WB.Toolkit.Cover 6/23/05 6:28 PM Page 1 48487 Gender Issues in Monitoring and Evaluation in Rural Development: A Tool Kit June 2005 T H E WO R L D B A N K 1 8 1 8 H S T R E E T, N W WA S H I N G TO N , D C 2 0 4 3 3 Part I General Guidelines for Integrating Gender in M&E Part II Thematic Briefs on Rural Sub-Sectors T H E W O R L D B A N K Integrating a Gender Dimension into Rural Development Projects --A Focus on Results-based Monitoring and Evaluation Revised June 2005 T he World Bank aims to reduce gender disparities In 2003 the World Bank adopted the results-based and inequalities by enhancing women's participa- monitoring and evaluation framework that constitutes a tion in economic development. It assists member continuous process of collecting and analyzing informa- countries in formulating and implementing their gender tion. The framework is a simplified version of the tradi- and development goals (OP 4.20). tional logframe and focuses on the Project Development The Bank's rural development strategy (Rural Objective (PDO) and expected intermediate outcomes Development: Reaching The Rural Poor, 2003) recog- from each project component. nizes the importance of empowering women by establish- The added emphasis on component outcomes helps ing their rights and strengthening their political voice.1 focus project design and management on results by shift- This requires developing an appropriate framework for ing focus away from monitoring inputs and outputs. The assessing progress in achieving socially inclusive rural aim is to provide managers and decision-makers with an development. understanding of project failure or success in reaching its desired outcomes. The Toolkit for Integrating · Research findings suggest Gender into Monitoring that there are welfare and and Evaluation efficiency gains from improving women's educa- has been developed to assist tion level, access to project task teams, borrowers, resources, and control over and partners to recognize and income. address gender concerns in · Increasing the economic designing rural development productivity of the rural sector projects and to monitor poor is largely about and evaluate results, outcomes, enabling women to realize and impact on achieving over- their socioeconomic poten- all rural well-being. tial more fully and improve their own and their fami- Why integrate gender into rural development lies' quality of life. projects? Why integrate a gender dimension into monitoring · Women represent the majority of the rural poor (up and evaluation? to 70%), especially where migration, marital instabil- · Gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation in a ity, male mortality, and single parenthood have left results-based framework reveals the extent to which them as heads of household. a project has achieved improvements in the lives and · Although many times it goes unrecognized, women play overall social and economic well-being of women a major role in the survival strategies and economy of and men. poor rural households across all geographical regions. · It also improves project performance during imple- · Women have proved to be a driving force in achiev- mentation, allows for midterm corrections, and ing project effectiveness and reducing poverty. makes it possible to derive lessons for future projects. Monitoring is defined as "the continuous assessment of project implementation in relation to agreed schedules and of the use of inputs, infrastructure, and services by project beneficiaries"2 Evaluation is defined as "periodic assessment of the relevance, performance, efficiency, and impact (expected and unexpected) of the project in relation to stated objectives"3 (OD 10.70: §2 and 3). Results-based Monitoring and Evaluation is described further by Kusek and Rist in Ten Steps to a Results- Based Monitoring and Evaluation System (World Bank, 2004). How to Integrate Gender into Monitoring and Evaluation An effective gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation system in rural development projects requires that the following key activities be undertaken at different points of the project cycle: STAGE I--IDENTIFICATION AND PREPARATION · Ensure that benchmark survey or baseline study is gender sensitive4 · Undertake an initial gender study or analysis5 to iden- tify the potential negative impacts of project inter- vention on women as well as men · Identify gender-related goals and priorities based on available information and consultation with stake- holders · Conduct a gender-sensitive social analysis/assessment6 to broadly cover social, cultural and economic aspects · Assess the institutional capacity for integrating gen- · Organize reporting and feedback processes, clearly der into development activities. identifying who will collect and analyze informa- tion, and who will receive it and how it will be STAGE II--DESIGN AND APPRAISAL used to guide implementation. This includes, as · Ensure gender is integrated into goals and objectives part of the results framework, determining and set clear targets7 arrangements for results monitoring by establish- · Plan for developing capacity to address gender issues ing target values and data collection/reporting and to monitor and evaluate progress and outcomes plans for the outcome indicators (Annex 1). · Set up a monitoring and evaluation system Adoptand"engender"theResultsFramework8as STAGE III--IMPLEMENTATION included in the PAD (Annex 1) · Carry out capacity development exercises for inte- Identifyandselectkeygender-sensitiveindicators grating, and for monitoring and evaluating, gender- for outcomes and impact9 related issues. Develop/selectthe"best"datacollectionmethods During Supervision: and decide on timing (Annex 2) · Collect gender-sensitive data based on the selected indicators · Monitor the progress against outcome targets set for the period under evaluation, and feed results back into the system to allow for midterm corrections. During Midterm Evaluation: · Assess progress and make corrections if needed to obtain expected gender-related outcomes. STAGE IV--IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION · Assess outcomes and impact of gender integration in the overall project context · Assess outcomes and impact of project interventions on men and women · Derive and share lessons that can feed into the overall Rural Development goals and objectives (Annex 3). 