i-i:A: AV4 (w I- m STUDIES OF ECONOMIES IN TRANSFORMATION I4CCJE,aOBAHI4A 3KOHOMI4MECKIIX CI4CTEM HA CTAJAHI4I TPAHC>OPMALU4H Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States CuaTUHCTHIa BHeIHeii TOpt-OB.IH B CCCP H rocyjapCTBax-HIpeeMHHicax Edited by Misha V. Belkindas and Olga V. Ivanova rlo, pegaKLweft MHiuH B. bEenKHHlaaCa H OnbrH B. MBaHOBOH 18 VP'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 4- <, 0--- ' l . , :S., ; K THE WORLD BANK R(-NF\4[4pMf IA Y A VLr RECENT STUDIES OF ECONOMIES IN TRANSFORMATION No. I Country Department 111, Europe and Central Asia Region, Food and Agricultural Policy Reforms in the Forrmer USSR: An Agenda for the Transition No. 2 Michalopoulos and Tarr, Trade and Payments Arrangements for States of the Former USSR No. 3 Country Department Ill, Europe and Central Asia Region, Statistical Handbook: States of the Former USSR No. 4 Barr, Income Transfers and the Social Safety Net in Russia No. 5 Country Department 111, Europe and Central Asia Region, Foreign Direct Investment in the States of the Former USSR No. 6 Wallich, Fiscal Decentralization: Intergovemmental Relations in Russia No. 7 Michalopoulos, Trade Issues in the New Independent States No. 8 The World Bank, Statistical Handbook 1993: States of the Former USSR No. 9 Holt, Transport Strategies for the Russian Federation No. 10 Fong, The Role of Women in Rebuilding the Russian Economy No. 11 de Melo and Ofer, Private Service Firms in a Transitional Economy: Findings of a Survey in St. Petersburg No. 12 Chu and Grais, Macroeconomic Consequences of Energy Supply Shocks in Ukraine No. 13 Michalopoulos and Tarr, Trade in the New Independent States No. 14 The World Bank, Statistical Handbook 1994: States of the Former USSR No. 15 Lieberman and Nellis, Russia: Creating Private Enterprises and Efficient Markets No. 16 Lieberman, Ewing, Mejstrick, Mukherjee, and Rahuja, Mass Privatization in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: A Comparative Analysis No. 17 Le Houerou, Inivestmenit Policy in Russia STUDIES OF ECONOMIES IN TRANSFORMATION HCC7E,OBAHR9 3KOHOMkPECKI4X CHCTEM HA CTA/1k14 TPAHCOOPMAL4I4 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States CTaTIICTIIKa BHeWHe1l TOFOBnIM B CCCP 1 rocyp,apcTBax - npeeMHtiKax Edited by Misha V. Belkindas and Olga V. Ivanova nloA peAaK[Ame MHwm B. BenKMHAaca X Onbrm B. BalaHOB1s1z 18 The World Bank Washington, D.C. BceMMpHblU BaHK BaWIJHrTOH, OKpyr KonyM6&n Copyright X 1995 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing November 1995 Papers in the Studies of Economies in Transformation series present the results of policy analysis and research on the states of the former USSR. The papers have been prepared by World Bank staff and consultants and issued by the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia Department III under the supervision of Constantine Michalopoulos. In light of the worldwide interest in the problems and prospects of these -ountries, dissemination of these findings is encouraged for discussion and comment. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or accep- tance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encour- ages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for non- commercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions for classroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., Suite 910, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, U.S.A. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publicatons, which contains an alphabetical title list (with full ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Distribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'1ena, 75116 Paris, France. Misha V. Belkindas is a statistical advisor in the Europe and Central Asia Region of the World Bank. Olga V Ivanova is an economist on the Statistical Advisory Services Team in the International Economics Department of the World Bank. ISSN: 01 14-997X Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Foreign trade statistics in the USSR and successor states = Statistika vneshnei torgovli v SSR i gosudarstvakh-preemnikakh / edited by Misha V. Belkindas and Olga V. Ivaova. p. cm - (Studies of economies in transformation, ISSN 1014-997X ; paper no. 18) English and Russian. ISBN 0-8213-3226-0 1. Soviet Union-Commerce-Statistics. 2. Former Soviet republics-Commerce-Statistics. 1. Belkindas, Misha. II. Ivanova, Olga. III. Series. HF3621.5.F67 1995 382'.0947'0021-dc20 95-13209 CIP Contents Foreword v BcTynHTeniuHoe cJIoBo vii Preface ix nlpeAHcJoBHe xi List or Tables xv CnIHCOK Ta6iiHI xvii English chapters Chapter 1. Trade Policy and Trade Statistics 1 Chapter 2. Foreign and Interrepublic Trade Statistics in the Soviet Union 7 Chapter 3. Organization of Statistics on Foreign Economic Relations in the Russian Federation 15 Chapter 4. Trade of the Russian Federation with CIS Countries 25 Chapter 5. Development of Customs Statistics in the Russian Federation 29 Chapter 6. The Limits of Mirror Statistics of Foreign Trade 33 Chapter 7. Foreign Trade Statistics in the Macroeconomic Framework 45 Chapter 8. Measuring the Terms of Trade in the Countries of the Former Soviet Union 55 rJIaBIL Ha DVCCKOM R3L6Ke rrnaBa 1. ToproBaA noIIHTHxa H CTaTHCTHKa BHeIIIHeM ToprOBJIH 67 [naBa 2. CTaTHCTHKa BHeIUHeIH H MexCpecrIy6JIHKaHCKOfi TOprOBjIH B COBeTCKOM CO013e 75 rInaBa 3. Opram3aixHA CTSTHCTHKH BHeMHe:3KOHOMHqeCKHX CBA3eH B POCCHHICKOHI cDenepauHH 89 rnaBa 4. BHenHRAn ToproBiIsA POCCHHICKOHi (DeaepaUHH CO cTpaHaMH CHI 99 iii rnaBa 5. Pa3BHTHe TaMoxeHHoH CTaTHCTHKH BHeiIIHeH TOprOBnH B POCCHHCKOH 0eaepallHH 105 rnaBa 6. 3epKan^Has cTaTHCTHKa: rpaHHuKi ee [pHMHeHHMA npH H3MepeHHH BHeMHeH ToproBnH 111 rInaBa 7. CTaTHCTHKa BHeluHeN TOprOBJIH B CHCTeMe MaKpo3KOHOMHqeCKOH cTaTHCTHKH 125 rnaBa 8. Hf3Meperne ycnBoBHH TOprOBJIH B CTpaHaX 6uBruero CoBeerCKOrO CoIo3a 141 Appendixes Appendix A: Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and FSU 153 HpHnoxeHHe A: BHeMHeToproBaa cTaTHcTHKa B CCCP H cTpaaax 6arnuero CoBeTcKoro Coio3a 158 Appendix B: Sununary Results to Foreign Trade Questionaire 211 rIpHnoxeHHe E: 06Of6ueHHMe oseTBLi Ha ax1KeTy no BHeMIHeCH ToproBne 213 Appendix C: List of Participants in Foreign Trade Seminar 215 rIpHnoxeHHe B: CIINHCOK yqacTHHKOB cemmHapa no BHeImHeH ToproBne 221 iv Foreword Foreign trade statistics have been greatly affected by the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the economic transformation that the newly independent states are now undergoing. Previously, the measurement of physical commodities in compiling foreign trade statistics was emphasized. Adequate systems for measuring trade in services or financial flows were almost nonexistent. The foreign trade system in the former Soviet Union relied on one currency and an administratively established exchange rate. A few large foreign trade organizations managed all transactions, and domestic producers and consumers were largely sheltered from foreign market forces. The statistical system was well suited for measuring foreign trade under such conditions. But economic transformation has necessitated the development of new mechanisms to measure the foreign trade of fifteen independent states with separate currencies and exchange rates determined predominantly by supply and demand. The new system will also have to adjust to the abolishment of the large foreign trade organizations and the entrance of many new enterprises, the increased importance of trade in services, and increased financial flows between the new independent countries and the rest of the world. The World Bank wants to improve the quality and reliability of foreign trade statistics of member countries for two reasons: First, it relies on foreign trade statistics for economic and sector work, analysis of economic conditions, and dialogue with borrower countries. Second, along with the International Monetary Fund it provides technical assistance to borrower countries in several areas, including the proper compilation, recording, and dissemination of statistics on foreign economic relations. For these reasons a seminar on foreign trade statistics was organized (in Moscow, June 1994) for statisticians, staff from customs services, and others involved in compiling foreign trade statistics from the V fifteen countries of the former Soviet Union. Some participants were asked to present background papers at the seminar. The chapters in this volume are based on those papers. Because an understanding of foreign trade statistics is crucial to those involved in compiling statistics as well as policymakers, analysts, and the private sector both inside and outside the countries of the former Soviet Union, the book is presented in both English and Russian. Yukon Huang Basil G. Kavalsky Director Director Europe and Central Asia Region Europe and Central Asia Region Country Department III Country Department IV vi BcmynumeuzbiHoe CJIOBO Pacnar CoBeTcKoro C0103a H 3KOHOMHqeCKHe npeo6pa3oBaHKA, npoHcxoJmIHe B 6onbLUHHCTBe HOBbIX He3aBHCHMbIX rOcyaapCTB, BepORTHO, 3aTpOHyJ1H CTaTHCTHKY BHeIUHeM TOPFOBnH B 6onibLme Mepe, qeM rno6yo upyryio o6nacTm CTaTHCrHKH. KaK H B npyrix o6iiacTAx, HpH c6ope cTaTHCTHKH BHOetHeOH TOprOBfiH OCHOBHOH ytlOp felJaJICM Ha KOJIHqecTBeHHOe H3MepeHHfW H3H'eCKHX o6"beMoB. AneKBaTHuLx CHcTeM Ans H3MepeHHmA foKa3aTenieH TOPrOBJ1H ycnyraMH H iHHaHCoBbIx TioTOKoB npaKTHqeCKH He CymeCTBoBanO. 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IXKOH XyaHr, iKa3lb KaBabCKH, )IHpeKTOp EHpCKTOp aenapTaMeHma m CTPaH nenapTameHTa IV cTpaH eBpOneUCKorO H LieHTpaITbHo- eBponeficKoro H ueHTpanbHo- a3HaTCKoro perFoHa a3HaTCKOFO perHoHa viii Preface Misha Belkindas and Olga Ivanova This book exaniunes thc problems concerning foreign trade statistics in the former Soviet UJnion. Foreign trade was a monopoly of the state un4il the final years of the Soviet Union's existence. This structure called for a uniqu e systew of trade data collection based on the reports of enterprises and trading organizations. But this system must be entirely revamped, changLig the kind of statistical data that is gathered as well as the manner in which data are collected, compiled, and presented. Foreign trade statistics were probably affected more than any other area of statistical record keeping by the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The countly's breakup into fifteen new independent states necessitated the creation of fifteen independent national statistical offices and transformed intracountly trade into foreign trade. Other factors pushing for reform include the introduction of new currencies coupled with fluctuating foreign exchange rates. Further, decentralization enabled many new enterprises and individuals to participate in foreign trade. Just when it has become increasingly difficult to measure foreign trade flows, the demand for accurate trade data has grown With the breakdown of central planning and autarkic development, central trade policy has become more important for countries striving to better integrate themselves into the world community. This book traces the transition of foreign trade statistics from the old Soviet system to those developing in the emerging market economies. The transition has not been simple. Recognizing this, the World Bank, together with the State Committee on Statistics of the Russian Federation and the Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States organized a seminar in June 1994 in Moscow. The seminar was intended to introduce the participants to the concepts used in foreign trade statistics in market economies and the approaches that can be used to collect and disseminate data. The seminar covered a broad range of issues, including discussions of the role of foreign trade statistics in a country's system of economic statistics, the use of foreign trade statistics in the GATT/WIO, construction of a data validation system, the Eurotrace system, adjustments of customs data, the use of mirror statistics, the ix role of foreign trade data in the balance of payments and of the countries, and the CIS Statistical Committee. In national accounts, and relationships between agencies some cases estimates developed by the staff of the World that collect foreign trade data internationally. Bank are also included. All data sources are The seminar was a cooperative effort of many documented and explanations are provided in the international organizations. Along with World Bank footnotes. staff, the seminar included staff from the IMF, UN This study is issued in both English and Statistical Commission, the GATT, Customs Russian. It will be of interest to the statisticians and Cooperation Council, Eurostat, Customs policymakers in the countries of the former Soviet Administration of France. and the Customs and Excise Union as well as to international organizations, office of the UK. The seminar participants worked at government officials, private companies, and academics the statistical offices, customs services, and ministries of interested in issues of transition. foreign trade or foreign economic relations of all the The volame was compiled and edited by M. fifteen countries of the former Soviet Union. ti list of Belkindas and 0. Ivanova of the World Bank. Staff of participants can be found in appendix C. the following organizations contributed to this The discussions were based on presentations publication: L. Gubanova, A. Ponomarenko, Z. delivered by the staff and on background papers Sidorina, and G. Zarubin of Goskomstat of Russia; T. prepared by the participants. These papers, as well as Khomenko, V. Martynov, and E. Potapova of the CIS some written by World Bank staff, were used to prepare Statistical Committee; Y. Stepanov of the Central Bank this document. of Russia; E. Ischenko of the Center for Economic The volume is organized as follows. Chapter I Analysis; A. Lisov anid V. Orlov of the State Customs discusses trade policy and its linkages with foreign Committee of Russia; M. BeUlindas, R Dacumos, Y. trade data collection and dissemination. Chapter 2 Dikhanov, T. Heleniak, 0. Ivanova, B. Kaminski, and discusses the collection of foreign trade statistics in the C Michalopoulus of the World Bank. 0. Shabalina and USSR which served as a starting point for development V. Drebentsov of the World Bank's Moscow Office of the systems of data collection in the newly helped to organize the seminar and compile the independent states. This is followed first by a discussion background papers. All papers presented in this volume on collection of data on trade with the countries of the reflect the views of the authors and not necessarily the rest of the world (chapter 3), then by a discussion of view of the organi:atiois they represent. the recording of trade with the other countries of the T. Jusu4,g tianslated the chapters originally FSU (chapter 4). These discussions, as well as written in Russian into English, and Y. Dikhanov and descriptions of the development of a custom service and E. Nikolayenko translated the English chapters into customs statistics (chapter 5) are based on the example Russian. I. Zable edited the English version of this of the Russian Federation. The use of mirror statistics, volume. E. Polyakov assisted with the editing of the i.e. utilization of the data of the partner country to Russian text, translation, and compilation of tables. S. record the host country trade flows, and their Henry provided desktop publishing support. limitations due to recording, valuation, and This publication originated from the identification problems are dealt with in chapter 6. International Seminar on Foreign Trade Statistics held After the discussion on foreign trade data collection. the in Moscow in June 1994. The contribution of several use of foreign trade data in the macroeconomic individuals to organizing the seminar is gratefully framework is presented in chapter 7. The last two acknowledged. These include Goskomstat of the chapters discuss the importance of reliable statistics on Russian Federation and its chairman, N. Yurkov, and foreign trade in estimating terms of trade and deputy chairman, V. Sokolin, the CIS Statistical performing projections of the trends of the economies Committee -nd its chairman, M. Korolev, and deputy and their creditworthiness. In this connection, the chairman, Y. Ivanov, leadership of the international methods and models used by the World Bank are and bilateral organizations mentioned in this preface, as presented. well as tle statistical adviser of the World Bank, R The statistical appendix presents data on Chander. C. 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Ho'rpe6HOcrL- B TO4HLIX 0taHHLIX no BHeuieHeH ToproBne pociia, TorQa KaK H3MepeHHe BHemnHeToproBnIx nOTOKOB CTaHOBHnOCL Bce 6onee TpyaiHon 3amaqeni. C pa3BaJIOM IXeHTPanILHOrO rlnaHHPOBaHHA H OTK&30M OT aBTapKHnecKoro nyTH pa3BHTHA HanHiHe [IeHTpaBJi3OBaHHOH BHelIlHeTOprOBOH nOnJHTHKH HaqHHanO HrpaTb BCe 6onbJiyio pO.nb KaK *aKTOp HHTerpaIIHH HOBLIX He3aBHcHMLix rocyrapcTB B MHpOBY1O 3KOHOMHKy. B HacTosiiieM KHHre cfleJaHa IOIbTKa ripocneieHTL nepexori CTaTHCTHKH xi BHeimHek TOprOB)iH 0T npaKTHKH, cniyiuaTeniH 3aLaBBJH MUOrO BOIpOCOB, aKTHBHO HCHOJTh3oBaBBueHCA B COBCTCKyIO 31OXy yqaCTBOBBanH B o6cyxKLeHHAX. UeHTpaJnH3OBaHHoro rinaHHpOBaHHM, CHcTeMaM, flpn nonrarOBKe iTacToAitero H3LIaHMA KOTOpb'iC 6epyT Ha BOOpy)KeHHC HOBbLi 6fiuH HCHOJL30BabHLI MaTepmaiTbi, rocyuapcrBa, CTPOAMHe pblHOqHyIo 3KOHOMHKy. npeaocTaBneHHbIe yqaCTHHKaMH ceMHHapa H3 CoBepmwHTb TaKOfi nepexon 6tbo cTpaH 6bmnero CoBeTcKoro CoIo3a. HecKoTopbie HenpoCTOM 3aflawea. npH3HaBaA BaJKHOCTb r.faBbl HacToslineM KHHrH nOnlHOCTblo COCTOIrT H3 npo6neM, crroAux nepen CTpaHaMH 6BLruero pa6orr, HaBIHcaHHTIX HMH, B apyrHe rIIaBbi CoBeTcKoro Coo03a B HbNHeHJHHfl nepeXoaHbiH BKniOCeHLI KaK p96oTbl cneUxHanHcToB H3 CHr, nepHo, BceMHpHLI1 6aHK COBMecC1Ho c TaK H pa6orTm cneUHanHcCToB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa; rocyzlapcmBeHHLIM KOMMTeToM no CTaTHCTHKe PT HeCKOJbKo rnaB 66mH cneIHBanJbHO HanHcaHbI H CTaTHcTHCCeCKHM KOMHTeToM CoipyxecTBa cHeCHanHCTaMH BceMRpHoro 6aHKa WUlM 3TOO He3aBHCHMJlX rocyLapCTB OpraHH3OBaJfH H3aaHHA. ceMHHap, COCTOXBIIHHCA B HlOHe 1994 F. B CpyKTypa KHHrH. B nepBoa rnaBe MocKBe. Uenuo ceMHHiapa 66u1o 03HaKOMHTE6 ero o6cyxnanacaT BoUnpocL BHeCIIeToproBoH yqaCTHH1KoB C KOHUelHUHAMH, HCIIOJThb3yMbIMH B lOJlHTHKH H ee B3aHMOCBX3H Co C6opoM H CTaTHCTHCKe BelmHeA TOprOBnH cTpaHamH c paCnpOCTpaHeHHem tabHHbiX Ho BHeiLIHeH pLIHOqHOi1 3KOHOMHKOH, H C HOaXoafMH KorTopmie ToproBnie. Bo BTOpOH) riiaBe paccMapHaeTCA MOryT 6blTb HCIIOJLT30BHN ann opraHH3aUHH CHCTMea c6opa RaHH6lX no BHeIIHeH TOprOBnH, c6opa H pac11POCTPaHeHHA aaHHblX nJO BHeMHefw CylUCeTBOBaBmaA B CCCP, KoTOpaA riOCIyxKHula ToproBJle. OTBpaDHLIM 11yHKTOM pa3BHTHM cHcTeMLl c6opa Ha ceMHNape 6un 3aTPOHyT mHpOKHH cTaTHCTHqeCKHX LjaHHLIX B HOBNEX He3aBHcHMbix xpyr BOrIPOCOB , TaKHe KaK pOas CTaTHCTHKH rocyJapcTBax. 3aTeM paccMaTpHBalOTCA BonpocLi BHerHHeH ToproBnH B CHCTeMe 3KOHOMMWeCKOH c6apa naHHntx 1o BaHemHef TOPrOBJ1e co cTpaHaMH CTaTHCTHKH, HCUOJTb3oBaHHe CTaTHCTHKH aanbnero 3apy6eIKbA (rn. 3) H cTaTHcT1meCKOMy BHeMfHef TOpOBnH B paMKax FATT, cO3naHHe yqeTy TOprOBJ1H co cTpaHaMH 6rnHXHero CHCTeM npoBepKH XIHHLIX, cHcTeMa Eurotrace, 3apy6exKbA (rn. 4). 3:TH EnaA, a TaKKe BHeceHHe fOnlpaBOK B jaanHie TaMoIKCeHoM MaTepHanbl o pa3BHTHH TaMoxeHIOH cnyKG6LI H CTaTHCTHKH, HCnonb30OBaHH 3epKanJbHOH TaMOxeHHOM CTaTHCTHKH OCHOBaHbI Ha [pHMepe CTaTHCTHKH, pOThb BHeMIHeTOprOBOa cTaTHCTHKH POCCHHCKOHI Deiiept .1HH. B [IaTexKHoM 6aBJaHCC H HaUHOHalbJHbiX CqeTax, B, ipoCbi HCHOJ1L30BaHIA 3epKaJTHOH Heo6xoLaHMOCTL MeKAyHapoCHoui KOOpaHHaIHH CTaTHCTHKH, T.e. HCIOJIL3oBaHH: IAS OTpaIKeHHA mC2eXKY BenOMCTBaMH, yqaCTBrYO1HMH B c6ope TOprOBblX OnepalHa OJHOM CTpaHbl aaHHMlX IaHHbHX HO BHCMHeCH TOprOBne. ApyroM cTpaHbl, AwBJuOI[efcA TOprOBblM CeMHHap 6nm OpraHH3OBaH napTHepoM nepBoa, a TaKxe npo6iieMbi yqera, coBMecTHbIMH yCHJIHAMH nenioro pAna OUCHKH H HLeHTHJHKaUHH TaKHX aHHbLIx, MfeXKIyHaPOIIHL1X opraHH3auHMt. flonmro orpaHHqHBaoIxHe BO3MOXKHOCTH HX lipHMeHCHHA, cnIeUHanHCTOB H3 BceMpHoro 6aIKa, B noaroTOBKe o6cyXKaIOTCA B rnJ. 6. ceMHHapa 1PHHHMatfh yqacrwe 1eCJT8BHTenfH llocie BonpocoB, cBA3aHHbix co C6opoM MexTyHaponHoro BaIHOTHOMO oaaa, aaHHlIx 11o BHeniiief Topronne, o6cyxaaIOTCA CTaTHcTHqeCKOII KOMHCCHH OOH, rArr, CoBeTa npo6JieMbl Hcrionb3oBaHHS LaHHbX no BHCeUHeC no TaMo2KeHHMoy COTpyXHHqecTBy, EBpocTaTa, TOprOBle B MaKpO3KOHOMHqeCKOM aanHI3e (rn. MHHHcTepCTBa aKUH3OB H TaMoJHH 7). B nocneJHHHX aByx rnJaBax roKa3aHo, KaK BeJIHKo6pTraHHH. B pa6oTe ceMHHapa [PHHAUIK Ba2KHO HMeTb HBaReXKHNy CTaTHCTHKy BHemlHea yqacrne CniJHaBJJHCTrb CTaTHCTHmeCKHX TOprOBJIH JIA o11 eHKH yCJIOBHH BHCIUHCH KOMHTeTOB, TaMOxeHHLIX cnyxK6 MHHHCTpeCTB TOpOBJ1H , IpOrHO3HpoBaHHM 3KOHOMH'eCKOrO BHemnHeH TOprOBJH H BHCeIHe3KOHOMH'eCKHX Pa3BMTHA OTrReCJbHHx cTpaH H OUCHKH HX CBA3eC1 H3 BceX nATHaMaaTH pecny6nHK 6uaniero KpeCJHTocHoco6HocTH. pHBonATCs MmeToJbJ H CoBeTCKoro Col03a (CM. CIIHCOK yqaCTHHKOB MOReJJH. HCIIOJh3yeMblie B 3THX ieIIAx ceMHnapa B npHJJoKeHHH). BceMHpHLiM 6aHKOM. B paMKax CeMHHapa o6CyJKXAtJHC6 B CTaTHCTH'eCKOM [ipHuJO2KeHHH noKinabI, caejCaHHRle cC1e1IHatfHcTaMH H3 npeacraBJieHi6 iaHHnie rIo TOprOBJIe co cTpaHaMH MexCayHapoaHbIx opraHHi3auH, H MaTepHaRbI, uainHero H 6nHviHero 3apy6eAKb,i nonylenbie no1rrowBJeHH6bie y1acTHHKaMH H3 CTpaH OT CTaTHCTHqeCKHX KOMHTeTOB H TaMo2KeHHbX 6LBamero CoBecTKoro C0n3a. BCe BLCTIrynneHHA CJyZ6 cTpaH Clr' H CTaTxcarqecKOrO KOMHTeTa 6mwH npHHAT61 c 601Thb11HM HHTepecoM. CHT. B HeKOTOpulX CJiyqasX HPHBOLITCA TaKixe xii oueHKH. nocTpoeHHbLe cnefxHaSIHcTaMH H3 MOCKOBCKoro npecTBHTarencTBa BceMHpHoro BceMHpHoro 6aHKa. CCLmKH Ha HCTOqHHKH 6aHKa. LaHHLIX H nOACHeHHA H1IBOXRTCR B laCTb BOmeJmHX B C6opHHK pa60r 6mna riOaCTpaHHIqHLIX CHOCKaX. HanHcaHa Ha pyCCKOM A3nlKe, qacrb - Ha KHHra H3faaHa Ha aByX M3LiKaX - pyCCKOM aHrnHHCKOM. HepeBou pyccKHx CTaTeH Ha H aHFrnHHCKoM. OHa npeaHR3HaqeHa Win aHMrJHHCKHH BMl11OJ]HeH T. IOCBHrroM, nepeBoa cIIeuHaJ]HCTOB no CTaTHCKHKe, J1HIJ, aHrJIHHCKHX cTaTeH Ha pyCCKHH - 10. OTBeTCTBeHHMX 3a [IOBeJeHHe 3KOHOMH'1CKOH HIXaHOBDLM H E. HsKonaeHKo. PeaaKTOp IIOnIHTHKH H3 CTpaH CHrF, a TaKxe anA aHrnHHCKoro H3faaHHZ - H. 33i6n. E. IHonsKoB cneILHanJHCTOB H3 MeCKayHapOJHLIX OpFaHH3aUHH, noMoran peaaKTHpoBaTm pyCCKHH TeXT, rocyJIapCTBeHHbIX pyKoBoaHTeJIeH, nepeBonHn orenbHmue McaTepHaJbl H y'acrnoBan npencTaBnTene] qacTHoro 6H3Heca H yqeHLx, npH UoIIoToBKe c-raTHCTH'1eCKHX Ta6nHJi. 3aHHMa]OIIIHXCA BOnpaCBMH 3KOHOMHKH HoarorOBKa OpHrHHan-MaKeTa C iOMoHubio nepexoaHoro nepHona B cTpaHax 65iBmero HacToinbHo H3flaTenCbCKO14 CHcTeMbZ BLiHOJIHeHa COBeTCKoro C0103a. C. reHpH. CocTaBHnH H OTpe0aKTHPOBaJ]H HacToumee H3wxaHHe cTaano B03MOXHLIM HaCTOIHH C6OpHHK M. BenKHHaac H 0. HBaHOBa 6naroaapA nponeneHmo Mexayuapoaioro (o6a - BCeMHpHblI 6aHK). B pa6are Haa CeMHHRpa no CTaTHCTHKe BHemHc.A ToproBnH, c6opHHKoM TaKiKe flpHHHMa8IH yqacTHe cocronBmerocs B n Hlwe 1994 F. B MocKBe. cnefCIlOmHe JHiia: n1. ry6aHoBa, A. BOlabuiYIO IHOMOIb B opraHH3aUHH CeMHHapa lHoHoMapeHKo, 3. CHropHHa, r. 3apy6HH OKa3anH cneuzyoiHe OpraHH3alIHH H JHUa: (FOCKoMcTaT P$D); T. XoMeHKo, B. MapmzrHoB. E. rOCKOMCTaT PG, npexceaaTenb rOCKOMCTaTa r-H HoTanoBa (CTaTHCTH1eCKHI1 KoMHTeT ChF); TO. TO. IOPKOB, 3aMecTHTJeI npencewaaens B. CTeHrIHOB (UeirrpanLbHuI 6aHK P(D); E. HIeHKO COKOIIHH, CTaTHCTH'eCKWH KOMHTeT CHB, ero (fLeHTp 3KOHoMH'eCKoro aHanH3a); A. JIHCoB, B. npeaceaaTenb f-H M. KoponeB H 3aMecrHTebJL OpnoB (FoCyaapCTBeHHbliH TaMOxeHHlIH KOM1TeT upeace,aaTers 10. HBaHOB, pYKOBOACTBO P); orr BCeMHpHoro 6aHKa - M. ECenKHHaac, P. nepeJ HcHCeJIHLIX BEile MeXyHapOfHMLX )IaKyMoC, 10. /IfxaHoB, T. XeneeHhlK, 0. HBaHOBa, OpraHH3aIHTI, a TaKKe coBeTHHK BceMHpHoro E. KaMHHCKH H K. Maxanonynoc. Bonibmybo 6aHKa no BOnpocaM cTaTHCTHKH r-H. P. MaHaep. nOMOHib B OpraHH3aIXHH cemHHapa H B pa6ore c HacroAree H3namire noaroroBneno nor o6DIHM aBTOpaMH OKa3aAH 0. lla6afnHHa H B. Je6eHUOB pyKOBOfCTBOM r-Ha K. MHxanonynoca. xiii List of Tables Table 2.1 General Metliodological Principles of Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR Before 1990 (Outline of monitoring program) 2.2 The Distinctions Between Methodological Premises of Soviet Trade Statistics ;.1 Ruble-Dollar Commodity Parity Rate of Exchange 3.2 Foreign Trade of the Russian Federation According to Standard International Trade Classification, 1992 5.1 Comparison of Foreign Trade Data from Customs Statistics with those Reported by Enterprises, 1994 6.1 Estimates of Russia's Imports in 1993 6.2 Russia's Foreign Trade with Selected Countries according to Russian Customs Statistics and Partner Statistics, First Quarter of 1994 8.1 Absolute Terms of Trade in the FSU, 1990-94 8.2 Relative Terms of Trade in thz FSU 8.3 Intra-FSU Indirect Subsidies 8.4 Intra-FSU Resource Balance at World Market Prices xv CnucoK ma6Jlut4 Ta6nuHxa 2.1 06mHe MeToaoniorw'eCKHC npHHUHnIT CTaTHCTHKH BHeuHeH ToproBnH CCCPao 1990 r. (cxeMaTfwecKoe npeacTaBneHHe nporpamxba Ha6JiogeHHH) 2.2 OCHOBHUe oTfnHWHI MeTOaoiOrHreCKHe UOJIOICeHHH 110 CTaTHCTHKe BHeiIHeH TOprOBnH CCCP 3.1 lapwreTHblH ToBapHblH KypC aonnapa 3.2 BHeiunJu ToproBRnJ PoccHHcKoH MegepAlHM B 1992 r. no MeKltyHapo=Hof cTaHaapTHOH TOproBoHi KnacCH4HKauHH 5.1 ConocTaBnieHHeaaHHux 0 BHeIUHeH ToproBne 1io oTqeTHocTH npeawpmHjrH (4. 8-B3C) H no TaMOxKeHHOH cTaTHcTHKe, 1994 r. 6.1 Pacqer HMnoprTa PocciH B 1993 r. 6.2 ConocTaBneHHe cTaTHcrHqecKHx JaHHbX 0 ToprowDJe POCCHH C 0TyrenJbJHMH CTpaHaMH no maHHbM rITK c £aaHMHMH cTpaH-napTHepoB 3a 1 KapTan 1994 r. 8.1 A6conTlTHme ycInOBHA ToprOBnH B 6. CCCP 8.2 OTHocHTenbHmLe YCfOBHA TOprOBnH B 6. CCCP 8.3 KOCBeHHbie Cy6CHJHH B 6. CCCP 8.4 EanaHc pecypcoB B MHpOBNx ileHax B 6. CCCP xvii Trade Policy and Trade Statistics Misha Belkindas, Olga Ivanova, and Constantine Michalopoulos The transformation from central planning to a market system requires fundamental changes in three areas: ownership of productive assets, management of macroeconomic aggregates, and setting of prices. In a well-functioning market system prices are determined by the free interplay of supply and demand, and, typically, the government intervenes only to correct market imperfections. Allowing the market to set product and factor prices optimizes resource allocation and productivity. In this general sense of markets domestic and international markets are not distinguished. Efficient resource allocation requires that both domestic and international prices be market-determined, governments should not interfere in international or domestic trade (unless market failure calls for intervention). While this proposition has been undertood for centuries, few governments abide by it. Governments have intervened in international trade extensively and frequently, even when they did not intervene in domestic trade. They did so by establishing customs services at their borders. Governments have also been interested in measuring the volune of international trade, a job usually entrusted to their customs services. Government interference in international trade is usually an attempt to protect domestic industry from competition from abroad and it usually involves controlling imports rather than exports. Import controls, by raising domestic prices above international prices, benefit domestic producers and hurt domestic consumers and the economy as a whole. Thus trade policy, is a part of price policy; that together with exchange rate policy, links domestic and international markets. 2 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States Trade Policy * Few countries have been able to stabilize their This bias toward governrment interference in econoniues. As a result, capital has fled these economies international trade did not exist under central planning. using international trade as a vehicle. Capital flight has The government interfered in everything equally! been aided by the combination of export controls and Heavy-handed controls divorced the domestic economy inflation which have increased incentives to bypass from the international economy, pernmitting the wasteful customs, and falsify declarations by underreporting allocation of resources and leading eventually to the exports and overreporting imports. demise of the system. These controls held domestic * Inflation. inconvertibility of the currencies, energy prices to less than 5 percent of world prices. and and the absence of an effective payments system have led to a huge waste of domestic energy. However, this led to the use of barter to carry out a large proportion of control system allowed international trade organizations transactions. That practice has made the recording of and exporting enterprises (rather than customs) to transactions for statistical purposes even more difficult. compile reasonably good international trade data. * Statistical systems have collapsed. Surveys of After independence the pace and scope of price domestic enterprises were the traditional basis for liberalization varied widely among the new independent reporting trade statistics but with state enterprises' share states. Some, like the Baltics. abandoned extensive of output shrinking and statistical offices unable to government controls on prices and international trade. effectively survey the emerging private sector, this Others liberalized domestic trade but continued to system has lost its effectiveness. At the same time impose significant controls on international trade. Still customs offices are short-staffed. with interstate trade others continued to control both. Several features are receiving virtually no official attention. common to the trade regimes that have emerged. Most of these countries have controlled and The Reform Agenda discouraged exports rather than imports. because The list of reforms needed for an effective undervalued exchange rates made exports artificially transition is long. Many countries have traveled a cheap and imports expensive, and because countries considerable distance along the road of reform; others have continued the "price equalization" system that are trailing, and still others are just starting. Reducing operated under central planning. This system and ultimately eliminating state intervention in foreign essentially taxed exports of raw materials and used the trade is the first priority: This means that all trade proceeds to subsidize imports of industrial inputs and channels must be privatized. State procurement food. The policy was intended to protect domestic procedures for commodities purchased domestically or industry from variable market conditions and to help abroad should ensure competition with private traders. consumers. But protecting domestic industry this way In addition, the antiexport bias of trade undermines price liberalization efforts, while the poor regimes must be eliminated. If controls on exports are could be assisted at much lower cost to the economy not eliminated, the exchange rate will not adjust through targeted transfers. properly, domestic producers will not feel international * Though imports have generally been free of competition, and resources wvill not be used efficiently. customs duties and import taxes, undervalued exchange As exchange rates appreciate, domestic rates have protected domestic industry by making producers will seek protection through tariff and imports very expensive. Foreign e' change controls nontariff barriers. This pressure will be hard to resist. have also impeded imports. Enterprises have been If some trade protection is to be provided, it is preferable forced to surrender foreign exchange. often at below to provide it through low and relatively uniform tariffs market prices, to government authorities who then rather than nontariff barriers. allocated the foreign exchange according to their view Interstate trade requires special attention. of what the economy "needed", much like the process Here, the key to reform is improving payment under central planning. mechanisms by strengthening the convertibility of the * While privatization of production has new currencies through effective stabilization. There are progressed in several countries. trade channels continue other means including the development of the banking to be regulated by government through its control (direct system. Bilateral agreements and obligatory lists (state- or indirect) over trade organizations. Regulation directed trade arrangements), remnants of the planning continues especially in raw material and energy exports era, should be strictly avoided. and all aspects of interstate trade (trade among the states Many countries have signed preferential trade of the former Soviet Union). arrangements with each other. In principle, these arrangements can be helpful in promoting trade, but in Trade Policy and Trade Statistics 3 practice they exclude major commodities, which are still worked weUl, since the ministry provided complete subject to export controls. It might be possible to coverage of all foreign trade transactions (although conclude free trade agreements that allow all goods to sensitive transactions, such as sales of armaments were move freely among signatory countries, while not officially reported). Until 1992 the sectoral governments maintain individual tariffs on imports breakdown of trade statistics was according to the from the rest of the world. Such arrangements are Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) simpler than establishing customs unions, which require foreign trade nomenclature. negotiating a common external tariff. Still, free trade Trade flows with western countnes were agreements make serious demands on customs services denominated in foreign currencies (of a partner or third because of the need to establish procedures on rules of country), but the data on foreign trade transactions were origin, reported in the valuta (foreign trade) rubles, that is the Finally, trade reform measures must be value of each transaction, measured in foreign currency, complemented by other policy and institutional changes. was multiplied by an official exchange rate set by the Only with a stable economy can the currency be made Gosbank (the central bank of the USSR). A small range fully convertible and capital flight halted. And, of "clearing" rates was also set to evaluate trade with countries must join the World Trade Organization the countries with which clearing or intergovernmental (WTO). Membership will require discipline in setting credit agreements were in effect. Trade with CMEA trade policy a desirable objective in itself, and it will also countries was valued in perevodnoy (transferable) rubles safeguard each new independent state against arbitrary a multinational accounting unit introduced in 1963. The actions by trading partners, whether in the former conversion factors for the transferable ruble were set by Soviet Union or the rest of the world. the CMEA's International Bank for Economic Effective trade and related policies have Cooperation (IBEC). The IBEC rate for the transferable significant information requirements. Assuming that ruble was about the same as that of the valuta ruble. countries move toward a tariff-based trade regime, an Foreign trade prices in valuta rubles and domestic prices accurate statistical reporting system will be essential. It were not explicitly linked: movements in one did not is not possible to design a system of tariffs without necessarily affect the other. knowing the volume of traded goods and their origin. A Evaluation of Soviet trade with market comprehensive statistical system is especially important economies does not present a major methodological for countries involved in preferential trade problem, if we assume that all transactions are arrangements, where the origin of imports is important reported in valuta rubles. The problems arise when and for countries contemplating membership in the total trade is estimated. Use of transferable rubles .ITO. with that artificial conversion factor against the Good trade statistics are also important in dollar, as well as transferable rubles prices in intra- formulating effective exchange rate, balance of CMEA transactions negotiated bilaterally or set payments, and overall macroeconomic policies. Balance according to special rules (such as, oil prices), makes of payments data are also very important for estimating impossible to evaluate directly the USSR intra- the need for external financing and are thus of great CMEA (and total) trade in dollars. Thus, the data interest to funding organizations such as the for total trade converted to dollars from valuta rubles International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. (up to 1991) and the data for total non-former Soviet Union trade reported directly in dollars (starting in Foreign Trade Statistics in Transition 1992) are not strictly comparable. Similarly, the Statistical systems in the FSU countries are compilation of trade statistics themselves ommitted still burdened by the past. They are unable to meet the several categories of exports normally reported under data demands of a market environment. The origins of international standards. Great care needs to be the present system can be traced to the systems in place exercised in comparing past 1993 trade aggregates under the Soviet Union. with pre-1993 data. Until 1986 only a handful of foreign trade Processed data on foreign trade (in valuta organizations were allowed to engage in foreign trade rubles) were reported to the USSR statistical office activities under the auspices of the Ministry of Foreign (Goskomstat) by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Economic Relations of the Soviet Union. The nmistry Relations to be converted into domestic prices (using collected foreign trade data directly from the foreign special conversion coefficients) and included in the net trade organizations. This institutional arrangement for material product (NMP) accounts. Enterprises also collecting and disseminating data on foreign trade reported their sales of goods for export and their purchase of imported goods to Goskomstat directly. 4 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States The econonic reform initiated by Gorbachev be properly recorded and accounted for in the balance of in the mid-1980s affected foreign trade arrangements payments and national accounts. and foreign trade statistics as well. More economic The new independent states have had difficulty entities were given the right to engage directly in collecting foreign trade data and estimating foreign trade. The old system of statistical recording macroeconomic aggregates. Reporting by enterprises which could not cope with the new developments was and organizations engaged in foreign trade is replaced by one in which enterprises reported directly to unsatisfactory because compliance is falling. Many Goskomstat and data were obtained from the customs newly created, privately owned entities are engaged in service (which was still rudimentary at the time). A new foreign trade activities but their activities are not foreign trade classification, following international covered by the reporting systenm Further, reporting standards, was introduced in 1991. enterprises have many incentives to distort reports to Trade flows between republics were essentially avoid heavy taxes. Also, many private individuals wholesale trade within a single country. Beginning in engage in foreign trade activities while traveling abroad. the 1970s annual data on six producer goods were To capture all foreign trade activities customs gathered directly from the enterprises that produced declarations must be used, and statistics based on them. Later, in 1982, these data were supplemented by customs documents collected. data on about fifty consumer goods supplied mostly by Customs services in most countries of the wholesale trading organizations. By 1989, data were former Soviet Union are not fully operational. Customs being recorded on ninety-six producer goods and one posts between the new independent states are not in hundred consumer goods. More detailed data were place everywhere, making customs data on trade collected every five years, when input-output tables for between countries of the former Soviet Union even more each republic were developed. The data were adjusted unreliable than the data reported by enterprises and by the USSR Goskomstat to achieve a zero balance organizations. The development of customs services between total interrepublic exports and imports. and their cooperation with other agencies collecting data In the late 1980s, when Gorbachev's economic vary from country to country. However, the system of reforms were initiated, and interrepublic financial collecting da.a on foreign trade clearly is undergoing a transfer became an issue, estimates of interrepublic trade serious and comprehensive transition, during which, flows were performed to show how they would look if reliable data for certain years will never be collected; trade had been conducted at Soviet foreign trade prices. only estimates based on limited information can be These estimates were made for political rather than made about export and import flows during the years of economic reasons. But they allowed researchers to transition. estimate what impact a move toward world market At the present conference, participants were pricing for interrepublic trade flows would have on the asked to answer questions about the foreign trade data economies of the republics. collection. From their answers it is clear that methods To construct the NMP accounts for a for collecting foreign trade data, for recording foreign republic, Goskomstat used data on each republic's trade transactions, for deriving macroindicators, and so trade with countries outside the Soviet Union and on, differ by country. Some countries have made estimated data on interrepublic trade from input- significant progress in strengthening customs services, output tables and then adjusted and corrected them using customs data, and applying internationally for consistency. To derive trade data by republic, recognized classifications. Others are lagging behind. Goskomstat estimated flows of exports and imports A summary of the results of the survey of participants from aggregate data. A sophisticated methodology which indicates the status of foreign trade statistics and of presenting data on both foreign and interrepublic planned developments in the FSU countries is presented trade in the NMW accounts was developed, which in the annex. differed from that of the United Nation's System of National Accounts. Conclusions With the breakup of the Soviet Union, its Good policies require good and timely single statistical system disintegrated. The statistical statistics, but good statistics also require good policies. offices of each new independent country are now If the economy is not stabilized and capital flight is responsible for collecting data including foreign trade heavy, if exports or the economy is heavily regulated data, and compiling macroeconomic aggregates, many and business is driven underground or into barter of which were not assembled before. Trade between the arrangements, and if there are great incentives to new independent states became foreign trade and had to misreport information or to avoid reporting altogether, Trade Policy and Trade Statistics 5 then statistics will be weak. Now, many of the new better policies and better statistics, feeding back to better independent states are caught in a vicious cycle: bad policies. As with all areas of reforn, the primary policies and weak institutions beget bad statistics, which responsibility rests vith govermments of the countries. prolong bad policies. It is time to move forward vith But international institutions must also assist in their policy and statistical reform to create a virtuous cycle of area of specialty to promote this objective. Foreign and Interrepublic Trade Statistics in the Soviet Union Vikior Martynov and Ella Potapova Major Stages in the Development of Foreign Trade Statistics Current practices in foreign trade data collection, dissemination, valuation, and its utilization for macroeconomic estimates in the countries of the FSU depend on the characteristics of the system that was in place in the Soviet Union. Thus knowledge of the past system is very important for analyzing current statistical issues. The state monopoly on foreign trade activities in Russia began in 1918 with the Decree on the Nationalization of Foreign Trade. Transactions with foreign states and individual trading firms abroad were conducted by authorized agencies of the Russian republic. All other commercial transactions with foreign partners dealing with the export or import of goods were forbidden. Statistical monitoring of Russian foreign trade was entrusted to the Central Statistical Office (CSO). The CSO carried out this monitoring through the People's Commissariat (Narkomat) for Industry and Trade, which issued licenses for foreign trade transactions to enterprises, trusts, and other economic organizations and helped the statistical services in conducting surveys in order to determine the results of export and import transactions. In the 1930s only specialized agencies under the direct jurisdiction of the newly formed People's Comniissariat for Foreign Trade had the right to engage in foreign economic activities. One of the most important responsibilities of these foreign trade agencies was to submit statistical reports according to specific statistical reporting forms. This information was generalized and systematized by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, which was subsequently reorganized into the Ministry of Foreign Trade. 