0.166666667 0.02 0.382409178 13 Chromolaena odorata Siam weed Asteraceae Medicinal Not Threatened Herb 4 6 __ 13 10 1 2 __ 8 __ __ 5 49 102.0833333 4.083333333 0.49 9.404990403 14 Cocos nucifera Coconut Palmae Food, Medicinal Not Threatened Tree 3 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 3 6.25 0.25 0.03 0.63559322 15 Colocasia esculenta Cocoyam Araceae Food, Medicinal Not Threatened Herb __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 5 3 8 16.66666667 0.666666667 0.08 1.70575693 16 Combretum sp. Bush Willows Combretaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Shrub __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 0 0 0 0 0 17 Cymbopogun citratus Lemon grass Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Grass __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 2 2 4.166666667 0.166666667 0.02 0.433839479 18 Digitaria sp. Crab grass Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Grass __ __ __ __ 9 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 9 18.75 0.75 0.09 1.960784314 19 Dioscorea rotundata White Yam Dioscoraceae Food Not Threatened Herb __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 7 7 14.58333333 0.583333333 0.07 1.555555556 20 Drynaria laureutii Basket ferns Polypodiaceae - Not Threatened Herb __ __ 5 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 10 __ 15 31.25 1.25 0.15 3.386004515 21 Dryopteris sp. Wood ferns Dryopteridaceae - Not Threatened Hydrophyte __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 15 20 __ 35 72.91666667 2.916666667 0.35 8.177570093 22 Eichhornia crassipes Water hyacinth Pontederiaceae - Not Threatened Hydrophyte __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 30 __ __ 30 62.5 2.5 0.3 7.633587786 23 Elaeis guineensis Oil palm tree Palmae Oil Not Threatened Tree 10 6 __ __ 15 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 31 64.58333333 2.583333333 0.31 8.539944904 24 Euphorbia heterophylla - Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Herb 10 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 10 20.83333333 0.833333333 0.1 3.012048193 25 Euphorbia hirta - Euphorbiaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Herb 15 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 15 31.25 1.25 0.15 4.658385093 26 Imperata cylindrica Spear grass Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Grass 15 __ __ 20 __ 12 __ __ __ __ __ __ 47 97.91666667 3.916666667 0.47 15.30944625 27 Lantana camara Wild sage Verbenaceae Ornamental Not Threatened Tree __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1 __ __ __ __ 1 2.083333333 0.083333333 0.01 0.384615385 28 Mimosa pudica ‘Touch Me Not’ Mimosaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Herb __ __ 4 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 4 8.333333333 0.333333333 0.04 1.544401544 29 Musa paradisiaca Plantain Musaceae Food Not Threatened Shrub 10 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 10 20.83333333 0.833333333 0.1 3.921568627 30 Musa sapientum Banana Musaceae Food Not Threatened Shrub __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 20 20 41.66666667 1.666666667 0.2 8.163265306 31 Newbouldia laevis Chieftaincy tree Bignoniaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Shrub/Tree 7 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 7 14.58333333 0.583333333 0.07 3.111111111 32 Nymphaea lotus Water lily Nymphaeaceae - Not Threatened Hydrophyte __ __ __ __ 15 __ 6 __ __ __ __ __ 21 43.75 1.75 0.21 9.633027523 33 Ocimum basilicum Basil Lamiaceae Spice, Medicinal Not Threatened Shrub __ 4 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 4 8.333333333 0.333333333 0.04 2.030456853 34 Panicum laxum Lax panicgrass Poaceae Medicinal, Forage Not Threatened Grass __ 6 5 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 11 22.91666667 0.916666667 0.11 5.699481865 35 Panicum maximum Torpedo rice Poaceae Medicinal, Forage Not Threatened Grass 10 5 5 7 __ 8 __ 5 __ __ __ __ 40 83.33333333 3.333333333 0.4 21.97802198 36 Paspalum vaginatum Turfgrass Poaceae Forage Not Threatened Grass __ __ __ __ 10 __ 5 __ 4 __ __ __ 19 39.58333333 1.583333333 0.19 13.38028169 37 Pennisetum purpureum Elephant grass Poaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Grass __ __ __ __ __ __ 12 __ 10 __ __ __ 22 45.83333333 1.833333333 0.22 17.88617886 38 Physalis micrantha - Solanaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Herb __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 4 4 8.333333333 0.333333333 0.04 3.96039604 39 Piper guinense Guinea pepper Piperaceae Spice Not Threatened Tree __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 0 0 0 0 0 40 Psidium guajava Guava Myrtaceae Food Not Threatened Tree __ 3 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 5 __ __ 8 16.66666667 0.666666667 0.08 8.24742268 41 Raphia hookeri Raphia Palmae Textile, Not Threatened Tree __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Construction 10 10 20.83333333 0.833333333 0.1 11.23595506 42 Rhizophora racemosa True mangrove Rhizophoraceae Fuel Not Threatened Tree __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 10 __ __ 10 20.83333333 0.833333333 0.1 12.65822785 43 Saccharum officinale Sugar cane Poaceae Food Not Threatened Shrub __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 10 10 20.83333333 0.833333333 0.1 14.49275362 44 Sida acuta Broomweed Malvaceae Medicinal Not Threatened Herb __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 11 11 22.91666667 0.916666667 0.11 18.6440678 45 Spigelia anthelmia - Loganiaceae Ornamental Not Threatened Herb __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 8 5 4 __ __ 17 35.41666667 1.416666667 0.17 35.41666667 46 Terminalia cattapa Almond Combretaceae Food Not Threatened Tree __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 0 0 0 0 0 47 Tridax procumbens Coat button Asteraceae Medicinal Not Threatened Herb __ 10 __ __ __ 6 10 __ 5 __ __ __ 31 64.58333333 2.583333333 0.31 100 131500 3°37'0"E 133000 134500 3°38'0"E 136000 3°39'0"E Nigeria_West_Belt Projection: Transverse_Mercator False_Easting: 230738.260000 285100 285100 False_Northing: 0.000000 Central_Meridian: 4.500000 Scale_Factor: 0.999750 Latitude_Of_Origin: 4.000000 Linear Unit: Meter GCS_Minna Datum: D_Minna AS12 S R AS5 6°34'0"N S R 6°34'0"N AS4 AS11 283600 283600 AS1 R S S R S R AS6 AS2 AS3 S S R S CNL IPP SITE R R AS7 AS9 S R AE2 S R AW2 S R AW1 G2 ( G3 ! R S ( G1 ! ( ! Legend S R AS8 AS10 ( Groundwater ! Sampling Pts BW2 R S S R SAir/Soil Sampling Pts R BW1 R S A BE2 SWater/Sediment Sampling Pts R R S AE1 CNL_Parcel S R S R PHCN S R Drainage Surface Water/Sediment Sampling Points CW2 B BE1 Label X Y Lat Long 282100 282100 A 134292.06 282395.45 6 33 13.6 3 37 40.0 6°33'0"N R S S R R S B 134293.10 282032.26 6 33 01.8 3 37 40.0 6°33'0"N C 134287.36 281533.16 6 32 45.6 3 37 39.9 D 134283.74 281031.93 6 32 29.2 3 37 39.8 CW1 AE1 134793.17 282336.60 6 33 11.8 3 37 56.3 BE1 134792.28 282037.14 6 33 02.0 3 37 56.3 S R CE1 134788.67 281538.04 6 32 45.8 3 37 56.2 DE1 134791.42 281038.92 6 32 29.5 3 37 56.3 C CE1 CE2 AE2 135797.64 282966.52 6 33 32.3 3 38 28.9 DW2 BE2 135793.72 282367.60 6 33 12.8 3 38 28.8 R S S R R S S R CE2 135791.27 281547.79 6 32 46.1 3 38 28.8 DE2 135787.66 281048.69 6 32 29.9 3 38 28.7 AW1 133794.14 282813.22 6 33 27.2 3 37 23.7 BW1 133788.75 282430.93 6 33 14.8 3 37 23.6 CW1 133788.93 281781.02 6 32 53.6 3 37 23.6 DW1 133786.98 281126.87 6 32 32.3 3 37 23.6 DW1 AW2 132794.13 282817.83 6 33 28.9 3 36 48.5 D DE1 DE2 ± BW2 132794.13 282515.60 6 33 19.0 3 36 48.5 S R CW2 132789.50 282016.76 6 33 02.8 3 36 48.4 R S S R R S DW2 132788.78 281518.21 6 32 46.6 3 36 48.4 CTRL1 133776.48 280014.60 6 31 56.1 3 37 23.3 A ir Q u ality/So il Sam p lin g P o in ts Lab e l X Y Lat Lo n g A S1 132357.15 2 83429.166 33 47.23 36 36.9 A S2 133734.27 2 83202.886 33 39.93 37 21.8 A S3 133882.73 2 83228.486 33 40.73 37 26.6 280600 280600 A S4 133872.49 2 83535.646 33 50.73 37 26.2 A S5 133811.06 2 83863.286 34 01.43 37 24.2 A S6 134148.94 2 83248.956 33 41.43 37 35.3 A S7 134348.60 2 83095.376 33 36.43 37 41.8 Mxd/2012/GAS/IPP/IPP Sampling Map Chevron A S8 134497.06 2 82639.756 33 21.63 37 46.6 6°32'0"N CTRL 2 A S9 134712.07 2 83018.586 33 34.03 37 53.6 6°32'0"N CTRL1 A S 10 135259.85 2 82655.106 33 22.23 38 11.5 R S S R A S 11 134891.25 2 83540.766 33 51.03 37 59.4 A S 12 134343.48 2 84253.386 34 14.13 37 41.5 AGURA IPP EIA G ro u n d w ate r Sam p lin g P o in ts G1 134306.83 2 82869.496 33 29.13 37 40.4 G2 G3 134250.35 134349.52 2 82824.18 2 82817.61 6 33 27.63 37 38.6 6 33 27.43 37 41.8 SAMPLING MAP 131500 133000 134500 136000 3°37'0"E 3°38'0"E 3°39'0"E 0 0.25 0.5 1 1.5 2 Author Scale Date Kilometers jgnt/joei 1:15,000 11 OCT, 2012 Annex G Air Quality Modeling Report FINAL REPORT ASSESSMENT OF THE AGURA INDEPENDENT POWER PROJECT AIR QUALITY IMPACT NNPC/CNL, NIGERIA Prepared for NNPC/CNL JV URS Project No. 27651096.01000 March, 2013 4225 Executive Square, Suite 1600 La Jolla, CA 92037 Tel: 858.812.9292 Fax: 858.812.9293 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ ES-1 Section 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................1-1 Section 2 Air Quality Assessment Criteria ....................................................................2-1 Section 3 Modeling Parameters ......................................................................................3-1 3.1 Model Selection ..................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Receptors ............................................................................................................... 3-1 3.3 Meteorological Data .............................................................................................. 3-1 3.4 NO2 Modeling ........................................................................................................ 3-2 Section 4 Agura IPP Modeling ........................................................................................4-1 4.1 Plot Plan ................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 Source Description................................................................................................. 4-4 4.3 Building Downwash Effects .................................................................................. 4-9 4.4 Agura IPP Modeling Results ............................................................................... 4-10 4.4.1 Off-Site Ambient Air Quality Impact Analysis ...................................... 4-10 4.4.2 On-Site Worker Health Effect Analysis.................................................. 4-10 Section 5 Ambient Monitoring ........................................................................................5-1 5.1 Meteorology Data .................................................................................................. 5-1 5.2 Passive Diffusion Samplers ................................................................................... 5-1 5.3 Monitoring Sites .................................................................................................... 5-2 5.4 Sample Protocol ..................................................................................................... 5-3 5.5 Monitoring Results ................................................................................................ 5-4 Section 6 Cumulative Modeling ......................................................................................6-1 6.1 Source Description................................................................................................. 6-1 6.1.1 Lagos Thermal Station (LTS) Egbin ......................................................... 6-1 6.1.2 AES Ebute ................................................................................................. 6-2 6.2 Model Set Up ......................................................................................................... 6-2 6.3 Cumulative Modeling Results ............................................................................... 6-5 Section 7 Limitations.......................................................................................................7-1 Section 8 References ......................................................................................................8-1 W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx i List of Tables, Figures and Appendices Tables Table ES-1 Maximum Off-Site Concentrations for Agura IPP Table ES-2 Maximum On-Site Concentrations for Three Stages Table ES-3 Maximum Concentrations for Cumulative Modeling Table 1 Criteria used in the Off-Site Ambient Air Quality Impact Analysis Table 2 ACGHI TLV Thresholds used in the On-site Worker Health Effect Analysis Table 3 Agura IPP Emission Source Stack Parameters Table 4 Agura IPP Source Emission Rates Table 5 Buildings Included in the Modeling Analyses Table 6 AERMOD Modeling Results – Maximum Off-Site Concentrations for Three Stages Table 7 AERMOD Modeling Results – Maximum On-Site Concentrations for Three Stages Table 8 Passive Diffusion Sampling Results Table 9 LTS Egbin and AES Ebute Stack Parameters Table 10 LTS Egbin and AES Ebute Source Emission Rates Table 11 Cumulative Modeling Impacts Figures Figure 1 Receptor Grid Map for Off-site Air Quality Impact Analysis Figure 2 Receptor Grid Map for Cumulative Air Quality Analysis Figure 3 Receptor Grid Map for On-site Worker Health Effect Analysis Figure 4 Agura IPP Site Plan Figure 5 Agura IPP Facility Plot Plan Figure 6 Ogawa passive diffusion sampler assembly Figure 7 Scatter plot of NO2 concentration data (ppb)collected at the Plant Site and Agura Village Site. Figure 8 Agura IPP 1-hour NO2 Source Contributions Figure 9 LTS Egbin 1-hour NO2 Source Contributions Figure 10 AES Ebute 1-hour NO2 Source Contributions Figure 11 Cumulative (including background) 1-hour NO2 Maximum Impact Appendices Appendix A Photo Log of Field Sampling Locations W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx ii Executive Summary Executive Summary Chevron Nigeria Limited (Chevron Nigeria) proposes to construct a natural gas-fired power plant to be located on the northern shore of the Leeki Lagoon approximately 28 kilometers (km) northeast of Lagos, Nigeria, adjacent to the east of the 1,320 megawatts (MW) Lagos Thermal Station (LTS) – Egbin and the 290 MW AES Ebute Facility. The project is known as the Agura Independent Power Project (IPP). The Agura IPP facility will be developed in three stages. The first stage of the Agura IPP development will be a simple cycle power plant, and will include 2 simple cycle Siemens natural gas-fired combustion turbines producing a total of 330 megawatts (MW). The second stage of Agura IPP development will add a third simple cycle natural gas-fired combustion turbine generator to the existing simple cycle power plant, increasing the power production to 495 MW. The third and final stage of the Agura IPP development will convert the facility and all three turbines to a combined cycle power plant and add three Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG) and one Steam Turbine Generator (STG), with a final power production of 716 MW. This Air Quality Impact Study provides an assessment of the effects of atmospheric emissions associated with the operation of the Agura IPP and its potential air quality impacts. Although the construction of the Agura IPP three stages will generate emissions from construction equipment and vehicles, no construction emissions impacts were assessed in the present study since construction impacts would occur on a short- term, one-time basis. This Air Quality Impact Study has been prepared as a background technical report to support the environmental impact assessment for the proposed Agura IPP. Both off-site ambient air quality impact and on-site worker health effect analyses were performed for each operational stage using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) preferred and recommended air dispersion model, the American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD). The most representative and available three years of surface meteorological data from Ikeja at Murtala Muhammed International Airport were used in the analyses due to its proximity, similar land use and surface characteristics to the Agura IPP facility. There were no representative upper air meteorological data in the vicinity of the Agura IPP facility. Therefore, the upper air meteorological data were generated based on the Ikeja surface meteorological data. The emission rates and stack parameters of the Agura IPP emissions sources were developed based on data provided by Chevron Nigeria, engineering-based estimation, or assumptions. For the gas turbines, emission rates were estimated based on the 25 part per million by volume (ppmv) of NOx International Finance Corporation (IFC) limit. The IFC’s Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality suggests using 25% of applicable air quality standards as significance thresholds, shown in Table ES-1, to allow for additional, future sustainable development in the same airshed. Use of 25% of the most stringent standard represents a threshold of insignificance from modeled source incremental impacts. There are several nearby sources in the vicinity of the Agura IPP facility that could contribute to ambient concentrations in the area of the Agura IPP facility. For this reason, cumulative modeling was performed to estimate the combined effects of these nearby sources and Agura IPP plume concentrations when operating simultaneously. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx ES-1 Executive Summary Additionally, monitoring of NO2 and NOX took place over 30 days in two sampling locations near the Agura IPP facility to obtain local background concentrations. These background concentrations were added to the modeled cumulative impacts, which included emissions from Agura IPP and the two neighboring facilities, for an estimate of the maximum possible ambient impact in the area. For the Agura IPP off-site ambient air quality impact analysis, the maximum Agura IPP incremental impacts of all modeled criteria pollutants (nitrogen dioxide [NO2], sulfur dioxide [SO2], carbon monoxide [CO], particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns [PM10], particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns [PM2.5], and non-methane hydrocarbon [NMHC]) were compared with the most conservative criteria from 25% of the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, the Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards, or the U.S. EPA diesel particulate matter (DPM) risk threshold. AERMOD predicted that for all stages, the maximum incremental concentrations of all modeled criteria pollutants resulting from the Agura IPP facility operation would not exceed any of the criteria and would comply with the ambient air quality significance thresholds, as summarized in the Table ES-1 below. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx ES-2 Executive Summary Table ES-1 Maximum Off-Site Concentrations for Agura IPP Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Averaging Criteria Off-Site AERMOD Off-Site AERMOD Off-Site AERMOD Pollutant Period (µg/m3) Results Results Results (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) CO 8-hour 5,250 [3] 9.14 9.46 10.93 1-hour 50 [4] 33.40 40.41 48.96 NO2 [1] 24-hour 18.75 [5] 8.41 8.99 14.01 Annual 10 [4] 0.55 0.82 2.52 24-hour 12.5 [4] 0.21 0.28 0.75 PM10 Annual 1.25 [6] 0.05 0.07 0.23 24-hour 6.25 [4] 0.21 0.28 0.72 PM2.5 Annual 2.5 [4] 0.05 0.07 0.21 10-minute [2] 125 [4] 4.26 5.79 6.20 SO2 1-hour 87.5 [3] 1.42 1.93 2.07 24-hour 5 [4] 0.13 0.15 0.35 NMHC 3-hour 40 [5] 1.96 2.01 2.29 Notes: [1] The NO2 concentration simulation for all averaging periods includes the Plume Volume Molar Ratio Method (PVMRM). PVMRM accounts for the role of ambient ozone (O3) in limiting the conversion of emitted NOX—which occurs mostly in the form of nitrogen oxide (NO)—to NO2, the pollutant regulated by ambient standards. [2] For any criteria with averaging period less than a 1 hour, it was assumed that the predicted concentration would be multiplied by an adjustment factor of 3 to represent a shorter-averaging time period (e.g., 10 minutes) (Wang, 1993). [3] 25% of Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standard –Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) Limit [4] 25% of World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality (IFC, 2007) [5] 25% of Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standard – Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) Limit [6] 25% of the U.S. EPA diesel particulate matter (DPM) risk threshold For the on-site worker health effect analysis, the maximum Agura IPP incremental impacts of all modeled criteria pollutants (NO2, SO2, CO, PM10) were compared with the American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)’s Threshold Limit Values – Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) and Threshold Limit Values – Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL), as recommended by IFC’s guideline. AERMOD predicted that for all stages, the maximum incremental concentrations of all modeled criteria pollutants resulting from the Agura IPP facility operation would not exceed any of the on-site worker health significance thresholds. Therefore, no adverse health effect is expected for on-site workers during plant operation, as summarized in Table ES-2 below. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx ES-3 Executive Summary Table ES-2 Maximum On-Site Concentrations for Three Stages ACGIH Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Averaging TLV On-site On-site On-site Pollutant TLV Period [2] Thresholds AERMOD AERMOD AERMOD (µg/m3) Results (µg/m3) Results (µg/m3) Results (µg/m3) 15-minute STEL 460,000 549.66 550.29 719.07 CO 8-hour TWA 57,500 55.49 55.53 47.55 15-minute STEL 9,400 1006.7 1009.26 1315.0 NO2 [1] 8-hour TWA 5,640 101.6 101.8 88.5 15-minute STEL 13,100 32.83 32.91 46.45 SO2 8-hour TWA 5,240 3.46 3.46 3.29 PM10 8-hour TWA 10,000 3.11 3.15 2.86 Notes: [1] It was conservatively assumed that all NOX emissions were converted to NO2. [2] For any criteria with averaging period less than a 1 hour, it was assumed that the predicted concentration would be multiplied by an adjustment factor of 3 to represent a shorter-averaging time period (e.g., 15 minutes) (Wang, 1993). For the cumulative air quality impact analysis, the maximum impacts of all modeled criteria pollutants were compared with the most conservative criteria from the WHO guidelines, the Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards, or the U.S. EPA DPM risk threshold. Since the NO2 concentration predicted in the incremental analysis was closest to the significance thresholds, ambient background data were collected by passive diffusion sampling and the maximum measured concentration has been included in the maximum total NO2 1-hour and 24-hour concentrations from the cumulative analysis presented in Table ES-3. AERMOD predicted that for all stages, the maximum concentrations of all modeled criteria pollutants resulting from the Agura IPP facility operation and neighboring facilities, LTS Egbin and AES Ebute, would not exceed any of the criteria and would comply with the ambient air quality standards, as summarized in Table ES-3 below. Thus emissions from the proposed Agura IPP will not adversely impact human health, safety or the environment. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx ES-4 Executive Summary Table ES-3 Maximum Concentrations for Cumulative Modeling Cumulative Modeling Most Stringent Standard Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Averaging Pollutant Time (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) CO 8-hour 21,000 23.0 23.0 23.1 1-hour [1] 200 186.6 186.6 186.6 NO2 24-hour [1] 75 42.0 42.0 45.6 Annual 40 7.6 7.6 8.1 24-hour 50 1.1 1.1 1.2 PM10 Annual 5 0.4 0.4 0.4 24-hour 25 1.1 1.1 1.2 PM2.5 Annual 10 0.4 0.4 0.4 10-minute 500 4.3 5.8 6.2 SO2 1-hour 350 1.4 1.9 2.1 24-hour 20 0.1 0.2 0.4 NMHC 3-hour 160 2.0 2.0 2.3 Notes: [1] Background ambient concentrations of NO2 were included in the total concentration presented. 18.14 µg/m3 was added to the 24-hour concentrations, and 45.35 µg/m3 was added to the 1-hour concentrations, as discussed in Section 5.5. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx ES-5 SECTIONONE Introduction SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Chevron Nigeria, Limited (Chevron Nigeria) proposes to construct a natural gas-fired power plant located on the north shore of the Leeki Lagoon approximately 28 kilometers (km) northeast of Lagos, Nigeria, adjacent to the east of the 1,320 megawatts (MW) Lagos Thermal Station (LTS) – Egbin and 290 MW AES Ebute Facility. The project is known as the Agura Independent Power Project (IPP). The Agura IPP facility will be developed in three stages. The first stage of the Agura IPP development will be a simple cycle power plant, and will include two simple cycle Siemens natural gas-fired combustion turbines producing a total of 330 megawatts (MW). The second stage of Agura IPP development will add a third simple cycle natural gas-fired combustion turbine generator to the existing simple cycle power plant, increasing the power production to 495 MW. The third and final stage of the Agura IPP development will convert the facility and all three turbines to a combined cycle power plant and add three Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG) and one Steam Turbine Generator (STG), with a final power production of 716 MW. This Air Quality Impact Study provides an assessment of the effects of atmospheric emissions associated with the operation of the Agura IPP and its potential air quality impacts. Although the construction of the Agura IPP in three stages will generate emissions from construction equipment and vehicles, construction emissions impacts were not assessed in the present study since construction impacts would occur on a short-term, one-time basis. This Air Quality Impact Study has been prepared as a background technical report to support the environmental impact assessment for the proposed Agura IPP. The Agura IPP modeling analyses included criteria pollutant emissions from the sources for each operational stage. Both the off-site ambient air quality impact and the on-site worker health effect analyses were performed for each operational stage using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S EPA) preferred and recommended air dispersion model American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) (U.S. EPA, 2004) for the following criteria pollutants: nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns (PM10), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC). The International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality (IFC, 2007a) suggests using 25% of applicable air quality standards as significance thresholds to allow for additional, future sustainable development in the same airshed. According to guidance from the World Bank (Tom Walton, personal communication, March 22, 2012), the criteria is no longer applicable to the airshed around the Agura IPP since other nearby electrical generation sources contribute to ambient concentrations. Therefore, we nonetheless used the criteria to compare against for the Agura IPP incremental analysis which does not include background data. The model predicted incremental maximum concentrations for all criteria pollutants, which are compared with 25% of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s guidelines, the Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards, or the U.S. EPA diesel particulate matter (DPM) risk threshold. Model results for on-site worker impacts were compared to the American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) on-site worker health exposure thresholds. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 1-1 SECTIONONE Introduction Since the NO2 modeled impacts from Agura IPP were close to 25% of the most stringent standard for NO2, ambient air samples were collected to quantify background concentrations. Passive diffusion samplers were used to collect NO2 and NOX samples from two locations near Agura IPP for 30 days. IFC Guidelines require a cumulative modeling analysis when there are several large sources in the immediate area to ensure that the collective emissions are not violating the applicable standards. Specifically, cumulative modeling requires the assessment of contemporaneous proposed project impacts added to existing source impacts. Ambient background concentrations may include impacts from the existing power plant sources, as well as natural emissions and small emissions sources. Thus emissions from Agura IPP in each stage were modeled cumulatively with estimated emissions from LTS Egbin and AES Ebute. The maximum NO2 ambient monitoring concentration was added to the modeled impacts for the 1-hour and 24-hour averaging times. Adding the measured background to the cumulative modeling could potentially result in double counting of existing source contributions; this would tend to overestimate the cumulative modeling impacts. The resulting concentrations were less than the most stringent of the WHO Guidelines, Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards, and U.S. EPA DPM risk threshold. Section 2 discusses the criteria used for the air quality impact assessment; Section 3 presents a description of the air dispersion model and parameters selected for the study; Section 4 discusses the Agura IPP modeling, including modeling parameters and results; Section 5 describes the ambient monitoring study and results; and Section 6 discusses the cumulative modeling and results. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 1-2 SECTIONTWO Air Quality Assessment Criteria SECTION 2 AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT CRITERIA Based on the IFC’s Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality (IFC, 2007a), projects with significant sources of air emissions and potential for significant impacts to ambient air quality should prevent or minimize impacts by ensuring that: 1. Emissions do not result in pollutant concentrations that reach or exceed relevant ambient air quality guidelines and standards by applying national legislated standards, or in their absence, the WHO Air Quality Guidelines; and 2. Emissions do not contribute a significant portion to the attainment of relevant ambient air quality guidelines or standards. As a general rule, this Guideline suggests 25 percent of the applicable air quality standards to allow additional, future sustainable development in the same airshed. The analyses used the air quality impact criteria from WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (WHO, 2011), the Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards including the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) (environQuest, 2010) and the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) standards, and the U.S. EPA’s DPM risk threshold (U.S. EPA, 2003) to determine significance of impacts to the public. The IFC guideline suggests comparing the project alone to 25% of applicable air quality standards as a significance threshold to allow for additional, future sustainable development in the same airshed. Therefore, off-site incremental maximum project air quality impacts predicted by AERMOD were compared with the conservative criteria of 25% of the WHO Guidelines, Nigeria Standards, or U.S. EPA’s DPM risk threshold. Table 1 summarizes the criteria used in the off-site impact analysis for CO, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NMHC. Use of 25% of the most stringent standard represents a threshold of insignificance from modeled source incremental impacts, but it does not mean that the existing background concentrations are always less than 75% of the guideline. There are two existing power plants (the Lagos Thermal Station (LTS) Egbin and the AES Ebute Facility) in the vicinity of the Agura IPP facility. It is possible that high background concentrations could be measured in the area when peak emissions from these nearby sources and the Agura IPP facility overlap under certain wind conditions. For this reason, background ambient NO2 and NOX concentration data at the Agura IPP facility were collected and are discussed in Section 5. In addition, a cumulative modeling assessment to capture the combined effects of these nearby sources was performed, as discussed in Section 6. Results from this modeling analysis were compared directly to the appropriate standards, as shown in Table 1. The Agura IPP modeling also examines air quality impacts to workers due to the release of contaminants into the work place, which may result in possible respiratory irritation, discomfort, or illness to workers. For the on-site worker health effect analysis, the predicted on-site incremental maximum impacts were compared with the ACGIH’s Threshold Limit Values – Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) and Threshold Limit Values – Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) (ACGIH, 2005), as guided by the IFC’s Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Occupational Health and Safety (IFC, 2007b). Table 2 summarizes the TLV thresholds used in the on-site worker health effect analysis for CO, NO2, Particulates (modeled as PM10), and SO2. Please note that there is no TLV for total Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs or NMHCs); instead, there are TLVs for speciated VOCs. Since there is no project W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 2-1 SECTIONTWO Air Quality Assessment Criteria speciated VOC information available, an on-site worker health effect analysis for NMHCs was not performed. Table 1 Criteria used in the Off-Site Ambient Air Quality Impact Analysis Nigeria Cumulative Agura IPP Standards Modeling Modeling U.S. EPA Diesel Most 25% of FMENV DPR WHO Particulate Stringent Applicable Averaging Limit Limit Guidelines Risk Standard Standard Pollutant Time (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) CO 8-hour 22,800 21,000 - - 21,000 5,250 1-hour - 400 200 - 200 50 NO2 24-hour 75-113 - - - 75 18.75 Annual - - 40 - 40 10 24-hour - - 50 - 50 12.5 PM10 Annual - - 20 5 5 1.25 24-hour - - 25 - 25 6.3 PM2.5 Annual - - 10 - 10 2.5 10-minute - - 500 - 500 125 SO2 1-hour - 350 - - 350 87.5 24-hour - - 20 - 20 5 NMHC 3-hour 160 - - - 160 40 Table 2 ACGIH TLV Thresholds used in the On-site Worker Health Effect Analysis Pollutant Averaging Time ACGIH TLV ACGIH TLVs exposure (µg/m3) 15-minute STEL 460,000 CO 8-hour TWA 57,500 15-minute STEL 9,400 NO2 8-hour TWA 5,640 15-minute STEL 13,100 SO2 8-hour TWA 5,240 PM10 8-hour TWA 10,000 (Particulates) Source: ACGIH, 2005 W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 2-2 SECTIONTHREE Modeling Parameters SECTION 3 MODELING PARAMETERS 3.1 MODEL SELECTION To support the Agura IPP and cumulative modeling analyses described in this report, the U.S. EPA preferred and recommended air dispersion model AERMOD was used (U.S. EPA, 2004). IFC recommends AERMOD for the assessment of potential significant impacts to ambient air quality. AERMOD is the recognized short-range dispersion model for regulatory applications involving industrial sources, and has the ability to assess dispersion of emission plumes from multiple point, area, or volume sources over a network of receptor points in flat, simple, or complex terrain, using sequential hourly meteorological input data (U.S. EPA, 2004). For this analysis Version 12060 of the model was utilized, published by U.S.EPA on February 29, 2012. 3.2 RECEPTORS The modeling analyses assumed that the area surrounding the Agura IPP facility is flat. Therefore, the AERMOD flat terrain option was used. The analysis used a Cartesian receptor grid that extended 10 kilometers in all directions from the property boundaries. Based on aerial photographs, residential areas are located at approximately 1 kilometer north of the facility and approximately 2 kilometers west of the facility. The modeling receptor grid covered these non-industrial, sensitive receptor areas. The receptor grid spacing varied with distance from the facility boundaries as follows: • Along the property line and extending 100 meters beyond the property line, the analyses used a 50-meter grid spacing; • From 100 meters to 1,000 meters (1 km), the analyses used a 100-meter grid spacing; • From 1,000 m to 5,000 m (5 km), the analyses used a 500-meter grid spacing; and • From 5,000 m to 10,000 m (10 km), the analyses used a 1,000-meter grid spacing. Figure 1 shows the receptor grid map for the off-site Agura IPP air quality impact analysis, based on the grid spacing described above from the Agura property boundary. Figure 2 shows the receptor grid map for the cumulative modeling impact analysis, based on the grid spacing described above from the Agura, LTS Egbin and AES Ebute Facility property boundaries. For the on-site worker health effect analysis, the receptors were placed within the property boundary at 50-meter grid spacing. Figure 3 shows the receptor grid map for the on-site worker health effect analysis. 3.3 METEOROLOGICAL DATA The Agura IPP facility will be located approximately 28 kilometers northeast from Lagos, Nigeria. The closest surface meteorological station with adequate data collection is located in Ikeja at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport, which is approximately 35 kilometers west of the facility. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 3-1 SECTIONTHREE Modeling Parameters Meteorological conditions in Ikeja are similar to those of the Agura IPP facility because of the proximity and the similar complexity of the surrounding terrain. Furthermore, the Ikeja meteorological station site and the Agura IPP facility are located 15-20 km north of the Atlantic Ocean; therefore, it is expected that the atmospheric boundary layer profiles and the surface parameters at the two locations would be similar. In addition, the land use and surface parameters surrounding the Ikeja meteorological station site and the Agura IPP facility are comparable to one another; both sites feature mostly barren land use characteristics and would have similar surface roughness. Also, the Ikeja site is the only available monitoring station near the Agura IPP facility with reasonably complete meteorological data and good data quality. Consequently, surface meteorological data collected in Ikeja would be the most representative and practical data to use for meteorological conditions at the Agura IPP facility and could be used for the Agura IPP facility air dispersion modeling. The base elevation of the Ikeja meteorological station site at the airport is 30 meters above sea level. Insufficient upper air profile data were available from any nearby sounding stations. Thus, the surface meteorological data recorded at the Ikeja station were used to generate the upper air data required by AERMOD, according to AERMOD guidance. The minimum wind speed below which the wind is treated as calm was set to 0.5 meters per second during the AERMET processing. AERMET is the meteorological preprocessor for organizing available meteorological data into a format suitable for use by the AERMOD air quality dispersion model. Three years of meteorological data (2009 – 2011) were processed and used in the AERMOD modeling analyses. Although it is preferred to use a five year data set to ensure adequate variability (U.S. EPA, 2005), hourly data from the Ikeja station were not available for five years. Typically data are collected at this station every three hours, but during the years 2009- 2011 they were collected hourly. Data collected every three hours would have to be interpolated to generate an hourly data set for input into the model. Thus it was determined that the data selected were representative, hourly (no interpolation needed) and have adequate variability. 3.4 NO2 MODELING The Plume Volume Molar Ratio Method (PVMRM) algorithm within AERMOD was the ozone limiting method used in all modeling analyses. PVMRM accounts for the role of ambient ozone (O3) in limiting the conversion of emitted NOX—which occurs mostly in the form of nitrogen oxide (NO)—to NO2, the pollutant regulated by ambient standards. The chemistry for PVMRM has been peer-reviewed, as noted by the documents posted on the U.S. EPA’s Support Center for Regulatory Air Modeling web site. The posted documents include Sensitivity Analysis of PVMRM and OLM in AERMOD (MACTEC, 2004) and Evaluation of Bias in AERMOD- PVMRM (MACTEC, 2005). Both documents indicate that the models appear to perform as expected. The PVMRM algorithm has been demonstrated to be applicable for calculating NOX chemistry on a theoretical basis. As noted in Sensitivity Analysis of PVMRM and OLM in AERMOD (MACTEC, 2004): “Overall the PVMRM option appears to provide a more realistic treatment of the conversion of NOX to NO2 as a function of distance downwind from the source than OLM or the other NO2 screening options (Hanrahan, 1999a; Hanrahan, 1999b). No anomalous behavior of the PVMRM or OLM options was identified as a result of these sensitivity tests.” W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 3-2 SECTIONTHREE Modeling Parameters Based on this report, the model appears to appropriately account for NO2 formation and provides a better estimation of the NO2 impacts compared to other screening options. EPA considers the PVMRM to be an acceptable tool for regulatory purposes (U.S. EPA, 2011). Following a guidance memo issued by U.S. EPA in March 2011, the cumulative modeling analysis used 0.50 as the default in-stack ratio of NO2/NOX for all sources (U.S. EPA, 2011). Available ozone data for the area include those collected in the AES Environmental Impact Assessment and a data set provided to Chevron by the Nigerian Ministry of the Environment. The AES document contained ozone data collected at three different sites in the project area, for five days during the dry season and five days during the wet season. The Ministry of the Environment data set contains data collected at six different sites in the vicinity of Ikorodu, on four to five days during the period from 2008 – 2011. The highest value over both data sets was 0.03 ppm, from the Ministry of the Environment data; this was used as a conservative estimate of background ozone concentrations. This was assumed to be the background ozone concentration during every hour of the modeling period. Use of this high ozone concentration for all hours of the modeling means that there is more conversion of NO to NO2, thus higher NO2 concentrations will be predicted. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 3-3 SECTIONTHREE Modeling Parameters Figure 1 Receptor Grid Map for Off-site Air Quality Impact Analysis W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 3-4 SECTIONTHREE Modeling Parameters Figure 2 Receptor Grid Map for Cumulative Air Quality Analysis W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 3-5 SECTIONTHREE Modeling Parameters Figure 3 Receptor Grid Map for On-site Worker Health Effect Analysis W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 3-6 SECTIONFOUR Agura IPP Modeling SECTION 4 AGURA IPP MODELING Dispersion modeling is used to provide an assessment of the effects of atmospheric emissions associated with operation of the Agura IPP and its potential air quality impacts. Although the construction of the Agura IPP in three stages will generate emissions from construction equipment and vehicles, no construction emissions impacts were assessed in the present study since construction impacts would occur on a short-term, one-time basis. Both off-site ambient air quality impact and on-site worker health effect analyses were performed for each operational stage of Agura IPP using the U.S. EPA air dispersion model AERMOD. 4.1 PLOT PLAN Figure 4 presents the Agura IPP facility site plan that illustrates the property boundary and the location of the power plant and ancillary facilities such as switch yards, transmission towers, and access roads. Figure 5 presents a detailed plot plan layout that illustrates the locations of emission sources and building structures for all three stages of the project within the facility. Stages 2 and 3 source and building structure locations are shaded. The turbine exhaust stack is located at the south end of the turbine structure for Stages 1 and 2 and at the southern end of the HRSG structure for Stage 3. The property is fenced to prevent public access; therefore, the property boundary serves as the modeling receptor grid boundary. The receptor grid is based on Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate Zone 31 North, North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) basis. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 4-1 Figure 4: Emergency Diesel Generator Fire Water Pumps 1 & 2 Simple Cycle Simple Cycle Turbine 2 Emergency Diesel Turbine 1 Generator Combined Cycle Combined Cycle Combined Cycle Turbine 1 Turbine 2 Turbine 3 Figure 5: Power Plant Layout SECTIONFOUR Agura IPP Modeling 4.2 SOURCE DESCRIPTION Chevron Nigeria developed source emission rates and stack parameters for each of the three stages of the project. The air quality impact modeling included the following operating emission sources for each stage. Stage 1 The emission sources consist of two simple cycle natural gas-fired turbines, a diesel black start/emergency generator (3500 kilowatts [kW]), and a diesel firewater pump (370 kW). The turbine emission rates were based on the maximum allowable emission rates operating at an annual capacity of 92%. It was assumed that the emergency generators and the firewater pump operate only during daytime work hours (from 8 am to 6 pm). Table 3 summarizes the modeled source stack parameters and Table 4 summarizes the modeled emission rates for the sources. Stage 2 The emission sources consist of three simple cycle natural gas-fired turbines, a diesel black start/emergency generator (3500 kW), and a diesel firewater pump (370 kW). The turbine emission rates were based on the maximum allowable emission rates operating at an annual capacity of 92%. It was assumed that the emergency generators and the firewater pump operate only during daytime work hours (from 8 am to 6 pm). Table 3 summarizes the modeled source stack parameters and Table 4 summarizes the modeled emission rates for the sources. Stage 3 The emission sources consist of three combined cycle natural gas-fired turbines, two diesel black start/emergency generators (3500 kW each), a cooling tower (7 vent cells), and two diesel firewater pumps (370 kW each). The turbine/Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) emission rates were based on the maximum allowable emission rates operating at an annual capacity of 92%. It was assumed that only one firewater pump would operate in the same day. Therefore, for short-term averaging periods, the analyses excluded the second firewater pump while all other sources were included. It was also assumed that the first emergency generator operate for 8 hours per day while the second emergency generator operate for 20 minutes per day. Furthermore, it was assumed that the emergency generators and the firewater pumps operate only during daytime work hours (from 8 am to 6 pm). Table 3 summarizes the modeled source stack parameters and Table 4 summarizes the modeled emission rates for the sources. Note that the use of the HRSGs reduces exhaust temperatures, resulting in reduced plume rise. For each stage, two different analyses were performed: 1. Off-site ambient air quality impact analysis to represent possible public exposure; and 2. On-site worker health effect analysis to represent worker exposure. . W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 4-4 SECTIONFOUR Agura IPP Modeling Table 3 Agura IPP Emission Source Stack Parameters Stack Stack Exit Velocity Diameter Stage Source ID Description UTM X (m) UTM Y (m) Height (m) Temp (K) (m/s) (m) SC1 Simple Cycle Turbine 1 569476.74 725201.97 35 829.15 36.2814 6.513 SC2 Simple Cycle Turbine 2 569517.76 725202.43 35 829.15 36.2814 6.513 1 DGEN1 Diesel Black Start/Emergency Generator 3500 kW 569417.41 725201.3 17 785.95 39.43 0.4801 FWP1 Diesel Firewater Pump 1 370 kW 569602.14 725180.25 6.1 622 66.5 0.152 SC1 Simple Cycle Turbine 1 569476.74 725201.97 35 829.15 36.2814 6.513 SC2 Simple Cycle Turbine 2 569517.76 725202.43 35 829.15 36.2814 6.513 2 SC3 Simple Cycle Turbine 3 569559.15 725203.68 35 829.15 36.2814 6.513 DGEN1 Diesel Black Start/Emergency Generator 3500 kW 569417.41 725201.3 17 785.95 39.43 0.4801 FWP1 Diesel Firewater Pump 1 370 kW 569602.14 725180.25 6.1 622 66.5 0.152 ST3CC1 Stage 3 Combined Cycle Turbine 1 569477.07 725163.05 56 399.15 18.2852 6.513 ST3CC2 Stage 3 Combined Cycle Turbine 2 569518.3 725163.92 56 399.15 18.2852 6.513 ST3CC3 Stage 3 Combined Cycle Turbine 3 569560.55 725164.87 56 399.15 18.2852 6.513 DGEN1 Diesel Black Start/Emergency Generator 3500 kW 569417.41 725201.3 17 785.95 39.43 0.4801 ST3DGEN2 Stage 3 Diesel Black Start/Emergency Generator 2 3500 kW 569635.07 725230.82 17 785.95 78.8591 0.4801 FWP1 Diesel Firewater Pump 1 370 kW 569602.14 725180.25 6.1 622 66.5 0.152 ST3FWP2 Diesel Firewater Pump 2 370 kW 569602.14 725180.25 6.1 622 66.5 0.152 3 ST3COOL1 Stage 3 cooling tower cell 1 569787.07 725269.43 20 2 9 11 ST3COOL2 Stage 3 cooling tower cell 2 569787.07 725253.25 20 2 9 11 ST3COOL3 Stage 3 cooling tower cell 3 569788.27 725235.38 20 2 9 11 ST3COOL4 Stage 3 cooling tower cell 4 569788.44 725218.28 20 2 9 11 ST3COOL5 Stage 3 cooling tower cell 5 569788.69 725200.74 20 2 9 11 ST3COOL6 Stage 3 cooling tower cell 6 569789 725183 20 2 9 11 ST3COOL7 Stage 3 cooling tower cell 7 569788.73 725165.48 20 2 9 11 W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 4-5 SECTIONFOUR Agura IPP Modeling Notes: [1] For the diesel generator, the stack diameter was estimated by extrapolating the stack parameters from CARB Risk Management Guide Permitting New Stationary Diesel Fueled Engines (October 2000) assuming that the stack diameter for higher HP ratings would be linear to the given data. The analysis assumed a stack diameter based on the generator operating at half load (1750 kW). Therefore, the stack parameters for the emergency generators with HP ratings of 1750 kW were extrapolated from the trend of the data. The stack temperature was obtained from the typical vendor information for 1750 kW emergency generator. For the generator No.2 (ST3DGEN2), it was assumed that the engine would be run at 100% load. Therefore, the stack exit velocity was obtained from the typical vendor information for the 1750 kW emergency generator and extrapolated from 1750 kW for 3500kW. For the generator No.1 (DGEN1), it was assumed that for the first 20 minutes of each trip the engine would be run at 100% load; and for the remainder of the time (7 hours and 40 minutes) the engine would be run at 50% load. This sequence is considered the maximum the generator would operate during a turbine trip. Therefore, the stack exit velocity was conservatively obtained from the typical vendor information for the 1750 kW emergency generator. [2] Cooling tower temperature was set to 10 degree Fahrenheit higher than the hourly ambient temperature provided in the meteorological data. A typical exit velocity for the similar size of the cooling tower was used in this analysis (9 meters per second). [3] m = meters [4] K = Kelvin [5] m/s = meters per second UTM = Universal Transverse Mercator Temp = temperature W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 4-6 SECTIONFOUR Agura IPP Modeling Table 4 Agura IPP Source Emission Rates 24 1 24 24 24 1 hour 8 hour Annual 8 hour 8 hour Annual Annual 1 hour 8 hour 3 hour hour hour hour hour hour Source ID NO2 NO2 NO2 CO PM10 PM10 PM2.5 SO2 SO2 NMHC NO2 CO PM10 PM2.5 SO2 (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (tons/yr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (tons/yr) (tons/yr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) SC1 156.196 156.196 156.196 629.409 38.030 38.030 11.821 11.821 47.635 11.821 47.635 4.897 4.897 4.897 3.761 SC2 156.196 156.196 156.196 629.409 38.030 38.030 11.821 11.821 47.635 11.821 47.635 4.897 4.897 4.897 3.761 SC3 156.196 156.196 156.196 629.409 38.030 38.030 11.821 11.821 47.635 11.821 47.635 4.897 4.897 4.897 3.761 ST3CC1 157.919 157.919 157.919 636.352 38.450 38.450 11.842 11.842 47.718 11.842 47.718 4.905 4.905 4.905 3.768 ST3CC2 157.919 157.919 157.919 636.352 38.450 38.450 11.842 11.842 47.718 11.842 47.718 4.905 4.905 4.905 3.768 ST3CC3 157.919 157.919 157.919 636.352 38.450 38.450 11.842 11.842 47.718 11.842 47.718 4.905 4.905 4.905 3.768 DGEN1 32.922 25.721 8.574 0.64301 18.004 14.066 0.78448 0.26149 0.01961 0.25908 0.01943 1.073 0.87484 0.29161 1.838 ST3DGEN2 16.461 2.058 0.68588 0.05144 9.002 1.125 0.06276 0.02092 0.00157 0.02073 0.00155 1.073 0.87484 0.29161 0.36766 FWP1 5.220 0.65257 0.21752 0.13573 2.855 0.35687 0.01990 0.00663 0.00414 0.00657 0.00410 0.18389 0.02299 0.00766 0.40851 ST3FWP2[5] - - - 0.13573 - - - - 0.00414 - 0.00410 - - - - ST3COOL1 - - - - 0.02377 0.02377 0.09578 0.01426 0.05747 - - - ST3COOL2 - - - - 0.02377 0.02377 0.09578 0.01426 0.05747 - - - ST3COOL3 - - - - 0.02377 0.02377 0.09578 0.01426 0.05747 - - - ST3COOL4 - - - - 0.02377 0.02377 0.09578 0.01426 0.05747 - - - ST3COOL5 - - - - 0.02377 0.02377 0.09578 0.01426 0.05747 - - - ST3COOL6 - - - - 0.02377 0.02377 0.09578 0.01426 0.05747 - - - ST3COOL7 - - - - 0.02377 0.02377 0.09578 0.01426 0.05747 - - - W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 4-7 SECTIONFOUR Agura IPP Modeling Notes: [1] Turbine emissions were estimated based on the following emission limits: 10 ppm of CO, 25 ppm of NOx, 1 gr Sulfur/100 SCF for SO2, U.S. EPA’s AP-42 emission factors for PM10/PM2.5 and VOC. The emission rates were estimated based on dry flow and corrected to 15% of oxygen. In addition, the estimation was based on normal operation (no startup or shutdown data is available). It was assumed that the turbines would be operated for 8,059 hours per year (92% of time). [2] Diesel generator emissions were estimated based on 3500 kW for all three Stages. Fuel sulfur content was assumed to be 500 ppmw. It was assumed that diesel generator would operate 8 hours per trip and at most 50 trips per year, which results in a maximum of 400 hours of total per year. For the generator No.1 (DGEN1), it was assumed that for the first 20 minutes of each trip the engine would run at 100% load; and for the remainder of the time (7 hours and 40 minutes) the engine would run at 50% load. For the generator No.2 (ST3DGEN2), it was assumed that only the first 20 minutes of each trip the engine would run at 100% load, and then would not operate for the remaining time. It was assumed that the emergency generators operate only during daytime (from 8 am to 6 pm). [3] Firewater pump emissions were estimated based on 370 kW for all three Stages. Fuel sulfur content was assumed to be 500 ppmw. It was assumed that firewater pump would operate 1 hour per week for1 maximum hour per day, which results 52 hours of total per year. It was assumed that the firewater pump No.2 would not operate at the same time as the firewater pump No. 1 in a same day. It was assumed that the firewater pumps operate only during daytime (from 8 am to 6 pm). [4] Cooling tower emissions were estimated based on 4,002 gallons per minute of design circulating water rate and 4745 mg/liter of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) in the makeup water with 5 cycles of concentration. It was assumed that the cooling tower would operate while the turbines operate (8,059 hours per year). [5] Firewater pumps do not operate when generators are operating. However, the analysis conservatively modeled both the firewater pump and the generators for all averaging periods. The additional firewater pump in Stage 3 will not operate in the same day as the other firewater pump, and was therefore not modeled for short term averaging times. [6] lb/hr = pounds per hour [7] tons/yr = tons per year W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 4-8 SECTIONFOUR Agura IPP Modeling 4.3 BUILDING DOWNWASH EFFECTS The modeling analyses included the downwash effects of buildings and structures on emission plumes for each stage. The purpose of the downwash evaluation is to determine if the emission plumes might be caught in the turbulent wakes of structures. The analyses used the U.S. EPA Building Profile Input Program for Prime (BPIP-Prime) (Version 04274) (Earth Tech, 1997) to calculate wind direction-specific downwash dimensions from downwash structures, which were input into AERMOD. Building coordinates and heights were estimated by URS from the facility plot plans if they were not provided by Chevron Nigeria. A list of buildings and their heights, which were used in the modeling analyses, is given in Table 5 below. Table 5 Buildings Included in the Modeling Analyses Building Height (m) Guard Building 4.00 Administration Building 6.10 Kitchen 4.85 Workshop 13.35 Warehouse 9.00 Electric Building 9.00 Air Compressor 3.00 Auxiliary Transformer 7.62 GT Generator 10.67 Gas Turbine 10.67 Auxiliary Transformer 2 7.62 GT Generator 2 10.67 Gas Turbine 2 10.67 Auxiliary Transformer 3 7.62 GT Generator 3 10.67 Gas Turbine 3 10.67 Water Treatment 10.00 Firewater Pump House 3.00 Stage3 HRSG1 19.81 Stage3 HRSG2 19.81 Stage3 Electric Building 9.00 Stage3 HRSG3 19.81 Stage3 Steam Generator 12.19 Stage3 Cooling Tower Make-up water treatment plant 12.00 Stage3 Cooling Tower 17.00 W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 4-9 SECTIONFOUR Agura IPP Modeling 4.4 AGURA IPP MODELING RESULTS 4.4.1 Off-Site Ambient Air Quality Impact Analysis The incremental maximum off-site ambient concentrations of CO, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NMHC were predicted using the AERMOD model and 3 years of meteorological data collected at the Ikeja meteorological station at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport in order to evaluate off-site public exposure levels. Table 6 compares the incremental maximum off-site predicted concentrations at any receptor with the appropriate threshold criteria for all three stages of the Agura IPP. The modeling analyses used the stack parameters and emission rates presented in Tables 3 and 4. As suggested in the IFC guidelines, the Agura IPP emission source impacts predicted by AERMOD were compared with 25% of the most conservative criteria from the WHO guidelines, the Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards, or the U.S. EPA’s DPM risk threshold as the significance threshold. The worst- case scenario is Stage 3, where the modeling analysis conservatively modeled three combined cycle natural gas-fired turbines, an emergency diesel firewater pump, two emergency diesel generators, and a cooling tower operating simultaneously for the short-term averaging period. AERMOD predicted that for all stages, the Agura IPP operational emissions impacts would not exceed any of the criteria and would comply with the ambient air quality significance thresholds. 4.4.2 On-Site Worker Health Effect Analysis The incremental maximum on-site ambient concentrations of CO, NO2, PM10, and SO2 were predicted using AERMOD and 3 years of meteorological data collected at the Ikeja meteorological station at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport in order to evaluate the on-site worker health effects. Table 7 compares the incremental maximum concentrations at the on-site receptors located within the property boundary with the ACGIH TLV thresholds for all three stages of the Agura IPP. The modeling analyses used the stack parameters and emission rates presented in Tables 3 and 4. While it is acknowledged that AERMOD is not the best tool for modeling impacts at receptors less than 100 meters from the source, the results give an order of magnitude estimate of the impacts that is sufficiently conservative for these purposes. The estimated impacts are well below the health protective thresholds; additionally, at a well- designed natural gas-fired plant one would not expect any on site impacts. It was assumed that all NOX emissions were converted to NO2. Emissions of NOX occur mostly in the form of nitrogen oxide (NO) (along with some NO2) and are converted to NO2 over time, limited by ambient ozone concentrations. For an onsite analysis, assuming full conversion biases the results to overestimate NO2 concentrations as the impacts are being measured close to the source and would not have had the time to convert much NO to NO2. Also, in reality, NOX emissions never fully convert to NO2, but reach an ambient equilibrium between NO, NO2, and ozone. Even with this assumption, the impacts of NO2 remain far below the protective health standards. AERMOD predicted that for all stages, the Agura IPP operational emissions impacts would not exceed any of the on-site worker health significance thresholds. Therefore, no adverse health effects would be expected for on-site workers during plant operation. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 4-10 SECTIONFOUR Agura IPP Modeling Table 6 AERMOD Modeling Results – Maximum Off-Site Concentrations for Three Stages 25% of Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 the Most Off-Site Off-Site Off-Site Averaging Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Pollutant Stringent AERMOD AERMOD AERMOD Period Comply? Comply? Comply? Criteria Results Results Results (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) CO 8-hour 5.250 9.14 9.46 10.93 yes yes yes 1-hour 50 33.40 40.41 48.96 yes yes yes NO2 [1] 24-hour 18.75 8.41 8.99 14.01 yes yes yes Annual 10 0.55 0.82 2.52 yes yes yes 24-hour 12.5 0.21 0.28 0.75 yes yes yes PM10 Annual 1.25 0.05 0.07 0.23 yes yes yes 24-hour 6.25 0.21 0.28 0.72 yes yes yes PM2.5 Annual 2.5 0.05 0.07 0.21 yes yes yes 10-minute [2] 125 4.26 5.79 6.20 yes yes yes SO2 1-hour 87.5 1.42 1.93 2.07 yes yes yes 24-hour 5 0.13 0.15 0.35 yes yes yes NMHC 3-hour 40 1.96 2.01 2.29 yes yes yes Notes: [1] The NO2 concentration simulation for the 1-hour and 24-hour averaging periods includes the Plume Volume Molar Ratio Method (PVMRM). PVMRM accounts for the role of ambient ozone (O3) in limiting the conversion of emitted NOX—which occurs mostly in the form of nitrogen oxide (NO)—to NO2, the pollutant regulated by ambient standards. [2] For any criteria with averaging period less than a 1 hour, it was assumed that the predicted concentration would be multiplied by an adjustment factor of 3 to represent a shorter-averaging time period (i.e., 10 minutes) (Wang, 1993). [3] µg/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 4-11 SECTIONFOUR Agura IPP Modeling Table 7 AERMOD Modeling Results – Maximum On-Site Concentrations for Three Stages Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 ACGIH On-site On-site On-site Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Averaging TLV Pollutant TLV AERMOD AERMOD AERMOD Comply Comply Comply Period [2] Thresholds Results Results Results ? ? ? (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) 15-minute STEL 460,000 549.66 550.29 719.07 yes yes yes CO 8-hour TWA 57,500 55.49 55.53 47.55 yes yes yes 15-minute STEL 9,400 1006.7 1009.26 1315.0 yes yes yes NO2 [1] 8-hour TWA 5,640 101.6 101.8 88.5 yes yes yes 15-minute STEL 13,100 32.83 32.91 46.45 yes yes yes SO2 8-hour TWA 5,240 3.46 3.46 3.29 yes yes yes PM10 8-hour TWA 10,000 3.11 3.15 2.86 yes yes yes Notes: [1] It was assumed that all NOX emissions were converted to NO2. [2] For any criteria with averaging period less than a 1 hour, it was assumed that the predicted concentration would be multiplied by an adjustment factor of 3 to represent a shorter-averaging time period (e.g., 15 minutes) (Wang, 1993). [3] µg/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 4-12 SECTIONFIVE Ambient Monitoring SECTION 5 AMBIENT MONITORING A 30-day air quality monitoring campaign was undertaken to obtain samples representative of the Agura IPP plant site’s ambient background NO2 and NOX concentration. Other pollutants were not sampled because the Agura IPP incremental modeling impacts were well below 25% of the standards. However, because the modeled impacts of NO2 were close to the standard, it is considered a pollutant of concern and a background concentration needed to be quantified. Field operations were completed by Environmental Accord, an environmental services firm local to the Lagos, Nigeria area. 5.1 METEOROLOGY DATA A PortLog (RainWise, 2010) remote electronic data logger was used to collect onsite meteorology data. The PortLog measures temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, rainfall, and solar radiation. The data were collected in 10-minute intervals with the data stored on the unit’s data logger. Field technicians downloaded the data from the unit daily using a laptop and RS232 serial port. The battery was fully charged before field deployment, and with the addition of energy from the unit’s solar panel the unit did not need to be recharged during the sampling period. Upon initial set up in the field, the unit’s North indicator was correctly aligned for accurate wind direction measurements. The tower was set up in an area with unobstructed wind flow from all directions as shown in Photos 7-10 in Appendix A. It was located on the western half of the footprint of the Agura IPP site, adjacent to one of the locations for the air quality sampling (identified as the Plant Site). The area is dominated by shrubs, brush and short vegetation. The nearest structure is the site security office approximately 150 meters to the south. Photographs of the meteorology tower and surrounding area are included in Appendix A. Meteorological data was collected to aid in analysis and interpretation of the collected samples. Sample average temperature and relative humidity are required to convert the mass of analyte collected on the sample into an ambient concentration. Additionally, wind speed and wind direction data provide information on whether local sources may have impacted the samples, which are intended to represent an ambient background concentration without influence of nearby facilities. The meteorology data collected as part of this 30-day sampling campaign have not been used in any of the modeling. The meteorological data set used in the modeling was for a different period of time, thus a direct comparison of the data sets would not be possible. 5.2 PASSIVE DIFFUSION SAMPLERS Passive diffusion sampling with Ogawa samplers (Ogawa, 2006) was chosen as the sampling method for the study. The Ogawa samplers utilize chemically treated sample pads to absorb the target gas; when average temperature and relative humidity are known, ambient concentrations can be determined from the mass of the analyte collected on the pad. Sample pads, inserted into the sampler, are exposed to the ambient air for approximately 24 hours before being collected and sealed in vials for shipment to the laboratory. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 5-1 SECTIONFIVE Ambient Monitoring The sampler consists of a cylinder made of Teflon, with separate chambers occupying either half. The two chambers are separated by a Teflon membrane and a Teflon disc on either side, and can thus collect samples of different analytes. In this case a NOX pad was inserted in one end, and an NO2 pad was inserted in the other. The difference of the two sample concentrations can be used to estimate NO. The sample pad is placed on the outside of the Teflon disc, with a stainless steel screen on either side, and a porous diffusion end cap on the end of each chamber. The sampler parts are shown in Figure 6. Figure 6 Ogawa passive diffusion sampler assembly 5.3 MONITORING SITES Two monitoring sites were chosen for collection of representative air quality samples at the plant site and the nearby residential area. The Plant Site, designated as site number 1, was located within the footprint of the proposed AIPP facility on the western half of the site. According to field personnel the area is characterized by light vegetation and wildlife. Nearby sources of air pollutants are minimal, such as infrequent vehicular traffic (average twice per day). The LTS Egbin and AES Ebute facilities are located approximately 1 kilometer to the west and could potentially impact the sampling site under certain meteorological conditions. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 5-2 SECTIONFIVE Ambient Monitoring The second site was located in Agura Village (site number 2), approximately one-half mile north of the Plant Site monitor. The site is located in a residentially developed area with several houses nearby. For NOX and NO2 samples, nearby sources include residential power generating sets and vehicular traffic (average 12 trips per day). On weekdays a cement crushing operation takes place nearly adjacent to the site and two nearby shops use small grinding machines; these are expected to be primarily sources of particulates and will not impact the NOX and NO2 samples. Photographs of both passive sampling sites and surrounding area are included as Appendix A. 5.4 SAMPLE PROTOCOL Before assembling the sampler, technicians ensured that all parts had been cleaned with distilled water and dried completely since their last use. Nitrile gloves were worn at all times and forceps were used for handling all parts. The sampler components were assembled in order, with fresh NOX and NO2 sample pads inserted. Once complete, the sampler was sealed in a plastic bag and then in a 125 milliliter (mL) brown vial for transport. Upon arrival at the site, the technician removed the used sampler from the shelter and inserted it into a 125 mL vial for transport. The newly assembled sampler was installed in the shelter. Samplers with fresh NOX and NO2 sampling pads were placed at each sampling site for an approximately 24-hour exposure time. The used sampler was returned to the field office for retrieval of the sample pads. On a clean work surface and with nitrile gloves, the end caps were removed, followed by a stainless steel screen, and then the NOX or NO2 sample pad. The sample pad was placed immediately in an 8 mL vial and sealed. A sample label indicating the sample date, location, analyte, and sample duration was placed on the vial for identification at the laboratory. After both sample pads had been retrieved the remaining stainless steel screens and Teflon parts were removed. All parts were cleaned in distilled water, including the 125 mL vials, and dried completely for use the following day. Blank sample pads are used by the laboratory to calibrate the collected samples and provide an estimate of any contamination that may have occurred at the laboratory or during sample handling and transport. Blanks were collected once per week on the first day of the week. The procedure for field blanks is to assemble the sampler in the same way as described above, with a NOX and NO2 pad installed, and then disassemble the unit and place the sample pads in 8 mL vials for shipment to the laboratory. One blank for NOX and one for NO2 were collected every week, with the exception of the first week when only one blank sample pad was sent to the laboratory, which was determined by the laboratory to be a NOX blank. For each 24-hour NOX and NO2 sample the field technician recorded the time, air temperature, and relative humidity at both setup and take-down. Additionally, they recorded the meteorology tower battery voltage, confirmed that they had downloaded the meteorology data, and calculated the total sample duration in hours and minutes. At the end of each week a technician filled out a check list which recorded the sample IDs of all samples being shipped to the laboratory, the date of the blanks included in the shipment, and notes of any unusual activity encountered during the week or any other important field notes. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 5-3 SECTIONFIVE Ambient Monitoring 5.5 MONITORING RESULTS Collected sample pads and completed log sheets were shipped every seven days to Research Triangle Institute (RTI) in North Carolina, USA, for analysis. Sample average ambient temperature and relative humidity were provided to RTI so that ambient concentrations could be calculated from the mass of analyte on each sample pad. RTI provided sample results in total mass, ambient concentration without blank correction, and ambient concentration with blank correction. After reviewing the results and discussing them with the laboratory, it was determined that the NOX samples may be suspect. The sample pads are normally colored purple, but the field technicians in Nigeria noted that the pads were not colored at all. It is not known if this was caused by storage conditions in Nigeria or if defective pads were shipped from Ogawa, but without the purple coloring the laboratory believes that the sample pads’ capacity for collecting NOX was diminished and the results are not likely reliable. Supporting this hypothesis is the fact that occasionally during the sampling period NOX results were less than the NO2 results; this is not possible, since NOX is the sum of NO and NO2. Reduced NOX sample pad capacity is one explanation for this. For these reasons, NOX results are not presented here. The NO2 results are presented in Table 8; Week 1 has not been blank corrected because the laboratory did not receive an NO2 blank sample pad. Weeks 2-5 (Week 5 consists of only two days) are presented as blank corrected values, which take into account any analyte that may have been accrued on the sample pad during shipment or handling and subtracts it from the analyte collected during ambient exposure. Only one day, January 7, was determined to be invalid and removed from the data set. The mass of NO2 collected on the sample pads is extremely anomalous and was determined to be suspect. Figure 7 shows the comparison of NO2 results at the Plant Site and Agura Village. Error bars of 5% have been included, following a study of NO2 passive sampler precision conducted by U.S. EPA (Mukerjee et al., 2004). NO2 concentrations are consistently higher at the Agura Village site than at the Plant Site. NOX emissions consist of NO and NO2, and with time the NO will oxidize to form NO2. Since Agura Village is farther from the known local sources (AES Ebute and LTS Egbin), there is more time for the oxidation of NO to NO2. There are also nearby sources in the residential area, such as residential generator sets. The meteorology data collected at the Agura IPP site was analyzed and compared to the NO2 concentration data. In particular, the analysis looked for any correlations between wind direction and high or low concentrations. Wind directions from which the LTS Egbin and AES Ebute facilities could impact either the Plant Site or Agura Village samplers were noted; while there are time periods during which the wind is blowing from these directions for a majority of the day, there does not appear to be a correlation with the magnitude of sampled NO2 concentrations. Therefore, it was concluded that the samples were either not likely impacted by LTS Egbin or AES Ebute or the impacts from these facilities were indistinguishable from the background concentration. As shown in Table 8, the maximum measured NO2 was 9.64 ppb or 18.14 µg/m3, at Agura Village. Using the U.S. EPA suggested methodology for converting 24-hour values to a 1-hour value, by dividing the maximum 24-hour concentration by a conversion factor of 0.4 (U.S. EPA, 1992), the 1-hour W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 5-4 SECTIONFIVE Ambient Monitoring concentration is estimated to be 45.35 µg/m3. These NO2 concentrations are well below the 1-hour WHO standard of 200 µg/m3 and the 24-hour Nigerian standard of 75 µg/m3. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 5-5 SECTIONFIVE Ambient Monitoring Table 8 Passive Diffusion Sampling Results NO2 (ppb) Sample Date Plant Site Agura Village 12/24/2012 6.74 7.04 12/25/2012 4.88 5.81 12/26/2012 6.25 6.36 12/27/2012 6.42 6.97 12/28/2012 5.71 7.12 12/29/2012 5.18 6.19 12/30/2012 6.85 6.90 12/31/2012 8.34 ND 1/1/2013 ND ND 1/2/2013 ND ND 1/3/2013 ND 2.62 1/4/2013 7.67 6.85 1/5/2013 7.05 8.86 1/6/2013 3.12 4.39 1/7/2013 NA NA 1/8/2013 4.64 9.64 1/9/2013 5.24 8.94 1/10/2013 4.76 6.36 1/11/2013 4.18 5.68 1/12/2013 5.89 8.17 1/13/2013 5.15 8.03 1/14/2013 2.45 3.09 1/15/2013 3.00 4.81 1/16/2013 ND ND 1/17/2013 5.56 4.00 1/18/2013 ND ND 1/19/2013 ND ND 1/20/2013 ND 2.49 1/21/2013 ND 2.43 1/22/2013 5.91 5.91 MAX (ppb) 8.34 9.64 MAX (µg/m3) 15.70 18.14 Notes: [1] “ND” indicates the reported value was less than 2.3 ppb, which is the method detection limit. [2] “NA” indicates the reported value was flagged as invalid. [3] “Shading” indicates each week of samples sent to the laboratory. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 5-6 SECTIONFIVE Ambient Monitoring Figure 7 Scatter plot of NO2 concentration data (ppb) collected at the Plant Site and Agura Village Site. 12 10 8 Agura Village NO2 (ppb) 6 4 NO2 (ppb) 1:1 line 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Plant Site NO2 (ppb) W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 5-7 SECTIONSIX Cumulative Modeling SECTION 6 CUMULATIVE MODELING In order to assess the current ambient concentrations of NOX and NO2 in the local airshed, nearby sources must be included in the modeling in addition to the proposed Agura IPP Plant. Modeling of all local sources will provide an estimate of worst case concentrations and ensure that no air quality standards will be exceeded. Because the Agura IPP modeling showed 1-hour and 24-hour NO2 impacts close to 25 percent of the standards, measured NO2 background concentrations will be added to the modeled cumulative impacts. 6.1 SOURCE DESCRIPTION Two facilities are located approximately one kilometer from the proposed Agura IPP site. Facility details and estimation of source parameters for modeling are discussed in the following sections. In the cumulative modeling, sources at Agura IPP were modeled with the same stack parameters and emission rates as discussed in Section 4.2 and presented in Tables 3 and 4. 6.1.1 Lagos Thermal Station (LTS) Egbin The LTS Egbin facility was built in 1978 by a consortium of companies, and then owned and operated by the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) in Nigeria. The document “Schedule of Technical Information (sic),” produced by the National Electric Power Authority in Nigeria and revised in April 1982, provided some information about the facility and a Heat and Mass Balance (H&MB) diagram with additional information (K. Hubley, personal communication, September 7, 2012). A stack height of 200 feet was assumed, and the stack diameter was calculated based on an assumed exit velocity of 100 feet per second. Assumptions were based on knowledge of the facility by Mr. Ken Hubley, who was the Lead Mechanical Engineer in charge of reviewing the design deliverables for the LTS Egbin project in the early 1980’s. Modeled stack parameters are shown in Table 9. The facility operates six 220 MW Babcock-Hitachi RBE type natural gas-fired boilers, with a total capacity of 1,320 MW. The boilers are vented to two stacks with three flues each. It was assumed that the boilers are uncontrolled and emissions factors were taken from AP-42, Section 1.4, Natural Gas Combustion (U.S. EPA, 1995). Based on knowledge of the local natural gas and the fact that it does not contain hydrogen sulfide, the SO2 emission rate was set to zero. The H&MB diagram provided information on the fuel burn rate, exhaust gas flow, and exhaust gas temperature. Source emission rates for all pollutants are shown in Table 10. Two studies were identified that investigated the actual production at LTS Egbin in megawatt-hours per year compared to the plant capacity, which is based on installed megawatts and continuous operation over a year. This ratio is called the capacity factor. One study showed that over the period of 2000 – 2010 the facility had an average capacity factor of 50.8%, with a maximum capacity factor over that time of 74.3% (Adegboyega & Odeyemi, 2011). A second study, using data from the period of 1999 – 2008, showed average power generation (calculated in the same way as the capacity factor) was 54.1%, with a maximum of 74.3% (Emovon et al., 2011). Based on information within those documents, as well as news publications available online, frequent troubles with turbine maintenance and break downs result in W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 6-1 SECTIONSIX Cumulative Modeling the facility never operating all turbines at once. Therefore, it was assumed that the facility is operating at 75% capacity for both short and long term modeling and emissions were adjusted within the model accordingly. 6.1.2 AES Ebute The AES Ebute facility was constructed in 2000-2001 on barges just south of LTS Egbin. Information was obtained from the September 2003 AES Investor Fact Book (AES, 2003) and the H&MB diagram, which project engineers generated using the latest version of the ThermoFlow software, GTPro (K. Hubley, personal communication, October 9, 2012). The facility consists of nine GE frame 6B natural gas-fired simple cycle turbines that utilize water injection for control of NOX. No other controls are present. Emission factors from AP-42, Section 3.1, Stationary Gas Turbines, were used (U.S. EPA, 1995). Based on knowledge of the local natural gas and the fact that it does not contain hydrogen sulfide, the SO2 emission rate was set to zero. Source emission rates for all pollutants are shown in Table 10. Since no details of the actual GTs used at AES Ebute are known, the stack diameter and height of 9.5 ft and 66.5 ft respectively were taken from the GTPro H&MB details. The GTPro model was based on the oldest version of the GE 6531B (Frame 6B) model given in the GTPro gas turbine library. The oldest Frame 6B model was chosen because the AES Ebute barge mounted turbines were acquired by AES in 2001 as refurbished units, and their exact age is not known. The H&MB diagram provided information on fuel burn rate, exhaust gas flow and exhaust gas temperature. Modeled stack parameters are shown in Table 9. While no published performance evaluation studies could be identified, it is known that the facility does not operate continuously at maximum capacity. Project engineers with knowledge of the facility suggested a 75% capacity factor would be appropriate (K. Hubley, personal communication, January 18, 2013). Therefore, a 75% capacity factor was assumed for both short and long term modeling. 6.2 MODEL SET UP Much of the model set up for the cumulative modeling analysis is the same as the Agura IPP modeling. As discussed in Section 3.1, the dispersion model AERMOD has been selected for these analyses. The receptor grid is described in Section 3.2, and the meteorological data sets used in the modeling are described in Section 3.3. The cumulative modeling analyses included the downwash effects of buildings and structures located at Agura IPP, as described in Section 4.3 and Table 5. The location and dimensions of buildings at the LTS Egbin and AES Ebute facilities are not known and were therefore not included in the model. Only one significant building is present, at the LTS Egbin facility, just north of the two stacks. Since the facility’s fence line extends approximately 350 meters north of the building, increased concentrations from downwash would most likely remain on the property and not impact public receptors. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 6-2 SECTIONSIX Cumulative Modeling Table 9 LTS Egbin and AES Ebute Stack Parameters Stack Stack Exit Stack UTM X UTM Y Height Temperature Velocity Diameter Source ID Description (m) (m) (m) (K) (m/s) (m) AESGTG1 Turbine - GE 6531B GTG 567952.63 725126.7 20.2601 827.4 46.28935 2.902 AESGTG2 Turbine - GE 6531B GTG 568000.34 725132.4 20.2601 827.44 46.28935 2.902 AESGTG3 Turbine - GE 6531B GTG 568043.94 725131.6 20.2601 827.44 46.28935 2.902 AESGTG4 Turbine - GE 6531B GTG 567953.45 725104.5 20.2601 827.44 46.28935 2.902 AESGTG5 Turbine - GE 6531B GTG 568000.34 725119.3 20.2601 827.44 46.28935 2.902 AESGTG6 Turbine - GE 6531B GTG 568043.94 725117.6 20.2601 827.44 46.28935 2.902 AESGTG7 Turbine - GE 6531B GTG 567953.45 725082.3 20.2601 827.44 46.28935 2.902 AESGTG8 Turbine - GE 6531B GTG 568000.34 725102 20.2601 827.44 46.28935 2.902 AESGTG9 Turbine - GE 6531B GTG 568043.12 725102 20.2601 827.44 46.28935 2.902 LTSSTACK1 Stack with 3 flues - 3 220 MW boilers 567982.1 725407.6 60.96 418 30.48 6.17 LTSSTACK2 Stack with 3 flues - 3 220 MW boilers 568091.18 725408.7 60.96 418 30.48 6.17 W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 6-3 SECTIONSIX Cumulative Modeling Table 10 LTS Egbin and AES Ebute Source Emission Rates SO2 NO2 NO2 CO PM10 PM2.5 1-, 8- and NMHC NO2 PM10 PM2.5 1-hour 24-hour 8-hour 24-hour 24-hour 24-hour 3-hour Annual Annual Annual Source ID Description (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) (lb/hr) AESGTG1 AES Turbine – GE 6531B GTG 48.75 48.75 11.25 2.48 2.48 0 0.79 48.75 2.48 2.48 AESGTG2 AES Turbine – GE 6531B GTG 48.75 48.75 11.25 2.48 2.48 0 0.79 48.75 2.48 2.48 AESGTG3 AES Turbine – GE 6531B GTG 48.75 48.75 11.25 2.48 2.48 0 0.79 48.75 2.48 2.48 AESGTG4 AES Turbine – GE 6531B GTG 48.75 48.75 11.25 2.48 2.48 0 0.79 48.75 2.48 2.48 AESGTG5 AES Turbine – GE 6531B GTG 48.75 48.75 11.25 2.48 2.48 0 0.79 48.75 2.48 2.48 AESGTG6 AES Turbine – GE 6531B GTG 48.75 48.75 11.25 2.48 2.48 0 0.79 48.75 2.48 2.48 AESGTG7 AES Turbine – GE 6531B GTG 48.75 48.75 11.25 2.48 2.48 0 0.79 48.75 2.48 2.48 AESGTG8 AES Turbine – GE 6531B GTG 48.75 48.75 11.25 2.48 2.48 0 0.79 48.75 2.48 2.48 AESGTG9 AES Turbine – GE 6531B GTG 48.75 48.75 11.25 2.48 2.48 0 0.79 48.75 2.48 2.48 LTSSTACK1 Egbin Stack with 3 flues 1614.60 1614.60 484.38 43.82 43.82 0 31.72 1614.60 43.82 43.82 LTSSTACK2 Egbin Stack with 3 flues 1614.60 1614.60 484.38 43.82 43.82 0 31.72 1614.60 43.82 43.82 W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 6-4 SECTIONSIX Cumulative Modeling 6.3 CUMULATIVE MODELING RESULTS Based on the IFC Guidelines, projects with significant sources of air emissions and potential for significant impacts to ambient air quality should prevent or minimize impacts by ensuring that emissions do not result in pollutant concentrations that reach or exceed relevant ambient air quality guidelines and standards. This study should use national legislated standards, or in their absence, the WHO Air Quality Guidelines. Cumulative impacts from Agura IPP, LTS Egbin Power Station, and AES Ebute have been modeled and shown to be less than the most stringent air quality standard. For the NO2 1-hour and 24-hour standards, background concentrations have been added to the modeled impact to ensure that all sources are being captured; this impact is also below the most stringent standard. As shown in Table 8, the maximum measured NO2 was 18.14 µg/m3, at Agura Village. This value was added directly to the modeled 24-hour NO2 since the sample was integrated over 24 hours. Following the U.S. EPA suggested methodology for converting 24-hour values to a 1-hour value, the maximum concentration was divided by a conversion factor of 0.4 (U.S. EPA, 1992). Thus, 45.35 µg/m3 was added to the modeled 1-hour NO2. The results from the cumulative modeling analysis are presented in Table 11, and they show that all pollutants and averaging times have impacts below the relevant air quality standards. As the NO2 1-hour modeling results are close to the WHO threshold, isopleths were prepared to show the locations of the maximum predicted concentrations. Figures 8-11 show contours of 1-hour NO2 impacts from Agura IPP, LTS Egbin, AES Ebute, and the cumulative result, respectively. These contour plots show the predicted concentrations at each nearby receptor from each facility and cumulatively from all three facilities including the background concentration. As the contours show, the maximum cumulative impact occurs south of LTS Egbin and AES Ebute where those facilities’ plumes overlap; the contribution of Agura IPP to this maximum value is minor. This can be seen also in the results presented in Table 11, as the 1-hour NO2 impact from all three facilities is the same over all Stages of Agura IPP development. This is because the plumes contributing to this maximum are primarily from LTS Egbin and AES Ebute, whose emission rates remain constant in each Stage of Agura IPP development. It should be noted that a number of assumptions used throughout the process of modeling will produce conservative, or high, estimates of impacts. This is done to be protective of the standards, and ensure that even the worst possible case will not cause an exceedance. Conservative assumptions used in this analysis include the use of maximum potential emission rates, capacity factors, highest observed ozone concentration, and the addition of the maximum measured background NO2 concentrations. Maximum potential emission rates are based on the emissions from a given source when operating at full load continuously (8,760 hours per year). In reality, equipment does not operate at full load for every hour of the year; additionally, any given piece of equipment may operate at full load for a short period of time, but not at the same time as every other piece of equipment. For Agura IPP, a 100% capacity factor has been assumed, in order to represent maximum potential emissions. In reality, even though the facility is brand new and will have new equipment, it will not operate at 100% load the entire time. Load will fluctuate over time according to how much power is needed and whether any equipment is down for maintenance. At LTS Egbin and AES Ebute a 75% capacity factor has been assumed. This is because a combination of performance studies, news reports and engineering knowledge show that the facilities are W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 6-5 SECTIONSIX Cumulative Modeling frequently troubled by malfunctioning turbines and they are unable to operate all turbines at the same time. The 75% capacity factor is meant to represent that all installed turbines do not operate at any given time, not necessarily that the facility operates 75% of available hours. According to available data, even this 75% factor is likely an overestimate of the amount of installed capacity that is able to operate in any given hour at those facilities. An additional layer of conservatism is the unlikelihood that all three facilities would operate at their maximum capacity at the same time. Use of the highest observed ozone concentration in the region for all hours of the modeling means that there is more conversion of NO to NO2, thus higher NO2 concentrations will be predicted. The measured ambient NO2 concentration added to modeled impacts was the highest value measured over the 30-day sampling period. Assuming that the highest measured value would also occur at the same time as the highest measured modeled impacts represents an absolute worst case scenario that would not be exceeded, and likely would not occur in reality. In addition, it is possible that the existing LTS Egbin and AES Ebute facilities may have impacted some of the measured samples, which would result in some double counting of those emissions in the summed total. In reality, all of the conservative assumptions will not happen at the same time, if at all, and actual impacts will be considerably lower than the modeled impacts presented in Table 11. Therefore the results from the cumulative modeling analysis show that all pollutants and averaging times have impacts below the relevant air quality standards, thus emissions from the proposed Agura IPP will not adversely impact human health, safety or the environment. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 6-6 SECTIONSIX Cumulative Modeling Table 11 Cumulative Modeling Impacts Most Cumulative Modeling Stringent Standard Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Averaging Pollutant Time (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) CO 8-hour 21,000 23.0 23.0 23.1 1-hour[1] 200 186.6 186.6 186.6 NO2 24-hour[1] 75 42.0 42.0 45.6 Annual 40 7.6 7.6 8.1 24-hour 50 1.1 1.1 1.2 PM10 Annual 5 0.4 0.4 0.4 24-hour 25 1.1 1.1 1.2 PM2.5 Annual 10 0.4 0.4 0.4 10-minute 500 4.3 5.8 6.2 SO2 1-hour 350 1.4 1.9 2.1 24-hour 20 0.1 0.2 0.4 NMHC 3-hour 160 2.0 2.0 2.3 Notes: [1] Background ambient concentrations of NO2 were included in the total concentration presented. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 6-7 Figure 8 Agura IPP: 1-hr NO2 Source Contributions (ug/m3) Chevron Nigeria Agura IPP 6. 5. 5. 5.. Contours 8. 7. 6. 6. 6. 6. 7. 7. 11. 13. 15. 16. 17. 18. 18. 16. 14. 14. 14. 14. 15. 16. 17. 16. 16. 17. 19. 19. 18. 20. 20. 20. 20. 20. 20. 22. 24. 21. 18. 18. 18. 21. 22. 23. 22. 19. 15.0 8. 7. 6. 6. 6. 7. 7. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. 19. 19. 17. 15. 15. 15. 15. 17. 18. 18. 18. 17. 20. 20. 20. 21. 21. 21. 21. 21. 21. 23. 23. 20. 20. 19. 20. 22. 23. 23. 20. 16. 10. 9. 30.0 11. 10. 9. 8. 6. 8. 8. 8. 11. 14. 16. 18. 19. 20. 20. 18. 16. 17. 17. 17. 19. 20. 19. 19. 20. 21. 21. 22. 23. 23. 23. 23. 23. 23. 22. 21. 21. 20. 22. 24. 24. 21. 17. 16. 12. 11. 45.0 9.9.9.9. 12. 11. 14. 13. 16. 15. 60.0 13. 13. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 9.9.9.9. 9.9. 10. 10. 11. 10. 10.12. 11.13. 12. 14. 13. 15.16. 18. 20. 21. 21. 19. 17. 18. 18. 19. 21. 21. 21. 21. 23. 23. 23. 24. 24. 24. 24. 24. 24. 23. 22. 22. 22. 23. 24. 22. 18. 17. 16. 7.9. 10. 13. 14. 13. 16. 15. 17. 14. 15. 75.0 14. 14. 14. 13. 12. 10. 9.8. 10. 14. 16. 15. 14. 17. 19. 20. 22. 22. 21. 19. 20. 20. 21. 23. 23. 23. 24. 24. 25. 25. 26. 25. 25. 25. 25. 24. 23. 24. 22. 25. 23. 20. 19. 18. 17. 90.0 10.9 9.. 14.16. 15.17.19. 11. 14. 15. 16. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 15. 15. 19. 17. 15. 20. 23. 24. 22. 21. 22. 21. 24. 24. 25. 25. 26. 26. 27. 27. 27. 27. 27. 26. 26. 25. 24. 25. 24. 22. 21. 19. 19. 19. 105.0 13. 12. 16. 17. 19. 16. 20.22. 11. 11. 14. 16. 16. 16. 16. 15. 14. 14. 17. 18. 17.20. 22.24. 25. 26. 24. 23. 22. 23. 25. 25. 25. 27. 28. 28. 28. 29. 29. 29. 28. 28. 27. 25. 24. 23. 23. 21. 21. 20. 21. 120.0 15. 15. 18.20. 18. 24. 22. 18. 19. 15. 16. 11. 13. 15. 16. 16. 16. 16. 9. 10. 135.0 22. 20. 19. 25.26. 28. 26. 25. 25. 27. 25. 26. 27. 28. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 31. 30. 30. 31. 28. 27. 25. 24. 23. 22. 21. 20. 19. 16. 16. 20. 22. 21.25. 28. 27. 27. 28.28. 27.28. 27. 28. 28. 9. 10. 12. 14. 15. 15. 15. 8. 8. 150.0 16. 15. 22.25. 22. 27.29. 28. 27. 28. 28. 27. 26. 29.29. 30.29. 31. 30. 32. 31. 32. 32. 33. 33.33. 33. 32. 31. 30. 28. 26. 25. 24. 23. 22. 21. 20. 22. 28. 29. 30. 15. 15. 23. 25. 29. 27. 24. 31. 28. 26. 29. 31.30. 31. 31. 31. 32. 32. 32. 32. 33. 33. 33. 33. 34.34. 34. 34. 34. 33. 32.32. 14. 25. 32. 34. 34.34. 35. 35. 10. 10. 10. 10. 11. 14. 13. 13. 14. 30. 27. 25. 31. 31. 29. 32. 31. 32. 35. 35. 35. 35.35. 34. 35. 34.34. 35. 33. 34.33. 33. 29. 28. 26. 25. 24. 23. 22. 26. 13. 13. 26. 27.29. 27.31.31. 31.34. 34. 34. 34. 34. 33. 14. 15. 10. 11. 11. 11. 11. 12. 16. 16. 15. 29. 28. 30. 30. 34. 33. 35. 35. 34. 31. 28. 27. 26. 24. 23. 22. 23. 16. 16. 26. 26.26. 30. 33. 35. 33. 34. 17. 10. 11. 11. 12. 12. 12. 13. 17. 17. 30. 30.27. 30.32. 35.34. 35. 33. 32. 31. 28. 26. 25. 24. 22. 21. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 24. 25.25. 33. 28. 36. 33. 35. 18. 18.18. 17. 17.17. 17. 24. 36. 10. 10. 11. 11. 11. 13. 17. 17. 18. 18.18. 18. 18. 18.18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 17. 24. 25. 37. 25. 36. 34. 36. 33. 31. 29. 27. 25. 25. 24. 23. 36. 18. 18.18. 18.18. 18.18.18. 18. 28.34. 37. 36. 33. 35. 18. 29. 38. 36. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 15. 15. 16. 16. 16. 17. 17. 17. 18. 18. 17. 34. 33. 38. 36. 35. 36. 34. 33. 32. 31. 27. 25. 24. 23. 17. 16.17. 20. 20. 21. 20. 22. 21. 28. 23. 29. 28. 30. 29. 33. 29. 36. 34. 38.39. 39. 36. 35. 33. 34. 20. 39. 34. 8. 10. 10. 10. 11. 11. 11. 12. 15. 13. 16. 15. 16. 17. 18. 18. 20. 22. 20. 21. 20. 20. 22. 21. 23.28. 29. 30. 32. 31. 32.32. 33. 36. 35.38. 34. 34.32. 30. 29. 28. 26. 25. 24. 18.18. 18. 21. 21.22. 22.23. 20.21. 23. 21. 27. 26. 28.29. 30. 30. 31. 33.37. 36. 32. 33. 31. 7. 8. 8. 9. 9. 10. 10. 11. 15. 17. 17. 19. 19. 19. 20. 20. 21. 22. 22. 23. 24. 25. 25. 25. 29. 31. 35. 39. 30. 32. 32. 29. 28. 26. 24. 23. 21. 20.21. 21. 23.24. 24. 25. 42. 39. 43. 32. 31.30. 21. 21.22. 22. 24. 45. 31. 8. 8. 8. 9. 9. 10. 12. 13. 13. 14. 15. 19. 20. 20. 21. 20. 21.22. 22. 24.24. 25. 25. 26. 26. 27. 31. 40. 39.43.47. 46.49. 31.29. 29. 28. 27. 24. 23. 22. 20. 19. 20. 20. 22. 22. 21. 21. 21.23. 22. 22. 22. 43.46. 44. 45. 30. 27. 29. 26. 27. 25. 43. 26. 26. 27. 29. 25. 7. 8. 8. 12. 12. 15. 15. 15. 16. 16. 16. 17. 17. 17. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 19. 20. 22. 24. 26. 25. 32. 35. 35. 37. 45. 42.46. 24. 25. 24. 23. 21. 20. 39. 37. 38.44. 40. 25. 25. 23. 7. 10. 12. 12. 12. 13. 13. 13. 13. 15. 16. 19. 16. 17. 18. 20. 21. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 31. 33. 35. 35. 37. 38.41. 40. 41. 25.24. 25. 22. 20. 19. 41. 39. 40. 40. 40. 25. 25. 24. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 15. 17. 18. 20. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 24. 25. 27. 28. 29. 32. 33. 31. 35. 38. 37. 40. 40. 38. 40. 25. 26. 24. 22. 21. 21. 36. 39.40. 40. 25.24. 24. 8. 8. 8. 11. 15. 16. 18. 17. 18. 18. 19. 19. 20. 20. 21. 20. 20. 22. 23. 23. 24. 28. 31. 30. 28. 31. 32. 34. 34. 36. 38. 37. 37. 37. 25. 25. 23. 24. 23. 21. 20. 20. 37. 34. 25. 24. 36. 36. 34.35. 36.36. 35. 24. 24.23. 8. 9. 14. 15. 16. 17. 17. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 19. 19. 19. 19. 21. 22. 23. 23. 25. 30. 32. 30. 32. 37. 37. 35. 35. 35. 35. 35. 34.36. 35. 35. 34. 33. 30. 31. 33. 34. 33.31. 30. 30. 29. 29. 29.27. 29. 28. 26. 26. 26. 26. 25. 25. 25. 25. 25. 24. 25. 23. 21. 20. 19. 17. 33. 35. 33.34. 34. 33. 33. 31. 32.30. 29. 28. 28. 26. 27. 25. 24. 24. 24. 24. 14. 14. 15. 16. 17. 17. 17. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 17. 17. 17. 16. 18. 19. 20. 21. 20. 20. 24. 29. 27. 28. 28. 34. 34. 35. 33. 33. 32. 33. 31. 32. 29. 26. 26. 24. 23. 23. 22. 20. 18. 17. 15. 16. 17. 17. 17. 18. 18. 17. 17. 17. 16. 15. 15. 15. 15. 17. 18. 19. 19. 18. 17. 20. 23. 24. 27. 26. 30. 35. 34. 30. 31. 30. 30. 29. 29. 28. 28. 26. 23. 23. 21. 21. 21. 20. 19. 18. 16. 16. 17. 17. 17. 17. 16. 16. 15. 14. 13. 13. 13. 14. 15. 16. 16. 16. 16. 17. 19. 22. 23. 25. 26. 26. 33. 31. 32. 28. 28. 27. 29. 27. 27. 27. 25. 25. 23. 21. 20. 19. 18. 18. 18. 17. 15. 16. 16. 16. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 11. 12. 13. 14. 14. 14. 14. 15. 16. 19. 21. 21. 23. 24. 23. 29. 31. 32. 29. 26. 26. 27. 27. 25. 26. 25. 24. 23. 22. 20. 18. 18. 16. 16. 16. 16. 14. 14. 14. 14. 13. 13. 13. 12. 11. 10. 11. 12. 12. 12. 12. 13. 14. 15. 17. 19. 20. 21. 22. 21. 25. 29. 30. 29. 26. 24. 24. 25. 25. 24. 24. 23. 23. 21. 20. 19. 18. 17. 18. 18. 16. 15. 13. 13. 13. 13. 12. 12. 11. 10. 9. 10. 10. 11. 11. 11. 12. 13. 15. 16. 17. 17. 19. 20. 20. 21. 26. 27. 29. 26. 24. 22. 23. 23. 24. 23. 23. 22. 21. 20. 18. 18. 17. 17. 17. 18. 18. 17. 12. 12. 12. 11. 11. 10. 9. 9. 9. 10. 10. 11. 11. 12. 14. 15. 17. 18. 18. 17. 19. 19. 18. 23. 26. 27. 28. 22. 22. 20. 21. 21. 22. 21. 21. 21. 19. 19. 18. 17. 17. 17. 17. 17. 18. 18. 11. 11. 10. 10. 9. 8. 9. 10. 11. 11. 12. 12. 13. 15. 16. 17. 18. 18. 18. 17. 17. 16. 20. 23. 24. 26. 25. 21. 20. 19. 19. 21. 22. 19. 20. 19. 18. 18. 17. 17. 17. 17. 17. 17. 17. 18. 10. 9. 9. 8. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 12. 12. 14. 15. 17. 18. 18. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15. 18. 21. 23. 24. 25. 22. 20. 18. 19. 18. 22. 23. 18. 18. 18. 18. 16. 16. 16. 17. 17. 17. 17. 17. 17. 8. 8. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 12. 13. 13. 14. 16. 17. 18. 19. 19. 19. 18. 16. 14. 16. 19. 21. 21. 24. 23. 19. 18. 19. 19. 19. 22. 23. 19. 17. 17. 18. 18. 15. 16. 17. 17. 17. 17. 16. 17. Scale: 1" = 512.9 Meters GROUP STAGE3 - HIGH 1ST HIGH 1-HR VALUES Max = 48.96533 (568956.3, 725080.7) Figure 9 LTS Egbin: 1-hr NO2 Source Contributions (ug/m3) Chevron Nigeria Agura IPP . Contours 60. 62. 59. 52. 41. 41. 42. 42. 44. 45. 44. 45. 45. 47. 48. 47. 47. 48. 48. 47. 47. 47. 46. 45. 48. 46. 49. 50. 44. 40. 40. 39. 38. 37. 40. 43. 43. 41. 39. 38. 41. 43. 43. 15.0 65. 63. 55. 42. 43. 44. 44. 45. 45. 46. 45. 47. 49. 49. 48. 49. 49. 49. 49. 48. 47. 48. 50. 45. 47. 43. 42. 41. 40. 39. 39. 40. 42. 41. 39. 37. 41. 43. 45. 44. 43. 42. 42. 43. 57. 63. 30.0 66. 69. 67. 58. 44. 45. 45. 46. 47. 48. 47. 47. 49. 51. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 49. 48. 53. 49. 46. 45. 44. 43. 42. 41. 40. 39. 40. 39. 37. 40. 43. 45. 45. 44. 43. 45. 45. 45. 44. 49. 58. 45.0 45. 46. 46. 46. 47. 48. 49. 48. 49. 46. 60.0 46. 39. 47. 58. 67. 72. 70. 60. 46. 47. 47. 46. 47. 46. 49. 48. 47. 47. 49.49. 49.49. 50.48.46. 49. 52. 51. 52. 51. 51. 50. 50. 52. 53. 47. 46. 46. 44. 43. 43. 41. 40. 39. 39. 38. 42. 44. 44. 44. 46. 47. 47. 47. 46. 44. 43. 47. 48. 50. 49. 48. 47. 49. 50. 39. 40. 75.0 43. 55. 67. 73. 72. 60. 48. 48. 48. 47. 50. 48. 53. 52. 52. 51. 51. 52. 52. 54. 49. 49. 47. 46. 45. 44. 43. 41. 41. 40. 39. 42. 43. 44. 47. 49. 49. 48. 47. 45. 43. 41. 40. 52. 90.0 48. 48. 49. 49.51. 50.52.52. 40. 40. 41. 43. 50. 63. 72. 72. 55. 48. 52. 52. 52. 52. 52. 52. 51. 52. 53. 53. 51. 50. 50. 48. 47. 46. 44. 43. 43. 42. 41. 40. 45. 48. 50. 50. 49. 48. 46. 43. 40. 40. 41. 42. 105.0 51. 62. 52. 51. 52. 52. 52. 53.52. 57. 39. 41. 42. 43. 44. 46. 56. 67. 65. 58. 52. 53. 53.52. 52.52. 53. 52. 52. 52. 52. 50. 49. 47. 46. 45. 44. 43. 42. 44. 48. 50. 50. 49. 47. 45. 42. 39. 39. 40. 41. 43. 44. 120.0 64. 59. 52.51. 51. 54. 52. 51. 51. 56. 55. 41. 43. 44. 44. 47. 48. 56. 38. 40. 135.0 53. 52. 52. 53.52. 53. 53. 52. 51. 48. 47. 48. 47. 47. 46. 45. 43. 45. 47. 48. 47. 44. 42. 39. 39. 39. 39. 39. 41. 43. 44. 45. 49. 48. 53. 53. 53.53. 53. 54. 49. 48.48. 48.48. 48. 47. 47. 40. 41. 43. 43. 44. 46. 48. 38. 39. 150.0 49. 52. 53. 53. 53. 53. 52. 50. 50. 50. 48. 49. 48.48. 47.46. 44. 44. 43. 43. 42. 42. 42. 41.40. 39. 38. 39. 39. 39. 39. 39. 40. 42. 43. 45. 45. 53. 49. 48. 47. 48. 47. 47. 53. 52.54. 53. 52. 52. 49. 50. 49. 46. 45. 44. 44. 45. 45. 43. 44. 43. 43. 42. 42. 41. 42. 40. 40. 39. 39. 38. 38.38. 46. 53. 43. 43. 42.42. 41. 41. 45. 39. 40. 40. 41. 41. 43. 45. 45. 46. 52. 53. 53. 52. 52. 51. 49. 50. 49. 40. 40. 40. 40.39. 38. 39. 39.38. 38. 38. 38.39. 39. 39. 39. 39. 41. 42. 44. 45. 46. 46. 45. 53. 53.52. 52.51.50. 49.48. 48. 39. 38. 38. 39. 45. 40. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 44. 44. 45. 51. 50. 48. 49. 48. 48. 38. 38. 39. 39. 38. 39. 41. 42. 43. 45. 45. 46. 45. 50. 50.50. 49. 48. 38. 38. 38. 46. 41. 43. 44. 46. 46. 45. 45. 45. 45. 51. 51.50. 49.48. 37.37. 37. 37. 37. 37. 38. 40. 41. 42. 44. 44. 45. 46. 46. 44. 45. 45. 45. 45. 45. 51. 51.50. 48. 49. 37. 37. 37. 46. 44. 45. 42.42. 41. 38. 51. 36. 56. 56. 54. 52. 49. 46. 47. 47. 48. 47. 45. 44. 44. 45. 45. 44. 42. 43. 40. 40. 50. 50. 50. 49. 49. 36. 36. 36. 36. 37. 38. 40. 41. 42. 43. 36. 45. 46. 46. 42. 44. 39.38.37. 37. 51.51. 50. 50. 35. 35. 33. 50. 50. 35. 66. 67. 67. 66. 64. 59. 50. 44. 44. 45. 45. 46. 42. 40. 36. 35. 51. 51. 50. 51. 50. 35. 35. 35. 34. 35. 36. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 39. 36. 7.6. 25. 17. 10. 39. 32. 43. 42. 46. 45. 48. 48. 50. 49. 50. 50. 50. 50. 35. 35.34. 34. 61. 62. 61. 58. 55. 49. 43. 43. 44. 47. 48. 49. 48. 43. 39. 36. 11. 13.12. 17. 32. 25. 41. 36. 43.46. 47. 49. 49. 48. 50. 50. 51. 50. 50. 49. 35. 34. 34. 34. 35. 36. 38. 39. 35. 40. 43.38. 21. 22.21. 24.29. 34.39. 44. 41. 46. 49. 51.50. 50. 51.51. 51. 51. 51. 35. 34. 35. 37. 27. 50. 35. 45. 44. 45. 46. 45. 53. 61. 68. 74. 83. 79. 55. 50. 44. 39. 39. 30. 33. 38. 40. 46. 50. 52. 51. 50. 30. 31. 50. 50. 34. 34. 34. 34. 32. 32. 34. 35. 36. 40. 43. 34.37. 36. 40. 51. 50. 34. 34.33. 41. 42. 39. 37. 41. 49. 33. 56. 57. 57. 65. 74. 83. 89. 95. 99. 92. 67. 49. 49. 43. 44. 43. 42.41. 39. 41. 40.41. 42. 45. 46. 52. 52. 53. 51. 51. 49. 50. 51. 49. 33. 32. 32. 31. 31. 32. 33. 35. 47. 47. 43. 41.40. 42. 40. 41. 40. 41. 41. 41.42. 50. 51. 48. 49. 32. 31. 31. 30. 30. 31. 48. 30. 31. 31. 31. 31. 59. 66. 73. 80. 84. 86. 90. 86. 72. 50. 50. 51. 49. 51. 50. 43. 45. 41. 43. 43. 42. 46. 49. 51. 51. 52. 52. 51. 50. 49. 47. 48.47. 31. 31. 31. 31. 33. 34. 48. 49. 48.47. 46. 33. 35. 32. 66. 71. 73. 74. 75. 73. 65. 51. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 51. 51. 48. 49. 49. 50. 51. 51. 52. 51. 51. 50. 50. 49. 47.47. 46. 45. 37.36. 39. 35. 33. 33. 45. 47. 45. 45. 45. 41. 43. 40. 62. 62. 61. 60. 55. 46. 45. 46. 48. 49. 51. 52. 65. 81. 79. 51. 52. 52. 53. 53. 53. 53. 51. 49. 48. 48. 48. 47. 46. 44. 44. 45. 44. 44. 45. 43. 42. 40. 38. 45. 44.43. 43. 47.46. 47. 51. 50. 46. 43. 42. 43. 44. 46. 47. 50. 50. 58. 89. 82. 86. 52. 53. 53. 52. 52. 53. 53. 51. 48. 46. 45. 46. 45. 45. 44. 42. 43. 42. 42. 48.48. 48. 47. 47. 46. 44. 43. 41. 41. 48. 48. 42. 43. 41.41. 40.40. 40. 47. 47.47. 40. 40. 40. 41. 41. 42. 44. 46. 47. 48. 49. 81. 94. 93. 80. 52. 52. 52. 51. 52. 52. 52. 52. 49. 46. 44. 43. 43. 43. 42. 41. 40. 39. 39. 39. 39.39. 38. 39. 37. 38. 35. 36. 36. 37. 36.36. 35. 35. 37. 35. 37.41. 39. 39. 41. 44. 43. 42. 42. 44. 43. 46. 45. 46. 45. 46. 46. 46. 45. 44. 39. 39. 38.38. 38. 37. 38. 36. 37. 36. 35. 34. 35. 36. 34. 38. 39. 40. 42. 42. 37. 38. 39. 39. 41. 42. 45. 45. 46. 46. 68. 90. 85. 92. 69. 51. 52. 52. 50. 51. 49. 49. 50. 49. 49. 48. 47. 46. 43. 41. 40. 40. 38. 37. 37. 36. 35. 34. 32. 34. 37. 39. 41. 42. 43. 43. 35. 37. 38. 39. 41. 44. 44. 44. 44. 60. 80. 87. 83. 84. 57. 50. 50. 52. 50. 50. 50. 52. 52. 52. 52. 51. 50. 48. 45. 42. 39. 39. 38. 37. 36. 35. 35. 34. 32. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 38. 39. 36. 37. 37. 39. 41. 42. 42. 43. 52. 73. 82. 76. 81. 73. 49. 49. 49. 50. 49. 49. 52. 54. 54. 54. 54. 53. 51. 49. 46. 43. 41. 38. 37. 37. 36. 35. 34. 32. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 36. 36. 36. 36. 36. 37. 39. 40. 41. 42. 45. 64. 78. 77. 74. 76. 62. 47. 47. 48. 49. 48. 51. 54. 56. 56. 56. 55. 53. 51. 49. 47. 44. 42. 39. 37. 35. 35. 35. 34. 33. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 37. 37. 34. 35. 37. 39. 40. 40. 39. 56. 71. 77. 71. 72. 68. 52. 47. 45. 46. 47. 49. 53. 54. 55. 56. 55. 54. 53. 51. 49. 47. 45. 42. 40. 38. 36. 34. 33. 33. 33. 33. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 37. 37. 34. 35. 37. 38. 39. 39. 48. 63. 72. 70. 73. 67. 60. 47. 45. 44. 45. 46. 49. 51. 53. 54. 54. 54. 53. 52. 51. 49. 47. 45. 43. 41. 39. 37. 35. 34. 34. 33. 33. 33. 34. 35. 36. 36. 37. 37. 34. 35. 37. 38. 38. 42. 55. 66. 69. 68. 71. 60. 52. 44. 44. 43. 44. 45. 47. 50. 51. 52. 53. 53. 52. 51. 50. 48. 47. 45. 43. 41. 39. 37. 36. 37. 37. 36. 36. 35. 34. 34. 35. 36. 36. 37. 36. 35. 36. 37. 36. 49. 59. 65. 63. 69. 66. 55. 45. 43. 43. 42. 43. 43. 46. 48. 50. 50. 51. 51. 51. 50. 49. 48. 47. 45. 43. 41. 40. 38. 37. 39. 39. 39. 39. 38. 37. 36. 35. 35. 36. 36. 37. 35. 35. 34. 42. 53. 60. 62. 63. 67. 60. 49. 41. 42. 41. 41. 42. 43. 44. 46. 48. 49. 49. 50. 50. 49. 48. 47. 46. 45. 43. 41. 40. 38. 37. 39. 41. 41. 41. 41. 41. 40. 38. 36. 35. 36. 38. 35. 33. 37. 47. 55. 58. 57. 63. 63. 54. 44. 39. 39. 40. 39. 41. 46. 43. 45. 46. 47. 48. 48. 48. 48. 47. 46. 45. 44. 43. 41. 40. 38. 37. 39. 42. 43. 43. 43. 43. 43. 41. 39. 37. 35. Scale: 1" = 512.9 Meters GROUP LTSEGBIN - HIGH 1ST HIGH 1-HR VALUES Max = 99.48535 (567200, 725100) )igure 10 AES Ebute: 1-hr NO2 Source Contributions (ug/m3) Chevron Nigeria Agura IPP 6. 5. 5. 5. Contours 7. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 7. 6. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 8. 7. 8. 14. 18. 19. 16. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 15. 14. 13. 11. 11. 11. 11. 10. 9. 10. 10. 10. 10. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 15.0 7. 6. 6. 6. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 8. 7. 7. 8. 8. 8. 10. 16. 20. 19. 16. 12. 14. 16. 17. 16. 15. 14. 12. 11. 11. 11. 10. 10. 11. 11. 11. 10. 10. 10. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 8. 30.0 9. 8. 6. 6. 6. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 11. 18. 21. 20. 14. 13. 16. 18. 17. 17. 15. 13. 11. 11. 12. 11. 11. 12. 12. 11. 11. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 45.0 9. 9. 7.7.7.7.7.7.8.8.8.8. 60.0 11. 11. 11. 10. 8. 6. 7. 7. 7.7.8.8.7.7.8.8.9.9.8. 7.8.8.7.7.8.8.9. 8. 8. 9. 9. 13. 20. 23. 19. 12. 15. 19. 19. 19. 17. 14. 12. 13. 12. 12. 13. 13. 13. 12. 11. 11. 11. 11. 10. 10. 9. 9. 9. 8.8. 8. 9.9.9.8.8. 9.9. 11. 12. 75.0 13. 13. 11. 9. 7. 7. 8.8. 8. 8.8.9.9. 9.8. 9. 10. 15. 23. 23. 19. 18. 19. 21. 21. 19. 17. 16. 13. 14. 13. 14. 14. 14. 13. 12. 11. 11. 11. 10. 10. 10. 9. 9. 8. 90.0 8.8. 8. 9.9.9. 9. 10. 12. 13. 14. 14. 13. 11. 7. 8.8.8. 9.9. 9.10. 10. 10. 20. 25. 25. 22. 18. 23. 23. 24. 21. 16. 16. 15. 15. 16. 15. 15. 13. 12. 12. 12. 12. 11. 11. 10. 9. 9. 8. 8. 105.0 8. 8.8. 10. 10. 10. 10. 15.24. 8. 8. 11. 13. 15. 17. 17. 15. 12. 8.8. 10.17. 14. 25.32. 37. 38. 31. 18. 32. 33. 27. 23. 21. 15. 14. 17. 17. 17. 15. 13. 13. 13. 13. 12. 12. 11. 10. 10. 9. 9. 8. 8. 120.0 8. 9.8. 22. 26. 37. 33. 37. 29. 35. 11. 14. 17. 19. 20. 18. 13. 7. 8. 135.0 9. 10. 36. 38. 38. 30.23. 28. 34. 38. 33. 21. 17. 15. 14. 16. 18. 20. 18. 16. 15. 15. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 11. 10. 10. 9. 8. 8. 7. 16. 13. 35. 27. 27.20. 32. 26. 22. 17.14. 14.16. 18. 20. 20. 11. 15. 15. 19. 22. 24. 20. 8. 8. 150.0 17. 20. 34. 22. 29. 39. 36. 24. 15. 17. 17. 21. 23. 23. 23. 24. 23. 21. 23. 23. 18. 21. 16. 17. 16. 15. 13. 13. 12. 11. 11. 10. 9. 8. 8. 8. 8. 27. 18. 23. 27. 21. 22. 25. 33. 38.41. 40. 36. 40. 20. 17. 28. 31. 29. 25. 27. 29. 27. 22. 24. 20. 21. 19. 20. 18. 18. 17. 15. 14. 15. 14. 14.13. 26. 41. 20. 19. 19.18. 17. 16. 12. 11. 9. 11. 16. 22. 27. 34. 28.27. 30. 37. 36. 24. 18. 22.27. 31. 32. 16. 16. 15. 15.15. 15.14. 14.14. 14. 13. 13.13. 12. 11. 9. 9. 8. 9. 9. 9. 9. 39. 40. 41. 27. 24.19. 18.24.28. 31.33. 33. 12. 13. 12. 11. 44. 45. 17. 17. 15. 13. 11. 14. 21. 31. 42. 25. 28. 33. 32. 32. 32. 11. 11. 10. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 8. 45. 44. 39. 29. 31.32. 31.30. 29. 10. 9.9. 41. 18. 19. 19. 18. 16. 13. 12. 19. 33. 40. 31. 31.29. 29.31. 11. 11. 11. 11. 11. 11. 10. 9. 8. 8. 8. 9. 34. 25. 41. 40. 32. 48. 54. 55. 57. 29. 26.30. 32. 32. 11. 10. 11. 57.52. 41. 28. 15. 16.17. 25. 11. 15. 16. 17. 18. 18. 16. 13. 16. 18. 24. 30. 48. 39. 60. 56. 57. 30. 46. 16. 16. 29. 28. 35. 32. 36. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 9. 9. 8. 8. 8. 7. 36.46. 61. 56. 58. 26. 44. 17. 16. 36.38. 38. 38. 11.11. 16. 35. 37. 11. 18. 19. 21. 20. 21. 20. 16. 14. 19. 24. 27. 39. 55. 38. 20. 14. 39. 38. 37. 38. 9.9.9. 9. 8. 8. 7. 6. 7. 7. 24. 39. 18. 17. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 19. 17. 31. 25. 21. 35. 34. 34. 35. 32.31. 30. 8. 8.7.7. 17. 23. 7.6.6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 21. 24. 24. 25. 25. 24. 23. 20. 19. 21. 20. 21. 23. 25. 19. 15. 14. 14. 14. 15.16. 17. 16. 17. 17.19. 23. 20. 28. 27. 29. 25. 27. 23. 23.22. 7. 7.7. 6. 7. 15. 12. 12. 13. 11. 10. 14.15.16. 17. 17. 17. 19. 17. 22. 23. 23. 23.23. 22.21. 21. 8. 17. 18. 19. 19. 20. 22. 24. 26. 34. 35. 35. 34. 28. 14. 13. 14. 9. 8.9. 7. 1 2. 14. 17. 18. 22. 24. 24. 24. 23. 8.8.8. 8. 8. 8. 9. 8. 8. 19. 13. 13. 7. 11. 23. 9. 14. 10. 12. 7. 7. 12. 21. 22. 20. 9.9. 10. 17. 18. 20. 22. 25. 29. 36. 40. 44. 47. 49. 54. 36. 13. 14.13. 11. 6. 7 . 5.7.8.9.1 2. 13. 15. 16. 19. 21. 21. 22. 21.21.19. 19.18. 10. 10. 10. 10. 9. 10. 9. 9. 55. 13. 39. 7. 10. 5. 7.7.9.11.13. 18. 19. 16. 18. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10.10. 15. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 15. 18. 19. 28. 30. 36. 38. 38. 44. 52. 55. 59. 77. 89. 40. 12.11.10. 10. 11.12. 14. 15. 15. 18. 24. 25. 23. 14. 14. 14. 14.13. 10. 10. 10. 10. 9. 9. 19. 20. 17.15. 18. 10. 9. 10. 14. 18. 22. 22. 24. 28. 32. 53. 55. 52. 59. 62. 52. 23. 25. 50. 13. 13. 14. 15. 15. 18. 29. 38. 39. 38. 33. 23.21. 20. 22. 9.9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 24. 25. 22. 23. 23. 10. 10. 8. 17. 19. 21. 23. 26. 30. 41. 40. 41. 40. 43. 24. 19. 21. 66. 66. 14. 14. 14. 14. 14. 13. 14. 23. 31. 37. 38. 36. 26. 24. 25. 23. 23. 9.9.9. 9. 8. 8. 25. 24.23. 23. 8.8.8. 17. 18. 20. 28. 30. 28. 24. 32. 32. 27. 18. 20. 19. 47. 57. 47. 14. 14. 14. 14. 14. 12. 12. 11. 15. 21. 27. 31. 31. 23. 21. 22. 23. 21. 8. 8.8.7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 20. 20. 8. 8. 21. 21. 20.19. 19.18. 18. 8.8. 9. 18. 18. 24. 22. 17. 15. 22. 20. 15. 14. 18. 18. 34. 53. 49. 30. 17. 14. 14. 14. 13. 12. 11. 11. 10. 10. 13. 18. 22. 24. 19. 19. 18. 18. 17. 17.17. 16. 17. 16. 16. 14. 15. 15. 13. 14. 14. 13. 14. 12. 13. 13.12.11. 12. 12.11.10. 11. 11. 10. 10. 10.10.9. 9.9.9. 8. 7. 7. 6. 17. 16. 16. 16. 16. 16. 15. 15. 14. 14. 14. 13. 12. 13. 12.11.11.10. 10.10. 20. 18. 16. 12. 11. 13. 12. 12. 13. 16. 16. 23. 41. 44. 38. 19. 18. 13. 14. 13. 13. 12. 11. 10. 10. 10. 9. 9. 12. 15. 17. 14. 15. 14. 14. 14. 13. 13. 12. 11. 11. 10. 9. 9. 8. 7. 14. 11. 9. 11. 9. 10. 11. 12. 14. 14. 16. 30. 38. 41. 28. 15. 22. 17. 13. 12. 12. 12. 11. 10. 9. 9. 9. 9. 8. 8. 10. 12. 10. 11. 11. 12. 12. 12. 12. 11. 11. 10. 10. 9. 9. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 10. 10. 11. 12. 12. 13. 22. 31. 35. 33. 20. 14. 24. 20. 12. 12. 11. 11. 11. 10. 9. 9. 9. 8. 8. 8. 8. 7. 8. 7. 9. 9. 9. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. 9. 9. 9. 8. 7. 7. 8. 9. 9. 10. 11. 11. 11. 16. 24. 27. 32. 26. 17. 15. 25. 22. 11. 11. 10. 10. 10. 10. 9. 9. 8. 8. 8. 8. 7. 7. 7. 6. 8. 6. 7. 7. 8. 8. 8. 9. 9. 9. 8. 8. 8. 