2 of Impact Outcome of Intermediate Outputs Monitoring aluation of of Ev and Outcomes Monitoring and aluation aluation Gender Ev Inputs Ev Monitoring oject Pr ents the into Situation ces Gaps: Plan ocation into ell-being omen Social oject Compon All Issues W W Issues Gender in on Resour rationg werment Gender oject and of Pre-Pr Social Pr Equity oject Gender Inte Empo om of Men Gender Pr fr ormation and Closing e orf Implementation of Inf Overall Integration Gender Gender Benefits of Chang elsv Le 1: e Figur Inputs Goal and CAS velopment Activities ces oject De Components Identification Pr Objective -related oject Resour oject oject Pr oject Pr Pr Pr Sector oject Pr G E N D E R I N T E G R A T E D 3 Key Issues to Consider Design and Appraisal Identification and Preparation · Do the project components and desired outcomes reflect the project's gender-sensitive goals and objectives? · Does the client (country, state, dis- · Is there a credible implementation plan that links trict) have the policy and institu- courses of action and intermediate targets to expected tional framework to promote gender final outcomes that benefit both men and women? equality in development activities? · Are targets being set in consultation with stakeholders? · Are the project's goals and objec- · Are gender-sensitive Monitoring and Evaluation indi- tives gender-sensitive: Do they ade- cators being identified in consultation with stakehold- quately reflect women and men's ers? Have the beneficiaries identified outcome indica- needs? tors they would like to monitor? · What is the level of participation from men and women stakeholders, Capacity: local women's NGOs, community- · Do the planning and implementing agencies have the based organizations, and so on, in capacity to identify and address gender issues? Has staff setting goals and objectives? received gender-sensitivity training? If not, will they? · Is baseline information, against · Is there an incentive structure (including rewards and which results can be measured, being sanctions) to encourage staff to address gender concerns? collected through gender analysis · Have guidelines for gender-related activities been and/or social assessment? developed and implemented? · Are funds being allocated for gender capacity building? · Is there a gender focal point or staff in charge of gender concerns within the Project Management Unit and Project Implementation Units, and the concerned min- istry of the borrowing country? Data Collection Methods: · Do the tools and methods to collect data reflect gender Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) com- outcomes and impacts? prises a growing family of participatory · Are there male and female data collectors, and have approaches and methods that emphasize local they received gender-sensitivity training? knowledge and enable local people to make · Are standard data collection and analysis methods their own appraisal, analysis, and plans. The being complemented with qualitative methods such as purpose of PRA is to enable development PRA, focus groups, and so on? Is gender analysis being practitioners, government officials, and local integrated into these? people to work together to plan context- · Is the possibility of conducting a stand-alone gender appropriate programs. PRA uses group anima- study being considered? tion and exercises to facilitate information · Does the project design take into account the different sharing, analysis, and action among stakehold- Monitoring and Evaluation information needs in terms ers. Originally developed for use in rural of how the information will be used and by whom, and areas, PRA has been employed successfully in are these needs being assessed in light of budgetary and a variety of settings. time constraints? Partnerships: · Is the possibility of developing partnerships with local women's NGOs, grassroots organizations, research cen- ters, and so on, for data collection and analysis being explored? 4 throughout the Project Cycle Implementation Completion--Evaluation · Did both men and women participate in the Implementation project? Did both men and women receive the benefits? · Are gender-sensitive and -disaggregated data · What were the preliminary indications about being collected to keep track of component out- emerging outcomes? How did they affect men comes? From what sources? and women? · Is the same information contained in the base- · How did different stakeholders perceive line data being collected for outcome indicators changes caused by the project? at one or several times during the life of the · Did the project produce the intended benefits project in order to measure outcomes and for men and women? How do the outcomes impact? compare to the targets? What factors account · Are data also collected to establish the stake- for variation in outcomes? holders' perceptions of project benefits? · How did the risk indicators/critical assump- · Is there thematic unity in all data collection for- tions about gender interact with the project's mats and reports? inputs in support or hindrance of project · Are the data fed back to project personnel and progress? beneficiaries on a timely basis to allow for proj- · How can gender outcomes and impacts be ect adjustments? increased or stabilized? · Are local women's organizations, NGOs, · How did project beneficiaries, male and research institutes, and so on, involved in female, respond to the interventions? monitoring the progress of the project's gen- · What are the realistic prospects of sustaining der integration? the benefit stream in the long term? · Are there specific and adequately detailed refer- ences to gender in the project implementation status and supervision reports? · Are the results/findings being disseminated and shared with stakeholders? How? When? 5 Participation Promoting participation in gender-sensitive Monitoring and Evaluation can build consensus among stakeholders on the project's gender goals, and on what gender out- comes to monitor and what impacts to evaluate. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation makes it pos- sible to identify problems early in the project implemen- tation stage, and give communities and implementing agencies the ability and flexibility to respond to chang- ing scenarios that may affect the project interventions. It taps the perspectives and insights of all stakehold- ers, beneficiaries as well as project implementers. All stakeholders identify issues, conduct research, analyze Checklists findings, make recommendations, and take responsibility Are participatory processes among stakeholders, men and for necessary action. Stakeholders who are involved in women, being encouraged and how do the stakeholders the identification of problems and solutions will develop perceive the benefit of their participation when: the all-important ownership and commitment to any corrective actions adopted. · Planning, implementing and maintaining projects? · Setting goals? The first steps for integrating gender into the partici- · Identifying activities, components and indicators? pation process include: · Setting targets? · Selecting the best data collection methods? 1. Identifying the key stakeholders and ensuring they · Collecting and analyzing data? will all be invited and are able to participate during · Monitoring and evaluating? consultations · Reporting and disseminating results? 2. Assessing the current scope, level and quality of par- ticipation. (To what extent are organizations repre- senting both women and men involved, and what Indicators are the factors limiting their fuller participation?) · What is the percentage of participating stakeholders, 3. Identifying and setting measures to strengthen the women and men, who are satisfied with their own capacity of marginalized and vulnerable groups, involvement at different stages of the project? including women, to participate · How many women and men, people from different 4. Assessing the existing capacity of government and ethnic groups, members of different castes and age other agencies to organize participatory processes. groups, and different economic classes are adopting Where necessary, rapid capacity building through new farming practices? training, study tours or technical assistance may be · What factors influence the adoption rates? required to ensure that the capacity exists to manage · What is the level of voice of local stakeholders, the participatory processes. women and men, in influencing key activities? (e.g., setting workshop agendas, determining training prior- ities, assessing and selecting new varieties). · What factors enable or restrict the voice of the Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) stakeholders? provides task team leaders (TTLs) with feedback on · What is the level of influence of women and men in project effectiveness during implementation. TTLs different institutions (government, NGOs, local can use this tool to systematically evaluate progress stakeholders) to guide their operations? towards desired outcomes and impact throughout the · What is limiting or enabling their abilities to project cycle. exert influence? 6 Endnotes and to incorporate measures that enhance the project's sustain- ability. Both processes-analysis and assessment-involve examin- 1 ing the project's socio-cultural, institutional, historical and politi- Rural development is a strategy to alleviate poverty through cal context, and stakeholder views and priorities, and including sustained increases in the productivity and income of the rural as many relevant stakeholders as feasible in the project cycle. poor. Rural development projects strive to promote overall pro- Good social analysis can thus broaden social support for econom- ductivity and improve cost-effectiveness by: (i) directly benefit- ic and social development. To ensure that social analysis pro- ing large numbers of rural poor, (ii) having a sufficiently low vides a thorough picture of those systems, Bank social scientists cost per beneficiary so that they may be extended or replicated use five "entry points," or dimensions of inquiry, to structure over broader areas, and (iii) capturing the production potential their work. Those entry points are: (i) Social diversity and gen- of rural women and men-farmers, livestock managers, entrepre- der, (ii) Institutions, rules and behavior, (iii) Stakeholders, (iv) neurs, and so on. Participation, and (v) Social risks. Source: Social Development 2Successful monitoring: (i) provides feedback during the Department, Social Analysis Sourcebook: Incorporating Social process of implementation; (ii) requires collection of readily Dimensions into Bank-Supported Projects (World Bank, 2003). available information and minimal processing and analysis of it; 7The target should be a clear, timebound value against which (iii) focuses on the current status of indicators; (iv) places actual project outcomes and results can be measured. Targets appropriate emphasis on project inputs and outputs as well as should be realistic and quantifiable statements of expected out- tracking outcomes and impacts. comes. They