8 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States The Central Statistical Office received only declarations; this information was centrally generalized data about the volume and commodity processed at the Main Computer Center of the structure of exports and imports. They did not Statistics Committee of the USSR But, the receive data on foreign trade activities, so the Office completeness and quality of information contained in had no role in compiling the balance of payments the cargo customs declarations was not up to and analyzing the country's external financial standard. For these reasons the statistical authorities position. This method of collecting statistical of the Soviet Union were forced to retain the information on foreign trade was maintained until previous system of reporting on export and import 1986. Beginning in 1987 foreign trade transactions transactions carried out by the foreign economic were reorganized. The state, while remaining as the associations. major actor in internationa l economic relations, gave Goskomstat developed the reporting forms the branch administrative agencies (ministries, and instructions for filling them out . The outline for departments), production associations (trusts) and obligatory statistical reporting stipulated the enterprises the right to directly conduct foreign trade collection of data on: transactions. Under these new conditions the . The volume of exports (imports) by country and Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations of the USSR commodity, was responsible (along with the Gosplan of the * Exports of commodities by domestic producers, USSR) only for developing the state plan for foreign * Imports of commodities for the domestic market, economic activities and for supervising and . Activities of joint ventures on the territory of the coordinating the participants in export and import USSR, transactions according to the plan's targets. The . Means, expenses, and sources of financing State Committee of the USSR for Statistics foreign trade transactions, (Goskomstat) was given methodological and * Soviet technical assistance to other countries, organizational control over the collection, processing * Foreign tourism, and publication of statistical data on the foreign * Soviet economic aid to developing countries and trade activities of the former Soviet Union. CMEA member states. Distinguishing Features of Soviet Foreign The Beginning of Reiorm Trade Statistics The transition to a market structure and the The universally recognized standards for expansion of the former Soviet Union's links to the compiling foreign trade statistics, which ensured world economy in the last years of its existence international compatibility, were often not applied to created an acute need for additional primary the collection of primary information on Soviet information. Goskomstat attempted to collect export-import transactions. This neglect was a result information regularly on Soviet foreign debt and of the rigid planning of the country's economy, debt service, credits granted and received, foreign under which the inflow and outflow of goods was investment, assets in foreign bank accounts, regulated by foreign economic associations. The commercial credits granted to foreign partners, and principal source of primary information on foreign foreign currency receipts from tourism but was not trade was not the customs declaration, as in most successful. Such information was held by the State other countries, but special statistical forms of Bank of the USSR (Gosbank), the Bank of Foreign reporting submitted by foreign trade associations and Economic Relations of the USSR based on the following documents: (Vneshekonombank), and the Ministry of Finance of * Contracts and notifications on the signing of the USSR (Minfin) which frequently did not contracts, cooperate in developing of consistent data. * Transport and merchandise documents received Goskomstat of the USSR also attempted to from Soviet and foreign suppliers, systematize and generalize the primary statistical * Bill of lading documents, notifications of information into consolidated indicators of foreign crossing the former Soviet border, economic activity as was done in industrial * Invoices from Soviet and foreign suppliers of countries; but, there were still many features unique goods. in the statistical methodology of Soviet foreign trade. In 1989 it became mandatory to declare Until 1990 Goskomstat's definition of foreign trade goods crossing the national border. Local statistical turnover was similar to definitions of General trade authorities began receiving copies of cargo customs used worldwide. Thus the value of foreign trade was Foreign and Interrepublic Trade Statistics in the Soviet Union 9 calculated on the basis of the value of goods exported construction and construction related to public abroad and imported into the country on commercial health, culture, and education. This export category terms, the value ot commercial reexports, and the included, along with the value of deliveries abroad of costs of transactions (material services) carried out specific goods, the costs of construction and among partners from different countries. Reexports assembly of equipment. The assembly of equipment were defined as the sum of commodities imported in most countries of the world was classified as the into the country and then exported without export of services. As a consequence of exclusion of processing (direct export) and goods procured abroad foreign aid, exports of the Soviet Union were more by the country's foreign trade organizations and sent underestimated than imports. Excluding foreign aid directly to third countries without entering the Soviet also helped to hide exports of heavy armaments. Union. The fact that assembly work was treated not as Where Goskomstat's practice diverged from export of goods, also distorted the sectoral structure worldwide practice, however, was in its failure to of exports. Exclusion of non material services include all goods and material services given by one underestimated exports because the inflow of country to another free of charge. These were foreign tourists (export of services) was higher than excluded as foreign trade transactions, because they travel of the Soviet citizen abroad (import of were not considered to be commercial transactions. services). But large part of the overall volume of exports from These general principles of foreign trade the former USSR consisted of deliveries made statistics were incorporated into a monitoring according to interstate agreements on economic and program, whose main features are presented in box technical assistance to foreign countries in enterprise 2.1. Box 2.1 General Methodological Principles of Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR Before 1990 Outline of monitoring program Items monitored: Categories not subject to monitoring: Visible goods exported abroad and then imported into the USSR (that is, Export and import of goods intended as free aid and gifts, those that crossed the state border of the forner USSR) according to contracts or transactions, Reexported goods (reentering and not entering the country), Export and import of goods for exhibitions, trade fairs and consignment, including nonretumable and unsold goods, temporary export and import of animals for races, and so export and import of movies and television films to be rented and retumed; export and import of merchandise samples, Complete plant equipment and materials; material services purchased and Export and import of goods that are part of the contributions to the sold when rendering technical assistance, technical assistance funds of international organizations, Bunker and other fuel and foodstuffs sold to foreign ships, airplanes, and Transit of foreign goods, trucks in river and sea pors, airports and gas stations in the USSR, and, correspondingly, purchased for Soviet ships, airplanes, and trucks abroad; Material transactions (services): patents, licenses, know-how; design and Value of vehicles and transportation equipment that have been exported survey work; general technical guidance; repair and restoration work; for repair and imported after repair, leases and concessions; reprocessing and finishing; printing of books, brochures, and advertising material; sending of specialists abroad, Exported and imported movies and television fils, including payment for Value of raw material and semimanufactured goods exported for licenses, processing and the value of imported goods after their processing, Goods that have been purchased and sold at trade fairs and exhibitions Temporary export and import of returnable tare, containers, and held on the territory of the USSR and abroad, irrespective of the time of transportation vehicles, and the return of these goods from abroad, export or import, Goods purchased on contract by organizations that conduct export and Value of leased goods that are exported or imported, import transactions for consumption by organizations of the USSR located abroad; and goods sold on contract for consumption by foreign organizations located on the territory of the USSR, Exported and imported goods to be retumed upon expiration of the Export and import of goods as part of guarantee sums presented by specified term (merchandise loan), contractors, Catch of fish and other sea products from neutral and foreign waters (as Personal baggage of passengers, mail packages of consumer goods, concession) that are sold from Soviet ships or given in payment for household appliances, livestock and transportation vehicles of migrants, concession; and baggage and busineLs and personal items intended for embassies, diplomatic missions, consulates, and trade missions, Imported and exported goods that are part of the authorized funds ofjoint Export of Soviet goods for provision of Soviet organizations abroad (not ventures. by contract), 10 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States Items monitored: Categories not subject to monitoring: Value of catch of fish and other sea products from neutral and foreign waters (as concession) by Soviet ships, except for that sold from Soviet ships or giveuk in payment for concession, Sa:e of goods in the Soviet Union to foreign organizations (embassies, consulates, trade missions) located on the territory of the USSR, conducted as retail trade in foreign currency, Goods entrusted to the supplier by the purchaser with a receipt for safekeeping, Goods made for export, but sold to Soviet organizations for foreign currency at their disposal, Retum of Soviet exported goods (on commercial terms), Nonmaterial services in the fields of tourism, sport, culture, transport, and so on. Exports and imports of goods were recorded Soviet exports and imports. On January 1, 1991 a when they crossed the border of the USSR and, in new classification and nomenclature - the USSR separate cases, when the property rights were Commodity Nomenclature for Foreign Economic transferred (for goods that remained on the territory Activities (CNFEA) - was introduced to collect of the selling country for use by the purchaser's statistical data and regulate foreign economic organizations after having been commercially bought activities. The CNFEA was based on the UN or sold and become the property of the purchasing Harmonized System of Description and Codification country). Exports were given at f.o.b. prices of the of Commodities (HS) and Combined Nomenclature USSR, and imports were given at f.o.b. prices of the of the European Economic Community (CN country of shipment estimated on the basis of EEC).Before changing to a new classification system contract prices. and recognizing the importance of international Exports and imports were geographically comparability, Goskomstat reviewed the basic distributed according to country of origin or methodological premises of the statistics on Soviet destination: exports were recorded by the country of foreign trade in light of the methodological destination, and imports were recorded by the recommendations made by the UN. The main country of origin. If, when the contract was distinction from the Soviet Union's earlier executed, the country of destination or origin was niot methodological premises was that the imports and known, exports and imports were recorded by the exports to be monitored and recorded increased or country that signed the contract. decreased the material resources (tangible assets) of the country (Box 2.2). This new system conforms to A New Nomenclature System international standards and is used in the Russian Before 1990 the Unified Foreign Trade Federation and most of the FSU countries. Commodity Nomenclature was used for recording Box 2.2 The Distinctions Between Methodological Premises of Soviet Trade Statistics Basic methodological premises Active until 1990: Active since 1991: Foreign trade item recorded All goods exported abroad and imported into All goods whose export (import) decreases or the USSR on commercial terms increases the material resources of the country. Value of exports and imports Exports in fo.b. prices imports in fo.b. prices Exports in f.o.b. prices, imports in c.i.f prices Range of goods recorded . Reexported goods not shipped into Included in volume of exports (imports) Not included in volume of exports (imports) the USSR . Material transactions (services) Included in volume of exports (imports) Not included in volume of exports (imports) * Shipments of complete sets of parts Included in the volume of exports (imports) as Included in the , olume of exports (imports) as and supplies sets separate commodity categories Foreign and Interrepublic Trade Statistics in the Soviet Union 11 Basic methodological premises Active until 1990: Active since 1991: * Processing of raw materials supplied Costs of processing were recorded in the Costs of raw materials and value of commodities by the customer volume of exports (imports) produced from them were recorded in the volume of export (import) * Repair of transport vehicles and Only the costs of repair was recorded in the Not recorded in the volume of exports (imports) equipment, ships, etc. volume of exports (imports) * Leases Not included in the volume of exports Included in the volume of exports (imports) (imports) depending on the period of lease * Goods as part of contributions to Not included in the volume of exports Included in the volune of exports (imports) technical assistance finds, supplies (imports) not subject to repayment, gifts * Personal parcels Not included in the volume of exports Included in the volume of exports (imports) (imports) depending on the parcel's valtie The advances in methodology made in the supplies" was based on the statistical form of last years before the break Up of the USSR reporting 'Deliveries of goods from import facilitated the convergence to universally accepted supplies." The value of imported producers' goods standards. However, the past data were not was given in domestic prices. according to which the reestimated according to the new methodology. As a goods were entered in the balance sheet of the result the time series are not methodologically enterprise receiving these goods. The value of consistent. This creates a certain confusion when imported consumer goods was estimated in retail analyzing trends particularly in the first few years prices based on the basis of the primary accounting after the break -up of the USSR. Some trends are reports of wholesale trade organizations. pronounced because of the methodological Such methods of recording exports and differences, not because of changes in real imports distorted the picture of the republics' magnitudes. economic activity with the rest of the world. The republic's share of fuel and raw materials sold for Foreign Trade Statistics for the Former exports was artificially lowered because of low Soviet Republics domestic prices for these commodities. On the The former Soviet republics carried out import side the of republic' share of consumer their export and import transactions through the goods were higher because of higher domestic Union foreign trade associations. These associations prices. Some republics were categorized as net had at their disposal all the primary information exporters when trade was estimated in foreign necessary to compile the foreign trade statistics of currency, and net importers when trade was the Soviet Union as a whole. Local statistical estimated in domestic prices. This system of authorities, however, did not have complete valuation existed in the USSR until the break up. information on export receipts from the sales of their Domestic prices are gradually being adjusted towards products on the world market and on the costs (in international levels, although the scope and speed foreign currency) of procuring imported goods. The vary by country (see Chapter 8). distribution of export deliveries and import supplies by territory was carried out by the Soviet Measures of Value and Prices Used in Goskomstat. Foreign Trade Statistics The statistical indicator 'dteliveries of goods In the Soviet Union consolidated trade for export" was based on information supplied by indicators were compiled using foreign trade prices enterprises and organizations. These reports were expressed in valuta rubles. Foreign trade prices are based on payment and shipping documents. The contract prices, based on the foreign transactions information on the value of export deliveries of concluded. They were set in the currency of the goods was given in domestic prices, and the goods selling country, the purchasing country or a third were accordingly entered into the balance st'eets of country. The value of export and import enterprises. The statistical indicator 'Import transactions, including clearing and credit payments 12 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States expressed in the currency of the foreign trade At the end of the 1980s producers in the partner, were converted in valuta rubles based on the Soviet Union were allowed to conduct trade with official exchange rate established by Gosbank. In foreign business partners independently through 1991 the rate used was the commercial rate of the intermediaries (foreign trade organizations) and Gosbank on the date of delivery of the goods. under these new economic conditions, the exchange The valuation of free aid or barter rate had to be set so that domestic prices approached transactions was based on the market price in the foreign trade prices. This was initially accomplished corresponding countries. If similar goods were using the system of foreign trade coefficients, which imported (exported) to the USSR on a commercial functioned like individual exchange rates for basis, then these transaction prices were used. particular commodities and, sometimes, for particular exporters. At the end of 1990 this Official Ruble Exchange Rate and its cumbersome system was replaced by a system of Determination foreign trade accounting based on a single The procedure for establishing the official commercial exchange rate that had been introduced ruble rate was fundamentally different from that in by Gosbank. countries with a market economy. This difference was particularly evident in the Soviet Union, where Use of the Transferable Ruble there was no currency market and the ruble rate did The transferable ruble was an international not depend on supply or demand. The rate was accounting unit used by the countries of the Council centrally established, taking into consideration the for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) for their practical implications for the foreign trade mutual settlements. It was created by an October organizations, which were required to surrender 1963 agreement on multilateral settlements in foreign currency proceeds from the sale of exports in transferable rubles and on the organization of the exchange for rubles and received foreign currency International Bank of Economic Cooperation for rubles in order to purchase imports. (IBEC). The transferable ruble was used to setting The official exchange rate in the Soviet contract prices for trade between member countries Union was centrally established by the State Bank of of the IBEC and for the mutual settlements of trade, the USSR (Gosbank). Its role in a planned economy credit, and other transactions. was mostly limited to accounting purposes, although The transferable ruble was not connected factors such as the ratio of domestic and with domestic prices and money supplies of member international prices of basic export commodities countries. The purchasing power of the transferable were considered when determining the rate. The ruble depended only on CMEA foreign trade prices. primary information for these purposes was prepared The IBEC used to set average annual exchange rates by the statistical authorities based on data from the for convertible currencies with respect to the accounting reports of the foreign trade organizations. transferable ruble. It is noteworthy that a change in the ruble rate did During the last years of the existence not affect the foreign economic ties between the members sought a more active use of the USSR and developed countries because all the transferable ruble to balance their foreign economic financial settlements in export and import transactions. But increased use of the transferable transactions were made in foreign currency. ruble as an international medium of payment was The base for calculating the ruble rate was limited because the crediting system in transferable the foreign currency considered by Soviet authorities rubles was not connected to the actual system of to be the most stable at that point in time. Thus, in trade between CMEA member countries: they could the early 1930s the ruble rate was based on the not use the interest on deposits and profits from their French franc. Before 1936, one ruble was exchanged participation in the IBEC activities to purchase for three French francs, but by 1936, this rate was needed goods and services. The IBEC rate for the 4.25 French francs. In the middle of 1937 the ruble transferable ruble against the dollar was more or less rate was established in US dollars. One dollar was the same as that of the Soviet ruble, but the real equal to 5 rubles and 30 kopecks. In 1970 the dollar value of the transferable ruble was impossible exchange rate was 90 kopecks to the dollar; in 1980, to estimate because the prices in transferable rubles 65 kopecks; and in 1990, 58 kopecks. were set bilaterally and varied by country and type of commodity. Foreign and Interrepublic Trade Statistics in the Soviet Union 13 Statistics on Interrepublic Trade in the compiled for 50 rnajor categories of consumer goods Soviet Union (in value and physical terms) based on the elaborated The division of labor that arose in the balances of state resources of the corresponding former Soviet Union integrated the former republics consumer goods (products of animal husbandry and into a unified economic complex. Each republic plant growing, products of the food processing contributed to the economy of the country and the industry, such as sugar, confectionery products, other republics. The economic interaction of the canned fruits and vegetables, fish and fish products, republics was reflected by their large volumes of and products of light industry) and also based on the commodity exports and imports. Exchange of actual reporting of wholesale trade organizations. commodities among former Soviet republics Because of the limited decentralization in accounted for almost a quarter of their gross social the late 1980s and the creation of a single all-Union product. market for producers' goods, more elaborate The reporting system on the interrepublic statistics on the interregional exchange of exchange of domestically produced goods was commodities were needed. Thus since 1989 organized in the USSR during the World War II and statistics on the interrepublic movement of lasted until the beginning of the 1990s. This producers' goods have been compiled by the state reporting system sought to monitor the supplies of statistical authorities. raw materials, fuels, machinery, and equipment from A special annual reporting form was the funds allocated by the state plan for the national introduced, which collected information on exports economy. The report classified productc according of goods from producers. The statistical reporting to the most important branches of the national form also contained information on the destination economy: ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy; the of exports. This form of reporting became the chemical and rubber industry; the wood-processing, source of primary information for compiling the wood-pulp, and paper industry, the fuel and balance of interrepublic exports and imports within petrochemical industry, the construction materials- the territory of the former USSR. producing industry, and the machine building Information on the interregional exchange industry. Reports were compiled by producers and of producers' goods for 1989 was processed by the then elaborated by the agencies responsible for Soviet Goskomstat, detailing 96 categories of raw material and technical supplies within the ministries materials, fuels, machinery, and equipment in value (departments) that controlled the resources specified and physical terms. The information was presented in the state plan for the national economy. as a matrix reflecting the interrelations of all regions The statistical reporting on the movement of the country. Information on the volumes of of producers' goods within the former USSR was exports from a territory, on the destination of these organized for the first time in the beginning of the exports, and on imports of raw materials and 1970s and included only a small number of producer machinery and equipment from other territories of goods: laminated steel, commercial timber, sawn the former Soviet Union were obtained by region, goods, cement and coal. This information was based province and republic. Statistical information on on reports from producers, and from supply and sales consumer goods was generated at the wholesale depots, which delivered commodities. In their depots (offices) of the Ministry of Trade, the reports the suppliers indicated the names and Ministry of Fisheries, and the Ministry of addresses (city, region and republic) of the recipient- Agroindustrial Complex on the basis of reports from enterprises.. industrial enterprises and wholesale trade Using this information, local departments of organizations under their subordination. the State Committee of the USSR for Material and Taking into account the organizational Technical Supplies (Gossnab) processed the data on structure of wholesale trade, a procedure was exports and imports of producers' goods by established in which these organizations, which individual republic, territory, and region. This were controlling all consumer goods in the region, report system was used to collect data on reported data on the total exports and imports of interrepublic imports, which were processed once a consumer goods to local statistical authorities in the year as an annual summary. region (in value and physical terms). Statistics on the movement of consumer The statistics on exports and imports of goods within the former Soviet Union have been consumer goods for 1989 were compiled (in value collected since 1982. The statistics were first and physical terms), detailing 100 aggregated commodity categories, including: products of 14 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States animal husbandry and plant-growing, products of the USSR on interrepublic trade indicated the food processing industry (flour, grains, macaroni, decentralization of this trade. The statistical confectionery products, sugar, canned fruits and reporting system of interrepublic trade in the late vegetables, fish and fish products, alcoholic and 1980s became the basis of the reporting system on nonalcoholic beverages, and so on), products of light interstate trade after the breakup of the USSR industry (fabrics, knits, hosiery, leather, and rubber because there were no customs services. This system and felt footwear), cultural and recreational goods, is being gradually replaced by reporting based on domestic appliances, haberdashery, perfumery, and custom declarations. But the weakness of the cosmetic goods. customs services in many of the new countries will These goods made up about 90 percent of require keeping the old statistical reporting system the consumer goods allocated for sale on the for some time. domestic market. The statistics on exports and imports by commodity category were compiled as Conclusions total amounts, without a detailed breakdown by Although the Soviet Union had one of the geographic distribution. Statistics on exports and most comprehensive sets of data on foreign trade imports in value terms were compiled by individual because of the state foreign trade monopoly, there commodities as well as by aggregated categories. were serious omissions. The system of foreign trade During 1990-91 the main principles of data statistics went through periods of cosmetic changes collection and information processing for exports before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, but the and imports remained unchanged. But the basic features remained the same. The system frequency of data processing changed, and the started experiencing more comprehensive changes number of individual categories taken into account in the late 1980s when the foreign trade system was increased (to 400 in 1991). liberalized and more enterprises and organizations In addition to compiling the balances of became directly involved in foreign trade activities. interregional trade Goskomstat of the USSR The statistics on the foreign trade of the Soviet compiled analytical tables by individual republic, Union differed from the statistics on interrepublic province, and region, which made it possible to trade in data collection, reporting, and valuation. determine the extent to which each territory met its With the disintegration of the USSR, all requirements from its own production or from interrepublic trade became foreign trade. However, imports. the legacy from the past still affects the new states. The increasing amount of statistical i.nformation compiled by the statistical agency of the Organization of Statistics on Foreign Economic Relations in the Russian Federation Ludmila Gubanova, Elena Ischenko, and Ludmila Sidorina The statistical recording of exports and imports of goods and services in the Russian Federation was revised in 1991 to meet international standards. But the current system is transitional in that it still contains many features of the old system. Key Changes in Reporting Since January 1, 1992, foreign trade statistics have been reported in U.S. dollars. This change was adopted to improve and increase the reliability of foreign trade statistics, to ensure the compatibility of statistical indicators with international standards, and to fulfill statistical obligations to international organizations. The value of export and import transactions, including clearing transactions expressed in the currency of the trading partner, are converted into U.S. dollars according to the exchange rates reported by Reuters. When contracts are concluded in the national currency of an Eastern European country, the exchange rate of a national bank of this country is used to convert the contract value into U.S. dollars. The value of export and import transactions involving humanitarian aid or barter is estimated according to the market price of the goods in the appropriate country or according to the price at which the goods are exported or imported commercially. When the value is estimated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, these currencies are converted into U.S. dollars. To classify traded conunodities, the Commodity Classification for Foreign Economic Activity (CCFEA) is used, 16 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States which is consistent with the Harmonized System definition of foreign transactions, and accounting (HS). The kilogram is the main unit used for period. quantitative measure. Additional units of measurement used in production have also been Recording Exports and Imports introduced by Goskomstat of Russia to ensure better Exports and imports of goods and services - correlation between the statistics of foreign trade and those that cross the customs border - are directly production. recorded on form 8-FET. Form 8-FET is submitted The Temporary Classification of Services is by all enterprises engaged in foreign trade activities used for classifying and coding foreign trade in (including barter), irrespective of the form of services, including the elaboration of technical ownership and including joint ventures and foreign documentation and other engineering services enterprises. When export and import transactions associated with the delivery of complete sets of are conducted through intermediary organizations equipment and construction and assembling works. (foreign trade associations, firms, and so on), reports Only the value of exports and imports of services is must be submitted by their appropriate departments. recorded. The recorded date of a traded service is The 8-FET forms are collected either the date of the certificate of acceptance or the date of monthly (current) or quarterly. They differ in their payment. coverage, accounting period, and list of indicators. The report issued by Goskomstat is based on the The Recording of Foreign Trade monthly 8-FET form which contains information Activities in the Russian Federation reported by country and by commodity. The country Although many changes have been made, section reports the value of trade with each trading the current system of collecting and processing data partner and specifies the type of transaction. The list on Russian foreign trade activities can be described and classification of transactions is developed by as transitional: it is still based mainly on the Goskomstat of Russia and ensures a triple-level methodology and technology that existed when a system of characteristics. The commodity section state monopoly conducted foreign trade activities. reports exports and imports identified according to a Data collection is based on standardized list of the main export and import commodities forms developed by the State Committee for (accounting for approximately 80 percent of the Statistics of the Russian Federation, which contain a export volume and approximately 70 percent of the list of indicators that describe the different aspects of import volume) expressed in value and physical foreign trade activities. The methodology for terms as an accrued total since the beginning of the calculating indicators from the standardized forms is year. Data reported in physical terms are expressed being developed by Goskomstat of Russia and in units defined by the list of main commodities, and provided through its regional offices to all in value terms in thousands of U.S. dollars. enterprises involved in foreign trade activities. The value of barter transactions and of other Currently, the system for collecting and processing types of deliveries conducted without explicit data consists of about fourteen reporting forms that payment should be calculated according to prices describe the flow of goods, services, and capital. used in export-import transactions. But the Russian Reporting on trade flows describes exports party in a barter transaction frequently finds it and imports of goods and services that cross the difficult to determine the value of the transaction Russian customs border, deliveries of goods by because the producer lacks information on average producers or suppliers of goods and services, and contract or world market prices. When processing supplies of imported goods to the final recipient for data, there is almost no way to monitor whether the both production and consumption. Enterprises barter prices match average contract prices or prices report foreign trade transactions to statistical offices for similar products. As a result estimates of with special statistical forms: 7-Foreign Economic Russia's barter transactions are inaccurate creating Transactions (FET) for exports. 1-FET for imports. problems in the balance of payments calculation. and 8-FET for both exports and imports. These However, the share of barter trade in total trade is forms differ in their format (7-FET and 1-FET continuously decreasing. include more indicators than 8-FET), coverage Ooint The report based on the form 8-FET ventures enjoy a '>educed range statistical reporting" (quarterly) has only one part. Data are presented in status and thus do not submit 7-FET and l-FET), the following order: country of origin (destination), Organization of Statistics on Forcign Economic Relations in the Russian Federation 17 type of payment, commodity, unit of measurement, domestic and foreign trade prices are estimated using quantity, value. the indicators of 1-FET form. All enterprises The method for compiling the indicators in (except for joint ventures) that import goods for the quarterly 8-FET form is identical to that for the production or consumption, are required to submit monthly version. The main difference between these this form, irrespective of how the imported goods two forms is that the quarterly report presents a more were obtained (directly from a foreign supplier, from detailed breakdown of goods that cross the border a central fund, from state reserves, through barter, during the accounting period. and so on). The report does not include used imported goods. Measuring Relative Price Movements The value of imported goods is estimated Deliveries of goods for export are reported according to the data in current operations or by the form 7-FET, which contains for each bookkeeping records in rubles, in prices by which the commodity its value in domestic and foreign trade goods are entered into the balance sheets of prices as well as its quantity in physical units. respective enterprises - recipients. The reports are Domestic prices are wholesale enterprise prices, and submitted only by the final recipients of imported foreign trade prices are contract prices denominated goods. in U.S. dollars. These reports contain data based on Based on the information obtained from the payment and shipping documents (invoices, forms 7-FET and 1-FET the ratio of domestic to certificates, specifications, railroad or air bills of foreign trade prices is derived to monitor lading, and so on) on all export deliveries made developments in relative price movements. In during the accounting period. Form 7-FET is fi1led addition, a ruble-dollar commodity parity rate of out quarterly, and all data are reported as an accrued exchange is calculated and compared with the Moscow total from the beginning of the year. Interbank Currency Exchange (MICE) market The quantity and value of imported goods in exchange rate (Table 3.1). Table 3.1 Ruble-Dollar Commodity Parity Rate of Exchange 1993 1994 3 months 6 months 9 months 12 months 3 months Commodity parity rate 218.1 238.6 358.5 542.0 712.7 MICE exchange rate 578.5 768.3 932.5 1037.2 1553.2 Ratio of commodity parity and MICE exchange rate (percent) 37.7 31.1 38.4 52.5 45.9 Note: Estimated on the basis of a representative sample of exported commodities But these estimates are not accurate enough. On the are regulated by licenses and quotas. The main export side, the inaccuracy is due mostly to function of this type of report is to monitor issued incomplete coverage: although joint ventures' licenses and allocated quotas, assess the impact of output and export deliveries are expanding rapidly, licensed exports on the total volume of exports, and their exports are not included in the form 7-FET.' monitor the export of goods for strategic use. Form On the import side the distortions are caused by 10-FET is submitted quarterly by all holders of incomplete coverage and by the exclusion of export or import quotas or licenses, reporting govermment subventions and subsidies from the accrued totals from the beginning of the year. The value of imports recorded in domestic prices. value of goods is also estimated according to contract prices and is expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars. Reporting on Quotas and Licenses Form 10-FET is used to report information on deliveries of commodity exports or imports that 18 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States Reporting Technical Assistance and tourtism. Other services are not covered by the Humanitarian Aid cnrrent statistical system at all. Reporting on export and import transactions One of the most important aspects of conducted within the framework of technical foreign economic relations for any state is the assistance in industrial construction provided by the recording of changes in reserves of foreign currency Russian Federation to foreign countries (forms 4- and movements of capital. Currently. reported data FET and 5-FET) is also used for data collection. on foreigii inve-tmcnt aie compiled on the basis of These forms ensure monitoring of centralized form 1-invest, which must be submitied quarterly by deliveries. The indicators of form 4-FET provide all enterprises whose equity is partly owned by additional information on export deliveries, while foreign firms (jo;nt ventures, their subsidiaries and the indicators of form 5-FET describe only reexport hranches) and by those filly owned by foreign deliveries. Reexport deliveries may or may not cross investors. Indicator, of this form are expressed in the borders of the Russian Federation. U.S. dollars mnd in rubles. Direct, portfolio, and Statistics on goods brought intc Russia as other investments are specified in the report. humanitarian aid which are not subject to reporting Direct investmerts that entitle the holder to on Form 8-FET (imports), are collected and management control of the enterprise and that processed on the basis of Form 1-aid. State, public, include credits from the foreign partner (co-owner) and religious organizations distributing and reinvested profits in proportion to the partner's humanitarian aid that they reccive from foreign share of the equity capital are sublivided in form 1- countries are requested to submit this form monthly. invest as building and assembly work; know-how, The volume of humanitarian aid is reported by machines and equipment; and special money country of origin and in physical terms by deposits. Portfolio investments include bonds, aggregated commodity categorics, such as foodstuffs, shares, bills of exchange, and other noncash items, medicines, medical equipment, clothing and which do not entitle holders to mana ,ement control footwear, mixed goods (which may include all of the of the enterprise and make up less than 10 percent of above items), and other commodities (wheelchairs, total authorized capital. The indicators of form 1- utensils for religious purposes, cars, buses, and so invest are used in compiling the capital accounts of on). the balance of paymenlts. The value of humanitarian aid entered in Changes in enterprises' foreign currency trade