9. 8. 8. 9. 9. 9. 10. 12. 19. 23. 26. 27. 20. 19. 16. 25. 23. 13. 11. 10. 10. 10. 9. 9. 8. 8. 8. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 6. 6. 6. 5. 6. 6. 7. 7. 7. 7. 8. 8. 10. 9. 9. 8. 8. 8. 10. 10. 15. 19. 20. 24. 22. 16. 20. 17. 25. 23. 14. 10. 10. 9. 9. 9. 9. 8. 8. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 6. 6. 6. 6. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 6. 6. 6. 7. 9. 9. 7. 8. 8. 9. 9. 12. 15. 18. 20. 22. 18. 17. 20. 17. 24. 23. 15. 10. 10. 9. 9. 9. 9. 8. 8. 7. 7. 7. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 8. 7. 7. 7. 8. 8. 9. 13. 15. 16. 19. 19. 14. 18. 19. 17. 23. 22. 16. 9. 9. 9. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 7. 7. 7. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 6. 7. 7. 7. 8. 8. 10. 13. 14. 16. 18. 16. 14. 19. 19. 16. 21. 21. 16. 9. 9. 9. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 7. 7. 7. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 6. 7. 6. 7. 7. 7. 9. 11. 12. 14. 16. 16. 13. 15. 18. 18. 16. 20. 20. 16. 10. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 7. 7. 7. 6. 6. 6. 6. 7. 7. 7. 6. 6. 6. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. Scale: 1" = 512.9 Meters GROUP AESEBUTE - HIGH 1ST HIGH 1-HR VALUES Max = 88.75186 (567700, 725000) Figure 11 All Sources, including measured background: 1-hr NO2 Maximum Impact (ug/m3) Chevron Nigeria Agura IPP 111.108.101.91. Contours 100.99. 99.100.98. 97. 99. 98.106. 114.116.112.104.93. 94. 94. 94. 96. 96. 96. 96. 97. 99.100.99. 99.100. 104.94. 92. 92. 92. 91. 93. 97. 98. 97. 94. 91. 92. 95. 96. 96. 95. 94. 109. 15.0 119.116.107.95. 96. 96. 96. 97. 97. 98. 97. 99.101. 112.118.30.0 101.101.102. 101. 101.101.101.99. 99.103.100. 104.94. 92. 91. 90. 89. 93. 97. 97. 96. 92. 92. 95. 97. 97. 97. 95. 94. 93. 107. 105. 121. 114.45.0 123.120.109.97. 97. 97. 98. 98.100.99. 99.102. 103. 102. 103. 102. 103. 103. 101.100. 106.102. 101.102.96. 94. 93. 92. 91. 93. 96. 96. 93. 91. 95. 98. 98. 98. 97. 96. 96. 96. 96. 98. 98. 99. 98. 99. 100. 101.100. 102. 98. 93.104. 60.0 115.123.127.124. 99. 111. 99. 100. 99. 99. 99. 100. 99. 99. 102. 100. 102. 101. 102. 102. 103.99. 99.103. 105. 104. 105. 104. 104. 103. 103.104. 107.99. 98. 98. 96. 95. 94. 92. 91. 94. 93. 90. 94. 97. 99. 99. 97. 98. 99. 99. 98. 97. 95. 100. 101. 102.99. 101. 101. 103. 101. 75.0 93. 94.101. 114.124.129.126. 101. 111. 101. 100. 100.105. 103. 106.104. 1 06.1 04.1 05.1 05.1 04. 1 08.1 100.99. 98. 97. 95. 94. 93. 92. 91. 91. 96. 98. 98. 99.101. 02. 101. 101. 100.99. 97. 94. 94. 100. 102. 90.0 102. 101. 106. 105. 104. 105. 94. 95. 95. 97.111.123. 129. 102. 125.105. 105.105. 106. 106. 105. 105. 105. 105. 106. 105.104. 102.102. 100.99. 97. 96. 94. 94. 92. 91. 95. 96.100. 103. 104. 103. 102. 100.97. 95. 95. 95. 96. 105.0 101. 113. 102. 105. 105. 106. 105. 106. 107. 94. 95. 97. 97. 98.105. 108. 109. 118.125.118. 106. 106. 107. 106. 105. 106.106. 1 06.1 06. 1 04.1 1 04. 03.1 02.99. 98. 96. 96. 94. 93. 95.100. 1 04.1 05.1 04.1 03.1 00.97. 94. 95. 96. 96. 97. 97. 120.0 119. 112. 106.105. 105. 107. 106. 105. 104. 93. 94. 135.0 96. 98. 98. 99.102. 111. 108.114. 106. 106. 106. 106. 106.106.106. 105.104.100. 99. 100. 99. 98. 97. 96. 95. 98.102. 103. 103. 101.99. 95. 94. 95. 96. 97. 97. 98. 98. 99. 105. 105. 104. 107. 106. 107. 107. 108. 107. 101. 101. 100. 100. 99. 99. 99.98. 95. 97. 98. 99. 99.102.103. 94. 94. 150.0 103. 106. 106. 107. 106. 105. 105.1 101. 102. 02. 99. 100. 100. 100. 98. 99. 95. 96. 96. 95. 99. 98. 99. 99.99. 95. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 99. 99.101. 106. 101. 100. 102. 102. 106.107. 105. 105. 105. 103. 106. 101. 99. 101. 98. 97. 95. 96. 96. 97. 95. 95. 94. 95. 94.95. 94.96. 93. 95. 95. 92. 94. 91. 90. 91. 90. 92. 94. 95. 95. 96. 97. 99.100. 101. 100.100. 100. 105. 105. 105. 105. 104. 104.103. 102. 101. 93. 92. 92.91. 91. 90. 90. 90. 90. 90. 91. 94. 95. 97. 98. 99. 99.100. 93. 100. 100. 102. 105. 105. 90. 91.92. 100. 101. 105. 105. 104. 105. 102. 103. 101. 101. 93. 94. 93. 96. 94. 95. 96. 98. 98. 99. 99.100.101.100. 104.102. 103. 100. 100. 101. 95. 95. 96. 98. 99.100. 1 1 00. 00. 1 1 00. 1 01. 02. 100. 101. 104. 102. 103. 102. 101. 101. 98. 97. 96. 95. 97. 98. 99. 99.100. 101. 101. 101.101. 102. 103.103. 103. 101. 102. 97.99. 98. 99. 99.100. 100. 100.100. 100. 100. 102. 100. 101.101. 100.100. 100. 100. 103. 104. 103. 103.101. 102. 99. 99.99. 103. 100. 100. 96. 95. 94. 90. 104. 100. 109.108. 107.104.100.101.102. 101. 102.102. 100. 100. 102. 100. 106. 103. 97. 96. 93. 94. 102. 103. 101. 103. 102.101. 100. 100. 101. 100.100. 1 00. 1 1 00. 00.99. 99.101. 99. 98. 101. 107. 103. 94. 92.90. 91. 102. 102. 102. 103. 103. 86. 102. 102. 103. 123.124. 125.123.121.115.106.102.101. 101.101. 101.101. 90.87. 85. 103. 102. 103. 102. 102. 106. 106. 107. 105. 103. 101.98. 98. 98. 99. 93. 89. 86. 65. 65. 74. 67. 66. 86. 81. 94. 90. 96. 101. 101. 99. 103. 101. 103. 102. 103. 103. 110. 109. 110. 107. 124.125. 125.123.120.114.104.99. 99.100. 101. 101.100. 92.88. 85. 66. 66.66. 67.74. 80.85. 88. 95. 93. 97. 101. 99. 101. 100. 102. 101. 102. 102. 101. 111. 110. 110.108. 105.104. 101.98. 97. 88. 93.86. 71. 74. 70. 71. 77. 83.86. 89. 95. 92. 99. 101. 100. 100. 102. 102. 102. 102. 102. 111. 110. 111. 86. 76. 103. 112. 112.112.110.108. 105.101.107.115.120. 129.125. 106.103. 93.88. 87. 78. 78. 79. 81. 86. 89. 95.102. 102. 103.103.102. 102. 112. 113. 114. 111. 108.105. 103. 101.98. 87. 93. 81.85. 114. 89.89. 86. 83. 88. 87. 103. 102. 102. 112. 113. 113. 109.111.111.113.123. 132.138.143.148. 141.118.118.103. 93. 91. 92.90.87. 86. 87. 87.88. 90. 93. 97.103. 1 04.1 06. 1 104. 04. 102. 102. 103. 101. 112. 113. 110. 109. 107. 103. 100.97. 96. 102. 94. 90.87. 89. 90. 87. 88. 89. 89. 89.90. 103. 101. 101. 102. 111. 108. 109. 106. 107. 104. 100. 105. 106. 107. 107. 105. 117.117.124. 132.138.141.142.142.132. 115.111.109. 125. 136.102.99. 97.95. 94. 96. 94. 96.101. 102. 103.106. 104.103.102. 102.100. 101.99. 102. 101.101. 99. 97. 95. 101. 102.100. 99. 99. 100. 101. 101. 119.124. 129.131.130.130.126.117.114.112.114.111.106. 108.111.131. 104. 102. 104. 105. 105. 105.104. 106.104. 102. 99. 100. 101. 98. 98. 105. 107.104. 102.98. 95. 99. 97. 98. 97. 97. 110. 110. 111. 118.120. 119.117.115.109.104.103.103. 104.106. 108.112.147. 164. 161. 110.109. 109. 108. 107. 108.105. 103.103. 102.101.99. 97. 98. 96. 96. 96. 113. 112. 113. 112.111.108. 97.96.95. 95. 111.113. 112. 108.106. 104.100.96. 98.100. 102.102. 104.106. 107.148. 172.1 87. 187. 139. 112.112.111.109. 108. 108.106. 103.101. 100.100.98. 97. 96. 95. 95. 94. 94. 109. 109. 108. 111. 111.113. 114.113. 93. 93. 106. 105. 94. 95. 93.93. 93.93. 93. 105. 106. 104. 96. 93. 93. 95. 96. 97. 99.100. 102. 104.106. 136.167. 167.175. 114.112.111.110.108. 109. 109.106. 102.102. 101.100.99. 98. 96. 95. 94. 94. 94. 94. 93. 94. 93. 94. 93. 91. 92. 91. 90. 90. 94. 92. 92. 91. 95. 94. 96. 95. 97. 96. 99. 98. 98. 97. 100. 99. 102. 101. 100. 102. 101. 103.105. 107. 109. 111. 96. 96. 95.95. 95. 93. 94. 91. 92. 90. 90. 92. 91. 93.94. 94. 97. 95. 98.99. 89. 92. 93. 95. 95. 96. 98.100. 102. 104.122. 153.163. 170.152. 110.111.110.109. 108. 107. 107.106. 106.106. 106.105. 104. 101.99. 98. 97. 97. 96. 95. 93. 91. 90. 91. 92. 93. 95. 98.100. 102. 104. 113.142. 89. 91. 93. 93. 95. 96. 98. 99.100. 148. 156. 130. 159. 108. 109. 110.106. 108. 110.110.110.110.110.109. 108. 104. 106. 101. 102. 100.99. 98. 97. 95. 92. 90. 90. 90. 89. 90. 91. 92. 94. 97. 131. 87. 89. 91. 92. 94. 96. 97. 98.103. 147. 149. 144. 147. 113.106. 107. 108. 105. 111.113.113.114.114.113.110.108. 108. 104. 106. 102. 103. 101.99. 98. 96. 94. 92. 90. 90. 90. 90. 89. 90. 91. 91. 146. 87. 88. 88. 91. 93. 95. 97. 96.119.140. 141. 145. 105. 128. 103. 105. 106. 106. 107. 110.113.115.116.116.115.113.111.109. 104. 105. 102. 103. 101.99. 97. 95. 93. 90. 90. 90. 90. 90. 91. 91. 92. 129. 86. 86. 89. 91. 93. 94. 95.108. 136. 141. 131. 144. 101. 114.103. 103. 104. 108. 107. 112.114.115.116.115.114.113.111.109. 105. 106. 103. 104. 100.98. 96. 94. 91. 90. 91. 91. 90. 91. 92. 92. 101. 135. 84. 87. 89. 91. 92. 93. 99.118.132. 137. 139. 106. 121. 101.99.101. 104. 107. 110.112.114.114.114.113.112.110.109. 107. 108. 104. 106. 102. 103. 100.98. 97. 95. 92. 90. 91. 91. 91. 90. 91. 92. 123. 85. 87. 89. 91. 92. 92.109. 129. 130. 127. 137. 104. 110.100.99. 98.100. 106. 108. 110.112.112.112.112.111.110.109. 107. 108. 105. 106. 102. 103. 101.99. 97. 95. 93. 91. 90. 90. 91. 90. 91. 92. 114.123. 89. 87. 88. 89. 89.100. 124. 130. 131. 117.101.98. 98. 96.104. 104. 108. 106. 108. 109. 110.110.110.110.109. 108. 108. 106. 107. 103. 105. 101.99. 97. 95. 93. 91. 92. 93. 93. 93. 92. 91. 102. 116.120. 91. 89. 87. 87. 93.106. 129. 122. 123. 107.97. 96. 96. 95.106. 110.102. 106. 104. 107. 108. 109. 109. 108. 109. 107. 108. 106. 105. 104. 102. 103. 101.99. 97. 96. 94. 94. 95. 96. 96. 96. 95. 94. 93. 91. 87. 87. 99.109. 124. 115.114.122. 115.99. 93. 95. 94. 93.107. 111.102. 102. 106. 104. 107. 107. 107. 107. 107. 107. 106. 106. 105. 104. 102. 103. 100.99. 97. 96. 96. 97. 98. 98. 98. 98. 97. 96. Scale: 1" = 512.9 Meters GROUP ALL - HIGH 1ST HIGH 1-HR VALUES Max with background = 186.6 ug/m3 SECTIONSEVEN Limitations SECTION 7 LIMITATIONS Opinions presented herein apply to the existing and reasonably foreseeable site conditions at the time of our assessment. They cannot apply to site changes of which URS is unaware and has not had the opportunity to review. Changes in the condition of this property may occur with time due to natural processes or works of man at the Project site or on adjacent properties. Changes in applicable standards may also occur as a result of legislation or the broadening of knowledge. Accordingly, the findings of this report may be invalidated, wholly or in part, by changes beyond our control. Background information, study bases, and other data have been furnished to URS by Chevron Nigeria and/or third parties, which URS has used in preparing this report. URS has relied on this information as furnished, and is neither responsible for nor has confirmed the accuracy of this information. The findings, opinions, and recommendations presented herein are based in part upon field measurements and observations (both performed by others) of what are believed to be typical and representative conditions of normal activity in the vicinity of the proposed Project facilities. They are also based in part on URS’ understanding of anticipated normal proposed Project facility operating conditions, as presented in this report. The analyses were conducted using the professional standard of care as practiced in the industry and yield predictive results that are, as appropriate, representative of the activity being assessed for potential air quality impact. Because of the variability of factors not within URS control, no warranty can be made that the exact ambient concentration levels predicted in this report would be obtained by subsequent field measurements. However, for similar climatic and seasonal conditions, intensity of community activity, and similar facility operations, URS expects the air quality levels measured would be similar to those reported or predicted, as applicable, herein. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 7-1 SECTIONEIGHT References SECTION 8 REFERENCES Adegboyega, G. A., & Odeyemi, K.O. (2011). Performance Evaluation of Egbin Power Station, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 65(3), 360-369. AES, 2003. The AES Investor Fact Book, September 2003. Accessed at http://library.corporate- ir.net/library/76/761/76149/items/176963/AES_Factbook_090903.pdf ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 2005. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances in the Work Environment. Cincinnati:ACGIH. Earth Tech, Inc., 1997. “Addendum to ISC3 User’s Guide, The PRIME Plume Rise and Building Downwash Model.” Submitted by Electric Power Research Institute, November 1997. Emoven, I., Kareem, B., & Adeyeri, M.K. “Performance Evaluation of Egbin Thermal Power Station, Nigeria.” World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science. 2011, San Francisco, USA. ISSN: 2078-0966. environQuest Nigeria Ltd. Integrated Environmental Solutions. 2010. Environmental management plan (EMP) for the periodic maintenance of Akure - Owo - Ifon road. Vol. 11 of Nigeria - Federal Roads Development Project: environmental assessment. s.l.; s.n.. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2010/10/13743295/nigeria-federal-roads- development-project-environmental-assessment-vol-11-13-environmental-management-plan- emp-periodic-maintenance-akure-owo-ifon-road IFC (International Finance Corporation), 2007a. World Bank Group. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines. General EHS Guidelines: Environmental. Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality. April, 2007. IFC (International Finance Corporation), 2007b. World Bank Group. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines. General EHS Guidelines: Occupational Health and Safety. April, 2007. MACTEC, 2004. Sensitivity Analysis of PVMRM and OLM in AERMOD. Alaska DEC Contract No. 18-8018-04. September 2004. MACTEC, 2005. Evaluation of Bias in AERMOD-PVMRM. Alaska DEC Contract No. 18-9010-12. June 2005. Mukerjee, Shalbal, et al. (2004). Field Method Comparison between Passive Air Samplers and Continuous Monitors for VOCs and NO2 in El Paso, Texas. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association. 54, 307-319. Ogawa, 2006. NO, NO2, NOx and SO2 Sampling Protocol Using the Ogawa Sampler. Version 6.0, June 2006. RainWise, Inc., 2010. PortLog Remote Electronic Data Logger with Tripod. User’s Guide. Obtained from Rainwise September 2012. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 8-1 SECTIONEIGHT References U.S. EPA, 1992. Screening Procedures for Estimating the Air Quality Impact of Stationary Sources, Revised. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-454/R-92-019. U.S. EPA, 1995. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, Fifth Edition, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, January, 1995. U.S. EPA, 2003. Diesel Engine Exhaust. Integrated Risk Information System. Available at http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0642.htm#refinhal. Last accessed March 6, 2013. U.S. EPA, 2004. User’s Guide For The AMS/EPA Regulatory Model-AERMOD. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-454/B-03-001. U.S. EPA, 2005. Appendix W to Part 51, Guideline in Air Quality Models. 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 51, Section 8.3.1.2. November 2005. U.S. EPA, 2011. Additional Clarification Regarding Application of Appendix W Modeling Guidance for the 1-hour NO2 National Ambient Air Quality Standard. March 1, 2011. Wang, J., & Skipka, K., Dispersion Modeling of Odorous Emissions, Proceeding of 86th Annual AWMA Meeting, 1993. World Health Organization (WHO), 2011. “WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.” WHO/SDE/PHE/OEH/06.02. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf Last accessed March 6, 2013. W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx 8-2 APPENDIXA Photographs APPENDIX A PHOTO LOG OF FIELD SAMPLING LOCATIONS W:\27651096\01000-d-r.docx CHEVRON AGURA IPP PASSIVE AIR SAMPLING AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA COLLECTION: FIELD PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN BETWEEN DECEMBER 20, 2012 AND JANUARY 23, 2013 A. CHEVRON PLANT SITE Photo 1: Ogawa passive sampler with shelter at Chevron Photo 2: East view of Ogawa sampler at Chevron Plant Site Plant Site Photo 3: EnvAccord field officer changing Ogawa passive Photo 4: North view of Ogawa sampler at Chevron Plant Site sampler at Chevron Plan Site 1 Photo 5: South view of Ogawa sampler at Chevron Plant Site Photo 6: West view of Ogawa sampler at Chevron Plant Site B. METEOROLOGY TOWER STATION (PORTLOG) Photo 7: Portlog final setup at Chevron Plant Site Photo 8: North view of Portlog at Chevron Plant Site 2 Photo 9: West view of Portlog at Chevron Plant Site Photo 10: South view of Portlog at Chevron Plant Site Photo 11: Egbin Power Station located at about 1.2km from Photo 12: EnvAccord Field Officers retrieving data from Chevron Plant Site Portlog at Chevron Plant Site 3 C. PASSIVE AIR SAMPLING AT AGURA COMMUNITY Photo 13: Northwest view of Ogawa sampler in Agura Photo 14: East view of Ogawa sampler in Agura Community Community Photo 15: West view of Ogawa sampler in Agura Community Photo 16: North view of Ogawa sampler in Agura Community 4 Photo 17: Concrete block production around the passive Photo 18: EnvAccord Field Officer changing sampler in sampler location Agura community Photo 19: Connecting road (Rasheed Adesina Street) to Photo 20: Ruthina International School located about 100m Agura passive air sampling location North-East direction of Passive Air Sampling Location in Agura community 5 Photo 21: Environmental settings of Passive Sampling Photo 22: Southeast view of the passive sampler Location in Agura Community Location environment, showing residential buildings and features D. SET UP Photo 23: EnvAccord Field Officer washing Ogawa sampler Photo 24: EnvAccord Field Officer assembling the Ogawa parts with distilled water sampler 6 E. QA VISITS Photo 25: QA check during pilot test by CNL HES Advisor Photo 26: Inspection of field note by MD, EnvAccord Portlog56, Photo 27: Inspection of Photos 58: 57 &by Set-up Off-site the activities EnvAccord QA team 7 Annex H Noise Modeling Report FINAL REPORT UPDAT ED NOISE & VIBRATIO N STUDY AGURA IPP PROJECT (LAGOS, NIGERIA) Prepared for Chevron Energy Technology Company URS Project No. 27651096 Mark Storm, INCE Bd. Cert. Senior Project Engineer April 2013 4225 Executive Square, Suite 1600 La Jolla, CA 92037 858.812.9292 Fax: 858.812.9293 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ ES-1 Section 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................1-1 1.1 Noise Fundamentals............................................................................................... 1-2 1.2 Vibration Fundamentals......................................................................................... 1-4 Section 2 Applicable Regulations ..................................................................................2-1 2.1 World Bank Group ................................................................................................ 2-1 2.2 Nigeria National Environmental Regulations ........................................................ 2-1 Section 3 Affected Environment .....................................................................................3-1 3.1 Project Vicinity ...................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Ambient Sound Environment ................................................................................ 3-1 3.2.1 Instrumentation and Procedures ................................................................ 3-1 3.2.2 Sound Level Monitoring ........................................................................... 3-2 Section 4 Environmental Consequences .......................................................................4-1 4.1 Methodologies and Impact Thresholds .................................................................. 4-1 4.1.1 Construction Noise.................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.2 Operation Noise at Sensitive Receiver...................................................... 4-1 4.1.3 Operation Noise for On-Site Worker ........................................................ 4-3 4.1.4 Construction Vibration.............................................................................. 4-3 4.2 Project Impact Assessment .................................................................................... 4-4 4.2.1 Construction Noise.................................................................................... 4-4 4.2.2 Operational Noise ..................................................................................... 4-5 4.2.2.1 Noise Sources ........................................................................... 4-5 4.2.2.2 Prediction Results ..................................................................... 4-6 4.2.2.3 Effects on Wildlife.................................................................... 4-7 4.2.2.4 Operation Traffic ...................................................................... 4-8 4.2.2.5 Operational Vibration ............................................................... 4-8 4.2.3 Construction Vibration.............................................................................. 4-8 4.3 Ambient Sound Environment Effects Analysis ..................................................... 4-8 4.4 Mitigation ............................................................................................................ 4-11 Section 5 Limitations.......................................................................................................5-1 Section 6 References ......................................................................................................6-1 W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG i List of Tables, Figures, and Appendices Tables Table 1 Sound Pressure Levels (Lp) of Typical Noise Sources and Noise Environments Table 2 Vibration Source Levels for Construction Equipment Table 3 Noise Level Guidelines (One Hour Leq in dBA) Table 4 LT Ambient Sound Level Measurements Table 5 Construction Vibration Damage Criteria Table 6 Noise Levels for Typical Construction Equipment (dBA) Table 7 Modeled Noise Sources Table 8 Predicted Operations Noise (dBA) Table 9 Suggested Vibration Impact Threshold Distances Table 10 Predicted Future Ambient Sound Levels – During Daytime Project Operation Scenarios (dBA) Table 11 Predicted Future Ambient Sound Levels – During Nighttime Project Operation Scenarios (dBA) Figures Figure 1 Predicted Project Operation Noise Contours – Stage 1, Wind Condition 1 Figure 2 Predicted Project Operation Noise Contours – Stage 1, Wind Condition 2 Figure 3 Predicted Project Operation Noise Contours – Stage 1, Wind Condition 3 Figure 4 Predicted Project Operation Noise Contours – Stage 2, Wind Condition 1 Figure 5 Predicted Project Operation Noise Contours – Stage 2, Wind Condition 2 Figure 6 Predicted Project Operation Noise Contours – Stage 2, Wind Condition 3 Figure 7 Predicted Project Operation Noise Contours – Stage 3, Wind Condition 1 Figure 8 Predicted Project Operation Noise Contours – Stage 3, Wind Condition 2 Figure 9 Predicted Project Operation Noise Contours – Stage 3, Wind Condition 3 Appendices Appendix A Detailed Methodology for Derivation of Octave Band Center Frequency (OBCF) Sound Power Levels (PWL) for Project Operation Noise Sources Appendix B Detail of Hourly Ambient Sound Levels Appendix C Sample Photographs of Ambient Sound Level Monitoring Positions W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG ii Executive Summary This Updated Noise and Vibration Study (study) has been prepared as a background technical report to support the environmental analysis for the proposed Chevron Nigeria Limited Agura Independent Power Project (Project). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Project operational noise effects at nearby sensitive receivers (including those associated with the occupied “village” of Agura, as close as approximately 75 meters north of the currently understood Project site boundary) and for Project on-site workers. The study also assesses temporary Project construction noise and vibration effects at the nearby village. Three distinct operation stages, which are described in summary in Section 1 of this study, have been identified for detailed Project environmental review. Project operation noise impact indicators were developed from review of the World Bank Group (WBG) Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) General Guidelines (WBG, 2007) and the Nigeria National Environmental Regulations (NESREA, 2009). Construction noise and vibration impact criteria emulate appropriate thresholds from U.S. Federal Transit Administration (FTA) guidance. The vicinity of the Project site includes two existing power plants identified as Lagos Thermal Station (LTS) – Egbin (a.k.a., Egbin Thermal Power Station or “EPS”) and AES Barge Facility. The pre-Project ambient sound environment at representative noise-sensitive receivers already exposed to noise from these two facilities and other background noise sources has been measured as recently as January 2013. Summarized results from multi-day outdoor sound level monitoring at each of these representative community and Project site vicinity locations appears in Table 4 of Section 3.2 of this study. The lowest measured hourly Leq levels range from 38 to 46 dBA at the representative community sound monitoring locations. The assessment of Project operation noise impacts used a computer-aided (CadnaA) prediction method based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9613-2 and considered a list of sound emission sources as presented in Table 7 of the study. In order to reasonably account for various meteorological conditions in the area, three wind scenarios were modeled for each of the three Project operation stages: calm (0 m/s, CONservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe [CONCAWE] Class D); temperature Inversion (0 m/s, CONCAWE Class G); and, “worst-case wind” (11 m/s from 260 degrees, CONCAWE Class D). The CadnaA modeling results, summarized in Table 8, indicate that the predicted Project operational noise levels at the six representative sound monitoring locations and an additional “nearest” potentially noise-sensitive receiver position would comply with the WBG nighttime threshold of 45 dBA hourly Leq. Additionally, as shown in Figures 1 through 9, all locations beyond the Project property line are expected to experience Project operation noise below this same threshold. Occupational noise levels within the Project site are expected to meet NESREA regulations. Therefore, no noise impact would be expected due to operation of the Project. According to the FTA guidance, the construction noise impact thresholds were identified as 90 dBA daytime hourly Leq and 80 dBA nighttime hourly Leq. When the two loudest pieces of anticipated construction equipment would operate at the same location and under full power (and with presumed acoustical usage factors consistent with Federal Highway Administration [FHWA] Roadway Construction Noise Model [RCNM] data), the combined hourly noise level at 16 meters would be 88 dBA Leq sound pressure level (SPL). At the nearest potentially noise-sensitive receiver (identified in the Figures as “Nearest Prediction Location” and approximately 600 meters distant from the closest Project W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG ES-1 Executive Summary power block boundary, within which most construction activity would be expected), due to natural attenuation of SPL with increasing distance, the estimated construction noise level would range between 39 to 54 dBA hourly Leq depending on meteorological conditions similar to those considered for the prediction of Project operation noise. Therefore, since this range is well below the FTA guidance threshold and within the range of hourly Leq measured at the six representative ambient sound monitoring locations, no noise impact would be expected due to Project construction. Because the location of the nearest vibration sensitive structures (i.e., the village domiciles) are sufficiently distant from the Project, no vibration impacts would be expected from Project construction and operation, as confirmed by modeling predictions. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG ES-2 SECTIONONE Introduction SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION This study presents a detailed predictive noise and vibration assessment conducted as part of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process for the proposed Chevron Nigeria Limited Agura Independent Power Project (Project). The Project would generate 716 Megawatts (MW) by Stage 3, and be located on the northern shore of the Lagos Lagoon approximately 25 km northeast of Lagos, Nigeria, easterly adjacent to the east of the 1,320 MW Lagos Thermal Station (LTS) – Egbin and AES Barge Facility. For purposes of this study, the Project is modeled as three different stages with their major components as described below: Stage 1 Two (2) Simple Cycle Siemens turbines, each 165 MW One (1) 370 kW diesel firewater pump One (1) 3,500 kW black start/emergency diesel engine generator set Stage 2 Three (3) Simple Cycle Siemens turbines, each 165 MW One (1) 370 kW diesel firewater pump One (1) 3,500 kW black start/emergency diesel engine generator set Stage 3 Three (3) Simple Cycle Siemens turbines + Three (3) Heat Recovery System Generators (HRSG), One (1) Steam Turbine Generator (STG), combined capacity 716 MW One (1) 370 kW diesel firewater pump One (1) 3,500 kW black start/emergency diesel engine generator set One (1) 3,500 kW additional emergency diesel engine generator set One (1) multi-cell cooling tower One (1) surface condenser or One (1) air cooled condenser In summary, the following sections of this report provide the reader as follows: • A basic understanding of concepts, metrics and statistics relating to acoustics and vibration that are used to help frame the technical Project noise analyses and discussion of potential environmental noise impacts. • A qualitative and quantitative description of the ambient sound environment for the Project vicinity, based on observations of field conditions and existing pre-Project outdoor ambient sound level measurements performed by Environmental Accord (EA) during December 2012 and January 2013. • A predictive analysis of operational noise sources associated with the Project for each of the three aforementioned Stages, including consideration of wind-driven and temperature-inversion sound propagation “worst cases”. • A predictive analysis of noise from construction activities anticipated for the Project. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 1-1 SECTIONONE Introduction • An environmental noise impact assessment, based on the predictive analysis results and with respect to applicable regulations and appropriate guidance that define impact indicators. • A discussion of potential and conceptual Project design alterations or other mitigation measure options that, if implemented, would help the Project avoid, reduce or mitigate anticipated noise impacts. 1.1 NOISE FUNDAMENTALS Noise is generally defined as loud, unpleasant, unexpected, or undesired sound that is typically associated with human activity and that interferes with or disrupts normal activities. Although prolonged exposure to high noise levels has been demonstrated to cause hearing loss, the principal human response to environmental noise is annoyance. The response of individuals to similar noise events is diverse and influenced by the type of noise; the perceived importance of the noise, and its appropriateness in the setting; the time of day and the type of activity during which the noise occurs; and the sensitivity of the individual. Sound is a physical phenomenon consisting of minute vibrations that travel through a medium, such as air, and are sensed by the human ear. Sound is generally characterized by several variables, including frequency and intensity. Frequency describes the pitch of the sound and is measured in Hertz (Hz), while intensity describes the sound’s loudness and is measured in decibels (dB). Decibels are measured using a logarithmic scale. A sound level of 0 dB is approximately the threshold of human hearing and is barely audible under extremely quiet listening conditions. Normal speech has a sound level of approximately 60 dB. Sound levels above approximately 110 dB begin to be felt inside the human ear as discomfort and eventually pain at 120 dB and higher levels. The minimum change in the sound level of individual events that an average human ear can detect is about 1 to 2 dB. A 3 to 5 dB change is readily perceived. A change in sound level of about 10 dB is usually perceived by the average person as a doubling (or if 10 dB, halving) of the sound’s loudness (Bies & Hansen, 1996). Due to the logarithmic nature of the decibel unit, sound levels cannot be added or subtracted directly and are somewhat cumbersome to handle mathematically; however, some simple rules are useful in dealing with sound levels. For instance, if a sound’s energy is doubled, the sound level increases by 3 dB, regardless of the initial sound level. By way of example: 60 dB + 60 dB = 63 dB, and 80 dB + 80 dB = 83 dB. Sound level is usually expressed by reference to a known standard. This report refers to sound pressure level (SPL, or Lp) and sound power level (PWL, or Lw). In expressing sound pressure on a logarithmic scale, the sound pressure is compared to a reference value of 20 microPascals (µPa). SPL depends not only on the power of the source, but also on the distance from the source and on the acoustical characteristics of the space surrounding the source. PWL, on the other hand, is independent of these environmental factors. To help distinguish the two descriptors, one may use a lighting analogy: the wattage of a light bulb when turned on inside a large room may be a constant 100 watts, but the brightness or intensity of the light changes with receiver distance and other parameters. For example, if the room walls were painted white, which is reflective, they would make the room appear brighter. On the other hand, walls painted black (a light-absorptive color) would decrease apparent brightness. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 1-2 SECTIONONE Introduction Similarly, the ground surface over which outdoor sound travels can affect its intensity, as does the properties of the medium (e.g., air) through which it travels. Hertz (Hz) is a measure of how many times each second the crest of a sound pressure wave passes a fixed point. For example, when a drummer beats a drum, the skin of the drum vibrates a number of times per second. When the drum skin vibrates 100 times per second it generates a sound pressure wave that is oscillating at 100 Hz, and this pressure oscillation is perceived by the ear/brain as a tonal pitch of 100 Hz. Sound frequencies between 20 and 20,000 Hz are within the range of sensitivity of the best human ear. Sound from a tuning fork contains a single frequency (a pure tone), but most sounds one hears in the environment do not consist of a single frequency and instead are composed of a broad band of frequencies differing in sound level. The method commonly used to quantify environmental sounds consists of evaluating all frequencies of a sound according to a weighting system that reflects the typical frequency- dependent sensitivity of average healthy human hearing. This is called “A weighting,” and the decibel level measured is called the A-weighted sound level (dBA). In practice, the level of a noise source is conveniently measured using a sound level meter that includes a filter corresponding to the dBA “curve” of decibel adjustment per octave band center frequency (OBCF) to a “flat” or unweighted SPL. Although sound level value may adequately indicate the level of environmental noise at any instant in time, community noise levels vary continuously. Most environmental noise includes a mixture of noise from distant sources that creates a relatively steady background noise in which no particular source is identifiable. A single descriptor called the equivalent sound level (Leq) may be used to describe sound that is changing in level. Leq is the energy-mean dBA during a measured time interval. It is the “equivalent” constant sound level that would have to be produced by a given source to equal the acoustic energy contained in the fluctuating sound level measured. In addition to the energy-average level, it is often desirable to know the acoustic range of the noise source being measured. This is accomplished through the maximum Leq (Lmax) and minimum Leq (Lmin) indicators that represent the root-mean-square maximum and minimum noise levels measured during the monitoring interval. The Lmin value obtained for a particular monitoring location is often called the acoustic floor for that location. To describe the time-varying character of environmental noise, the statistical noise descriptors L10, L50, and L90 are commonly used. They are the noise levels exceeded 10 percent, 50 percent, and 90 percent of the measured time interval. Sound levels associated with the L10 typically describe transient or short-term events. Half of the sounds during the measurement interval are softer than L50 and half are louder, so it is often called the “median” sound level. Levels associated with L90 often describe background noise conditions and/or continuous, steady-state sound sources. Finally, a sound measure known as the Day-Night Average Noise Level (Ldn) is defined as the A- weighted average sound level for a 24-hour day with a 10 dB penalty added to nighttime sound levels (10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) in order to compensate for increased sensitivity to noise during usually quieter nighttime hours. Sound levels of typical noise sources and environments are provided in Table 1 to provide the reader a frame of reference for the range of decibel values one may hear. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 1-3 SECTIONONE Introduction Table 1 Sound Pressure Levels (Lp) of Typical Noise Sources and Noise Environments Noise Level Common Outdoor Activities (dBA) Common Indoor Activities Jet Fly-over at 1000 ft (300m) 110-100 Rock Band Gas Lawn Mower at 3 ft (1 m) 100-90 Diesel Truck at 50 ft (15m), at 50 mph (80km/hr) 90-80 Food Blender at 3 ft (1 m) Commercial Area, Gas Lawn Mower at 100 ft 70 Vacuum Cleaner at 10 ft (3 m) (30m) Heavy Traffic at 300 ft (90 m) 60 Normal Speech at 3 ft (1 m) Quiet Urban Daytime 50-40 Large Business Office Theater, Large Conference Room Quiet Urban/Suburban Nighttime 40-30 (Background) Library, Bedroom at Night, Concert Hall Quiet Rural Nighttime 30-20 (Background) 20-10 Broadcast/Recording Studio Lowest Threshold of Human Hearing 0 Source: Caltrans, 2009. 