represent what the project wants to achieve in 3An evaluation system involves the development of a series of concrete terms. data over a time span starting before the project is implement- 8"Engendering" the Results Framework requires that the ed and continuing well beyond the implementation period. process of planning a project as well as each component of the Unlike monitoring, an evaluation requires a longer time span framework matrix be done through a "gender lens." Preparation before even tentative conclusions can be drawn. Objectives of of an "engendered" results framework involves project planners, evaluation: (i) Determine whether the project objectives set in stakeholders, and beneficiaries in analyzing gender relations terms of expected outcomes and impact are being, or will be, and addressing questions at each level of the framework. This met; (ii) establish causality and focuses on the links between analysis takes place throughout the course of monitoring and inputs and outputs and between outputs and outcomes/impact; evaluation, keeping in mind that the Results Framework is both (iii) improve the project by sharing the evaluation results while adjustable and applicable to long-term project management. there is still time to make adjustments to the project; (iv) con- The Results Framework is included as a technical annex in the tribute the lessons from evaluation to future rural development Project Appraisal Document (PAD). projects; (v) identify clearly the external factors that influence project outcomes as well as the true contribution of the project 9Gender-sensitive indicators, as they measure gender-related to the development objective. changes in society over time, point out how far and in what 4 ways development programs and projects have met their gender A baseline study reveals the situation in the project area objectives. Their usefulness lies in their ability to point to before the intervention. The resulting benchmark data is used changes in the status and roles of women and men over time, for comparison when using indicators through the project cycle. and therefore to measure whether gender equity is being Baseline data, against which progress and results can be meas- achieved. Indicators can be grouped as: ured, should be disaggregated by gender, socioeconomic and ethnic grouping, and age. Implementation Performance Indicators: 5 · Input indicators monitor project-specific resources to be Gender analysis is a systematic approach for determining men provided for each project item; normally used at or close to and women's often differing development needs and prefer- the start of the project ences and the different impacts of development on women and · Output indicators measure output for each project or compo- men. It examines men's and women's access and control over nent, such as improvements in relation to baseline test data; resources, including the division of labor between genders, and they determine whether output from project components their control over the inputs and outputs (benefits) of their delivered and are used particularly during implementation labor. Gender analysis takes into account how class, race, eth- nicity or other factors interact with gender to produce discrimi- Project Outcome and Impact Indicators natory results. Since 2003 the Bank's Project Appraisal Document only 6 requires the inclusion and monitoring of outcome indicators: Social assessment Social analysis enables the Bank to assess · Outcome indicators measure the immediate impacts pro- whether a proposed program or operation is likely to meet its duced by each of the outputs. Intermediate outcomes are social objectives and to recommend measures that will ensure monitored during implementation and evaluated with the that these objectives are met. Social assessment (for a definition) overall outcome near the end of the lender's/Bank's enables the Borrower to examine the sustainability of the project 7 ANNEX 1 Gender Integration in a Typical Rural Development Project: Results Framework, Annex 1 of PAD The Project Appraisal Document (PAD) is the final product of a successful project planning process. For monitoring and evaluation the PAD requires both a results framework and a description of monitoring and evaluation arrange- ments. The structure is shown by way of a hypothetical example in the tables. When developing the framework, one should pay particular attention to the following: · Develop a strong and clear PDO to illustrate the principal outcome with respect to the primary target group · Make sure that the project components contribute to achieving the PDO including through secondary target groups · Select indicators, including those that address gender, for the PDO and each project component · Decide how tracking results would guide in midcourse corrections of project implementation Note that additional monitoring and evaluation issues must be featured in the text of the PAD. These include: · Articulate a clear alignment between the project and higher order strategic, program, or sector goals. · Provide details on practical arrangements for monitoring and evaluation. · Discuss critical risks, assumptions, and possible controversial aspects (See also table below for further suggestions on how to integrate gendering the project design.) An Example of a Gender Integrated Results Framework for a Rural Development Project Project Development Objective (PDO) Project Outcome Indicators Use of Project Outcome Information Statement of Project Development Objective List of outcome indicator(s) at PDO level Specify use/purpose of monitoring specific indicators and use of findings (PDO level) Agricultural producers increase the adoption For example, percentage/number of women If the rate of technology adoption by of profitable and environmentally sound and men producers