data and the balance of payments is estimated funds (except for the receipt and use of state with average weighted prices calculated on the basis centralized funds) are most completely described by of representative goods of the specified commuodity the indicators of form 1-FC, which consists of four categories. The distribution of goods by category ic parts: funds in transitory foreign currency accounts, based on expert judgment. However, there is still no funds in current foreign currency accounts, funds in approved methodology for estimating the value of foreign currency accounts abroad, and commercial incoming humanitarian aid, and there are no regular credits. The indicators of this form are expressed in estimates of aid being made. U.S. dollar-, other currencies are converted according to their dollar exchange rate at the end of Covering Nonfactor Services and Foreign the month. [nvestment Funds in transitory foreign currency n Thent cuffent system ofcollectingand accounts include all foreign currency earnings from The current system of collecting and abroad (including those from exports of goods and processing foreign trade statistics covers nonfactor services) and other receipts (commissions, direct and services rather poorly. Reporting on foreign tourism portfolio investments, cre,dits and interest, grants, covers only a portion of these services. Moreover, sales to the CIS states, and so on). They indicate the the indicators of forms 1-int ('Intourist'), 2-int, and amount of foreign currency that must be either 3-int reflect the number of foreign citizens that surrendered to the state, or transferred to the visited Russia only by duration of stay and purpose accounts of enterprises. The indicators of this part for the trip (business, private, tourism, and so on). are compiled from the transitory accounts statements Trips abroad taken by Russian citizens are not of authorized banks of the Russian Federation. recorded (except for registration by border control). Funds in current foreign currency accounts Thus this reporting system does not provide include sources of receipts and their uses in foreign estimates of earnings from and expenditures on economic activities and in the secondary Organization of Statistics on Foreign Economic Relations in the Russian Federation 19 redistribution of foreign currency funds on the * The gradual introduction of the System of domestic market. Receipts are reported from foreign National Accounts, which required changes in trade transactions (exports, commissions, foreign statistical reporting. credits, and so on) according to nine categories and a The dissolution of the USSR and the need to from the redistribution of foreign currency funds on develop a new customs policy and customs the domestic market through the currency exchange territory. and directly from foreign currency holders (for the * The general weakening of discipline in execution of contracts, sales of goods and services on reporting, which affected the quality of reported the domestic market, deliveries to the near abroad, data. and so on). Uses of foreign currency are reported * The appearance of new forms of trade, including according to six categories, which aside from those associated with the distortions in today's expenditures on imports of goods and services, mark-ets ("shuttle" business). include the repayment of principal and interest, sales Given these difficult circumstances, of foreign currency, and so on. The indicators of this Goskomstat of the Russian Federation is making part are compiled from the account statements of great efforts to improve the system of reporting and enterprises and organizations in banks of the to develop a methodology for estimating the Russian Federation. financial and commodity flows not covered by the Funds in foreign currency accounts abroad present system. But the technological issues of data describe the state of and changes in foreign currency processing are not receiving sufficient attention, accounts of enterprises and organizations in foreign which given the deteriorating quality of incoming banks, including banks in the CIS states. information, is causing major errors and omissions. Commercial (trade) credits extended by The State Customs Committee's foreign trade contractors to each other at their own development and experimental operation of a expense are represented in the last part. Long-term departmental automated subsystem of customs credits (lasting more than one year) are foreign trade statistics in cooperation with distinguished from other credits. The indicators Goskomstat of Russia in 1990-93 will allow these described in this part are compiled from accounting agencies to secure and process as completely as records and can be used to compile the capital possible reliable and prompt information on foreign account of the balance of payments. trade transactions (including those with the states of the near abroad). The basis for this subsystem will be Assessing the System's Health the data from customs declarations for commodities Taken as a whole, the system of collecting crossing the border, not the reporting from statistical statistics on foreign economic activities in Russia is forms (mainly form 8-FET), since their quality far from perfect. The forms are bulky, and they cannot be properly monitored. contain many duplicate indicators and information flows. There are irregularities in the methodology of Russia' Transition to a Commodity compiling some indicators. Some areas of foreign Classification System economic activity, such as services, are poorly The liberalization of foreign trade activities reflected in the existing statistical system. enables Russia's economy to be better integrated A far-from-complete list of factors that with the world economy. Liberalization requires the caused the deterioration of foreign trade statistics development and implementation of methodological and current difficulties confronting Russian statistics principles that aie suitable for the organizing a include: foreign trade statistical system; adapting new ways * Trade liberalization which led to a sharp of collecting, processing, and analyzing data; and increase in the number of entities engaged in implementing international standards in statistics. foreign economic transactions. Russia's 1991 change to a new classification * Cancellation of directive planning which had system - the Commodity Classification of Foreign covered all foreign economic relations. Economic Activities (CCFEA) - brought it close to * The transition in 1991 to a new system for achieving this goal. The classifier was developed on describing and coding goods and services based the basis of the Harmonized Commodity Description on the UN Harmonized System. and Coding System, which in turn was based on the six-digit categories of the revised version of the Nomenclature of the Customs Cooperation Council 20 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States (NCCC). Until 1991 foreign trade statistics were complementary commodities were identified, and classified according to the Unified Foreign Trade their relation to the more-aggregated commodity Commodity Nomenclature of CMEA countries categories was established. (UFTCN). When the UFTCN and CCFEA Because the tiansition to the SITC classificators are compared their different classification was carried out at the six-digit methodologies become apparent. These systems are CCFEA level, direct use of these statistics leads to incompatible in terms of items of classifications, substantial errors. Special software for preliminary principles of the classification scheme, depth and data analysis and processing was developed in order detail of the classification, agreement between to address these inconsistencies (see Annex 1). categories in their content or name, and coding An algorithm (described in Annex 2) was principles. developed to convert data from CCFEA to SITC, in Along with a new classification, the means which data are processed not only by commodity, but to move from the UFTCN to the CCFEA were also by countrv. After making the original data developed. A one-to-one correspondence had to be internally consistent, all commodity positions at the established between the five-digit commodity items level of the six-digit CCFEA codes are recoded to the of the UFTCN and the six-digit commodity SITC classification system using the transition subcategories of the CCFEA. However, these methodology. Then, according to the international transitional methods were developed only as economic classification, aggregates at the required approximations and are not being used to process levels are obtained. statistical data. The results for statistics on Russian foreign This difficulty, along with the problems trade in 1992, show that US$ 917.7 million of associated with determrining Russia's share in Soviet imports were left undistributed (Table 3.2). exports and the changes in valuation of exports and Preliminary analysis has shown this error is due to imports (before 1992 they were valued in "valuta" inconsistencies at higher levels of aggregation than rubles, and after 1993 in U.S. dollars) makes it much those discussed in this paper. This problem requires more difficult to construct consistent, long term time additional investigation. series to analyze changes in foreign trade Because the quality of foreign trade composition and to forecast its development. statistics that Goskomstat obtains - using old Provisions were made to incorporate methods for data collection, and processing under additional commodities that were absent from the HS new economic conditions - does not allow prompt into the CCFEA. These included oil products, recalculation of the data according to the SITC medicines, some nonferrous and precious metals, structure, the work will be carried out on an and so on. In developing this classification, the experimental basis accompanied by extensive range of commodities traded among CMEA investigation of the methodological problems. countries was taken into account. All Organization of Statistics on Foreign Economic Relations in the Russian Federation 21 Table 3.2 Foreign Trade of the Russian Federation According to Standard International Trade Classification, 1992 Exports Imports shares in shares in shares in adjusted shares in adjusted value total total value total total Categories of SITC (thousand US$) (percent) (percent) (thousand US$) (percent) (percent) 0 Food and live animals 1,540,621 3.75 3.64 8,472,478 24.47 22.91 1 Beverages and tobacco 61,626 0.15 0.15 370,941 1.07 1.00 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 2,038,224 4.97 4.81 679,493 1.96 1.84 3 Mineral fuel, lubricants, and related materials 21,348,529 52.01 50.38 541,382 1.56 1.46 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats, and waxes 15,542 0.04 0.04 321,984 0.93 0.87 5 Chemical and related products, n.e.c. 2,352,654 5.73 5.55 3,054,C21 8.82 8.26 6 Manufactured goods classified by material 182,361 17.50 16.95 2,884,090 8.33 7.80 7 Machinery and transport equipment 5,820,597 14.18 13.73 3,377,660 38.63 36.17 8 Miscellaneous manufactured 528,903 1.29 1.25 4,924,214 14.22 13.31 articles 9 Commodities and transactions classified elsewhere in the SITC 6,344 0.02 0.01 10 0.00 0.00 Gold, monetary 148,422 0.36 0.35 49 0.00 0.00 Total including gold 1,043,823 100.00 96.85 34,626,322 100.00 93.63 Material services 1,335,277 - 3.15 1,440,000 - 3.89 Undistributed goods - - - 917,678 - 2.48 Total adjustment by Goskomstat of Russia 42,379, 1O0 - 100.00 36,984,000 - 100.00 Source: The Center for Economic Analysis 22 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States Annex 1 By using the UNUCC, the codes of which The commodity code according to the are built on the algorithmic principle, services can be CCFEA was limited to nine digits: the first six digits appropriately aggregated by type. The following were in full accordance with the classification codes types of services cani be separated at the level of the of the HS and the additional three digits were used first three digits: for national identification. * 995 Construction works and structure. The general structure of coding according to * 996 Sales, repairs, and after-sale service. the CCFEA can be represented as follows: . 997 Transportation, storage and communications. Corresponds category XX * 998 Commercial and financial services in to codes of position XX Harmonized System subposition 7a different sectors of the economy. Extension in CCFEA xxx * 999 Education, culture, health care, publishing and news agencies. The national extension of the CCFEA Because correspondence between the nomenclature to the seven-to-nine digit level is used CCFEA and the SITC is ensured on the six-digit for both customs and statistical purposes. level by the HS transition keys developed by the UN The three digits added to the CCFEA are Statistical Division, the compatibility of Russian used as follows: foreign trade data with international trade statistics is now easily achieved. Groupings of HS XX The Center for Economnic Analysis, under First level of commodity aggregation XX Second level of commodity aggegation the auspices of the govermment of the Russian On the level of individual commodities xxx Federation, is converting Russian foreign trade statistical data from the CCFEA to the SITC system. Groupings used previously in the UFTCN But during this process they found that in some are accounted for in the first level of aggregation. At cases the value of commodities aggregated at the six- the second level an average degree of aggregation is digit CCFEA level was much less than that at the attained to accommodate both customs tariffs and four-digit CCFEA level. Some organizations statistical needs. Aggregation at this level prevents engaged in foreign economic activities used different using a commodity specification that is too detailed. levels of aggregation in classifying commodities At the third level commodities are identified. On when reporting according to Form 8-FET. each of the three levels a consistent coding system (from one to nine) is applied. Commodities and Annex 2 commodity categories not reflected in this classification are classified as "other" and are coded The algorithm of adjustments for by the number nine. inconsistencies in primary data used for converting The national extension in the CCFEA also data from CCFEA codes is as follows: uses category 99 for classifying services: because they cannot physically cross the border, services are 99 not represented in customs classifications and B s L S (2.1) declarations. For this reason the Temporary Classifier of Services was developed, the codes of which coincide with the first five digits of the UN where s/j is the value of the ith CCFEA six-digit Unified Commodity Classification (UNUCC). Two commodity position included into jth CCFEA four- additional digits are used for further specification. digit commodity position. Thus, this system does not violate the principles of the CCFEA, and the maximum size of A = S' , (2.2) the service code is also nine digits. It has the following structure: where S j is the value of the jth CCFEA four-digit commodity position from the database. Code of HS category (99) XX CodeofservicesaccordingtoUNUCC XXXXX C=A-B (2.3) Code for national extension XX Organization of Statistics on Foreign Economic Relations in the Russian Federation 23 If C> 0,then B=Bk+B, (2.7) Bk = E k , (2.4) Bk = Bk -(A-B,) (2.8) where Bk is the new value of the ith CCFEA six- where S' is the value of the ith CCFEA six-digit digit commodity position included into the jth commodity position included into the jth CCFEA CCFEA four-digit commodity position, without four-digit commodity position, but without specification tor last two digits of the code, adjusted specification for last two digits of the code (in to ensure balance. general form as codes of XX.XX.00 type). C=A-Bk-B, (2.9) i=m Bl =Z E A S, ,(2.5) N-Bk =A-BI (2.10) ,=1 where S,' is the value of the ith CCFEA six-digit B. = Bk +(C-Bk) (2.11) commodity position included into the jth CCFEA four-digit commodity position, with specification for Bk C (2.12) the last two digits of the code (in general form as codes of XX.XX.XX type). m+n=i (2.6) Notes ' For example, in 1993 oil production by joint venttures was 11 mrillion tons. A large portion of this amount (approximately 7 mnillion tons) was exported, accounting for almost 10 percent of the Russian annual oil exports. 4 Trade of the Russian Federation with CIS Countries Ludmila Gubanova, Elena Ischenko, Ludmila Sidorina, and Yuri Stepanov Organization of Foreign Trade Statistics The system of collecting statistics on trade flows between Russia and the CIS states is currently being developed. Three stages in this process can be identified: * initial stage (1991-92) - the old system in use under the Soviet system for collecting and processing data on the interregional exchange of producers and consumer goods was still in place to some extent. • intermediate stage (1992-93) - mirror statistics were used to measure imports from the CIS states, and enterprises directly reported export deliveries. . transitional stage (1994 to 1996 tentatively) - the transition to a reporting and statistical system that is compatible with international standards, including the use of customs statistics, will be completed. Initial Stage The old system for collecting and processing trade data remained in place in the innmediate period following the dissolution of the USSR and the establishment of independent states place. Because the CIS states used the same approach to collection export data and exchanged collected data, their trade indicators remained compatible just as new trade relations between the states were developing. 26 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States This uniform method of compiling year but recorded in the agreement's account for the interrepublic trade indicators and collecting data on current year were included in the current account exports was developed in the 1970s and 1980s. The period. Advance deliveries were recorded in the system was based mainly on enterprises' reporting report for the following year. of their transactions in producers goods and The national statistical authorities of the wholesale trade organizations' reporting of their CIS countries followed the same procedure for transactions in consumer goods. collecting data on exports of major commodities. However, they developed their own classification Intermediate Stage system basing it on their established specialization During this stage, statistics on trade in production. between Russia and the other CIS countries were According to data from the national compiled mainly from data obtained through the statistical authorities of the CIS states, the state system of statistical reporting. Information on monitored goods accounted for between 70 and 100 Russian imports from the other CIS countries was percent of their total exports to Russia. The taken from mirror statistics - data on exports to Goskomstat of Russia used this information to Russia supplied by the national statistical authorities compile indicators on imports from the CIS states. of the CIS states. In addition, statistics on Until recently the statistics on imports and production, imports (exports) and market stocks of exports of consumer goods were compiled on the major consumer goods that were also collected by basis of reports made by wholesale trade enterprises state statistical authorities were widely used. and organizations that were in charge of distributing State statistics on exports of major consumer goods in the region. Until the middle of commodity categories included deliveries made 1993 the value of goods imported from the CIS under interstate agreements and contracts between states was calculated in a single currency - the ruble. Russia and the CIS states, as well as barter The introduction of national currencies in most of transactions. the new independent states altered the trade value Enterprises and organizations (irrespective indicators. Although the majority of contracts with of their form of ownership) that produced and Russian enterprises and organizations were delivered goods to the CIS states reported their own concluded in rubles, in the middle of 1993 the deliveries. Information was submitted for 3, 6, 9, national statistical authorities of the CIS states and 12 months as cumulative totals, according to a began to report their statistics on exports to Russia classification system centrally established by the in their national currencies. Goskomstat of Russia. Commodities that made up This change made it considerably more most of Russia's exports to the CIS countries were difficult to estimate the value of imports from the fully represented in this classification. They were CIS states. Thus, the Goskomstat of Russia had to products primarily from the fuel and energy, convert the currencies of the CIS states into Russian chemical and wood, and machine building rubles in order to derive the value of imports. The industries. This classification could include other information thus obtained serves as the basis for products at the discretion of Russian republic, compiling quarterly statistical bulletins on Russia's provincial, and regional statistical offices. trade with the CIS states. During 1992-93 the classification system A worsening of reporting discipline, the named 360 categories of the most important emergence of new forms of trade (direct contracts, producers goods and raw materials for light industry barer operations), an increase in the number of and the food industry. These categories accounted trade participants, and the advent of a network of for more than two-thirds of Russia's total exports to mostly private middlemen created a situation in the CIS states. For each commodity category which the reporting enterprises did not have statistics were registered in value (thousands of complete information on the goods traded within the rubles) and volume by CIS country. The value of CIS. Moreover, the mirror statistics became less commodities was given in wholesale prices at the reliable and lost their compatibility with many enterprise gate and did not include transportation indicators. As a result the Goskomstat of Russia costs. was forced to search for new ways to collect and Because the main goal of statistical process information on trade with the CIS states, in reporting was to monitor interstate agreements on conformity with accepted international standards. mutual deliveries, goods delivered in the previous Trade of the Russian Federation with CIS Countries 27 Transitional Stage statistical reporting. Also taken into consideration The Goskomstat of Russia developed a new was the need to improve the system of statistical statistical reporting form in order to unify the observation, to increase the reliability of collected approach to data collection (see Chapter 3). In data, and to decrease the amount of work required to developing this form, the methodology used to compile reports. collect data on foreign trade with the non-CIS The transition period is scheduled for countries was taken into consideration. The 1995-96. In 1995 the Goskomstat of Russia will statistical form was introduced in the third quarter collect and process data on exports of goods, of 1994. including deliveries to the CIS states, on the basis of The new form greatly increases the number the existing forms of statistical reporting. But of enterprises and organizations that are monitored. customs statistics will be used to compile data on All enterprises that independently concluded imports. Beginning in 1996, the Goskomstat of contracts or agreements with a CIS trade partner - Russia will use customs statistics for both exports enterprises associations, firms, establishments, and imports. concerns, joint-stock companies, corporations, leased enterprises, collective farms, state farms, Banking Statistics as a Source of cooperatives, joint ventures with firms of the CIS Information on FSU Trade states, foreign enterprises, and all other Banking statistics could, in principle, be a organizations, including trade and shipping useful source of information on trade relations. enterprises - are subject to reporting. Balance of payments statistics are based on The Commodity Classification of Foreign monetary transactions, not custom statistics or the Economic Activities (CCFEA) is used to classify reports of enterprises. Unfortunately banking commodities in the new reporting system. In statistics could not be used in the FSU. addition, the Codes of Units of Measurement used in When the USSR had a Central Bank, all international trade have been adopted, and the codes banking transactions were conducted through the of the CIS states are being adjusted to correspond to Gosbank or other state banks, and statistics were the UN Classifier of Countries of the World. Along available that could be used for this purpose. They with domestically produced goods, reexported goods were not used for this purpose, however, because will also be reported in export statistics. trade between republics was not considered A uniform procedure for valuing interstate trade, so not every movement of goods commodities that uses contract prices has been across a border was accompanied by a payment introduced. When an agreement or contract is transaction. But in January 1992 interrepublic concluded in the currency of a CIS state or in trade became international trade and almost all convertible currency, the value is converted into central banks of the CIS states stopped submitting rubles - based on the exchange rate on the date of accounting reports and statistics, including delivery (as reported by the Central Bank of Russia). information on credit emission to enterprises and When goods are delivered without payment (barter commercial banks to the Central Bank of Russia transactions, grants, foreign aid, and so on), their (which took over the functions of the USSR Central value is based on the Russian market price Bank). Rapid development of a commercial prevailing on the date of exchange or transfer. banking network in most CIS states ended the In addition. during 1992-94, Russia's State accounting system of interbranch settlements of the Customs Committee developed a method for former State Bank of the USSR. Since July 1, 1992 compiling customs statistics, and organizing the interbank settlements within the CIS were carried collection, processing and publication of data in out primarily through correspondent accounts of the accordance to the internationally accepted system of central banks of the former Soviet republics that statistical reporting (see Chapter 5). But the were opened in Central Bank of Russia. Payments Goskomstat of Russia advised that a transition on these accounts were limited by the sum of period should accompany the conversion from the receipts augmented by the amount of technical state system of statistical reporting on foreign trade credit that was granted by the Central Bank of to the use of customs statistics. This decision was Russia based on decisions made by the Russian based on a comparative analysis of two sets of government. Some analysts used information on statistics for the first quarter of 1994, one based on these credits to cross check the trade data reported customs declarations and the other on state by the statistical offices of CIS states. 28 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States In July 1, 1993 the Central Bank of Russia correspondent accounts of central banks diminished stopped granting technical credits to the CIS states. drastically. All technical credits issued earlier were transformed This situation, and the remaining high into government debt of the respective CIS states. share of barter trade is reducing the role of banking New credits were extended only as state credits. statistics as an additional source of information on Under these conditions the Central Bank of Russia interstate trade and as a source for developing recommended that commercial banks settle their balance of payment statistics. Its role will increase interstate accounts through correspondent accounts when the banking sector in the FSU states develops opened in other commercial banks. Beginning in and a payment mechanism for interstate trade the second quarter of 1993, a large portion of trade transactions put in place. was paid for in this way, and the importance of the 5 Development of Customs Statistics in the Russian Federation Anatoliy Lisov and Valeriy Orlov The government of the Russian Federation has made significant progress in adapting its program for developing foreign trade statistics to international practice in accordance with the requirements of a market economy. Foreign trade statistics are also being compiled with more precision and timeliness. Measures to improve the system for collecting, processing. and presenting foreign trade data have also been planned and executed, including steps to establish a legal, methodological, and information basis for customs statistics. The Legal, Information, and Methodological Basis for Customs Statistics The legal basis for foreign trade statistics is the Customs Code of the Russian Federation. According to the code, the customs authorities must compile reliable statistics on exports and imports and establish a strict statistical accounting of foreign trade transactions. The primary source of data for compiling foreign trade statistics is the cargo customs declaration. This document is modeled on the Unified Administrative Document, which is used by Russia's foreign trade partners European Union (EU) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and by many other countries. All goods and vehicles crossing Russia's borders are subject to customs control and thus must complete the cargo customs declaration. This form collects information on the origin and volume of goods crossing the border, the contract price, country of destination, conditions of delivery, and related information. 30 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States Goods are classified according to the Eurostat, to ensure the compatibility of Russian data Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Trade with those of partner countries. Activities (CNFTA) which is based on Onto these forms Russia's foreign trade is internationally accepted classification codes. The distributed according to the following country first six digits of the CNFTA are the commodity groups: CIS states, OECD countries, EU countries, code according to the Harmonized Commodity EFTA countries, countries of Central and Eastern Description and Coding System. These six plus two Europe, and OPEC countries. Trade with individual more, form the commodity code according to the EU countries is distributed by continent. Combined Classification. Country classification Quarterly bulletins contain data on Russia's follows codes developed by the UN Statistical leading exports and imports (covering about 80 Division. percent of export volume and 50 percent of import Integrating Russia's economy into the volume) by country as well as data on trade in major international economy has necessitated developing a commodities with fifty-two of Russia's partners. methodology for compiling foreign trade customs The State Program of the Russian statistics that is compatible with universally accepted Federation for the Transition to an Internationally practice. The 'Methodology of Foreign Trade Adopted System for Reporting and Statistics in Customs Statistics of the Russian Federation" Accordance with the Requirements of a Market adopted by the State Customs Committee of Russia is Economy was adopted as law in October 1992. It based on the principles of Russia's Customs Code specifies that Russian customs authorities should and takes into account the methodology applied by compile foreign trade statistics based on computer- the Statistical Bureau of the European Union processcd data from cargo customs declarations (Eurostat). rather than from the cumbersome and incomplete The Methodology identifies the items to be form of state reporting (Form 8-FTA) submitted monitored and recorded in foreign trade customs monthly by foreign trade participants (see chapter 3). statistics (including commodities transported The current system is unreliable for at least through pipelines and electric lines) and the method two reasons. Reporting is far from universal and the of recording. The customs regime to which specific system leaves considerable room for ministerial imports and exports are subject is the main interference and influence. To take the most determinant of recording. Commodities in twelve of conservative estimates, at least 20 percent of the fifteen main customs regimes are included in the exporters and importers fail to submit monthly customs statistics. Examples of customs regimes are statistical reports choosing instead to risk being export, import of goods for unrestricted circulation, caught and to pay the modest fines established under reexport, reimport, processing, free trade zones, and outdated legislation. This underreporting is transit. apparent from a comparison of data from customs The customs statistics on foreign trade statistics with those from unadjusted reported data record exports and imports based on the General from form 8-FTA (Table 5.1). System of Foreign Trade Recording. The Methodology's definitions of country of origin, Table 5.1 Comparison of Foreign Trade conditions of delivery, and so on correspond to Data from Customs Statistics with those international standards. For the most part the Reported by Enterprises, 1994 structure and content of the Methodology match that billions of U.S. dollars of documentation methods used in other countries. Ratio of form 8- Since 1994, customs foreign trade statistics Form 8- FrA statistics to have been published in quarterly and annual Statistics statistics (percent) bulletins. Following international practice, quarterly Exports bulletins are published sixty days after the end of the First quarter 8.5 9.6 88 accounting period, and the annual bulletin is Second quarter 12.6 11.8 107 published 120 days after the end of the year. Imports In 1992 the State Customs developed forrms First quarter 3.3 6.9 48 for the publication of customs statistics on Russia's Second quarter 3.2 6.5 49 foreign trade. These forms, based on internationally established practices, were examined by experts from the General Secretariat of the GATT and from Development of Customs Statistics in the Russian Federation 31 The state program for the statistical Even in countries with hyperinflation, such transition purposely eliminates the possibility of as Argentina, Brazil, and Yugoslavia foreign trade ministerial influences in the preparation of foreign statistics have always been reported in the national trade statistics. Such influence is blocked when currency with the procedure for converting into U.S. foreign trade statistics are based on computer- dollars clearly specified. processed data from cargo customs declarations However, until economic and consequently, because: exchange rate stabilization are achieved, reporting * Customs monitoring is carried out by a federal trade data in rubles is not considered expedient authority of the state administration, which is because exchange rates (relative to the ruble) would independent of the participants in foreign trade vary widely during the year and many of Russia's activities. trade partners conduct transactions in convertible * Participants in foreign trade activities, not local currencies. Compiling statistics and publishing customs authorities complete the cargo customs foreign trade data in rubles thus should be seen as declarations. the long-term goal. * Once accepted by local customs authorities, the A second approach, separating foreign trade cargo customs declarations become legal transactions conducted in convertible currencies and documents. those conducted in rubles has two shortcomings * The cargo customs declaration, in addition to its when it comes to aggregating trade data. It becomes functions as the basic document for compiling difficult to calculate Russia's total trade with the rest foreign trade statistics and the legal basis of of the world, with groups of countries, and with customs monitoring, is also a financial individual countries, as well as the commodity document, which determines the relationship breakdown of the total value of deliveries to and between participants in foreign trade activities supplies from the rest of the world. and the federal budget. Because of the shortcomings of these two methods the State Customs Committee considers it Valuing Commodities in Customs Foreign preferable at this stage to publish statistics in U.S. Trade Statistics dollars. To facilitate the analysis of Russia's trade Until September 1992 the value of exported with the CIS states, however, tables reporting trade and imported commodities was reported in the with these countries in rubles are included with customs cargo declaration (CCD) in thousands of official statistical publications. This is because payments between legal rubles. Export values were estimated in fo.b. prices Ties o s andecountries oftheer Sovie and import values in c.i.f. prices. The foreign entities of Russia and countries of the former Soviet currency values were converted into rubles according Union are made both In Russian rubles and in curnyvle- eecnere norbe codn foreign currencies. Also, currently most contracts to the exchange rate quoted by the Central Bank of with thencies Are cudedtin rbs, andats the Russian Federation. On January 29, 1992, a new with the In the ane concluded in rubles, and thus resolution on statistical reporting of export and changes in the exchange rates of CIS currencies importtransations dopte by th Nhnisry of relative to the nible have little effect on the estimated importign traactonsmic Rladiop the MinistryBa, od value of Russia's trade in rubles with the CIS states. Foreign Economic Relations, the Central Bank, and the Russian Goskomstat called for reporting imports Collecting and Processing Foreign Trade and exports in U.S. dollars in the CCD. Customs receives the exchange rate Data from Cargo Customs Declarations quotations from the Central Bank of the Russian The State Customs Committee of Russia Federation twice a week (on Tuesday and Thursday), considers the computerization of the collection and and they are effective the following day. These processing of trade data to be a key part of the exchange rate quotations are the only ratel that the transition from enterprise reported statistics (Form customs authorities may use to compile foreign trade 8-FTA) to customs-based statistics. statistics, to collect from participants in foreign trade During the past three years Russian customs activities the customs, excise, and other duties, and authorities have developed a computerized system of to estimate value-added taxes. customs foreign trade statistics. The system is part Russian authorities have considered three of a larger Unified Computerized Information methods of estimating and publishing the values of System, which is intended to include all of Russia's Russia's exports and imports: The first approach is customs service information. to report in rubles. 32 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States The hierarchical system of collecting and remove system defects. The system included almost transferring data has been implemented throughout twenty computer programs to organize customs the customs service. From lowest to highest, the statistics at customs posts and customshouses. levels run: customs post (CP), customs houses, regional customs authorities, and the Main regional customs administrations, and the State Processing Center. Customs Committee and its Main Research and The test focused primarily on three Information Processing Center. components of foreign trade statistics: exports of The Main Research and Information commodities subject to licensing and quotas, exports processing Center (MRIPC) collects and processes of strategic raw materials, and exports and imports data from the cargo customs declarations, which are in barter trade. received directly from customshouses or from Two factors are critical if the new system is regional data posts collection. This arrangement to improve the quality of foreign trade data: the data ensures prompt data processing, versatility in must be reliable and must be received promptly by compiling foreign trade customs statistics. the Main Processing Center. Twelve regional customs administrations The filling error rate in the CCD turned out collect cargo customs declarations: the Moscow, to be a serious problem. In the beginning of 1993 Western, Northwestern, Far East, North Caucuses, the number of inaccurate CCD reached as high as 50 West Siberia, East Siberia, Volga, Ural, Tatar, percent, but by the end of 1993 the number had Kaliningrad, and Dagestan regional administrations. dropped to less than 6 percent. The range of errors These regional administrations receive cargo was also reduced from fifty-four to five or six items customs declarations from 130 customshouses, in the CCD. which in turn receive their data from approximately By 1993 of customs specialists had become 500 customs posts. much more adept at applying computerized One of the main results of the experimental information technologies particularly in compiling operation of the State Customs Committee customs statistics. Some customshouses turned in information system in 1993 was an end to the receipt CCD containing information with 100 percent of cargo customs declarations in paper form: in 1992 reliability. Improvements in reliability can be the Main Processing Center received more than 90 attributed largely to the use of software for percent of its information on paper, but in 1993 it monitoring how CCD are completed. received 86 percent of cargo customs declarations But even though the quality of information through its communication lines and 14 percent on has improved substantially, monitoring by the Main diskettes. Processing Center has revealed that up to 10 percent The Main Processing Center's use of of CCD are inaccurate. modern computers, greatly broaden its capabilities Ensuring the prompt receipt of CCD by the and make it possible to process increasing amounts Main Processing Center turned out to be more of information. In 1993 customs processed difficult. To evaluate how electronic copies of CCD approximately 2 mnillion declarations, some 1.1 are submitted, the Main Processing Center evaluates million for exports and 0.9 million for imports. The procedures at forty-five customshouses, that together number of declarations processed by customs rose process more than 80 percent of CCD. The sharply after May, 1993 when customs registration investigation found that it was possible for these was consolidated for trade with the 'far" and '"ear" customshouses to provide the information within the abroad. Average monthly cargo customs declaration required period, even though that was not happening rose from 94,000 in January-April 1993 to 138,000 in practice. in May and 165,000 in December. Although the trial operation was not without problems and mistakes, it did prepare the The Computerized System of Foreign way for the customs authority of Russia, to begin Trade Customs Statistics operating the computerized subsystem in 1994 for In 1993 the computerized system of customs collecting, processing and publishing data on statistics went through a trial run to identify and customs foreign trade statistics. 