1.2 VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS Unlike the case for gases and liquids, there are several types of wave motion in solids including compression, shear, and torsion and bending. The solid medium can be excited by forces, moments or pressure fields. This leads to the terminology “airborne” (pressure fields) or “structure-borne/ground- borne” (forces and moments) vibration. Ground-borne vibration propagates from the source through the ground to adjacent buildings by surface waves. Vibration may be comprised of a single pulse, a series of pulses, or a continuous oscillatory motion. The frequency of a vibrating object describes how rapidly it is oscillating, measured in Hz. Most environmental vibrations consist of a composite, or “spectrum” of many frequencies, and generally are classified as broadband or random vibrations. The normal frequency range of most ground-borne vibration, which can be felt, generally starts from a low frequency of less than 1 Hz to a high of about 200 Hz. Vibration information for this report has been described in terms of the peak particle velocity (PPV) measured in inches per second (in/sec). Vibration energy dissipates as it travels through the ground, causing the vibration amplitude to decrease with distance away from the source. High-frequency vibrations reduce much more rapidly than do low frequencies, so that in the far-field zone distant from a source, the low frequencies tend to dominate. Soil properties also affect the propagation of vibration. When ground-borne vibration interacts with a building, there is usually a ground-to-foundation coupling loss; but the vibration also can be amplified by the structural resonances of the walls and floors. Vibration in buildings is typically perceived as rattling of W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 1-4 SECTIONONE Introduction windows, shaking of loose items, or the motion of building surfaces. The vibration of building surfaces also can be radiated as sound and heard as a low-frequency rumbling noise, known as ground-borne noise. Ground-borne vibration is generally limited to areas within a few hundred feet of certain types of industrial operations and construction activities such as pile driving. Road vehicles rarely create enough ground-borne vibration amplitude to be perceptible to humans unless the receiver is in immediate proximity to the source or the road surface is poorly maintained and has potholes or bumps. If traffic, typically heavy trucks, does induce perceptible building vibration, it is most likely an effect of low- frequency airborne noise or ground characteristics. Building structural components also can be excited by high levels of low-frequency airborne noise (typically less than 100 Hz). The many structural components of a building, excited by low-frequency noise, can be coupled together to create complex vibrating systems. The low-frequency vibration of the structural components can cause smaller items such as ornaments, pictures, and shelves to rattle, which can cause annoyance to building occupants. Human sensitivity to vibration varies by frequency and by receiver. Generally, people are more sensitive to low-frequency vibration. Human annoyance also is related to the number and duration of events; the more events or the greater the duration, the more annoying it becomes. Construction activities can produce varying degrees of ground vibration, depending on the equipment and methods employed. Ground vibrations from these activities very rarely reach levels high enough to cause damage to structures, although special consideration must be made in cases where fragile historical buildings are near the project site. Activities that typically generate the highest levels of vibration are blasting and impact pile driving—neither of which may be expected to occur as part of the construction activities associated with the project. Experience with ground-borne vibration suggests that vibration propagation is more efficient in stiff clay soils, and shallow rock seems to concentrate the vibration energy close to the surface and can result in ground-borne vibration problems at large distances from the source. Factors such as layering of the soil and depth to water table can have substantive effects on the propagation of ground-borne vibration. Table 2 presents PPV levels at a distance of 25 feet from measured data of various types of construction and equipment (FTA, 2006). Although the table gives one level for each piece of equipment, it should be noted that there is a considerable variation in reported ground-vibration levels from construction activities. The data provides a reasonable estimate for a wide range of soil conditions. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 1-5 SECTIONONE Introduction Table 2 Vibration Source Levels for Construction Equipment Equipment PPV at 25 ft (in/sec) Clam Shovel Drop (slurry wall) 0.202 in Soil 0.008 Hydromill (slurry wall) in Rock 0.017 Vibratory Roller 0.210 Hoe Ram 0.089 Large Bulldozer 0.089 Caisson Drilling 0.089 Loaded Trucks 0.076 Small Bulldozer 0.003 Source: Federal Transit Administration, 2006. Vibration from construction can be evaluated for potential impacts at sensitive receivers. Typical activities evaluated for potential building damage due to construction vibration include pile driving, drilling, or excavation in proximity to structures. The ground-borne vibration can also be evaluated for perception to reduce or eliminate annoyance or its likelihood. Vibration propagates according to the following expression, based on point sources with normal propagation conditions: 1.5  Dref  PPVequip = PPVref      D  where: PPVequip = the peak particle velocity in in/sec of the equipment adjusted for distance PPVref = the reference vibration level in in/sec at Dref Dref = the reference distance (25 feet if using data from Table 2) D = the distance from the equipment to the receiver W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 1-6 SECTIONTWO Applicable Regulations SECTION 2 APPLICABLE REGULATIONS The following summaries are regulations and guidance that apply to noise generated by the Project, including those from the World Bank Group (WBG) Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) General Guidelines (WBG, 2007), and Nigeria National Environmental Regulations (NESREA, 2009). 2.1 WORLD BANK GROUP Section 1.7 of the WBG EHS General Guidelines describes noise level guidelines that are reproduced in Table 3. Table 3 Noise Level Guidelines (One Hour Leq in dBA) Daytime Nighttime Receptor 07:00 – 22:00 22:00 – 07:00 Residential; Institutional; Educational 55 45 Industrial; Commercial 70 70 Source: World Bank Group, 2007. Note: Noise impacts should not exceed the levels presented above, or result in a maximum increase in background levels of 3 dB at the nearest receptor location off-site. Guidance provided by staff from the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Environment, Social and Governance Department on application of the WBG EHS Guidelines indicates that the noted maximum allowable increase in background levels applies when pre-Project ambient sound levels already exceed the daytime or nighttime thresholds appearing in Table 3. 2.2 NIGERIA NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA, which was created as a parastatal of the Federal Ministry of Environment, Housing and Urban Development) established National Environmental (Noise Standards and Control) Regulations in 2009. From previous EIA reports (e.g., Afam FDP (Gas Supply) and Power Station Project), URS understands these regulations relate specifically to on-site occupational noise exposure and do not contain off-site exposure level limits. As quoted from the Federal Environmental Protection Agency Decree 1988 No. 58: “Industrial or workplace noise arises from occupational exposure of workers to noise from industrial machines or exposure of neighborhood population to noise from factories nearby. This is quite important in the country, as most industrial estates exist alongside or close to residential areas. Other sources of noise include aircraft, loud music and public address systems. Exposure to industrial and other forms of noise can induce hearing loss and other pathological changes in the affected population. Hence it is recommended that daily noise exposure for workers should not exceed 90 decibels, dB (A) daily for an 8- hour working period.” W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 2-1 SECTIONTHREE Affected Environment SECTION 3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT This section describes the existing ambient outdoor sound environment in the vicinity of the Project site. Communities that neighbor the Project and may be affected by Project-generated noise are identified. 3.1 PROJECT VICINITY The predictive analysis of this noise report focusses on estimation of 1) potential noise and vibration impacts to existing residences that are largely north and west of the Project boundary, and 2) potential Project operation noise impact to on-site workers. The communities of Ijede, Egbin and Agura are east of the city of Lagos, Nigeria and situated on or near the northern shore of the Lagos Lagoon. As shown by way of recently available satellite aerial imagery used as the background in Figures 1 through 9, these communities are generally within 4 kilometers of the Project site boundary and share a vicinity that is already occupied by two other power plants identified as follows: 1) Lagos Thermal Station (LTS) – Egbin, and 2) AES Barge Facility. 3.2 AMBIENT SOUND ENVIRONMENT Based on the extent of residential community development and the presence of the aforesaid two existing and operating power plants, the existing ambient sound environment in the Project vicinity would be expected to comprise both natural and man-made contributors, with the latter expected to be the dominant contributor category and feature a variety of sounds normally associated with power plants at their nominal generating capacities: LTS Egbin produces up to 1,320 MW with six (6) STG; and the AES Barge Facility produces up to 270 MW with nine (9) GE Frame-6 gas turbine generators (GSG). During a field survey starting December 27, 2012 and concluding January 23, 2013, EA conducted a series of multi-day ambient outdoor sound level measurements at six representative noise sensitive receivers (NSR) in the vicinity of the Project. The purpose of collecting measurement data on ambient sound levels at such representative monitoring locations is to reasonably characterize the existing noise environment in the vicinity of this Project location, which will serve as a baseline for comparison with predictions of noise from anticipated Project construction activities and post-construction operating Project equipment and systems. The following subsections summarize the sound level measuring instrumentation used, the setups and processes that were generally common to the field survey locations, key observations, and collected sound level measurement data for each of the six (6) representative measurement locations. 3.2.1 Instrumentation and Procedures Long-term (LT) (for this analysis, generally defined as a duration of 72 sequential hours) outdoor ambient sound pressure level measurements were performed using a Larson Davis Model SoundTrack LxT (an American National Standards Institute [ANSI] Type 1 Integrating Sound Level Meter [SLM] set on slow- time response using the dBA scale for all measurements. A windscreen was installed over the SLM microphone, and the SLM had its calibration status field-checked before and after each measurement W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 3-1 SECTIONTHREE Affected Environment period with a handheld acoustic calibrator. The operational status of the SLM and the calibrator were within one year of certified laboratory calibration. The SLM was housed in a weatherproof box with the microphone externally mounted to a tripod at a height of approximately 8 feet above the ground. Once set up, with calibration field-checked, the LT SLM was activated to commence sound level measurement and generally left unattended by EA field investigators to minimize disturbance and the influence of investigator activity noise near the functioning SLM microphone. Photographs of views of the measurement locations are included in Appendix C. Sound level measurements and monitoring were conducted by EA personnel, to the extent practical, in accordance with applicable portions of International Standard Organization (ISO) guidelines (ISO, 1996 a,b,c) and guidance provided by URS. 3.2.2 Sound Level Monitoring EA conducted a series of multi-day ambient outdoor sound level measurements between December 27, 2012 and January 23, 2013 in the general vicinity of the proposed Project site. For the purpose of collecting ambient sound level data that could reasonably characterize the existing noise environment at NSRs in the Project vicinity, measurements were made at six representative locations chosen by EA within an approximate 4-kilometer radius of the proposed Project site property line. Approximate positions for these LT measurements are displayed in the study Figures. Tables and graphical plots of the LT measurement data (at one-hour measurement interval resolution) are presented in Appendix B of this study. There were several apparent existing noise sources in proximity to the proposed Project location. These sources include noise generated by EPS, industrial/mechanical noise from electrical power generators and iron fabrication shops, Lagos Lagoon dredging operations, automotive noise, fixed-wing aircraft overflights, birdsong, public address systems for call to prayer, and unamplified human speech. Weather conditions stayed consistent over the survey period, with no recorded precipitation. Air temperatures measured by the EA field investigators varied from 18°C to 34°C with 20 to 97 percent relative humidity (RH). Winds were usually steady, generally measuring an average 0-8 miles per hour. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 3-2 SECTIONTHREE Affected Environment Table 4 LT Ambient Sound Level Measurements Measurement Location Sound and Meteorological Measurement Data Hourly Leq, Overall Survey Temp Wind Survey Time / Date % RH Comments, Dominant Noise Sources Identification dBA Duration, dBA (°F) (mph) GPS Coordinates Tag Low, Low, Low, Start Finish Low High Leq L90 Lmin High High High N 060 33’ 37.7’’ 12:20 12:30 Occasional vehicular noise, sporadic aircraft Plant Site 1 46 55 50 47 41 77, 91 57, 96 1, 13 E 0030 37’ 35.5’’ 1/16/2013 1/19/2013 overflights, birds vocalizing. N 060 33’ 50.58’’ 9:15 10:10 Operational activities at Egbin Power Station Plant Site 2 43 59 55 43 39 65, 94 22, 96 0, 11 E 0030 37’ 6.84’’ 12/31/2012 1/3/2013 (EPS). N 060 34’ 15.6’’ 15:40 15:40 Vehicular noise, industrial/mechanical noise from Agura Site 1 38 59 53 42 34 73, 93 35, 93 0, 11 E 0030 37’ 35’’ 12/27/2012 12/30/2012 nearby residences, amplified speech. N060 34’ 24.18’’ 10:25 10:40 Vehicular noise, industrial/mechanical noise from Agura Site 2 45 58 52 44 35 73, 92 38, 95 0, 12 E0030 37’ 38.58’’ 1/13/2013 1/16/2013 nearby residences, amplified speech. N 060 34’ 0.72’’ Iron fabrication shop noise, roadway traffic, 12:55 14:05 Ijede 41 60 54 42 35 67, 93 20, 95 0, 13 industrial/mechanical noise from power E 0030 35’ 27.66’’ 1/3/2013 1/6/2013 generators and grinders, rare aircraft overflights. N060 33’ 44.4’’ 17:20 17:55 Egbin 44 60 52 42 34 82, 92 63, 88 2, 14 Roadway traffic, intermittent dredging at 400m. E0030 36’ 13.1’’ 1/20/2013 1/23/2013 Source: EA (2013) W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 3-3 SECTIONTHREE Affected Environment The reader may note in Table 4 that overall survey Leq, Lmin and L90 values, as well as the high hourly Leq, at all of the four representative community monitoring locations (i.e., both Agura sites, Ijede and Egbin) are quite comparable to the indicated metrics for the others—with a difference no greater than a barely perceptible 2 dBA—and therefore supports an assertion that these levels could reasonably represent the ambient sound environment at other residential locations in the Project vicinity. Measured levels at the two Plant Site monitoring positions are somewhat (but unsurprisingly, due to their closer proximity to the existing operating power stations) higher than those of the four representative community monitoring positions. The low and high hourly Leq for the six monitoring locations indicated in Table 4 can, as supported by the presentation of detailed hourly Leq in Appendix B, generally be interpreted as the quietest nighttime and loudest daytime hours, respectively. One noteworthy exception, however, as supported by Table B.3 and Figure B.3 in Appendix B, is that the low 38 dBA hourly Leq value for Agura Site 1 occurred only during one of the seventy-two (72) consecutive monitored hours; hence, 45 dBA might be considered more representative of the low end of nighttime hourly Leq and is actually the same lowest hourly Leq measured for the same community at Agura Site 2. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 3-4 SECTIONFOUR Environmental Consequences SECTION 4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES This section assesses potential noise and vibration impacts due to Project construction and facility operation. Note that vibration impact due to facility operations at the Project site would not be expected at the nearest off-site receiver due to the distance between them. 4.1 METHODOLOGIES AND IMPACT THRESHOLDS 4.1.1 Construction Noise As introduced in Section 2.1, WBG EHS General Guidelines describe noise level thresholds that imply application to Project operation noise. With respect to construction noise; however, Section 4.1 of the WBG EHS General Guidelines acknowledges it only qualitatively and offers some recommended noise reduction and control strategies. Hence, in the apparent absence of a quantitative threshold, the construction noise assessment in this report suggests adoption of 90 dBA daytime hourly Leq and 80 dBA nighttime hourly Leq as impact indicators, as suggested by FTA guidance. The construction noise analysis approach mimics the technique described in U.S. FTA and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) guidance documents that assumes one can focus attention on only the two loudest pieces of equipment (i.e., amongst a set of construction equipment and vehicles) that are assumed to be operating simultaneously at full power during a sample one-hour period. The technique used in this study also applies the following assumptions or considerations: • Apply atmospheric and ground surface acoustical absorption; • Include potential meteorological effects (Bies, Hansen, 1996) associated with CONservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe (CONCAWE) Category (CAT) “2” (a.k.a., upwind) and CAT “6” (downwind); • Localize construction activity at a position along the Project power block boundary nearest to the studied receiver. 4.1.2 Operation Noise at Sensitive Receiver The CadnaA® Noise Prediction Model (Version 4.1.140) was used to estimate the aggregate sound pressure levels from Project operations at the noise sensitive receiver, which is illustrated in the set of Figures 1 through 9. CadnaA is a Windows® based software program that predicts noise levels near industrial noise sources based on ISO 9613-2 standards for outdoor sound propagation calculation. The model uses these industry-accepted propagation algorithms and accepts sound power levels (Lw, in dB re: one picoWatt) provided by the equipment manufacturer and other sources. In the case of this operational noise analysis, source Lw at octave band center frequency (OBCF) resolution was not available from potential equipment suppliers and was instead estimated for various major Project system features or components with equations and data from “Engineering Noise Control” (Bies, Hansen, 1996), an established industry reference text. In modeling outdoor sound propagation, CadnaA accounts for classical sound wave geometric divergence plus attenuation factors resulting from W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 4-1 SECTIONFOUR Environmental Consequences air absorption, basic ground effects, and barrier/shielding. The following is a list of parameter assumptions with regard to model background: • Temperature – 26° C based on Monthly Summary of Percentage of Time between Temperature Intervals at Gulf of Guinea – Offshore Nigeria – Bonny Platform (approximately 40'10’N, 7015'E). • Humidity – 92.5% based on Monthly Summary of Percentage of Time between Humidity Intervals at Gulf of Guinea – Offshore Nigeria – Bonny Platform (approximately 40'10’N, 7015'E). • Wind –Three wind conditions were modeled for each Stage: o Calm (0 m/s) with CONCAWE Pasquill stability category or “Class” D; o Calm (0 m/s) with CONCAWE Class G (i.e., temperature inversion condition); and, o 11 m/s from 260 degrees with CONCAWE Class D. • Topographic Condition – The Project vicinity was considered flat; therefore, the potential for topographic acoustical effects such as linear occlusion from naturally occurring features is unlikely and was conservatively not included in the model. • Ground Absorption – Due to vegetation in the vicinity of the Project, the ground absorption value of 0.5 was used, representing an average or mix of both acoustically absorptive (e.g., loose soils, grasses, leafy scrub, etc. that would describe a coefficient value approaching 1.0) and reflective (e.g., pavement, water, and other surfaces that would have a coefficient value near zero) surfaces that likely characterizes the area terrain. In the absence of detailed manufacturer or supplier sound data, key assumptions with regard to defining the noise sources and their OBCF sound power levels conservatively for the operation noise model are described in Appendix A. The following is a list of the three considered Project operation scenarios, with the aforementioned three wind conditions modeled for each. • Stage 1 – two (2) simple cycle Siemens gas turbines, 165 MW each • Stage 2 – three (3) simple cycle Siemens gas turbines, 165 MW each • Stage 3 – three (3) simple cycle Siemens gas turbines, 165 MW each; three (3) Heat Recovery System Generators (HRSG); one (1) steam turbine generator; and one (1) multi-cell cooling tower The effective operation noise impact threshold for nearby residences would be, for purposes of this study and consistent with aforementioned WBG guidelines in Section 2.1, 55 dBA hourly Leq during the day and 45 dBA hourly Leq at night. While Table 4 of Section 3.2.2 in this study, with hourly Leq detail appearing in Appendix B, exhibits that existing measured background hourly sound levels in community areas near the Project range can be higher than these daytime and nighttime thresholds and might—under the right conditions—permit a higher Project operation noise threshold based on the WBG provision of an W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 4-2 SECTIONFOUR Environmental Consequences allowable 3 dBA rise over background level, the “55/45” absolute limits are conservatively adopted as the impact indicator for this Project operation noise analysis. 4.1.3 Operation Noise for On-Site Worker The CadnaA Noise Prediction Model (Version 4.1.140) was also used to estimate noise levels within the Project site for on-site worker’s impact. Per the Nigeria’s National Environmental Regulation mentioned in Section 2.2, the on-site occupational noise exposure was specified understood to be limited as “not to exceed 90 dBA for an 8-hour working period.” 4.1.4 Construction Vibration There are no known applicable regulations, or WBG EHS guidance, with regards to construction vibration impact assessment. Hence, guidance from the U.S. FTA was used to establish suggested impact indicators with respect to potential building damage risk. For reference purposes, Table 2 presents vibration levels of typical construction equipment at a receiver distance of 25 feet from the source. Table 5 presents suggested vibration impact thresholds depending on the type of structure that characterizes the vibration receiver. Table 5 Construction Vibration Damage Criteria Building Category PPV (in/sec) I. Reinforced-concrete, steel, or timber (no plaster) 0.5 II. Engineered concrete and masonry (no plaster) 0.3 III. Non-engineered timber and masonry buildings 0.2 IV. Buildings extremely susceptible to vibration damage 0.12 Source: FTA, 2006. The following formula will be used to calculate impacts: PPVequip = PPVref x (25/D)1.5 where PPVequip is the peak particle velocity in units of inches per second (ips) for the equipment vibration under consideration and adjusted for distance; PPVref is the reference vibration level for the equipment under consideration at a distance of 7.62 meters (25 feet) between source and receiver and as exemplified by listed equipment categories in Table 2; and, D is the distance from the equipment vibration source position to the receiver location. While the structural condition of the nearest sensitive receiver is unknown, one might conservatively assume it would resemble Building Category III from Table 5. Alternately, and as shown in Table 9, the potential for vibration impact for each of the four building categories is illustrated in terms of minimum distance that would be required to avoid impact. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 4-3 SECTIONFOUR Environmental Consequences 4.2 PROJECT IMPACT ASSESSMENT 4.2.1 Construction Noise Project construction noise would generally be characterized as being temporary (i.e., it ends when project construction activities are concluded) and having intensity that varies with the level of activity and its associated quantities of operating or idling equipment and vehicles. Table 6 presents the noise levels of construction equipment and vehicles that will most likely be used during the construction of the Project. Table 6 Noise Levels for Typical Construction Equipment (dBA) Typical Noise Level Equipment Category 16 meters from Source Air Compressor 78 Backhoe 78 Compactor (ground) 83 Concrete Mixer Truck 79 Concrete Pump Truck 81 Vibratory Concrete Mixer 80 Crane 81 Dozer 82 Generator 81 Grader 85 Front-end Loader 79 Paver 77 Pneumatic Tool 85 Pump 81 Roller 80 Scraper 84 Dump Truck 76 Source: FHWA, 2006. As alluded to in Section 4.1.1, the two loudest pieces of equipment from the Table 6 are the grader and the pneumatic tool—assuming that these are anticipated and potentially simultaneous activities during Project construction. The logarithmic summation of these two noise levels would be 88 dBA sound pressure level at a distance of approximately 16 meters. Applying geometric divergence for sound propagation, and both air and ground surface absorption for naturally occurring attenuation, the noise level at the nearest representative residence would range from W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 4-4 SECTIONFOUR Environmental Consequences 39 to 54 dBA hourly Leq (depending on CONCAWE CAT-2 or CAT-6 conditions, respectively), which is well below the suggested FTA-based threshold and even less than the daytime threshold of 55 dBA hourly Leq for Project operation noise. This predicted range is also comparable to the existing ambient hourly Leq measured at the six representative receiver locations shown in Table 4. 4.2.2 Operational Noise 4.2.2.1 Noise Sources Table 7 summarizes the noise sources used to model the anticipated aggregate operation noise from the Project and which of these sources (marked with an “X” if expected to be active) are applied for each operational Stage under consideration in this analysis. Based on Project design information, each type of operation noise contributor shown in Table 7 is associated with an indicated sound source emission point at some height above grade. For example, the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) stack is—for purposes of this predictive noise analysis—considered a source located 56 meters above the ground elevation. Appendix A includes an expanded version of Table 7, showing octave-band center frequency (OBCF) detail for each source type. Table 7 Modeled Noise Sources Project Operation Noise-Producing Height (m) of Noise System Source Type Emission Point Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Auxiliary Transformer 7.62 X X X Cooling Tower 20 X Cooling Tower Make-up Water Treatment Plant 5 X Cooling Water Pump 2 X Emergency Diesel Generator 17 X X X Fin-Fan Cooler for GT Generator 2 X X X Fin-Fan Cooler for GT Lube Oil 2 X X X Fire Pump 6.1 X X X Gas Turbine 10.6 X X X Gas Turbine Stack 35 X X GT Generator 10.6 X X X GT TR Area Sump 2 X X X Heat Recovery Steam Generator 20 X Heat Recovery Steam Generator Stack 56 X Natural Gas Conditioning & Metering Station 5 X X X Oil/Water Separator 2 X X X Pulse Filter Compressor 2 X X X W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 4-5 SECTIONFOUR Environmental Consequences Table 7 Modeled Noise Sources Project Operation Noise-Producing Height (m) of Noise System Source Type Emission Point Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Sewage Treatment Plant 2 X X X ST Generator Transformer 3 X ST TR Area Sump 2 X Steam Turbine Building 12.2 X Step-Up Power Transformer 3 X X X Sources: Chevron ETC, 2011; URS, 2012. GT = Gas Turbine ST = Steam Turbine Note that the sound pressure level of all noise sources was modeled as 85 dBA at 1 meter, based on available Basis of Design Manual (BoD) Project specification documents (SNCL, 2010). The corresponding estimated OBCF noise levels, and the approach by which they were derived, are included in Appendix A. 4.2.2.2 Prediction Results Figures 1 through 9 depict estimated aggregate Project operation noise isopleths (or “contours”) for each of the aforementioned modeled scenarios listed in Section 4.1.2. The reader should note that these contours depict aggregate Project-only operation noise and do not include existing ambient sound contribution. The Figures also show the six representative locations where existing ambient sound was measured—as described in Section 3.2—and an additional “nearest prediction location” which is likely to be the closest potential noise-sensitive receiver position in proximity to the Project site boundary. Table 8 summarizes predicted aggregate Project operation noise levels at these seven locations for all nine scenarios depicted in Figures 1 through 9. Table 8 Predicted Operations Noise (dBA) Sample Predicted Project-Only Operation Noise Level (hourly Leq, dBA) Prediction Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Locations (see Figures) WC1 WC2 WC3 WC1 WC2 WC3 WC1 WC2 WC3 Plant Site 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Location 1 Plant Site 29 32 25 30 33 26 32 35 28 Location 2 Agura Site 30 33 29 31 35 30 34 37 32 W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 4-6 SECTIONFOUR Environmental Consequences Table 8 Predicted Operations Noise (dBA) Sample Predicted Project-Only Operation Noise Level (hourly Leq, dBA) Prediction Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Locations (see Figures) WC1 WC2 WC3 WC1 WC2 WC3 WC1 WC2 WC3 Location 1 Agura Site 28 31 31 29 33 32 32 35 33 Location 2 Ijede 17 21 14 18 22 16 20 25 18 Community Egbin 22 25 18 23 27 19 25 29 22 Community Nearest Prediction 35 37 33 36 39 34 38 41 35 Location Notes: WC = Wind Condition Wind Condition 1: Calm (0 m/s, CONCAWE Class D) Wind Condition 2: Temperature Inversion (0 m/s, CONCAWE Class G) Wind Condition 3: Worst-Case (11 m/s from 260 degrees, CONCAWE Class D) Wind Condition 2, which describes a temperature inversion scenario, is usually expected to occur under the right meteorological conditions (e.g., in the early morning, if conditions and factors are favorable). Wind Condition 3 is assumed to be the worst-case scenario per available wind data from 2003 to 2007. Note that this condition, according to the available meteorological data, would occur less than 1% of a year. In summary, the results show that the predicted Project-only aggregate operation noise levels do not exceed the noise level thresholds presented in Table 3 of Section 2.1 (i.e., 55 dBA daytime, 45 dBA nighttime). The exception is Plant Site Location #1, which would be within the completed Project boundary and would therefore not represent a residential noise-sensitive receiver subject to these Table 3 absolute thresholds. Therefore, Project operation noise is not anticipated to cause an impact to the surrounding environment. 4.2.2.3 Effects on Wildlife Potential effects on wildlife species in the Project vicinity would depend on their current level of habituation to man-made noise sources such as traffic noise and the presence and proximity of pre-Project operating equipment or human activity. The likelihood of effect, if any, would rise with decreasing distance to the Project and its operating noise sources. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 4-7 SECTIONFOUR Environmental Consequences 4.2.2.4 Operation Traffic The increase in traffic on existing roadways due to vehicles from Project employees (i.e., those responsible for monitoring and maintaining the largely automated operation on site) is expected to be very minor, and thus result in a less than significant effect. Putting this in perspective, and assuming the proportions of vehicle types and their average speeds remain the same, it takes a doubling of road traffic volumes to cause just a 3 dBA increase in generated noise level. 4.2.2.5 Operational Vibration Given the distance between the nearest potential residential receiver and the Project, and the typically anticipated relatively low levels of equipment vibration (i.e., levels that are associated with safe and nominal steady-state operation of critical equipment or systems, such as the turbines, that must be finely balanced), aggregate ground vibration resulting from Project operation would be expected to attenuate to insignificant (and thus, non-impactful) levels. 4.2.3 Construction Vibration Per Table 2 in Section 1.2, the vibratory roller has the highest indicated PPV value. In order to be potentially impacted by vibration from this equipment type, Table 9 presents the threshold distances per building category from Table 5. In other words, structures located closer to this anticipated vibration source than the presented distances would be exposed to impactful levels of vibration. Table 9 Suggested Vibration Impact Threshold Distances Building Category Distance in meters I. Reinforced-concrete, steel, or timber (no plaster) 4 II. Engineered concrete and masonry (no plaster) 6 III. Non-engineered timber and masonry buildings 8 IV. Buildings extremely susceptible to vibration damage 12 As URS understands no structures are within these distance ranges to construction activity that includes the vibratory roller, no vibration impact would be expected due to the Project construction. 4.3 AMBIENT SOUND ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS ANALYSIS A “future” ambient sound environment that includes the anticipated noise contribution from the Project may be estimated by logarithmically adding Project construction or operation noise to the existing ambient sound environment. This future estimated ambient sound level can then be compared with the existing ambient sound to quantify the relative difference in dBA and help assess whether or not the effect of adding the Project would be perceptible at the six representative monitoring locations and the identified nearest noise-sensitive receptor studied in this report. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 4-8 SECTIONFOUR Environmental Consequences Assuming that no new major noise source is introduced to (or removed from) the environment aside from the Project, then Table 10 shows predicted future daytime ambient noise levels at the indicated representative locations with respect to operation noise associated for each of the three studied stages and corresponding wind conditions. The values show the result of logarithmically adding the high measured hourly Leq values from Table 4 to the predicted Project operation noise levels of Table 8. Table 11 repeats this process, but instead uses the low measured hourly Leq to arrive at nighttime future ambient noise levels. Table 10 Predicted Future Ambient Sound Levels – During Daytime Project Operation Scenarios (dBA) Predicted Future (Existing Ambient Plus Project Operation Noise) Existing Daytime Ambient Level Sample Prediction (hourly Leq, dBA) Ambient Sound Locations Level1 (see Figures) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (hourly Leq, dBA) WC1 WC2 WC3 WC1 WC2 WC3 WC1 WC2 WC3 Plant Site Location 1 55 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 Plant Site Location 2 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 Agura Site Location 1 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 Agura Site Location 2 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 Ijede Community 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Egbin Community 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Nearest Prediction 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 Location2 Notes: WC = Wind Condition Wind Condition 1: Calm (0 m/s, CONCAWE Class D) Wind Condition 2: Temperature Inversion (0 m/s, CONCAWE Class G) Wind Condition 3: Worst-Case (11 m/s from 260 degrees, CONCAWE Class D) 1 highest hourly Leq measured during ambient sound survey—see Table 4. 