who have adopted women and men is lower than y% by technologies environmentally sound technologies by year x specified target date, the Outcomes 1 and 2 must be reviewed for efficiency Intermediate Outcomes Intermediate Outcome Indicators Use of Intermediate Outcome Monitoring Statement of outcomes per component List of outcome indicator(s) per component Specify use/purpose of monitoring specific indicators and use of findings (component level) Outcome 1: Extension service providers have an improved For example, percentage/number of women If the rate of satisfaction is lower than y% understanding of client needs and how to and men producers satisfied with access to by the specified target dates, the activities respond to them and quality of extension services under Component 1 will be adjusted as needed Outcome 2: National research institutes have improved For example, percentage of priority research If the proportion is lower than envisioned, capacity to conduct research in identified funds allocated to research in priority areas the situation will be analyzed and corrected priority areas 8 Arrangements for Results Monitoring Target Values Data Collection and Reporting Responsibility Project Outcome Frequency Data Collection for Data Indicators Baseline YR1 YR2 YR3 YR4 YR5 and Reports Instruments Collection Percentage/number Annual For example, Project Project of women and men monitoring system Coordination producers who have consultant field reports; Unit adopted environ- reports; supervision mentally sound W: 0% 5% 8% 15% 35% 60% reports; midterm technologies by M: 5% 7% 10% review, case studies, year x repeated field surveys against baseline Responsibility Project Outcome Frequency Data Collection for Data Indicators Baseline YR1 YR2 YR3 YR4 YR5 and Reports Instruments Collection Outcome 1: Annual For example, Project Project Percentage/number monitoring system Coordination of women and men W: 10% 20% 40% 50% 70% 90% reports; farmer Unit producers satisfied M: 30% 40% 60% 70% 80% satisfaction surveys; with access to and supervision reports; quality of extension annual reports of services research institutes, midterm and Outcome 2: 2% 10% 20% 30% 35% 40% Annual completion reviews Project Percentage of priority Coordination research funds Unit allocated to research in priority areas 9 ANNEX 2 Suggested Data Collection and Analysis Methods Method Applications Ease and Cost of Data Collection and Analysis Quantitative methods Household surveys Household composition and household welfare Gender-disaggregated questions can be included at no cost, however, applying submodules to individual household members increases interview time and often requires a second visit Attitude studies Analysis of attitudes toward different These can be included in the household survey, but they require organizations or prioritization of needs additional time to administer and projects Willingness and Estimates of how much households are currently Questions can be included in the household survey, but it is capacity to pay paying for services such as health, water, essential to interview both women and men; qualitative methods education, and transport and assessment of such as direct observation may be required to check the their willingness and capacity to pay for reliability of the information improved services for different household members Time-use studies Estimating the time women and men spend on Questions can be included in surveys, but, where possible, this collecting water and fuel, traveling to work, domestic should be combined with focus groups or direct observation; activities, unpaid and paid productive activities. household diaries can also be used Seasonal labor Display of quantitative changes in farming cycle It requires 1­2 days profiles and labor allocation when new crops or techniques are introduced; estimate person/days or months for each task during average farming season by gender Qualitative methods Stakeholder Identifying main groups affected by or affecting This requires individual interviews, but often with a relatively analysis planned or actual policies and determining their small number of respondents interests, influence, and importance Institutional Evaluating the efficiency and client friendliness Some questions can be included in household surveys, but where analysis of the main public and private sector agencies possible, this should be combined with focus groups providing services Focus groups and Seeking the opinion of community groups on Semi-structured interviews, usually taped, and conducted community forums their problems and priority needs and their experience separately with women and men--it can take 1­2 hours/group with the projects and programs being provided­ (or up to 20 people) a valuable complement to household surveys Participatory Rural These methods are used to understand the world Several days and, ideally, at least one week should be allowed for Appraisal and other of the poor and to listen to their concerns and each community studied. It is important to allow sufficient time participatory priorities rather than asking them to respond to a set to understand the community and to gain the trust of residents methods of survey questions prepared by outside agencies. before the sessions begin. Group and Quick, inexpensive overview of conditions and It requires 1­2 hours/village community practices across villages; open-ended questioning interviews of group representing more than one household Community portraits Comparison and contrast between beliefs and practices It requires 1­2 hours/village across villages and between genders Agricultural Qualitative picture of activities for all enterprises and On a monthly basis, identify by gender, family position, and wage calendars operations status the person(s) responsible for farm and nonfarm