6 The Limits of Mirror Statistics of Foreign Trade Grigoriy Zarubin and Bartlomie] Kaminski Statistics on developments in foreign trade of the new independent states are sketchy, cover a short time span and are subject to considerable error. Trade with other former republics and third countries has been separately recorded only since 1992, when interrepublic trade, became classified as international trade (though often called interstate trade). But since customs borders did not exist in most new independent states during their first year of sovereignty (and still do not exist in some countries), foreign trade statistics are very unreliable. They fall well short of accurately identifying volumes, origins, and destinations of trade flows. Export and price controls, pervasive in many FSU countries, have created strong incentives to illegally export raw materials including crude oil, to underinvoice exports, and to overinvoice imports. In addition there is reportedly heavy smuggling through Estonia and Latvia of Russian raw materials such as nonferrous metals, which are cheaper in Russia than in world markets because of state-controlled prices. Reexport activity is not recorded at all despite its significant contribution to exports for many small new independent states. While trade with third countries can normally be read from national statistics, interstate trade cannot. Estimates of trade between countries of the former Soviet Union should be treated with extreme caution because the process of establishing unified trade regimes in the new independent states has not been completed. While the portion of this trade based on barter agreements between governments can be traced, flows of goods under barter arrangements between local authorities and enterprises are usually not recorded. Although considerable progress has been made in collecting trade data, the quality is still poor especially for data on interstate trade. Therefore, countries turned to partner 34 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States countries' trade statistics in order to obtain missing Little had changed by 1990. Official information. The chapter examines the problems estimates placed exports at US$105 billion and with this solution (especially acute in assessing the imports at $107 billion. The United Nations value, composition, and origin of imports) as well as Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the methods used by the Russian Goskomstat to solve however, valued Soviet exports at US$59 billion and them. While partner statistics provide useful imports at US$65 billion. This gap did not information, they cannot substitute for domestically disappear in 1991, when official estimates put collected data. Some problems with the use of mirror exports at US$68 billion and imports at US$71 statistics are generic, but many problems are billion, while UNECE put exports at US$47 billion exacerbated by distortions stemming from flawed and imports at US$45 billion. economic policies, which created incentives to The official exchange rate of the ruble underinvoice exports and overinvoice imports. grossly overestimated the former Soviet Union's non-OECD trade (and understated its trade with How Much Did Foreign Trade Contract OECD countries). The extreme case was that The rules used in the Soviet Union in between the Soviet Union and Poland as reported by collecting foreign trade statistics diverged in some each country. Soviet statistics showed the value of important respects from those used by international total imports from Poland in 1990 at US$13.6 billion organizations and Western countries. For example, (7.9 billion valuta rubles), whereas the Polish reexports (which were not shipped through a statistics reported total exports to the USSR of country) would be included in total exports, while US$2.2 billion. The ditference is too large to be goods and services delivered (or obtained) under attributable to transportation costs. technical or humanitarian aid would not be recorded Thus the partial switch in 1991 to world as exports (or imports). Furthermore, foreign trade prices and hard currency for commercial transactions transactions were recorded in valuta rubles, that is, among CMEA countries resulted in the gross the value of trade converted at the official exchange overestimation of the actual contraction in Soviet rate. This rate differed considerably from the market trade and understatement of its trade with OECD exchange rate, although it was probably closer to countries. purchasing power parity than the market rate was. The dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Because foreign trade was part of the one-year and breakdown of the state monopoly of foreign, trade five-year plans, which always had to be met, and the liberalization of prices further complicated accountants and statisticians processed the the tracing of export and import flows. Statistical information to ensure that the plan goals were systems had to undergo significant changes. The attained, regardless of the actual trade flows. Russian Goskomstat collected information directly To see how foreign trade statistics were from a large number of firms that were either manipulated, consider the following examples. unw:lling or unable to provide accurate data. The According to official data, in 1984 the value of firms were expected to convert the value of their Soviet exports was 74.4 billion valuta rubles, or foreign trade contracts from other currencies into US$126.5 billion at the official exchange rate of U.S. dollars according to the rates published by US$1.7 per valuta nrble. The Russian Republic Reuters Press Agency. produced 67 percent of total Soviet exports in 1984. This system resulted in some undervaluing valued at US$84.7 billion. The value of Russian of exports and considerable underreporting of exports in 1992-93 at current prices was around imports. Strategic products, which included oil and US$42 billion, or about 50 percent lower than in gas and nonferrous metals and accounted for about 1984. This severe contraction cannot be explained by 80 percent of Russian exports, were subject to export the fall in world prices for Russian exportables. Nor quotas. That made them relatively easy to monitor can it be explained by the change in export bundles but some firms underreported the value of their during this period. Rather, the arificial exchange exports in order to increase their hard currency rate combined with administratively set prices earnings held abroad. Far fewer imports were inflated the dollar value of exports in 1984, subject to quantitative restraints, which together with especially for trade with CMEA and developing other factors, contributed to underreporting. Import- countries. Thus, distorted statistics for 1984 account export firms appeared and disappeared with for a large part of the contraction in exports, between considerable frequency, and many of them were 1984 and 1992-93. never asked to provide information on their foreign The Limits of Mirror Statistics of Foreign Trade 35 trade activities or failed to provide it when they were 1992, 17 percent in the second quarter, 36 percent in asked to do so. The divergence in the value of actual the third quarter, and 16 percent in the last quarter imports from that reported in Russian foreign trade of 1993, figures that were clearly off the mark.' statistics became clear when customs statistics Macroeconomic developments in 1993 could not covering the first quarter of 1994 were published for explain such a steep contraction in imports. the first time. Customs-based statistics replaced enterprise self-reporting in 1994 (see Chapter 5). Compared Foreign Trade of the CIS as Measured with data collected from customs forms, data based Through Mirror Statistics on enterprise surveys as might be expected For the reasons discussed above, statistical dramatically underreported imports while reporting services had to look for parallel sources of exports fairly accurately (see Table 5.1). information. An obvious choice was data from Given the inaccuracies of enterprise survey foreign trade partners, although there were two data and the lack of customs data prior to 1994, the major problems with this solution. First, partner Russian Goskomstat developed a simple procedure statistics were available for the USSR as a whole but for estimating Russia's foreign trade in 1993 based not for the former republics, so past records could on trade partner statistics. The deviations between not be used to identify such present inaccuracies as data published by partner countries and those of the recording of reexport activity as imports in Goskomstat are significant (Annex Tables A6.1 and partner's statistics. Reexports were a particular A6.2). The deviations are much larger for imports problem in partner statistics. For example, OECD than for exports, as seen by the larger variance of statistics on the value of imports from the Baltic import estimates. The following formula was used to states in 1992 exceeded these countries' estimates of estimate the corrected value of Russia's imports or their total exports to partners outside the former exports: Soviet Union. According to the OECD, the largest export from Latvia to OECD countries was petroleum products, accounting for more than 40 Ia Ina (1 -X,, 8/lna .8) percent of exports. Yet Latvia has no known oil deposits and no refineries. where 'a is corrected total imports (or exports), Gos 1s Second, the USSR Goskomstat began total imports (or exports) according to Goskomstat collecting data by republics on flows for a wide data, X,k s is the sum of deviations between range of products only in the late 1980s (see chapter Goskomstat data and partner data from eighteen 2). The data were based on information from selected countries, and .nalS is Goskomstat data on enterprises and wholesale organizations about the trade with eighteen selected countries. destinations of their shipments. Totals ;or the Calculations based on this formula suggest republics were based not on actual transfers but on that in 1993 the average of total partner exports to estimates derived from input-output tables, allowing Russia tas around 25 percent higher than Russian separate identification of shipments to other estimates (Table 6.1). while Russian Goskomstat republics and those to the rest of the world. However, estimates of exports were larger than most partners' for reasons discussed earlier, statistics were not data on imports from Russia.2 Such discrepancies are available on imports from each CIS country. not unusual. For some cases transportation costs can Mirror statistics were first used to reconcile explain much of the discrepancy.3 Consequently, the estimates of exports and imports. CIS national discrepancies may vary significantly from country to statistical offices estimated CIS imports on the basis country depending on the composition of trade in of exports reported by CIS partner countries. But as terms of sensitivity to transportation costs. early as 1992, when some CIS countries began to This procedure has two major weaknesses. conduct their own surveys of imports, they First, it implicitly assumes that the Russian foreign discovered that these estimates deviated significantly trade statistics are as precise as those of OECD from the mirror estimates based on CIS partner countries. But this is not the case. The system exports. Estimates of trade with the rest of world suffers from the organizational problems to be were similarly viewed as unreliable. For example, expected when setting up foreign trade statistics official estimates showed Russian imports from during the first stages of the transition from central outside the former Soviet Union falling 43 percent in planning. But, more important, export controls and the first quarter of 1993, over the same period in undervaluation of the ruble as revealed in the gap 36 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States between the nominal and purchasing power parity and partner trade data) equals zero, Ia equals I. exchange rates have produced strong incentives to Given that exports are f.o.b. and imports c.i.f., falsify foreign trade reports and to keep financial perfect precision is obtained when imports recorded holdings outside the country (capital flight). in Russian statistics are larger than exports recorded Second, the procedure equates the absence in partner statistics by an amount equaling the costs of discrepancies with the perfect precision of Russian of freight and insurance. data. If the sum of discrepancies (between domestic Table 6.1. Estimates of Russia's Imports in 1993 million US dollars Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter 1 2 3 4 Total Total imports (Goskomstat data) Ima 5.2 7.5 5.8 8.2 26.7 Imports from 18 countries (Goskomstat data) I1I8 3.1 5.1 3.8 5.5 17.5 The sum of deviations Xjl8 -1.1 -0.7 -1.5 -1.0 -4.3 1 - Xl 8/1 1.35 1.14 1.40 1.18 1.25 Corrected imports (Ia) 7.0 8.6 8.1 9.7 33.4 Source: Goskomstat trade statistics and UN COMTRADE foreign trade database. While discrepancies are not unusual, large million in Russian statistics and US$33 million in discrepancies deserve closer examination. A large Austrian statistics. Similarly, the value of Russian discrepancy is usually defined as a more than three- exports of nonferrous metals to the Netherlands was standard-deviation difference between the mean and reported at US$1.35 billion, while Dutch imports the actual value. The standard deviation of the were reported at US$237 million. Both cases discrepancy was 412 for imports and 746 for exports. suggest significant entrepot activity, with Dutch and On the import side, the discrepancies, were largest Austrian companies acting as intermediaries. for Germany and Austria. Russian estimates of If the poor quality of the data from Russian imports from Austria were significantly larger than enterprise surveys was responsible for the large Austrian export data, while the reverse was true for discrepancies, then discrepancies might be smaller Germany. The case of Germany is surprising for trade flows derived from Russian customs because Germany reports exports on an f.o.b. basis, statistics. These data for the first quarter of 1994 so adding freight and insurance should have was compared with statistics from OECD foreign increased the value of their shipments reported in trade partners that account for about 60 percent of Russian statistics. Russia's foreign trade with countries outside the CIS On the export side, significant discrepancies (Table 6.2). The discrepancies are somewhat were recorded for the United Kingdom, in the last smaller, but the patterns are similar to those for the quarter of 1993 with exports reported by Russia 1993 data. In the aggregate discrepancies tend to (US$1.2 billion) exceeding imports reported by the offset each other because variations are both negative United Kingdom, (USS305 million) by US$895 and positive. Exports are higher in Russian customs million (see Table A6.2). Similarly, Russian exports statistics than in trading partner import statistics, to Austria in 1993 (US$1.4 billion) were more than and Russian imports are lower than exports recorded twice as large as Austrian reported imports (US$589 by trading partners. million). The discrepancies are even larger when These unexpected results are not easy to trade statistics are compared at lower levels of the interpret since they reverse the typical relationship.4 Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). There are several possible explanations. First, For example, the value of Russian exports of oil and reexports from these countries to countries not oil products to Austria was estimated at US$638 covered in the partner statistics sample are excluded. The Limits of Mirror Statistics of Foreign Trade 37 Second, a larger discrepancy for imports than for lower for exports than for imports. Third, quarterly exports does not necessarily mean that customs data may differ because of lags in reporting. We controls are more successful in monitoring exports, argue below that no single reason can explain these especially since the quality of OECD trade data is discrepancies. Table 6.2 Russia's Foreign Trade with Selected Countries according to Russian Customs Statistics and Partner Statistics, First Quarter of 1994 (millions of U.S. dollars) Country Partner Russian Partner/ Partner Russian Partner/ export import Russian import export Russian statistics statistics (percent) statistics statistics (percent) Australia 59 55 93 10 11 91 Austria 208 211 99 241 200 121 China 302 260 116 687 592 116 Finland 350 381 92 292 357 82 France 304 264 115 538 257 209 Germany 1,743 1,144 152 1,079 1,031 105 Italy 515 324 159 916 681 135 Japan 358 301 119 567 395 144 New Zealand 28 37 76 1 0 0 Norway 28 28 100 119 21 567 Sweden 99 74 134 67 141 48 Switzerland 93 144 65 56 399 14 United Kingdom 348 217 160 239 868 28 United States 571 622 92 542 768 71 Total 5,006 4,062 125 5,354 5,721 94 The conclusion that can be drawn from this activities prompted by bad policies and distorted foreign review is that mirror statistics can be a useful source trade regines. The first group comprises legitimate of information on foreign trade of economies in statistical and economic problems, whereas the second transition. However, mirror statistics can provide is associated with rent-seeking or illegal activities made only a general indication of the extent to which possible by poorly conceived economic policies. These imports are understated. First, exports tend to be problems require caution in selecting comparator poorly monitored in market economies than imports countries and proper adjustments before using mirror for fiscal reasons. Therefore, they provide a less statistics as a quality check on a country's own unclear precise means for checking quality of one import reporting. Too close a match between the import and statistics than for that of export statistics. Second, export records of two countries (say down to the two- or while mirror statistics can not be regarded as a three-digits SITC level) is likely a sign that something is substitute for independently collected trade data, the amiss. selection of partner statistics has to take into account the quality of its statistical services, and difficulties Generic Technical Problems inherent in identifying reexport or entrepot activity. Inconsistencies related to statistical problems The former consideration limits the choice mainly to are caused by several factors, including differences OECD countries, although their statistics have among countries in commodity classifications and problems, whereas the latter can be addressed by valuation procedures, variations in exchange rates, looking at aggregate data for a group of countries differences in invoice values, errors in identifying the (e.g. the European Union). country of destination and origin, and unequal incentives for monitoring exports and imports. As a Perils of Using Mirror Statistics result, trade statistics usually do not provide accurate Problems associated with using foreign trade information, (see Rozanski and Yeats 1994). statistics reported by trade partners stem from Although a significant effort has been made to inconsistencies that are impossible to avoid and from harmonize national trade statistics, many countries still 38 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States use different classification systems. For example, Inconsistencies Arising from Economic Canada and the United States use different commodity Policies classifications, and the conversion from one system to A number of distortions in foreign trade another always involves information losses. This statistics can be created by bad econonic policies. problem was especially acute in converting statistics Economic policies may create incentives for those based on the Soviet Foreign Trade Classification into involved in foreign trade activities not to reveal the Standard International Trade Classification. information about foreigtransactions. But these Moreover, even if two countries use the same policy-induced incentives may move in opposing classification scheme, customs officials may assign directions, making it difficult to identify their individual different codes to the same product. impacts. It is important to distinguish between export Most countries report exports as fo.b. and controls, price controls, export subsidies, high tariffs, imports as cif Shipping costs in particular can and overvalued exchange rates. contribute to significant discrepancies between one Export controls, often introduced when country's export records and a partner's country imporl domestic prices are controlled and are lower than world records. A perfect match is not possible as it would prices, provide a strong incentive to smuggle. Such suggest that freight and insurance are costless. For smuggling has probably occurred in the case of gas, oil, landlocked countries of the former Soviet Union in and nonferrous ores in Russia. Had the quality of the Central Asia, whose exports are concentrated in bulky foreign trade statistics of the new independent states primary commodities, the difference in two matched been better, the extent of smuggling could have been valuations could be as much as 30 to 40 percent. traced through the lower value (or volume) of exports Another source of discrepancy between compared to the value (or volume) of imports reported domestic and partner trade statistics relates to variations by a partner country., However, the value of imports of n exchange rates. Foreign trade flows are recorded at countries accountiwg for 60 percent of total Russian the border in domestic prices and subsequently exports (excluding CIS economies) was lower (rather converted into foreign currency prices (usually U.S. than higher) than the value of exports recorded in dollars). The discrepancy depends on how frequently Russian statistics (see Table 6.2). the value of foreign transactions is converted into The impact of price controls is similar to that foreign currency (quarterly or monthly, monthly is of export controls. Price controls promote exports, both preferable) and how volatile exchange rates are. With legal and ilegal, at the expense of domestic demand. high inflation the discrepancies should increase Furthermore, they may also affect export decisions of significantly if conversion occurs at longer intervals. producers using subsidized inputs. For instance, The differences in invoice values and errors in aluminum produced in Russia became competitive in identifying the country of destination and origin can world markets largely because of cheap energy (a major also contribute to discrepancies. Declared invoice values cost component). Despite depressed domestic demand, are often adjusted upward or "uplifted" by customs shortages of aluminum still arose. Reportedly, authorities for assessing import duties and other taxes. producers of caviar an attractive exportable complained As for the origin of these flows, goods routed that not enough aluminum was available for canning. through countries bordering the exporter or importer are When governments subsidize exports, finms often attributed to the routing country. The country of have an incentive to overinvoice their exports in order to origin may list a routing country as an importer and the obtain the subsidies. As a result, reported exports may country of final destination may classify the country as exceed matched imports. If tariffs are high, importers an exporter. For example, shipments of crude oil, xceed math high taris usually underinvoice imports which could not originate in Latvia (likely from Russia), thus decreasing their value in relation to partners' were recorded in OECD foreign trade records as dered ts. imports from Latvia. Without checking Russian trade oon exports. an overvalued exchange rate recors, noassesment an b madeon whther heseCountries withanoevldexagert records, no assessment can be made on whether the often require that exporters surrender a portion of their were legitimate or illegal transshipments. Similar foreign exchange earnings at the official exchange rate. problems emerge with identifying the destination of Exporters have an incentive to underinvoice exports so trade flows. Russian statistics recorded exports of that they can sell the unreported currency balance on the nonferrous metals to Holland several tib es larger dan black market or deposit it abroad (capital flight). False did Dutch import statistics simply because Roterdam is invoicing can be detected with mirror trade statistics used as an entrepot for these commodities. (the values of imports will be significantly larger than those of matched exports) provided that all mnajor The Limits of Mirror Statistics of Foreign Trade 39 sources of discrepancies are properly accounted for. An distortion-generating economic policies. Despite the overvalued exchange rate and foreign exchange controls incomplete liberalization of prices and foreign trade affect importer behavior as well. Importers have an regimes, the undervaluation of domestic currency, and incentive to overinvoice imports in order to obtain persistent macroeconomic disequilibria, Russia's foreign foreign currency. trade statistics (compared with those of its major trading partners) do not indicate underinvoicing of exports, Conclusion capital flight, or smuggling. A separate analysis would Surprisingly, this analysis does not support the be required to determine whether these responses have behavioral patterns thought to be associated with not occurred or whether their absence is only a statistical mirage. 40 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States Annex Table 1: Imports of Russia in 1993 iis Goskomstat and Partner Statistics (in US$ million) Partner's Russia!s Di screpancy Discrepancy's deviation Countries Quarter Exports hImports Mean Square 116 173 57 114 12,935 x M ~~136 225 89 146 2,3 132 153 21 78 6042 138 305 167 224 50,056 178 158 -20 37 1,349 ~~~~~ ~~~~232 206 -26 3 1 945 205 10 -195 45 2,049 255 185 -70 13 176 ~~~~~ ~~~~1,411 824 -587 530 281,184 1,772 1,455 -317 260 67,740 .~~ ~., 1,730 1,207 -523 466 217,406 2,066 1,656 -410 354 124,798 64 27 -37 20 389 73 45 -28 29 826 0 5 1 51 108 11,606 93 53 -40 17 280 ~~~ Q~~~~~ ~383 298 -85 28 799 ~~~ ~~473 317 -156 99 9,854 361 206 -155 98 9,657 517 285 -232 175 30,719 ~~ ~~ '... ~~~~0 73 73 130 16,830 0 128 128 185 34,126 260 80 -180 123 15,195 0 149 149 206 42,326 16 7 -9 48 2,278 .~~~ ~24 35 1 1 68 4,588 16 0.3 -16 41 1,684 28 45 17 74 5,436 191 137 -54 3 8 Q2 ~~~~246 196 -50 7 45 257 159 -98 41 1,703 335 233 -102 45 2,049 1w~~~~~~~~1 ~295 189 -106 49 2,427 .~~. ~485 467 -18 39 1,500 30 122 -188 131 1,3 455 122 -333 276 76,324 41 110 69 126 15,809 60 188 128 185 34,126 .~~~. ~~53 123 70 127 16,061 64 237 173 230 52,777 The Limits of Mirror Statistics of Foreign Trade 41 Annex Table 1: (continued) Partnees Russia's Disempancy Discrepancys deviation Countries aarter Ex-rL- ImPolls Mean Square 69 65 -4 53 2,781 72 90 18 75 5,585 81 62 -19 38 1,424 124 98 -26 3 1 945 565 453 -112 55 3,055 779 650 -129 72 5,223 606 583 -23 3 4 1,138 741 648 -93 36 1,315 8 1 1 3 60 3,568 10 14 4 61 3t688 7 1 5 8 65 4,190 1 1 27 16 73 5,290 341 280 -61 4 1 8 402 401 - 1 56 3,107 411 312 -99 42 1,787 407 374 -33 24 563 0 83 83 140 19,525 III 106 -5 5 2 2,676 72 66 -6 51 2,574 82 39 -43 14 189 464 198 -266 209 43,793 752 504 -248 191 36,584 665 583 -82 25 639 1,087 1,020 -67 10 105 20 10 -10 47 2,184 a4 62 30 -32 25 612 21 20 -1 56 3, 1 07 3 4 22 -12 45 2,001 2 2 1 4 -8 4 9 2,375 62 1 3 -49 8 60 2 1 2 -19 3 8 1,424 3 4 4 -30 2 7 715 42 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States Annex Table 2: Russia's Exports in National and Mirror Statistics (in USS million) Partneres Russia's Discrepancy Disc repancys dev iation Countries Quarter limport Export Mean Square .'s M. ~~~~137 267 130 134 17,972 X\. I I.".158 362 204 208 43,228 ig., ~~~~120 407 287 291 84,715 mw 174 369 195 199 39,624 0, ~~236 613 377 381 145,206 306 844 538 542 293,827 327 696 369 373 139,173 Q4. ~~305 1200 895 899 808,306 1,450 1,141 -309 305 92,989 1,659 1,269 -390 386 148,951 1,516 1,386 -130 126 15,861 1,514 1,278 -236 232 53,797 QI ~~213 213 0 4 17 Q~~~ 251 251 0 4 17 0 0 0 4 17 205 205 0 4 17 963 676 -287 283 80,056 Q~~. 1,050 641 -409 405 163,978 860 679 -181 177 31,308 895 633 -262 258 66,534 QI. ~~0 171 171 175 30,645 0 193 193 197 38,832 .....'....u 292 234 -58 54 2,910 ' ~~ ~~~~ ~~0 381 381 385 148,270 ~~~ ~~~ ~ 58 53 -5 1 1 86 80 -6 2 4 .,~~~~, ~~86 77 -9 5 24 94 ~~~82 74 -8 4 16 .QI ~~342 291 -51 47 2,204 354 377 23 27 733 329 350 2 1 25 628 .~~. Q4 ~ 343 346 3 7 50 41 ~~622 360 -262 258 66,534 ~~~ Q~~~~ ~730 372 -358 354 125,275 ~~ Q.S ~~~~~567 422 -145 141 19,865 554 403 -151 147 21,592 54 328 274 278 77,316 55 395 340 344 118,376 44 463 419 423 178,978 .*.~~ 114 ..... 67 424 357 361 130,363 The Limits of Mmor Statistics of Foreign Trade 43 Annex Table 2: (continued) Pannei's Russia!s Discrepancy Discrepanc34 deviation Countries Quarter Imports Exports Mean Square 74 164 90 94 88,467 9 1 212 121 125 15,640 124 258 134 138 19,060 133 149 1 6 20 402 1,195 518 -677 673 452,851 1,149 713 -436 432 186,574 1,213 684 -529 525 275,564 1,429 1,153 -276 272 73,952 5 8 3 7 50 8 10 2 6 37 9 1 7 8 1 2 145 8 23 1 5 1 9 363 547 427 -120 116 13,443 706 594 -112 108 11,651 665 605 -60 56 3,130 728 380 -348 344 118,296 0 60 60 64 4,104 109 64 -45 4 1 1,676 74 75 1 5 26 90 49 -41 3 7 1,365 251 220 -31 27 726 461 449 -12 8 63 408 622 214 218 47,549 887 706 -181 177 31,308 3 1 -3 2 2 3 2 1 3 9 3 3 0 4 1 7 5 4 1 3 9 0 0 0 4 17 2 0 -2 2 6 2 1 1 3 9 2 1 1 3 9 44 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States Notes l From 1992 to the same quarter in 1993, the value of imports fell from US$9.1 billion to USS5.2 billion in the first quarter, from US$9.1 billion to US$7.5 billion in the second quarter, from USS9.0 billion to US$5.8 billion in the third quarter and from USS9.8 billion to US$8.2 billion in the fourth quarter. 2 Although in terms of value this was not the case as the reverse held for most important Russia's trading partners including Germany, Italy, France and China. 3 For instance, exports in Japanese statistics tend to be much smaller than imports from Japan reported by European countries, as imports are c.i.f. based whereas exports are f.o.b. based. 4 Since the value of imports (M) in partner statistics includes the value of exports (X) plus freight and insurance costs, the reverse should be the case as ideally the following should hold: M-X = c.i.f.>O. 7 Foreign Trade Statistics in the Macroeconomic Framework Rosalinda Dacumos, Tatyana Khomenko, and Aleksey Ponomarenko The transition from a centrally planned to a market economy requires the development of a new macroeconomic framework for economic policy analysis. The UN System of National Accounts (SNA) is being implemented in most of the FSU countries. Moving from the "old" macroeconomic framework used by the USSR - the Balance of the National Economy (BNE) - to the SNA is a long process involving changes in the entire statistical system. Among the most profound changes that must be introduced is the reorganization of foreign trade statistics in the new macroeconomic framework. This chapter discusses the problems of reflecting foreign trade activities in the BNE, the SNA, and in the World Bank's Revised Minimum Standard Model-Extended (RMSM-X). Understanding the BNE is useful for understanding the current status of trade statistics in the FSU, because the transition to the SNA has not been complete. Foreign Trade in the Balance of the National Economy The BNE used a territorial criterion to separate the domestic and foreign economies - this term in the BNE corresponds to the term "rest of the world" in the SNA. According to this criterion the domestic economy includes the economic activities that take place within the country's borders, and the foreign economy includes the activities conducted outside of the country's borders (excluding activities such as domestic sea and air transport, fishing in neutral waters, and so on). Thus in the BNE exports and imports are defined by the movement of goods across the border. 46 Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and Successor States Exports and imports include transactions in goods Sf is the trade balance (Mf - Xf) expressed in valuta (except for gold and precious metals used as means rubles; and of payment) and material services, including grants. 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B ciiygaAx nocTaBOK TOBapOB POCCHH HCKaTh HOBi1ie HYTH OpraHH33auHH c6opa H 6e3 OHriaTbI (ToBapoo6MeHHnLe /6apTepHue/ o6pa6oTKH 0aHHLIX 0 BHeIIHeH TOproBn1e C oinepanHH, 6e3Bo3Me3nHar IlOMOIb H T.ll.) rOCyJ1apCTBaMH CIT, B TOM qHcnle - C yqeTom CTOHMoCTHaA OUCHKa 3THX TOBaPOB MeX,lyHapOaHbiX CTaHaapToB. 102 crATHCrHKA BHBIIIHEH TOPrOBwh B CCCP Hi rOCYLAPCTBAX - fIPEEMHHKAX ocyuecTBllAeTcA HCXOjj H3 pElHOqHL1X UeH, HMeJ]aCL B HanJqHH H MOrna 6bTbm HcuoJ1L3oBaHa CJ1OJIUBlIHXCA Ha pOCCHHCKOM pbMHKe Ha MOMeHT B 3THX Ljenhx. Ee He HCIOnJ3oBanH npocro o6MeHa HnH nepenaaH. nOToMy, wTO MeKpecny6nHKaHcKaA ToprOBnA He KpoMe 3Toro, roCyaapCTBeHHblH cqHTajiacb BHelIlHeN, H Korua ToBap nepeceKaan TaMOXCeHHIlH ICOMHTeT (rTK) POCCHH B TeqeHHe rpaHHUy TOR HnH HHOiH pecny6nHxH, 3TO aneKO 1992-1994 roiioB npoBe.n 6oJibulyio pa6oTy no He Bceraa coETnBo0ox2aaIocL cooTBeTcrByoiIteH pa3pa6oTKe MeTO0OrIO0HH TaMo2KeHHoH IUIaTexKHOH onepauHef. HaqHHaA C AHBaPA 1992 CTaTHCTHKH BHemlHeH ToproBuH, a TaKvxe no r. Mexpecny6nHKaHcKaI ToproBai HrpeBpaTHnacb opraHH3aUHH c6opa, o6pa6OTKH H ITy6nHKaUHH BO BHemmIOO TOprOBJIIO MeX2JY HC3aBHCHMLXMH JaaHHLIX (CM. rnaBy 5). rocKoMc-raT POCCHH Ha rocynapcTBaMH. 1H XOTA B TO BpeMA 6aHKOBCKaA OCHOBe npoBeeHHoro aHanH3a CTaTHCTH'eCKHX CHCTeMa ewe ocraBajiacb eaHHoH, IOiTH BCC aaIHHblX 3a 1 KBapTan 1994 roaa, nonyieHHLIx Ha UeHTpanmHbue 6aHKH rocyaapcTB CHE nepecTanH OCHOBe FPY30BLIX TaMOxKeHHLIX aeKnapanHH H npe0ocTaBn]TbL 1TeHTpanJHoMy 6aHKy POCCHH, rOcynaapcTBeHHoa cTaTOTqeTHocTH, a TaK)Ke KOTOpL1H CTran npeeMHHKOM rFOCyaapCTBeHHorO Y'HTbIBaA o06eKTHBHyIo Heo6xonHMoCTa 6aHKa CCCP, CBOH oTrreTbl H cTaTHCTHqeCKHe coBepUleHCTBOBaHHA OpraHH3ailHH JaHHblie, B TOM qHcnie, HHnopMaIHlo no CTaTHCTH'eCKHX Ha6ruoaeHHH, UOBLUIIeHHA KpeaHTHOH 3MHCCHH npCeIIPHATHAM H AOCTOBePHOCTH co6HpaeMLix aaHHblIX, KOMMepqeCKHM 6aHKaM. EuicTpoe pa3BHTHe CCTH HCKImoeCHHA JIy6nHpoBaHHA H cHHXCHHA KoMMepqeCKHX 6aHKOB B 6oJTblUHHCTBe aarpy3KH Ha fpelrIPHMTHA H opraHH3aJ.HH 1o rocynapcTB CHr nipHBenO K TOMy, xrTO CHCTrMa cocTaBneHHO OTqeTHocTH, UPH3Hai yqeTa Me)KoTpacneBbIx pacqeToB 6uBmero uenecoo6pa3HBlM nepexon 0OT rOCyLapCTBeHHOH FOC6aHKa CCCP, KOTOpaA HeKor0a HaaexHo cTaToT'reTHOCTH o6 3KCKnopTe H HMnOpTe TOBapOB oTcnexKHBana MeK6aHKOBCKHe pacqeTli, K HCIIOJb3OBaHHIO JaaHHblX TaMo2KeHHOH npeKpaTniia CBOe CYEUeCTBOBaHHe. Ha'HHaR c CTaTHCTHKH rTK POCCHH. OnAIi 1992 r. MeJK6aHKoBcKHe pacCeTN Mexlay Hlepexona 1iJaHHpyeTCA OCymJeCTBHTB B CTpaHaMH CHI' ripOBOXHJHC6 B nepByIo oqepesm6 TeqeHHe 1995-1996rr. TaK, B 1995 rony 'epe3 KoppecnoeHaerTcKHe c'ieTa UCHTpOeThHbIx FOCKOMCTaT POCCHH npononxwHT c6op H 6aHKoB 6blBIIiHx C0103HLIX pecHy6nHK, OTKpbiTbie o6pa6o'rKy aaHHUbX o6 3KCIoprTe TOBapOB, B 1-eHTpanbHoM f6aHKe POCCHH. rlnaTeKH c C 3THX BKII1OqaA nOCTaBKH B cTpaHLi CHB, Ha ocHoBe CqeTOB OrpaHH'HBanHCL CyMMoMI nocTynneHHH cylnecTByionutx OpM rocynapCTBeHHOa Tnioc T.H. "TeXHHqeCKHH KpeaHT, cTaToTqeTHocTH. HIPH 4OpMHpOBaHHH o6IeMoB ripeJaOCTaBJ1eHHMLH lexrrpambHbiM 6aHKOM POCCHH HMnop0Ta ToBapoB 6ynyT HcHoni63oBaTbCSC aHHLIe iio penueHHKo pOCCHiCKOrO npaBHTenmcTBa. B pAae TaMoxeHHOH cTaTHcTHKH. HaqHHaa c 1996 r. cnyqae HCCJIeIOBaTeTJH nOI?IO3OBanHCL 3TOH IrOCKoMCTaT POCCHH nJiaHHpyeT B CBoeH pa6oTe HH4)opMaiHeH J5IA EWOBepKH aaHHLIX no BHCmHeIH HionHocTMLo nepeHTH Ha HC1OnJ3OBaHHe aaHHbLIX ToproBne, npe1JOCTaBneHHLIX CTaTHCTH'eCKHMH TaMoJKeHHOH CTaTHCTHKH o6 3KCnoprre H KoMHTeTaMH rocynapcTB CHT. HMnopreT ToBapoB. 1 monA 1993 r. UeHTpaJmHLIi 0aHK POCCHH oTKa3anCA OT 1IpaKTHKH pCeo1CTaBJeCHHSA EaHKoBCKan CTaTHCTHKa KaK rocynapcirBam CBI' TeXHHqeCKHX KpeLHTOB. Bce HCTOqHHK HH4OpMagHH 0 TOpUOBJIe TeXHHqeCKHe KpCnHTbl, npeaocTraBJeHHmLe paHee, Me)KIy CTpaHaMH CHr 6bnH nepeoopMneHIH B rOCyLRapcTBeHHMLH nonr B npHHHnfle, 6aHKOBCKaM CTaTHCTHKa cooTBeTCTByKouHx cTpaH CHF. HOBbUe KperHTbi MO)KeT CnIYXHTi nIOhne3HL1M HCTOqHHKOM npeAO0CTBRIAHCL y)Ke TOJBTHKO B BycoHx HH4OpMaUHH no BHneHHeToproBLiM OTHomeHHAM - UeorpTBeHuH 6aHK POCCHH B eKOMeHnoBHax BeJb CTaTHCTHKa nnaTexHOro 6a.naHca ocHoBaHa BMepani6HM 6aHKaM pomeTb BaH He Ha TaMoIKeHHOH CTaTHCTHKe H He Ha KOMMepCyeCKHm 6aHKam yperyJlHpoBaTh cBoH OTqeTHOCTH npennpHATHiI, a Ha HH4OpMaUHH Ho m10ecyOpreHibie yp pac'Teprm 'Bepe3 *HHaHCOBblM onepaUUAM. K coxaneHHIO, B cny'ae KoppecKHxerCHe ea, cO B apyrx CHI TaKoe ee HCUoTnb3oBaHHe OKa3aBJocb KOMMepqe1CKHx 6aHKax. Ha'iHaA o BToproro HeBO3MOXHbIM. KB~~~~~~~aprrana 1993 r. 3Ha'iHTCJ]LH8A 001151 TOPI'OBOrO HeBO3MoJPHibM. o6opoTa onnaaHBanacb HMeHHO TaKHM cnoco6oM, Paimmle, Korna 6aHKOBCKaA CHCTCMB B pe3ynJbTaTe qero POJ1b KOPpeCnOHueHTCKHX CCCP 6bia ealHHOa, H Korna Bce pacqeTii CqeTOB B UeHTpanLHbLx 6aHKax pe3KO npOBO0HnHCL qepe3 Foc6aHK HnH apyrHe CoKpaTHnacb. O6&emLi rinaTeCeK qepe3 rocyflapcTBeHHbie 6aHKH, 6aHKOBCKaM CTaTHCTHKa KOppecnoHeHHTCKHe c'qeTa 11eHTpanLHLix 6aHKOB BHBUIHES1 TOPUOBJIA POCCHHCKOQf OEaEPALH CO CTPAHAMo cHr 103 rocyaapcTB CHIF B UeHTpanbHoM 6aHKe POCCHH B MexracyxapcTBeHHoA ToproBne H B Ka'eCTBe 1993 H 1994 r. 6LnH MeHbile, em BO BTOpOH HCTOqHHKa aaHHIX jnA pa3BwTHA CTaTHcTHKH nononHHe 1992 r. nnaTexiHoro 6anaiHca. Ee poM6 Bo3pacTeTr KorRa 3Ta cHTyannA, a TaKe BCe eiie 6aHKoBcKHH CCKTOp B crpaHax CHE AoCTHrneT oCTaloUtaAc BLICOKOM 0o0I 6apTrepHoA TOprOBnH, 6onee BLIcoKoro ypOBHZ pa3BNrHA, H Koraa 6yarT COKpaLuaeT BO3MOJKHOCTH HCUOJTb3OB&HHA co3JPH IuITcxIHbi McxaHH3M meCxaOC'cy I'UCHH OaHKOBCKOH CTaTHCTHKH B KaqecTBe TOprIXHH. flOUOnJHHTeJIbHOrO HCTO'IHHKa HH+OpMalHH no 5 PA3BHTHE TAMO-.KEHHOH CTATHCTHI-KH BHELIJHEH TOPFOBJIH B POCCHHCKOH ¢7PEJEPALIHH AHamoAuui JIUCOB u BaAepuui OpAOB IPaUHeT"bCTBO POCCHHCKOH TeJaepaumHH ripenPHHRnO 3HaqHTelJbHbie yCHJ]HR rioaaanTauHH nporpaMMbi pa3BHTHA CTaTHCTHKH BHeHIHeH1 TOPrOBnH K Me2KayHaPOJaHOH npaKTHKe B CO0TBeTCTBHH C TPe6OBaHHAMH Pb1HOqHOH 3KOHOMHKH H HO nooroTOBKe 6o0iee TOqHTl,X H CBOCBPeMeHHblX CTaTHCTHqeCKHX gaHHbIX B 3TOH o6naCTH. 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BeJteHHe TaMo)KeHHOH CTaTHCTHKH AnA HoIIny'eHHA flOCTOBepHOH HH4OpMaIHH O upoXOxaeHHH 3KCIOpTHO- HMfOpTHbIX TOBapOB qepe3 rocyaapCTBeHIeylO rpaHHIIy CTpaHlI, HaBJaxHBaHHe cTpororo CTaTHCTHqeCKOrO yqeTa 106 CTATHCTHKA BHEIUHH TOPrOBIIH B CCCP H rOCYIAPCTBAX - rlPEEMHHKAX BHCeI1HeTOprOBuLX onepauii MBJAeTCA JyHK1JeH B MeTOiOnOrHH onpeaenenub ofreKml TaMoxeKHHLbX OpraHOB. cTaTHCTWHeCKorO Ha6moaeHHA H y'eTa B O+HuHaIbHLMH HCXOfHL1MH RaHHLIMH TaMoIceHHoli CTaTHCTHKe BHeuIHeH TOprOBJH H nVA BeaeHHA TaMoxceHHOH CTaTHCTHKH BHeCIHeH nOPAaOK HX yqeTa, B TOM qHctie ToBapoB, TOprOBJIH ABJIRIOTCA cBegCHHA, coaepCaiuXHeCA B nepemenxaeMbLx Tpy6onpoBOLEILaM TpaHcnoprToM H rpy30Boot TaMOXIeHHOH ReKnapauHH (IT/). HO JIHHHXM 3neKTponepenaq (1311). OCHOBHOH 3TOT aOKymMeHT BOCI1pOH3BOAHT B fpHHUHTI yqeTa BCeX BB03HMLIX HnH BbMB03HMNX npHmHume OpMyJnvp TaK Ha3bCaeMOrO EnHHoro H3 CTpaHLI TOBapOB onpeaenAeTcA TaMoeCHHJIM anLMHRHCTpaTHIBHorU fOKyMeHTa (EA/), peXHMOM, HO/ KOTOplift noMCIeI1Hbl 3TH TOBapli. UpHMeHJleMoro AnA 3THX xe uene* BaxJHeHIUHMH 13 15 OCHOBHLIX TaMo2KeHHLIx peJKHMoB, 11HUe[HeToproBaLMm naprrHepaMH POCCHH B olrpenenAemLix TaMoxeHHblM KOfAeKCOM CTPaHaX EBpoiieHcKoro Co003a (EC) H POCCHHCKOH GDenepawiw (3KciopT, BB03 ToBaPOB EBporCeCKoM aCCOIIHaUHH CBo6OHOH TOprOBnH 1nA CBo6O/HOrO o6palneHHX, pe3KCnOpTr, (EACT), a TaKcxe MHOHrMH LpyrHMH peHMnOpr, nepepa6oTiKa, CBO6O/aHLIe rocy,aapcTBaMH. TaMox)eHHbie 30Hbl, TpaH3HT H Ap.), B TaMoxeeHHoMy KOHTpOJIIO, H TaMoxeHHyIO CTaTHCTHKY BK1II0BOQTCA TOBapbl, COOTBCTCTBeHHO 3anOnHeCHHlo rgnioinexcaT BCe noMeiuaeMLIe 1o/ 12 TaMoJcCHHLIX peXcHMOB. ToBapi1 H TpaHcioprTHLCe CpeaCTBa, TaMoxeeHnaA CTaTHCTHKa BHeLIHeH nepemeuiaembie qepe3 TaMoxCeHHyo rpaHHIXy TOpFOBJnH BeJeT yqCT BBO3a H BLbBO3a TOBapOB Ha cTpaHbL. r1 COaepxCHT BaXBHeNIIHe CBeaeHHA, OCHOBe 06inea CHCTeMbLI yqeTa BHIeHeHH HCUOnb3yeMLIe B CTaTHCTHleCKOM yqeTe BHeDleHeM TOprOBnH. ToprOBhIH, TaKHe KaK HpoHcxo)KneHHe, o6beM H Hcnonb3yeMae B MeTononorHH HaHMeHoBaHHe ToBapa, nepemeiuaemoro 'qepe3 oHpCNeneHHA cTpaHLI iipoHcxox2eHHA, ycnoBHH rpaHHIly, ero KOHTpaKTHaA ueHa, CTpaHa HOCTaBOK H AP. COOTBeTCTBYIOT MexCoyHapoHLIHM Ha3HaqeHHM, yCJnOBHA nOCTaBKH H T.f., Ha OCHoBe oIpefeneHHM, a B iWenOM MeToIonorHS..' H no KOTOpl1X H 4OpMHpyIOTCA /aHHbLe TaMoJKeHHOH CTpyKType, H no conepxiaHHMo MaKCHMa8JTHO CTaTHCTHKH. npH6nHXeHa K aHanOrHqHLIM aoKyMeHTBM 4nA KJTaccH4HxaKHH H KolHnpoBaHHA 3apy6eKHLiX cTpaH. TOBapoB B TaMoxceHHoH cTaTHCTHKe BHeIJHeH Hy6nHKaIHH aaHHbLx TaMO2KeHHOH TOprOBJIH npHMmHSeTcA BcepocCHHCKHH CTaTHCTHKH BHeIIIHeH TOPFOBJIH KriaacCH4HKaTop "ToBapHaA HOMeHxaTypa ocy[eCTBJIKOTCA1, HaqHHaA c itaHHbLX 3a 1994 r., BHemHe3KOHOMH'IeCKOH aeICTJeiLHOCTH' BbmlyCKOM KBalTranbHLIX H rOOBbliX C6OpHHKOB, B (THBJ,LI). flepBue LuecTb uH4p THB3JIl O3HaqaM1T CpOKH, pmHHXTLIC B MHpOBOH EipaKTHKe: KO,a ToBapa no rapMoHM3HpOBaHHoH cHcTeMe KBapTanHlLie 6IinneTeHH - Ha 60-Hl /eHL nocne onHCaHHA H KOaHpoBaHHA ToBaPOB (rC). Te xCe oKoHqaHIr A OTBCTHOrO KBapTana n rFoaOBOH ufecTb UH4p nmioc ceLBMaA H BocbMaM o6pa3yJOT C6OpHHK 2 Ha 120-i aeHL nocne OKoHIaHHA rosa. KO/I ToBapa no KoM6HHHpoBaHHoft iiomeHKJiaType B 1992 r. TaMo2KeHHbMM BeJOMCTBOM EC (KW). B KaqecTBe KJaCCH¢HKaTOpa CTpaH PoccHH 6JnH pa3pa6OTaHbI c yJCTOM MHpa HCnOnb3yeTCA KnaCcH4HKaTop, CnIo)KHBIIeHCA MeJKnyHapOnHOH nIpaKTHKH pa3pa6oTaHHLlH CTaTHCTHqeCKHM oT/enoM OOH. BLIXOJHble IopMLl ny6nHKawIil TaMox2eHHOH AKTHBHT3auHA ycHnHH 110 HHTerpal2HH CTaTHCTHKH BHeWHef ToprOBnH POCCHH, KOTopbLe 3KOHOMHKH CTPaHLI B MHpOXO3AHCTBeHHbMe CBX3H npomnuH 3KCnepCTH3y B FeHeparmHoM BL13Ba,ia Heo6XOKHMOCTb pa3pa6OTKH CeKpeTapHaTe rATT H cTaTHCTHMeCKOM 610pO yHHIHumpoBaHHoH MeToflonorHH TaMoIIeHHOH EBponeHcCKorO Com3a (EBpOCTaTe), qTO aoJIixHo CTaTHcTHKH BHemIiHeI TOprOBnH, o6ecneqemui ee o6ecneqHBaTL npoBeneHHe conocTaBHTenbHorO COOTBeTCTBHA o6uenpUHHXToil MHpOBOUI aHaJIH3d aHHbIX, conepXuaulwXCA B 3THX ~OpMax, npaKTHKC. C aaHHL1MH cTpaH - napTHepOB. ilpHH3rTaA rTK POCCHH MeTogonorna B COOTrBeTCTBHH C 3THMH *opMaMH, TaMoxceHHOM cTaTHcTHKH BHeLmHeH TOproBnH BHeInHAA TOPrOBnA POCCHH pacnpenenAeTcA no POCCHHCKOH i D/eIepauHH" 6a3HpyeTcA Ha cneIyIOIIHM rpynnam CTpaH: CTpaHbl CHI, noJo)KCeHHAx TaMoxceHHoro Ko/eKca POCCHHCKOH CTpaHbl O3CP, CTpaHbi EC, CTpaHbu EACI, (DenepaUHH c yqCToM COOTBeTCTByIOIUHX CTpaHbl 1JeHTpanbHOil H BocToqiioil EBponbi, HopMaTHBHUx ROKyMeHTOB CTaTHCTHqeCKOrO CTpaHLI OHEK. ToproBnA C oT/renHbHIMH 6iopo EBpoHieCKHX Coo6uecTB (EBpocTaTa). CTpaHaMH 1IpeACTaBneHa B pacnpeaenenmt no KOHTHHeHTaM. PA3BHTHE TAMO)KEHHOf CTATHCTHKH BHEmHEHi TOPrOBJINH B POCCHfHCKOH OE0EPAUHH 107 B KBaPTa8JTHb1X 6zonneTeHAx rOCKoMCTaTa POCCHH), exceMecsqHO ny6nHKyIOTci flaHHIbie 0 BHemHeH ToproBJIe [peacTaBnAeMOH yqaCTHHKaMH Poccnn Do IPO4HJJHpyJOIIMM ToBapaM BHeiLIHe3KOHoMHqeCKHX CBA3eH B pOCCHHCKOrO 3KCflopTa H HMlopTa TeppHTOpHafltHb e CTaTOpraHbl (CM. rnaBy 3). (COCTaBnalOUXHX OKOno 80 IIpoUeHTOB CTOHMOCTH 4eHCTByJOiJaA CHCTeMa OTqeTHOCTH aaeT no 3KcnopTy H OKOno 50 nponewrTOB no HMnopTy) He0OCToBepHyio HH4opMaUHIo, no KpaHHCH Mepe, B pacnpeneneHHH no cTpaHaM (Ta6nHubl "ToBap - no aByM llpHqHHaM: OTqeTHOCTb aaJeKO He nOnHa CTpaHa"), a TaKXC aaHHbIe 0 ToprOBne H CynIeCTBYIOT 3HaqHTenbHbie B03MOXHOCTH JInA OCHOBHbIMH TOBapaMH C 52 CTpaHaMH - BejfOMCTBeHHOrO BJ1HAHHA. a)Ke no caMbIM KoHTpareHTaMH POCCUH (Ta6&HITbl "CTpaHa - OCTOpOKHbIM OUeHKaM, MHIIHMyM 20 FipoueHTOB TOBap ). pOCCHCKHX yqaCTHHKOB BHeWUHe3KOHoMHqeCKHX 'rOocyaapCTBeHHaM nporpamma nepexoaa CBq3eCH YKnOHAIOTCA OT rnpeaCTaBneHHA B POCCHhCKOH1 (DefepaflHH Ha npHHATIyO B TeppHTOpHaJbHbie CTaTOpraHbi eZKeMeCAqHOH MexyHapOnHOA [IpaKTHKe CHCTeMy yqeTa H rocyaapCTBeHHOH OT4eTHOCTH no 4. 8-B3C, CTaTHCTHKH B COOTBeTCTBHH C Tpe6oBaHAMH r npeanoqwTaA, 6ynyqH yJ1H'eHHbIMH B pbIHOqHOH 3KOHOMHKH", npHHATaT HenpeaCTaBTJeHHH TaKOBoH, BbInnaqHBaTb He 3aKOHOJ1aTeJTBHO B OKTA6pe 1992 rona, qeTKo OqeHb o6peMeHHTeJbHbIe [ITpadbl, pa3mep onpeaeniHa MeCTO H pOnbf pOCCHHCKoro KOTOpblX onpenenH ABHO YCTapeBIIHM TaMo2KeHHOrO BejoMcTBa B 4OpMHpOBaHHH H aaMHHHcTpaTHBHbIM 3aKOHofaTenLCTBOM Be,eHHH CTaTHCTHKH BHeHIHeM ToprOBnH CTpaHblI CTpaHLl. AnS HmnnIOCTpaIHH MO2HO UpHBeCTH Ha OCHOBe MaHHHHo-o6pa6oTaHHblx aaHHLIX CpaBHeHHe aaHHbIX TaMoxeHHOH cTaTHCTHKH H rpy3OBlIX TaMOXeHHBIX eieKnapanHri (a He Ha He CKoppeKTHpOBaHHOH 4opMb 8-B3C (CM. OCHoBe rpoMO3fKOH rOCyaapCTBeHHOH Ta6rnuiy 5. 1). OTqeTHOCTH (4opMa 8-B3C, nO KnaccH4HKaUHH Ta6nHna 5.1 ConocTaBneHHe LaHHbIX 0 BHeJiiHeH TOprOBne n1o oTqeTHOCTH npeanpHsrrHH (4. 8-B3C) H nO TaMOxeHUJOH CT'aTHCTHKe, 1994 r. (Mnpa. tonn.) 4. 8-B3C TaMO)KeHHaS . 