2 conservatively assumed to have same existing ambient sound levels as was measured for Agura Site Location1. With the exception of Plant Site Location 1, which as explained previously is a monitoring location within the Project boundary, the predicted future ambient sound at these representative analysis locations is no greater than the currently measured high hourly Leq ambient sound level. In fact, even if the overall Leq values from Table 4 (which are four to eight dBA lower than the high hourly Leq values) were used to represent a typical daytime hourly Leq in the logarithmic addition, there would still be no change in the ambient sound environment. This is because the existing ambient sound conditions are already greater than the predicted sound to be contributed by the Project. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 4-9 SECTIONFOUR Environmental Consequences Table 11 Predicted Future Ambient Sound Levels – During Nighttime Project Operation Scenarios (dBA) Predicted Future (Existing Ambient Plus Project Operation Noise) Existing Ambient Level Sample Nighttime (hourly Leq, dBA) Prediction Ambient Sound Locations Level1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (see Figures) (hourly Leq, dBA) WC1 WC2 WC3 WC1 WC2 WC3 WC1 WC2 WC3 Plant Site 46 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Location 1 Plant Site 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 44 43 Location 2 Agura Site 38 39 39 39 39 40 39 39 41 39 Location 1 Agura Site 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 Location 2 Ijede Community 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 Egbin Community 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 Nearest Prediction 38 40 41 39 40 42 39 41 43 40 Location2 Notes: WC = Wind Condition Wind Condition 1: Calm (0 m/s, CONCAWE Class D) Wind Condition 2: Temperature Inversion (0 m/s, CONCAWE Class G) Wind Condition 3: Worst-Case (11 m/s from 260 degrees, CONCAWE Class D) 1 lowest hourly Leq measured during ambient sound survey—see Table 4. 2 conservatively assumed to have same existing ambient sound levels as was measured for Agura Site Location1. Again excluding Plant Site 1 for reasons already mentioned, a comparison of the predicted values in Table 11 with the existing ambient low hourly Leq values indicates that the Nearest Prediction Location might see a relative increase in ambient sound that ranges from 1 to 5 dBA, with the latter representing only Wind Condition 2 for Stage 3. Agura Site Location 1 might also see a relative increase, but no greater than 3 dBA when also associated with Wind Condition 2 for Stage 3. However, the reader should note (and as exhibited in Appendix B) that the measured low hourly Leq value of 38 dBA for Agura Site Location 1 occurred only during one of the 72 consecutive hours of monitoring—in other words, less than a 2% occurrence. Hence, it is much more likely that a typical nighttime hourly Leq at the Nearest Prediction Location would be better represented by 45 dBA, the next lowest measured hourly Leq for Agura Location 1 and the same lowest value for Agura Location 2 (per Table 4). With 45 dBA hourly Leq used as the existing ambient hourly Leq at night, the predicted relative increase in ambient sound is expected to be no greater than 1 dBA—a barely perceptible difference for average healthy human hearing. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 4-10 SECTIONFOUR Environmental Consequences In summation, not only is the Project operation noise expected to be less than WBG guideline hourly Leq limits for daytime and nighttime, it is also expected to result in no relative increase of the daytime ambient sound environment (similarly assessed on the basis of hourly Leq) at the studied representative community locations, and cause no more than an anticipated rise of nighttime ambient sound of just one dBA. For these reasons, the effect of Project operation noise on the ambient sound environment—at all studied representative community locations but particularly for the nearby Agura village—is not considered to be significant. 4.4 MITIGATION In general, potential options for mitigating noise impacts can be categorized by reference to locations along the source-to-receiver transmission path: 1) noise control at the source refers to the actual reduction of source noise emissions, 2) attenuation along the sound propagation path interrupts or interferes with the sound as it travels from the source to the receiver, and 3) noise mitigation at the receiver lessens the impact of sound arriving at the receiver. For maximum benefit, these options may be employed in combination with one another. While there are a variety of means or methods in each of these categories, not all mitigation options may be available for consideration in all situations. Additionally, certain methods may be incompatible with the Project design or other parameters. For example, noise control at the source is often the most effective method of reducing noise exposure; however, this method may not be possible due to equipment performance specifications. Based on its underlying assumptions and input parameters, the preceding predictive analysis of Project operation and construction noise impacts suggests that mitigation is not needed. As explained in Appendix A, however, the predictive operation noise model used in this study has relied on what will be the provision of noise-reducing Project design features that enable it to meet BoD noise performance specifications (SNCL, 2010). Consistent with WBG EHS General Guidelines Section 4.1, the following types of noise reduction strategies might be considered to help lower Project construction noise levels that, while temporary, may intermittently be considerably louder than background (i.e., non-Project) outdoor sound levels in the vicinity of the nearest potential noise-sensitive receiver (e.g., “nearest prediction location” as shown in the study Figures): • Plan construction activities involving heavy equipment operation (e.g., cranes) to occur during periods of the day that would be expected to minimize disturbance. • Check that equipment and vehicles have expected and functioning noise suppression devices. • Minimize or avoid vehicle transportation through or in proximity to potentially affected residential communities. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 4-11 SECTIONFIVE Limitations SECTION 5 LIMITATIONS Opinions presented herein apply to the existing and reasonably foreseeable site conditions at the time of our assessment. They cannot apply to site changes of which URS is unaware and has not had the opportunity to review. Changes in the condition of this property may occur with time due to natural processes or works of man at the Project site or on adjacent properties. Changes in applicable standards may also occur as a result of legislation or the broadening of knowledge. Accordingly, the findings of this report may be invalidated, wholly or in part, by changes beyond our control. Background information, study bases, and other data have been furnished to URS by Chevron and/or third parties, which URS has used in preparing this report. URS has relied on this information as furnished, and is neither responsible for nor has confirmed the accuracy of this information. The findings, opinions, and recommendations presented herein are based in part upon field measurements and observations (both performed by others) of what are believed to be typical and representative conditions of normal activity in the vicinity of the proposed Project facilities. They are also based in part on URS’ understanding of anticipated normal proposed Project facility operating conditions, as presented in this report. The analyses were conducted using the professional standard of care as practiced in the industry and yield predictive results that are, as appropriate, representative of the activity being assessed for potential noise impact. Because of the variability of factors not within URS control, no warranty can be made that the exact sound, vibration, or activity levels predicted in this report would be obtained by subsequent field measurements. However, for similar climatic and seasonal conditions, intensity of community activity, and similar facility operations, URS expects the sound and vibration levels measured would be similar to those reported or predicted, as applicable, herein. W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 5-1 SECTIONSIX References SECTION 6 REFERENCES Beranek, L., and Ver, I. 1992. Noise & Vibration Control Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bies D., and Hansen, C. 1996. Engineering Noise Control. 2nd ed. E & Fn Spon. Caltrans. 2009. Technical Noise Supplement. (Prepared under contract by ICF Jones & Stokes), Sacramento, CA. November. Edison Electric Institute. 1984. Electric Power Plant Environmental Noise Guide. Vol. 1, 2nd ed., prepared by Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. Cambridge, MA. Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) (now the Federal Ministry of the Environment (FMENV). 1991. National Guidelines and Standards for Industrial Effluents, Gaseous Emissions and Hazardous Waste Management in Nigeria. Decree 1988 No. 58. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 1996d. “Acoustics – Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors – Part 2: General method of calculation.” ISO 9613-2. Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC) Limited. 2007. Environmental Impact Assessment for Afam FDP (Gas Supply) Project. Final Report. July. Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC) Limited. 2005. Environmental Impact Assessment for Afam Power Station Project. Final Report. October. SNC-Lavalin International, Basis of Design Manual for a Simple Cycle Power Plant and Substation, rev. 3, Document No. 332430-0000-45EC-0001-0, August 2010.* _________, Basis of Design Manual for a Combined Cycle Power Plant and Substation (Phase 3), rev. 1, Document No. 332430-0000-45EC-0004-0, August 2010.* U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 2006. FHWA-HEP-05-054. Roadway Construction Noise Model User’s Guide. Boston, Massachusetts. January. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration. 2006. FTA-VA-90-1003-06. Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment. (Prepared under contract by Harris, Miller, Miller, and Hanson). Burlington, Massachusetts. May. World Bank Group, International Finance Corporation. 2007. Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines. World Bank Group, International Finance Corporation. 2008. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants. * proprietary documents, require release by SNC-Lavalin W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG 6-1 Figures W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG Detailed Methodology for Derivation of Octave Band Center Frequency (OBCF) Sound Power Levels (PWL) for APPENDIXA Project Operation Noise Sources W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG Detailed Methodology for Derivation of Octave Band Center Frequency (OBCF) Sound Power Levels (PWL) for APPENDIXA Project Operation Noise Sources Acoustical information on Project systems is available in the Basis of Design Manual (SNCL, rev. 3, August 2010), but expressed only as acceptable sound pressure level (SPL) thresholds to which the power plant “will be designed” to meet for two types of descriptors as follows: 1. Not-to-exceed noise exposure levels associated with the measurable sound environment for categories of worker-occupied exterior and interior project work areas; and, 2. Not-to-exceed noise levels associated with specific project features, systems and components, which are—with the exception of motor control centers—all 85 dBA at 1 meter (1m) distance. With notice from the client that no other sound data are available for the Project’s operating systems, URS estimated OBCF PWL (Lw) from 32 Hz through 8000 Hz for each of the major noise-producing operational project features as follows: A. Using available engineering data from the aforementioned Basis of Design Manual (BoD) as parameter inputs (e.g., rated horsepower), estimate overall and OBCF un-weighted PWL with information from “Engineering Noise Control” (ENC, Bies & Hansen, 1996), a recognized industry reference text. B. Adjust un-weighted OBCF PWL levels upward or downward, each by the same dB quantity, so that the resulting overall matches 93 dBA (i.e., corresponds with 85 dBA SPL at 1m) and preserves the “profile” of prominence (or lack thereof) by OBCF that ENC indicates for the equipment. C. Assume that the evenly-adjusted un-weighted OBCF dB resulting from step B are actually A- weighted levels. Then, add the A-weighting adjustment dB quantities (e.g., 39.4 dB would be added to the A-weighted OBCF level at 32 Hz) back to these individual OBCF, yielding what should be the most conservative un-weighted PWL for the equipment that would still meet 93 dBA PWL or—after deducting 8 dB for hemispherical divergence—85 dBA SPL at 1m. It is understood that step C may actually increase low-frequency PWL above the ENC-derived dB values for a particular type of equipment, but this is considered an application of model conservatism. Additionally, step C may substantially alter the prominence profile provided by the ENC-based estimate of step A. However, the combination of steps B and C are assumed to represent the results of either system or product noise control design and engineering or site-specific application of sound abatement means that the equipment supplier will furnish when installing the noise-producing Project features or system components. By way of example, usage of ENC may estimate an overall PWL of 127 dBA for a 221 MW steam turbine generator system, but application of steps B and C are necessary in order for the sound-attenuated system to comply with the BoD limit of 85 dBA SPL at 1m (or, 93 dBA PWL). Note that one cannot merely subtract 34 dB from each un-weighted OBCF and expect the 127 dBA to fall to 93 dBA. In this W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG A-1 Detailed Methodology for Derivation of Octave Band Center Frequency (OBCF) Sound Power Levels (PWL) for APPENDIXA Project Operation Noise Sources particular case, the reduction in step B is 38.3 dB from each OBCF, which suggests that the overall dBA is not driven by prominence at one OBCF, but several. The estimated OBCF for each noise source type is presented in Table A-1. Table A-1 Types of Modeled Project Operation Noise Sources Unweighted PWL (dB) A- A- per Octave Band Center Frequency (Hz) Weighted Weighted Reference Noise Sources SPL at 1 PWL Sources meter 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k (dBA) (dBA) Auxiliary Transformer 113 105 93 87 78 72 67 62 93 85 EEI Cooling Tower 114 104 93 85 78 74 71 65 93 85 ENC Cooling Tower Make-up Water Treatment Plant 108 99 93 88 88 83 80 76 93 85 ENC Cooling Water Pump 108 99 93 88 88 83 80 76 93 85 ENC Emergency Diesel Generator 111 102 94 89 84 80 78 75 93 85 ENC Fin Fan Cooler for GT Generator 114 104 93 85 78 74 71 65 93 85 ENC Fin Fan Cooler for GT Lube Oil 114 104 93 85 78 74 71 65 93 85 ENC Gas Turbine 105 96 89 84 83 86 86 85 93 85 ENC Gas Turbine Stack 90 82 71 59 54 48 39 33 93 85 ENC GT Generator 111 102 94 89 84 80 78 75 93 85 ENC GT TR Area Sump 108 99 93 88 88 83 80 76 93 85 ENC Heat Recovery Steam Generator 111 102 94 89 84 80 78 75 93 85 ENC Heat Recovery Steam Generator Stack 90 82 71 59 54 48 39 33 93 85 ENC Natural Gas Conditioning & Metering Station 95 85 78 77 79 83 88 90 93 85 ENC Oil/Water Separator 108 99 93 88 88 83 80 76 93 85 ENC Pulse Filter Compressor 104 99 91 83 83 87 84 79 93 85 ENC Sewage Treatment Plant 108 99 93 88 88 83 80 76 93 85 ENC ST Generator Transformer 113 105 93 87 78 72 67 62 93 85 EEI ST TR Area Sump 108 99 93 88 88 83 80 76 93 85 ENC Steam Turbine Building 104 96 88 83 83 86 86 86 93 85 ENC Step-Up Power Transformer 113 105 93 87 78 72 67 62 93 85 EEI Notes: PWL = Sound Power Level SPL = Sound Pressure Level GT = Gas Turbine ST = Steam Turbine EEI = Edison Electric Institute, Electric Power Plant Environmental Noise Guide 2nd Edition ENC = Engineering Noise Control 2nd Edition W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG A-2 APPENDIXB Detail of Hourly Ambient Sound Levels W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG APPENDIXB Detail of Hourly Ambient Sound Levels Table B.1 Hourly Leq Ambient Outdoor Sound Levels (dBA) at Plant Site 1 1/16 - 1/17 1/17 - 1/18 1/18 - 1/19 Start Time Leq Start Time Leq Start Time Leq 12:30 49 12:30 50 12:30 49 13:30 49 13:30 49 13:30 49 14:30 48 14:30 48 14:30 49 15:30 47 15:30 49 15:30 50 16:30 46 16:30 49 16:30 49 17:30 47 17:30 48 17:30 49 18:30 48 18:30 49 18:30 49 19:30 53 19:30 52 19:30 52 20:30 53 20:30 51 20:30 52 21:30 51 21:30 51 21:30 52 22:30 51 22:30 51 22:30 51 23:30 50 23:30 52 23:30 51 0:30 51 0:30 51 0:30 51 1:30 49 1:30 51 1:30 51 2:30 48 2:30 50 2:30 49 3:30 47 3:30 49 3:30 48 4:30 49 4:30 51 4:30 48 5:30 53 5:30 52 5:30 48 6:30 55 6:30 52 6:30 51 7:30 51 7:30 51 7:30 48 8:30 50 8:30 48 8:30 48 9:30 49 9:30 50 9:30 50 10:30 51 10:30 50 10:30 50 11:30 50 11:30 49 11:30 49 Source: Environmental Accord (2013) Figure B.1: Hourly Leq Ambient Outdoor Sound Levels (dBA, Graphical View) at Plant Site 1 65 60 55 1/16 - 1/17 50 1/17 - 1/18 1/18 - 1/19 45 40 0:30 1:30 2:30 3:30 4:30 5:30 6:30 7:30 8:30 9:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 W:\27651096\02000-e-r_AppB.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG B-1 APPENDIXB Detail of Hourly Ambient Sound Levels Table B.2 Hourly Leq Ambient Outdoor Sound Levels (dBA) at Plant Site 2 12/31 - 1/1 1/1 - 1/2 1/2 - 1/3 Start Time Leq Start Time Leq Start Time Leq 9:00 48.4 9:00 48.4 9:00 48.4 10:00 47.5 10:00 47.0 10:00 56.1 11:00 46.7 11:00 43.8 11:00 49.4 12:00 44.1 12:00 43.8 12:00 47.2 13:00 55.9 13:00 43.4 13:00 45.0 14:00 53.9 14:00 45.0 14:00 45.6 15:00 45.1 15:00 43.4 15:00 55.6 16:00 46.3 16:00 47.3 16:00 58.3 17:00 52.6 17:00 57.3 17:00 58.3 18:00 54.5 18:00 57.6 18:00 57.7 19:00 55.7 19:00 57.6 19:00 58.6 20:00 58.1 20:00 59.2 20:00 57.9 21:00 59.4 21:00 59.4 21:00 57.9 22:00 59.0 22:00 58.2 22:00 57.4 23:00 56.6 23:00 58.1 23:00 57.0 0:00 50.6 0:00 58.9 0:00 58.2 1:00 54.5 1:00 44.5 1:00 57.8 2:00 54.5 2:00 45.8 2:00 45.0 3:00 54.9 3:00 46.9 3:00 47.4 4:00 51.8 4:00 46.8 4:00 50.0 5:00 52.1 5:00 49.3 5:00 52.3 6:00 53.8 6:00 50.8 6:00 54.3 7:00 54.0 7:00 46.6 7:00 53.9 8:00 51.3 8:00 47.4 8:00 51.9 Source: Environmental Accord (2013) Figure B.2: Hourly Leq Ambient Outdoor Sound Levels (dBA, Graphical View) at Plant Site 2 65.0 60.0 55.0 12/31 - 1/1 50.0 1/1 - 1/2 1/2 - 1/3 45.0 40.0 9:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 W:\27651096\02000-e-r_AppB.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG B-2 APPENDIXB Detail of Hourly Ambient Sound Levels Table B.3 Hourly Leq Ambient Outdoor Sound Levels (dBA) at Agura Location 1 12/27 - 12/28 12/28 - 12/29 12/29 - 12/30 Start Time Leq Start Time Leq Start Time Leq 16:00 51 16:00 57 16:00 57 17:00 48 17:00 52 17:00 53 18:00 53 18:00 56 18:00 55 19:00 50 19:00 54 19:00 58 20:00 54 20:00 58 20:00 54 21:00 52 21:00 54 21:00 53 22:00 45 22:00 48 22:00 49 23:00 46 23:00 47 23:00 48 0:00 46 0:00 46 0:00 46 1:00 46 1:00 46 1:00 45 2:00 48 2:00 50 2:00 45 3:00 50 3:00 44 3:00 45 4:00 51 4:00 38 4:00 49 5:00 46 5:00 49 5:00 52 6:00 46 6:00 50 6:00 52 7:00 53 7:00 55 7:00 55 8:00 52 8:00 57 8:00 56 9:00 55 9:00 57 9:00 56 10:00 48 10:00 54 10:00 55 11:00 45 11:00 50 11:00 57 12:00 49 12:00 48 12:00 57 13:00 54 13:00 53 13:00 56 14:00 51 14:00 52 14:00 53 15:00 59 15:00 55 15:00 48 Source: Environmental Accord (2013) Figure B.3: Hourly Leq Ambient Outdoor Sound Levels (dBA, Graphical View) at Agura Location 1 65.0 60.0 55.0 50.0 12/27 - 12/28 12/28 - 12/29 45.0 12/29 - 12/30 40.0 35.0 W:\27651096\02000-e-r_AppB.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG B-3 APPENDIXB Detail of Hourly Ambient Sound Levels Table B.4 Hourly Leq Ambient Outdoor Sound Levels (dBA) at Agura Location 2 1/13 - 1/14 1/14 - 1/15 1/15 - 1/16 Start Time Leq Start Time Leq Start Time Leq 10:30 54 10:30 52 10:30 48 11:30 47 11:30 50 11:30 53 12:30 49 12:30 52 12:30 51 13:30 50 13:30 49 13:30 50 14:30 52 14:30 49 14:30 50 15:30 54 15:30 52 15:30 52 16:30 54 16:30 54 16:30 52 17:30 53 17:30 55 17:30 51 18:30 55 18:30 54 18:30 56 19:30 56 19:30 52 19:30 51 20:30 55 20:30 53 20:30 54 21:30 58 21:30 52 21:30 51 22:30 50 22:30 47 22:30 46 23:30 48 23:30 47 23:30 46 0:30 50 0:30 47 0:30 46 1:30 46 1:30 47 1:30 46 2:30 49 2:30 46 2:30 46 3:30 51 3:30 47 3:30 47 4:30 50 4:30 48 4:30 48 5:30 51 5:30 51 5:30 51 6:30 54 6:30 55 6:30 52 7:30 55 7:30 57 7:30 54 8:30 52 8:30 58 8:30 52 9:30 51 9:30 55 9:30 49 Source: Environmental Accord (2013) Figure B.4: Hourly Leq Ambient Outdoor Sound Levels (dBA, Graphical View) at Agura Location 2 65 60 55 1/13 - 1/14 50 1/14 - 1/15 45 1/15 - 1/16 40 0:30 1:30 2:30 3:30 4:30 5:30 6:30 7:30 8:30 9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 10:30 W:\27651096\02000-e-r_AppB.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG B-4 APPENDIXB Detail of Hourly Ambient Sound Levels Table B.5 Hourly Leq Ambient Outdoor Sound Levels (dBA) at Ijede Location 1/3 - 1/4 1/4 - 1/5 1/5 - 1/6 Start Time Leq Start Time Leq Start Time Leq 13:00 52 13:00 56 13:00 51 14:00 52 14:00 55 14:00 51 15:00 54 15:00 52 15:00 52 16:00 54 16:00 55 16:00 54 17:00 57 17:00 58 17:00 55 18:00 58 18:00 57 18:00 56 19:00 58 19:00 57 19:00 57 20:00 52 20:00 55 20:00 55 21:00 51 21:00 52 21:00 50 22:00 48 22:00 53 22:00 46 23:00 45 23:00 54 23:00 45 0:00 48 0:00 46 0:00 42 1:00 49 1:00 45 1:00 42 2:00 47 2:00 44 2:00 45 3:00 48 3:00 43 3:00 41 4:00 47 4:00 41 4:00 44 5:00 50 5:00 49 5:00 53 6:00 53 6:00 51 6:00 57 7:00 52 7:00 53 7:00 55 8:00 57 8:00 56 8:00 60 9:00 55 9:00 55 9:00 58 10:00 55 10:00 55 10:00 56 11:00 57 11:00 52 11:00 57 12:00 53 12:00 52 12:00 53 Source: Environmental Accord (2013) Figure B.5: Hourly Leq Ambient Outdoor Sound Levels (dBA, Graphical View) at Ijede Location 65 60 55 1/3 - 1/4 50 1/4 - 1/5 45 1/5 - 1/6 40 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 W:\27651096\02000-e-r_AppB.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG B-5 APPENDIXB Detail of Hourly Ambient Sound Levels Table B.6 Hourly Leq Ambient Outdoor Sound Levels (dBA) at Egbin Location 1/20 - 1/21 1/21 - 1/22 1/22 - 1/23 Start Time Leq Start Time Leq Start Time Leq 18:00 60 18:00 58 18:00 51 19:00 53 19:00 53 19:00 47 20:00 52 20:00 53 20:00 49 21:00 51 21:00 51 21:00 49 22:00 51 22:00 50 22:00 49 23:00 47 23:00 60 23:00 51 0:00 49 0:00 47 0:00 49 1:00 52 1:00 49 1:00 51 2:00 54 2:00 50 2:00 52 3:00 51 3:00 52 3:00 50 4:00 48 4:00 48 4:00 50 5:00 46 5:00 44 5:00 49 6:00 47 6:00 45 6:00 46 7:00 55 7:00 49 7:00 52 8:00 49 8:00 50 8:00 53 9:00 47 9:00 50 9:00 53 10:00 52 10:00 50 10:00 51 11:00 47 11:00 50 11:00 54 12:00 46 12:00 50 12:00 50 13:00 53 13:00 50 13:00 51 14:00 53 14:00 52 14:00 50 15:00 51 15:00 52 15:00 52 16:00 54 16:00 59 16:00 52 17:00 53 17:00 53 17:00 53 Source: Environmental Accord (2013) Figure B.6: Hourly Leq Ambient Outdoor Sound Levels (dBA, Graphical View) at Egbin Location 65 60 55 1/20 - 1/21 50 1/21 - 1/22 1/22 - 1/23 45 40 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 W:\27651096\02000-e-r_AppB.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG B-6 Sample Photographs of Ambient Sound APPENDIXC Level Monitoring Positions W:\27651096\02000-e-r.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG Sample Photographs of Ambient Sound APPENDIXC Level Monitoring Positions Photograph 1 Date: 1/16/13 Location Tag: Plant Site 1 View Direction: S Comments: SLM position at proposed plant site (1). GPS (DMS): N 060 33’ 37.7’’ E 0030 37’ 35.5’’ Source: Environmental Accord Photograph 2 Date: 1/16/13 Location Tag: Plant Site 1 View Direction: N Comments: SLM position at proposed plant site (1). GPS (DMS): N 060 33’ 37.7’’ E 0030 37’ 35.5’’ Source: Environmental Accord W:\27651096\02000-e-r_AppC.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG C-1 Sample Photographs of Ambient Sound APPENDIXC Level Monitoring Positions Photograph 3 Date: 12/31/12 Location Tag: Plant Site 2 View Direction: W Comments: SLM position at proposed plant site (2). GPS (DMS): N 060 33’ 50.58’’ E 0030 37’ 6.84’’ Source: Environmental Accord Photograph 4 Date: 12/31/12 Location Tag: Plant Site 2 View Direction: NW Comments: SLM position at proposed plant site (2). GPS (DMS): N 060 33’ 50.58’’ E 0030 37’ 6.84’’ Source: Environmental Accord W:\27651096\02000-e-r_AppC.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG C-2 Sample Photographs of Ambient Sound APPENDIXC Level Monitoring Positions Photograph 5 Date: 12/27/12 Location Tag: Agura 1 View Direction: NE Comments: SLM position at representative Agura community location (1). GPS (DMS): N 060 34’ 15.6’’ E 0030 37’ 35’’ Source: Environmental Accord Photograph 6 Date: 12/27/12 Location Tag: Agura 1 View Direction: W Comments: SLM position at representative Agura community location (1). GPS (DMS): N 060 34’ 15.6’’ E 0030 37’ 35’’ Source: Environmental Accord W:\27651096\02000-e-r_AppC.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG C-3 Sample Photographs of Ambient Sound APPENDIXC Level Monitoring Positions Photograph 7 Date: 1/13/13 Location Tag: Agura 2 View Direction: N Comments: SLM position at representative Agura community location (2). GPS (DMS): N 060 34’ 24.18’’ E 0030 37’ 38.58’’ Source: Environmental Accord Photograph 8 Date: 1/13/13 Location Tag: Agura 2 View Direction: S Comments: SLM position at representative Agura community location (2). GPS (DMS): N 060 34’ 24.18’’ E 0030 37’ 38.58’’ Source: Environmental Accord W:\27651096\02000-e-r_AppC.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG C-4 Sample Photographs of Ambient Sound APPENDIXC Level Monitoring Positions Photograph 9 Date: 1/3/13 Location Tag: Ijede View Direction: SW Comments: SLM position at representative Ijede community location. GPS (DMS): N 060 34’ 0.72’’ E 0030 35’ 27.66’’ Source: Environmental Accord Photograph 10 Date: 1/3/13 Location Tag: Ijede View Direction: NW Comments: SLM position at representative Ijede community location. GPS (DMS): N 060 34’ 0.72’’ E 0030 35’ 27.66’’ Source: Environmental Accord W:\27651096\02000-e-r_AppC.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG C-5 Sample Photographs of Ambient Sound APPENDIXC Level Monitoring Positions Photograph 11 Date: 1/20/13 Location Tag: Egbin View Direction: S Comments: SLM position at representative Egbin community location. GPS (DMS): N 060 33’ 44.4’’ E 0030 36’ 13.1’’ Source: Environmental Accord Photograph 12 Date: 1/20/13 Location Tag: Egbin View Direction: N Comments: SLM position at representative Egbin community location. GPS (DMS): N 060 33’ 44.4’’ E 0030 36’ 13.1’’ Source: Environmental Accord W:\27651096\02000-e-r_AppC.docx\5-Apr-13\SDG C-6 Sample Photographs of Ambient Sound APPENDIXC Level Monitoring Positions Photograph 13 Date: 1/22/13 Location Tag: Plant Site 1 View Direction: W Comments: Key personnel present during field survey GPS (DMS): N 060 33’ 37.7’’ E 0030 37’ 35.5’’ Source: Environmental From right to left: Hanna Young (Environmental Resources Managers); Tunde Lapido Accord (Environmental Accord); Azeez Agoro, Martin Okiki (Chevron Nigeria Limited). T:\Projects\0180805 - CNL Agura ESIA Revision -KO\9 Final Report\Final Final Report - Nov 2013\URS Noise Modeling Report\02000-e-r_AppC.docx\26-Nov- 13\SDG C-7 Annex I Grievance Procedure Grievance Process Page 1 1. SCOPE OF GRIEVANCE PROCESS Agura Independent Power Plant (AIPP) Project has developed a formal grievance process. This process builds on the one used by ICSC. Grievances, complaints and claims over labor disputes are outside the scope of this Grievance Process. 2. GOAL AND KEY OBJECTIVES OF PROCESS Its goal is to ensure that stakeholders affected by the project and people wishing to submit complaints/feedback can present their grievances to the AIPP team for consideration and correction if appropriate. The principle objective of the grievance process is to ensure that valid claims and grievances are rectified in a timely manner. The procedure will also address complaints from local communities and stakeholders in order to improve or to explain project activities. Local community stakeholders will be directly informed how to implement the grievance and claims procedures. These procedures will also be made public to other stakeholders. 3. RESPONSIBLITIES FOR PROCEDURE Project’s Policy, Government and Public Affairs (PGPA) representatives will manage the Grievance Process. One of the Community Engagement representatives will be assigned specifically tasked with the registration and tracking of grievances and informing the project leadership team about all registered grievances/feedback so that each grievance/feedback can be assigned to relevant personnel. It is the responsibility of all AIPP employees and Contractor and sub-contractor personnel to communicate any grievances they receive concerning the AIPP project.. The Project CE representative will be responsible for registering a grievance in the Grievance Log, for monitoring its progress once it is in the Log and for advancing its outcome. If complaints are received at CNL HQ in Lekki, these will be forwarded directly to the CE representative for consideration. 4. NATURE OF FEEDBACK Feedback can be in form of grievances, specific claims for damages/injury or in the nature of complaints or suggestions about the way the Project is being implemented. They could be submitted either verbally or in writing. Page 2 Complaints, criticisms, and suggestions on how to improve/change the Project are often general in nature. It may be feasible to implement some of these suggestions. Others may be technically or financially impossible or unwise to implement. Claims against the Project or a Project Contractor for compensation, damages, injury or other wrongs can be evaluated for validity. If, upon examination of the evidence, the Project finds that a claim is justified it will be rectified or remedied. If the conclusion is that the claim is not justified, the Project will dismiss the claim, with an explanation to the claimant. If the claim requires arbitration by traditional authorities, the claim will be put on hold until the authorities give their judgment. The Project will then resolve the claim according to the judgment as feasible. 5. GRIEVANCE PROCESS A grievance goes through a process of collection, registration, analysis, and communication of the results to the aggrieved party as demonstrated in figure 1. The final step is recording the resolution of the grievance. 5.1. Grievance Collection All complaints shall be forwarded or directed to Community Engagement Representatives for treatment, regardless of the location where it was received by a CE Rep, Project personnel, or Contractors. All AIPP Contractors are required to communicate claims to the Project CE reps. Project CE Reps and the Contractor CLO will work in conjunction to evaluate and decide on the resolution of any claims against a Contractor. The Contractor and Contractor CLO will be responsible for resolving the grievance. A Contractor acting to resolve a claim on his own, without involving the Project Public Information office is liable to a Non-Conformity notice. 5.2. Grievance Registration 5.2.1. Registration of complaint/suggestion Verbal complaints and grievances should be recorded and sent to the Project CE Reps within 24 hours of their receipt. The recipient of the complaint/suggestion will register it on the Claims and Complaints Form (Annex 1). If this form is not available at the time of the complaint, the recipient should note the name and village/community of the complainant. Upon return to the office, the recipient should write down the name, village/community, date and nature of complaint so he/she or the CE rep can record it in the grievance/feedback log. Stakeholders can either use the Claims and Complaints Form or write/email their complaints in any form. The recipient of the complaint/suggestion will fill out a Claims and Complaints Page 3 Form, if submitted on a plain paper, and attach the written document to the Form, and forward it to the CLO Grievance Manager for entry into the Grievance Log. Fig1: Grievance Process 1 Receive and Record . Feedback Face Phone or Drop - box Letter Other to Face e-mail form 2. Assess Feedback, Define Significance A I 3. Acknowledgement of Feedback P P 4. Define Management Plan to Address Feedback 5. Development of a Response C Community Contractors Project E. R Partners E Other Departments Senior Management R 6. Approval of Response 7. Communicate and Record Response 8. Close Feedback Page 4 5.2.2. Grievance Log The Project will maintain an electronic Grievance Log on a shared drive open to PGPA, HES Advisor and members of the project leadership team (LT). If these parties receive a complaint directly, they can enter it into the Grievance Log themselves and then inform the CE Representative that a new grievance has been logged. The paperwork should be forwarded to the CE Rep after the grievance has been logged. The CE Rep ensures each grievance has an individual number and is tracked for a response before it is closed out. The person lodging the complaint is sent an email/letter confirming the receipt of the grievance/feedback within a week of receiving it and also tentative time to resolve the issue. In the case of complaints/suggestions, the CE Rep will track where the complaint has been referred and the date the complaint was answered, and how. If the grievance is related to a claim, CE rep tracks the examination of the claim and records the conclusions. For justified claims the CE rep ensures corrective actions have been implemented, before closing out the entry in the Grievance Log. The CE rep will post a weekly updated list of grievances received and resolved in the last week, plus grievances still open, in the weekly project team meetings. This can be shared with ICSC in all the meetings. This will allow the claimant to track the progress of his claim. 5.3. Grievance resolution The nature of the examination process depends on the type of feedback received. 5.3.1. Complaints The CE rep will pass on complaints/suggestions to the Project department competent to consider the complaint. When an answer is received, the CE rep should convey the information to the complainant. In cases where similar complaints have already been received or when new complaints are important in nature, the CE rep may consult with the concerned department over whether change management should be implemented. The CE rep in association with ICSC should also carry out a public consultation in the concerned communities to address repeated complaints. 5.3.2. Claims The Project is likely to receive claims for issues related to the Project, regardless of ultimate responsibility which may be of the Project itself, the Project Contractor, a Sub- Contractor, other power plants, or the government. Other claims are likely to involve Page 5 issues which need to be resolved by traditional or civil authorities before the Project can fulfill its obligations to the appropriate claimant. Following are the steps for addressing claims: The first step in the examination procedure is for the CE reps, with the advice of Project or other experts when needed, to determine who is responsible for resolving the claim. 5.3.2.1.Traditional leaders/Government: In cases where either traditional leaders or the government has responsibility for resolving the complaint, the CE rep will forward the claim to the CNL’s PGPA Manager, who will communicate the claim to the appropriate body. The Project CE rep will inform the claimant in writing that this has been done, note this in the Grievance Log, and close out the issue. 5.3.2.2.Project and Project Contractor/Sub-Contractor: The Project CE reps will be responsible for tracking claims for which the Project or a Project Contractor or one of its Sub-contractors is responsible. • Project: The CE Rep will fill out a Grievance Action Form (Annex 2) and pass it to a ICSC/other PGPA representatives on the project for investigation in the field. The ICSC/PGPA representatives, accompanied by project personnel with the necessary expertise, shall visit the location in the company of the claimant and examine the evidence. The team will take notes, photos, measurements etc. needed to evaluate the claim and its admissibility. • Project Contractor: Claims provoked by a Project Contractor’s actions must be treated in accordance with the Project’s method. The Contractor is responsible for reporting any claims received directly by his office to the CE rep. The CE Rep, in conjunction with the Contractor’s CLO will examine the claim and decide on its validity and resolution. The Contractor and Contractor’s CLO are responsible for rectifying or remedying the situation in accordance with the Project’s claims valuation guidelines (Specified under Claims Valuation). • Contractor’s Sub-Contractor: The Contractor is responsible for ensuring that claims for problems caused by a sub-contractor are resolved as described above. Whether the sub-contractor pays for the reparations is an issue between the Contractor and his sub-contractors and may not interfere with the timely resolution of a claim. 