8-B)CITaMozeHHaA CTaTHCTHKa CTaTHCTHKa B % 3KcnopTr I KBapTran 8,5 9,6 88 2 KBapTan 12,6 11,8 107 HMnoprr 1 KBapTran 3,3 6,9 48 2 KBapTarn 3,2 6,5 49 B npouecce noaroTOBKH H nPHHETHS - 3aKJlloqeHHe rPY30BBIX TaMOxeHHblIX Bbileyn oMAHyTol rocyaapCTBeHHOi HporpaMMbli aeKnapauHH OCylueCTBnAeTCA caMHMH 3aKOHoJJaTenb o6paTHn oco6oe BHHMaHHe Ha yqaCTHHKaMH BHe1IHe3KOHOMHqeCKHX CBA3efi, a Heo6xoLaHMOCTL HCKjlOqHTb fpH nOfrOTOBKC He TaMO)KeHHB1MH OpraHaMH Ha MeCTaX; CTftTHCTHKH BHelmHeH TOprOBnH PocCHH nlo6oe - C MOMCHTa o4opmneHHA IIPHHSTHA rIpOABneHHe BeJOMCTBeHHOrO BJHSIHHA. rpy30BblIX TaMO)KCHHBlX =eKnapauHH fIepexon K 4opMHpoMaHHo H BeJeHHIo TaMoxeHHLIMH opraHamH Ha MeCTax 3TH CT&THCTHKH BHe[IHeCH TOprOBnH POCCHHCKOU neKnapanHH CTTaHOBATCA noKyMeHTaMH, cbeaepanHH CHHnaMH TaMOxeCHHOrO KoLeKca CBHaeTenbCTBYIOIUHMH 0 4aKTaX, HMeiouxHX CTpaHBl Ha OCHOBe MaLIHHOO6pa6OTaHHblIx lOpHfHeCKoe 3HaqeHHe; aaHHLIX, COL1ep)KaIUHXCA B rPY3OBbIX - rPY30BL1e TaMOZeHHble neKnapaInHw TaMOKCeHHBIX AeKJapanHAx, HCKLfioqaeT mro6oe o6naaaaloT yHHBmCfanbHbIM CTaTyCOM, nOCKOJbKy rpoABneHHe TaKoro BJIHAHHA B CHny Toro, qTo: ABnJIOTCA He TOnLKo 6a3oBhlM AOKyMeHToM, - KOHTPOnb 3a npOnYCKOM TOBaPOB qepe3 cnyhKaixHM anA 4opMHpoBaHHA cTaTHCTHKH rocynapeTBeHHyio rpaHHUy CTpaHbl BHeIIHeCH ToprOBnH CTpaHLZ, HO TaKxe ocyIIIeCTBnIAeTCA 4eaepanbHuLM opraHom 1OpHamqeCKHM aOKyMeHToM, ABJJRIOWHMCR rocynapCTBeHHoro ynpaBareHnA, He3aBHCHMbLIM OT OCHOBaHHeM OCylIeCTBJneHHA TaMO)KeHHOrO yqfCTHHKOB BHeIUHe3KOHOMHqeCKHX CBS3eCH; KOHTpOJ1II, H HHaHCOBWLM nOKyMeHToM, 108 CTATHCTHKA BHEIIHEU TOPrOBJIH B CCCP H POCYaAPCTBAX - riPEEMHHKAX OIIpe,QeLX10OIUHM B3aHMOOTHOIIUeHHA ylaCTHHKOB nepCfleKTHBHOH, XOTA i aiKe B CTpaHax, BHeUtHe3KOHOMHseCKHX CBM3ea c $enepahBHMlM nopaKeHHbix rHfepHHIJIAuHeH (TaKHX KaK 6io0xeTOM. AprerTHHa, B3pa3HnHA, IOrocnaBHAu), CTaTHCTHleCKaA OTqeTHOCTb no BHeIUHeH CTOHMOCTHOUI YtIeT TOBaPOB B ToprOBne Bcerna npegCTaBhIMriacb B TaMOAKeHHOH CTaTHCTHKe BHeUHeCH HaUHOHanbHOH Ba&fioTe, C yKa3aHHeM nopORAKa TOpFOBJIH nocneayiomero nepecqeTa B nonnapbi CIHA. TO QoB ceHTA6pA 1992 r. C-l'aTHCTqeCKaAB 6nHxaahuHe roabi (no cTa6HnH3anHH Ji(o ceirra6pa 1992 r. cl'aTHcTH4ecKBA 3KOHOMHKH CTpaHblI H COOTBeTCTBeHHO Kypca CTOHMOCTb 3KCnoPTHO-HMnOpTHL'X ToBaPOB py6ns K KoHBepTHpyeMbiM BamIOTaM) yKa3LbBaJaCb B 1T7 B TLicAsax py6neu. rpH 3TOM HeUeneCoo6pa3eH nepexon Ha py6neBoe flPH BbIBO3e CTOHMOCTb ToBapa B ToproBne c HcqHCneHHe, T. K. Ha6JiofaIoTCM 3HaqHTenbHbIe J4aBJbHHM 3apy6elKbeM HCqHCnAnacb no ueHaM H3MeHeHHA B TeqeHHe roaa Kypca py6ns K sOE, a HPH BBO3e - no UeHaM CHD,. HHOCTpaHHbLM BaJIEOTaM H BecoMaA aOuR B flepecqeT CTOHMOCTH, BbIpaxeHHoH B ToBapoo6opoTe POCcHH cTpaH, OCYIIeCTBJSIIOIUIX HHOCTpaHHOH BanIOTe, B py6nH npOH3BOJHnCA Ho onepa110H BCBO6OQO KOHBepTHpyeMbIXBanIoTax. KYPCYH KOTHpyeMoMy UeHTpanbHbxm EaHKOM BTOPOHI BapHaHT - 3TO HyG6JiHKaUHR POCCHHCKOHf 0eaepaimm. aaHHlix 0 BHeEHeH TOprOBne B pacupeaeneHHH no B CBM3H c npHHMT1bM 29 ARBapn 1992 r. 1ByM 3oHaM: ToproBLiH o6opoT ocyuxeCTBnAeMbiH pemeHHem MB3C, UeHTpanbHubM BaHKOM H B CBo6o0Ho KOHBepTHpyeMblX BaJllOTax; rocKoMcTaToM POCCUHCKOH DenepaunH o6 yseTe ocyiUecTBJ1AeMblH B py6flHx. OIHaKO 3TOT 3KCIIOpTHO-HMHOpJrHLIX onepaUHin H COCTaBneHHH BapHaHT JIHUaeT B03MOKHOCTH: oueHHTh o6IhI cTaThcTHqeCKoH OTqeTHoCTH no xTor TOPrOBJ]H CTpaHbl B IeJIOM, C rpyUlaMH BHeiIHe3KOHOMHqeCKHM CBR3AM B nonnapax c-rpaH H oTrenbHHblMH cTpaHaMH a TaKXe HMeTb CIIA, c ceHTi6ps 1992 r. CTaTHCTHqeCKaq CTOHMOCTHYIO OUeHKY nOCTaBOK H 3aKYlIOK CTOHMOCTb B rT I npeICTaBu1AeTCA B aonnapax BaxHeAI1IHX ToBapoB BHeCUHeH ToprOBnH POCCHH B CWlIA. ejuloM. KOTHPOBKH UBzP nOCTynIalOT Ha Ha AaHHOM WTane, no MHeHHIO r rK, TaMOhHH LBaUxbl B Heneino (BTOpNHK H qeTBepr) HaH6oJ0ee ripeanoTHTeCJbHHLM ABIIAeTCH TpeTHH H aeHCTByIoT HaqHHaA co cneayiouiero HA1. BapHaHT, rlpenycMaTpHBaloluHH coxpaHeHHe - no Kypcib HHocTpaHHLIbX BanIOT oTHocHTeYIbHO KpaHHeH Mepe Ha 1994 r. - nepecqeTa H poCcHacKoro py6nA, KOTKpyeMbIx LjeHTpambHulM ny6J1HKauMH oTseTHblX aaHHbIX 0 ToprOBi1e CO BaHKOM POCCHHCKOH OefepauHH, ABJIOOTCA BceMH CTpaHaMH, BKnJIOaq8 CTpaHbl CHE, B eflHHCTBeHHbLMH oEHuHanbHbHMH KypcaMH, nonnapax CIHA. BMeCTe C TeM, C UenbiK)o KOTOpbiC HCnOJIb3ylOTCA TaMO)KeHHb1MH paCIHpeHHR B03MO)KHOCTeH aHJanH3a opraHaMH B HHTepecax $OpMHPOBMHHA pe3ylLbTaTOB ToproBnIH POCCHH Co cTpaHaMH CBI, TaMo)KeHHOH cTaTHCTHKH BHeMIlHef ToproBnK, B [y6JHKaUHH 6OnH £OnOnHHTenJbHO BKnIoqeCHL pacseTa ITPHsHTaflOIHXCR elepanBHOMy Ta6nuibi, conepxaume aanwue a ToproBne c 6lowaIeTy TaMOAceHHb1X flOXOfAOB, noanexcaiHx 3THMH CTpaHaMH B Oi1eHKe B py6nAx. B3HMaHHJo C yqaCTHHKOB BHeIUHe3KOHoMHqeCKHX PacqeT'L no BHei11HeTOprOBblM CBM3eC B BHLae HOUInfHHbl, aKUH3HbLIX H HHblX oriepauHAm MeXlly pOCCHHICKHMH iopH0HIeCKHMH c6opoB H Hanora Ha ao6aB.neHHybo CTOHMoCrb. IIHUaMH H JopHaH9eCKHMH IJHUaMH rocynapcTB - rIPH noArOTOBKe Hy6nHKa8iHHi no 6blBIIHx pecCIy6nHK Como3a CCP OCyIeCTBnMOTCSI TaMOJKeHHOH CTaTHCTHKe BHemliHeM TOprOBJH KaK B BanBOTe POCCHiCKOH (DegepaUHH, TaK H B 6bmn paccMoTpeHb1 cne0ylOilue TpH BapHaHTa HHOCTpaHHOR (B T.q. HaJiHoHanbHOi) BaBJIOTe. pacqeTa H OTrpaKeHHA B ny6J1HKaiUHx CTOHMOCTH B HacTrouxee BpemA 6onfio aA qaCTb 3KcnopTa H HM1IOPTa B TOprOBne POCCHH C KOHTpaKTOB CO cTpaHaMH CBI' 3aKunoqaeTcn pa3lH'qHL1MH rpyUIiaMH CTpaH. B py6nJx H B CBA3H C 3THM H3MeHeHHe KYPCOB rlepBbaH - ny6nHKauna aaHHbix O BaJIOT CTpaH CHF no oTHO1IleHHJO K py6mio ToproBnie CO BCeMH CTpaHaMH MHpa B py6iAxx. 1paKTHqeCKH He oKa3blBeT BJ1HHHA Ha o1eHKY 3anaay nepexona K CTaTHcTHseCKOMy yqeTy H ToBapoo6opoTa POCCHH CO CTpaHaMH CHB B ny6JIHKauHH £IaHHbIX 0 BHeiuHeCH ToproBne B py6nsx. py6nAx HeO6XOfHMo paccMaTpHBaTb B Ka8eCTBe PA3BHTUE TAMOIKEHHOH CTATHCTHKH BHEIHEH TOPrOBJIH B POCCHHCKOll 'E/EPAUJIH 109 OpraHH3aIAHa1 c6opa H O6pa6OTKH rFHIBl rpy3OBLIX TaMO2KeHHbIX neKKnapaUfHH Ha 4aHHLI1X iaMOm KeHHOg CTaTHCTHKH 6yMazKHux HOcHTenAx: ecnuH B 1992 r. Ha 6yMaxHblx HOCHTenIAX B rMH1BL1 nOCTyrianO 6Bonee 90 npoueHTOB HH4OpMaUHH, TO B 1993 r. 86 FPY30B6EX TaMO2KeHH1LIX geKJapaLjHl npOueHTOB HHOpMaauHH FTft HOCTyHIHnO no rTK POCCHH paccmaTpHBaeT KaHanaM CBH3H H 14 HpoTIeHToB - Ha UHCKeTax. aBToMaTH3HpoBaHHbIH c6op H o6pa6o'rKy LaHHbIX BbiqHCcnTenbHblHl ueHTp fTK POCCHH o63Kcnopmro-HMnopTHbux onepaUHAx KaK OLHO OCHamleH COBpCMelHHb1MH DBM, qTO B H3 BaJKHCHUIHX yCnOBHH nepexona OT c6opa 3HaqHTeJbHoA CTerCIHH CKa3aBJOCb Ha HH4OpMaUHH fpH rOMOIIUH cTaTHCTHqCCKOH paCIIIHpeHHH 3aaaq H rio3BoJIHJ1o o6pa6aTbIBaTb OTqeTHOCTH (0* 8-B3C) Ha TaMOJKeHHYJO B0opacTaloiuHe rlOTOKH HH4opMaIHH. CTaTHCTHKy. 06 o6leMax o6pa6aTbuBaeMbLx rHHBLJ 3a nocnenmie TpH roJa B TaMoxceHiol HH4opMaUHH MOXKHO CYLIHTb no CneJylOIyIHM cnyxK6e PoccHu pa3pa6oTaHaauroMaTw3npoBaHHas n14paM: Bcero 3a 1993 r. qepe3 TaMO)KHH fInOllrIO nOfCHcFCMa TaMoxeoHHOH cTaTHCTHKH BHCeumHeH OKoJo 2 MIIH. F1'f, B TOM qHcnie - OKOnIO 1, MnH. TOproBJIH BpaMKaX EnzHHoH aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHOH no 3KCHOpTY H OKOnO 0,9 MnH. - no HMI1OpTY. HH4OpMauHoHHOH CHCTCMbi (AHI), KOTOpaA XapaKTepHoa OCO6CHHOCTblO ABJ1HeTCA pe3Koe npezu¶HaqeHa aLIS o6ec&eHeHHm KOMnneKcHoH B03pacraHHe, HaqHHaA C Man 1993 r. o6lbeMOB aBTOMaTfH3ai4H feMTeJIbHocfTaMO)KeHHIlIX OpraHOB rT/7, nocTynaioIwHx H3 TaMOxJeH, 'qTO CBR3aHO C Crpaimi. OTMeHOH CymeCTBOBaBuIHX paHee pa3JIHq'HH B B pa3pe3e BCCH TaMo2KCHHOH cnyJK6bI TaMo2KxHHoM ofopMneHHH BHeuiHCTOPFOBblX lIpHHATa HepapxHwecKa3 CHCTeMa c6opa H rPY3OB CO CTpaHaMH JranbHero H 6nHXHero nepenaarn HHiopMaUHH, BKnio'alomaA cnenyloIUHe 3apy6eJKbA. B AHBape-anpene 1993 r. cpeaHee YPOBHH C HH3merO Ro Bubcuiero: TaMoXKCHHmLe KonHreCTBo FTfL no 3KCnopTHO-HMnOpTHLbM nOCTbl (THI); TaMOxHH; perHOHanJbHble orepaIIHHM COCTaBnJXInO 94 TbLCAqH, B Mae - 138 TaMO2KeHHbIe ynpaBnieHHA; FocynapcTBeHHblh TbLIC'q, a B JeKa6pe - 165 ThICAq. TaMo2KeHHblH KOMHTeT POCCHH H FHHBBJ. C60p H o6pa6oTKa HH4OpMaUHH, ABTOMaTH3HpOBaHHaSi UOACHCTCMa CoIep)KaieHCA B I'Py3OBblX TaMOXeHHBIX TaMO2KeHHOfI CTaTHCTHKH BHCIIIHCH neKnapanHAx, HOCTyHaIOU1HX HCHOCPeJCTBeHHO H3 TaMO)KeH HnH qepe3 permOHaOHJITLIe TYHKTbI TOPrOBJIH c6opa HHdOpMaUHH, B03JIO2KeHbl Ha FjiaBHbln B 1993 r. 6bmia npoBeneHa oblITHax HayqHO-HH4pOpMaUHOHHblH BblqHCJIHTenbHHLIH 3KCnnyaTauHH nOfCHCTeMbl TaMoxKeHHOH neHTp (FHIIBLJ) r7K POCCHH, 'ITO IO3BOnJeT CTaTHCTHKH, B xoae KOTOpOH 6bn BbLMBneH H o6ecnewHTb, C ORHOH CTOpOHbl, OiepaTHEHOCTb yCTpaHeH pAR HeCIOCTaTKOB. HOJIcHcreMa o6pa6oTKH HH4opMaUHH, a c apyroi - IIHpOKHe BKnjoqaeT OKOriO 20 KOMIbIOTepHbIX nporpaMM, B03MOAKHOCTH B 4OpMHpOBaHHH BbLIXOaHbIX KOTOpbie opraHH3yloT o6pa6OTKy TaMO)KeHHoH UaHHbIX TaMOxCeHHOH CTaTHCTHKH BHeCUHeW CTaTHCTHKH Ha TaMOxeCHHLJX nOCTaX, TaMo)KHAx, TOprOBJIH. B perHOHanbHHLX TaMoXKeHHblX ynpaBneHHrux H B KaqCCTBe perHOHaJbTHbIX IIYHKTOB FHIHBIJ. c6opa TPy3OBbTX TaMOKeHHbIX neKlapaLIHH 11o OHMbTHaA HpOBepKa TIpOBOaHJIaCb Ha CTpaHe oripeneneHbl 12 perHOHaJbHblX LIOJIHOM MaccHBe 1T7,, OJHaKO OCHOBHOe TaMo)KeHHbIX ynpaBneHHH: MocKoBcKoe BHHMaHHe 6bhiIo CKOHIJeHTpHpOBaHO Ha perHoHaBJbHoe ynpaBneHiHe, 3anaaHoe, CeBepo- $OpMHpOBaHHH HCXOJHblX aaHHbIX no TpCM 3anaaHoe, LtaJbHeBoCTOqHOe, CeBepo-KaBKa3CKoe, cy1ueCTBCHHbLM COCTaBI1lOIIIHM TaMo2KeHHOH 3anazwo-CH6HpCKoe, BOCTOqHO- CH6HpcKoe, CTaTHCTHKH BlieMiHek ToproBJnH CTpaHbl, a lOBOJnXcKoe, YpanbCKoe, TaTapcKoe, HMeHHO: 3KCHOpT J1HIIeH3HPYeMb1X H KanHHHHrpa,aCKOe, LarecTaHCKoe. B YKa3aHHbIe KBOTHPYCMblX TOBapoB; 3KCfIOPT CTPaTCeHqeCKH perHOHanbHbie ynpaBneHHA FTp, nepenaioTcA BaJKHbX CLIpbeBbLIX TOBapOB; H 3KC1OPT H HMHOpT npHMepHO H3 130 TaMo)KeH, KoTopbLe, B CBOIO ToBapoB, o6pamiaioliHxcA B paMKaX oqepejab, nofiyqaloT HH4opMaiHIo OT ToBapoo6MeHHoH (6apTepHoil) TOprOBJJH. TaMo2KCHHbLIX OCTOB (OKOnO 500). YnyqiueHHe KaqeCTBa HHopMaLlHH rio O0IHHM H3 Ba2KHeHiIIHx pe3ynbTaTOB TaMOxKeHHoH CTaTHCTHKe BHeiRHeH ToprOBJnH BO OnbITHON 3KC[KCByaTaiHH HHcOpMaUHOHHOH MHOrOM onpexzuiercA lByMA daropamH: CHCTCMblI rTK POCCHH B 1993 r. ABnAeTCA TO, qTO XocTOBCPHOCTblO HH4OpM8XHH H CBoeBpCMeHHOCTbMO rpaKTH'IeCKH ripeKpaTHnIOCb nOCTynIneHHe B 110 CTATHCTHKA BHEnLHEHTOPprOBJIH B CCCP H rOCYLIAPCBAX - rIPEEMHHKAX nocTynneHHA rT4 B BLIqHCnHTeJJbHlIH LLeHTp OpraHoB, HpOBOUHMblH rFHBII KOHTpOnh ewe rTK POCCHH. BlABJnAeT ao 10 rnpouCHTOB 01UH60qHblX -Ff4. CoKpaiueHHe ypOBHA OHiuH6OxHOCTH [pH 06ecneeeHHe CBOCBpeMeHHOrO 3anoJ1HeHHH rF4 OKa3anocL cepbe3HoH noCTynneHAHH rF7 B FHIHB4 OKa3anocL 6onee npo6neMoH H CTano OCHOBOH OnbITHOH cepbe3HoH ipo66rieMoi. 3KCnnyaTaUHH aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHOH AnA BbIACHeHHA rlOflO2KeHH4 Len IIo noIcHcTeMbi. EcnH B Haqane 1993 r. ,J1OSI ripeacTaBaieHiO 3J1eKTpOHHbIX KOIIHH rFf B OIlH6OqHmLX r74 B UenoM HO TaMOxeHHOH rHHB1x no TaMOJKHAM 6blmm Bbl6paHbi 45 chiyK6e aoxoanwa nopoiH jo 50 ripOieilTOB, TO K TaMo)KeH, KOTOpbIe BMCcTe o6pa6aTbmaloT 6onee KOHIAY 1993 r. OHa cocTaBnIAna MeHee 6 80 nponeHToB o6mero maccHa rT4. Pe3ynbTaTbl inpoiueHTOB. 3HaqwreniHo Cy3HnCA CneKTp aHaJIH3a HOKa3afIH, qTO CylIXeCTBYIOT ounI6oK B rfr (no 5-6 peKBH3HTOB iporrB 54 B o6rLeKTHBHbIe yCnOBHA Ha 3THX TaMO)KHAX 01n1 Haqane 1993 r.). npeacTaBneHHa rTFj B pernameHTHbie CpOKH, B 1993 r. 3HaqHTenbHO flOBbLCHJa1Cb XOTA B JeaHCTBHTenCHOCTH 3Toro qacTo He rpaMOTHOCT6 cneiiHaniHcTOB TaMO)KeH B qacTUH IpOHCXOLIHT. aBTOMaTH3aflHH HH$OpMaUHOHHbIX TexHOnOrHH, Sbmo 6b, oaHaKO, HecnpaBennaBo H KOHKpeTHO - B npouecce 4opMHpoBaHHA CqHTaTb, qTO npouecc OflbITHOH 3KCnnyaTaUHH TaMoJKeHCoH CTaTHCTHKH. FlosBanHcL TaMOIxHH, aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHOH noacHcTeMBl TaMoIKCHHOH B KOTOpL1X o6eCieqKHBaeTCA 100-IjpOUeHTHaM CTaTHCTHKH BHCUIHCH TOprOB]H imen 6e3 0aOCTOBepHOCTb HH4opMaIJHH H3 rTF. HeMHHyeMbiX HeAOCTaTKOB H H3faepAKeK. TeM He rIoBLiiHeHHe IOCTOBePHOCTH BO MHOrOM MeHee, pe3yJTbTaTbl, UOnyqCHHLIe B xoiae onpe,enseTcs pa3pa6BTKOH H upacupoCTpaHeHHeM 3KCIHpHMeHTa, 1O3BO0]HnH TaMo)KCeHHOMy B TaMOxKeHHLIX opraHax nporpaMMHL1X CpeOCTB, BeaOMCTBy POCCHH rlpHCTyIHTb, HaqKHaH C I ocyIecTBnJOIIOHX KOHTPOJTh 3aronHeHHA rFf. iHBaps 1994 r., K IpoMbiuIeHHOH 3KCn1yaTaUIHH TeM He MeHee, Heo6xofHMo orrMeTHTL, aBToMaTH3HpOBaHHofl noacHCTeMb c6opa, qTO HpH 3aMCTHOM ynlyqUeHHH KaqecTBa o6pa6orKH H npencraBneHiA (ny&UocnI) xpHHm KHHopMauHH, nocaynaiomei H3 TaMO2KeHHL1X TaMO)KeHHoH CTUTHCfKUH BHCIIIHeH TOpruOBTm POCCUH. 6 3EPKAJIbHA5I CTATHCTHKA: FPAHHHM EE HPHMEHEHHJI HPH H3MEPEHHH BHEHJHEH TOPFOB.IIH FpuZopuU' 3apy6uH U BapmAoMeul KaMUHCKU A aHHble O pa3BHTHH BHCeltHeH TOpFOBnH HOBbIX He3aBHCHMLIX rocyaapc-B (HIW), B03HHKLUHX nocnie pacnaia CoBeTcKoro CoIo3a, OTJHqBalOTCR HerojiHoroHi, IoKpbiBaloT JIHIUb KOpOTKHU UPOMeXKyTOK BpeMeHH, H BCe ewe HeCBo6oaHLi oTr CytlCCTBCHHbIX olmH6OK. CTaTHCTHKa BHeIIHeH TOprOBJ1H KaK TaKOBaA - C 6LIBIIIUHMH pecHy6nHKaMH H TpeThHMH cTpaHaMH - CTanIa BecTHcL B 3THX roCyaapCTBaX TO.nIKO C 1992 r., Koraa MexKpecny6n]KaHCKHe nOCTaBKH HPeBpaTHnHCb B MeXrOCy,aapCTBeHHme, T.e. BHelliHeToproBble. Ho IIOCKOJlbKy B liepBLiH ro, npe6blBaHHA HEW B CyBepeHHOM KaqeCTBe TaMoxKeHHbie rpaiHuHbi MmKLy 6OJ]bIUHHCTBOM H3 HHX OTCy-rCTBOBaJH (B paae cJ]ygaeB TaKaA cHTyailHA coxpaiAeTcA H Uio cei leHlb), CTaTHCTHKa BHeLlHHie TOpFOBnUH qpe3BbLiqaHHO HeHageXKHa, H TiorpeCUHOCTH B OI1eHKe BellHqHHbI H HalpaBJieHHA TOpFOBblX IIOTOKOB BCCbMa BbICOKH. OrpaHmneHHe 3KCInOpTa H KOHTpO]HpOBaHHe ueH CO CTOpOHbl rocyaapCTBa, cyiuecTByioLuHe BO MHOFHX H3 3THX cTpaH, CTHMYJ1HPYIOT HeiieranbHHLIH 3KcHopT Cbipbq, BKjniio0al He#b, a TaK)Ke 3aBbl1iiuHHe CTOHMOCTH HmUOpTa H 3aHHJKCHHe CTOHMOCTH 3KCiiOpTa BHe1IIHeTOprOBblMH areHTaMH. 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CTaTHCTHKOB H 6yxranTepoB pIHXOLIHnOCb HecMoTPs Ha TO, qTO CHCTeMa c6opa npencTaBnATb naHHbie B TaKOM BHIe, qTo6bi zTaHHB1X 6mna CyIIIeCTBeHHO yCOBepiIIeHCTBOBaHa, rIOKa3aTb BblnOJ1HeHHe nnaHa, BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH KaqecTBo aaHHbIX Bce ewe oCTaeTCs Ha OT TOrO, qTo HMeJIO MeCTO B ne1CTBHTeJTbHoCTH. HeBbICOKOM ypOBHe - oco6eHHo B oTHOiLeHHH MaHHIIyJSAIIHH BHeLIIHeTOprOBOR B3aHMHOH TOprOBnH. flo3TOMy B iienAx CTaTHCTHKOH xopomo HJIJ-IlOCTpHpyIOTCS rlojIyqeHHI fOHOJIHHTeCJbHOH HH14OpMaUHH cCneLyioUltHM npHMepoM. B COOTBeTCTBHH C HaUHLHaHJbHHLIM CTaTHCTHqeCKHM opraHam OHIIHa8abHbMMH faHHbIMH, B 1984 r. CTOHMOCTb IpIHXOLHnOCb HCIIOJIb3OBaTb B TOM qHcne H COBeTCKOrO 3Kc1olT8a COCTaBHna 74,4 MJpn. CTaTHCTHqeCKHe JaaHHbIe napTHepoB - T.H. 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TaK, no MeTononoruA BHeCUHeTOprOBOH aaHHL1M EBponeikCKO]k JKOHOmH'eCKOI1 CTaTHCTHKH CoBeTcKoro Couo3a BO MHOrHX KOMHCCHH (E3K) OOH, cyMMapHaA CTOHMOCTb Ba2KHbix acneKTaX oTJiH'ianacb OTr meTofJlonorH, COBeTCKoro 3KCHOPTa B 1990 r. cocTaBHna 59 IIpHHATOHf B me2yHaponHbIx opran3aUKax H B Mnpa nonn., a CTOHMOCTB HMriOpTa - 65 mnpa. non!'. , qTO HaMHorO HH2Ke, qeM o0HJH4anbHaH 3EPKATIIHAS CTATHCnHKA: rPAHHLIbl EE PHMEHEHHMA PH H3MEPEHHH BHEBHIH TOPrOBJIH 113 oUenKa KaK 3Kcnop-ra (105 MllpQ.), TaK H HMIIOpTa MTO KacaeTCA HMIIOpTa, 3aCCb OCHOBHaA Macca (107 mnpa.). PaCXOXaeHHe COXpaHAJ1OC6 H B 1991 ToBapOB He noanaiana noA KOJIHqeCTBeHHbLie r. : no aaHHbIM EK 3KC1op0 cocTaBHn 47 Mnpa. orpaHHReHHA. KpoMe Toro, HeMano 6mo H TaKMX aonn., no OHUHanbHoi OUeHKe - 68 mbnpa. Ho 4HpM, qTO OCyi11CcTBnAnH HeCKOJIbKO 3KcnopTHo- HMnOprry 3TH aMa HCTOqHHKa UOKa3UBaSiT 45 H 71 HMnOpTHblX OnepaUHM H npeKpaIUanH CBOe MJIpa. aonn. cooTrBeTcTBeHHO. cyiiecTBOBaHHe. 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InalI - He CKoppeKTHpoBaHHblH HMIOpT HeKOTopb1e rocynapCTBa CUE HaqanH co6wpaTb HnH 3KCHopT no aaHHbIM rOCKOMCTaTa POCCHH CBOH co6cTBeHHLie aaHHLie no HMM1opTy, 1A1 18 Bbi6paHHbIX CTpaH; Xuj8 - cyMMapHoe KoTopbIe, KaK oKa3anocb, BeCCMba cywIeCTBeHHO OTKnOHeHHe ,IAn 18 BbI6paHHblX CTP8 H aaHHbix OTnHM'aiHCb OT raaHHbJX 3epKaJlTHOi CTaTHCTHKH. rOCKOMCTaTa PocciHU OT aaHHBIX CTpaH- ToqHO TaK xe, oueHKH TOprOBnH C OCTanbHblM napTHepOB. MHpOM oKa3anHcB coBepiuerHHo HeHane)KHb1MH. PacqeTbu, cCenaHHbIC no 3TOH 4opMynie TaK, no O¢HUHanbHOA oueHKe,i pOCCHICKUH £1n5 KOppeKTHpOBKH CyMMapHOrO HMnOpTra HMnOpOT H3 TpeTbHX crpai B nepBoM KBaprane POCCHH B 1993 r. (CM. Ta6nHuy 6.1), nOKa3blBaloT, 1993 r. CHH3HJnC Ha 43 %, BO BTOpOM - Ha 17 %, qTO aaHHL1e CTpaH-naprrHepOB no 3KcnOPTY B TpeTbeM - Ha 36 %, H qeTBCpToM - Ha 16 % (no cpeCHeM Ha 25 % Bbile pOCCHHCKHX QaHHbLIX no cpaBHeHH1o C OQHoHMeHHblMH KBapTanaMH 1992 HMmIOpTy 3a TOT IKe nepHon. C apyron CTOpOHbl, r.), qTO npeaCTasB151OCb coBCpmIeHHo pOCCHACKHC o1IeHK1H 3KCnopTa KaK BpaBsHno HCpeanbHLIM - MaKpO3KOHOMHqeCKme BblUie, qeM COOTBeTCTBYOIUMeC OUeHKH HMnOpTa HOKa3aTeC11 Ha 1poTA1KeHHH 1993 r. He naBanH H3 POCCHH CTpaHaMH-niapTHepaMH. B TaKHX OCHOBaHH An1 TaKOOro pe3Koro COKpaiueHHA pacxo)K,eHHnX HeT HH'qero HCo6biqHoro. HMIIopTa. Boibmuas MX qaCTb (xorrs H He Bce) o6fbxCHAeTCA TaMOxKeHHaA CTaTHCTHKa Ho51BHnacIb H3aep2KKaMH TpaHC1OprTHpOBKH . t IHoToMy TOllbKO B 1994 r. (CM. FnasBy 5). ColocTaBneHHe BenHWHHa PaCXOIKC0eHH51 MOIKeT 3HaqMTCeIbHO £taHHEIx no BHeiiiHeC ToproBne, ocHoBaHHbLX Ha Kone6aTbC5 B 3aBMCHMOCTH OT yieibHorO Beca TaMoIKeHHoH cTaTHCTHKC, C OAHOH CTOpOHLI, H TOBapOB C BLICOKHMH TpaHCHOpTHbLMH oTqeTax npennpHATHrH, c zpyroil, noKa3bLBaeT, H3Cep2KKaMH, npeo6JlTaiolIMHX B 3KCnOpTe B Ty qTO (a) onqeTbi npegnpHMTHH, KaK H cDeaOBsano HJIH HHY1O cTpaHy. OKH£aTLb, OAIOT CymeCTBeHHO 3aHHJxHHble KaKi npe0cTaBnaeTcA, npexwaraemas iaaHHbie no HMUOpTy; H (6) oTqeTi UpeOHpHATHik upoilenypa HMeeT tBa OCHOBHbIX HeaocTaTKa. Bo- aeCHCTBHTeJThHO flalOT He MeHee Ha,aeIKHble nepBLbX, OHa OCHOBaHa Ha HCeBHOM aoHyWIeHHH, ,aaHHbLe no 3KcdnopTy, qeM TaMO2KeHHaA 'TO ypOBeHb ToqHOcTH pOCCHHCKOU craTHCTHKa (CM. Ta6n. 5. 1) BHeIIHeToproBOH CTaTHCTHKH He HHJIe, qeM rIpHHHMaA BO BHHMaMHe HeTO'qHOCTh CTaTHCTHKH CTpaH 03CP. Ho 3TorO He MoxKeT OaaHHbIX ilpeanpHrrTH H OTCyTCTBHe 6LITb. B O1On1HeHHme KO MHOKeCCTBY TaMoKeHHbLIX OaHHLIX 3a nepHoa, opraHH3aHHOHHblX fpO6neM, xapaKTcpHxlx £nA5 npezIulecTBylOuMHU 1994 r., B POCCHHCKOM pa3pa6oTKH H BHeCpeHHA BHeIIIHeTOprOBOM roCKOMCTaTe 6ina pa3pa6oTaHa npocTaA CTaTHCTHKH Ha nepBhix 3Tarax nepexoxrHoro nponeaypa oijeHKH pOCCHHCKOH BHeCUHeR (c nepHona OT HeHTJpa]H3oBaHHOrO nHIaHHpOBaHHM, TpeTbHMH cTpaHaMH) ToproBnH Ha OCHOBe 3KCIOPTHL1H KOHTi)ponb BMeCTe C 3aHHIKeHHLIM CTaTHCTHKH TOPrOBbLX napTHepoB. KaK BHMHO H3 Kypcom py6nx (o qeM CBH0eTenbCTByeT pa3pbLB aaHHbIX, 1lpe0CTaB11eHHlX B TaGHnaX rl 6.1 H r MeX)y HOMHHanbHHLM KypCOM H Uap4TCTOM 6.2 npHnoIKeHMx, Me2K£y aaHHBIMH, HoKynaTenLHoA CnoCo6HocCTH) co3aaBan cHnJTHiLC y1y6nHKyeMlMH CTpaHaMH-napTHepaMH, H io6yUHTenbbLie MOTUHBLI £n5 CanbCH4MKauHH £aaHHbIMH MOCKoMCTaTa CyiUCCTBYIOT 3EPKAJIbHAA CTATHCTHKA: FPAHHfLbI EE H]PHMEHEHHA rIPH H3MEPEHHH BHEUIHEM TOPrOBIIH 115 OTqeTOB no BHeutHe3KoHoMHqeCKOH a6conHOTHaA TOqHOCTL LOCTHraeTCA (IIpHHHMaA JexTeJ7bHOCTH H 6erCTBy KanHTanoB. BO BHHMaHHe, qTO 3KcnopT raaeTCA B [IeHax 4o6, a Bo-BTopEIx, npenfOJaraeTcA, 'ITO HMnOpT - CH4) TOnJKO B TOM cnyiae, Koraa O'rCyTCTBHe paCXO)KZTeHH cBHKaeTenJbCTByeT o6 HMHopT no aaHHLIM pOCCHHCKOH CTaTHCTHKH a6cOJnloTHoA TOqHOCTH pOCCHHCKHX JaHHblx. npeBiImaeT 3KcnoprT rio faHHbIM napTHepoB Ha 3aMeTHM, ecnCI CyMMa OTKnOHeHHH (Mesay BeiHmHHy, paBHylo CToiMocrH TQpaHCnWHO OBKH H pOCCHHCKHMH naHaIHMMl H taHHb1MM napTHepoB) crpaxoBaHAn. paBna Hynio, TO Ia = I.. . Ha caMoM acne Ta6nuua 6.1 PacqeT HMnoprTa POCCHH B 1993 r. (MHnnuoHOB aonnapoB CLIA) I KB. 2 KB. 3 KB. 4 KB. FOLiB uenoM CyMMapHblb HMop-T (IJaHHbie rKC) - I.. 5,2 7,5 5,8 8,2 26,7 HMUOpT 1H3 18 CTpaH (aHHabe rKC) - .al8 3,1 5,1 3,8 5,5 17,5 CyMMapioe OTKnOHeHHe anA 18 cTpan - Xj8 -1,1 -0,7 -1,5 -1,0 -4,3 HonpaBoqHubl KO44IHIIHeHT - (1 - XilgfI..18) 1,35 1,14 1,40 1,18 1,25 CKoppeKTHpOBaHafilH HMnoprT - I. 7,0 8,6 8,1 9,7 33,4 HCTO'qHHK: Bi3emHeTOproBaA CTaTHCTHKa rocKoMcTaTa H 6a3a JaHHbIX OOH no BHeLIHeToproBoH cTaTHCTHKe COMTRADE. XOTA HanHqHe pacxoaCeHHH mexny AHanorqnHo, 3KCKnopT POCCHH B ABCTPHIO no lTpAMOl4 H 3epKanJbHOH CTaTHCTHKoH - B HpHpoLe pOCCHaCKHM falHHb1M (1405 MIIH. nonm.) 6onee BeefeH, cnenyeT c1ieHITanbHo aHlanH3HPOBaTb lieM BfBoe ripeBblaaeT KM0opT ABCTpHH 13 cniyRaH, Korja 3TH pacxoxneHuA oCO6eHHo PoccHH no aBCTpmHCKHM aaHHbIM (589 MnH. BbICOKH. TaKHe HecnyqafiHble OTKnOHeHHA nonn.). Ewe 6onbiHm e pacxoxaeHRA rpexinaraeTcA HUeHTH4HUHpOBaTb, cpaBHHBaA Ha6illofaaOTCA npH conocTaBneHHH aaHHbIX no 4aKTHqCCKYIO BenHqHHy OTKnOHeHHA C TpOHHbIM OTaCnbHbIM TOBapHbIM rpynnaM MeAKayHapoaHoH cpe,JHeKBa4paTHCqeCKHM oTKniOHeHHeM Ho BceMy CTaHaaprrHoh ToproBoHi KnacCHdHKauHH. TaK, Ha6opy CTpaH (no HMHOPTY oHo cocTaBJiAeT 412, 3KC1oprT POCCHH B ABCTPHIO He4TH H HlO 3KCnopTy - 746). ECJIH HeKoropoe oTKnoHeHHe HeCTenTpOyKToB pOCCHl4CKOH4 CTaTHCTHKOH 6onb6uie, seM TpoHHoe cpexHeKBaxpaTHqecKoe, oueHHBaeTCA B 638 MnH. JOlni., TorTa iKaK 3TOT cnyqai 3acnymHBaeT cUeCIHaJihHoro aBCTpHHcKoH - TOnLKO B 33 MnH. ToqHo TaK Ke paccMoTpeHHA. Ho Hmnopry HaH6onibmHe 3KCnOpr POCCHH B HHnepnaHau IIBeTHbIX oTKJIOHeHHA 3a4HKCHpoBaHbI anA FepMaHHr H MeTanJIOB nIO pOCCHHCKOH CTaTHCTHKe COcTaBnAeT ABCTPHH. HrHTepecHo OTMeTHTb, qTO pOCCHHCKHe 1351 MnH. aonii., a HHaepnaHfbl 3a4HKCHpOBaJH OUeHKH HMnop0Ta 13 ABCTPHH CyIIeCTBeHHO y ce6A BCero 237 MnH. MOXHO nopeitnonoJKTKL, npeBbinialoT 3KCTnOpT B Poccmo no faHHbTM qTO B o6eux cniyqaAx Mbl HMeeM neno C aBCTpHHCKO CTaTHCTHKH, Torga KaK AAS MaCCHpOBaHHb1M 3aBo3oM ToBapOB Ha repMaHHH cnpaBeanKBo o6paTHoe. nociiexHee TaMo2KeHHbie CKlflabI 3THX CTpaH H Bb13bIBaeT gaae HeKoTopoe yanBieHe, nocnenyiowei HX nepenponaaefi 6e3 nOCKOILbKy repMaHnIA nppBoaHT aaHHbIe o6 nepeceqeHHA TaMo)KeHHoH rpaHHUbl, nrpmeM 3KCnopreT B i1eHax $o6:cClejoBaTeilbHo, C y'IeTOM aBCTPHIiCKHe H roniiaHncKHe HpMbl BbICTynaAH pacxoioaB Ha TpaHC1OpTOTPOBKY H CTpaxoBaHHe, rio TOJn1KO B KaqeCTBe iocpefHHKOB. pOCCHHCKOH CTaTHcTHKe HMriopT 13 repMaHHH HocKonnbKy MoJKeT BO3HHKHyTb co6na3H fao.riJKeH 6bin 6b 6blTbweieBbime. OTHecTH Bce pacxOicaeHHA Ha cqeT HH3KOrO HO KCH0opTy H3 POCCHH 3HarHTenibHbe KaqecTBa CTaTHCTHKH, nonyqaeMoii no oTreTam pacxonxaeHHxz 3a4HKCHpoBaHLI AnA HpeLpHATHH, B Ta6nnne 6.2 aaeTcs BenHKo6pHTaHHH B nocnenHem KBapTaane 1993 r.: COnOCTaBneHHe IaHHbLIX Focynapc-rBeHHoro pOCCHHCKHe nanHbie (1200 MinH. nonn.) TaMo)KeHHorO KOMHTeTa C aaHHLIMH HeKOTOpblX upeBiima]oT aHrnHHcKHe (305 MnH. gonn.) Ha 895 c-rpaH-napTHepOB 3a TTepBLiH KBapiran 1994 r. Ha MnTH. aonin. (CM. Ta6n. H6.2 flpHnoxeHrA). 14 ripnBOeeHHnx cTpaH HpHXOJIHTCA OKonio 60 % 116 CTATHCTHKABHEITIHEIToproBPIO BCCCPHrOCYaAPCTBAX-rIPEEMHHKAX CYMMapHOrO BHemHeToproBoro o6opoTa POCCHH. o6LACHHMIbM, nOCKOJIbKy o6blqHO Ha6fronaeTcA ConocraBneHme aNHHLIX nOKa3fbtBaeT o6paTHaA KapTHHa. B AaHHOM cnyqae MOJIHO CpaBHHTCJeJHO HeBLICOKHH ypOBeHb paCXOJICaeHHH. Ip7HBeCTH ciieyiouiHe o6-SIcHeHHA. flpexcne IIpH MeHee 3HaqHTJenbHLIX pacxoxnKeHHAx HX Bcero, He paCCMaTpHBaeTCm pC3KcnOPT H3 3THX KpHCyHOKh, TeM He MeHee, coBnanaeT C CTpaH B CTpaHLI, He BKJlIOqeHHble B BbLLBJ1eHHLIM B IpeahyiLiieM 11pHMepe aAa 1993 CTaTHCTHqecKyIo BbL60pKy c-rpaH - napTHepoB. Bo r. B uenoM pacxoxweHA no 6onaueii qacCTH BTOpbIX, TO qTO no HMlOipTy pacxoxcaeHHa Buiuie, B3aHMHO KOMneHCxpyiOT apyr apyra, T.K. HMelOT '1eM no 3KCflOpTy, OTHIOILb He CBHLteTeJ1BCTByeT 0 KaK nonoIeKHTCbHblH4, TaK H OTpHuaTeJIbHlbli TOM, 'ITO TaMO)KCHHaA cny2K6a OTCJ1eCKHBaeT 3HaK. 3aMeTHM, qTO no pOCCHHCKOH CTaTHCTHKe HMnOpT 6onee ycneluHO, 'em 3KcnopT. /JnA 3KcnoprT oKa3buBaeTci BbLiue, qeM no CTpaH 03CP xapaKTepHo 6onee HH3KOC KaqecTBO COOTBCTCTBy1OUIHM JIaHHL1M napTHepOB o6 3KCHO)THLIX RaHHbIX 1o CpaBHCHHio c HM1IopTe H3 POCCHH, a pOCCHHCKHH HMIOpT - HMiOpTHbliMH. B-TpCTbHX, KBapBTanbHblC JaHHbLC HH2Ke, 'eM 3KCnoprT B POCCmO no 3epKanJHb1M MOrYT pa3JiH'aTbCA H3-3a pa3HHUbl B CpOKaX flaHHLIM. perHcTpaIHH. KaK 6yJeT nOKa3aHO HH)Ke, )TOT pe3ynbTaT ipeCacTaBnAeITCA He Cy1IeCTByeT He OUHH, a MHO)KCCTBO daKTOpOB, TOJILKO HeOIECHaaHHLIM, HO H JOCTaTO'HO Tpy,LHO 06bACHAIOIXHX HanJHxlme pacxoxKaCHHH. Ta6nHna 6.2 ConocramneHre craTHcrHC eCKmx IaaHHblX 0 ToproBne POCCHH c OT,CenbHbIMH CTpaHaMH Ho LaaHHLIM FTK c aaHHbLMH crpaH-naprHepOB 3a 1 KBapTran 1994 r. (MHnnHOHOB nonnapoB CIIA) CTpaHbLi CTpaHL- TaMoxHA OTHoUmeHHe CTpaHML- TaMOzHA OTHOIIIeHHe naprHepml POCCHH napTHepbI POCCHH 3KC1oprT HMiopT B % HMnoprT 3KC1OpIT B % CIHA 571 622 92 542 768 71 Ben HKO- 6pHTaHHs 348 217 160 239 868 28 ABcTpHA 208 211 99 241 200 121 DpaHunA 304 264 115 538 257 209 repMaHHA 1743 1144 152 1079 1031 105 HTanHA 515 324 159 916 681 135 HopBerHA 28 28 100 119 21 567 ImBeuAH 99 74 134 67 141 48 ImBeHIuapHA 93 144 65 56 399 14 AifOHHA 358 301 119 567 395 144 (DHH1AHLHA 350 381 92 292 357 82 ABcTpanHA 59 55 93 10 11 91 HOBau 3enaHanx 28 37 76 1 0 0 KHTaHt 302 260 116 687 592 116 Bcero no yKa3aHHlM CTpaHaM 5006 4062 125 5354 5727 94 IHoaBo,a HTOrH, MOIKHO cKa3aT,b' RTO BaJKHLIX MOMenTa. Bo-nepBm6X, 3KC1OpT B 3epKanbHaH CTaTHCTHKa MOxKeT CJIY)KHTL pL1HOqHbIX 3KOHOMHKaX, yqHTiwBaA oco6eHHOCTH nonIe3HLIM HCTO'HHKOM HH+OPMa8IHH 0 BHCeMHeCH Harioroo6nIoJKeHHA, OTcIIe)KHBaeTCA He TaK TOPFOBne CTpaH, TpaHC4OpMHpyIOHIHX CBOH TitaTeriLHO, KaK HMnOpT. TaK qTO CTaTHCTHKa 3KOHoMH'eCKHe CTpyKTyp]u. 3epKanbHaRA napmHepoB no HX 3KCnIOpTy AaeT He cTonib CTaTHCTHKa ,QnA HMnopTra (3Kcnoprr no TO'IHLJH HHCTpyMeHT 1IpOBepKH co6CTBeHHLIX CTaTHCTHKe cTpaH-napTHepoB) MoxcT raaTb nHIL aflHHbliX 1o HMHOpIyT, KaK CTaTHCTHKa no caMoe o6uiee npencTaBnene 0 TOM, HaCKOnJKO HMOTy IlA npOBepKH flaHHLIX HO 3KCHOpTy. Bo- HeCaooueHeH HMnopTr, 1PHHHMaR BO BHHMaHHe aBa BTOpblIX, XOTA 3epKaCJbHaA CTaTHCTHKa He MO2KeT 3EPKAJJbHAA CTATHCTHKA:rIPAHHLIMblEErIPHMEHEHHA HPHH3MEPEHHHBHEIIHE TOPrOBJJH 117 3aMeHHTL HallHoHaJThHOrO Ha6Iog0eHHM 3a y6eHTenbeio noKa3anH LX. PC3aHCKH H A. IwHTc BHeIUHeH ToprOBJIeH, pMH cT6ope CTaTHCTHKH (J. Rozanski H A. Yeats, 1994). cTpaH-napTHepoB cneayeT nIpHHHMaTb BO HecMOTpA Ha 3HaqHTenbHYHO pa6o'ry, BHHMaHHe: (a) KaqeCTBO MX craTHCTHKH H (6) npoenaaHHyio B o6nacTH rapMOHH3aUHH Tpy0HOCTH, CB13aHHL1e C HneHTH4iHKaUHCH BHeIHeToprOBOH CTaTHCTHKH OTaCeJbHbIX CTpaH, pe3KcriopTa HJIH 3aBo3oM ToBapOB Ha MHorHC CTTpaHb ao CHX flop HCnOJTb3ylOT TaMo)KeHHbie cnajmi c nocneeyoleeH 0rJMHqHbLIC Apyr OT apyra CHCTeMbi. B KaqeCTBe nepenpoJaaKeH B npyrHe CTpaHLI 6e3 nepeceeHHn npHMmepa cpepCIH CTpaH 03CP MoCKHo yJKa3aTb TaMOCKeHHOH rpaHHITbl. flepsoe coo6paJKeHHe CIIA H KaHaay, rae ripmmCHAHOTCH pa3Hb1e orpaHHuwiaeT BLI6op CTpaHaMH 03CP, XOTA H HX TOBapHble KnaCCH$HKaUHH. rleperpynnHpOBKa CTaTHCTHKa He CBo60aHa OT HeaocTaTKOB, Torma HpH nepexone OT OUHOnh CHCTeMbI K £1PYFOH KaK BTopaA Tpy,aHOCTL MO2KeT 6blTb npeononeam, HeH36eXHo BneseT 3a co6oh noTeplo qaCTH eCnH o6parHTnCa K arperHpOBaHHbliM 0aFfbHM HHxopMarunH. YTa npo6neMa oco6eHHO OCTpO rpynnbl cTpaH (HaupHMep. EBponeicKoro ComO3a). BCTaeT flpH nOfIbITKax nepeTrH OT Kj1acCH$HKaIXHH BHellHeCH ToprOBIIH, OUacHOcTH UIIpH pa6oTe C 3epKaJILHOfl HcUnCJb3OBaBBIIeHC B COBeTCKOM Colo3e, K CTaTHCTHKOfI MCTK. EConbiue Toro. najxe eCnH B o6eux CTpaHaX Hpo6nieMbu, B03HHKaicIIXHe lIpH pa6oTe C HC0oJTb3yCTCA OaHa H Ta xe KnaccH(HKaixLm BHeCWIHeToproBoH CTaTMCTHKOH UioaaHHLJM CTpaH- MOCKeT OKa3aTbCM, 'TO TaMoxCeHHb1C opraHbl napTHepoB, BC3HHKalOT H3-3a: (a) HpHCBaHBalOT pa3JIH'qHble KO,IbI OHMM H TeM 2Ke HecOOTBeTCTBHU, KOTOpbLX HCnb33 H36eJKaTb H npouyKTam. (6) noBeaeHHA yqaCTHHKOB BHeIIIHeH TOprOBnH, BOnblhLHHCTBO CTpaH 1pHBOCAT 3KCIOpT oCyCJIoBnIeHHOCO nnoxoH 3KoHoM'eCKCOH B iCHeax 4o6, a HMnOpT - B CeHax cH+. J4MeHHO iConITHKOC H Ke4opMaIIHeh ToproBoro pexKHMa. K H3J1ep)KKH Ha TpaHCnopTHpOBKy MoryT 6blTb rlepBoC rpynne OTHOCXTCA 3aKOHoCaTenbHLie, HCToqHHKoM 3HaqHTCnbHbLX paCXoCKCCHHH HpH cTaTHCTH'leCKHe H 3KOHOMWqeCKHe npo6neMb, coiiocTaBIieHHm 3KcnopTa oaiofC cTpaHbl C Toraa KaK flpo6JleMbl BTOpOH rpylnmll CB3aHbl CO 3CpKanbHb1MH aaiHHbiMH npyroH. HIonHoe cTpeMneHHeM nOnynHTb 6apblmlIH, qaCTO fyTeM COCOTBCTCTBHe HCBO3MOCKHO, IIOCKOCfbKy flH 3TOM HapytiteHHem 3aKoHa, XITO OKa3biBaeTCA TpaHCHOpTHbLIe H CTPaXOBbC pacxoobi aOnIKHbl uapytneHbeM 3BKCHa, ycnoBTOlx OKB3 CTC 6bmH 6bl OTCyTCTBOBaTb. 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B OTqeTHOCTH OHH yqHTb1BanHCb B BLaBO3a B 6a3HcHoM rOfy H Ha 3TOU OCHOBe CpeRHHX pO3HHqHTIX ueHax, Torma KaK Ha paccqHTbIBanFHCb MaTPHIlBI BBO3a H BbIBO3a BHYTpeHHeM PLIHKe OHH ripoaaBaBJcHL 1IPO1YK1lHH 3a oTqeTHbIH roa. 3HaqHjTeCjbHO IOpo)Ke. fl03TOMy UX nepeoUeHMBaJH B cpeaHHX BHYTpeHHHX UeHaX HMIIOpTHOH HpOJYKUHH, pa3pa6aTbIBaeMbLX BHeLUHHR TOprOBJ1A B CHCTeMe CTaTHCTHKoH BHeMHeCH TOprOBnH no aaHHb1M HaIIHUOHaT16HLIX CMqTOB 6yxrarlTepcKoui oTqeTHOCTH no oTuenibHbIM TOBapaM B uenom no CCCP. JKcnopT H HMHOPT B CHC nOHHMaeTCA, B orrnHqHe oT BHX, KaK nepemeineHne TOBapOB H meJKpecry6JIHKaHCKOM o6mCHC 11pM cocTaBeHHH ycnyr MCKay pC3HaeiHTaMH H Hepe3HaeHTaMH, MC;KeCHynHKHCKO o6MHe pHCOTaBnHHHqTO HC scernia UOLIpB3yMCBBCT repecexenne MeCoTpacJneBOro 6anaHca (MOB) no 6onbmoMy TaHHUeB. 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CTATHCTHKATATHCTHKA BHEImIHEH TOPrOBTIH B CHCTEME MAKP03KOHOMHWECKQH CTATHCrHKH 133 Monenli RMSM-X 6Mna cocTaBneHa TaK, H3MeHeHHJ HOMHHaJIBHOrO H peanbHoro BBfl H qTO6Ll BULieJIHTb nsTh CeKTOpOB - 6io0CeTHbUA, 3HaqBHH3I OCTraJbHbIX nepCMeHHLIX qaCTHOrO CeKTOp IBaTeXKHoro 6anaHca HnH BHeMHHHH ceKTopa. B paMKax aaHHoro 3aKpblTHs Bce (HHocTpaHHblu) ceKTop, KpeUHTHO-aeHeXHb1H 3aHMCTBOBaHHH H3 HHOCTPaHHbIX HCTOqHHKOB HnH *HHaHCOBblI CCKTOp, npo'uiH oHpeCenJMOTCA 3apaHee, a o&LeM HMnopTa rOCyaapCTBeHHbl CCKTOp (rocyuapcTBeHHbue HfH KoppeKTHpyeTCA B 6onJbmyio HUIH MeHbUiylO HetHHaHCOBbie o6itieCTBeHHbie npeanpHsTHA, CTOpOHy AnA CBeIeHHs nnaTexHoro 6anaHca. 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CTATHCTHKATATHCTHKA BHE=HHH TOPrOB.TI4 B CHCTEME MAKPODKOHOMHWECKOH CTATHCTHKH 139 qaCTH6lH CeCKTOp TeKyIIXHHi CqeT CqeT KanHTana HCmOYHUKU HCcnoJlb3o8amUe HcmoYHuKu HcnOh7b30oBaHue BBH no 4aKTopHon CTOHMOCTH HpaMbIe HanorH C6epeKeHa. - HHIBecTHuJHH qaCTHblHf ceKTOp qacTHbLI CeKTOp FIJIaTexH no TeKY1HM nepeBonam oT HeHanoroBbie UOXOabi qHcTbIe fPlMbIC aeHbrH H rocynapcTBeHHOrO ceKTopa rocynapCrBeHHoro HHOCTpaHHble KBa3HaeHbrH CeKTopa HHBeCTHUHH HocTynneHHx no TCKyllIHM nepeBoaam BblnnaTbl ipoLleHToB HopTrenbibie 'lHcTme npoqHe - HHocTpaHHblH CeKTOp HHOCTpaHHOMY HHBeCTHUHH o6A3a-iTenJbCTBa- CCKTOpy KpeCITHO-neHeJKHbl H CeKTOp BbunnaTLI npoiieroB OT npoqHe BblunaTbl no tlHcTbje HHCTble BHYTPeHHHC rocynapcTBeHHoro ceKTopa daKTopHrl M ycniyram nonrocpo'IHble 3aHMCTBOBaHHS AnA BHellHHe rocynapcTBeHHoro 3aHMCTBOBaHMA- ceKTopa HHOCTpaHHb1l4 ceKTOP AeHexKHbie nepeBobi pa6oTHnnoB HnaTexH 11O TCKYLIHM '-HCTaq LOXOfbl B BHJe lepeBoaaM KpaTKoCpo'HiaA KanHwTana- HHOCT2paHHOMY 3a0oji)KeHHOCTb rocyuapCTBerrHblr ceKTOpy ceKTOP HpoqHe nocTynneHHx oT *aKTOpHblX [foTpe6neHHe - KarxwTan, He ycnyr qaCTHblld CCKTOP BoiueallHH 1HH B OJHy H3 IO3HUHH HpoueHTb no KBa3HfeHbraM C6epe)KeHs - OWuH6KH H IpOIYCKH qaCTubla CeKTOp flpH6bmH H y6blTKH OT BHyTpeHHHe KpeCHTHo-,aeHeKHoro ceKTopa KpeCHTbi KpenHTHO-neHeX2HblH CeKTOp FlepeBoaRbl KanHiTalla - roCyflapCTBeHHblH CeKTOp HpHMeMaIHH3 EbuLo cgenano TpelnonoseEme, 'ITo eyqTeEnLli 6ecnonLnHmnloro BBo3a, KOTOpOA coCTaBnSrna 2 TblC. HMIOpT COCTOX/1 rnaBHbmM o6pa3OM H3 TOB8POB T.H. Rornapon. "'lenHOqHOiH ToproBnlf", sBe3eRHIbX B PoccHuo qacTHblMH JiHnaMH ("qeUnHOKamH"), perynTApuo Bble3Ka1onHMH N3 POCCHH H frlpBo03SHMN ToBapHI anx nepeipoaxa. OnieHKa "qennO'Hoii TOproBnuH7 6LLia nonyJeIEta HocBoBejaOCxHHlx 0 9CHIC pOCCHNCKH7X TypHCToB. BLIe3IKaBfxlN E Ha mOll-Typhi H lHcJe IpIe32HX H3 KHTaA, BLeTHEMaa, onLma H HeKOTOpBtX apyrHx cTpaH, a TaK2KeMmaKCHManIBOH BenwlHHbl 8 H13MEPEHHE YC.IIOBHH TOPFOB}1H B CTPAHAX J4IBHJEFO COBETCKOFO C003A IOpuu 4ArUXaHOB ARIA OixeHKH YCJIOBHH TOprOBJIH 11o60H CTpaHbI Heo6xogHMO HMeTb BpCMeHHble pSAl ,aaHHblX nO 3KCnOpTy H HMnOpTy 3TOU CTpaHbl B TeKYll]HX H IIOCTOAHHblX ieHax. rIo onpe,aeneHHIo, YCJ1OBHA TOprOBJ1H TOBapaMH, HUH HeTTO- 6apTepHble YCJIOBHA TOprOBnH, H3MepAIOT OTHOCHTenbHYIO LAHHaMHKY 3KClOpTHbUX LeIH no CpaBHeHHlO C uAHHaMHKOH HMmnOpTHbIX tieH 3a onpeoteneHHblH repHoa. 3TorT nOKa3aTef1b paccqHTbiBaeTcA KaK OTHOllMeHHC HHJeKCa CpeLHHX 3KCIIOpTHblX ileH TOH HnH HHOH CTPaHbl K HHlCKCY CpeUHHX HMIIOPTHbIX iiCH 3TOH CTpaHbl H IIOKa3NBaCT H3MeHCHIH B YpOBHe 3KCIIOpTHbMX UeH B npOUeHTaX Orr HMrIOpTrHbIX ueH no CpaBneHU1O c 6a3oBbIM rOQOM. HepeaKo paCCqHTL1BalOTCA H apyr4e HOKa3aTeniH, OTpaKalOlaHie YCJIOBHS BHelilHCH TOprOBJIH, B 'aCTHOCTH, IkCHOCo6HOCTI HMiiopTHpOBaTbh HMnOpTHbEl IOTeHUHan (import capacity) - noKa3aTefib, HHOraa HMeHyeMbIH TaKxKe KnOKynaTenbHOH cnoco6HocTblo 3KcnopTah, KOTOplfH npe,cTaBunleT C060u IZpOH3BeLeHHe TOBapHbLX (Herro- 6aprepHblX) yCJIOBHH TOpFOBJIH Ha o6-beM 3KCnopTa. 3Ta 142 CrATHCTUKA BHEIHIHEIi TOPFOBfH B CCCP H1roCYUAPCTBAX - nPEEMHHKAX BenHqHHa paBHa YPOBHIO HMnOpra, K0'ropblH CiTr. 4sA M0IorHX cTpaH CUr IOK, CBM3aHHbl C MOIKeT 6blTb o6ecneqeH 3a cqeT TeKynuero pe3KHM H3MeHCHHeM yCnOBHH TOP1OBnH B nepHOt o6-heMa 3KCfop'ra. TaKoh noia3aTereb 1990 - 94 rr. (CM. Ta6nHuy 8.3), OKa3aJCR gaaKe HCHCOnb3yeTCA B ny6nHKaBRAx BceMHpHoro 6aHKa 6oJbILUHM, qeM HeCTAHOH 111OK 1973 r. H ABnAeTCA HeOThCMemCMoH qaCTblo CTaTHCTHKH 4nA OUeHKH 3I4eKTa YCnOBHH1 TopFoBJnH HauHOHaBJbHLIX CqeTOB, ny6nHKyeMOM T (KOTOpuLi B 3TOM AOKyMeHTe HublBaeTcH BceMHpHMlM 6aHKOM. KpoMe TOFO, B CHC-1993 "BLIHrpLIIIeM OTr BeCllHeH TOprOBJnH"), CHC-93 (CHc-reMaHauHoHamnbHix cqeToB, PeKoMeH0yeT HCnOII063OBaTb cneayiouiyxo ony6fnHKoBaHHas¶ EBpocTaToM, MBbD, 03CP, OOH opmyny: H BCeMHpIpbM 6aHKOM B 1993 r.) PeKOMeHLYeT HCHOflb3OBaTb yeCJOBHA ToproBJnH anA OIIeHKH X- M (X M) HPOH3BO1HBWX KaTerOpHH peanbHoro BanoBOrO T='0 - () BHyTpeHHero noxona H peanbHoro BanoBoro "'1X PM HauHoHanbHoro aoxona rae: X 3KCnOpT B TeKyIIHX LeHiax YCJIOB}II TOprOBJ1H B CHC-1993 rogqa M = HMIIOpT B TCKyIIHX ueiHax CHC-1993 pa3nHqaeT BaJIoBLiH PX = HHCeKC 3Kc11opTHbix iCeH BHyTpeHHHa HpOJJyKT, BLIpaJKCHHblH B PM = UHHeKC HMO1pTHAbX UCeH HOCTOAHHAbX tIeHax, H peanbHblH BaJIOBblI P =HHlaeKC ueH, OCHOBaHHblu Ha HeKOTOpoM BHYTpeHHHH noxoni (peanbHbli BB,). TaKHM Bbi6paHHOM MaciLna6e rieH. o6pa3oM, B CHCTeMy HaiiHoHafILHoro CqeTOBO)ICTBa BBOfHTCA nOHMTHe "BbH4rpblua OT B0uienpHBe1eHHOe B7paxeHHe MOXHO BHeIUCHeH TOprOBnIH". BBIT B nOCTOAHHbIX ileHax, aunpoKCHMHpOBaTb CJ4yeloWHM 06pa30M: nO-CyuieCTBy, ABJ1AeTCR 4H3HWCcKHM - IoKa3aTeCIeM BIlnycKa. B qaCTHOCTH, OH MoxeT T X Apx - M Apm (2) paccqHTrLBaTbCA Ha ypoBHe BCeC 3KOHOMHKH rae: MeTO,aOM BBOHHOro UC$nHpoBaHHA, B KOTOpOM - - M HMUOPT , BiApaEKeHHbli B UeHax npeaLwymnero x = p, M p, Hn)H HeKOToporo jpyroro *HKCHpOBaHHOrO A - p H p - p 6a3oBoro rona, BblqHTaeTCA H3 COBOKynHOrO APx H APM M KOHeCHOrO HcnOJIL3oBaHHA no nOKYnHbLM UeHaM npoiimoro HnH HHOro pHKCHpoBaHHoro 6a3oBoro H4Haqe roBopA, MOXHO CKa3aTb, 4TO BLIHrpbllll oT rona. TaKHM o6paI3M, XOTA OuCHKa BBH H BHeCHeCH TOprOBJH paBeH ne4nHponaHHoMy BKIloqaeT Hanior Ha HMIO0PT, ee rnaBHoe 3KCnopTy c nonpaBKoM Ha pacxox2eHHe Me)Kay Ha3HaqeHHe - CJIYh9H7Lb IOKa3aTeCJeM 3KCnOp'7HOa UeCHOM H .4eJnATOpOM P MHHyC 4H3HiwecKoro o6-beMa BHYTpeHHnero pOH3BOACTBa. ICknHpOBaHHblH HMnOpT C COOTBeTCTByIOIIIeH OuuHaKO C TO1KH 3peHHA HCIOJI63oBaHHA, HOnpaBKOH. peaJThHLiH 11OxO CTpaHbI 3aBHCHT 1OT ICHO, 0o onpeAeCieHHoe TaKHM o6pa3OM coOTHolueHHM,1 B KOTOpOM 3KCITOpT CTpaHbl T CyIIeCCTBeHHO 3aBHCHT OT Bbi60pa HHeCKca 11eH o6MefHBaeTcA Ha HMI1o0T. TaK, H3MeHeHHe P, Hc Monb3yemoro nvnA aeCnHpOBaHHA TOprOBOrO yCJ1OBHH ToprOBJ1H BnIeqeT 3a Co6oH H-3MeHeHHe 6a.naHca. CHC-1993 npeanaraeT TpH OCHOBHLIX KOnHqecCTBa TOBapoB H ycniyr, KoTopble MOryT aBibTepHaTHBHblIX nonxona Ia BbLi60pa P: 6blTb KylI1euHm xKHTCeIxMH CTpaHbl Ha JOXOfl o0 BHyTpeHHerO npoH3BOAcTBa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, C HCHOJTb3OBaT6 B KaqeCTBe P nH60 HHJICKC H73MeHeHHe yCnOBHH TOprOBJIH MOKeT npHBCCTH K HMnOpTHblX nelH (HMeHHo 3TO peeC1HHe 3HaqHTeJIbHblM paCXOXaeHHMM MexCy C4HTaeTCMi npenIoqTHTenibHblM), J1H60 aBHxKeHHxMH BBII H BB4, BbipaXeCHHLMH B HHCeKC 3KCIOPTHLIX uCH. HecKoTopble aBTOpbl rIOCTOAHHbIX UeHaX. CHC-1993 KJIaCCH+HLiHpyeT YTBepUaKnLOT, 41O Bbl60p MeCKny Px H PM Pa3HOCTb Mex2y HIMeHeHHeM 13B11 B JOYDKeH 3aBHCeTb Or TOFo, HBnAIMeTCS JIH TOCTOAHHbIX ICeHaX H peanbHblM BBJR KaK TeKyUIHH 6afIaHc noIJioxwHTeJlLHbLM (B 3TOM BBLHrpbLllu (noTepH) OT BHeuCHeCH ToproBnH" . B ciiyqae lIpeCnO4TWrenbHo Hcnonb3OBaTb Px) paiae cjiyqaeB 344eKT yCJIOBHH ToproBJ1H MOXKeT HnH OTPHuaTenibHb1M (B 3TOM cnyiae 6blTb BecbMa 3HaqHTeWhH6liM. OCo6eHHo 37TO HCUOnL3oBaTb PM); KacaCTCA pecny6nHK CHI H TOPOBflH BHyTPH H3MEPEHHE YCJIOBHfl TOPPOBJIH B CTPAHAX EbLBIIEr'O COBETCKOrO CO}03A 143 * HCHOnb3oBaTb B KaqeCTBe P cpenHee mexay * HeIoHbLIH yqeT TOprOBbLX nOTOKOB: Px H PM; 6bmH npeH no0KeHCH HcnO10b3OBaTb conlep)KawaAcA B orqeTax HH4opMauHM MaCTO caMble pa3HbLe THbLI cpeUHHx, BKJIIoqaA KacaeTcA TOnbKO TOprOBJIH, OXBaqeHHOH npOCToe HnH B3BeLIIeHHoe cpejiHee Me)KrocyUapCTBeHHbIMH corJIaweHHAMH; apHIMeTHMeCKoe HJn rapMoHHmeCKoe; CKa3bLanCHCb TaKXKe TaKHe 4aKTopNJ, KaK * MHCOJ1b3OBaTb O6IUXH MHHeKC 1ieH, He HH3KHH ypoBeHb oTeqTHoH JaHCUIHIInHHbI, CBA3aHHbiH C BHeuHeCH ToprOBJeH, HanpHMep, HCeiOniHb1H OXBaT npegripHmTHH H HHOCKC HoTpC6HTeC1bCKHX ieH uH1H ae4iiTop BHemHeTOprOBbIX opraHH3IauuH, BBrI no HCnonb3oBaHHIO. 3aHHMa]OIUHXCR 3KCnOpTOM, CTaTHCTHqCCKOIH B CBOHX cTaTHCTHqeCKHX eJKerOaHHKax OTqeTHOCTbIO H oTCyTCTBHe ymeTa TaK "World Tables", BCeMHpHblH 6aHK noj1b3yeTcM Ha3bIBaeMoH kHeopraHH3oBaHHOH TOproOBnHh; $opMynofo, aHafIOrHqHOH ypaBHeH1{0 (1) npm * yqeT HMnopTa B ToproBJIe mesK)iy CTpaHaMH P=PM, XOTA H He BHOJIHe coBnaalowleH C HHM, CHr BeaeTCA xyxce, qeM yqeTe 3KCnopTa; 3TO KoTOpaA Mo0KeT 6blTb 3anHcaHa KaK: o6CToATeJIbCTBo fTpHHHManOCb BO BHHMaHHe, B 'IaCTHOCTH, HpH CO3JaaHHH eOQHHOH ,anA CHE X( (3) CHCTeMbi OTTeTHOCTH, B paMKaX KOTopo lln 1A T=-p ) KaBKoH CTpaHbl yqHTblBaJCs TOJIbKO ' M ~J3KCnopT, a HMIOpT OIICte0J]AUICA Ha OCHOBe 3epKanbHOH CTaTHCTHKH npoqHx CTpaH- CHC- 1993 HaCTOHqHBO pCKoMeHCyeT OTHOCHTbCA qieJHOB CUT; K Bb1Hr-pbUlly (y6UTKaM) OT BHeiliHeH TOpFOB11H * BBeCeHHe HOBbIX feHe)KHbLx eCaHHHU H pa3iIbIe KaK K COCTaBHoH qaCTH CHC, a BbI6op TeMIbI HHJ-ISUHH B pa3HbLX cTpaHax nonxojmuero ne$nATopa P tPCOOCTaBBTb Cco3,1aBaJIH npo6fIeMbI C nepeBonoM OOHHX CTaTHCTHqeCKHM BeUOMCrBaM, KOTOpbie AOJl)KHbI BanIOT B apyrHe. KpoMe TOrO, B 1992 r. B npuH 3TOM HCXOUHTb H3 KOHKpeTHb1X yCJIOBHH TOH pa3HbLX CTpanax py6nH HMenH pa3Hyuo HuH HHOH CTpaHbI. CTOHMOCTb, qTO 3aTPY0HAJIO corJIacoBaHHe OxiHaKo B cnyqaAx, Korna BOlpOC 0 LaHHbLX HO ToprOBne, OTHOCAMIHXCA K BbI6ope P He noHJaeTcM onHO3HaqHoMy pelleHHIo, CTpaHaM-napTHepaM; CHC-1993 PeKOMCHJ1YeT HCHOJLb3OBaTb * onpeneneiHe o6beMOB TOPrOBJ1H HpOCTeHmIH HHaeKC, a HMCHHO - npOCToe (He 3aTpy,AHAnOCb TaKIKe H3-3a 6onblUHX B3BeuIeHHoe) cpeaHee apH4Me-THqeCKoe HHfeKCOB o6beMoB 6apTepHOA TOprOBJIH H pa31nHqHH B 3KCHOPTHbMX H HM11OpTHhIX lieH (TaK CTOHMOCTHbLX oIeHKax 6apTepa; Ha3blBaeMblH HHJJCKC FHpU). B HaCTOAWeM rnaBe . eie OLaHa TPY,HOCTb 6blJia CBA3aHa C llnA OiieHKH yCnOBHH ToprOBnH HCnOnb3yeTcA cyWeCTBeHHbIMH pa3JIHlHMMH B iieHax Ha Mopmyna yCnOBHM TOproBnH, OCHOBaHHaA na OIHH H Te ACC TOBapbl B ToproBne MexC)Ky HHJICKCe FHpH. pa3HblMH CTpaHaMH; * cneziyeT YfOMAHYTb TaK)Ke Tpc6oBaHrnz, HpeCr3BJBneMbIe K HeonpeaeneeHHocTB 1PM oiCpeJeneJmHH CTaTHCTHKe BHeCIMHCi ToprOBJ7IH cpeflHerOLOBb1X leH B ToprOB11e B paMKaX )Ai nofHyqeEHA pa3yMHOH OueHKH CHU: BblICOKaA MHHnAHIHA croco6CTuBOBana yCJIOBHH ToprOBJ1H Heo6XouHMo HMeTb Harale)nlbie TOMy, qTO faHHble, OTHOCAWHeCA K HaqaJly flaHHbie 1O BHeiHeTOPIOBblM nOTOKaM H ueHaM2. roqa, OKa3blBanfHCb HeCoHOCTaBHMb1MH C CnenyeT OTMeTHTb, qTO C pacnanom CCCP UaHHbIMH Ha KOHelH mona. CTaTHCTHKa BHeLUHCH TOPFOBJnH nOCTpaaajia B BHJAY BbiiHeCKa3aHHOrO, UPH oco6eHHO CHuIbHO. Oco6eHHo ocTpbie npo6JleMbl HHTepripeTauHH CTaTHCTHMeCKKX aaHHb1X nO KaCaJIHCB TOpFOBJIH MCeJKy CTpaHaMH CHr. o6beMaM TOPFOBnH H iXeHaM, coaepKaialHxcs B oTqeTaX OTane11bHbIX rocyLapCTB, cnenyeT rpH oUeHKe TOprOBnIH MemCy CTpaHaMH CHU HpOAB11STb H3BeCTHYIO OCTOpO)KHOCTb. B B03HHKaBJH cnenyioute TpynHOCTU: HacToiaieH rnaBe 6bm1a cuenaHa IIonbITKa peKOHCTpyHpOBaTb MaTpHUy TOprOBbIX HOTOKOB * HeaLeKBaTHb1H yqeT TpaH3HTHOH TOpFOBnH H MteIy CTepaHaMH CT nnsA 1990-1994 rr. Ha pe3KCnop-Ta (B pRae cnymaeB HX Tpy0HO OCHOBe aHanH3a HMeiomeHccA HH4opMaL!HH, OTJIHqHTb OT C06CTBeHHOrO 3KCflOpTa KOppCKTHpyA aaHHblIC OHUHaJIbHOH OTqeTHOCTH. CTpaHbl); B naeane, 'qTo6bl IOCTpOHTb Haue)KHbLe oIZeHKH yCJ1OBHH ToprOBJ1H MeCKay CTpaHaMH 144 CTATHCTHKA BHEUIIEH TOPrOBfIH B CCCP H rOCYaIAPCTBAX - HPEEMHHKAX CHE, Heo6xoxaMo HMeTb cne,ayioiHe flaHHbIe 1o 3KCHOpTy H HMrIOPTY cTpaH-ImenoB CHY: zp(x),xo - gaHHb1e no Ba)KHefIIIHM ToBapaM: _65 o6ICeMb B TeKYLUHX neHax H B [eHaX caenOK; - TtaHHble no TOBapHb1M rpynnam (MCTK pPX,IoAo (4) HAn4 FapMOHH3HpOBaHHaA CHCTCMa OOH): 7WO = _____________ =_ o6rbeMbl B TeKylUHX H HIOCTOAHHbIX ueHax. P.,Aimporlts)X XP(ilno 14To6b1 CpCaHHMe lIeHbl TOBapOB H cpeCHHe :cs 3HaqeHHA o6MeHHbIX KYPCOB MOXCHO 6uno HCHO/IL3OBaTb AnA OUeHKH yCnIOBHH TOprOB/IH H p(mlOMO 3d)eKTa H3MeHCHHA 3THX yC/IOBHH ToproB/IH, 3TH LeCHbI Heo6XoflHMo IPOBcCHTb no 4aKTHICCKH H/IH coBepCiueCHbiM cQenKaM. Ecin naHHble no TOBapHLIM rpyrinam OTCYTCTBYIOT H/IH HenIO/fHbl, BMeCTe HHX cnenyeT HCnO/Ib3OBaTb lBaHHbie no p(x), P(x)'oX'¶o BaxHeHmrHM ToBapaM. f'/IaBHblI BOFpOC IIpH 3TOM 3aKmoqaeTCI B TOM, qTO6b1 BbI6OpKa TOBx OB p(x) p ZxA j y $ (5) 6bina HpeaCTaBHTeC/bHOH: Ha BbI6paHHble TOBapb1 (5) - 1 0 AOJ1)KeH npfXOfHTbCA OCHOBHOH o6fbeM TOprOB/IH, T07 i- m_i_Es_ i *Oi npH 3TOM OHM aO/IKHbi 6blTb THnI1Hb1MH C yP(myi p(m)OA4 XPins TORKH 3peHHA HHaMHKH HX iteH H -H3HMeCKHX s Ap(m) , v . f myo o6-beMOB. 3aMeTHM, qTO UpH *OpMHpOBaHHH tp(miOmo Bbl6OpKH lI31A OUeHKH yC/IOBHH TOprOB/IH MO2KeT 16 BO3HHKHYTb co06/a3H OrpaHH'qHTBCA HC6onbniMHM rge: 'IHC/IOM /IrKO flOffl~OuiHXCA H3MCCHHIO ,6X), - 3KCrIOpTHaA neHa ToBapHOii rpynnbl i B TOBapOB, OXBaqCHHLIX MCeKrocyRaPCTBeHH6IMH 3KCHOpTe H3 CTpaHbl j B tipyrHe CTpaHbl CHE B cornamCeHHAMH, OUHaKO TaKOH Bbi6op MOKceT rony t ( BbnpaKerHHaA B pOCCHHCKHX HnH K cynWeCTBeHHO HCKa3HTb KaPTHHY YCnOBHH COBCTCKHX py6nAx); TOprOB/IH B /enoM. Beab MHOrHe TOBapbL p(Mn), - HMIIOpTHaA ueHa TOBapHOH rpynUbl i B ocTalOTCA 3a npeaeflaMH MeCKrocyLapCTBeHHbIX 3KCHKciopT3e 3TCTpaHblIB j pyrFHe CTpaHbIl CH B cornalueHHii ( a rnaBHoe, qTO no ToBapaM, rony t (B pOCCHHCKHX HnH coBeTCKHX py6nAX); oxBaqeHHbIMH MexrocyaapcTBeHHbMHM -o 6-heM 3KCHopTa ToBapHo rpynribi i H3 cornaiIeHHAMH, cTpyKTypa 3KcnopTa m HmHnopTa CTpaHblj B jpyrHeCTpaHbiCTE B 6a3oBoM rony; Mome2T cymiieCTBeHHO pa3/IwaTbCA), a UeHbl Ha i- o6--em MMnOpTa ToBapHoH rpyiiimi .13 3TU ToBapbi, KaK irpaBH/IO, BeLyT ce6A HHaqe, qeM CTpaHbl j B JpyTHe CTpaHbl CIT B 6a3oBoM rony; IjeHbI Ha TOBapbLI, BKnIoqeHffbIe B & - fO/IA 3KcfopTr ToBapHoH rpynnii i B MexcrocynapcTBeHHble corfialienas, COBOKynHOM 3KCHOPTe H3 CTpaHbl jB BapyHe MeToj0.TI0rHa H iaHiue, CTpaHbl CUP B 1990 roy, mTe.: ecuono30saHH^le npu nocTpoeHuu BblURHA CCCP 104,721 121,026 67,581 69,431 54,691 47,977 57,857 44,903 58,433 47,233 w KoMMewnapua: lc*9 cmpanamu BHeuWHe2o Mupa 3deCb U HU*e UMeomSi B sUdy CnipaHbl 3a npedeaaMu 6ibweueeo CCCP. HcnwtGrNuK: O qU,aAbHa HaqUoaAbHa.I cmamucmuKa, KoMcmam CHr u MBM. TAB;JIHItA 2. 06 LeM ToproBJUH Me.K/Ay rocy,Ral)CTBaMH 6i6uuIBero CCCP n 1990 - 1994 rr. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 3Kcnopm HMnopm 3iccnopm HMnoppnF 3Kcnopm TrMnopm 3Kcnopyn Mm-nopm 3tccnopm HMBnopmn MAn. py6.n qeuiax 1990 Z. ApMeHHA 3,428 3,508 1,835 2,407 1,294 851 554 622 365 437 A3ep6auffWaH 6,105 4,247 4,575 3,6S5 2,318 1,716 1,124 863 496 677 EeJapycb 17,224 14,841 12,415 11,152 9,659 8,488 7,349 6,895 3,943 4,435 1 TOIIHq 2,468 2,803 1,928 1,603 732 620 414 2t2 255 302 RY3H11 5,724 4,949 2,723 2,532 662 951 617 t35 321 666 m maxcll t,443 14,314 7,231 9,140 6,928 10,065 4,610 6,609 3,846 3,656 KbI~prbDCTaH 2,445 3,179 2,605 2,248 1,193 1,261 595 709 482 483 5,028 4,711 3,116 2,377 2,479 1,912 734 596 405 558 JIHTDS 6,575 6,509 4,741 3,422 2,287 2,432 1,372 969 6S8 633 w MonfloBa 5,853 4,992 2,991 2,962 1,558 1,815 1,373 1,389 1,304 1,106 A soCCcHN 74,710 67,284 5t,837 42,915 42,464 37,006 27,493 23,280 17,365 17,413 laJVKHKHcTaH 2,377 3,359 1,621 2,284 423 735 245 371 267 305 TypKMel1HCTaH 2,469 2,923 2,614 1,910 2,496 2,192 1,425 1,910 1,306 930 S 38,319 38,989 27,342 32,970 17,722 26,152 10,878 18,615 9,171 9,746 8,169 11 ,64 6,642 7,371 2,989 3,639 2,874 3,213 2,045 1,904 189,337 138,472 141,216 128,978 95,204 99,834 61,657 67,158 42,258 43,252 0 MAH. Oo,0. CI11A a meicyujux qenax B nepecaeme no oLUl4UaAbHioMy (KoMMCp'lecKoMy) KypCym ApMeHHA 5,810 5,946 3,823 4,686 243 292 124 159 215 359 AMep6aifJVKaH 10,347 7,198 9,091 7,013 521 434 629 461 398 612 o HeJapycb 29,193 25,154 23,151 20,375 1,939 2,128 3,092 3,348 1,575 2,625 JCTOHHA 4,183 4,751 3,836 2,996 147 146 341 326 574 405 0 rRy3HA 9,702 8,3t8 5,594 4,806 144 224 295 433 165 534 8ia3axcTaH 14,310 24,261 14,285 16,949 2,141 2,463 3,126 3,576 3,213 3,221 Kb1pmb13CTaH 4,144 5,388 5,163 4,293 236 344 282 378 325 402 HAaTnS 8,522 7,985 5,920 4,365 451 472 587 649 385 663 JtHrBa 11,144 11,032 9,268 6,251 505 624 929 1,111 1,160 1,276 MonlloBa 9,920 S,461 6,190 5,525 244 377 636 743 622 622 POCCHq 126,627 114,041 108,571 83,333 10,954 9,246 15,752 10,546 16,077 13,560 TaXHKHcTauH 4,029 5,693 3,456 4,361 93 172 IIS 198 170 252 X JypKMeHHCTIH 4,185 4,954 6,314 3,6S4 616 410 1,731 876 1,299 662 .7 KpuHHa 64,947 66,083 49,598 61,217 5,262 6,425 5,669 9,185 7,457 8,521 E Y3 eKHcran 13,846 20,108 13,761 14,100 628 827 2,085 2,225 1,501 1,537 BLHII CCCP 320,910 319,444 268,022 243,954 24,124 24,583 35,396 34,211 35,135 35,252 MA-i. Oo AA. CIIA a mCeKyuux qeiiax B nePeCC4entCe IO PaC4iCemloMY KypCy ApMeIH5A 3,509 5,477 1,t82 3,766 1,335 1,339 583 999 411 750 J3ep6a1LUKaH 8,213 7,300 6,167 6,347 3,144 2,972 1,555 1,526 734 1,280 enapycb 27,660 28,740 19,977 21,640 15,636 16,568 12,144 13,739 6,965 9,448 0 JCTOHHAJ 3,289 5,257 2,574 3,013 983 1,173 568 543 373 623 r,py3H.q 5,168 7,608 2,463 3,900 602 1,473 573 1,321 319 1,126 0 &a38XCT'aH 13,993 24,810 12,008 15,874 11,574 17,586 7,863 11,788 7,012 8,239 0 KIplFBICTaH 3,250 5,120 3,470 3,628 1,599 2,048 814 1,175 705 857 JlaTBmH 6,516 8,302 4,046 4,197 3,239 3,396 978 1,082 577 1,082 0 JIHTBa 7,213 12,082 5,211 6,365 2,529 4,551 1,548 1,852 831 1,293 w MonuoBa 4,9t4 8,442 2,552 5,019 1,337 3,093 1,203 2,417 1,221 2,05S > POCCHA 146,183 95,802 115,355 61,227 83,753 53,113 55,355 34,109 37,376 27,272 T8WUKHKHCTiH 2,760 5,375 1,S86 3,662 495 1,16 292 611 341 538 TYpKMeHHCTaH 4,603 4,042 4,883 2,646 4,691 3,055 2,734 2,717 2,678 1,414 YKp8HHa 60,348 71,841 43,147 60,872 28,133 48,573 17,628 35,294 15,887 19,754 Y3OCKHCT8I( 11,327 18,818 9,228 11,715 4,177 5,818 4,100 5,243 3,118 3,322 EbmlB HrI CCCP 309,016 309,016 234,851 213,869 163,227 165,944 107,942 114,417 78,548 79,055 Hcmo'HiuKU: 3a lYYU u lYYI ee. - o!puqi4uaAbiHbe cmamuCmUwecKue daaHuble, 3a IYYZ u 1YYJ - oqeKHKu cneuuaauctuos MbVf'. 'O TAI;JIHUA 3. OWLeM TOprOBJ1H rocy,a,aPCTB 6IABlero CCCP B 1990 - 1994 rr. (MuAAuoHoB donn. CHIA B meKyujux u,eflax) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 3sCcnopm HMnopm 7icCfnopni HMn1opm 3/cnopPm HArnopm 3iKcnopm HMnopln 3Ccnopm HMnopm Man. Oo,w. CIIA B melyuXux 4eiax B nepec'ieme no o/uIluaA4ibHoMy U KoMMep'EeCKoMy KypCaM ApMeiiHA 5,919 6,801 3,893 5,516 283 387 153 347 257 470 A3ep6auftAaH 11,070 8,611 9,578 8,261 1,276 766 980 702 758 887 Uenapycb 32,631 30,410 24,812 22,332 3,000 2,883 3,829 4,125 2,628 3,315 )CTOHHS 4,381 5,343 3,886 3,200 389 400 802 944 1,304 1,657 rpy:3HA 10,217 9,931 5,624 5,286 305 493 517 893 251 723 Ka3axcTaH 16,087 27,511 15,468 19,495 3,630 3,424 4,655 4,845 4,540 4,915 KII1pFJr3CTUH 4,233 6,686 5,186 5,078 313 414 394 490 437 490 JIaTDHA 8,826 9,627 6,045 4,843 880 895 1,047 988 909 1,244 TIHTBa 11,823 12,575 9,613 6,726 1,062 966 1,625 1,597 2,016 2,340 o MolnnoBa 10,325 9,893 6,370 6,181 400 547 810 953 742 756 POCCuA 207,527 196,941 161,671 128,433 52,554 46,446 59,652 43,646 63,052 48,660 t TaanHKHc'all 4,638 6,348 3,880 5,067 204 304 381 571 489 558 g TypKMeiIHcTH 4,380 5,477 6,460 4,302 1,761 953 2,887 1,625 1,669 961 YKpaHFIa 78,337 81,990 58,098 72,517 11,262 11,925 11,969 13,885 12,105 12,868 Y36eKHc-aMz 15,236 22,325 15,018 16,148 1,497 1,756 3,551 3,505 2,413 2,643 8 IbMIIHii CCCP 425,631 440,470 335,603 313,385 78,815 72,560 93,253 79,114 93,568 82,485 MAHn. oA0/L. CIL1A B meKykUux qeiax B nepec4eme no pacqemuoMy Kypcy ApMeHHA 3,618 6,332 1,952 4,596 1,375 1,434 613 1,187 453 861 A3ep6afiDAaH 8,936 8,713 6,654 7,595 3,898 3,305 1,906 1,767 1,094 1,556 Eenapycb 31,098 33,996 21,638 23,597 16,697 17,323 12,881 14,516 8,018 10,138 m 3CTOHHA 3,487 5,849 2,624 3,217 1,225 1,427 1,029 1,161 1,103 1,875 Fpy3HA 5,683 9,151 2,493 4,380 763 1,742 795 1,781 404 1,315 Ka3axcTaH 15,770 28,060 13,191 18,420 13,063 18,547 9,392 13,057 8,339 9,933 KNprbl3cTaH 3,339 6,418 3,493 4,413 1,675 2,118 926 1,287 817 945 lIaTMHA 6,820 9,944 4,171 4,675 3,668 3,819 1,438 1,421 1,101 1,663 1IHMTa 7,892 13,625 5,556 6,840 3,086 4,893 2,244 2,338 1,686 2,356 MonnoBa 5,389 9,874 2,732 5,675 1,494 3,264 1,377 2,627 1,342 2,191 POCCHs 227,083 178,702 168,455 106,327 125,353 90,313 99,255 67,209 84,351 62,372 TaaxHKHcTaH 3,369 6,030 2,310 4,368 606 1,318 556 985 660 844 TYPKMCHHCTaH 4,798 4,565 5,029 3,264 5,836 3,598 3,890 3,466 3,049 1,712 YKpaHKla 73,738 87,748 51,647 72,172 34,133 54,073 23,928 39,994 20,535 24,101 Y36eKHCTaRI 12,717 21,035 10,485 13,763 5,046 6,747 5,566 6,523 4,030 4,428 ISb[BIUHfi CCCP 413,737 430,042 302,432 283,300 217,918 213,920 165,799 159,319 136,981 126,288 Hcns'HUKU: ma6niubS I u 2 npunoYdeHus. TAUJIHUA 4. AoJn1 TOprOBJIH C rOcy.apCTBaMH BHelUHCrO MHpa B o6uAeM 06LeMe nHcUi1HHe TOpFOBAH 3a 1990 - 1993 rr. (B npoye,imax) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 ic-cnopm HMnopm c Opr JM"Op lO 3KCOprn IMnopin 3Kcnopm HMnOpm J3KClopm I1'HMIOpm 17o o9UI4uaAbIIOMy U KOMMepIeCKOMy o6MeHHbIM KypCaM ApMeiiw 1.8 12.6 1.8 15.0 14.1 24.6 19.2 54.2 16.3 23.5 A3ep6afiawa1i 6.5 16.4 5.1 15.1 59.1 43.4 35.8 34.3 47.5 31.0 eIenapycb 10.5 17.3 6.7 8.8 35.4 26.2 19.2 18.8 40.1 20.8 3CT0HHJ 4.5 11.1 1.3 6.4 62.2 63.5 57.5 65.5 56.0 75.5 rpy3HA 5.0 15.5 0.5 9.1 52.8 54.5 43.0 51.5 34.1 26.1 Ka3mXCTmH 11.0 11.8 7.6 13.1 41.0 28.1 32.8 26.2 29.2 34.5 Kbiprbr3CTai 2.1 19.4 0.4 15.5 24.5 17.0 28.4 22.9 25.6 18.0 IIaTDHA 3.4 17.1 2.1 9.9 48.8 47.2 43.9 34.3 57.7 46.7 IJHn a 5.7 12.3 3.6 7.1 52.5 35.4 42.8 30.4 42.4 45.4 MonnoBa 3.9 14.5 2.8 10.6 39.1 31.1 21.5 22.0 16.2 17.7 POCCHA 39.0 42.1 32.8 35.1 79.2 80.1 73.6 75.8 74.5 72.1 TaVHKHUrCTaH 13.1 10.3 10.9 13.9 54.3 43.5 69.0 65.4 65.2 54.9 0 TrypKMeHHCTati 4.5 9.5 2.3 14.4 65.0 57.0 40.0 46.1 22.2 31.0 0 YKPaHHa 17.1 19.4 14.6 15.6 53.3 46.1 52.6 33.9 38.4 33.8 Y36eKHCTaH 9.1 9.9 8.4 12.7 58.1 52.9 41.3 36.5 37.8 41.9 ELJWHH CCCP 24.6 27.5 20.1 22.2 69.4 66.1 62.0 56.8 62.4 57.3 Ho paCEemHOMy KypCy ApMeHHX 3.0 13.5 3.6 18.1 k.9 6.6 4.8 15.8 9.3 12.8 A3ep6ak=UkaH 8.1 16.2 7.3 16.4 19.3 10.1 18.4 13.6 32.9 17.7 EBeJapyCb 11.1 15.5 7.7 8.3 6.4 4.4 5.7 5.4 13.1 6.8 3CTOHHUS 5.7 10.1 1.9 6.3 19.8 17.8 44.8 53.2 66.2 66.7 rpy3HA 9.1 16.9 1.2 11.0 21.1 15.4 27.9 25.8 21.2 14.4 Ka3axCTan 11.3 11.6 9.0 13.8 11.4 5.2 16.3 9.7 15.9 17.1 H KbprM3CTaH 2.7 20.2 0.7 17.8 4.6 3.3 12.1 8.7 13.7 9.3 o JIaTBHX 4.5 16.5 3.0 10.2 11.7 11.1 32.0 23.9 47.6 34.9 JIHTB8 8.6 11.3 6.2 6.9 18.1 7.0 31.0 20.8 50.7 45.1 0 MonnoDa 7.5 14.5 6.6 11.6 10.5 5.2 12.7 8.0 9.0 6.1 w PoccHn 35.6 46.4 31.5 42.4 33.2 41.2 44.2 49.2 55.7 56.3 TaIUIHKHCTaIi 18.1 10.9 18.4 16.2 18.3 10.0 47.4 38.0 48.3 36.3 TypKMeHHCT-H 4.1 11.5 2.9 18.9 19.6 15.1 29.7 21.6 12.2 17.4 YKpaHHa 18.2 18.1 16.5 15.7 17.6 10.2 26.3 11.8 22.6 18.0 Y36eKHCTUH 10.9 10.5 12.0 14.9 17.2 13.8 26.3 19.6 22.6 25.0 Bb]BwHfi CCCP 25.3 28.1 22.3 24.5 25.1 22.4 34.9 28.2 42.7 37.4 HcrCnMOUKU: Ma64Uqb& I u 2 npunoxeiuu. 152 CrATHCFHKA BHEIUHBi TOPrOBJIH B CCCP H rOCY0APCBAX - 1PEBM AX HpHMeMaHKA IDopMyna BblEIHrpbIma oT BHeCIJIUH TOprOBJIH MOCKeT 6bElb nepenacana B cneayMmlem Bmae: T= AP [xPx;MPM] X+;AP MX+# P+AP/2) X+k P." P 1 2 1 2 P 2 hP-A/2- 2 PM) rae p=[P;+PM} AP=P -P HnIniBapnanrHaA aBepcHA Heo6xonuma, 9To6ili nHpparBrHTL BbIHIlfll OT BHeUHeHf ToproRIN npN nepexone OT roja i K roxxy j K BeCNIHHC, o6pRTHoH TOprOBbLM noTepaM ipH nepexoae oT roga j K rogy i. 3:To CBOHCTBO oqenH BaBXHO, KorJa ycnioBna TOprOB1NH HpeTepCeBalOT CyXieCTBrHHlie 3MeHCHHSI, KaK 3TO ElpOHCXOIINIO a CHff' nocne 1990 r. 206nwe ilpoGneMbi CTSTHCTHKH BHenlHeH ToproBnH B CHr paCCMaTpHfBJOTC1 B paGoTe M. Belkindas and Yu. Dikhanov. Appendix to Chapter I "Foreign Trade Statistics in the Fonner Soviet Union". In Trade in the New Independent States, eds. C. Michalopoulos and D. Tarr. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1994. 3Hoapofiee O aaHLIX, NCnOIE3oBaaamNXCA Rpm OeCHKe, CM.: M. Belkindas, Yu. Dikhanov, (1994) Tables 1.2 and 1.3. 4To o6caosATe.6c'rao, 'no orynocIrenJ6h6e ycnoanA TypKMenHcTaC a npeBbicHnH 100 % eiie He o3naqaer, RTo ero uemLa (KaK HMUopTrubIe, TaK H 3KCHopTH6le) y3eC UOCrwrnH MHpoBoro ypOBHa. 3:To O3Ha`BaeT nimM6, qTo ero 3KCIopTHbI6e seni (a B CTpyKType 3KcnopTa 3TOH CTpabHL 3HaqHTeJ16HOC MCCTO 3ariMaeT npHpoHi6LI ra3) orIIN'aiOTCA Or ypoaHa ueH MHpoBoro puniKa MeEULUe, tieM iMnopnaBLe. B Te'eHEe nepexonnoro nepHoza (ecnH Hogi "iCepexogHIM nepHonaoM nOHnmaTm nepnog, KorJIa ueHili - KaK a6cno1mTHie0, TaK H OTHOCHTWrJTHliC - aBNXyTCZ K ypoEano ijeH MNpoBoro pmlHKa) a6ConIoTHmLe CUE1l1 Ha HCKOTopmLe TOB8pbl MOryT ROCTIRE YPOBHH MHpOBOro pbrlHKa 6wc'Tpee, '1eM Ha xlpyrHe ToBapLi, m OTK.ToHCHXe oTHoCMTCJ1LBLIX 1H Ha p121A ToBapoB (no cpaBnemo co CTpyKTypoH lieH MHBpooro pblHKa) HeKOTopoe BpCMA MoTKeT 0a)9e pacTH. 5Enxe pa3 IOIBTOpHM, 'TO 3:TO HC 03na'aeT, qTO Ka3axcran yxe B 1990 r. ToproBaJI no nexHaM MMpBoro p16HK8 - BpOCTO 3KCUOpTHEie HleRIL Ka3axcTana 6Lmna TaK Xe 3aHHXCHRL, KaK N NM11OP1YH16C. Appendix A: Foreign Trade Statistics in the USSR and FSU Timothy Heleniak List of Tables Section 1. Foreign and Inter-Republic Trade Statistics in the Soviet Union Table 1-1: Foreign Trade of the USSR, 1987-1991 (million dollars) Table 1-2: Foreign Trade of the USSR, 1987-1991 (million foreign trade rubles) Table 1-3: Foreign Trade of the USSR, 1987-1991 (million domestic rubles) Table 1-4: Inter-Republic Trade in the USSR, 1987-1991 (million domestic rubles) Table 1-5: Inter-Republic trade of the USSR, 1987-1991 (million foreign trade rubles) Section 2. Foreign Trade of the Newly Independent States of the former USSR Table 2-1: Foreign Trade of the Newly Independent States of the former USSR, 1992-1994 (million dollars and national currency units) Table 2-2: Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1992-1994 (million dollars, rubles, and national currency units) Section 3. Inter-State Trade of the Newly Independent States of the former USSR Table 3-1: Inter-State Trade of the New Independent States of the former USSR, 1992-1994 (million dollars, rubles, and national currency units) Table 3-2: Interrepublic Trade Among the FSU Republics, 1987-1994 (million domestic rubles and national currency units) Section 4. Development of Customs Statistics in the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union Table 4-1: Foreign Trade of Russia according to the Customs Statistics by Foreign Country, 1994 (million dollars) This statistical annex presents data on total external trade and the geographic distribution of trade for the fifteen newly independent states of the former Soviet Union from 1987 to 1994. The term external trade is used deliberately to include all trade crossing the borders of the newly independent states, both to other FSU countries and to the rest of the world. The purpose of this annex is two-fold. One is to collect and present all the published data on foreign trade and the geographic distribution of trade. The second is to demonstrate the difficulty of doing so during this time of transition in the statistical systems of these countries. The annex is divided into four sections. The first presents totals on foreign and inter-republic trade from 1987 up to the time of the breakup of the Soviet Union into fifteen, independent sovereign states. Data are presented in dollars, foreign trade rubles, and domestic rubles. Section two contains data on total exports and imports and the geographic distribution of trade between the states of the FSU to countries outside the FSU. Data are presented in dollars and national currency. The third section contains data on total inter-state exports and imports and trade by country among the states of the FSOi. Data are presented in national currency. The final section contains one table of customs data for Russia, which illustrates the type of data most of these countries will be presenting in the future when the customs services are established and fully operational. As the chapters in this book have clearly described, there are a number of difficulties in compiling a consistent set of data on the external trade of these countries during the transition from a situation with one country with a highly-centralized foreign trade apparatus, one statistical system, and one currency to a situation of fifteen 153 countries with a de-centralized foreign trading system, fifteen nascent statistic systems not accustomed to measuring foreign trade, and fifteen new currencies. Compounding theses problems is the rapid inflation, the fluctuating exchange rates, and the large amount of trade that goes unrecorded. This annex collects together data as reported by the national statistical offices and in some cases, the CIS Statistical Committee. The primary means of data collection were the standard country economic memorandum (CEM) tables that each of the countries completes annually and returns to the World Bank. This is a standard set of macroeconomics indicators that form the basis of the Bank's economic analysis of these countries. In most cases, no attempt was to rectify the data on foreign trade against other macroeconomics measures. Data on foreign trade for these countries are subject to more than the usual degree of uncertainty. Data appearing in published sources on ostensibly the same indicator can differ by large amounts. In the case of the current system of data collection, compilation, and publication in the new states of the FSU, there are a number of potential sources of error and contradiction. It should be noted that the totals for external trade presented in these tables, both with the FSU and with the rest of the world, may differ slightly from those presented in the annex tables to chapter 8. The reason is that in the tables in the statistical annex, there was no effort made to force the tables to balance. (For a more complete discussion of the methodology see M. Belkindas and Y. Dikhanov, Appendix: Foreign Trade Statistics in the Former Soviet Union in Trade in the New Independent States, eds. C. Michalopoulos and D. Tarr, Studies of Economies in Transformation Paper Number 13, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1994). This is especially true of the data on inter-state trade where minfor statistics could be employed to check on each country's data. Some of the data presented in this appendix were used as the base data for the estimates in the annex before adjustments were made. Section one contains five tables on external trade prior to the dissolution of the USSR at the end of 1991. There are three tables containing each republic's exports and imports with countries of the far abroad in US dollars, foreign trade rubles, and domestic rubles. During this time, the USSR was a single country and there was no mechanism for direct data collection of foreign trade flows by republic. The input-output tables compiled every five years by the USSR Goskomstat were used to estimate interrepublican trade and foreign trade in domestic rubles. Estimates were made for the intervening years and these data were then used to compile the macroaggregates for each republic. Some of these data were published by its successor organization, the CIS Statistical Committee. Data were converted to foreign trade rubles using a series of conversion coefficients. Foreign trade data were converted to US dollars using the official exchange rates. The last 125-sector input-output table for the USSR was compiled for 1987. Estimates were also made for the years 1988 to 1990. For 1991, the data are a combination of the previously described methodology and estimates made by the national statistical offices for their countries. The second section contains data on trade between the new independent states and the countries of the far abroad after the breakup of the Soviet Union. In table 2-1, data on total exports and imports are presented. Data are as reported by the national statistical offices of the FSU countries and are presented in either US dollars or national currency. Table 2-2 contain the geographic distribution of trade with countries outside the FSU for the period 1990 to 1994. There are two tables in section three on inter-state trade. The first presents totals for inter-state trade in national currency and in rubles, for 1992 to 1994. The second table presents matrixes of inter-republic and then inter-state trade for the period 1987 to 1994. The data are again as reported by the countries. No attempt was made to force the tables to "balance", so that exports would equal imports. For the years, 1992 to 1994 some of the countries reported trade in their new national currencies. These tables are probably the best example of some of the many errors, omissions, and contradictions in the data. In theory, when data are reported in the same currency, what one country reports as its exports to another country should equal what the other country reports as imports from the first country. As can be seen by inspection of the table, this is far from true. It is not even true in 1987, when the data were theoretically derived from the same 154 source - the input-output tables compiled by the USSR Goskomstat. In some cases the data do not differ by degrees but rather by magnitudes. As was mentioned previously, the mirror statistics on trade between each country and some balancing techniques were used as the basis for making a balanced set of estimates of inter-state trade. The fourth section contains one table containing customs data for Russia for 1994. With the decentralization of foreign trading activities in these countries, this is the system most of the countries are going towards in the collection of data. 155 Sources and notes: Table 1-1: CIS Statistical Committee. Table 1-2: CIS Statistical Committee. Table 1-3: CIS Statistical Committee. Table 14: 1987-1990: CIS Statistical Conmmittee 1991: Unless otherwise indicated data are from the World Bank publication Statistical Handbook 1994: States of the Former Soviet Union. Azerbaijan, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan: Data are from forms filled out by representative of the national statistical offices at the trade statistics seminar, Moscow, June 1994. Table 1-5: 1987-1990: CIS Statistical Committee 1991: Unless otherwise indicated data are from Statistical Handbook 1994: States of the Former Soviet Union. Azerbaijan, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan: Data are from forms fiUled out by representative of the national statistical offices at the trade statistics seminar, Moscow, June 1994. Table 2-1: 1992, dollars: Unless otherwise indicated data are from Statistical Handbook 1994: States of the Former Soviet Union. Georgia: CIS Statistical Committee, Strany-chieny SNG v 1993, p. 264. 1992, national currency units: Unless otherwise indicated data are from Statistical Handbook 1994: States of the Former Soviet Union. Data are in domestic rubles with the exception of the following countries: Armenia (foreign trade rubles), Estonia (kroons), Latvia (lats), Lithuania (talonas), Ukraine (karbovanets). The total for imports given by commodity are 103 million dollars more than the total for Armenia by country because foreign aid was not distributed by country of origin. 1993, dollars: Unless otherwise indicated data are from Statistical Handbook 1994: States of the Former Soviet Union. Georgia: CIS Statistical Committee, Strany-chleny SNG v 1993 g: statisticheskiyyezhegodnik., Moscow, 1994, p. 264. Ukraine: Michalopoulos and Tarr,eds., Trade in the New Independent States, SET Paper Number 13, p. 2. 1993, national currency units: Unless otherwise indicated data are from Statistical Handbook 1994: States of the Former Soviet Union. Data are in rubles with the exception of the following countries: Estonia (kroons), Latvia (lats), Lithuania (lits), Ukraine (karbovanets). 1994, dollars: Appendix table 1, chapter 8. 1994, national currency units: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania: As reported by national statistical offices of these countries. Data are in rubles with the exception of the following countries: Estonia (kroons), Latvia (lats), Lithuania (lits), Ukraine (karbovanets). Table 2-2: Unless otherwise indicated data are from either FSU Database or Statistical Handbook 1994: States of the Former Soviet Union. The monetary units the data are presented in are shown at the top of the column for each year. Data are presented in units as follows. If data in dollars were available, these data were used. If not, data in national currency units (usually rubles) were used. If these were not available, data in foreign trade rubles were used. 1990: For the Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Modlova, Russia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan data are from CIS Statistical Committee, Vneshnaya torgovlya suverennykh respublik i pribaltiyskikh gosudarstv v 1990g., Moscow 1992. 156 1993: For the Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Modlova, Russia, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan data are from CIS Statistical Committee, Strany-chleny SNG v 1993 g: statisticheskiyyezhegodnik., Moscow, 1994. Table 3-1: 1992: Unless otherwise indicated data are from Statistical Handbook 1994: States of the Former Soviet Union. Data are in rubles unless otherwise indicated: Estonia (kroons), Latvia`(lats), Lithuania (talonas), Ukraine (karbovanets). 1993: Unless otherwise indicated data are from Statistical Handbook 199&v.. States of the Former Soviet Union. Data are in rubles unless otherwise indicated: Estonia (kroons), Georgia (coupons), Kazakhstan (tenge), Latvia (lats), Lithuania (talonas), Turkmenistan (manat), Ukraine (karbovanets). 1994: Statistical Committee of the CIS, SNG v 1994 (kratkiy statisticheskiy spravochnikpredvaritel 'nykh statisticheskikh itogov), Moscow January 1995. Data were estimated into rubles by the CIS Statistical Committee using quarterly exchange rates between the national currencies or US dollars as quoted by the national banks. Data are in rubles unless otherwise indicated: Estonia (kroons), Latvia (lats), Lithuania (litas). Table 3-2: These tables show "trade matrixes", inter-republic trade among the fifteen states in domestic rubles. The data were drawn from the World Bank FSU Database. Unless otherwise indicated data are from Statistical Handbook 1994: States of the Former Soviet Union. There are two sets of figures presented for most years. The upper set are data as reported by the exporting republic and the lower set are those reported by the importing republic. As can be seen, the two figures for the same trade flow do not match in many cases. Note: For 1992-94, data for some countries are reported in their respective national currencies. Those reported in currencies other than rubles have an asterisk (*) by the country name. 1987-89, 1991-93: For Russia, the figures for trade with the CIS countries are from Goskomstat Rossii, Rossiyskiy statisticheskiyyezhegodnik 1994. p. 423. 1994 (except Baltics): Statistical Committee of the CIS, SNG v 1994 (kratkiy statisticheskiy spravochnik predvaritel 'nykh statisticheskikh itogov), Moscow January 1995. Data were estimated into rubles by the CIS Statistical Committee using quarterly exchange rates between the national currencies or US dollars as quoted by the national banks. These are the data that appear in the upper set of figures. 1994 (Baltics): Based on data as reported by their respective national statistical offices. Table 4-1: State Customes Committee of the Russian Federation, Tamozhennaya statistika vneshney torgovii Rossiyskoy Federatsii: godovoy sbornik 1994, Moscow: 1995 157 HpnIoxeHne A: BHenHeToproBaa CTaTHCTHKa B CCCP H CTpaHax 6tIBmero COBeTCKoro Coio3a THMOTH XeJieHIAIK CIIHCOK TaDJIHIA Pa3zien 1. CTaTHCTHKa BHCLIIHeC H MeCpPCCIWy6JIJKaHCKOH TOpFOBaIH B COBeTCKOM Co0O3e Ta6nH'ia 1-1. BHeuIHAA TOprOBJIM CCCP B 1987-1991 rr. (MnH. ,nosuapoB CIIIA) Ta6iIHUa 1-2. BHeIIIHAA ToproBnri CCCP B 1987-1991 rr. (MJIH. HHBanTOTHbUX py6nefl) Ta6nnna 1-3. BHeIrHAA ToproBnA CCCP B 1987-1991 rr. BO BHyTp. ueHax (MnH. p6yneh) Ta6nHua 1-4. Mexpecny6niHKaHcKaA TOprOBJIA CCCP B 1987-1991 rr. BO BHYTpeHHHX LteHax (MnH. py6neui) Ta6nnHia 1-5. Mexcpecny6inHKaHcKaca TOprOBYIA CCCP B 1987-1991 rr. BO BHeInIeToproBnlx aeHax (MJn1. HHBanIOTHbIX py6neiH) Pa34ien 2. BHemnH1n TOprOBJ1JR HOBLIX He3aBHCHM6IX rocyg7apCTB 6blBmero CCCP Ta6iHUa 2-1. BHCIIIHAM TOpFOBJIIR HOBblIX HC3aBHcHMbix rocynapcTB 6uBxuero CCCP B 1992-1994 rr. (MniH. nuonnapOB CIIIA H HalIHOHajibHbIX BaJIOTHLix eCaHHHLI) Ta6nnHa 2-2. FeorpadHqecKoe pacopeneneHme BHeIUHeM ToproBnH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MnH. rionnapoB CIIIA, py6nea H HaHaHoHiaJbHbLx BanIOTHbix CeHHHu) Pa34en 3. Me;CpeCuly6xnHKaHCKaA TOPFOBJ1R HOBblX He3aBHCHMl6X rocygiapCTB 66lsBmero CCCP Ta6nHua 3-1. MelKpeeny6nHKaHCKaA TOprOBnA HoBbix He3aBHCHMbLX rocynapcTB 6bBiuuero CCCP B 1992-1994 rr. (MIH. ionnapoB CIIIA, py6neh H HaBIHOHanbHblX BaBJlOTHbLx CAHHHU) Ta6nHua 3-2. MeApecny6JnKKaHCKaA TOprOBi]R B 1987-1994 rr. (MnH. py6nefi H HaUHOHanbHblIX BaBJlOTHbIX eJIHHHU) Pa3Jgen 4. Pa3BHTHe TaMOoCeHHOa CTaTHCTHKH BHemHeA TOprOBJTIH B HOBLIIX H:3aBHCH MLIX rocy,gapCTBax r6lBIuero CCCP Ta6nmua 4-1. BHenuRxA TopFoBJIA POCCHH Ho IQaHHL6M TaMOxIeHHOI4 CTaTHCTHKH B 1994 r., no CTpaHaM (MnH. noinapom CLIA) HacToAilree CTaTHCTHgeCKoe IIpHJoKeHHC upencTasnAeT flaHHbie CTaTHCTHKH BHeiuIHeH TOPrOBnH 15-TH HOBblX He3aBHCHMbix rocynapcrnB 6iB,imero CCCP c 1987 no 1994 r. (B IIeCJOM H reorpaHnecKoe pacnpeaeneHHe). TepMHH BHCIIHHA TOprOBJIA BKJIOqaeT BCe ToproBLie TIOTOKH, nepeceKalouHe rpaHHlbl HOBbLIX HC3aBHCHMLIX rocyUapCTB, T.e. KaK TOprOBmlO MeIJy rocyiiapcTBamH 6blBnLmero CCCP, TaK H TOprOBnIO C OCTaJbHbIM MHpOM. CTaTHcTHqecKoe HpHnO)KeHHe npecnenyeT naBc ienH: BO-nIepBbiX, co6paTb H ripcacTaBHrb Bce orty6nnHKOBaHHble aaHHbie no BHCllHeCH ToproBnJIe H ee reorpa4nrqecKoMy pacnpecneneno H, BO-BTOpLXX, nOKa3aTb B03HHKaIOIlHe B 3TOH pa6oTe TpyZHOCTH, cBA3aHHbIe C TpaHcopMau:HeH CTaTHCTHqeCKHX CHCTeM yKa3aHHbLIX CTpaH. HpHnooeHHe COCTOHT H3 qeTbipex pa3eno. flepBbiih pa3nci upe1CTaBJHAeT wToroBbne aaHHLIe BHdelIHeM H MexCpeCny6JHKaHCKOH TOpFOBIIH C 1987 r. no pacnana CoBeTCKoro Como3a Ha 15 He3aBHCHMbLx rocynapcTB. faHnubie npefCTaBfeBJHbl B nonnapax CLIIA, HHBaAlOTHblIX py6iiAx H py6nax nO BHyTpeHHJ4X nefax. BTopoh pa3neni coaepCfHT HToroBmLe aantie no 3KCHOpTY H HMnopTy, a TaKIce reorpa4IqeCKOMy pacnpe,aeneHno BHenHceToproBbnx HOTOKoB H3 rocynapcTB 6xiBuero CCCP B CTpaHbi 3a rpeCIenIaMH 6bBtuero CCCP (B nonnapax H HaBIHOHalJbHblX BaJIOTaX). B TpeTbCM pa3ncne conepxcwrCA HH4OpMaiHm o MeJKpeCriy6nHKaHCKoM 3KcriopTe H HMIIOpTC - B IIeCJoM H B reorpa4H'CeCKOH pa36HBKe (B HaUHOHanbHblX 158 BaJOTaX). HlocneRHnH pa3,aen COCTOHT K3 eIWcTBCHHOA Ta6fnHubN - TaMOCKeHHOR CTaTHCTHXH POCCHHCKOk $DegepaUHn. 3Ta Ta6nHlia IoKa3LIBaeT, KaKHe aaHHNLe 6ynyT npeaocTaBJ]TLcM 6onbJIHHCTBoM 3THX CTpaH B 6yxaylUeM. Koraa B03HHKHyT nOJiHOfleHHbie HaUHOHanbHLie TaMOmKeHHNe ciyx6m. B ,aaHHOH KHHre 1OKa3LBmaHbI MHoroqHncJeHHble TpyAHOCTH, BO3HHKaD1flHe npH cocTaBnneHuu nocneJCoBaTenbHOH COBOKyHHOCTH aaHHLIX BHemHeToproBoH CTaTHCTHKH BO BpeMa nepexona OTr enHHoH cTpaHbl CO CBepXUeHTpJa1H3OBaHHLIM BHeIuIHeTOprOBLIM arinapaToM, eaHHOM CTaTHCTH'eCKOH CHC'TeMOH H BaJIJOTON K I 5-TH rocyiapcTBam C aeiCeTpanJH3oBaHHoH CHCTeMOk BmemaceA TopronnB, 15-io He3penbLMH CTaTHCTHqeCKHMH CHCTeMaMH, HepIHBL1KIKUHMH K H3MepeHH1o BHeCIIHeH ToproBJIH, H 15-1o HOBflMH BaJlIOTaMH. 3TH TPYJHOCTH ycyry6nsnoTcA BblCOKOH HHIEnJIAIXHeHH KOJIc6UHHAMH BaJIOTHbLX KypCOB H 6o-iLIIIHMH ofrbeMaMH HeyqTeHHOA TOprOBJIH. HpiunoxeeHe COafpKXHT aHHble, npenocTaaiieHnHie HaUHOHaBJhHMMH CTaTHCTH'eCKHMH cnyx6aMH H CTaTHcTHMeCKHM KOMHTeToM CHr. OCHOBHLIM HCTOqHHKOM naHHbx ABJAnHC]b Ta63IHUN JKOHOMH'qeCKOrO memopangyma CTpaBHL, KOTOpL1H KaEKaA H3 CTpaH exeroaNO npenocTaBnuieT BO BceMHpHbif EaHK. TaGiHUU MeMOpHa11yMa RBnXIOTCA CTaHfapTHOH COBOKynHOCThIO MaKpO3KoHoMH'eCKHX noKa3aTenea, KOTOpaA 4OpMHpyIOT OCHOBy .1An CTpaHOBoro 3KoHoMH"ecKoro aHanH3a, IpOBOIHMOFO EaHKOM. B 6ozmnjinmCTBe cnzyqaeB He Gwio npearipuHATo HHKaKHX iOiNlTOK yTOqHHTh taHHMLe BHeIIJHeTOprOBOH CTaTHTHHKH C iOMOTbIO apyrHx MaKpo3KOHOMHqeCKHX floKa3aTeneH. BHetnucToproBaA CTaTHCTHKa JaHHNLX CTpaH xapaKTepH3yeTcM HCo6fqatHHO BblCOKOH CTeneHbIo HeHaaeKHOCTH. OIy6JHKOBaHHbi aaHHbie 0, Ka3a8Jocb 6bl, OUHOM H TOM xe noKa3aTene MOryT CHnbHO pa3HHTbCA. CymecTByionias CHCTeMa c6opa, o6pa6oTKH H ny6JHKaUHH aHHHNX B HOlX rocyaapcTBax 6buBuiero CCCP cofepxH-T pxa nIoTreHlH8anbJHNX HCTOqHHKOB oIUH6OK H npOTrBOpeqHk. CnenyeT OTMeTHTb, qTo coiepxamuecA B CTaTHcTHqeCKOM npHHioxeHHH HTOroBNle nOKa3aTeCJH BHelCHeH TOprOBnH Co CTpaHaMH ftimunero CCCP H OCTanbHLIM MHpOM MOryT He3HaqHTenbHO OTJfHMqaTbCM OT COOTBeTcTBy1OuxHX noKa3aTeneH, ripeICTaBBJCHHlX B UpHJIoXeHHH K rnaBe 8, nOCKOribKy B CTaTHCTHqCCKOM ITpUHOCeHHH He 6wio ITpe,lpRHHSTO HorLITOK 6aJIaHCHpOBKH Ta6nHJU. (Boiiee HOnInoe o6cyXheHHe MeToao10iorHH TaKOFO pona rpecTaBneHo B: M. Belkindas and Y. Dikhanov, Appendix: Foreign Trade Statistics in the Former Soviet Union in Trade in the New Independent States, eds. C. Michalopoulos and D. Tarr, Studies of Economies in Transformation Paper Number 13, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1994). 3To oco6eHHo cnpaBeainmBo B OTHOfiCeHHH MeXpecny6uIHKaHCKOH ToprOBnH, r,qe B03MOXHO npHmeHeHHe 3epKaJThHoH CTaTHCTHKH anA IPOBePKH flaHHbx, npeaocTaBBJeHHHNx KaxIoH CTpaHoH. HeKcrropue taHHme U3 HacToAaero npHJoxeHHA HcIonb3oBanJcIb B iipHnoXKeHHH K IoaBe 8 B KaqecTBe HCXOJJHMLX oueHoK, niocne qero 6bt)m cRenaiHl Hx yTOqHeHHA. Pa3naen 1 contepxwT nATb Ta6niHU no BHeUlHeme Toprowne £1 pacnaiaa CCCP B KoHne 1991 r. TPH Ta6Jn HUNbl IPeJCTaBOAJOT 3KCnopT H HMIIOPT Ka2KJoH CoBeTcKoh PecHy6JIHKH 3a (H3-3a) npeaenbi (npenenoB) CCCP, BbLpaxeHHbLe B loJ1Japax CIIA, HHBaBnOTHLIX py6nOX H py6nAx BO BnyTpeHHnx geHax. B 3TO BpemA CCCP 6bmn enRHOa cTpaHOH. H He cylecoTBoBaio MexanH3Ma npAMoro c6opa namnix o BHelllHeTOprOBLIX IOTOKaX no pecCIy6JIHKaM. fria OLIeHKH Mexpecry6JHKaHcKoH H BHeCUHeCH TOprOBJ1H BO BHyTpeHHHX ieHax 6NJIH HC1Onb3oBaHLH cocTaBJIAeMbLe Kaxble nirrTb neT FocKoMcTaToM CCCP Ta6nnTh MeiKoTpacneBoro 6anaHca. ENJTH nonyqeHbn OUeHKH nnx 1poMeKYTOqHLITO iX neT H 3aTeM Ha HX ocHoBe 6JImH paccqHTaHLi MaKpoarperaTbx nRA Kaxano peciTy6nHKH. HeKorropbe H3 3THX aaHHbIX 6unH ony6nHKoBaHN rpeeMHHKOM IFOCKoMCTaTa CCCP - CTaTHCTHqeCKHM KoMHTeToM CHF. OHH 6bInH nepecqHTaHnL B HHBaJloTHbIe py6nH C HCHOnI3OBaHHeM nepeBoRHbix Ko344IHHerroB. BHemlHeToproBLie faHHbhe 66mH BlipaxeHbl B 1OJUiapax CI[IA. Hc11oJLb3y o4HIHanbHbl KypC. locneaHAx 125-oTpacneBaA Ta6nHUa MexoTpac.neBoro 6anaHca CCCP JaTHpyeTCA 1987 roaoM.BLLI4H TaKxae rronyqeHnx OUeHKH Ha 1988 H 1990 rr. aaHHme 3a 1991 r. npeacTaBIoT Co60o KoM6HHaBflHo BLUIiCoIIHcaHoH MeToL1oh1oFHH H oUeHOK no OTIeCJbHblM pecny6JnHKaMM, cenaHblx COOTBeTCTBY1OIUHMH HaUHOHaJ1bHNMH CTaTHCTRqeCKHMH opraHaMH. BTOPOk pa3nen conepAKcr aaHHmLe 0 BHeiiHeH ToproBnie MeEXy HOBNMH He3aBHCHMLIMH rocynapcTBamH H CTpaHaMH flaJlbHerO 3apy6eJKbA nocne pacnaua CoBeTcKoro C0l03a. 06utne o6-1eMbu 3KCUopTa H HMnopTYa npeICTaBneHN B Ta6mnue 2-1. 3TH aaHHbie 6bMnH n11eOCTaBJeIHLi HaUROHaJbNHLIMH CTaTHcTWqeCKHMH opraNaMH H BbipaKeHNblB nonnapax CIIA HnuH HaIHOHaJILHOH BaiioTe. B Ta6nHue 2-2 naeTca reorpa¢H"ecKoe pacnpeneneHHe BHeMHek ToprOBJ1H Ha inepHOJ 1990-1994 rr. B TpeTbeM pa3gene HmelHOTC nBe Ta6nUJAH nTo MexpecIy6JIHKaHCKok ToproBJ]e. HepBaA TaJHIa coaepxcHT o6nne o0'CMbl TOprOBI1H C 1992 no 1994 r., a BTopaA - MaTpHULI TOproBnx nIOTOKoB B riepHoa c 1987 no 1994 r. KaK H Bbell,aNaHbie npeocTaJIeHNL COOBeTCTBYIOILHMH CTpaHaMH. HaMH Ne 6buo npeCPJHHATO nHOTLITOK "6anaHCHpOBKH" Ta6JTHU, T.e. ypaBHHBaHHA oGIeMoB 3KcIoprTa H HMnopTa. B 159 nepxon c 1992 no 1994 r. HeKoTopLeIcTpaHLI y'HTlBanH nOKa3aTeJIH BHerfHeH TOPrOBnH B CBOHX HaUIHOHa8JTHLIX BaJIAYTaX. amHLe Ta6nIuN - BO3MOXHO, OLHH H3 nyqrmx npHMepOB MHOrOqHCneHHLiX OEaH6oK, npoiycKoB H npoTnropeawn. B TeopHi, Korja noKa3aTeJH paCCrHTbIIOTCA B eLRHO BanIOTeC 3KCIOpT oXaHoJI CTBpaH B Mpyryol7OIxeH pmnaBnTOc MnOpn y BTopoH crpaHn M3 nepBOA. KaK BHAHO H3 Ta6OnHn, 3TO AaneKO He TaK,JAaXe npHMeCHTCenbHO K 1987 r., Korga noKa3aTenlH, TeopCTHqeCKH, npOHCXOaHnH H3 emHmoro HcT'oqHHKa - Ta6nHiw meaorpacneBoro 6anaHca, pa3pa6oTaHHoA rOCKoMcTaToM CCCP. B HeKOTOpElX CJXy'SaX p8CXO2AeCHHH B Aa&HHX KOJIOCCanbHLI. KaK 6hLno yra3aHO BUDe, AnA nonyzeHHA C60naHcHpoBaHHbLIx OUeHOK mexpecuny6nHcaHCKoi TOprOBnH B HacToAIUeC KHHre 1pHMeHAJIaCL 3epKanbHaA cTaTHcTHKa H HeKoTopiLie MeTobl 6DanaHCHpOBKH. ICTBepTLl6 pa3Cen coaepxrKHT eaHHCTheHHy Ta6nHUy C AaHHLIMH TaMOXeHHOH CTaTHCTHKH POCCHHiCKOH (Deaepauxu 3a 1994 r. IIpH Ha6roauwmeAcx neneHTpaIn3aUm BHemHeTOproBOA aeuITenbHocTx B crpaaax 6Bmmero CCCP, 6onJLIHHCTBO CTpaH ABHXYTCA K aHaJlOrH'IHOii cHcTeMe c6opa CTaTHCTHCTHqeCKHX TaHHL1X. 160 HCTOMHHKH H KOMMeHTapHH: Ta6inmxa 1-1: CTaTHCTHqeCKHA KOMHTeT CHB. Ta6JIHnLa 1-2: CTaTHcTHqeCKHH KoMHTeT CHr. Ta6nrnja 1-3: CTaTHCTHqeCKHA KOMWreT CMT. Ta6znuIja 1-4: 1987-1990: CTaTHCTHqeCKHh KOMHTeT CHr. 1991: B cnyqae OTCyTCTBHA cnexHaJThHoro npHMe'aHHA faaHHbIe B3ATbI H3 ny6flHKaICHH BceMHpHoro BaHKa: Cmamuemut,ecKua c60pHuK, 1994 e.: rocydaprmra Obewueeo CosemcKoeo Co,o3a. A3ep6aftnzaH, JCaoHHA, rpy3HA, Ka3axcTaH, JIaTBHA, Kuprm3cTaH m TaaKHKHCTaH: laaHHLie nonyqeHu H3 aHKeT, 3anOfJHeHHLIX Hpen'CTaBHTeYIAMH HaLHOHBaIbHbLx CTaTHcTHqeCKHX OpralOB Ha cemmwape no BHCeiIHeToproBoH cTaTHCrTHKe, MocKa, HlOHb 1994. Ta6nJia 2-1: 1992, B aonnapax CELIA: B cnyqae OTCYTCTBHA cHeflHanbHoro npHMeqaHHA aaHHLie B3ATbl H3: CnamucnmuYeccufi C60pHUK, 1994 z.: rocydapcmsa 6b uaezo CoBemcKoeo Coo3a. rpy3HA: CTaTHCTHqeCKHa KOMHTeT CHE. Cmpanu-uzehbn CHI B 1993 e., c. 264. 1992, B HaUHOHanbJHb1X BaJlOTHbUX eCHHHUax: B cnyqae OTCyTCTBHA cneixaJnboro npHMeCaH1A IaaHHbie B3ATwl H3: CmamucmuYecKua C6OpHUK, 1994 e.: rocydapcnwa 6'&uweeo Coaemcicoeo CoIc3a. flaHHbae npeacTaaaaeHbl BO BHyTpeHHHX py6neBLUx neHax 3a HCKnlOqeHHeM cnenyDonuaW CTpaH: ApmeHHA (HHBaJIlOTHUC py6nnH), 3oCToHH (KpOHbl), JlaTBHA (siaTb), JIHTBa (TanOHu), YKpaHHa (Kap6oBarum). JjnA ApMeHHH oG6nui 06oheM HMllOpTa B roToBapHoIl pa36HBKe Ha 103 MHnIIHOHa aonnapoB npeBumlaeT o6iiin o6GeM mUiOpTa B nOCTpaHOBOH pa36HBKe, T.K. HHOCTpaHHaA nOMOUIb He 6bma pacupeaeneHa no CTpaHaM UpOHCXOCX,eHHK . 1993, B nornnapax CIlIA: B cnyqae OTCyTCTBHA cneumanbHoro npHMeqaHHA TaaHHLe B3ATbI 13: C(mamucmuecKua C60pHUK, 1994 e.: Focycapcmala 6wusueeo CosemcKoeo CoIo3a. rpy3HA: CTaTHCTHqeCKMH T K(MMreT CHr. Cmpanblw-treHU CHr 8 1993 e.: Cmamucmu'ecKua e*se?oOHwU. M., 1994, c. 264. YKpaMHa: BHeuwHAR mopeOTSI f HOflblx He3asucuMbLx eocydacmwax moIo pen. K. MHxanonynoca H fl.Tappa. HCccnegoBaHHA 3KOHOMHeeCKMx CHCTeM Ha CTraHH TpaHC4OpMauHH, He 13, C. 2. 1993, B HiaUHOHaiLHbUX BanIOTHbiX eaHmUnax: B cuiyqae OrcyTcrBKA cneEjanibHoro HpHMeqaHKRa aHHbIe B3ATbl H-3: Cmamu4nuvecKuu C60pHUK, 1994 e.: rocydapcnmfa 6bsiuaeeo CoaemcKoeo Co3a. ,QIaHHtie ripeIcTasBJeHli B py6rnxx 3a HCKnlOqeHHeM cnenyio%nx cTpaH: 3CroHHA (KpoHm), JiaTBHA (naTu), JIHTBa (nwrT6), YKpaHHa (Kap6oBaHubi). 1994, B nonnapax CIIA: rnaBa 8, Ta6nuua 1 npHnoJKeHHA. 1994, B HaIIHOHa1HblX Ba8JIOTHmX eumHHHuaX: 3c-roRA, JlaTBHA, JIHTBa: MHHOpMaURR npeJocTaBneHa HUHOHa8JbHbIMH cTaTHcTHieCKHMH opraHaMH 3THX c-rpaH. 4aHHLIe npeaTraaneHM B py6nAx 3a HcKnioqeHHCM cnezyxomHx c-rpat: )c-roUAa (KpOHbl), 1aTBHA (naTbi), lrHTBa (nwHTl), YKpaHHa (Kap6oBaymm). Ta6ninia 2-2: B cnyqae OTCyTCTBHA cneIxIanJTHoro npHMeqaHHA faHHble B3RT11 H3: CmamucmuYecKuau C6opHUK, 1994 e.: rocydapcmsa 6abwueeo CosemcKoeo Coio3a. JeHexfHele eUHHHITu, B 1COTOpiX ripeCTaBJmHbi jaHHlue nOKa3aHbl B CKa3yeMOM Ta6IHubl. ilpeacTaBieHHe aaHHWlX ocyniecTBmAnocb no cnenyouieh cxeMe: EcnH HMeiJHCL lanHEble, BbipaEKeHble B aoJIIapaX, TO HMeHHO OHH H 6Lm1H HCHnOh3OBaHL. Ecna TaKHX aaHHLiX He HMCJIOCb, TO HCHOJTh3OBaIHCL faHHbie, BbipaKeCHHble B Ha8LHOHanbHblX BaUIOTHNlX efMH1UaX (o6blqHO, py6nax). EcnH He HMeIOCLb RH o0Horo H3 3TUX BHIIOB gaHHMX, TO HCIIOnJ3oBanHCb faHHbIe, BbipaxeHHbIe B HHBaBJIOTHblX py6nixx. 1990: UarHnL6e MnI ApMeHHH, A3epBaiinXaHa, EenapycH, Ka3axcTaHa, KbprLl3cTaHa, JflanBH, J1wTBbL, MonoBabl, PoccHH, TypKMeHHcTraa, YKpamHl H Y3BeKHcTaHa 6ffmH B3RTml 13: CTaTHc-HrecKHh KoMHTeT CHr. BneuwHs nwopeowow cyeepeHHbLx pecnfly6AUK u npu6anmuIcKux eocydapcms 1 1990 e. MocKBa, 1992. 161 1993: 4aHHbue RnA A3epBaflnxana, KLprbI3cTaHa, MOnnBow, POCCHH, TaBxHKHCTaHa H TypKMenHcTaHa 6mnH B35Thl H3: CraTHCTHqeCKHH KoMHTeT CHr. CmpaHui-wzenbl CHI a 1993 e.: CmamucmuvecKuia eei0OnHUK. M., 1994. Ta6nHnja 3-1: 1992: B cn/yae OTCYTCTBHA cieCuHanbHoro npHmeqaHiA aaHHwe B3XTbrl H3: CmamucmutecKru C6OpHuK, 1994 e.: Focydapcmna 6blfufeeo CoaemcKoeo Colo3a. EcnH HeT HHbIX yKa3aHHH, faaHHmle npeI cTaBneHmL B py65Xx3a mCKniOqeHHeM ciienyxolnHx CTpaH: 3oCToHHl (KpOHbl), .IaTBHA (naTu), JliTBa (xrur), YxpanHa (Kap6oBaHunlu). 1993: B cnyqae YrcyTcTnBHA CfelCHanbHoro npHmeqaHHAa aHHnIe B3ATbi H3: CmamucmuqecKua C60pHUK, 1994 z.: Focydapcmaa 6uirsueeo CosemcicKoo Coio3a. flaHHbLie nipeacraTBnebHL B py6fIAX 3a HCKn1OeHHeM cnenyioimnx CTpaH: aCToHHA (KpOHbl), Epy3HA (Kynobiu), Ka3axc-raH (TeHre), JiaTBHA (naTbi), IInHTBa (TanoHu), TypKMeHHcTaH (MaHaT), YKpaHHa (Kap6oBaHnub). 1994: CTaTHCTHqeCKuHf KOMHTeT CHr. CHF a 1994 e. (KpamKua cmamucmuqecKiu cnpaaoqHuK oped8apumebHX cwnmamuemUqecKux umozos). M., AHBBaPb 1995. CTaTHCTHqCCKHH KoMHTeT CBTr nepeccqHTan /aaHHblIe B py6nH, HCllOnL3yA nOKBapTanbHLIe o6MeHHJLe KYPCMl HaUHOHan/LHwlx Ban/oT HO orrHomeHmo apyr K apyry HnH nonnapy CIIA, YCTaHOB/ICHHble HaUHOHaflLHLIMH 6aHKaMH. ECINH HeT HHbX yKa3aHHH, J1eHH1e npeacTaBneHbl B py6nXx3a HCK/hOqcHHCM emc/Ieqy1IOIHx cTpaH: JaCToHM (KpOHb), lnaTBH (naT), JIHTBa (nmTBi). Ta6hiunMa 3-2: 3TH Ta6nHIbi coaepxaT "TOprOBLIe MaTpHIblI" MexpecIy6nHKaHCKoro o6MeHa MeAK/y 15-xo rocyaapcmamH BO BHyTpCHHHx py6neBbLx TeHaX. 4aHHbiC 3aHMCTBOBabHLi H3 6a3L xaHHLnx BceMHpHoro EaHKa no 6LuBimeMy COBeTCKOMy Cony. B cnyQae OTCYTCTBHA CneuwHam6Horo npHMe'aHHa faHHbLe B3ATH H3: CmamucmuwtecKusu C6opniUK, 1994 ?.: Focydapcmaa 6blBuueeo CoBemcrKoo CoIo3a. a/IA 6obILmHHcTBa ieT B Ta6nIluax coQepxcaTcz QBe nHHpb1. BepxHrA u4Hpa cooTBeTCTByeT faaHuM, llpeOCTaBneIHHLIM pecCy6nHKoH-3KcuopTrepoM. HHXHXA - HMnOpTepOM. KaK BHQHO H3 Ta6J1HU, BO MHOrHX cnyqaax 3TH ItHtpbI He COBnaUalOT. HIpHMeqaHHe: B 1992-1994 rr. UaHHLIe ARA HeKOTOpLIX cTpaH npecrT/eIHeLI B HX HaUHOHanOIHbLx BanIoTax. EcnH aaHHime B1ipaxebHLI He B py6/nAX, Ha3BaHHe CTpaHbl OTMeqeHO 3Be3JJoqKoH (*). 1987-1989, 1991-1993: gaHHiie 0 TOPFOBne POCCHH co CTpaHaMH CHr B3ATbl 13: rOCKOMCTUT POCCHH. PoccUUCKcua cmamu4cmwecKua e,ee0onuHK 1994, C. 423. 1994 (KpOMe EannTn): CTaTHCTHqCCKHHi KOMHTeT CBr. CHF 6 1994 e. (Kpamucua cmamucmuqecKua CnpafoYHUK oped8apumesbhwlx cmamucmuvecKux umoeos). M., sXHaph 1995. CraTHcTrqeCKHA KOMMTeT CIr nepeccqHTan BQaHHbie B py6/H, HCfO/I3YA IIOKBapTaJ1LHbIe o6MeHHLie KypcLi HaxIHoHanbHHLx BaOHoT HO OTHOIeCHHJo pyr K Qpy'ry H/nH onnapy CIHA, YCTaHOBne/HHle HaEHOHanlHbLMH 6aHKaMH. 1TH aaHHLie CpeJIcTraBneHb1 BepXHeH 11HtpOH. 1994 (CrpaHbl EanTH): naHHine I1QocTaBne/Ibi coorTBeTCTBYIOWHMH HaU&OHBaLbHuMH CTaTHCTHqeCKHMH opraHaMH. Ta6/InHla 4-1: rocy,aapcTBeHHUA TaMoxeHHBIH KoMHTeT POCCHHiCKOH (DenepaInHH. Tamox,ennas cmamucmuKa sHeuHnea MOpioenU POCCUUCKOUc 'Dedepaguu: FOdOBOUi C6opHUK 1994. M., 1995. 162 Table 1-1. Foreign Trade of the USSR, 1987-1991 (million U.S. dollars) Ta6JIHiXa 1-1. BHemIHIJ TOproBIa CCCP B 1987-1991 rr. (MnH. ,oniiapoB CII1A) 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Export 3KcnopT USSR 105,459.2 110,219.0 107,586.0 103,296.4 46,337.3 CCCP, scero including: B T. '.: Armenia 66.1 71.9 115.6 110.1 68.4 ApMeHAs Azerbaijan 488.6 937.0 635.5 724.0 319.4 A3ep6afaxuaH Belarus 3,051.3 3,162.3 3,494.8 3,438.2 1,660.8 BenopyccHR Estonia 223.3 251.4 198.0 198.4 83.9 3cTomum Georgia 596.6 580.3 565.7 513.9 209.9 rpy3Hx Kazakhstan 738.8 1,609.9 1,580.1 1,777.0 775.6 Ka3axcTaH Kyrgyzstan 55.8 71.9 67.4 88.4 45.6 KHprH3HA Latvia 424.2 496.8 418.9 305.1 107.2 JIaTBus Lithuania 756.7 820.9 787.0 678.5 312.4 JlIHTa Moldova 341.1 377.9 367.7 405.5 155.1 MonaBsHA Russia 85,352.1 87,253.9 83,389.9 79,473.4 36,786.5 PoccHSI Tajikistan 319.4 457.3 509.2 609.6 278.3 TaA uHKHcraH Turkmenistan 83.5 179.3 196.4 195.3 95.8 TypxmemI} Ukraine 11,629.0 12,534.6 13,780.9 13,388.9 4,790.5 YKpaHHa Uzbekistan 1,332.7 1,413.6 1,478.9 1,390.1 647.9 Y36eKHcTaH Import IiMnopT USSR 93,591.4 106,957.6 109,938.5 117,663.1 44,373.9 CCCP, Beero including: B T. 1q.: Armenia 487.7 574.7 764.4 855.3 791.1 ApMenR Azerbaijan 888.0 1,279.7 1,093.1 1,412.9 807.5 A3ep6akaKaH Belarus 3,430.5 3,921.4 4,554.7 5,255.9 1,957.4 BenopyccuR Estonia 567.2 638.4 466.8 591.9 435.6 :3CToHHA Georgia 960.1 1,065.3 1,084.1 1,542.2 1,470.3 rpy3HA Kazakhstan 2,384.6 2,670.0 2,468.0 3,250.0 1,647.6 Ka3axcraH Kyrgyzstan 726.7 916.8 975.3 1,298.8 558.7 KHprH3HA Latvia 908.0 1,021.6 1,416.6 1,641.2 857.5 JIlaTsH Lithuania 1,109.4 1,413.9 1,458.9 1,542.8 830.4 JIwTBa Moldova 971.5 1,060.5 1,267.8 1,431.2 603.5 MojiaaBHA Russia 65,604.0 75,814.8 77,290.9 79,538.9 25,577.3 PoccHsA Tajikistan 231.6 332.2 523.8 654.7 456.7 TaJPHKHcTaH Turkmenistan 202.3 280.7 430.5 523.0 399.7 TypKMeIux Ukraine 13,987.8 14,696.6 14,650.9 15,907.8 6,655.3 YKpaiHra Uzbekistan 1,132.0 1,271.0 1,492.7 2,216.5 1,325.3 Y36eKHCTaH 163 Table 1-2. Foreign Trade of the USSR, 1987-1991 (million foreign trade rubles) Ta6nmiixa 1-2. BHeuIHZJ ToproBnx CCCP B 1987-1991 rr. (MJIH. HHanJIoTH6Jx py6neA) 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Export 3KcnopT USSR 68,443.0 67,024.2 67,822.2 60,397.4 81,418.8 CCCP, Bcero including: B T. q.: Armenia 42.9 43.7 72.9 64.4 119.4 ApMem4A Azerbaijan 317.1 569.8 400.6 423.3 557.7 Awep6akgxan Belarus 1,980.3 1,923.0 2,203.1 2,010.3 2,900.1 BenopyccHA Estonia 144.9 152.9 124.8 116.0 146.5 3cToHmN Georgia 387.2 352.9 356.6 300.5 366.5 rpy3HA Kazakhstan 479.5 979.0 996.1 1,039.0 1,354.4 Ka3axcraH Kyrgyzstan 36.2 43.7 42.5 51.7 79.6 KHprI3wA Latvia 275.3 302.1 264.1 178.4 187.2 JIaTrBs Lithuania 491.1 499.2 496.1 396.7 545.5 nRHTa Moldova 221.4 229.8 231.8 237.1 270.8 Mon,aBHx Russia 55,393.5 53,059.1 52,569.0 46,468.1 64,236.6 PoccmH Tajikistan 207.3 278.1 321.0 356.4 486.0 TaJxHKHcHaH Turlcmenistan 54.1915 109.0 123.8 114.2 167.3 TypKmemux Ukraine 7,547.2 7,622.3 8,687.5 7,828.5 8,365.2 YKpamHa Uzbekistan 864.9 859.6 932.3 812.8 1,131.4 Y36eKHcraH Import HMrnOpT USSR 60,740.8 65,041.0 69,305.2 68,797.6 79,230.2 CCCP, Bcero including: B T. q.: Armenia 316.5 349.5 481.9 500.1 1,381.4 ApMenIA Azerbaijan 576.3 778.2 689.1 826.1 1,410.1 A3ep6a=xwan Belarus 2,226.4 2,384.6 2,871.3 3,073.1 3,418.0 BenopyccHA Estonia 368.1 388.2 294.3 346.1 760.6 )cTroHHA Georgia 623.1 647.8 683.4 901.7 2,567.4 rpy3HA Kazakhstan 1,547.6 1,623.7 1,555.8 1,900.3 2,877.0 Ka3axcTaH Kyrgyzstan 471.6 557.5 614.8 759.4 975.6 KHprw3HA Latvia 589.3 621.2 893.0 959.6 1,497.4 XIaTBsH Lithuania 720.0 859.8 919.7 902.1 1,450.0 JIHrTa Moldova 630.5 644.9 799.2 836.8 1,053.8 MouaanBsH Russia 42,577.0 46,103.0 48,724.2 46,506.4 44,663.1 PoccHx Tajikistan 150.3 202.0 330.2 382.8 797.5 TaXKuKucraH Turhnenistan 131.3 170.7 271.4 305.8 698.0 TypKMeHwx Ukraine 9,078.1 8,937.0 9,235.9 9,301.3 11,621.5 YicpaHHa Uzbekistan 734.7 772.9 941.0 1,296.0 2,314.2 Y36eKHcTaH 164 Table 1-3. Foreign Trade of the USSR, 1987-1991 (million domestic rubles) Ta6nnga 1-3. BHeILUHJE TOproBnJ CCCP B 1987-1991 rr. BO BHyTp. iieHax (MJIH. py6neu) 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Export JKCnOpT USSR 44,349.9 47,195.8 49,535.8 45,633.0 ... CCCP, Bcero including: B T. 