5.3.2.3. Traditional/Civil Authorities: Sometimes a claim itself is justified but there is disagreement over who is the legitimate claimant. In these cases, the Project will not rectify the situation until the ICSC in consultation with traditional or civil authorities have decided which claimant should be Page 6 compensated. The traditional/civil case is between the claimants, not between the claimants and the Project, and all responsibility for bringing and resolving the case lies with the claimants and the traditional/civil authorities. Only when traditional or legal arbitration has clarified who is the legitimate claimant will the Project act to rectify and close out the claim. The second step in the examination process is for the CE rep and ICSC, with the advice of Project or other experts when needed, to gather data on the claim. The claim must meet Project criteria for admissibility, described below Admissible Claims and Valuation, before it will be considered any further. Once enough data has been gathered to judge the admissibility of the claim, the third step in the examination process of admissible claims is for the CE rep to judge the validity of the claim (specified in Claims Valuation). The CE rep will use the information in the Grievance Action Form to evaluate validity. Several trips may be needed to ensure all competent personnel have examined and recorded the information (e.g. photos, measurements) needed for evaluation. When all information has been gathered, the justifiability of the claim is evaluated. Upon evaluation, the experts fill out the resolution section of the Grievance Action Form. They indicate either the suggested remedy or that the claim has been rejected as invalid, with reasons for rejection, and return the form to the Grievance Manager. 5.4. Resolution If the claim is not admissible the CE rep will enter the information into the Grievance Log, inform the claimant why it is not admissible and close out the claim. When a claim is justified, the CE rep informs the claimant of the rectification that will be implemented. The CE rep arranges for the rectification to be implemented or the remedy to be applied. When a Contractor/Sub-Contractor is responsible for the claim the CE rep monitors when the Contractor has done this. When the remedy has been implemented, the claimant should sign a closeout form (see Annex 3). 5.5. Recording and Closeout When the rectification or remedy is implemented the claimant should sign a closeout form. In the case of compensation claims, a copy of the compensation payment is sufficient for closeout. The CE Rep adds this closeout form to the Claims Action Form and marks the claim as closed in the Grievance Log. When the Project rejects the claim as inadmissible or invalid, the CE rep informs the claimant of the grounds for rejection. In cases where the claimant does not accept the grounds for rejection or the proposed rectification/remedy and insists on pursuing his complaint, the CE Page 7 rep will confer with the local traditional authorities to convince the claimant that he is not justified, or explain why the claim was rejected. If the claimant continues to insist that his claim is justified, government intervention shall be sought to amicably resolve the issue. A civil claim will be handled by the Project’s legal group. Upon a complainant’s refusal to sign a closeout form, the CE rep will send a full copy of the dossier to the Project’s legal department, for information in case of a civil suit. In cases where the claim is valid, if the claimant still refuses to accept the resolution offered or to sign the closeout form, despite the intervention of the local authorities, the CE should so note on the closeout form and flag it in the Grievance Log as closed for Project purposes. 6. ADMISSIBLE CLAIMS AND VALUATION Some claims may be valid, provoked by real damages or injury, but -- without evidence -- the claim cannot be proved or disproved 6.1. Admissible Claims Admissible claims are claims that can be proved and evaluated for rectification or remediation. To be admissible, a claim must: • Be submitted while the evidence is still visible to the CE rep examiner, or • Be verifiable through project documents, e.g. the plaintiff claims he was not paid the compensation he was due; investigation shows a compensation dossier stating payment due but no receipt of payment. • Note that no claim will be admitted after six months from the date of the incident. 6.2. Claims Valuation For compensation purposes the project will establish tables specifying the calculated value for various agricultural products, trees and animals. For damage claims the same values will be used. These tables will be publicly available through ICSC along with the Grievance Process Manual. For cases not covered by the tables and when replacement is possible, the CE rep will arrange for replacement or replacement value will be applied. In the case of proven injury to a person or animal, the claimant will receive medical expenses. 7. GRIEVANCE TRACKING Tracking by date allows the CE rep to identify grievances that are not being addressed in a timely manner. Tracking by responsible party allows the CE reps to follow up on issues referred to Contractors for resolution. Tracking the number of grievances and their nature also allows the Project to evaluate how it is affecting the public and how to amend or explain activities that are causing many complaints or claims. Page 8 7.1. Tracking Grievances Complaints and suggestions are written in a Claims and Complaints Form, which notes the individual, his/her residence, his/her contact information and the nature of the complaint/suggestion. This information should be entered with Complaint ID # into the Complaints portion of the Grievance Log and the hard copy should be filed in a dossier with the Complaint ID #, to which the response/follow-up information/closeout date can be added. The closeout date should also be entered into the Grievance Log. The CE Rep will fill out an Action form with the pertinent information needed for investigation of the admissibility of the claim, note the PGPA representative tasked with finding the information in the Grievance Log, and receive the hard copy of the Action Form when he/she returns to the office. The CE rep notes if the claim is or is not in the Grievance Log. If the claim is not admissible, the CE rep will return the Action Form plus a closeout form to the PGPA representative to explain to the plaintiff and get his signature on the closeout form. These are added to the dossier and the closeout is registered in the Grievance Log database. If the claim is admissible the CE rep returns the Action Form to the PGPA representative/ICSC for further action. When remedial action has been taken the PGPA representative/ICSC will hand back the Action Form along with a Closeout Form signed by the plaintiff to the Grievance Manager to be placed in the claims dossier. The closeout is also noted in the Grievance Log. Before producing each weekly update, the CE rep will check on the status of all open claims. Any claim that has been open for over a month due to inaction or problems, rather than the ongoing implementation of remediation, will merit a Non-Conformity Situation notice, either for the PGPA or for the Contractor responsible for resolving the situation. 7.2. Grievance Reporting In addition to posting the weekly grievance update by ICSC, the CE rep will forward a copy of the weekly update to the CNL PGPA Manager, the HES Advisor and Project LT. Page 9 GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE ANNEX 1 Claims and Complaints/Suggestion Form Claim: Complaint: Suggestion: ID # (Check box whether Claim or Complaint or Suggestion) (dd/mm/yy + next # in list) (to be filled in by Grievance Manager) Last Name: First Name: Patronymic: Settlement Name: Village/Town: Name and affiliation of individual first receiving grievance: Description of Grievance: Claims Action Form assigned to: Referred on (Name of Project CLO) date: Complaint/Suggestion forwarded to Department or Contractor: (dd/mm/yy) (Name of Department/Contractor) Claim, Complaint/Suggestion forwarded to PGPA Lagos Manager: Claim closed out. Plaintiff refuses to sign Claim closeout; project closed out claim. Brief description of reply to suggestion/complaint given to plaintiff. Public consultation to address issue. Page 10 ANNEX 2 CLAIMS ACTION FORM Claim Assigned to CE rep: ID # (dd/mm/yy + next # in list) Plaintiff’s Last Name: First Name: Patronymic: Settlement Name: Village/Town: Name and affiliation of individual first receiving Claim: Description of Claim: Claim Not Admissible: Reason: Admissible Claim Investigation: Date investigated Names of investigators Names of Claimants or Representatives Present Description of Evidence, Measurements, Photos (attach additional sheets and documents) Recommended Follow-Up: (Add additional sheets as needed) Date of Follow-Up Names of investigators Claimants or Representatives Present Description of Evidence, Measurements, Photos (attach additional sheets and documents) Claim Valid or Invalid Reason: Proposed Rectification/Remedy: Page 11 GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE ANNEX 3 Close-Out Form I/We, , who instituted Claim ID # , agree that this claim has been resolved to our satisfaction on this date . We renounce all future claims concerning this issue. Names Signatures Settlement: Name of CLO Representative: Witnessed by: Date: (Name and Title of Local Official) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- We, the CLO Representative and (Name and Title of Local Official) state that the claimant(s) who instituted Claim ID # have refused on this date to sign a claim close-out. The claimant(s) have been informed that the Project considers the claim to have been appropriately addressed according to the Project’s grievance procedures. The claimants have also been informed of their right to pursue the claim in civil court. Name of CLO Representative: Witnessed by Date: (Name and Title of Local Official) Page 12 GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE ANNEX 4 GRIEVANCE UPDATE – Month of 20 PRIOR OUTSTANDING GRIEVANCES # Grievance Open > Name of Date of Grievance Brief Description Month Claimant 1 2 3 4 5 Number Unresolved Claims: GRIEVANCES SUBMITTED or RESOLVED THIS MONTH Name of Claimant Date Received Brief Description Open/Closed Page 13 GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE ANNEX 5 GRIEVANCE LOG COMPLAINTS AND SUGGESTIONS ID # Reply Closeout Name of Address or Brief Date Closed dd/mm/y sequence Assigned to Findings Refused to Stakeholder Institution Description Out y Legal Page 14 Annex J Social Baseline Data Collection Tools AIPP SIA: Community Profile Data Required Data Collected 1. Date 2. Name of Village 3. Names of participants (include position in community) 4. Village location (description/GPS coordinates) 5. Name of Chief 6. Name of Baale/Main Chief/King 7. Names of interviewers 8. Interview start/end time 9. Other information Historical Profile 10. Origin (where do the villagers come from, when and why?) 11. Proportion (%) natives/settlers 12. Other information Demographics 13. Approximate village population 14. Approximate number of Community Development Areas (CDAs) 15. Percentage of men in the community 16. Percentage of women in the community 17. Percentage of children – 16 and below 18. Percentage of disabled people or people with long term illnesses AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 19. Has the population of the village increased or decreased in the last 10 years? Why? 20. Has there been migration into the area? Where have these people come from and why? Ethnicity and Religion 21. Ethnic groups, - percentage of people in each group (approx) 22. What is the native ethnic group that founded the village? 23. Religions (indicate proportions of Muslim, traditional religion and Christians 24. Where are the places of worship for Muslim the different religious groups? (specify place) Christian Traditional Other (please specify) 25. How many places of worship are in the Mosques community for the different religious Churches groups? Traditional shrines Other (please specify) 26. How long does it take to get there? Muslim 1 <5 minutes Christian 2 5 – 30 minutes 3 31 – 60 minutes Traditional 4 + 60 minutes Other (please specify) 27. What method of transport do you use Muslim to get to your place of worship? 1 Foot Christian 2 Bicycle 3 Mini bus Traditional 4 Taxi 5 Private Car Other (please specify) 6 Tri-cycle (keke Nape or Keke Maraa) 28. What languages are spoken in the family (indicate proportions if relevant). What other languages are understood (by all? Most educated? Youth?) AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 Community Relations 29. Does the village have conflict with neighbouring communities? If yes, what is the nature of this conflict? 30. Who resolves conflict between the 1 Assembly Member (Please specify) community and other parties? 2 Unit Committee Member 3 Oloritun (conflict warden) 4 Traditional Chief 5 Priest or Religious leader 6 Police 7 Head Man 8 Community Development Authority (CDA) 9 Other (please specify) 31. If there is conflict at the household 1 Assembly Member (Please specify) level, who resolves conflict between the households and other parties? 2 Unit Committee Member 3 Oloritun (conflict warden) 4 Traditional Chief 5 Priest or Religious leader 6 Police 7 Head Man 8 Community Development Authority (CDA) 9 Other (please specify) 32. Are there community support mechanisms to support families or individuals in times of need? (If yes, please specify) 33. What is the nature of your relationship 1 High 2 Support 3 No 4 Negative with the surrounding communities? dependency provided when support necessary provided a. Agura b. Ijede c. Ipakan d. Egbin e. Other (please specify) AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 3 34. Are there any other communities that you have a relationship with? (please list) 35. What source of communication do you 1 Radio rely on for information? 2 TV 3 Traditional Chief 4 Religious authorities 5 Friends/Family 6 Newspaper 7 Telephone 8 CBOs 9 Other (please specify) Livelihoods and Occupation 36. Primary Occupations/livelihoods (indicate approx % of households for whom this a primary occupation) - Farming - Fishing - Hunting - Trading (are they full time) - Regular jobs (e.g. government or private – note the types of employment and numbers) - Other (teacher, health worker, church worker) - Unemployed (number of people ) 37. To what extent is unemployment / underemployment a problem? Is this increasing / decreasing and why? 38. % of people in village who run a business or have the following skills: . Food preparation . Boat handling (large / small) AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 4 . Driving . Carpentry . Plumber . Mechanic . Typist . Seamstress / tailor . Other 39. What is the typical division of roles and labour between men / women / children in the household? Does this vary? Public Infrastructure 40. Does the village have primary and secondary schools? How many pupils attend? If no, indicate the name of school and village where children attend school and approximate distance. How do children travel to school? 41. Does the village have a health centre /health post/clinic /health volunteer/traditional herbalist (indicate which one available in village OR if not name of village where they go instead) 42. What water sources are available? 43. If lagoon is a water source are there specific places you go to use the water? Where? Get GPS is possible 44. Number of communal wells /hand pumps / boreholes? 45. Graveyard/other sacred locations(e.g. sacred forest areas) or cultural heritage 46. Police station (indicate if in village OR if not name of village where they go instead) 47. Football field /play ground /other playing area – please specify 48. Number of village restaurant/road side food seller (places where food is prepared on the premises and sold fresh) 49. Town Hall/Community centre AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 5 50. Village shop (indicate what type of goods they sell - places where food is sold that is packaged or prepared elsewhere 51. Does the village have a permanent market or stalls? 52. Do they have market days, which days, no of stalls? 53. Which other markets do they go to – in which village where are they going instead? 54. Bank (indicate if in village or if not name of village where they go instead) Transport 55. Types and number of bus, lorry, taxi, 1 Bicycle other. State the quality of transport 2 Mini bus services available to the village. 3 Taxi 4 Private Car 5 Motorcycle (Okada) 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape or Keke Maraa) 7 Other (please specify) 56. Regularity (how often?) 1 Bicycle 2 Mini bus 3 Taxi 4 Private Car 5 Motorcycle (Okada) 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape or Keke Maraa) 7 Other (please specify) 57. Route (from village to where?) 1 Bicycle 2 Mini bus 3 Taxi 4 Private Car 5 Motorcycle (Okada) 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape or Keke Maraa) 7 Other (please specify) 58. Cost of travel per trip? 1 Bicycle 2 Mini bus 3 Taxi 4 Private Car 5 Motorcycle (Okada) 6 Tri-cycle (Keke Nape or Keke Maraa) 7 Other (please specify) Land Ownership 59. Do people in the village own land? Is this a formal or informal agreement and with whom? 60. Can people inherit land? Does this vary according to which ethnic group you are from? 61. Does this differ for settlers? Can settlers plant trees on the land they farm? 62. What happens if you don’t use your land for several years? Does the chief take it back? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 6 63. Do women have rights over land? What are these? 64. Is land rented out to others? How is renting of land arranged? Are they formal or informal agreements? With whom? 65. Are any farm labourers employed in village? Where are they from? How are they paid? Community Assets and Facilities 66. List community assets e.g. agricultural processing equipment (cassava grater) – This does not include assets owned by individuals that they charge the community to use. 67. Does the village have electricity? Where does this come from? 68. Main type of cooking fuel: gas/kerosene/ fuel wood/charcoal 69. Main village source of water for cooking /washing /bathing: well, hand pump/river 70. Means of garbage disposal indicate if the this is done in designated location/s or anywhere 71. Assets owned by individuals that they charge the community to use. Health 72. Do you have medicines available? 73. Do you have access to health services? 74. How much time does the health care professional stay in the community? 75. What are common health problems in the village? Administration and Networks 76. What are the different governance structures in the community and how do these relate to the state governance structures? 77. Are there any CBOs groups, associations or cooperatives in the village? What are these? (e.g. women’s savings groups? Hunters association? Etc). What is the role of the chiefs in these groups? 78. Who represents the government administration at village level? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 7 Potential effects of the project 79. What do you know about the project? 80. What is the best way to provide information about the project? 81. What impacts could the project have – Positive Negative both positive and negative? 82. What sort of mitigation/enhancement is Enhancement Mitigation possible? Additional Information 83. Any additional comments from community or information 84. Facilitators Comments and key observations AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 8 AIPP SIA Household Socio-economic Survey: Complete one form for each household A. LOCATION A1. Village name B. HOUSEHOLD IDENTITY B1. Family name B3 : Household ID Code B4. Name of head of household (from ID) B5. Name of person interviewed (if not head of household): B6. Relationship to head of household: B7. Reason head of household not interviewed: Verification Print name of person interviewed Signature or mark (BLOCK CAPITALS) Print name of interviewer Signature (BLOCK CAPITALS) Print name of supervisor Signature (after verification of interview) (BLOCK CAPITALS) Date (dd/mm/yyyy) AIPP SIA 1 Socioeconomic Survey C. FAMILY DEMOGRAPHICS Note. This table should be completed for all members of the household (whether related or not). Include all immediate family members (head, spouse, parents and children) who live away for work but return home to live on a regular basis (eg at least once a year). C1. Name and Surname C2. Relation C3. C4. Place of C5. Age C6. Marital C7. Residential C8. Ethnic C9. C10. Occupation/ Economic Activities C13. Length of to Head of Sex Birth Status Status Group Religion Education residence in this Family Level C11.Principal C12.Secondary village (years) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Codes Relation to head of household Marital Status Ethnic Group Educational level Primary or secondary Place of Birth occupation 1 HoH 1 Unmarried 1 Yoruba 1 None 1 Farmer 1 In community 2 Spouse of HoH 2 Married 2 Ijaws 2 Primary School 2 Fisherman / Fishmonger 2 In Lagos State 3 Child of HoH 3 Widowed 3 Ilajes 3 Junior High School 3 Charcoal-maker 3 In Nigeria 4 Spouse of child of HoH 4 Divorced 4 Igbos 4 Senior High School 4 Herder 4 Outside Nigeria 5 Grandchild of HoH 5 Hausa 5 Technical or Vocational School 5 Hunter 6 Parent of HoH or of spouse of Residential Status 6 Itsekiris 6 Post-secondary 6 Trader / Marketseller Length of Residence (years) HoH 7 Non-relative, living at household 1 Year-round resident 9 Other (specify) Age Range 7 Religious leader, teacher 1 0-5 9 Other (specify) 2 Resident, absent more than 3 months 1 Below 18 8 Transport / driver 2 6-10 10 Functional HoH 3 Resident, absent more than 6 months Religion 2 18 – 45 9 Other (specify) 3 11-20 Sex 4 Non-resident, visiting 1 Muslim 3 46 - 65 10 Still schooling 4 +20 1 Male 5 Non-kin resident 2 Christian 4 +66 11 Unemployed 2 Female 9 Other (specify) 3 Traditional 12 Civil servant 13 Health worker AIPP SIA 2 Socioeconomic Survey C. FAMILY DEMOGRAPHICS (continued) C1. Name and Surname C2. Relation C3. C4. Place of C5. Age C6. Marital C7. Residential C8. Ethnic C9. C10. Occupation/ Economic Activities C13. Length of to Head of Sex Birth Status Status Group Religion Education residence in this Family Level C11.Principal C12.Secondary village (years) 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Codes Relation to head of household Marital Status Ethnic Group Educational level Primary or secondary Place of Birth occupation 1 HoH 1 Unmarried 1 Yoruba 1 None 1 Farmer 1 In community 2 Spouse of HoH 2 Married 2 Ijaws 2 Primary School 2 Fisherman / Fishmonger 2 In Lagos State 3 Child of HoH 3 Widowed 3 Ilajes 3 Junior High School 3 Charcoal-maker 3 In Nigeria 4 Spouse of child of HoH 4 Divorced 4 Igbos 4 Senior High School 4 Herder 4 Outside Nigeria 5 Grandchild of HoH 5 Hausa 5 Technical or Vocational School 5 Hunter 6 Parent of HoH or of spouse of Residential Status 6 Itsekiris 6 Post-secondary 6 Trader / Marketseller Length of Residence (years) HoH 7 Non-relative, living at household 1 Year-round resident 9 Other (specify) Age Range 7 Religious leader, teacher 1 0-5 9 Other (specify) 2 Resident, absent more than 3 months 1 Below 18 8 Transport / driver 2 6-10 10 Functional HoH 3 Resident, absent more than 6 months Religion 2 18 – 45 9 Other (specify) 3 11-20 Sex 4 Non-resident, visiting 1 Muslim 3 46 - 65 10 Still schooling 4 +20 1 Male 5 Non-kin resident 2 Christian 4 +66 11 Unemployed 2 Female 9 Other (specify) 3 Traditional 12 Civil servant 13 Health worker AIPP SIA 3 Socioeconomic Survey C14. Vulnerable Groups C14.1 Number of household members over 60 C14.2 Number of people with mental or physical disabilities (mention disability) C14.3 What is their disability? C14.4 Number of orphans C14.5 How many wives do you have? C14.6 Do they live in the same compound? 1 Yes 2 No (If Yes, skip to C15) C14.7 If no where do they live C15. Total number of people in household D. ACTIVITIES AND INCOME D1 Education D1.1 Does anyone in the household 1 Yes 2 No currently attend school (If no, skip to D2) D1.2. Where do the children go to 1 Primary school? (Place name) 2 Junior High 3 Senior High/ Tech/ Voc 4 Post-Secondary D1.3. How long does it take to get to 1 <5 mins school? 2 5-15 mins 3 15-30 mins (Note response to each school accessed) 4 30-60 mins 5 60+ mins D1.4. What method of transport is used 1 Foot to get to school? 2 Bicycle 3 Mini bus (Note response to each school accessed) 4 Taxi 5 Private Car 6 Okada 7 Tri-cycle D2. Agriculture D2.1 Do you grow your own food 1 Yes 2 No D2.2 Is anyone in your household engaged in farming 1 Yes 2 No (if no, skip to D3) D2.3 If yes, what crops do you cultivate in the rainy 1 cassava 2 plantain season (please circle all that apply) 3 coconut 4 sugarcane AIPP SIA 4 Socioeconomic Survey Please enter likely crops 5 6 7 8 If other please specify 9 Other D2.4 If yes, what crops do you cultivate in the dry 1 cassava 2 plantain season (please circle all that apply) 3 coconut 4 sugarcane 5 6 Please enter likely crops 7 8 If other please specify 9 Other D2.5 Is the land cultivated: 1 Owned by you 2 Rented If other please specify 3 Sharecropped 4 Paid for by an annual donation to the chief 9 Other What percentage of your crops are a. for subsistence b. for sale D2.6 D2.7 D2.8 D2.9 Other D2.10 How much income does your household get a. in a good month b. in a bad month from your crops that you sell Naira Naira D3. Plantation / Trees D3.1 Is anyone in your household engaged in 1 Yes 2 No plantations or tree cropping (If no, skip to D4) D3.2 If yes, please specify D3.3 Is the plantation land cultivated 1 Owned by you 2 Rented If other please specify 3 Sharecropped 4 Paid for by an annual donation to the chief 9 Other D3.4 How much income does your household get a. in a good season b. in a bad season from the tree crops that you sell Naira Naira D4. Livestock D4.1 Does your household 1 Yes 2 No own any livestock If yes a. How many In the past, year, what percentage of these animals were b. for your own consumption c. for sale? D4.2 Cow AIPP SIA 5 Socioeconomic Survey D4.5 Sheep D4.6 Goats D4.7 Pigs D4.8 Poultry D4.9 Other (specify) D4.10 How much income does your a. in a good month b. in a bad month household get from selling meat? Naira Naira D5. Fishing D5.1 Do you or anyone in your household fish (If no, 1 Yes 2 No skip to D6) D5.2 If yes, do you own or rent a canoe/outboard 1 Own 2 Rent 3 No motor boat D5.3 What do you use to fish (please circle all that 1 Cast nets 2 Traps apply) 3 Set nets 4 Hooks & line D5.4 How long is a typical fishing expedition : a. in the peak season b. in the lean season D5.5 How often do you fish (number of times per a. in the peak season b. in the lean season week) D5.6 What is the average fish catch in the peak Size of fish No. of Fish season? (cm) D5.7 What percentage of your fish catch in the peak a. for subsistence b. for sale season is: D5.8 What is the average fish catch in the lean Size of fish No. of Fish season? (cm) D5.9 What percentage of your fish catch in the lean a. for subsistence b. for sale season is: D5.10 Does your household process any of your fish 1 Yes 2 No D5.11 If yes, do you smoke, salt, dry or fry? (circle all 1 Smoke 2 Salt that apply) 3 Dry 4 Fry D5.12 Where is the fish sold (circle all that apply) 1 In village to agent 2 In local market 3 In town to trader 4 At the river bank 9 Other If other, please specify D5.13 How much income per month does your a. in the peak season b. in the lean season household get from selling fish Naira Naira D5.14 What are the main fishing challenges or hindrances to normal fishing? AIPP SIA 6 Socioeconomic Survey D6. Hunting D6.1 Do you or anyone in your household hunt (if 1 Yes 2 No no, skip to D7)? Do you need a permit to hunt? 1 Yes 2 No D6.2 If yes, do you hunt for…? 1 Subsistence 2 Sale 3 Both D6.3 What do you use to hunt (circle all that 1 Gun 2 Traps apply) 3 Club 4 Dogs D6.4 How much income does your household get a. in a good month b. in a bad month from hunting? Naira Naira D7. Forest Products D7.1 Are you, or anyone in your household, D7.2 Do you sell these D7.3 If yes, what income do you engage in any of the following activities and products earn per month from selling these if yes, how much do you produce products a. Charcoal 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No Naira b. Medicinal plants 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No Naira c. Bamboo 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No Naira d. Firewood 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No Naira e. Timber 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No Naira f. Thatch (roofing) 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No Naira g Rafia palm 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No Naira e. Other (specify) 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No Naira D8. Trading D8.1 Do you or anyone in your household 1 Yes 2 No engage in trading? (If no, skip to D9) D8.2 If yes, what do you trade 1 clothing 2 bags 3 Sandals 4 jewellery 9 Other (please specify) D8.3 Do you have a store 1 Yes 2 No D8.4 Where do you trade? (circle all that apply) 1 in the community; 2 in a neighbouring community 3 in Ikorudu LGA 4 in Lagos state 5 Other (please specify) D8.5 How much income does your household get a. in a good month b. in a bad month from trading? AIPP SIA 7 Socioeconomic Survey Naira Naira D9. Sand Mining D9.1 Do you or anyone in your household 1 Yes 2 No engage in artisanal mining? (If no, skip to D10) D9.2 If yes, do you mine? 1 Sand 9 Other Where do you mine? 1 Lagoon 2 Other (please specify) D9.3 What do you use to mine (circle all that 1 2 apply) 3 4 Check most appropriate responses D9.4 How much income does your household get a. in a good month b. in a bad month from mining Naira Naira D10. Artisan Products D10.1 Do you or anyone in your household make 1 Yes 2 No artisanal products? (If no, skip to D11) D10.2 If yes, please specify what product? 1 3 2 9 Other Check most appropriate responses D10.3 What tools are used (circle all that apply) 1 2 3 4 Check most appropriate responses D10.4 How much income does your household a. in a good month b. in a bad month get from the sale of artisan products? Naira Naira D11. Artisan Services D11.1 Do you or anyone in your household 1 Yes 2 No engage in artisanal services? (If no, skip to D12) D11.2 If yes, please specify what services? 1 3 2 9 Other Check most appropriate responses D11.3 What tools are used (circle all that apply) 1 2 3 4 Check most appropriate responses D11.4 How much income does your household a. in a good month b. in a bad month get from artisan practices? Naira Naira AIPP SIA 8 Socioeconomic Survey D12. Employment: Wage Earners Please complete for each member of the household who is in formal employment (earning wages). D12.1 Name and D12.2 D12.3 D12.4 if D12.5 How do D12.6 Wages per Surname Occupation Permanent or temporary, they travel to month (Naira) temporary number of work? months in employment per year a. 1 Permanent 1 Foot 1 Up to 20 000 2 Temporary 2 Bicycle 2 20 001 – 40 000 1 Part time 3 Mini bus 3 40 001 – 60 000 2 Full time 4 Taxi 4 60 001 – 80 000 5 Private car 5 Above 80 001 6 Okada 7 Tri-cycle b. 1 Permanent 1 Foot 1 Up to 20 000 2 Temporary 2 Bicycle 2 20 001 – 40 000 1 Part time 3 Mini bus 3 40 001 – 60 000 2 Full time 4 Taxi 4 60 001 – 80 000 5 Private car 5 Above 80 001 6 Okada 7 Tri-cycle d. 1 Permanent 1 Foot 1 Up to 20 000 2 Temporary 2 Bicycle 2 20 001 – 40 000 1 Part time 3 Mini bus 3 40 001 – 60 000 2 Full time 4 Taxi 4 60 001 – 80 000 5 Private car 5 Above 80 001 6 Okada 7 Tri-cycle e. 1 Permanent 1 Foot 1 Up to 20 000 2 Temporary 2 Bicycle 2 20 001 – 40 000 1 Part time 3 Mini bus 3 40 001 – 60 000 2 Full time 4 Taxi 4 60 001 – 80 000 5 Private car 5 Above 80 001 6 Okada 7 Tri-cycle f 1 Permanent 1 Foot 1 Up to 20 000 2 Temporary 2 Bicycle 2 20 001 – 40 000 1 Part time 3 Mini bus 3 40 001 – 60 000 2 Full time 4 Taxi 4 60 001 – 80 000 5 Private car 5 Above 80 001 6 Okada 7 Tri-cycle g 1 Permanent 1 Foot 1 Up to 20 000 2 Temporary 2 Bicycle 2 20 001 – 40 000 1 Part time 3 Mini bus 3 40 001 – 60 000 2 Full time 4 Taxi 4 60 001 – 80 000 5 Private car 5 Above 80 001 6 Okada 7 Tri-cycle Code 1 Teacher 7 Cleaner 2 Health worker 8 Trader (please specify) 3 Police 9 Other (please specify) 4 Driver 10 Student 5 Construction worker 11 Civil service (please specify) 6 Shop assistant 12 Unemployed AIPP SIA 9 Socioeconomic Survey D13. Remittances D13.1 Does anyone in the family who lives elsewhere send money from time to time 1 Yes 2 No D13.2 If yes, how much (per month) Naira D14. Other Income D14.1 Do you have other income 1 Yes 2 No streams D14.2 If yes, please specify? D14.3 If yes, how much (per month) Naira D15 Total Income D15.1 What is the total household monthly income (all activities)? Naira E. STANDARD OF LIVING E1. Assets E1.1 Do you have any of the following items Quantity Quantity a. radio / tape recorder k. beds b. television l. furniture set c. DVD player m. fan d. telephone (land line) n. computer o. generator e. mobile phone f. stove p. mosquito nets g. fridge q. insect screens h. fishing traps r. hunting trap s. other hunting i. fishing nets equipment j. fishing hooks t. other (specify) E1.2 What sort of transport does your family own Quantity Quantity a. bicycle f. car b. motorcycle/okada g. truck AIPP SIA 10 Socioeconomic Survey c. canoe h. taxi d. boat i. bus e. tri-cycle/ keke NAPE/ j. other (specify) keke Maraa E1.3 What sort of housing does your household live in? a. Construction material - 1 Plastered mud d. Number of rooms 1 1-2 Walls 2 Cement blocks 2 3-4 9 Other (specify) 9 Other (specify) b. Construction material - 1 Corrugated e. Other structures on 1 Animal Pen roofing roofing plot 2 Tile 2 Granary 9 Other (specify) 9 Other (specify) c. Construction material - 1 Earthen floor 2 Cement blocks 9 Other (specify) E1.4 Toilet Facility 1 Pit latrine 2 Water borne system 3 Toilet facility outside dwelling 4 Pier latrine 5 None 9 Other (specify) 1 Public network E1.5 Sewerage disposal 2 Trench / septic tank 9 Other E1.6 Tenure of housing 1 Owned 2 Rented 3 Occupied rent free 9 Other Tenure of land 1 Owned 2 Rented 3 Occupied rent free 4 Lease hold 9 Other E2. Household Services Lighting E2.1 What type of lighting does the E2.2 How far do E2.3 Who travels to E2.4 How many household use you travel to collect collect or buy it times a month or buy it (Km) (circle all that apply) do you have to collect or buy it? a. Wood (fire) 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female 2 Adult male 3 Children c. Kerosene lamp 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female 2 Adult male 3 Children d. Torch and 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female batteries 2 Adult male 3 Children AIPP SIA 11 Socioeconomic Survey e. Electricity – 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female generator (petrol) 2 Adult male 3 Children f. Electricity – grid 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female 2 Adult male 3 Children h. Candles 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female 2 Adult male 3 Children i. Other (specify) 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female 2 Adult male 3 Children Cooking E2.5 What type of lighting or cooking fuel E2.6 How far do E2.7 Who travels to E2.8 How many does the household use you travel to collect collect or buy it (circle times a month do or buy it (Km) all that apply) you have to collect or buy it? a. Wood (fire) 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female 2 Adult male 3 Children b. Charcoal 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female 2 Adult male 3 Children c. Kerosene stove 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female 2 Adult male 3 Children e. Electricity – 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female generator (petrol) 2 Adult male 3 Children f. Electricity – grid 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female 2 Adult male 3 Children g. Saw dust stove 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female 2 Adult male 3 Children h. LPG stove 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female 2 Adult male 3 Children i. Other (specify) 1 Yes 2 No 1 Adult female 2 Adult male 3 Children Water E2.9 Do you get your water from any of E2.10 How far is E 2.11 How long does E 2.12 Mode of the following this water source it take you to travel to transport (specify) from your house the water source? (to assist in (estimate in meters) (time taken minutes) calculating distance) a. Lagoon 1 Yes 2 No b. Well 1 Yes 2 No AIPP SIA 12 Socioeconomic Survey c. Borehole 1 Yes 2 No d. Water pump 1 Yes 2 No e. Community tap 1 Yes 2 No f. Piped water 1 Yes 2 No outside dwelling g. River 1 Yes 2 No h. Rain harvesting 1 Yes 2 No i. Water vendor 1 Yes 2 No j. Tanked water 1 Yes 2 No k. Other (specify) 1 Yes 2 No E2.13 Do you use this water E2.14 Do you use this E2.15 Do you use this for drinking? water for cooking? water for bathing and washing a. Lagoon 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No b. Well 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No c. Borehole 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No d. Water pump 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No e. Community tap 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No f. Piped water 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No outside dwelling g. River 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No h. Rain harvesting 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No i. Water vendor 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No j. Tanked water 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No l. Other (specify) 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No 1 Yes 2 No E2.16 Who collects water (circle all that apply) 1 Adult Female 2 Adult Male 3 Children E2.17 If you store water overnight, where do you store it? (What type of receptacle eg rain tank/buckets) E2.18. How much water do you store a day? (Check size of Litres receptacle) E2.19.What do you do to keep your drinking water safe? E2.20 How much time does your household spend collecting water each day Note. This should be an estimate for the total time spent collecting water by all family members in the household. Estimate in hours. AIPP SIA 13 Socioeconomic Survey AIPP SIA 14 Socioeconomic Survey E2.13 Do you have access to these social services in your area a. Education - primary g. Water Yes No 1 Yes 2 No 1 2 b. Education - secondary 1 Yes 2 No h. Sanitation (toilets) 1 Yes 2 No c. Education - tertiary 1 Yes 2 No i. Solid waste disposal 1 Yes 2 No d. Electricity 1 Yes 2 No j. Law and order/security 1 Yes 2 No e. Telecommunications 1 Yes 2 No k. Medical 1 Yes 2 No services/health care f. Transport 1 Yes 2 No l. Recreation 1 Yes 2 No E2.14 In your opinion, how has the standard of living of your household changed over the previous three years 1 Same 2 Better 3 Worse E2.15 Why (Ask for explanation and write summary below) E3. Household Expenditure E3.1 What do you estimate that your household spends on the following per month: Expenditures Amount per month a. food Naira b. charcoal/kerosene/fuel Naira c. school fees Naira d. fees for transport Naira e. recreation Naira f. home maintenance Naira g. healthcare Naira h. other (specify) Naira F. HEALTH F1 GENERAL HEALTH F1.1 Has anyone in your household suffered from any of the following diseases in the last two weeks? (circle all that apply) AIPP SIA 15 Socioeconomic Survey a. Blood in urine disease 1 Yes 2 No b. Malaria/fever 1 Yes 2 No c. Skin rash/itches 1 Yes 2 No d. Stomach pain/watery stool/diarrhoea 1 Yes 2 No e. Guinea worm 1 Yes 2 No f. TB 1 Yes 2 No g. Typhoid 1 Yes 2 No h Dysentery 1 Yes 2 No i. Other (please specify) 1 Yes 2 No F1.2 How would you rate your household’s general health status? 