'i.: Armenia 66.4 83.9 93.4 94.9 ... ApmeHHi Azerbaijan 471.6 424.5 448.0 325.1 744.0 A3ep6aiiawaH Belarus 1,636.3 1,695.5 1,991.1 1,770.2 2,152.0 BenopyccHA Estonia 213.8 245.9 220.1 198.1 269.0 JCTOHHM Georgia 356.6 392.7 365.4 259.1 ... FPY3Has Kazakhstan 473.8 827.7 892.8 906.4 ... Ka3aXCTaH Kyrgyzstan 55.3 58.6 51.2 52.9 36.0 KnPnH3HA Latvia 380.9 380.9 373.9 254.5 ... JlaTBHAs Lithuania 412.2 527.1 475.2 414.1 622.0 JlHTBa Moldova 227.8 257.2 270.0 323.4 332.0 MonnaBHAs Russia 31,855.9 33,313.5 34,540.0 32,084.4 31,042.0 PoccHA Tajikistan 294.3 333.5 350.8 308.4 571.9 TaJCHKHCTaH Turkmenistan 120.2 245.0 241.2 171.9 523.0 TypKMeHHs Ukraine 6,269.0 6,880.1 7,595.0 7,287.2 3,774.0 YKpaHHa Uzbekistan 1,515.8 1,529.7 1,627.7 1,182.4 2,195.5 Y36CKHcTaH fInport HMnOpT USSR 94,730.6 97,626.5 109,107.8 114,096.9 ... CCCP, Bcero including: B T. q.: Armenia 788.5 858.8 1,055.9 1,153.5 ... ApmeHHA Azerbaijan 1,302.4 1,414.0 1,395.5 1,504.9 2,149.0 A3ep6ahawaH Belarus 3,624.2 3,672.4 4,513.3 4,924.9 4,108.0 EenopyccHA Estonia 660.5 661.4 587.4 740.7 679.0 JCTOHHA Georgia 1,258.7 1,274.5 1,580.7 1,890.7 ... rPY3HA Kazakhstan 2,583.7 2,733.7 2,998.3 3,515.7 ... Ka3aXCTaH Kyrgyzstan 710.1 773.0 934.4 1,063.3 1,476.0 KHprH3as Latvia 967.2 958.4 1,509.8 1,616.0 ... JIaTBHA Lithuania 1,108.5 1,249.1 1,562.6 1,616.2 840.0 irHTBa Moldova 1,148.9 1,093.9 1,420.0 1,469.8 1,207.0 MonaBHAs Russia 64,264.3 66,901.2 73,598.5 75,279.8 61,396.0 Poccas Tajikistan 373.9 469.8 680.9 767.4 1,007.0 TawIHKHCraH Turkmenistan 328.3 432.2 589.5 685.3 877.0 TYPKMCHHs Ukraine 14,011.5 13,430.7 14,568.7 15,070.7 2,103.0 YKpaHHa Uzbekistan 1,599.9 1,703.4 2,112.3 2,798.0 3,628.0 Y36eKHCTaH 165 Table 1-4. Inter-Republic Trade in the USSR, 1987-1991 (million domestic rubles) Ta6.GIHga 1-4. Me2.cpecny6nrHKaHcKax ToproBni1 CCCP B 1987-1991 rr. BO BHYTpCHHHX geHax (MUH. py6hefk) 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 USSR 181,621.4 184,756.6 192,700.7 188,546.0 325,587.4 CCCP, Bcero including: Exports BbIm3 Armenia 4,046.6 3,683.1 3,597.8 3,427.8 4,817.0 ApMeHHs Azerbaijan 6,293.0 6,360.0 6,676.0 6,104.0 11,456.0 A3ep6ahijKaH Belarus 17,228.0 18,221.7 18,310.4 17,224.5 29,170.0 f3enopyccHs Estonia 2,730.6 2,715.1 2,903.3 2,899.8 4,833.0 3cToHHA Georgia 5,598.0 5,508.1 5,718.9 5,723.7 5,286.8 Fpy3mI Kazakhstan 8,337.3 8,337.1 8,204.0 8,443.0 15,785.0 Ka3axcraH Kyrgyzstan 2,268.6 2,536.8 2,549.0 2,445.9 6,505.5 KHprH3HA Latvia 4,312.5 4,515.2 5,039.7 5,028.2 7,459.0 JlarsHA Lithuania 5,458.2 5,430.7 5,850.0 5,349.0 11,586.0 IIHTBa Moldova 5,158.7 4,800.3 5,186.4 5,853.3 7,809.0 MoninaBs Russia 70,855.3 69,224.2 75,068.0 74,711.0 136,800.0 PoccHA Tajikistan 1,969.9 2,045.8 2,175.1 2,377.6 3,200.6 TaxKpKIccrai Turkmenistan 2,327.3 2,389.2 2,418.2 2,469.0 6,784.5 TypKMeHHA Ukraine 37,728.7 40,055.2 40,462.0 38,319.0 56,756.0 YKpamHa Uzbekistan 7,457.3 8,957.2 8,541.6 8,169.1 17,339.0 Y36eKMcTaH Imports BBO3 Armenia 3,490.2 4,017.6 3,842.0 3,501.4 5,904.0 ApMeHHA Azerbaijan 4,251.0 4,258.0 3,793.0 4,248.0 8,837.0 A3ep6ai¶xaH Belarus 14.082.9 14,171.4 14,834.4 14,840.8 25,672.0 BenopyccRA Estonia 2,973.0 3,047.2 3,230.5 3,157.6 3,775.0 3CToHHS Georgia 4,915.1 5,218.4 7,153.6 4,448.1 4,540.8 rpy3HR Kazakhstan 13,768.6 13,686.4 14,573.0 14,317.0 21,074.0 Ka3axcTaH Kyrgyzstan 2,780.9 2,971.8 3,361.6 3,179.4 5,408.8 KHprw3mA Latvia 4,626.3 4,515.2 4,519.9 4,711.2 5,500.0 Jlarusr Lithuania 5,859.6 6,238.5 5,790.0 6,023.0 7,812.0 nrHTBa Moldova 4,607.4 4,986.5 5,191.5 4,991.6 7,237.3 MongaBxA Russia 67,206.8 68,963.9 70,669.0 67,283.0 105,000.0 PoccHA Tajikistan 3,077.3 3,006.6 3,250.1 3,358.6 3,067.1 TaaUKHcTaH Turkmenistan 2,596.9 2,486.0 2,743.9 2,923.1 4,608.1 TypKMeHHR Ukraine 36,167.7 36,431.6 39,971.0 38,988.0 51,141.0 YKpaHHa Uzbekistan 11,373.7 10,623.7 12,045.0 11,863.8 17,766.0 Y36eKHcTaa 166 Table 1-5. Inter-Republic Trade in the USSR, 1987-1991 (million foreign trade rubles) Ta6IrnHia 1-5. Mewpecny6xIHKaHcKaq ToprOBJ1q CCCP B 1987-1991 rr. BO BHeCIIHeTOprOBWX ixeHax (MJIH. HHBanioTHm!x py6nieu) 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 USSR 177,693.5 172,519.0 188,339.3 182,691.3 CCCP, Bcero including: Exports BbiBO3 Armenia 2,443.5 2,204.2 2,287.2 1,998.4 ..pmeH Azerbaijan 4,795.9 4,036.4 4,600.6 4,626.7 .. A3ep6asA=caH Belarus 14,488.8 14,521.4 16,554.4 16,075.6 .. BenopyccHR Estonia 1,819.0 1,720.2 1,959.5 1,972.5 .. 3croHmi Georgia 3,127.6 3,095.0 3,041.4 2,846.5 .. Fpy3sH Kazakhstan 8,015.2 8,051.2 8,384.5 8,447.2 .. Ka3axcraH Kyrgyzstan 1,482.6 2,097.2 2,138.8 1,964.3 ..KHpYH3 Latvia 3,274.3 3,436.3 4,158.9 3,948.9 .. JIarss Lithuania 3,834.7 3,653.3 4,337.7 4,168.9 .. IHrrna Moldova 2,963.8 2,301.5 2,556.6 2,721.0 .. MoJnanBH Russia 85,149.6 79,647.9 88,450.2 86,523.6 .. PoccsA Tajikistan 1,350.6 1,439.4 1,486.7 1,654.8 .. Ta.xmnHcraH Turkmenistan 2,445.4 2,272.4 2,478.6 2,770.2 .. TypymeHRs Ukraine 36,408.9 36,902.0 39,041.5 36,020.8 .. YKpasHa Uzbekistan 6,093.6 7,140.5 6,862.7 6,951.9 .. Y36eKHcTaH Imports BBO3 Armenia 2,708.4 3,262.1 3,229.2 3,177.0 .. ApmeHis Azerbaijan 4,584.8 4,277.5 3,756.0 4,319.7 .. A3ep6asA=caH Belarus 16,734.6 16,104.4 17,370.5 17,276.9 .. EienopyccHn Estonia 2,948.3 2,776.1 3,186.5 3,116.8 .. 3croEMa Georgia 4,662.9 4,710.5 4,808.6 4,462.1 .. Fpy3HH Kazakhstan 14,599.2 13,986.0 14,999.4 14,583.7 .. Ka3axcTaH Kyrgyzstan 2,452.6 2,643.2 3,074.1 2,908.0 .. Ksprs3sn Latvia 4,681.5 4,430.5 4,794.8 4,889.2 .. JIaTHA Lithuania 7,141.1 6,979.2 7,241.8 7,180.3 .. JIrrBa Moldova 4,424.4 4,518.0 5,107.0 4,948.6 .. MonxanaB Russia 56,682.0 55,765.5 60,193.5 56,760.7 .. PoccHz Tajikistan 2,717.1 2,642.7 3,045.4 3,100.0 .. TaALXEKHcTaH Turkmenistan 2,473.5 2,174.7 2,590.9 2,446.3 .. Typxcmemin Ukraine 40,296.4 38,475.5 43,551.4 42,494.7 .. Yxpanna Uzbekistan 10,586.1 9,773.1 11,390.2 11,027.3 .. Y36exmcraH 167 Table 2-1. Foreign Trade of the Newly Independent States of the former USSR, 1992-1994 TaGxrHga 2-1. BHerLusrn TOprOBJIM HOBIAX HC3aBHCHMLx rocyJapCTB 6bIBmero CCCP B 1992-1994 rr. 1992 1993 1994 Exports million national million national million national million dollars currency units million dollars cufrency units million dollars currency units JKCIOpT MJIH. 0OJUI. MJIH. HaIIHOH. MJIH. £on1011. MJIH. HaIIHOH. MJIH. ,OJIJI. MAH. HaUHOH. BaJII0TH. e,. BaJIIOTH. en. BaTIIOTH. e. Total 52,334 57,950 CCCP, Bcer Armaenia 40 1,566 29 39,513 42 ApMeHHA Azerbaijan 737 105,581 351 360 A3ep6afi Belarus 1,061 68,422 737 1,033,366 1,053 SenopyccH Estonia 242 2,939 461 6,103 730 9,491 JcTroHnr Georgia 90 1,808 360 86 Fpy3HA Kazakhstan 1,451 1,485 1,327 Ka3axcraH Kyrgyzstan 71 6,461 112 112 KnprH3HA Latvia 429 287 460 312 524 281 TlaTBHA Lithuania 557 30,700 696 2,882 855 3,421 JlHTBa Moldova 157 17,180 174 121 MoainaBHA Russia 41,600 43,900 46,974 POCCHR Tajikistan Ill. 20,213 263 319 TaanKHKc O Turkmenistan 1,145 136,347 1,156 371 TypKMeHH Ukraine 3,774 316,968 6,300 15,237,420 4,648 YKpaHna Uzbekistan 869 27,382 1,466 912 Y36exHcra Imports HItMOPT Total 44,198 .. 44,346 .. CCCP, Bcer Armenia 95 545 188 141,954 110 ApmeHHu Azerbaijan 329 46,554 241 275 . A3ep6afn Belarms 755 54,528 777 1,373,800 690 BenopyccH Estonia 254 2,776 618 8,622 1,251 16,266 3cTorHR Georgia 180 4,436 700 189 rpy3HA Kazakhstan 565 472 1,694 Ka3axcraH Kyrgyzstan 71 3,165 112 88 KwprH3Hw Latvia 423 221 339 223 581 275 laTBHA Lithuania 342 13,917 486 2,963 1,063 4,253 JlnTBa Moldova 170 21,320 210 134 MojiaBaa Russia 37,196 33,100 35,100 POCCHA Tajikistan 132 7,047 374 306 TaJUKHKHc Turkmenistan 543 10,914 749 298 TypKMeHH Ukraine 2,219 93,548 4,700 4,150,711 4,347 YKpaHHa Uzbekistan 924 29,639 1,280 1,106 Y36eKHcTa TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAEJ1.HLIA 2-2. Feorpa4)HKqecKoe pacupexAeneHHe BHeIIIHef ToproBJiH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHJLITIHOHOB ,goiuiiapoB CIIIA) Armenia Exports imports Country or Cipana ma.n ApmeHmhs 3xcuoprr HmuopTr Country giroup rpynua cipan 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 191 1992 1993 1994 (f.t. nables) (f.t. rubles) (dollar) (ELt rubles) (f.t. rubles) (dollar) (mumajuowm. (.uaajuom. (.nnanawr. (IMnunjuIVr. py6iset) PY6aent) (AWonn) py6nek) py6iefi) (A-on.) Total trade Bcero 103 1,566 29 877 545 85 Indutibl countries Pa3suThie cTpanas 921 1 7 275 63 Austraia ABcTpauinc 0 1 5 3 Austria Ascrpun 1 2 14 5 0 Belgium Eemu.nu 2 291 4 3 Denmark JJaHuu I 0 Finland *DHMUiMue 3 0 22 0 0 France Obpanuim 3 101 I 27 I I Oannny ~~~~repaNhiJ 1I 3 0 139 12 0 Iceland HcMHmiXu ireland HPn-w Italy HTwuu. 4 161 0 20 6 3 1 Japan S[noHHo I 0 33 19 Nethelands HHAepnawu 27 0 3 1 0 Norway Hopuena 4 Spain Hcnaxne 1 0 0 0 Swieden liswua 6 I11 Switzerlad Iliaefuapw 0 0 0 10 0 0 United KingdOM Beimeo6pffrabou 3 127 0 1 0 12 0 United State CiILA I 207 0 32 204 27 Odh., Qcrw,ninie 2 0 0 0 Deveiopihg countries N&3§MBM=PecX CepsUa 645 12 270 22 Africa A4upuKa 0 6 Ada Maxu 19 0 86 1 Afghanistan A#raHucranH1 148 China KzrraAi 2 19 0 24 82 1 hIdia Hitnus 2 25 4 0 Korea, Rep. of lOzzianKopen 0 0 3 0 Korea,DuL People'sRep. KHUP 2 0 8 0 Mongoia NOWP 0 0 5 0 Viet Nam Baurama 2 9 0 Odher Ocrvu.xae 0 0 0 TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAEJIHIUA 2-2. reorpa4)HqecKoe pacnpegefleHHe BHeliIHeH ToprOBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHJIJIHOHOB gojijiapoB CIlIA) Armenia Exports Imports Country or CTrpasIa ann ApMeHHn 3KcnopT HMuopr Country group rpynna crpan 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (EL rubles) (Lt. rubles) (dollars) (Lt. rubles) (ft. rubles) (dollars) (unnlOawm. (Naroanu. (HHBnIoM. (NHUansOTi. py6ners) py6nen) (A-oinn.) py6nef) py6nef) (Aonn.) Europe Espona 521 5 116 2 Bulgaria Sonrapua 12 376 1 67 15 0 Former Czechoslovakia Gus. 4qexOcunoBarsu 9 3 0 80 . Czech Republic qeIcKaa PecnyfiniKa Slovak Republic CnoBsucKaA Pecny6nuHKa Hungary BeHsrpHA 6 52 0 49 3 0 Poland lnojmma 7 16 0 84 10 1 Romiania PyM]6.MM 4 0 0 20 0 Turkey Typuu 0 46 0 3 85 0 Former Yugoslavia E3As. lOrocnaasHa 2 29 0 28 I 0 Others OcTanm.ue 3 0 0 LatIn America and the Carbbean JXaaTmcxax AMepma.s 4 0 I 0 Cuba Ky6a 6 51 I 0 Others Ocranjmi.e 4 0 0 O Mddle East iBuHHNi BnBOC..K 101 7 68 19 Egypt, Arab Rep. ErHner 0 0 0 0 Iaq HpaK 1 libya nHIsMHa Syrian Arab Rep. CupHua .. 37 1 10 .. 16 0 Others Ociran]6n1ue. . 65 6 .. 52 19 Notes: n c.u. - national currency units. See notes for details. ft rubles - foreign trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convertible rubles. KomMetrrapiM: py6nefu - o3HaqaeT BHYTpeCHHX HWM KoHaepTHpyeMblX py6JneH TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TANIHJ11A 2-2. Feorpad)HqecKoe pacinpeAi~eieHsHe BHemiHieH ToproBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHrIJI11HOB AJ~oIJIaPOB CMlA) Azerhaijan Exports imports Country or Capana uirn A3ep6aHAst2uaH HmcnopT HUp Co-ntry group rpyuna crpan 1990 1991 1992 1993 19419 1991 1992 1993 1994 (f.t. rubles) (dollars) (dollrs) (f.t. rubles) (dollars) (dollar) (HHUBjIN1Th. (MuHanorm. py6ine*k) (PY6.nef) (A~Omi.) (AWoju.) PY611tfi) (PY611ek) (A-zu.) (AOwal.) Total trade Bcero 436 744 737 351 1,280 2,149 329 241 Imdustria countries PaanHmzecrpanaa 65 270 218 133 Australia Aac'rpaima 1 4 2 6 Austria ABcT'rpu 7 4 34 6 1 8 22 8 8 Belgiumn Bem.rHia 9 4 4 0 5 16 6 0 Denmark flaHHsi 5 4 5 0 Finand OHHIIuw.zW 10 20 1 6 39 4 0 France *paHIIRM 12 2 2 2 22 2 27 1 Germany EepMaHHA 49 3 1 3 4 172 1 7 1 0 1 9 Iceland HCurawUnI 0 Ireland Hpnaiuum 0 5 Italy H4TaJU1 I11 S 19 13 54 21 5 9 Japan SlnomuA 1I 0 1 53 80 0 Netherlands HHmepnatwu. 9 2 0 0 10 6 3 1 Norway HopBerHAI Spain Hcnaiue 5 0 0 4 1 1 0 Sweden iIacewiA 4 I 8 0 1 0 Switzerland EiBleiiuapHiA 1 5 2 3 17 10 I 10 United Kingdom Be.rnlo6pwratwAs 1 4 6 145 3 1 2 1 1 4 1 5 United States CIlIA 4 0 40 3 39 9 24 1 1 Others OcTarmn.ue 0 4 7 2 Devreloping countiries PaTauuaauoutiecs cwpanaa 679 467 1,931 197 Africa AdJpHxa 6 7 0 6 68 AsiA Aa3us 421 5 1,420 4 Afghanistan AtraiuicTaH 4 17 4 3 8 2 2 China Kirraif 8 0 0 28 2 0 3 India HnrMn 9 1 57 23 0 0 Korca, Rep. of IOXKHaa Kopem I 6 0 Korea, Den. People'sRep. KHJiP 5 0 0 16 1 0 Mongolia MI-HP 7 0 VietNarn Biernam 8 6 1 7 8 0 Others Oc-rarniLHie 396 0 1,379 1 TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAEJIHLlA 2-2. reorpal4MqecKoe pacnpegeaeHHe BHeUIHeC ToproBJIH, 1990 -1994 rr. (MHJIJIHOHOB toJIJIapoB CIMIA) Azerbaian Exports Imports Country or Crpana UnI A3ep6aIAXCaH 3KcnopT HMnopT Country group rpynna eTpa 1990 1°91 1992 1,93 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (f.t. rubles) (dollar) (dollars) (f.t. rubles) (dolls) (dollars) (HunaanrDT. (ansa nm. py6nen) (py6we*) (Aonn.) (,nonn.) py6neli) (py6neik) (Ao-M.) (AoJv.) Europe EBpona 7S 232 237 129 Bulgaria Eoirapun 41 0 5 2 92 17 3 2 FonnerCzechoslovakia EsB. 4lexocjioesaji 33 15 109 35 7 Czech Republic 4emcKas Pecny6nuia ... Slovak Republic Cnosauc"sA Pecny6muKa .. Hungary BeHrpHA 27 22 6 1 60 9 4 1 Poland flwun,ma 26 8 6 6 140 81 25 6 Romania PyMLhIIe 16 2 0 0 30 70 0 Turkey Typwui 5 31 126 61 12 9 87 64 Former Yugoslavia Eis. 10rocnaeHA 11 12 1 .. 37 15 3 Others OcrawmH.ie 2 73 0 Latin America and the Carbbean JlaTemanm AmepBK2 .. 4 .. 24 2 Cuba Ky6a 26 4 67 0 Others OcTranmH.e 24 2 Mlddle East E,muxwmm-borr .. 170 231 8.. 13 62 Egypt, Amb Rep. ErHner 3 6 38 2 0 Iraq HpaK 5 0 229 56 Libya HB.nD. 0 .. .. Syrie Amb Rep. CHPHR I 2 .. 24 15 0 Otrs Ocra&n.ine 168 1 131 4 Notes: atc.u. - national cunrency units. See notes for details. ft rubles - foreign trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convertible rubles. KommelrrapHH: pyOrneHi - onsHaqaeT BHyTrpeHnMx wnH KoHsepTHpyemi6ix py6neui TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAEJIIHtJA 2-2. reorpa4)HqecKoe pacHpegeiieHHe BHeeuHeli ToprOBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHnJIHOHOB ,AoJJIapoB CIMA) Belarus Exports Imports Country or CTpaa Hilm BeenapycB 3Kcnopr HMrOpT Country group rpynna cTpan 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (f.t. rubles) (dollars) (dollars) (ft. rubles) (dollars) (dollars) (HHaanwi. (HDJanIO. py6ne*) (Aenn.) (Aonn.) py6nefl) (AomL) (,aonM.) Totaltrade Bcero 2,515 1,061 737 3,296 755 777 Industral countries Psa zTme c7pau, 471 328 423 548 Austalia ABcTrpaRm 2 I I 20 Austria ABCrpHa 21 111 27 65 53 46 Belgi-u Eemr.nHA 38 6 13 13 4 4 Danmark JAaio 8 1 3 15 2 18 Finland mHnmtcUsi 74 24 9 149 10 8 Frnce OpaUHL 68 13 8 44 19 33 Gamany repMaHHn 293 63 100 893 110 179 Iceland HcnaaHna 2 I Ireland HpnamAz 3 I I 6 3 Italy HTMa 87 22 26 35 14 18 Japan AnoHHn 54 6 2 107 8 10 Netherland HmAepliaHAbm 66 42 25 23 22 22 Nonway HopserenA 8 4 4 12 8 Spain HcnaHmo 28 6 3 6 5 Sweden mBset 22 5 4 33 3 4 Switzerland MIeHuapmIe 9 77 27 52 52 59 United Kingdom BemKlo6pHmraHHx 77 37 19 28 32 42 United States CIA 23 43 39 211 92 87 Othras OCTrmHue 9 17 2 2 Deveoi g counies Pa3maasaoutecs cTpaus. 511 409 206 229 Afric A4ppaKa 47 13 14 40 Ada A3. 104 90 21 39 Afghanistan A mc-raH 18is 4 4 0 2 8 China KHTraH 47 28 28 86 6 18 India 50 9 6 III 6 5 Korea,Rep.of lOxnaaKopea 8 5 4 17 I I Korea, Denm People's Rep. KHJIP 56 3 2 29 .. Mongolia MHP 41 8 1 25 2 1 Viet Nam BberHaM 46 2 1 . 48 I I Others OcTrain.iue 45 44 .. .. 3 5 TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAIJIHllA 2-2. Feorpa4*HqecKoe pacrnpegeJreHHe BHemUHek ToproBJ'u4, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHai.HroHoB goaiJiapoB ClIA) Belarus Exports Imports Country or CTPana HuH IBeniapyci 3KCHopT HIEopT Cos group rpyna epaN 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (Et. rubles) (dolla) (dolla) (ft. rubles) (dollars) (dolls) (HBBaoUu. (uHsa.uom. pyinen) (Aonn.) (Aeon.) py6une*) (Aoun.) (Aonn.) Europe Eapona 322 225 173 -164 Bulgaria EonrapHi 240 17 13 427 12 9 Fomer Czechoslovakia El". 'lexocxosaKsM 220 32 3 486 10 3 Czech Republic '-ewCxaA Pecny6numa Slovak Republic CnomaucKaax Pecny6mnKa Hungay BeHrpHs 164 24 19 310 16 18 Poland noinma 202 159 106 830 95 58 Rornania PyMuIHKA 98 11 11 . 159 2 2 Turkey Typwi 26 24 31 15 5 23 Fonner Yugoslavia Eaa. IOrocnaiaHA 76 42 1 125 33 4 Others Ocrawmtrwe 13 41 47 LaIfn Ameriea and the Carlbbean JlaTscKxax Amepuna 54 63 4 24 Cuba Ky6a 141 18 5 283 4 7 Others OcTra^we. 36 58 17 .Mddle East BjmmnnH BocToK 18 17 8 2 Egypt, Arab Rep. EruneT 20 8 2 25 8 1 Iaq HpaK 12 Libya hasqH, 4 4 Sygian Arab Rep. CHpHa 4 1 8 27 Others Ocram.mH.e 9 7 1 Notes: n.c.u. - national cufrency units. See notes for details. ft rubles - foreign trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convertible rubles. KoMmeirrapHd: py6nieui - 03Haqaer 5HyTpeHHHx ana KoHBepTmpyeMbIx py6neh TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAIIIHlA 2-2. reorpa*H'ecsxoe paCipegeAeHHe BHeimiHeHf TOprOBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHjijiHoHOB AtojijiapOB CIMIA) Estonia Exports inports Country or CipaRa mra 3CTOHHX 3HCuopr HranopT Coenry group rpyœna erpa1 19 199 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 19S2 1993 1994 (rublea) (rubks) (n.c-.) (uic.u) (r-bks) (rubles) (n.cJL) (n.c.u) (mammon. (nasiou. (Hamwmo. (Ha z"u. (py6net) (py6ae*) Bai. ex) Ban. eA-) (py6neh) (py6nen) ban. eA.) Bna. eA.) Totaldtre Bcero 198 269 2,939 6,103 741 679 2,776 8,622 INdAbl C0outaiea Pa3vz e ecWau 70 196 2,568 5,506 308 444 2,604 8,120 Austalia ABCrpaJms 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 Austra A3crpHn 6 5 35 28 15 9 41 30 Belgiam Bemnur 1 1 23 66 4 7 35 124 Darnark ,Caio 1 6 133 253 4 6 89 307 Findr * zwMUM 30 119 1,173 2,203 55 89 1,161 3,304 France Opamuwn 2 2 20 32 11 61 45 138 Gemany repmasm 9 10 216 851 78 37 427 1,237 Iceland HcnaJHAH. 1 6 I 0 0 1 Ireland Hpwus..H. 0 5 3 21 Italy HTWmHR I 1 17 69 22 13 25 245 Japan 5AnOHns 0 0 17 47 28 9 136 498 Netherlands HnmepnaHu 2 15 283 431 8 6 91 429 Norway HopBeraR 0 1 17 63 5 1 19 56 Spain HCnBHRg 3 6 5 2 1 3 27 Sweden llewcA 11 27 429 1,011 5 35 301 1,055 Switzerland LBCRemUaPHR 24 37 -. 34 61 United Kingdom BeWMKo6pPHTam 0 3 45 148 38 4 64 173 United States CIA 5 6 104 198 30 157 121 322 Others OcrwmfLue I 1 25 51 .. 3 8 10 53 Developing countries PanSHBaSOUect cIpaxar 75 33 374 591 279 174 172 458 Africa A$ppnca 3 38 165 7 1 4 Asia A3ma 15 9 16 46 76 83 82 197 Afghanistan AoraHHCTIH I 1 6 4 0 3 1 2 China Ksrrau 0 7 0 27 12 28 12 47 India HH 0 0 1 0 48 46 18 20 Korea, Rep. of lOXHax KopeA I 8 28 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. KHaP 2 0 0 4 3 2 0 1 Mongolia MHP 9 1 0 1 0 0 Viet Nam BbeTHaM 2 0 0 0 3 4 0 6 Others OcTam,wHle I 8 10 8 43 93 TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAI;JIHULA 2-2. Ueorpa4rHqecKoe pacnpegqeneHHe BHeCLHeH ToprOBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHnInJIHOHOB gionzxapo CIIA) Estonia Exports linports Country or CTpana Rn. 3CTOHHU5 3KcnopT HanopT Country group rpynna crpan 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (rubles) (rubles) (nc.u.) (n.c.u.) (rubles) (rubles) (n.cu.) (ncu.) (HanstoE. (Haguon. (Haomon. (usasHon. (py6ssefi) (py6fieeh) Bani. e4.) Bani. eA.) (py6ne6k) (py6iefi) Bani. eR.) Bani. eR.) Europe EBpona 44 23 219 297 158 90 65 178 Bulgaria Eonrapus 8 2 7 27 28 10 5 12 Former Czechoslovakia Ba. MexocnoBaKn 9 3 72 68 52 28 23 52 Czech Republic lemcKaxA Pecny6.J.Ka Slovak Republic CnonaucKaA Pecny6mnca Hungary BeuirpuA 7 7 26 48 25 7 19 50 Poland Hornma 17 7 106 112 23 24 16 48 Romania PyMbl.zm 4 0 1 7 I I 11 0 4 Turkey Typua 0 2 0 27 4 0 0 6 FormerYugoslavia EBu. lOrocannBA 0 2 5 6 15 10 1 2 Others OcranbHme 2 2 0 4 LatinAAmericaandtheCaribbean JlaTm Ocas AmepNUCa 13 2 42 32 39 1 19 63 Cuba Ky6a 11 2 - 3 1 Others Ocrarnmlale 2 0 42 32 36 19 63 Middle East ESNnmix BocroK 56 51 6 16 Egypt, Arab Rep. ErKner 15 27 I Iraq Hpax 0 Libya JbsHJ. 0 1 Syrin Aab Rep. CHPHJ 0 1 0 0 Othes Ocrarnr6ue 41 23 6 14 Notes: rnc.u. - national currency units. See notes for details. ft rubles - foreign trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convertible rubles. KouenrpapA: py6neg - oumqaer sHyrpeuX HinH KonsepTHpyeux py6nek TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAWJ1H1A 2-2. Feorpa4jHqeCKoe pacnpeA~ejieHHe BHeIUHeH ToproBJlIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHaJIHOHOB AoJIJIaPOB CIIIA) Georgia Experts Imnportt Country or Cilfia Uina JZyHn 3Ez HNU.PT Couftry gmap rpyuna cipam 1990 1991 1992 193 lSIW 1990 1991 1992 193 19 (dollans) (dollar) (dollarv) (dollar) (doglar) (doflar) (AWoL") (AW-us) (AWJ'n) (AO..rL) (AOvsL) (AWML) Totabltrai Bcwao 194 27 10 1,056 501 7 Iaindurl coutries Na3wiue ipauu 23 8 9 514 137 3 Asaralia ADacrame Austria Ascpxa 0 1 24 4 0 Belgium EerAnu. I 1 4 1s Denmark flasn 3 0 0 Finland OsjUusIjAK 0 0 9 3 Fance OpSIUDU 76 16 0 Germany r'epamusx 0 3 1 195 49 0 Ieland Hcnanjui Ireland HpnaLHAzex 0 Italy HTamxi 0 46 5 0 Japan AlnoHex 0 22 0 0 Nedherlands HHAPnaw s0 6 0 -Nrway HopReenH Spain HCnaMeA Sweden HIBewus 6 11 0 Switzerland fflei4UMPHe 2 1 9 1 Unite Kingdom BenHKo6psrrnmmu 14 1 0 United States CIlIA 0 34 3 1 2 Others OCTa.rnMHbe 1 9 1 65 8 0 Developing countjies Pa3ZHZa,ontnecx cTpansJ 171 1 9 1 542 364 4 Africa A4,pusca 5 39 42 0 Asia A3Ux 103 9 0 218 37 0 Afghanistan AOraHHc-raH I 0 0 China KwrTaii 8 6 65 1 6 0 India HnMInu 0 106 20 0 Korea, Rep. of lOxH~aA Kopeq 2 I Korea, Dem. People's Rep. KHJiP 0 . .0 Mongolia MHPi 9 2 . Viet Nam BI.e'rsam 71 9 0 Others OCTaJmFn.Ie 1 3 36 TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAEJI1LtA 2-2. reorpa4bHmecKoe paciipeAenieHHe BHeUmeH TOprOsnu, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MzurnInHoB AonvaapoB CIIIA) Georgia Exports Inporb Country or CPmna Imm rp3v3HA 3xc1iip'r Elnm=T Coantry group rpynua cpa 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (dolla) (dola) (dollr) (dola) (doaga) (dollr) (A-n.) (AGI.) (A-) (AOenn) (Aenn) (AOJ.) Europe Espona 37 8 I 223 277 3 Bulgeria EonrapHun 11 1 65 9 0 FonnerCzedioslovaida Bum. tLexoc0osaoum 0 0 0 59 16 0 Czech Republic tlemcK&x Pecny6nHa .. .. . Slovak Republic CilosaucKaA Pecny6mKa .. Hungary Bewrpas 12 3 0 .. 27 9 Poland fnowma 5 3 0 25 12 0 Romania Py,.u.uO 0 0 17 9 0 Turkey Typuax 8 0 0 .. 0 214 3 Fonner Yugoslavia ES.. IOrocnass. .. . 30 9 0 Otben Ocra,uiie .. .. Laths Amerks and the Caribbea Jlarunexas AmepuKa 19 2 .. 27 0 Cuba Ky6a 9 2 .. Oher Ocrainie 10 .. .. .. .. 27 .. 0 4 NMYdk East SMnn-P BOCI'R 7 1 .. .. .. 35 B 0 Egypt ArabRep. EniCer I 0 .. .. .. 19 1 0 Iraq HpaK .. .. .. .. .. I .. .. Ubya Thaes .. 0 .. .. .. .. .. Syrian Aab Rep. CupN" 5 0 .. .. .. 11 7 0 Otes Ocrarmume 2 0 .. .. .. 3 0 0 Notes: n.c.u. - national urany unitL See notes for details. ft rubles - foreigii fade or valuta rubles. rmbles - domestic or convertible rubles. Komueirrapin: py6neft - o3Haqaer sHyTpeO Ix KsHaieppTpya4X pyGJest TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAIEJIH1XA 2-2. reor-pad)H'IeCKoe pacinpeLAej1eHHe BIe1CMHef TOProBilH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHJIJIHOHOB ,io1ijiapoB CIIIA) Kazakhstan Exports linports Country or Crpaua NnE Ka3axcrali 3Keuop'r HmuopT Countrygroup rpynna e7an 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 190 1991 1992 1993 1994 (f.t. rubles) (dollars) (dollars) (f.t. rubles) (dollars) (dollars) (Hnua.no'r. (EKHUUJ1IoT. py6nefi) (A-.w.) (A-ju.) py6nieu) (AoJIJ.) (jAw,u.) Toaltrade Beero 1,112 1,451 1,485 2,433 565 472 Industria countiries Pa3numIe Cqpans.s 835 940 182 248 Australa ABcrpwArs 0 1 2 1 7 7 Austria ADcrpnil I0 50 32 35 30 21 Belgium Bemrnrui IS 1I1 13 7 -8 Denniark flaHHA 4 3 8 7I Finland DHjH 28 43 9 83 25 5 France 1PP8Hwsa 30 19 7 41 7 9 G-y ~~~~~~repmaiHAx 122 123 131 436 19 76 Iceland HcxiaHuia 0 0 Ireland HPxIRHuno 5 0 Italy HTaI!HR 38 40 84 80 30 21 Japan 1nHA38 49 37 67 4 4 Netherlands H1MePn1aHZL.1 31 52 49 15 I 1 Norway HopBerHui 1 3 4 Spain HcUaHIfA II 1 14 8 0 Sweden UIBse.is 7 150 91 16 10 2 Switzerland llBeituapHA 4 104 175 30 15 18 United Kingdom Beimnno6ptrrames 34 26 97 31 23 19 United States CIlIA 10 101 145 63 6 38 Other OCTaAmnazC 59 22 12 18 Developing countries Pa3u3nnauouteez epanaLi 616 545 383 224 Africa A4)pnKa 13 0 12 Asia A3mus 286 235 Afghanistan A$raHHCTSHi 7 4 3 3 2 1 China KHTauil 39 237 172 127 213 80 India HHMus 24 1 3 48 9 13 Korea,Rep. of lOzimisKopeA 3 12 46 8 1 9 Korea,Dern.People's Rep. KHLI 18 18 22 64 9 0 Mongolia MHP 19 3 0 41 0 VietNan BierTHam 20 I 33 Others Ocra.rHu.se 11 1 TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAEJIH1HA 2-2. Ueorpa4rnmecKoe pacupeC eJeHHe BHeClIHeC TOpFOBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MUuniHoHoB fAoJ1JapOB CIHA) Kazakhstan Exports Imports Country or Cwpana HnH Ka3axcTai 3KCnopT UmnopT Country group rpynna cipan 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (ft rubles) (dollars) (dollars) (ft. rubles) (dollars) (dollars) (HnBaalOT. (HHBEJaOTH. py6Aeh) (,toan.) (,ltoa.) py6nai) (Aonn.) (Aoaa.) Europe EBpoIIa 236 79 Bulgaria Bonrapua 100 18 22 202 2 4 Former Czechoslovakia BuB. 'lexocnoBaa 83 .. 80 49 .. 220 4 48 Czech Republic 'leiucaaR Pecny6mnnta .. .. 19 43 Slovak Republic ChIosaltcKaA Pecrxy61JKa .. 30 .. .. .. .. 5 Hungary BenrpHa 56 .. 21 37 .. 151 27 23 Poland flonmLia 70 .. 49 37 .. 260 .. 9 4 Romania PyMsaHn 40 5 2 .S .. 5 2 Turkey TypLHA 13 16 56 .. 5 15 Former Yugoslavia BLs. lOrocnsasA 33 14 1 .. 66 27 0 Others OcTrajmme .. 33 .. Lain America and the Caribbean JIsinecn Amepuua .. .. 22 .. .. .. 29 . Cuba Ky6a 57 .. 19 .. 117 29 4 Othrs OcTaru,se .. 3 .. 0 00 Middle East EJmHEMU Bocro. 72 .. .. .. 40 . Egypt, ArabRep. ErnneT 6 .. .. 0 9 raq Hpax 5 .. 0 LAbya JlhbrHs .. .. 0 Syrian Ab Rep. Cup-r 2 I .. 27 .. Othen Ocramn.ae .. 72 .. 40 Notes: nac.u. - national currency units. See notes for details. ft rubles - foreign trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convertible rubles. KommeHrrTapir: pyW6nei - osHaqaer sHyrpeHHmx Hsn KolmepTupyeaux py6.neA TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAIJIHUA 2-2. 1'eorpa4rn'leCKoe pacixpeg~eiieHHe BHeMIHeA ToproBnJH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHIIJIHOHOB OAMASPOD CIlIA) Kyrgyzstan Exports Imports Country~ or Crjana NJ!. KLIpri.aCTaH 3KCnoP'r HMUOpr Coutry grop rpyuna cwpa 1990 1991 1992 1993 199 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (ft. rubles) (dollar) (dollars) (dollars) (f.t. rubles) (dollars) (dollars) (dollars) (NEuaa.mu. (.unanunu. Py6jie*) (AonJx.) (AW-nn) (Aojen) py6nefi) (AJWou.) (Ao.w.) (AJouLn) Totaltrade BoW. 67 4 1 77 112 870 1,374 70 112 Indulstial countries aaniu're c7rpus 27 35 36 Australia ABcrpanme 0 3 Austris Ascrpun I 0 1 3 29 I Belgum Eem6rnus 0 0 5 Damwrk flame I Finlad *insnswuu I I 0 0 26 0 0 Franwe OpaNuli I 7 0 13 6 3 0ermany r'epmaioe 6 2 6 5 157 3 Iceland Hc,sawuu reland Hp-nAwu Italy HTmzue 8 0 1 0 20 2 1 Japn Auouwi 1 7 3 0 -.42 0 0 Netherlands Hw2epnaHjAa 2 0 3 0 Norway Hopserun 0 00 Spain Hcnsiou I 0 5I Sweden lllewsz I 0 2 1 6 0 0 Switzerland bfhetuapsui 4 1 2 0 United Kingdom Bemano6pwrammoI 1 12 30 10 3 1 United States CIHIA 1 9 0 I10 23 55 Others Ocr'amniHie 8 0 Develophng countries Nisuuaaftupeca crpanu 9 41 3 5 Africa Atpusca 0 3 Adia kA-ii 4 32 17 Afghaista A)raHHc'raH 1 0 3 0 0 0 China Kirraft 10 3 28 59 30 1 6 1 9 India HiuMa 1 I 1 25 0 Korea, Rep. of lOzHaa KopeA 0 0 1 8 1 0 Korea, Demn.People'sRep. KHaiP 8 3 0 9 0 0 Mongolia UluI 1 I 0 0 5 0 Viet Nam BbeTHam I 0 -9 Others Oc'raimHie TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAUJIH1IA 2-2. Ueorpa4rHqecKoe pacnpeqejieHHe BHeLUHeHi ToproBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHJIJIHOHoB qoJIJIapoB CILIA) Kyrgyzstan Exports Imports Country or CTpana Hun KLIprLI63CTaH 23KcnOpT HMHoIpT Country group rpynna cTpan 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (f.t. rubles) (dolars) (dollars) (dolars) (f.t. rubles) (dollars) (dollars) (dollars) (HHBanIwrn. (HHBaaaaoTH. py6nea) (Aosn.) (Wo-.) (Aonu.) py6neri) (Aojn.) (Aonn.) (Aown.) Europe EBpona 1 4 - 12 Bulgaria EonrapHm 6 1 0 0 66 I 0 Former Czechoslovakia EBB. 'exocnoBaKHA 4 0 81 3 0 Czech Republic 4leuicKaA Pecrry6nuKa .. 0 .. 0 Slovak Republic CjioBaucKaA Pecdy6nHKa .. .. .. 0 Hungary BeHrpHA 3 0 0 0 54 4 5 Poland IQ6ou11a 3 0 0 1 .. 63 0 3 Romarnia PyMlH)tX 2 0 0 .. 14 0 0 Turkey Typui 0 0 2 3 6 3 9 Former Yugoslavia EBr6. IOrocnasun 2 0 1 .. 25 Others OcTannHhie .. .. Ladin America and the Caribbean JlaTmnexas AMepHKa .. I .. .. .. Cuba Ky6a 3 1 .. .. .. 26 .. Others Ocr8ammsae .. .. .. .. .. Middle East &Wmmc:EE BOcI .. 3 6 .. .. 5 Egypt, Arab Rep. Eruner .. 0 .. .. .. 3 .. Iraq Hpa .. 0 .. .. .. .. Libya ThmsH. .. .. .. .. .. SyrianArab Rep. CNP. .. . 0 .. 4 .. 0 Oters Ocranuuole .. 3 6 .. .. 5 Notes: n.c.u. - national curency units. See notes for details. f.l rubles - foregn trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convertible rubles. Koua eirapHN: py6neu - 03Haqaer nyTpeHMIx HMM KoHNepTHpyeMIx py6nesi TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAIEHIIA 2-2. reorpad)HqeCKoe pacnpegeJieHHe BHemHel ToprOBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHIJIHOHOB ,1oJIJapoB CIIIA) Latvia Exports ILports Country or Crpaea DIE JlaTBHI 3KcnopT HMnopT Country group rpynna CTpan 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (f.t. rables) (nc.u.) (dollars) (f.t. rubles) (-c.u.) (dollars) (unoanwr. (uannoH. (nsanu m. (Hammon. py6nek) *an. etA) (Aonn.) py6nen) *an. ex.) (AowvL) Total trade Bcero 140 287 460 1,337 221 339 Indiarl countries ParuTrue cTpan. 238 351 188 297 Ausdrlia AscTpaOm. 0 0 0 4 0 0 Ausria AacTpHp 6 4 2 13 5 5 Belgium eSensrHa 6 33 15 7 3 5 Denmark QaHiau 2 4 9 12 4 18 Finand OHHnrHMr 12 21 20 45 14 40 France *p8HuHJ 2 7 11 18 5 6 GeCnany repmlaIH 14 45 67 241 81 94 Iceland HcnasMi. 0 0 0 0 0 0 Irelbnd Hp-ai"s 0 0 1 0 1 Italy HTanr 7 4 14 31 3 8 Jaan Alnomoen 4 4 7 32 4 11 Netberlands HnaepnaHxA I 43 77 11 19 10 Norway HopBernR 3 2 3 3 0 2 00 Spain HcnaHri 2 2 2 3 1 3 Sweden Illsewuw 9 43 64 29 21 54 Switzerland UllBeiHupHa I 1 4 15 5 6 United Kingdom BenHxo6pHTamiA I 20 48 12 3 20 United States CIIIA I 2 7 51 14 14 Others OcranmwHie 2 2 5 2 Developing countries Par3afBaloutsecs crpana. 48 109 33 42 Africa A4rpmKa 4 2 9 8 2 2 Asia Ai3ms 10 37 6 11 Afghanistan AIraHHCTaH I 0 1 0 0 China KHTafa 4 6 9 12 I I India UH 2 0 0 28 2 3 Korea, Rep. of IOEHaA KopeA 0 0 5 0 0 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. KH,D,P I 0 0 9 0 1 Mongolia MHP 0 0 0 0 Viet Nam BheTHam 2 0 0 8 0 0 Others OcranjHbie 4 26 2 5 TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAEJIHLA 2-2. reorpa4HNvecKOe pacdape,geJieHHe BHeWWHeft TOprOBH., 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHJIIHoHoB goninapoB CIHA) Latvia Exports Imports Country or CTpana Hun JnaTBHH 3KCenopT HMUopT Country group rpynna cTpan 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (ft rubles) (n.c.u.) (dollars) (ft. rubles) (n.c.u.) (dolars) (HuBaJUOTH. (RaRrHou. (mnnan oTl. (nainHog. py6nen) san. eA.) (A-onu.) py6nea) nan. eA.) (Ao-n.) Europe Espona 26 51 22 24 Bulgaria EonurapH 8 2 5 105 1 2 Former Czechoslovakia EL.. 'lexocsjosaKH 6 4 4 121 4 4 Czech Republic 'eiuCKax Pecny6nHKa. Slovak Republic CnoaaUcKaA Pecny6bulKa Hungary Bearpa 5 . 6 6 124 3 3 Poland Hon,oa 13 13 30 140 7 9 Romania PyMblunu 5 0 1 31 0 0 Turkey Typwm I 0 4 4 3 5 Former Yugoslavia ELs. IOrocnasHA 3 2 1 31 4 2 Others Ocranamue 0 0 0 0 Latin America and the Caribbean JaTancmuI AmepaKa 4 6 2 6 Cuba Ky6a 5 2 0 70 2 0 Others Ocranmn.ie 1 6 0 5 co Middle East SumjuBocru B.C. . 6 6 .. 0 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. ErHne 1 . 0 0 6 .. 0 0 Iraq Hpax I 0 0 .. .. .. 0 libya T. 0 0 .. .. 0 . Syrianrab Rep. CNPI. .. 0 0 10 .. .. 0 Oters OcraNmue .. 6 6 .. 0 0 Note: n.c.u. - national cunuicy units. See notes for details. ft rubles - foreign trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convertible rubles. KomemerapnH: py6nei - o3HaqncT BNyrpemN ms WM KomepTmpyeum pydness TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TABJIHIXA 2-2. reorpa4rnMecKoe pacnpexenieHHe BHeCHeiH TOproBnJH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHUJLIHOHOB ,iornnapou CIIIA) Lithuania Exports Imports Country or CTrpaHa MHA JIHTBa 3wCeIopT HimnopT Country group rpynna Crpen 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (f.t rubles) (rubles) (nt-a.) (n.a.L) (f.t rubles) (rables) (tCa.) (tc.a) (nuDan .m. (uaiinou. (us4uo. (NuRmann. (ualo.. (naiwon. py6nei) (py5ae*) san. en.) Ban. ex) py6ne*) (py6nei) BawL eA.) mLn. eA.) Total trade Beero 407 622 30,700 2,882 1,294 840 13,917 2,963 Industrida countries Pa3uTse cTpanu 389 23,246 1,814 459 12,574 2,455 Ausbalia Acrpanssn 0 1 2 2 5 18 4 Austria AscrpuJI 3 1 250 17 19 23 213 84 Belgium Senan 6 79 1,313 59 5 14 308 63 Demnark famim 1 37 2,404 131 5 1 189 239 Finland OmHUNsUHnc 24 32 1,369 76 44 6 674 125 France Opamnul 11 8 1,392 72 17 52 123 68 Germany repMaH}W 46 68 4,908 592 221 105 3,609 945 Iceland HCnasUXUA 0 0 5 1 0 1 Ireland HpnaHMH 0 61 4 2 24 4 Italy HTamA 11 37 977 188 26 10 183 180 JPaDn SlnOHuu 9 1 107 3 30 8 251 23 Netherlands HHAepnamHAs 8 7 2,362 244 6 28 195 224 Norway HopsenUm 4 8 167 17 2 0 2 13 Spain HCnam 4 1 40 36 4 0 57 12 Sweden IUBeLm 9 32 2,885 153 14 3 881 107 Switzerland IlsefUaPHUm 2 29 823 36 .. 15 11 382 126 United Kingdom Beu3mo6pHraHHsI 13 44 3,505 136 11 9 448 92 UnitedStates CIIIA 4 3 341 22 49 129 2,118 115 Othfes OcranLime .. 3 341 21 .. 60 2,900 30 DevelopIng countries Pa3Bsnasosmeca cTrpas.. 233 7,454 1,068 .. 394 1,343 508 Africa Aq!PmKa 5 0 45 27 7 8 40 7 Asia A3ns 81 175 165 103 117 30 Afghanistan A*raHHc-raH 1 7 3 0 .. .. China KHTaiU 9 1 0 34 .. 10 20 51 3 India 1HHw. 8 .. 0 .. 37 66 2 3 Korea, Rep. of ]OucHas KopeAS .. .. 0 .. 6 0 16 5 Korea, Dem People's Rep. KHJIP 3 1 7 .. 8 7 0 Mongolia MI? 7 9 1 0 .. 4 Viet Nam BiberHaM 7 2 52 113 13 3 Others OCTarnnHble - 61 119 12 .. 7 48 19 TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAEJIHIA 2-2. reorpambHeciKoe pacrpe1geJeHHe BHeWHefC TOproBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MRHIIHOHOB iAoAJIapoB CiIIA) Lithuania Exports Iports Country or CTPaBR NuM JIHTBa 3K cnopT HMnopT Country group rpynna CqPan 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (f.t. rubles) (rubles) (n.cu.) (n.c.u) (f.t. rubles) (rubles) (nCu..) (nLcau) (uuBamuTH. (HanNOH. (HnaEHOU. (BnanSDTH. (HasmOH. (UaSEOH. py6inen) (py6neu) Ban. ex.) Ban. ep.) py6neA) (py6neu) saJL etA.) *an. eA.) Europe Espona 132 7,130 845 231 1,185 445 Bulgaria EonrapHA 32 2 415 52 113 23 14 21 Former Czechoslovakia iOm. '4exocjsoBaKa 32 7 441 50 106 30 199 80 Czech Republic 14escKaA Pecny6nHKa I 3 Slovak Republic CaioBaucKaa Pecny6nHKa 0 I Hungary BeHrpHa 21 21 934 80 87 17 134 47 Poland Hloimua 38 84 4,194 608 180 126 810 215 Romania PyMBUia 17 6 369 26 31 13 16 2 Turkey TypuHs 4 10 296 22 5 1 71 FormerYugoslavia EuL. IrocuIaasBA 8 1 73 1 35 22 8 1 Others Ocrarum.ie 1 409 5 2 4 Latin America and the Caribbean JIaTmmcKax AMepca.. 18 49 20 17 1 10 Cuba Ky6a 23 17 44 4 .. 67 0 Others OcranriHm,e 1 5 16 16 1 10 00 Middle East FIIn2Knmg BocToy. 2 56 10 36 16 Egypt, Arab Rep. ErHneT 2 1 6 1 7 18 Iraq HpaK. .. .. Libya Jlsua .. 0 0 Syrian Arab Rep. CsIPuHa 17 .. Others OcranLuHue 1 50 9 . 15 Notes: rLc.u. - national currency units. See notes for details. f.t rubles - foreign trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convertible rubles. KoMmeirrapUU: py6rieH - o3Haqaer BHyrpeHmHx HuM KosBepCrpyeMbix py6neu TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAEJIHflA 2.2. reorpa4JHmeCKOe pacnipe,AejJeHHe BHeLUHeCH ToproBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHrunsoHOHn A~O1JIJaPO.B CMlA) Moldova Exports imports Country or C'qaana N-un Mo.,vAoBa 3xcnoprr Hssuop Coutry7 grouP rpyuua crpau 1990 1991 199 1993 1994 1990 191 1992 1993 1994 (f.t. rubles) (rubles) (rubIes) (dollar) (ft rubles) (rubles) (rubldes) (dollars) (uasa,zmr. (muuanwin. py6ninc) (py6ne*) (py6nsei) (Aonn.) py6nek) (py6,uei) (py6nefi) (A-Wn.) Totaltrade Deero 235 332 17,180 174 1,096 1,207 21,320 181 Jfimtrlal countries P0anarue CNpaua 169 2.993 513 10,36 Australia ABcrpwimn 0 I Austria Ascrpaix 4 49 28 I 18 79 431 3 Belgiumn Be,u6rHmu 4 2 0 0 5 2 93 3 Deannark flaMoe 2 1 0 2 0 25 0 Finland OKHAHJIRB 3 1 0 28 7 26 2 France *vpanmua 4 6 22 0 14 54 262 7 Germay Fepsmax 23 58 721 15 179 65 2,813 29 Iceland HcnaHum. I Ireland HpnanHuu 0 1 Italy HTlmin 10 I 1 142 6 42 19 1,419 9 Japan AnoHmxe 4 10 0 18 30 17 0 Nedieajands HHaepnainumu 4 2 2 1 8 7 211 9 Nowa-y Hopserux 0 00 Spain Henamen 1 1 4 5 Sweden illewen 0 140 1 5 1 40 1 Switzerand lllaesiuapia I 1 1,372 6 13 2 27 3 Umuted Kingdoml BCJDHKOO9HTUOI 5 1 4 56 1 8 7 54 3 United States cmII 1 5 0 1 28 239 4,806 1 3 Othes Ocranu.Hwe 6 509 1 157 Develophug countries Pa3manassupsee crp.fsw 164 14,187 694 10,934 Afrkca AfpmKa 2 1 4 9 1 0 Ada A,uan 4 43 132 539 Afghanistan A#raHHcTaHm I 1 15 0 3 16 0 China KirTas 4 0 0 0 19 23 Is I India Hnjwn 3 0 0 I11 69 487 0 Kors, Rep. of lOXuanKopen I 4 1 0 Korea,DentPeople's Rep. KHaPJ 2 0 1 5 2 1 0 Mongolia NWP 4 0 0 Viet Namn Bi6eTue 4 0 5 2 - Others OcrainmHue 3 28 I10 1 6 TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAEI;IHUXA 2-2. reorpa4nHrecKoe pacnpegqeneHHe BHeMIIHeH TOpFOBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHJIJIHOH BonJIJnapoB CIHA) Moldova Exports Imports Country or CTpana naIH Mon,AoBa 3KCnOpT HMUOpT Country group rpynua crpan 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (Et. rubles) (rubles) (rubles) (dollars) (f.t. rubles) (rubles) (rubles) (dollars) (KseBanioTn. (nssnanasoTm. py6leA) (py6nefa) (py6neA) (Aon.) py6net) (py6nei) (py6nefi) (Aon.r.) Europe EBpona 134 14,106 438 9,990 Bulgaria Eoirapus 29 37 2,387 17 106 48 2,288 6 Former Czechoslovakia ESsa. 4exocnosaxca 20 9 98 1 98 53 142 1 Czech Republic qlewcuKan PCCIIy6nHKa I I Slovak Republic CJOBBauCKaR Pecny6nHiKa 0 0 Hungary BeHrpn 25 18 451 3 69 14 223 7 Poland HoImwLa 16 9 754 1 115 23 376 2 Romania PyMuaIRn 23 55 7,249 106 85 262 6,855 68 Turkey TypUHI 2 3 3,139 2 6 7 34 1 Formner Yugoslavia Eats. IOrocuiasHA 7 3 15 44 31 54 Others OcranuH.Le 13 18 Latin America and the Caribbean JlaTmucta AMepEKa 13 0 96 86 Cuba Ky6a 18 5 0 47 31 0 Others Ocranb.mse 8 65 86 . 00 MiddleEast EjSEnN*BocTrK 12 34 27 319 x0 Egypt, Arab Rep. Ermner I I 5 S 0 Iaq HpaK 0 Libya . . ..U. Syian Arab Rep. CHPHH I .. .. 0 .. 45 19 20 0 Others Ocrawn%ue .. 11 34 .. .. .. 299 Notes: nc.u. - national cusrncy units. See notes for details. f.t rubles - foreign trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convertible rubles. KomneHTsapH: py6nefH - oG&qNeT BHyTrpeHux KMnK KOH359TrHpyCoM py6JnCe TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAKJIHIH A 2-2. reorpambHecKoe pacipegenieHHe BHeMHeH ToprOBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHJIJ1HOHOB AoJIJIapoB CIMA) Russia Exports Imports Country or CTpana Him POCCHm 3:CUcOpT HMUOPT Country group rpynna C7pae 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (f.t. rubles) (dollar) (dollars) (ft. rubles) (dollars) (dollars) (nnua,umn. (nisaanwm. py6nefi) (Aoar.) (Aoni.) py6neu) (Aonn.) (Aonn.) Total trade Bcero 46,017 42,995 44,298 42,091 37,196 26,807 Indus couanries Pa3srTue cTpasu. 23,770 22,401 Australia AscrparsE 13 8 145 52 Austria A.crpmse 417 657 1,405 599 991 855 Belgium Eem,rmsu 699 S84 1,057 276 284 466 Denmaick laumnu 13S 281 190 115 185 190 Finland OmHnu 1,374 1,564 1,364 1,088 1,223 724 France 4*paHmu 1,246 1,967 1,556 670 1,286 899 Germany repmamn 5,256 5,873 5,074 7,263 6,725 5,142 Iceland Hcnawno 42 13 15 4 Ireand Hpna-mu. 19 27 60 112 Italy HTanJ1A 1,670 2,951 2,629 1,001 3,052 1,106 Japan noms 1,094 1,569 2,005 1,214 1,680 1,367 Netherlands HIMepraaiiH,l 1,455 2,277 979 194 368 431 Norwav HopserHu 173 225 284 87 269 88 00 Spain Hcnan 48. 526 385 122 420 175 Sweden Ilulews 364 654 783 229 652 314 Switzerland fBseiiiapas 173 857 1,609 599 480 658 United Kingdom Bemso6pwramncA 1,425 2,287 3,353 646 562 653 United States CIHIA 422 .. 694 1,997 .. 1,266 2,884 2,304 Others OcT&am,ie .. .. 456 .. .. .. .. 1,172 Developing countries Pa3Buaioutu;ecx cTpanu .. .. 19,225 .. .. .. 14,795 Africa Ad4puKa 637 .. 491 .. .. 610 .. 686 Asia A3n. .. 8,145 .. .. .. .. 7,409 Afghanistan AoraHHcraH 272 .. 84 50 .. 56 .. 214 679 China Kjrraui 1,048 .. 2,737 3,068 .. 968 .. 1,669 2,335 India 3HAwa 904 569 474 .. 1,260 .. 822 633 Korea, Rep. of IOXHas KopeA 129 .. 204 391 .. 136 .. 753 306 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. KHaIP 676 .. 227 168 .. 303 .. 65 54 Mongolia MHP 751 189 157 .. 279 .. 249 81 VietNam BberHaM 838 .. 79 .. .. 446 .. 112 Others OcTranHbie . .. 4,056 .. .. .. .. 3,524 TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TALlJIHLIA 2-2. reorpabHRqecKoe pacnpe/ejieHHe BHeLUHeM TOproBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHJIJIHOHOB Loj1jiapoB CIIA) Russia Exports Imports Country or cTpana HniH POCCHsi 3KCUOPT HMnopT Country group rpyuna cTrpaH 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (f.t. rubles) (dollars) (dollars) (ft. rubles) (dollars) (dollars) (unHaBuomTH (HUDa&nOTH. py6nea) (Ao--.) (,Aorn.) py6ned) (A,oJu.) (Ao--.) Europe Espona 9,531 5,710 Bulgaria SonrapHs 4,116 1,165 942 3,498 584 310 Former Czechoslovakia EMBs. 4exocnoBascKA 3,858 2,598 2,311 3,417 1,020 629 Czech Republic MeulcUaA Pecny6nHKa 1 1,379 461 Slovak Republic CnoBaucKaR Pecny6nKa. 932 168 Hungary BerrpHx 2,731 1,506 2,098 2,538 1,089 622 Poland Hionsl.ua 3,064 1,648 1,311 4,163 1,230 529 Romania PYMLIHHU 1,869 605 475 980 431 102 Turkey TypwLio 483 649 1,978 273 383 661 Former Yugoslavia BLa. IOrocnaBHA 1,381 1,032 - 1,233 843 Others OcTainwHe 326 130 Latn America and the Caribbean JIaTHCK&as AMepKa. 191 632 Cuba Ky6a 2,578 191 103 2,326 632 436 Othfrs OcTamus,e.. Middle East fiamEEnk BOCTOK 867 358 Egypt,ArabRep. Eruner 251 139 170 270 239 144 Iaq Hpax 215 543 0 Libya 2lsMA 27 109 97 I Syrian Amb Rep. CUpNIe 113 180 130 470 37 92 Others OcrajmHme 439 81 Notes: n.c.u. - national cuffency units. See notes for details. ft mbles - foreign trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convetible mbles. Ko.mmeurrapHiH: py6neHi - osuiaer BHyTpeHrnx Imm KoHsepTUpyeX py6neut TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAIJI1HIJA 2-2. reorPa4Ji41eCKoe pacl1peLgeJeHHe HenemHeif TOPrOBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (mmaRAHoHoB Lgoij1fapoB CIHA) Tajikistan Exports Imports CoUntry or Crpaisa HlIl Tag.-KHKHCTaH ~3KCHOPT HmnOPT Country group rpyinuac'rpau 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (rubles) (rubles) (rubles) (doUars) (rubles) (rubles) (rubles) (doilars) (py6zseft) (py6.inefi) (py6aeik) (A~oju.) (py(inefi) (pykiefk) (py6jieft) (Aus.) Total trade Bcero 19 69 208 263 48 30 127 374 Industrial countiries Pa-3Bnusre crpanui 15 55 180 19 21 118 Australia ABCTp&rMAs 8 28 90 10 78 Austria ABc-rpwl 12 13 Belgium Baem,ra 2 19 14 19 0 28 Deuinark aaSHHV I Finland (DHHuuuHls 1,364 4 France *VpasHwH 1,556 22 43 Gernany repmasnis I 0 8 3 8 Iceland 1IcxaHsH.R Ireland HipIsaHasIR Italy HTarssA 0 8 7 1 II Japan AlnoHses 5 S I 22 I I 0 2 Netherlands Hugepnanahl 0 0 143 165 -Norway HopserHs 15 7 Spain Hecnamia Sweden Illeuss 61 19 34 Switzerland IflaeiiuapHA 1 0 0 4 United Kingdom Bernmx6ptrratmu 2 0 0 6 United States CUIA 24 0 12 33 Others OCTwjn,Huie 4 3 0 Developing countries Pa3unaa,oumeca eTpaisa 4 13 28 29 9 10 Aftica Ai)pnuca Asia A3u1 3 5 13 6 5 3 Afghanistan A*ratuic-raH 0 5 12 1 0 4 2 1 China Kirrass I I I 0 1110 hindia HsIjinR 0 Korea, Rep. of IOscHaA Kopeq Korea, Dem. People'sRep. KHZIP I3 0 I Mongolia MHIP I0 Viet Namn BaeTHsams. .. Others OCTam.rH.ie 2 0 2 1 TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAEJIHILA 2-2. [eorpa4uqecCKoe pacnpegenelHe HHeMHe4 TopFOIfIIH. 1990 - 1994 rr. (M nnuIoHoB ,H0 onJfapoB Ctf[A) Tajikistan Exports Imports Country or CTpana HnH TaglKHKHCTaH i)KcnopT tMuopT Country group rpynna cTpal 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (rubles) (rubles) (rubles) (doUars) (rubles) (rubles) (rubles) (doUars) (py6neut) (py6neft) (py6neu) (jtonn.) (py6neni) (py6nesi) (py6neu) (xtonn.) Europe EBPOna 0 8 15 23 4 7 Bulgaria Eouirapiix 0 . 0 4 3 0 Former Czecioslovakia SblB. t1XucjO5an .. ..e.. I Czech Republic '-leuicKa Pecny6niKa .. 0 .. .. 0 Slovak Republic CnosaucKaa Pecny6nHKa I .. Hungary BeHrpKm 0 6 0 0 0 1 2 Poland [onauwa 0 10 0 .. 19 0 .. 3 Romania PyM.IHM. .. .. .. .. Turkey TypuuA 2 5 3 .. .. 4 5 Former Yugoslavia EwBr. lOrocasBuH .. .. .. .. .. .. I Others OcranrHo6e .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Latin America and the Caribbean JIaTmnccaz AMepasa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cuba Ky6a .. .. .. .. .. .. Others Oc-rwma,He .. NMiddle East Ejeniucuna BoroKi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt Arab Rep. ErHne.r .. .. .. .. .. .. Iraq Hpa .. .. .. .. .. .. ... Libya lHsHs .. .. .. .. .. .. ... Syrian Arab Rep. CHPHSA .. .. .. .. .. .. Others OcTanrHbm e .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Notes: n.c.u. - national currency units. See notes for details. ft. rubles - foreign trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convertible rubles. KomMeHTapHH: py6nek - o3HaqaeT BHyrpenHHHX HmH KonepeTHpyeMblX py6neft TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAEJIHUA 2-2. reorpa4)HMeCKoe pacnpeaenieHHe BHeMUHCH TOprOBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHJIJIHOHOB ,roJnuapoB CIHA) Turkmenistan Exports Imports Country or Cpasa. HnNI TypKMeHHCTaH 3KCnOpT HIWUOpT Country group rpynna CapeN 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (dollars) (dollars) (dollars) (dollars) (Aoju-.) (Aonn.) (Aonn.) (4A-.) Totaltrade Beero 196 .. 1,049 . 523 . 501 Industrial countries PsUNEThje CTpana. 75 .. .. .. 393 Australia ABcTpas.A .. .... Austria ABCapHA 2 .. 39 .. 9 .. .. 10 Belgium EenrHsA 3 .. 0 3 .. 2 Denmark aam. .. .. ... Finland 0HHnnH=w 7 17 31 .. 3 France *paHNwe 7 87 12 .. 7 Gennany repmaHtm 27 222 246 .. .. 21 Iceland HcnaH=As . . .. .. .. Ireland HpnaKmA .. .. . .. . .. Italy HTaISE 9 . 169 17 . .. 7 Japan AlnoHim 5 . . 1 . 29 4 .4 Netherlands HxAepaaHAmu 3 .. .. 3 .. 3 .. 3 _ Norway HopBerHA . . .. . 11 Spain Hcnaimn 3 . .. .. .. Sweden IlinewAs .. . . 8 .. .. .. 38 Switzerland IUBseHuapHA 5 . .. 41 . 10 .. 8 United Kingdom BenKmo6pirraimA 2 . . 18 3 .. . 12 United States CImIA 2 .. . 0 .. 29 . .. 18 Others OcTazmtnae . . .. Developing countries Pa3nianaaosnmecz erpaHar 121 .... 405 Africa A$~pnKa 2 . .5 Asia A-nHA 22 .., .121 Afghanistan A@r`hluCTaH . 12 ... .6 China Kinra0 7 5 48 ...3 India lHlwa" 7 4 55 ...8 Korea, Rep. of lOxHasi Kopes . 