1 Excellent 2 Good 3 Poor F1.3 In the last month how often has a member of your household visited a healthcare facility? 1 Never 2 1 or 2 times 4 3 to 5 times 4 5 times or more F1.4 Which medical facility do you usually use? 1 Private 2 General 3 Traditional herbalist / 4 Pharmacist hospital hospital medicine 5 NGO 6 None 9 Other F1.5 What herbs are used frequently in the treatment of disease? (please list) F1.5 What diseases do the herbs treat (list herb and disease)? F2 MATERNAL HEALTH F2.1 Has anyone in your household 1 Yes 2 No delivered a baby in the last 2 years? F2.2 Did they receive ante-natal care? 1 Yes 2 No F2.3 From where? 1 Traditional Birthing Attendant 2 Hospital 9 Other (specify) F2.4 Did any member of the household 1 Yes 2 No (or you) have any problems during pregnancy? F2.5 Did any member of the household 1 Yes 2 No (or you) have any problems after birth? G. LEISURE G1. Where does the household member go G2. How long does it take G3. What method of transport during his/her free time? (circle all relevant) to get there? do you use to get there? 1 At home 2 At friends home AIPP SIA 16 Socioeconomic Survey 3 Practising sport 4 Church 5 Bars/stalls in the village 6 Other specify Time to get to leisure activity Mode of transport 1 <5 mins 1 Foot 2 5-30 mins 2 Bicycle 3 30-60 mins 3 Mini bus 4 60+ mins 4 Taxi 5 Private Car H. OPINIONS H1.1 Have you received or heard information about the project? 1 Yes 2 No H1.2 How? H2.1 Do you have enough information about the project? 1 Yes 2 No H3.1 Do you think the project will benefit you? 1 Yes 2 No H3.2 How will the project benefit you? H4.1 Do you have concerns about the project? 1 Yes 2 No H4.2 What concerns? AIPP SIA 17 Socioeconomic Survey 1 CHECKLIST FOR FGD WITH FARMERS CLOSE TO THE PLANT (MEN AND WOMEN) Note to team: Please note the following 1. Date 2. Name of village 3. Names of Participants (and their occupation) 4. Names of Team members conducting the discussion 1. Besides farming, how many of you do other activities to earn money or obtain money for household consumption? What are these activities? Do these change according to season? 2. What are the main crops, which you cultivate? Do these change from season to season? 3. Do farmers in this community own personal land? Is there any formal or informal agreement for using land, (if yes) then with whom? How does access to land differ between the settlers and natives? 4. Do they need to pay to use the land? How often and to whom? 5. Can settlers plant tree crops? Do they need to pay to use the land? How often and to whom? 6. Can people inherit land? Does this vary; according to ethnic representation depending on which ethnic group you are from? 7. What happens if you don’t use your land for several years? Does the chief take it back? 8. Do you pay rent for the land you cultivate? Does this vary, depending on your ethnic group? 9. How is renting of land arranged? Are they formal or informal agreements? and with whom? 10. When is the main farming season? Take the farmers though a farming calendar starting in January through to December. 11. Where are your farming lands located? Do people from other communities use that farmland in this area? 12. Is this farmland appropriate for farming? 13. Are there any areas where the land is not appropriate for farming? 14. What are the activities that women do in farming? What are the jobs that men do in farming? 15. Do children support the farming process? How? When (e.g. during school holidays or evenings)? What activities do they do? Do they help with the use of pesticides/herbicides? 16. Do you use your farm produce for self consumption or sale in the market? What proportion? Does this differ from crop to crop? 17. What farming implements do you use on your farm? 18. Do you need water for your farming or do you rely on rain? How do you get water for the fields? 19. Where do you get your seeds from? 20. Do you use any fertilisers or pesticides? Where do you get them from? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 21. If you need credit, is it possible for you to get this? Where do you go for this? 22. Are there any farming associations in this area or in close by villages? Are you a member of this association? What are the benefits of being a member of these associations? What do these associations do? 23. What are the main challenges that you face? 24. Are you aware that one organization that wants to establish power plant here? What do you know about the project? Who informed you about the project? Do other people know about the project? What is the best way to provide information to you about the project? 25. What effect will the power plant project have on your livelihood? Probe for positives and negatives. 26. How do you think your livelihood will be affected? Probe for the following - • An increase in population/pollution in the area (due to in migration of other villagers into this village) or due to an increase in noise and decreased in air quality? • Better transportation links to other villages; hence better market access? • Better power in the area? • Loss of farmland? • Land degradation? 27. How do you think you can benefit from the project? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION QUESTIONS - FISHING COMMUNITY – FISHER FOLK and FISH PROCESSORS Note to team: Introduce yourselves and the project and explain the purpose of the inquiry. Please note down the following: 1. Date 2. Name of village 3. Names of Participants (and their occupation) 4. Names of Team members conducting the discussion 1.1 GENERAL PROFILE 1. Do the people that fish here live here permanently? If No, then where do they live and what tribes do they belong to? 2. What proportions of people in the village / town are involved in fishing? (Number or percentage of men, number of women) 3. Is the fishing carried out by the villagers – What are the responsibilities of the men? What are the responsibilities of men and women in fishing activities? 4. Is fishing carried out by specific ethnic groups in the community? Or a specific age group of people? 5. Are there fishing associations? If yes, what are their roles? 1.2 FISHING LOCATION AND AVAILABILITY OF FISH 6. Where do you typically fish? (Lagoon, river, creeks etc.) 7. Can anyone fish anywhere they like? If not, where are the boundaries of where the people from this village are allowed to fish? 8. Do other communities fish in the areas you fish? (list communities and where they come from) 9. Are there alternative areas for fishing that you could go to if you are no longer able to fish here? Are these areas equally productive? 10. Are there areas you particularly don’t go to fish? If yes, why? 11. What time(s) of the day or night do you fish? 12. How often do you fish? Daily, weekly or at any available time? 1.3 FISH CATCH 13. Which fish varieties/species are currently available? 14. What size fish do you typically catch (need to define ranges for small, medium and large)? 15. Has the size of that fish that you catch changed over the last ten years? If yes, what do you think could be the reason for this change? 16. How much does a fisherman catch in an average week? (E.g. in measures of small basket / full metal bowl / pan – what weight is this equivalent to in weight?) 17. Is this a good catch? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 18. What proportion of an average catch is eaten by the fisherman’s family and how much of it is sold out? (Assess to what extent fishing is subsistence versus for sale e.g. if you catch 100 kg how much would be sold?) 19. Does this change in different seasons – please specify? 20. Which season is your peak catch (wet or dry)? 1.4 INCOME 21. How much money does fishing provide your household each week? 22. (amount in Naira) 23. What proportion of total household income does this make up each week? (E.g. half or ¾ of the money?) How much money comes from the other jobs that the household does? 1.5 FISHING CRAFTS AND GEAR 24. What type of boat do fisher folk use? (Motor boats, dug-out canoes, plank canoes, other?) 25. How do you buy and maintain your equipment and boats? 26. What type of fishing gear do you use (nets, traps, hooks, other)? Where did you get these from? Are they fabricated locally or imported? 27. Do you fish during dry/wet season spawning or migrations? 1.6 FISH SUPPLY CHAIN 28. Who in the household sells the fish? To whom and where? 29. How is fish transported to the place where it is sold? 30. How much is each species sold for: (Low Season/ High Season) 31. Is the fish sold fresh or preserved? 32. If the fish is preserved? What methods are used? Who does the preservation? Which species and how much is preserved? 33. What percentage is sold preserved? What percentage is sold fresh? Does this change from season to season? 1.7 ATTITUDE TO THE PROJECT 34. What information have you received about the project? What is the best way to provide information to you about the project? 35. Do you foresee any positive or negative impacts associated with the proposed Project? 1.8 KEY FISHING ISSUES 36. What are the key problems faced when fishing? 37. If you could have 2 things to mitigate or manage the impact on fishing as a livelihood what would you recommend? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 1.1 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION QUESTIONS – INFORMAL SECTOR/TRADERS Note to team: Introduce yourselves and the project and explain the purpose of the inquiry. Please note down the following. 1. Date 2. Name of village 3. Names of Participants (and their occupation) 4. Names of Team members conducting the discussion 1.2 GENERAL PROFILE 1. When did they start the business? What do they sell? Ask participants one by one. 2. What proportion of the village trade as their main occupation and secondary occupation? 3. What proportion comes from trading? Does this vary through the year and why? 4. What proportion of traders in the village are men and women? 5. Are there some ethnic groups that focus on trading more than others? 6. What proportions of traders in the community are permanent or temporary? 7. What proportion of traders has a fixed place in the market? How is this decided? 8. Are they members of an association? What are the benefits of being a member of such an association? 9. What are the problems of being a member of the association, if any? 1.3 SUPPLY CHAIN 10. Where do they get their goods from? 11. Who do they sell to? People in the community only or also to outside the local community? If outside the community – to where/ whom? 12. How do they transport their goods? Type of vehicle and whether public or private? 1.4 PRICING AND EXPENDITURE 13. How are goods priced? Are traders free to sell at any price for the same good? Or are they bound by agreement with traders associations? 14. What costs are associated with selling goods/services if any (eg tolls)? How often are payments required, and how much is paid and to whom? 15. How many individuals are employed by each business? Ask one by one and obtain an estimate of the average number employed by each business or trader?. How do the participants get paid (daily, weekly or monthly), the boss and the employee or subordinate? What on average are the hours of work and days of the week? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 16. What value of goods is sold per week (turnover)? 1.5 CHALLENGES 17. What are the key problems with trading in the village? 1.6 ATTITUDE TOWARDS PROJECT 18. What information have you received about the project? What is the best way to provide information to you about the project? 19. What are seen as the positives and negatives of the proposed Project? 20. How do you think your business will be affected by: • An increase in population in the area (due to in migration) • Increased transportation due to the operation of the proposed plant • Increased money circulation and market demand for goods and services? 21. What are the major benefits of previous industrial projects in the community? 22. What are the major problems of previous industrial projects in the community? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION QUESTIONS - WOMEN (INCLUDING HEALTH) Note to team: Introduce yourselves and the project and explain the purpose of the inquiry.Please note down the following 1. Date 2. Name of village 3. Names of Participants (and their occupation) 4. Names of Team members conducting the discussion 1.1 QUALITY OF LIFE 1. What role do women play in this community (household, village, local leadership)? How are women involved in making decisions in the community? 2. Do you have a say in decisions at the household level? What kind of decisions? (say in case of marriage, children, other family issues) 3. What is the major expenditure of the household? 4. What types of roles are acceptable for women willing to get involved in village level issues and politics? How do they compare with the aspirations of women folk? 5. Is it acceptable for girls to access formal education? Until what level? How does it compare with boys? If there is a difference, why is there this difference? What do you think about this difference? 6. What percentage of women in the village are working in the formal sector? 7. If there is a dispute to resolve between a husband and wide, how is this resolved? Who helps resolve this? Are women generally satisfied with the outcomes? 8. Are there any women’s associations / groups? What do they do? 9. Is there a prevalence of polygamy? 10. Can women inherit? 1.2 OCCUPATION / LIVELIHOOD 1. Which are the main economic activities undertaken by women? Please describe the special roles of women. 2. What are women’s roles at homes? 3. What significant changes have taken place in women’s role since previous generations? Why? Will change again in the future? Why? 4. Roughly, how much do women contribute to family income? 5. Are there any women headed households? If yes, how many in the village? 6. Are there households where men or other family members who migrate seasonally or annually for work? 7. What are the main problems faced by women/girls in general? Are they different in case of women headed households? 8. What is the main problem faced by working women especially in formal employment? 9. Do women own land? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 10. What sectors do women predominantly work in? 1.3 HEALTH 1.3.1 Morbidity 1. What are the main health problems suffered by people in your community? Ask the group to prioritise the top three. Probe whether these are different for men, women and children. Eg blood in urine disease, malaria/fever, skin rash/itches, stomach/watery stool/diarrhoea, guinea worm. 2. What are the particular health problems faced by women? 3. Is there a prevalence of HIV in the community? 4. Have there been any serious disease outbreaks in your community in the past year? 5. What are the key occupational hazards observed by both men and women? e.g. role stress, skin diseases etc. 6. Where do you access healthcare? 1.3.2 Mortality 1. What are the main causes of death in your community? Why, what groups (men, women, and children) and why they think this is? eg road traffic accidents, malaria, measles, malnutrition. 1.3.3 Lifestyle 2. Is smoking common within your community? If so, how many, on average per day? Is it mainly men? What age groups? 3. Is drinking common within your community? If so, on what level? Is it mainly men? What age groups? 4. Are there sex workers in the community? 5. Where do they come from? 6. What do you think about polygamy? 7. What is your view on extra-marital affairs 1.3.4 Healthcare facilities – Quality and access 1. Where do you access your healthcare? 2. What type of facility is it? 3. How far is it from the community? Indicate distance and time taken to travel. 4. Are you satisfied with the levels of healthcare available to you and your family? Understand why or why not. 5. What do you think are the problems with the clinic or health facility you visit? There may be issues around distance to a good facility, long waiting lines, opening hours, condition of hospital or clinic, medical supplies, out of date equipment, language barriers with doctors. 6. How could your health centre be improved? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 7. Can everyone in the community afford healthcare treatment? If not, which groups cannot? What do they do if they fall sick? 8. Have you or your family received any vaccinations from the local healthcare facilities. If so, for what? 9. Do you or a member of your family ever visit a traditional medicine practitioner? Is it common within your community? Who are the main users? 10. For what particular ailments are traditional medicine used and for whom? 11. Are there trained midwives in the community 1.4 LIVELIHOOD AND POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF THE PROJECT 1. What information have you received about the project? What is the best way to provide information to you about the project? 2. What are seen as the positives and negatives of the proposed Project? 3. Do you have any ideas for mitigation / enhancement measures for the issues described above (Project impacts / opportunities)? 1.5 KEY SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES 1. Name four things within your community that you consider require development or investment and in order of priority. 1.6 TRADITIONS 1. Are there strong traditions in the community? Can you describe them? 2. Are there specific events/festivities? 3. Are there sites with traditional/sacred importance? 4. What have some of the changes been since the construction of the Egbin Power Plant? 5. How do you feel about the Egbin power plant? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 3 1 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION QUESTIONS – YOUTH Note to team: Introduce yourselves and the project and explain the purpose of the inquiry. Please note down the following 1. Date 2. Name of village 3. Names of Participants (and their occupation) 4. Names of Team members conducting the discussion 1.1 OCCUPATION / HOUSEHOLD 1. What do young people do daily? Do you study? What jobs do you do? 2. To what level are boys and girls generally educated? 3. If the respondent notes a difference. Why do you think there is a difference and what do you think about the difference? 4. Where are people educated? Beyond Junior High School which schools do people go? 5. How many people study on after JHS? 6. What is the school drop-out rate? 7. What do you want to do in the future? 8. Will you be able to achieve that? If not – why? 9. How difficult or easy is it to get employed in a good company or government? 10. For those that start jobs straight after leaving school, what level of income do they generally get (insert range per month)? What would typical conditions of service such as hours of work per day or days per week be? 11. Do young people move away from here? If yes- why? 12. What is your role at home? 13. What do you do to help contribute to household income? 1.2 TRADITIONS 1. Are there strong traditions in the community? Can you describe them? 2. Are there specific events/festivities? 3. Are there sites with traditional/sacred importance? 4. What is expected of youth? 5. Has the perception about youth changes over time? 6. Do youths engage frequently in riots or communal fights? And if so, why? 1.3 DECISION-MAKING 1. Are you involved in decision-making at home? If so, how? 2. Are you involved in making decisions in the community? How? 3. Are there any youth groups or representatives? What do they do? 4. What role do they play in the community? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 1.4 HEALTH 1. What are the main health problems in the community? Do young people have particular problems? What are the main concerns? 2. Where do you access healthcare? 3. Do you visit a traditional medicine practitioner/herbalist? 1.5 RECREATION 1. What sports do you engage in on a regular basis? 2. Do you have opportunities for engaging in regular exercise? 3. Are there adequate avenues for youth’s sports? Which ones are available and for which sports? 4. What are the typical recreational activities that the youth enjoy and where do they go for this? 1.6 PROJECT 1. What do you know about the project? 2. How do you think the project will affect you? (Opportunities and impacts) 3. Do you have ideas for mitigation/enhancement measures for the issues described above? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 SCOPING: HEALTH POST SURVEY Data Required Data Collected 1. Interview date and start/end time 2. Name of team member conducting interview 3. Name of person(s) being interviewed and positions 4. Health post location (description/GPS) North East Issues 5. Describe the main health issues (e.g. smoking, drinking, skin allergies, malnutrition, lack of access to health services, lack of access to water and sanitation, etc) 6. Describe the main diseases, both communicable (e.g. HIV) and non-communicable (e.g. cancer, mental health). Collect health statistics if easily available or note where these can be collected. 7. Are the above mentioned issues/diseases unique to this area? Try to differentiate main problems in villages (e.g. rural areas) from main problems in city suburbs. Facilities 8. Describe the facilities that exist 9. Are these the main health facilities that exist in the area? If no, describe what is and where. 10. List the number of staff that work at the health facilities and describe the skills of the health workers (e.g. qualifications, training, and experience). AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 11. Do these facilities require improvement? If so, note what is desired and if there is funding Services 12. Describe the services provided (traditional healing, treatment, vaccinations, check-ups, surgery, etc) 13. Describe the treatment available. Are different treatments available in neighbouring villages? If yes list village name and treatment 14. Are different services available in neighbouring villages? If yes, describe and note which village Access 15. Is there a restriction on who can access these services? Describe who 16. Do people outside the village use these facilities? Why? Explore if the following are prohibitive: cost, transportation, lack of awareness, etc. 17. Are there any specific vulnerable groups from a health perspective? Project Impacts 18. Can you see any positive or negative impacts for health that could result from the project? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 SCHOOL PROFILE SURVEY [Only complete when visiting a school. Other more general questions in the village questionnaire] Data Required Data Collected 1. Interview date and start/end time 2. Name of team member conducting interview 3. Name and position of person(s) being interviewed General Information 4. School Name and Location (village name and Northing GPS point) Easting 5. Is the school primary and/or secondary? 6. Is the school a private or public school? 7. Are there other schools nearby? 8. Total number/proportion of students (include male/female split) 9. School staff (describe how many and role) 10. How many classes are offered (describe these) 11. Average size of classes (include male/female split) 12. How is it decided where children attend school AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 1 13. How is the school funded? Is funding sufficient? 14. Do parents have to pay to send children to school? How much? What happens to children whose families cannot pay? 15. How long is the school year (describe term start/finish dates) 16. Describe the average school day (start/finish time and routine) 17. Is student progress tracked in each subject (describe how) 18. What are the leaving skills / qualifications of the students (collect statistics if they are available e.g. on literacy, passing of exams, entrance to further education etc) 19. Number/description of subjects taught 20. Language(s) spoken at school AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 2 21. Describe the school facilities (number of classrooms, courtyard, plat area, library, laboratories, toilets etc) 22. Describe the teaching aids available (black board, desks, books) 23. Describe the sports facilities available (football area, play ground, other sports equipment) 24. Do children from other villages attend the school (indicate which villages and number of children) 25. Are any children excluded from attending (disabled, different ethnic or religious group) 26. Is fresh water readily available for drinking/sanitation 27. How do children travel to/from school? Is there a cost? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 3 28. Does the school compete against other schools in sports carnivals or music festivals? Where does this happen and how often 29. What are the special characteristics of the school? Are there particular strengths and / or challenges. 30. Describe the performance of the school in the last three public examination (e.g. sssc) 31. If secondary school, what is the average ratio / proportion of the student that enter university directly after completing their secondary school here? AIPP SIA CHEVRON/NNPC 4 Annex K Land Acquisition Documentation GOVERNOR'S OFFICE LANDS BUREAU. ! Land,Use and A ocation Committee Block 13/14 P.M.B. No.21 05 the Secret~riat \ Alausa Ikeja. ! Telephone: 01-4979030~9 1 , . Alllerters to be a¥dressed to the Executlve Secretary Telegram: GOVLAG Ref No..~~.(!.~!~.~?~(~?:-: Date:..4th. .~r.11.,. ..2.006.. Me Lars NNPC/CNJ. .Joint Venture ! 2.!/j~~~.~~~~r:'. L.kkl .\1?~~.y.~.~ P~ln.\11.t I. Lagos. Dear Sir/Madam ALLOCATION OF STATE LAND AT AGURA FOR POWER GENERATION PROJECT J wish to refer to your application for State Land and to inform you that the Executive Governor of Lagos State has approved that 62 Hectares (620,OOOm2) of land be allocated to you at Agura for Power Generation Project. 2 Details of the allocation are as listed below:- Location: Agura (Ijede Local Council Dev Area Size of Land 62 Hectares (620,000m2) Type ofUse Industrial (Power Generation) Duration of Lease Ninety-nine (99) Years Rent Revision Every Five (5) Years Annual Ground Rent N12,60G,000.00 Normal Premium N4,725,000.00 Development Charges N9,450,000.00 Stamp Duty Nl,827,000.00 Registration/Conveyancing N2,740,500.00 Survey Fee N7,875,000.00 Totall Year Land Charges N39,217,500.00 SPECIAL CONDITION: The land must be fully developed within (2) years of the effective date of the Certificate of Occupation. 3. PLEASE NOTE THAT NO ALLOTTEE OF STATE LAND IS ALLOWED TC ALIENATE OR SUBLET THE PLOT IN PART OR WHOLL y WITH OUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF THE STATE GOVERNOR. 4. This allocation is subject to other implied and expressed conditions for allocation of State Land under the State Land Law Cap. 130 Laws of Lagos State and the Land Use Decree No.6 of 1978. MISSION STATEMENT: To ensure optimal utilization of land resources to achieve even development of the State 5. If the terms and conditions stated above are acceptable to you, please forward a formal letter of acceptance together with Four Bank Certified Cheques withiri NINE1'Y (90) days OF THE DATE oFTmsLETTER FAILING WHICH THE OFFER WOULD BEcDEEMED AS REJECTED.THE CHEQUES SHOULD BE MADE PAY ABLE AS FOLLOWS'- , (i) N7,875,000.00 (Seven Million Eight hundred and seventY-five l~Ousand Naira only) as Survey Fee to the LAGOS STATEGOVERNMI~NT. (ii) N2,740,500.00 (Two Million, seven hundred and forty-thousat~d, Fiye hundred Naira) as Registration/Conveyancing fee to the LagofliState Government. {iii) N26,775,000 (Twenty-six Million, Seven hundred and seventy,tive thousand Naira) as Land Charges to the Lagos State Governme,'1t. 6. The following should also be forward soonest to e~ance early issuante of your Certificate of Occupancy, (a) A copy of your Current Tax Clearance Certificate: (b ) A copy of your Current Nl 00.00 Dev, Receipt: ( c) Photocopies of all payment receipts and (d) VITAL INFORMATION Form duly completed and SWDTh ;'::: (attached). 7. PLEASE NOTE THAT PA YMENT MUST BE IN FULL WITHIN 90 DA YS OTHERWISE THE ALLOCATION WILL BE WITHDRAWN WITHOUT ANY FORMALNOTJCE. THIS LETTERIS~T3RANSERABLE. - 8. ADDITIONALL Y, LAND CHARGES ASST A TED ABOVE ARE SUBJECT TO REVIEW WITHOUT NOTICE. 9. You are expected to obtain clearance from the Executive Secretary (LUAC) before lodgment of the Certified Cheques to the bank, failing which the allocation pa~ent may be nullified please. Yours faithfully, ~~ Gbenga 'B. Ashafa ~.~~"'6~,-' Hakeem Muri-Okunola , Permanent Secretary Executive Secretary, Lands Bureau Land Use & Allocation Committee. Annex L Chance Find Procedure CHANCE FINDS PROCEDURAL FRAMEWORK The Chance Finds Protocol’s objective is to identify and protect previously unrecorded cultural heritage sites, objects, or features from Project-related damage. The Protocol applies to potential cultural heritage objects, features or sites identified as a result of vegetation and topsoil removal and other ground disturbing construction activities. The procedure complements the other mitigation measures described above addressing finds that may not be identified in the planned preconstruction reconnaissance. As a key part of the Chance Finds protocol an archaeologist with a watching brief may be assigned to on-site direct observation of ground disturbing activities. Chance Finds may be made by any member of the Project, but must be evaluated by an archaeologist as being Cultural Heritage. Two types of Chance Finds are likely to be encountered during construction works: 1. Cultural Heritage Chance Finds; and 2. Non-Cultural Heritage Chance Finds. Non-Cultural Heritage Chance Finds may include modern objects and features as well as isolated artefacts (out of context, and therefore lacking scientific value). Individual artefacts, however, may be important as indicators of the presence of nearby surface or subsurface cultural heritage sites. The principal value of most cultural heritage artefacts is only realised, however, when the objects are part of an interpretable cultural heritage site. Distinguishing between the two types of Chance Finds requires the expertise of an archaeologist. This procedure concerns itself with artefacts as potential indicators of sites themselves rather than as artefacts of individual importance. 1.1 CHANCE FINDS RESPONSE PROCEDURES In the case of a Chance Find, Project activity will cease temporarily in the vicinity and the area shall be marked for avoidance. Construction supervisors, field personnel, and staff will be notified. The Project archaeologist will also be notified of the find if he or she is not already aware of the find. If the find is significant, then government cultural heritage representatives will be notified as well, in order that appropriate treatment strategies can be developed and approved. Site treatment scenarios to be considered include preservation in place through redesign or specialised construction techniques, and rescue excavations in advance of additional construction work if avoidance is not possible. After treatment work is agreed and any required excavations carried out, Project excavation or construction activity will be cleared to resume in the area. A more detailed, step-by-step description of the Chance Finds Protocol is provided below as well as in Figure 5-1: • Stop work in the immediate area; • Inform site supervisor/foreman; • Install temporary site protection measures (warning tape and stakes, avoidance signs); • Inform all personnel of the Chance Find if access to any part of the work area is restricted; • Establish no-go area needed to protect the Chance Find; • Archaeologist will perform a preliminary evaluation to determine whether the Chance Find is cultural heritage chance find and if so, whether it is an isolate or part of a larger site or feature; • Artifacts will be left in place when possible; if materials are collected they will be placed in bags and labeled by Archaeologist and transported to the NCMM; no Project personnel are permitted to take or keep artifacts as personal possessions; • Document find through photography, notes, GPS coordinates, and maps (collect spatial data) as appropriate; • If the Chance Find is an isolated find or non-cultural heritage chance find, the Archaeologist will authorise the removal of site protection measures and activity can resume; • If the Archaeologist confirms the Chance Find is a cultural heritage site he/she will inform the NCMM and initiate discussions with the latter about treatment; • Prepare and maintain an initial Chance Finds report (for all possible Chance Finds, cultural heritage or not); include spatial data for use in cultural heritage database and GIS system; • Implement treatment plan with qualified Archaeologists or using cultural heritage Contractors provided by the Project Owner; • If a Chance Find is a verified cultural heritage site, prepare a final Chance Finds report once treatment has been completed; • While treatment is ongoing, coordinate with on-site personnel keeping them informed as to status and schedule of investigations, and informing them when the construction may resume. Figure 0-1. Chance Find Response Scenario STEP 1- Potential Chance Find STEP 6 – Archaeologist STEP 7B - Archaeologist encountered documents Chance Find and determines Chance Find is an performs preliminary evaluation isolated or non-cultural heritage Chance Find STEP 2 – Contractor stops work in the vicinity of potential STEP 7A – If archaeologist Chance Find temporarily determines the Chance Find to be a cultural heritage site, he/she STEP 12 – Construction Archaeologist will generate an Resumes initial Chance Find report STEP 3 – Supervisor/Foreman is notified of the Chance Find STEP 8A – Archaeologist will STEP 11A – Archaeologist will STEP 4– Installation of initiate discussions with NCMM complete treatment plan and temporary site protection about treatment generate Final Chance Find Report measures STEP 10A – During treatment the STEP 9A – Implement treatment STEP 5 – Inform contractor archaeologist will provide planned developed in consultation personnel of access contractor and project staff with with NCMM restrictions in vicinity of progress updates Chance Find Artefacts collected in connection with Chance Finds will be minimised. Those retained because they are accidentally unearthed or broken free of their soil matrix should be retained with precise notation of their original location, and with photographs taken of their original context. Photos of the artefacts and site photos may be useful for consultation regarding Chance Finds and should be taken as soon as possible. Artefacts and associated notes and photographs taken by any Project personnel should be given to the Cultural Heritage staff as soon as possible. Ultimately the artefacts belong to the Nigerian government, and Project staff will be responsible for transferring the material to the appropriate authorities. 1.2 DOCUMENTATION OF CHANCE FINDS Cultural Heritage staff, non-Cultural Heritage Project staff, Contractors, and subcontractors will be required to maintain records of monitoring, Chance Finds, and Chance Find response measures. These will include: • Daily monitoring records indicating areas and activities monitored; reported Chance Finds and the results of any evaluations. Communications and instructions (such as stop work and resume work) will also be included. • Weekly reports summarizing reporting period activities including Chance Finds, assessments and evaluations, internal and external communications and instructions and supporting photographic documentation (or other reference materials as appropriate). An additional report aimed at fulfilling any specific NCMM requirements is also anticipated. Monthly reports summarising monitoring and evaluation results, status of any site treatment measures, instructions to Contractor, and other internal and external communications.