4 ..2 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. KH-IIP 3 ..9 Miongolia MI-ip Viet Narn BIbel Ham 5 io) Others OrmTn,TFHme TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade9 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAEJ;IHIIA 2-2. Ueorpa4(rnecCKoe pacnpegeeiieHHe BHeClHeC1 ToproBJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHznzoHoH BaonnapoB CIHA) Turkmenistan Exports Imports Country or Crpaua Hnnt TypKMeHHCTaH 3KCuOpT IUMiOpT Country group rpynna crpau 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (dollars) (dollars) (dollars) (dollars) (Aonn,) (Aona.) (ROan.) (goan.) Europe Espona 84 241 Bulgaria Bonrapiu 22 20 70 21 Former Czechoslovakia Sibm. qexocnoBaK -. Czech Republic -elucican Pecnry6JuIKa .. Slovak Republic Cnosaucicaa Pecny6nmca . . Hungary Bernrpit 14 44 56 31 Poland Unozi6a 12 12 87 38 Romania PYMNHAUH 10 16 24 32 Turkey Typuux 3 164 3 14 Former Yugoslavia ShIB. IOrocninaBA . Others OcranL.H..ie Latn America and the Caribbean IaTmHHcax Amepnra 14 27 Cuba Ky6a 14 27 Others Oc.ranatne .. 0 MiddleEast EJ'IEDU BOc... 0 10 . Egypt, Arab Rep. ErHner .. .. 0 raq Hpax .. .. .. libya . . . .. Syrian Arab Rep. CHaps .. .. . 0 -. 10 Others Ocrummae .. .. .. .. .. Notes: u.c.u. - national curancy units. See notes for details. ft rubies - forign trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convelible rubles Keoewrapui: py6ueft - o3urawr aHyrpemn mm zom reyerpymux py6nci TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TABJIHIA 2-2. reorpa4)HMCcKoe pacnpenenIeHHe BHCnIHeAl T'roproIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHJIJIHOHOB1 ,tOIIavpoB CHIIA) Ukraine Exports Imports Countr-y or CTpana ensi YKpaIHH&I 3KcflOPT IIUHOpT Country group rpynna c'rpan 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (f.t rubles) (rubles) (dolars) (n.c.u.) (f.t rubles) (rubles) (dollars) (n.c.u.) (HHD.JTIOTh. (naxinorr. (HHBSaiOTr. (nausioon. py6nefi) (py6nieh) (Aon.) BnJ1. eA.) py6net) (py6ne*k) (Aon.) Ban. e, Total trade Beero 7,874 3,774 3,774 15,237,420 9,739 2,103 2,219 4,159,711 Industrial countries Pa3asTm,e erpanas 376 797 2,349,461 855 885 1,504,761 Australia ABcTrparm 13 2 4,509 25 179 1 395 Austria ABaapHR 61 52 42 470,347 196 50 53 212,371 Belgium E>enaniz 109 45 44 13 Dennark LISHHR 24 1 46 8 Finland 0HHsunwAH 196 52 36 48,051 353 45 22 68,120 France 0paHUHa 212 13 50 269,065 158 30 45 197,154 Germany repmaH"i 908 54 141 337,776 1,726 223 292 455,238 Iceland HcnaHawc 3 Ireland HpniawmA 3 I I I 0 Italy HTSJIA 281 60 134 564,149 266 80 234 103,559 Japan Alnomu4 121 80 94 105,588 220 48 42 30,048 Netherflands Hnaepnawtaz 223 57 30 19 - Norway HopBerHus 44 3 18 9 ~O Spain HcnasuuA 82 7 30 7 Sweden IIIBeuna 60 34 64 2 Switzerland IlBeniuapHA 30 19 132 12 United Kingdom Bexuuco6pirratnin 241 31 24 130,180 122 6 15 18,569 United States CIlIA 72 34 28 386,387 250 160 100 391,248 Others OcT&qbHmae 1 81 33,409 34 12 22,059 Developing countries Pa,unnauoiuueca nrpauu . 3,399 2,977 12,970,940 1,248 1,334 2,645,939 Africa A4opuKa 106 45 119 23 Asia WA3u 196 830 1,483,970 86 331 106,425 Afghanistan A*ratuwcrall 37 12 3 2 China Kwrra,b 155 177 724 1,372,319 159 6 92 86,941 India Hwuui 143 19 30 ..283 80 13 19,484 Kora, Rep. of IOxHaAKopeA 22 .. 7 25 195 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. KHJIP 91 0 64 0 Mongolia MHP 128 3 50 ..0 Viet Nun BLeTHam 143 10 68 3 Others OcraamHmic 46 25 TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TABJIHIUA 2-2. reorpa4lH%ecKoe pacnpeqeJIeHHe BHeCMHeH TopronJIH, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHJIJIHoHB ,gojrnapon CIIA) Ukraine Exports Imports Country or CTpaaa Bna YKcpaHHa 3KCdOpT HMHOpT Country group rpynna crpan 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (ft. rubles) (rubles) (dolars) (n.c.u.) (E.L rubles) (rubles) (dollars) (n.c.u.) (HHBaJUOTh. (MaMAoH. (nunanrrH. (Hamion. py6nei) (py6nei) (Aoan.) Ban. eA.) py6nei) (py6nei) (Aonn.) Ban. eA.) Europe Enpona 1,007 1,400 4,691,497 839 686 901,505 Bulgaria EonrapHs 732 247 341 490,008 935 235 156 147,892 Former Czechoslovakia &B6. qexocnoaaKna 678 279 402 966 249 190 Czech Republic 'lewcKaxA Pecny5snaKa Slovak Republic CnosaucKaa Pecriy6JxaKB Hungary BeHrpas 487 118 143 3,490,040 641 98 117 Poland floimzna 563 128 88 459,678 1,318 115 102 2,576,979 Ronunia PyMulua 324 63 43 251,771 226 72 23 42,187 Turkey Typzmn 83 296 45 26 Fomer Yugoslavia BLa. 1OrocnasaH 262 172 82 403 70 71 Others Ocrani6mae 6 0 Ldina Americs and the Casibbean JlTamcas AmepmKn 28 15 Cuba Ky6B 440 9 328 I Othes OCTamaue 19 13 '0 MIddle East Ennmui BroeK. 674 280 Egypt, Arab Rep. Emner 41 19 59 2 Iaq Hpax 37 Libya Than 4 11 Syrian Arab Rep. CapHi 23 .. 1 76 .. 2 Others Ocranbmue .. .. 654 .. .. .. 275 Notes: nic.u. - national currency units. See notes for details. £t rubles - foreign trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convertible rubles. KommeHTapHa: py6nefi - o3Haqaer BHyrpeHH Haam xonmepmpyenux py6nei TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TA1UIMIA 2-2. Ueorpa4bmqecKoe pacTnpegeJieHHe BHeMlHeui ToproBJIn, 1990 - 1994 rr. (MHnnuoHoHB jqonIapon CIMIA) Uzbekistan Exports Imports Country or CTpana HniN Y36eKHCTaH 3KCIopT HMUOpT Country group rpynua eTpaH 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (f.t. rubles) (dollars) (dollars) (f.t. rubles) (dollars) (dollars) (HHBaJuOTH. (mHDajssoTH. py6neu) (A-on.) (Aonn.) py6nei) (Aowr.) (Aonn.) Total trade Bcero 875 869 707 2,051 924 947 Industrial countries Pa3asaTe crpan. 496 338 Australia ABcrpanH.. 4 4 5 Austria AscrpHa 8 29 12 28 15 11 Belgium Een.neA 15 112 46 9 31 13 Denmark llaHHa 3 1 2 i 0 Finland OHHnJHIIA 21 0 8 72 0 0 France OpaHin 24 39 12 27 5 14 Germany repMaRHo 95 94 19 309 28 52 Iciand Hciiaiixa I 7 Ireland HpnawHmu 0 6 2 Italy HTanIa 32 11 17 55 8 27 Japan Ainomia 68 5 3 111 5 24 Netherlands HimepmallbI 20 20 38 13 2 102 _ Norway Hopserma I 0 4 Spain Hcnamvi 9 2 0 24 0 Sweden Illse 4 9 7 20 Switzerland IlsefiuapHa 3 16 68 21 196 226 UnitedKingdom BenmKo6pHTaloa 27 117 131 18 14 9 United States CIlIA 8 38 44 52 21 31 Others OcTanbm,ie I 0 Developing countries Pa3anamutmeca crpan.. . 374 216 Afkica A4opnKa 13 8 Asia A3x. 134 125 Afghanistan A4raHHcTaH 11 .. 40 3 13 32 3 China Ksrraif 29 .. 40 36 88 67 35 India 1 20 20 1 12 29 1 3 Korea, Rep. of IOxHaA KopeA 3 3 55 7 1 9 Korea, DenL People's Rep. KHEaP 13 2 1 36 2 2 Mongolia MHP 16 2 1 11 0 0 Viet Nam BLerHaM 16 I 20 0 Others Ocrar&uH.ie 45 20 TABLE 2-2. Geographical distribution of foreign trade, 1990 - 1994 (million U.S. dollars) TAI;JIHLA 2-2. Feorpa4bm'ecKoe pacHpeAteiieHHe BHemnHe1k ToproBiH, 190 - 1994 rr. (MHJIJIHOHOB AOJIJapoB CIlA) Uzbekistan Exports Imports Country or CTPiH& Men Y36eKHCTaH 3CcuoP'r lIMUOPT Country group rpynna crpan 1990 91 1992 1993 1994 1990 19 1992 1993 1994 (ELirubles) (dolar.) (dollars) (t. rubles) (dolars) (dolBl) (NNBajo'. (unBaiuOru. py6ne*) (,Aonn.) (jAon-.) py6nei) (Aon-L) (Ao-n.) Europe Eopona 211 90 Bulgaria EonrapHu 79 13 6 209 1 2 Former Czechoslovakia ESis.4qexocnosawuH 63 8 6 193 17 7 Czech Republic 'e-CKcas Pecny6MKa 3 5 Slovak Republic CnonaaLcxaA Pecny6mnia 3 2 Hungary BeHrpHis 42 52 30 104 12 21 Poland flonana 54 48 13 218 15 17 Romania PyMiu.Lu 33 2 1 46 0 0 Turkey TypLwA 9 77 41 5 35 228 Fomner Yugoslavia Bun. IOrocnasiux 20 7 56 7 Others OcTa>Rrue .. 4 I Lan Amerka and the Caribbean JlaTaHcn Amepa.. 25 Cubh Ky6a 49 97 Otbers Ocra,nHbie 25 oMlddle East Eansa BorrK .. . 5 . Egypte Arab Rep. Eriner 5 7 Iaq HpaK 4 Libya biu. Syrian Arab Rep. CHPHJI 3 .. 4 0 7 I 0 Other Oc'rwu.e .. 0 0 Notes: n.c.u. - national cunrrncy units. See notes for deails. ft rubles - foreipg trade or valuta rubles. rubles - domestic or convertible rubles. KommeHTapmi: py6neft - o0Hawe'r BHyrpeHX HuH KOHBepTHpy4m py6neft Table 3-1. Inter-State Trade of the New Independent States of the former USSR, 1992-1994 Ta6a1Hixa 3-1. Me2Kpecny6J1HKaHcKax ioproBnIJ HOBLIX He3aBHCHMLbX rocygapcTB 6hImuero CCCP B 1992-1994 rr. 1992 1993 1994 Exports million national million national million national currency units currency units million rubles currency units 3KcnopT MJIH. HaIIHOH. MJIH. HaUIHOH. MJIH. py6nI. Mn1H. HaRHoH. BaJIIOTH. ex. BaJIJoTH. eX. Ba.OTIIH. ea. Total CCCP, Bcero including: s T. q.: Armenia 41,333 116.153 189,000 ApMeHHx Azerbaijan 102,175 34.197 673,000 AWep6aikwiaH Belarus 379,666 3.241,990 2,981,000 .BenopyccHx Estonia 2,607 4,538 ..CToHHx Georgia 14,954 rPY3HA Kazakhstan 353,203 4,716 3,797,000 .. Ka3axcMaH Kyrgyzstan 46,301 264,722 494,000 KHprH3Hx Latvia 286 364 .... IIarBHA Lithuania 77,054 5,825 .nHTBa Moldova 47,842 492,000 MonaaBHA Russia 2,147,000 30,000,000 POCCHA Tajikistan 16,433 110,923 185,000 TaXUKHKHCTaH Turkmenistan 120,644 2,458 3,589,000 TypKmeiMA Ukraine 889,960 23,047,980 14,368,000 YKpaHHa Uzbekistan 123,136 2,571,000 Ys6ecKHcTaH Imports Total CCCP, Bcero including: B T. 'q.: Armenia 46,832 148,523 468,500 Apmemui Azerbaijan 85,026 28,264 1,141,000 A3ep6akaiKaH Belarus 417,080 4,336.383 8,016,000 BenopyccHA Estonia 2,329 3,226 .3CTOHHA Georgia 30,953 .. 660,500 .Fpy33H Kazakhstan 393,428 5,197 6,432,400 KasaxcTaH Kyrgyzstan 67,407 354,618 376,500 KHprHsHA Latvia 320 416 .laTHAx Lithuania 63,226 6,835 lwrnBa Moldova 73,930 2,715,000 .. MonaaBHH Russia 1,812,228 18,032,000 POCCHA Tajikistan 23,839 185,346 971,500 Ta=pKHKHCraH Turkinenistan 80,409 603,000 TypKMerNA Ukraine 1,016.800 34,683,340 16,997,000 YKpaHHa Uzbekistan 162.246 2,925,600 Y36eKmcTaH 199 Table 3-2. Interrepublic Trade Among the FSU Republics, 1987 (million rubles) Ta6JIHIga 3-2. MeWpeCuOy6.-IHKaHCKanI TOPFOBJ1R B 1987 r. (mrrn. py6.) Exporting republic (upper set of figures are as reported by exporting country, lower are as reported by importing country) PecIIy6JIHKa - IKCHOPTep (B~ePXHsn ILIHopa g jaHHye cTpaHlI - 3KCflOpTepa,, HHACHMII iLH43pa-g1aHHEIe CTrpaHLI-HMnIopTpa) Importing- HH Armenia 276 36 101 30 55 1,632 3,490 ApmeHHA 331 250 36 101 39 31 55 57 93 1,882 13 13 517 73 Azerbaijan 89 -- 285 27 141 34 65 2,239 4,251 A3ep6aAJucaE Belarus 153 135 219 120 332 8,844 49 14,083 EenopyccHA 139 240 135 226 302 117 333 468 276 8,844 55 49 2,720 179 Estonia 23 202 27 13 178 55 2,973 3CTOE[HA 23 259 202 29 57 11 178 110 76 1,741 23 21 427 51 Georgia 133 271 33 29 98 2,676 4,915 rPy3Hsi 133 318 271 33 105 26 98 74 96 2,754 15 10 923 59 Kazakhstan 170 779 100 327 -- 194 203 8,881 61 13,769 Ka3axc'raH Kyrgyzstan 64 143 13 81 28 1,341 2,781 KHprH3IIs 55 42 129 1 1 85 250 28 49 44 1,390 68 42 298 290 LatVia 33 431 197 87 31 4,626 JlarnBHz 33 38 430 195 95 83 31 490 152 2,469 10 23 534 34 Lithuania 44 567 68 98 77 244 -- 5,860 JIhRTBa Moldova 43 388 44 41 23 72 -- 2,388 4,607 Mon,uaaBHA Russia 2,449 10,279 1,652 3,406 - 907 2,153 --1,179 67,207 POCCliA 2,256 3,750 10,279 3,130 4,856 852 3,203 929 1,169 25,393 4,659 60,476 Tajikistan 48 150 14 77 109 33 1,385 -- 3.077 TagxHKchcraH Tfurkanenistan 94 101 8 81 71 29 1,173 2,597 TypKmemrA 101 80 113 1,173 438 160 Ukraine 553 2,835 356 671 253 691 26,414 174 -- 36,168 YKpaHHa Uzbekistan 152 521 47 243 379 128 5,861 658 -- 11,374 Y36eKHcIsan Total - Bcero 4,047 6,293 17,228 2,731 5,598 8,337 2,269 4,313 5,458 5,159 70,855 1,970 2,327 37,729 7,457 Table 3-2. Interrepublic Trade Among the FSU Republics, 1988 (million rubles) Ta6nH1ixa 3-2. MeWpeCHy6JnHKaHIcKai. ToproBJIE B 1988 r. (r.urn py6.) Exporting republic (upper set of figures are as reported by exporting country, lower are as reported by importing country) Pecrry6nHuaa - 3xcuop-ep (BepxmmitHqIIS4pa - A,aHHYe c'pam&i 3KCIIOpTepa, EHmHZE [jH4pa-JAaHHLe crpajI-HmuaopTepa) importng C4 .1 1. Armenia -295 1,596 4,018 Apmemul Azerbaijan - 300 ..2,211 4,258 Belars ..8,658 54 14,171 Be.nopyccHui 138 236 132 223 288 115 333 475 269 8,941 51 45 2,749 176 Estonia 214 - ...61 ..3,047 Georgia 289 .. - .2.640 .. 5,218 Kazakhstan 823 .. 8,658 68 13,686 Ka3axmali .. Kyrgyzstan 154 ..1,289 ..2,972 KsHprK3xx.. . Latvia 449 . .4,515 JlaTB . . . lithuania 596 ..6,239 IIThrra . . Moldova .. 413 .. . - 2,333 .. 4,987 MonnnR . . Russia .. 10,882 . -1,300 ..68,964 POCCHJR 2,297 3,848 10,552 3,228 4,965 869 . .. 3,290 931 1,179 26,130 4,779 62,068 Tajikistan 159 ..1,351 -- ..3,007 TagxmxHcranf Turkanenistan . .. 104 .. . . . . . . 1,167 ...... 2,486 TYPiuseMA III.11 89 .. 124 . .. . .. 1,292 ... 483 176 Ukraine . . 2,997 .. . . . . . . 2.5,789 .. 193 -- .. 36,432 Uzbekistn.. . 547 .. . . . . . . 5,710 .. 725 .-- 10,624 Y36eKHc-raH .. . Total - Bcero 3,683 6,360 18,222 2,715 5,508 8,337 2,537 4,515 5,431 4,800 69,224 2,046 2,389 40,055 8,957 Table 3-2. Interrepublic Trade Among the FSU Republics, 1989 (million rubles) Ta6iiHiAa 3-2. MeWpeCHy6JIHKaticKax TOPFOBJ1HM B 1989 r. (M.JIH. pyfi.) Exporting republic (upper set of figures are as reported by exporting country, lower are as reported by importing country) Pecny6ijIHKa - :3KCinopTep (BepxHzA IIH4Jpa - ALaHHye CTpaHJ61 - 3KCnlOpTepa, HHAKHIlf IIH4Jpa.JAaHHJ1.e cTpaHI.I-HMIlOPTepa) >~~~~~~ U~~~~~~~ Importing Armenia --287 43 55 1,709 3,842 ApmeHHR Azerbaijan -- 293 27 75 2,324 3,793 A3ep6aftaxan - Belarus 119 320 9,520 50 14,834 B3enopyccwsi 147 252 143 241 304 121 354 502 288 9,350 55 50 2,841 186 Estonia 216 165 57 3,231 :kCTOHHA 35 40 175 18 42 7 209 94 81 1,391 45 40 264 13 Georgia 283 39 -- 143 - 2,820 7,154 F'PY3Rs Kazakhstan 801 44 --246 9,336 63 14,573 Ka"axc-raH Kyrgyzstan 153 13 -- 36 1,401 3,362 KHpFH3HA Latvia 459 108 4,520 J1amiBHA 50 47 421 171 88 109 20 456 183 2,363 11 9 563 29 Lithuania 613 75 246 -- 5,790 .fIHTBa Moldova 410 53 85 -- 2,528 5,191 Moiulaasus Russia 10,947 1,213 2,717 --1,212 70,669 POCCH.q 2,395 3,801 10,854 3,184 5,489 910 3,259 1,044 1,237 26,545 5,032 63,750 Tajikistan 150 94 29 1,444 -- 3,250 TaJIXHKHcTaH Turkmenistan 102 12 29 1,214 2,744 TypKcMeHHA 103 83 115 1,204 .-450 164 UTkraine 3;1062 410 - 731 28,204 180 -- 39,971 YKpaHHa Uzbekistan 534 12 162 6,193 676 -- 12,045 Y36eKHcTf'aH Total - vcero 3.598 6,676 .18,310 2,903 5,719 8,204 2,549 5,040 5,850 5,186 75,068 2,175 2,418 40,462 8,542 Table 3-2. Interrepublic Trade Among the FSU Republics, 1990 (million rubles) Ta6inmua 3-2. Me2IcpeCHy6.1KIaHIcKcaz Tropr.Bjiz n 1990 r. (lwjH. py6.) Exporting republic (upper set of figures are as reported by exporting country, lower are as reported by importing country) PCCUynuuHa - 3KCnopTOP (BepxH,sixmu IH - AaHHye CTpaHJ3 - 3KcIIopTepa, HH2KHN mImWpo-AaHHJ.e crpain&lHmIIopTepa) I ~~~~~~~~~II Amnenia -252 37 34 58 1,777 82 3,501 ApmCHHN Azerbaijan - 258 25 56 71 2.242 67 4,248 A3Cp6aMB Belaru 121 57 368 9,295 51 177 14.841 EejiOPYCCHN 146 249 140 233 322 127 340 522 277 9,349 56 50 2,842 188 Estonia 204 8 193 1,863 58 49 3,158 3c-rojmm 30 36 151 31 52 13 162 110 89 1,768 38 16 263 45 Georgia 252 30 106 2,700 65 4,448 TPY3IsI 95 147 157 18 59 4 79 49 229 1,648 13 18 571 116 t~Kazakhstan 751 101 262 -- 224 9,074 64 784 14,317 Ka3axci'aH Kyrgyzstan 143 15 28 -- 32 1.539 365 3,179 Latvia 430 150 23 .,2,470 33 4,711 J1aTBHA 31 40 370 180 87 96 36 488 134 2,652 9 15 520 53 Lithuania 577 82 23 244 -- 3,688 47 6,023 .TIHTBa Moldova 396 49 40 78 -- 2,461 110 4,992 MoziaaBHA - Russia 10,276 1,444 1,756 ..2,680 1,230 4,840 67,283 POCCHA 1,851 3,705 9,938 1,816 3,558 4,276 897 2,513 2,707 3,489 1,168 1,276 25,249 4,840 Tajikistan 136 14 48 35 1,497 -- - 503 3,359 TaJIx~HKHCTaH Turkmenistan 92 9 57 36 1,275 216 2,923 TYPKmeHFUI 105 84 117 1,222 4j7 166 Ukraine 2,966 345 371 762 28,892 183 -- 833 38,988 YKpaHHa Uzbekistan 492 48 133 141 5,937 686 11,864 Y36eKHCTaH 156 198 582 43 167 1,453 323 157 150 89 5,93 7 330 620 1,659 Total - BCero 3,428 6,104 17,224 2,900 5,724 8,443 2,446 5,028 5,349 5,853 74,711 2,378 2,469 38,319 8,169 Table 3-2. Interrepublic Trade Among the FSLI Republics, 1991 (million rubles) Ta6IIHiAa 3-2. MeAKpeCHY6J1IHKa1ICKaH TOpFOBJ-I5I B 1991 Ft (Mx-IH. py6.) Exporting republic (upper set of' rigures are as reported by exporting country, lower are as reported by importing country) Pecny6.nHKa - :)KcnopTep (eepximsn LuH44pa - ,txalHIye CT paHiLi - 3KCdnopTepa, HHWKHaH 41H4)pa-/aaHHL6Ie CTpaHLi-HimHOPTepa) Importing f.- Armenia 291 63 122 127 98 115 107 71 4,212 37 737 67 5,904 ApmeHHA 0 193 116 215 215 122 152 188 56 3,504 70 99 876 96 Azerbaijan 6 299 37 92 184 119 92 95 106 4,936 42 1,553 220 8,837 A3ep6ahaxaiia 248 19 173 466 51 50 54 62 4,956 42 23 2,500 192 Belarus 65 569 208 109 653 205 531 1,024 509 17,370 108 140 3,836 603 25,672 BeflopyccHRu 81 632 199 203 842 206 728 995 721 14,081 216 169 5,804 795 Estonia 1I 57 294 22 102 29 246 284 103 34 159 440 114 3,775 3CTOHHil 36 40 217 63 109 21 226 282 105 2,045 85 44 352 150 Georgia 101 696 307 54 96 81 104 103 61 5,067 16 1,058 120 4,541 F-py3HA 81 322 128 28 73 5 103 47 36 2,722 11 Ii 907 67 Kazakhstan 287 473 1,292 128 330 849 293 267 180 17,218 413 175 2,561 1,259 21,074 Ka3axc'raH 274 573 968 118 622 710 237 275 198 12,016 535 359 2,709 1,480 _ Kyrgyzstan 54 67 236 16 45 579 56 53 56 2,565 61 ..369 662 5,409 KmprH3xA 45 80 223 20 83 780 44 56 63 2,618 82 109 389 817 Latvia 28 87 527 392 45 242 119 827 170 35 697 64 5,500 JiaTnRAi 55 56 373 328 62 280 128 635 100 2,810 23 14 550 86 Lithuania 49 98 693 193 52 187 260 416 150 24 816 169 7,812 JLwrua 59 97 735 153 97 233 216 408 263 4,331 35 48 912 292 Moldova 25 138 642 75 48 156 57 159 193 4,317 6 1,587 307 7,237 MOnxiaaBHA 68 82 598 74 123 261 40 161 101 .. 3,270 14 50 1,863 259 Russia 3,279 6,841 17,733 2,884 3,556 9,275 2,816 4,193 6,956 4,725 -- 1,753 3,378 38,747 10,972 105,000 POCCHA 2,456 6,365 12,375 3,496 11,355 2,419 5,020 1,868 3,781 34,343 12,418 95,896 Tajikistan 27 120 143 18 84 463 275 58 41 46 2,644 552 644 3,067 Ta=WHKHc-rai 28 37 61 9 199 318 238 29 23 32 1,253 197 281 362 Turkmnenistan 75 513 183 20 80 373 278 66 70 37 2,202 96 553 475 4,608 TYPKMeHHIA 165 132 184 1,925 720 262 Ukraine 642 1,502 5i3,24 656 548 1,473 600 925 1,403 1,419 52,093 249 502 1,664 51,141 YKpaHHa 1,179 940 3,426 442 840 1,782 373 771 851 1,401 37,397 184 120 810 Uzbekdstan 167 295 1,206 90 155 1,875 719 205 255 166 11,432 244 1,884 2,184 17,766 Y36eKHcTraH 231 277 965 87 249 1,795 613 128 198 199 7,840 237 2,701 2,247- Total - Bcero 4,817 11,456 29,170 4,833 5,287 15,785 6,506 7,459 11,586 7,809 136,800 3,201 6,785 56,756 17,339 Table 3-2. Interrepublic Trade Among the FSU Republics, 1992 (million national currency units) Ta6JiHlHra 3-2. Mewpeciay6J1HKaHcmwa Topr~oBJiJ B 1992 r. (rmH. HaxiHoHaJThHbix g[eHewKHLIx eIHHHA) Exporting republic (upper set of figures are as reported by exportinmg country, lower are as reported by importing country) PeCny6nIHKa - 3KcruopTep (B~epxHimm IlHEbpa - A1aHHye cTpaHLz - 3KCUOPTepa, HHALHZ J~I4HPa-A1aHH1de cTpaHIJ-HMnOpTepa) Importing E Armenia 1,071 17 145 503 110 2 414 171 26,100 66 2,791 3.877 208 46,832 ApmemHHI Azerbaijan I 5,685 67 857 6,081 397 8 1,053 1,260 54,500 634 4,676 24,248 1,102 85,026 A3ep6auiuXaH - 4,864 203 2,576 5,976 113 26 256 749 35,206 911 3,724 29,990 939 Belars 1,413 4,100 79 443 9,395 1,386 27 13,002 2,776 329,600 680 2,311 80,587 4,259 417,080 Eeiiopyccuma 1,380 2,774 925 1,193 15,165 1,230 5,16.4 7,955 6,356 279,248 991 2,194 85,013 7,492 Estonia 101 466 3,242 24 187 106 8 1,535 177 .. 75 2,852 2,569 1,063 2,329 3)CTOHHXa 3 14 320 2 21 8 88 186 14 1,457 4 28 163 23 Georgia 1,654 8,561 1,696 11 504 191 2 242 291 26,100 23 8,123 9,367 340 30,953 rPY3KA 214 3,424 497 719 546 17 225 152 57 9,918 45 15,582 2,398 227 Kazakhstan 592 5,422 19,340 56 690 10,358 10 1,577 1,232 569,100 2,411 9,830 41,878 13,786 393,428 Ka3.axc'raH 323 4,300 18,094 344 1,015 12,582 278 1,110 955 284,906 3,346 10,014 41,408 14,753 _ Kyrgyzstan 67 383 1,629 34 155 8,703 .. 1 282 351 42,700 381 3,690 4,195 4,527 67,406 KHprmH3IU 95 327 1,033 31 301 15,673 153 216 349 33,047 462 4,105 5,478 6,136 Latvia 228 1,132 8,161 587 59 962 125 4,847 578 139 8,836 698 320 flaTHulA 0 2 20 35 0 6 0 17 2 151 0 2 19 1 Lithuania 228 731 8,895 84 71 1,956 692 21 762 39 .. 14,703 1,665 63,226 JIHTBa * 126 283 4,502 444 218 2,495 396 1,747 312 44,520 30 371 5,931 1,852 Moldova 213 2,055 9,073 15 72 1,145 263 4 1,267 66,400 69 6,969 20,282 2,474 73,930 MojixIaaMBH 115 1,125 9,507 94 368 761 255 382 869 42,787 88 1,726 14,331 1,522 Russia 26,716 48,669 215,833 1,156 8,423 250,882 18,097 149 34,327 25,016 -- 7,813 24,190 637,316 65,387 1,812,228 POCCHis 9,800 38,700 133,200 6,200 243,300 18,400 ..31,500 .. 8,700 26,000 515,800 43,100 1,074,700 Tajikistan 56 4,907 1,597 7 125 4,120 647 1 190 107 28,500 7,816 4,178 3,708 23,839 TaLVKHKHc-raH 48 262 662 82 51 2,915 479 144 159 69 11,139 3,468 1,731 2,630 Turkmnenistan 1,900 7,724 4,188 42 1,585 11,551 1,127 2 603 1,696 49,800 705 5,759 6,560 80,409 TyPKMeHHMq 341 6,812 3,316 9,519 1,127 - 38 28,202 3,440 3,687 6,493 Ukraine 7,695 19,135 86,476 383 1,981 34,248 8,008 47 15,698 12,466 913,000 1,927 21,108 17,291 1,016,800 Y.KpaHHaa 4,556 8,670 77,094 2,082 4,996 30,497 5,577 5,889 11,864 16,139 787,786 2,965 45,789 13,396 Uzbekistan 469 1,220 12,780 68 326 22,966 4,794 6 2,017 958 175,500 1,470 20,469 26,347 .. 162,246 Y36eKH4CTaH 198 671 9,347 179 466 19,822 5,462 375 769 484 85,818 5,126 11,395 22,137 Total - BCCFO 41,333 102,175 379,666 2,607 14,954 353,203 46,301 286 77,054 47,842 2,147,000 16,433 120,644 889,960 123,136 Table 3-2. Interrepublic Trade Among the FSU Republics, 1993 (million national currency units) Ta6nHi[a 3-2. MeAcpecuiyGzIHKaHCKan ToproBJ-IU B 1993 r. (MJTIH. HaflHOHaJ1L6HLIX AeCHCACHLIX eAWHHHML) Exporting republic (upper set of figures are as reported by exporting country, lower are as reported by importing country) PeCCny6nIHKa - 3KCHOPTCp (Bepxiin jAH41pa - 1aHHye CTPaHL6 - 3KCnOpTepa, HH2KHEZ IxHdJp8-4aRHHbeCTpaHLI-HMnopTepa) Importing H- Armenia 5,266 9 1 1 7 69,400 40 44,978 148,523 ApmeHHls 0 1,569 437 23,999 1,421 21 194 823 71 95,704 26 19,125 4,966 169 Azerbaijan 71 -- 19,172 49 151 10 75 166,400 106 904,745 28,263 A3ep6afaixuaH Belarus 2,844 121 234 34 641 2,205,300 15 1,708,001 4,336,383 EeniopyccHA 3,952 13,322 4,520 4,111 262,559 11,473 28,325 66,560 34,509 3,344,168 4,614 7,963 511,680 38,627 Estonia 122 10,625 1 13 219 12 55,807 3,226 )ci'oHas 1 19 172 3 27 4 267 391 47 2,033 4 36 207 15 Georgia 4,663 3,788 6 -- 9 1 6 41,600 184 69,589 2,274,264 rpy3IIs Y Kazakhstan 2,042 149,290 98 15 167 2,385,600 314 557,938 5,197 aN Ka3axcraH 8 31 154 14 20 69 25 34 41 3,685 26 246 379 466 Kyrgyzstan 43 5,105 5 107 -- 1 11 208,100 13 42,304 354,618 KmprH3HM Latvia 81 56,065 914 10 634 16 163,688 416 lIaTBas 0 5 24 21 0 7 0 58 3 186 0 1 19 1 lithuania 150 68,308 396 24 29 4 304,013 6,835 JIHbua 3 30 326 78 10 201 10 143 42 5,257 72 10 609 44 Moldova 153 107,529 31 17 4 56 -- 402,200 25 369,049 Montiasas Russia 86,406 2,194,852 2,407 3,285 200 2,885 --246 17,312,350 PoccHa 17,200 181,000 1,965,600 25,900 1,413,800 112,100 112,100 34,500 86,200 3,646,700 1,025,900 8,621,000 Tajildstan 115 15,972 40 68 1 19 97,100 -- 30 27,919 185,346 TaazaxHwcaHa - - Turkmenistan 12,967 13,043 50 100 8 57 194,200 950,940 TypKmeHHa Ukraine 6,070 539,987 378 382 40 978 7,365,000 1,215 -34,683,339 YKcpaHua 25,917 272,236 1,407,575 107,553 63,123 399,682 41,491 153,277 816,681 160,602 24,414,100 20,761 6,539,752 260,588 Uzbekistan 427 52,988 34 327 6 70 735,100 238 453,937 -- Y36eKHc-raH Total - acero 116,153 34,197 3,241,990 4,538 3,055,793 4,716 264,722 364 5,825 13,870,000 110,923 2,458 23,047,979 Table 3-2. Interrepublic Trade Among the FSU Republics, 1994 (million national currency units) Ta6xHiHua 3-2. Mexcpecuy6inliKaHCKaa TOPUOBJ1R B 1994 r. (mnH. Ha1AHOHaJiI6HL6LXqteine)Hl61X CAH~HlHq) Exporting republic (upper set of figures are as reported by exporting country, lower are as reported by importing country) Pecny6nfHKa - J)KcfopTep (BepxHnR IMH(DP - naHHye CTpaHLI 3KcnopTepa, I-HCH)HSE i4H4Jpa-AlaHHL6Ie CTpaHLI-HMfIopTepa) 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 0 ~ ~~~0 -C .0 2 ~~~ 0 - 0~~~ Importing 4) . Armenia --3,000 10 0 0 1 9 500 300,000 151,000 14,000 0 468,500 ApmeHHA - Azerbaijan -- 15,000 39 65,000 4,000 2 37 33,000 390,000 413,000 216,000 5,000 1,141,000 A3cp6ahkxrxaHi --- Belarus 2,000 19,000 -- 347 88,000 7,000 25 528 30,000 6,240,000 7,000 7,000 1,552,000 64,000 8,016,000 Ee.nopyccHA - - E3stonia * 1 7 182 --5 40 0 14 205 20 3,620 21 44 362 101 0 34CTOHHM - 24 151 Georgia 8,000 39,000 3,000 36 --0 1,000 0 57 500 120.000 474,000 14,000 1,000 660,500 ['py3HA .. Kazakhstan 400 43,000 92,000 92 --222,000 1 1 169 8,000 4,530,000 24,000 617,000 302,000 594,000 6,432,400 - Ka3axcraH i Kyrgyzstan 5,000 3,000 1 68,000 - 0 12 500 210,000 4,000 18,000 14,000 54.000 376,500 KHpFHu3nA - Latvia * 0 1 19 1,394 0 2 0 - 682 2 165 0 0 22 0 J1aTBHA 2 255 Lithuania *0 16 356 918 0 60 3 31 -- 21 3,673 27 8 468 68 TlHnBa 3 41 -41 Moldova 0 25,000 39,000 37 8,000 1,000 2 SI - 1,110,000 4,000 1,523,000 5,000 2,715,000 MonnaaBH-A.- - Russia 119,000 357,000 2,358,000 3,921 2,969,000 110,000 155 2,273 364,000 --81,000 125,000 10,431,000 1,118,000 18,032,000 POCCHA -.- - Tajikistan 0 3,000 6,000 50 15,000 7,000 0 17 500 330,000 -- 18,000 14,000 578,000 971,500 TaJ1JHKHCTaH -. Turkmcnistan 49,000 38,000 9,000 23 68,000 18,000 1 46 1,000 240,000 4,000 -- 101,000 75,000 603,000 TypKmeHHsA -.- Ukraine 10,000 137,000 420,000 519 182,000 23,000 33 495 53,000 14,910,000 8,000 1,177,000 - 77,000 16,997,000 YKpaHHa - - Uzbekistan 600 7,000 33,000 68 334,000 101,000 6 69 1,000 1,620,000 57,000 585,000 187,000 --2,925,600 Y:36eKHCTaH - Total - Bcero 189,000 673,000 2,981,000 7,457 3,797,000 494,000 282 4,651 492,000 30,000,000 185,000 3,589,000 14,368,000 2,571.000 59,339,000 Table 4-1. Foreign Trade of Russia according to the Customs Statistics by Foreign Country, 1994 (millions US dollars) Ta6nJHla 4-1. BHeMuHn TOprOBJIN PoccuH no gaHHLIM TaMO2KeHHOH cTaTHcTMKII B 1994 r., no cTpanam (MJnH. ,qOh1apOB CIHA) Country or Exports Imports CTpana man Country group 3CiCUopT MnuopT rpynna c-rpaaH Total trade 63,243 38,650 ToproBnJ - scero Europe EBpona Austria 750 979 ABcTrpfA Belarus 3,103 2,092 EAfapycb Belgium 1,380 614 Be.nsrum Bulgaria 510 345 Eonrapmi Czech Republic 1.367 400 qlemuCKas Pecny6nHKa Denmark 245 323 alaHuH Estonia 336 198 3CToHHA Finland 1,950 1,627 0DHnAHw waA France 1.238 1,002 (DpaHuia Germany 5,355 5,640 IepMaHni Hungary 1,179 761 BeHrpnA Iceland 47 15 HcnaiasA Ireland 1.238 250 HpnaHwau Italy 2,770 1,596 HrTajin Latvia 625 197 IlaTsHa Lithuania 719 275 JhrrBa Moldova 542 476 Moxuosa Netherlands 2,348 1,611 lImepnaHau Norway 193 111 HopBerHA Poland 1,129 946 Hloniuma Romania 441 146 PyMbuHus Slovak Republic 736 209 CnOBauKas Pecny6nmKa Spain 172 245 HcnaHHA Sweden 811 311 WLBeuua Switzerland 3,686 539 lllefiuapHA Ukraine 6,700 4,402 YKpailHa United Kingdom 3,688 896 BesnKo6pirramiA Yugoslavia 8 50 lOrocnasuH Africa A4!pHKa Egypt, Arab Rep. 305 62 ErHneT Libya I 0 JIsBaH Asia A3na Afghanistan 16 8 A4sraHecraH Armenia 154 53 ApmeHHA Azerbaijan 175 141 A3ep6aftaxaH China 2,834 952 KTara Georgia 63 53 rpy3ia India 379 587 HHusa Iraq 9 0 H1psK Japan 2,245 1,114 SlnoHsa Kazakhstan 2,198 1,996 Ka3axcTaH Kyrgyzstan 104 98 KilprhrcrTaH Korea, Rep. of 51 44 oKacasA KopeA Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 370 429 KHIaP Mongolia 144 54 Monronvs Syrian Arab Rep. 87 20 Cipun Tajikistan 143 90 Ta Hsucs'TaH Turkey 1,002 400 TypLwA Turkmnenistan 112 60 TypKmeHHcraH Uzbekistan 786 852 Y36eKIcTau Viet Nam 120 52 BbeTHaM 208 Table 4-1. Foreign Trade of Russia accoraing to the Customs Statistics by Foreign Country, 1994 (millions US dollars) Ta6inHia 4-1. BHeHIHSII TOPFOBJIq POCCHU4 no LaHHlIM TaMOKCeHHOH CTaTHCTHKH4 B 1994 r., no CTpaHaM (MJIH. JAoTuIapoB CIIIA) Country or Exports Imports CTpana iun Country group 3KCnOpT HMUOpT rpynna cTpan America AMepuKa Canada 184 187 KaHaxa Cuba 249 300 Ky6a United States 3,372 2,069 CLUA Australia 40 191 ABcTpainaq Countries n.e.c. 4,834 2,582 ilpoque crpanh 209 Appendix B Table 1: Summary Results to Foreign Trade Questionnaire Question Sumniary (sum of responses may not total to fifteen as not all countries responded to evern question) 1. Have you extended customs systems to Of those responding, eleven said that they had extended the customs intra-CIS trade? system to intra-CIS trade. One (IJzbekistan) indicated that it had not - If not what are your plans ? but that it was planned and another (Kyrgyzstan) indicated that it had only partly done so because the customs service was in the process of being developed. 2. Have you revised your customs fomis? Four countries indicated that they had revised their customs forms. - If so, please describe its main new Seven indicated that they had not while one country (Latvia) indicated features that it had revised some of them. Of those that indicated revisions, Estonia indicated the use of the SAD form, Kyrgvzssan now uses invoice or terms-of-contract costs, Moldova has revised its to bring them closer to intemational standards, and Ukraine stated that its uses a European-type declaration. 3. Have you developed plans for automation? All countries indicated plans for automation of nearly all the areas - If yes : Do they cover; indicated. None did not indicate plans for automation. Two countries -a. collection of trade data in electronic form (Estonia and Georgia) indicated that automation was essentially -b. entry of data by customs on terminals complete. -c. data validation -d. transmission of data to central office -e. processing and classification -f calculation of customs duties -g. compilation of trade statistics 4. What international classification do you apply? For foreign trade, eleven of the countries stated that they used the - A. Foreign Trade harnonized system. One (Lithuania) indicated that it used both and - HS two (Belarus and Uzbekistan) stated that they used another system. -SITC -other For intra-CIS trade, ten countries indicated that they used the -B. Intra-CIS trade harmonized system. One (Lithuania) indicated that it used both and -HS two (Kyrzgyzstan and Latvia) stated that they used another system. -SITC other 5. What exchange rates do you use? All countries responding to part a, except one (Kazakhstan) indicated -a. Foreign Trade that they used the official exchange rate, usually their respective -b. Intra-CIS trade countries' Central Banks' rate. All countries responding to part b also indicated that they used the official exchange rate. 6. What trade system do you follow ? Twelve countries stated that they followed a general trade system. One -a. General indicated that it followed a special system and one (Lativa) indicated -b. Special that its customs service followed a general system while its statistical - Do you compile separately data for domestic exports and reexports ? committee followed a special system. In response to the question on whether data were compiled separately for domestic exports and reexports, eight indicated that thev did compile these data separately while seven indicated that they did not. 211 7. In introducing international trade concepts, forms, and Five countries indicated receiving assistance from the IMF, four from classifications, from which national and international Eurostat, two from UNSTAT, and one each from GATT, EFTA, the organizations are you receiving assistance ? EC, and the World Bank. -a. InternationaURegional -b. Bilateral In regards to bilateral organizations, four countries receive assistance from the CIS statistical committee, two from Norway, and one each from the U.S., France, and Finland. S. For automation of data processing are you planning to use any One country indicated thatthey plan to use the AYASCUDAsystemn international systems? one indicated that it will use the EUROTRACE system and two -a. AYASCUDA indicated that it will use other systems. Seven indicated that they either -b. EUROTRACE did not plan to automate data processing or if so will not use any of -c. SYNDONA these systems. -d. other 9. What are you plans on continuing with enterpnse surveys for: For both foreign and intra-CIS trade, six countries indicate that they -a. Foreign Trade plan to continue enterprise surveys while seven indicate that they either -b. Intra-CIS trade have stopped these surveys or plan to stop them. 10. How do you treat trade with Baltic countries? Thirteen countries, including the Baltics, indicate that they treat trade -a. Foreign trade covered by customs with the Baltics as foreign trade covered by customs statistics. -b. Undecided Kazakhstan still relies on enterprise reporting and Uzbekistan treats them the same as the CIS countries. 212 THpHJIoxeHne U Ta6JIxrIa 1: 066oOeHHnIe OTBeTLI Ha aHKKeTy IH BHeIHHeH TOprOBJIe Bonpoc OOo6wueHmble oTBeTbj (06LUee qHcjio OTBeT'BfIUHX CTpaH MoxCeT 6blTb Me[buIe 15) 1. Pacnpoc-rpaH3leTca int TaMoIKeHHaR CHcTeMa Ha B3aHM HY1O 143 'Inda OTBeTIHBIIIHx CTpaH. 1 yKa3arH1. 'TO OHM pacnpacTpaHnu TOproBIno CTpaH CHr? BcrnH HeT, TO 9iTO rpennonaraeTCA TaMoICKHHyIO CHCTCMy Ha B3aHMHYlO ToproeiBio CTpaH CHF. cneiiaTL? Y36eKHCTaH [lOKa3an, qTO OH nOKa euie 3TOFO He caejiari. HO co6HpaeTcA COaefaTL B 6yxymueM, a KbipFbl3CTaH 3aIBHJ1, 'TO OH 3TO CReClaT1 JIHLUb qaCTHqHO, T.K. ero TaMOIKeHHaq cdJy,K6a HaXO1]HTCR B npouecce CTaHOBJIeHI5. 2. EbLnH nIH riepCCMOTPCIbI TaMOXCHHbIeaceK"apawuM? EcnH na, 'JeTblpe CTpaHbI yKa3aBJi, 'TO OHm nepecMOTpeIH TaMo2KeHHbie TO F1pHse1rBre HT1HXKC HX OCHOBHile qCpThl. £1eKnapaTLHH . CeMb CTpaH 3Toro me caenan., a TlaTBHH nepecmorpena 114D, HeKOTOpOhe ICeKhBapauH H. 3 TeX CTpaH. 'TO nepecMoTpeJ11 aeKnapaUHls, 3CTOHHA ucnoib3yer 4opmy ??SAD, Kblprl3cTamH HcnOJTb3ye-T c'eTa-4aKTypy, Mo0woaBa nepecMoTpena CBOH aeKTapauIH c uerCb1o npeHBeLienH HX B COOTBeTCTBHie C MeAKayHapOIHblMH CTBHraapTaMH, a YKpaHHa HcIob13yeT X1eKnpaUhM EBponeticKoro O6pa3ua. 3. HnaHmpyeTci nIM aBToMaTH3WaHLi? Ecim qa, oTMeTbTe HIIXe. B Bce CTpaHbl yKaB3ariH, qTO 011 ruiaHHpyIOT aBToMaTHV3atuWo KaKMX o6JiaCTAX: ripaKTqeCCKH BCeX yKa3aHHbiX o6JACTefi. LBe CTpaHbL (3CTOUlI5f H - C6op aBHHEIX no BHeCLMHeH TOproBne B 3JleKTPOHHOH IopMeC rpy3HA) coo6Lunl, 'ITO OHH B uenoJIM aBToMaTH3aBwO 3aBepuIHtH. - BBOai JaHHl6X TaMOXHAMH Ha TepMHHaJTIi ; - OUeHKa KaleCTBa qaHHbxL; - nepeinala aBaHHMIX B UeHTpaBnHbnfi opraH; - 06pa6oTKa H KnaccH@HK3SLW; - PacqeT TaMo)KeHHbix nomnHH; - CocTaBneHMe CTaTHCTHKlI BHewHelf ToprOBnH. 4. KaByIMH MewXymapouHyMH KnaCCH)HKBLLu4Mti Bbl ToproBna C falibHHM 3Bpy6exuCeM. I C TpaH 3aBSBu3mi, 'TO OH1 no10b3yeTecb: HCHonb3ylOT rapMoHH3IpoBaHHyIO cHcTeMy. IIHTBa yKa.3ana, 'TO OHa ToproBnA Co CTpaHaMH CHII' HcIOnb3yCT o6e CHCTeMbi, a JQBC CTpaHUl (Eenapycb H Y36eKucTaH) - FapMOHH3HpoBaHHaAI CHcTeMa; 3aABJBIAH, ITO OHH HCnOnI3ylOT itpyryio cHCTeMy. - MCTK; - ,apyrHe. MeiKpecny6nHKaHcKasA ToproBinA. 1O CTpBH yK83anf, qTO OHM ToproBns C TpeTbHMH CTpaHaMH HCnonh3ylOT r'apMoHH3upOBaHrylo cHeTeMy. TITBa yKB3ana, 'To oHa - rapMoHH3HfpoBaHHaS CHCTCMB; HCnOnT3yeT o6e CHCTeMbI, a mIM CTpaHLI (KbiprbI7cTaH H YIaTBHII) - MCTK; 3aMuHIH. 'TO OHM HcnoFib3ylOT apyryio CHCTeMy - ,LpyrHe. 5. KaKiae K0344MwieHTbi TIepecqeTat/aBI1oTMbIe KypCei OTBeqaB Ma nepByKo BacTL aaMHOrO Bonpoca, BCe CTpRH1l, KpOMe HcnOnb3ylOTCsA AnlS Ka3axCTrHa, yKa3anB, 'TO OH MCnOJT3y1OT ojiuuHanbHbufi I) TOprOBnU C TPCThMNH CTpaHaMH; o6meHHCMu KypC, o6LiqHO yCTaBHBB aBeMI1b1t HauHoHBabiHMM 2) TOprOBJnh CO CTpaHBMH CHr. JeHTparmbHbIMl 6aHKaMIH. OreBe'as Ha BTOpylo ,acT-b zlaHHoro Bonpoca, Bce CTpaHbi TaK)KC yKa3aHI, RTO OHH HcnOJTh3yIOT O@HuiliaJbHbl o6MCHHb1Ili Kypc. 6. KaKoi cHMCTree yqeTa BBi cJieayeTe: 12 CTpaH 3aBABIU1H* qTO OH- npHgepH HBaIOTC5[ o6wek CHCTCMbI y'eTa - 06aiI; ToproBiu. OjIHa CTpaaH yKa3aJa, qTO o0a npi4nepx2i4aeTcA - CnewLambHaA. cneUHBanbHou CHCTCMbl1 yqera TOprOBJIH, a JlaTBHM 38asisua, qTO ee Co6upaeTe nu Bbi OTJCeITHO iaHHbliC o6 oresCCTBeHHOM 3KcriOpTe TaMoXKeHHaS ciyx6a npH&epTKMBaeTCTR o6fte CHCTeMbm, B TO BpCMA, H pe3KCnopTe? KaK KOMHTeT no CTaTHCTHKe npHTepKmBBaeTcq cneuIaTJbHOH ClTCTeMbI. B OTBeT Ha BOflpOC, CO6HpaIl Ju OHM OTLeCJbHO jaHHbLIC o6 oTeqeCTBeHHOM 3KcnOpTe H pe3KcnOpTe. BoceMb CTpaH yKa3aTH, qTO OHM 3TO enJaJluH, B TO BpCMSI, KaK CCMb CTpaH yKa3aTlH, qTO OH1 3TOrO | He uenanB. 213 7. OT KaKgX HKaBoHaBJbHbLIX U Me)KtyHapOtHblX OpraFaur3aui11 Bbi HnJTb CTpaH yKa3aHIH, sTO O0111 noiTyqaIoT nOMomb OT MB13, qeTbNpe - nony'aere nOMOuLIb B pa3pa6oTKe OCHOBHbIX onpeCeiCeHuul, OT EBpocTaTa, nBe - OT CTaTo-rnena OOH, H no O0tHOU CTp3811e yKa3aniu 1IOKyMeHTaUiW1 U KliaccUiHfKaUHn. rAT1. EACT. EC 11 BceMHpHLia BaHx. - MexIyHaypOHblx/perHoHanibHblx; - HaUHoHaJbHbHX (Ha rByCTOpOHHe6 OCHOBe). B OTHOUICHHH aBYCTOPOHnIerO COTPYn]Hl1'eCTBa, q'Tblpe CTPaHbl nIOnjy9alOT n1OMOUt1b OT CTaTKOMN¶TeTa CHr, xte - OT Hopseruu, H Ho o01HO1 CTpaHe yKa3aanu CIlIA, q)paHUwo H D111,-LAHRw1IIO. 8. HpentnonaraeTcsl nil 1cnonib3oBaHHe cywUeCTBylOHMX 0;111a CTpBHa yKa3aJla, ITO OHa nnaHHpyeT IICnHnOb3OBaTb CUCTCMy Me)KnyHaponiHbIx niaKeTOa/Cl-CTeM aBToMaTuqeCKOM 06pa60TKH1 AYASCUDA, ewue OctHa - CHCTeMy EUROTRACE, H tBCe yKa3aJH, qTO IlaHHblX? O0Uu 6ynyT HCnOJb3OBaTb Ctpyrue CHCTeMbi. CeMI CTpaH yKa3anhi. qTO - AYASCUDA; OH nu1160 He rinaHT py1OT aBToMaTH311pOBaTb o6pa6oTKy IaHHblx. - EUROTRACE; Jm16o He 6ynIy'T HICnIOYb3OBaT1, Hl1 OiHy Uf3 yKaX3aHHblX CllCTeM. - SYNDONA; - P,pyrue. 9. KaKOBbi Bamis nHlaHbi B OTHow1eH1Iii npoDojiCKeHC1l lHIeCTL cTpaH yKa3arnl. 'TO 01111 UIatH1PYIOT npoaonlKaTb 1CHOJ1b3OBaHuHl OTIeTHOCTi npecpnPltTHuu (o6cnecoaai-rna o6cnecnoBaauua npetnpHATHiTi no ToproBne KaK c KJJaJbHHM npeCnnp1ifaT{il) zTuA 3apy6excheMh. TaK U1 Co CTp8HaMii CHr. Cemb CTpaH yKa3aful. 9TO - BIewlHeu ToproBn1H c KctanbHuM 3apy6exKbeMh? OH1 nu60 llpCKpaTfll 3TUm o6enenOBaHHlsinu6o 0iUaHHpylOT CLIenaTb - BHeLwHeu TOpFOBJ01 Co CTpaHaMHi CHF? iTo B 6yayweM. 10. KaK ocyuteCTBJnsiCTCA yqeT ToproBniH c lI6aqITIIIICKHMVH 13 CTpaHe BKxsoias rlpH6azTuKy, yKa3ainiH qTO OH paccMaTpuBaioT rocyOuapCTRaM? ToproBnIo c Hlp0anTTHKOf KaK ToproBnllo C 11a8bH1M 3apy6excbeM. - KaK BHeLUHeu ToproBnlli C KtaarbrMm 3apy6e)KbeMh sepeI3 OTpaxKaeMyio B TaMoJeHHO1 craTHCTuKe. Ka3axcTaH Bce ewUe TaMOJICHHbie criyAK6bi; npataepxwaeTCA CHCTCMbi OT-reTHOCTH npezinpuATilih a Y36eKHCalaH - He peuleio. yqHTbIB8CT 3Ty ToprOBnio TaKIM xce o6pa3OM. KaK 51 ToproBnio I BHYTP11 CHr. 214 Appendix C: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS International Seminar on Foreign Trade Statistics Moscow, 21-24 June 1994 Azerbaijan Mikail-zade Director, Department of Foreign Trade Statistics, Rayf Mikail-ogly State Committee on Statistics Aliev Arif Head of the Department. Department of Customs Dardail-ogly Statistics and Analysis, State Committee on Customs Mamad Rzaev Senior Counsellor, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Bairan Djymshood -ogly Relations Armenia Petrosian Director, Department of Balance of Payments and Aleksandr Grigorievich Foreign Economic Relations, State Committee on Statistics, Records and Analysis Ovsesian Director. Department of Foreign Trade Policy, Vaagn Vachaganovich the Ministry of Economy Manvelian Director. Department Statistics. Moorad Karapetovich Department of Customs Belarus Deiko Director, Department of Statistics of Foreign Anna Konstantinovna Trade. State Committee on Statistics Moiseichikov Head of the Department, Department of Economics, Aleksei Pavlovich the Ministry of Foreign Trade Relations Kiselev Chief Specialist, State Customs Committee Nikolay Semenovich Georgia Broladze Deputy Chief. Department of Balance of Payments and Mery Sergeevna Foreign Economic Conjuncture. Committee of Socio- Economic Relations 215 Chiknashvili Chief Specialist. Department of Foreign Trade, Robert Semionovich Committee of Foreign Economic Relations Gogoladge Chief Specialist . Customs service Victoria Eliozovna Kazakhstan Rostova Deputy Chief, Department of Statistics of Foreign Economic Natalia Pavlovna Relations. State Committee on Statistics Raisova Chief, Department of Information on Foreign Roza Kaktaevna Economic Relations ,the Ministry of the Foreign Economic Relations Kachkaev Director,Department of Customs Control and Evgeniy Nikolaevich Regulations at the Ministry of Finances Kyrgyz Republic Semenova Director, Department of Statistics of Foreign Lidia Nikolaevna Economic Relations. at the National Statistical Committee Burenko Director. Division of Customs Statistics, the Lubov Nikolaevna Department of Customs Control and Regulations Iliin Deputv Chief, Department of Foreign Economic Victor Nikolaevich Relations, the Ministry of Industry and Trade Moldova Stanchu Deputy Chief, Division of Statistics of Foreign Trade Nadczhda Fedorovna Relations and Material Resourses. the Department of Statistics Akristisniy Director, Department of Custom Control and Fedor Ivanovich Regulations Kainarian Emilia Director, Department of Regulation of Foreign Trade, Vasilievna the Ministry of Economy Russian Federation Zarubin Director, Department of Statistics of Foreign Georgiy Grigorievich Relations and Balance of Payments. State Committee on Statistics Sidorina Deputy Chief of Department, State Committee on Statistics Ludmila Sergeevna 216 Gubanova Director, Department of Statistics of Foreign Ludmila Borisovna Economic Relations with Republics- members of CIS. State Committee on Statistics Ponomarenko Deputy Chief. Department of National Accounts Aleksey Nikolaevich and Economic Balances, State Committee on Statistics Lisov Director, Department of Customs Statistics and Anatoliy Fedorovich Analysis. the State Customs Committee Orlov Deputy Chief, Department of Customs Valeriy Victorovich Statistics and Analysis. the State Customs Committee Stepanov Director of Department, the Central Bank Yuri Vasilievich Ischenko Director, Department of Statistics of Foreign Economic Elena Ivanovna Relations. Center of Conjuncture and Projections, at the Goverment of Russian Federation Tajikistan Dvoriakova Director, Department of Statistics of Material Resources, Klara Vasilievna Trade and Foreign Economic Relations, the Main State Statistical Directorate at the Ministry of Economy and Forecasting Nabiev Director, Department of Customs Committee Nabi Abdurahmanovich Zaruba Assistant Minister. Ministry of Foreign Economic Anatoliy Mikhailovich Relations Turkmenistan Altynazarov Director. Department of Statistics, Customs Services Agadjan Vinitskaya Deputv Chief, Division of Statistics of Material Elena Aleksandrovna Resources. Interstate Deliveries, Transport and Communication, State Comnmittee on Statistics Petrushenko Deputy Chief, Department of Material Resources, Interstate Irina Stepanovna Deliveries, Transport and Communication, Main Computing Center at State Committee on Statistics Uzbekistan Eshonov Director, Department of Foreign Economic Relations, Bahodur Goskomprognozstat 217 Domkevich Chief Specialist. Department of Foreign Economic Sofia Konstantinovna Relations, Goskomprognozstat Nikulin Deputy Chief, Department of Ministry for Foreign Sergei Alekseevich Economic Relations Yusupova Deputy Chief of Department, at the Customs Service Dilaron Gafurovna Ukraine Rodionov Director of Department, the Ministry of Statistics Viktor Vladimirovich Shadrina Director of a Department at Larisa Aleksandrovna the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations Ovdienko Director of a Department, State Customs Committee Natalia Trofimovna Latvia Anita Chief, Department of Balances of Payment, Kolneia State Committee on Statistics Irena- Chief, Department of Declarations, Customs Knoka Department Lithuania Ramune Director. Department of Statistics of Foreign Trade, Kalpokaite the Department of Statistics Regina Senior Specialist, Department of Export-Import, Miasnikova the Ministry of Industry and Trade Stasis Deputy Chief, Division of Information, Bashis Department of Customs Estonia Elena Pere Specialist. Sector of Statistics of Foreign Trade, Department of Statistics CIS Statistical Committee Korolev Chairman 218 Mikhail Antonovich Potapova Director, Department of Statistitics of Foreign Ella Petrovna Economic Relations for countries members of CIS Djuzhikova Director. Department of International Cooperation Elizaveta Isaakovna of CIS countries-members Doronina- Chief Economust, Department of Statistics of Tamara Aleksandrovna Foreign Economic Relations for the countries members of CIS Martynov Consultant Victor Vasilievich Homenko Deputy Chief, Department of Comparative Analysis Tatiana Alekseevna and Macro-Economical Statistics Pupynin Senior Economist, Department of National Robert Nikolaevich Accounts The World Bank C. Michalopoulos Senior Adviser, EC3 M. Belkindas Statistical Adviser, EC3/C4 B. Kaminsky Economist, IECIT O. Ivanova Economist, IECSE GATT J-M. Leger Director, Statistics and Information Systems Division UN R. Roberts Director, Department of Foreign Trade Statistics, UNSTAT IMF C. Patel Chief, Real Sector Division, Statistics Department Custom Service, France D. Gedes Deputy Chief of the Department of Statistics 219 Eurostat J. Heimann Administrator of the Department C Alberti Computer Expert Custom Service of Great Britain A. Cowley Controller, Taniff and Statistics Office Customs Cooperation Council D Beck Technical Officer 220 HpnxIozaeHHe B CHHICOK Y'IACTHHKOB MC)KgyHapO4HIFO ceCMHapa HO CTaTHCTHKC BHeMHCiiH TOprOBJIH r. MOCKBa 21 - 24 HIOHJ 1994 r. 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