tasks--it requires 1­2 days Photographs and Photographs can provide a dramatic complement to Photographs are quick and easy to take. Videos are also an excellent videos written reports and an effective way to document way to present findings, but they are much more expensive to physical and economic change over time produce--particularly if editing is required Spatial maps Clear visual picture of participants, beneficiaries, It requires half a day to 1 day and constraints. Indicate by gender on maps of fields/ enterprises who is responsible, provides labor, and controls resources and outputs or benefits Walking tours Map locating main agro-ecological zones, farming Conducted by interdisciplinary team of rural dwellers and scientists. systems, social groups, and infrastructure; Main Separate walks with men and women can be informative. It requires problems of community and key informants for a team and residents for half a day to 1 day. various issues Adapted from: Bamberger et al., 2002, and Fong and Bhushan, 1996. 10 ANNEX 3 Rural Score Card: Assessing Rural Well-being through a Gender Lens The Rural Score Card is a composite set of indicators that can be used to measure progress in achieving overall rural well-being in a given country. The Score Card is useful in policy dialogues with client countries in focusing attention to areas of need. The Rural Score Card uses poverty reduction goals to set the indicators of rural well-being and takes into account the expanded connotation of poverty that includes lack of basic needs, services and capacities. It also recognizes vulnera- bility, powerlessness, and inequality as key aspects in poverty, which are intricately associated with gender issues in rural development. The framework for the Rural Score Card identifies five specific outcomes of poverty reduction initiatives in rural areas. The corresponding gender-related issues and indicators are useful in assessing how the poverty reduction initiatives address the needs of both men and women (see more details in: Okidegbe, 2000). Outcome Gender-Related Issues and Indicators The proportion of the rural population · Rural population below poverty line (%) by gender with incomes below the poverty level · Average income in rural households ­male-headed and female-headed is reduced · Percentage of men and women with income below $1 a day Social and physical well-being · Percentage of population with access to safe water and fuel is improved · Percentage of rural population with access to sanitation · Percentage of rural population with access to healthcare · Percentage of rural population with access to and use of childcare services · Access to rural roads and transport · Division of labor in fuel and water collection by gender · Rural fertility rate (average number of births per woman) · Under-five mortality rates, males and females (Millennium Development Goal) · Malnutrition prevalence (percentage of children under 5) · Rural HIV prevalence (number by gender) (Millennium Development Goal) Human development is fostered · Percentage of rural women with access to formal education · Net primary enrollment ratio, males and females (Millennium Development Goal) · Changes in men-women ratio in literacy (15­24 years old) (Millennium Development Goal) · Men's and women's access to different types of training · Women's access to information Equity is fostered · Men's and women's access to productive resources · Women's legal position in inheriting and acquiring lands; gender gap in ownership of agricultural land (percentage of farms in individual ownership owned by women) · Access to credit: number and average size of loans to women and men · Men's and women's time-use in household and farming activities · Men's and women's access to technology and support services in agriculture · Men's and women's capacity to adopt improved technology · Women's role in decision making in family and farming activities · Women's roles in cooperatives, in local planning and decision making · Women in leadership positions in village/community level · Women's control over income and other household resources · Employment in agriculture--ratio of females as a percentage of female labor force to males as a percentage of male labor force · Contribution of different household members to the household economy Food security is enhanced · Productivity increase in men and women farmers' fields · Per capita food availability--women's and girls' access to food · Availability of food in female-headed households · Availability of animal protein in diet Note: This information can be obtained from several sources including household surveys, poverty assessments, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health and other relevant ministries, women's organizations, legal associations, district data, focus groups, and special studies combining quantitative and qualitative methods. 11 References Kusek, Jody Z. and Ray Rist. 2004. Ten Steps to a Results-Based Monitoring and Evaluation System. The Bamberger, Michael. 1999. Developing Gender Sensitive World Bank, Washington, D.C. Monitoring and Evaluation Systems for Rural Travel Okidegbe, Nwanze. 2000. Monitoring Rural Well-being: a and Transport Projects and Programs-Draft. The Rural Score Card. Rural Development, The World World Bank, Washington, D.C. Bank, Washington, D.C. Bamberger, Michael, Mark Blackden, Lucía Fort, and World Bank. Gender in Agriculture: A World Bank Violeta Manoukian. 2002. Gender Chapter, PRSP Learning Module. Sourcebook. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. URL:http://www.worldbank.org/gender/ Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). World Bank. 2002. A Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction 1997. A Project Level Handbook: The Why and How Strategies, Volume 1. Community Driven of Gender-sensitive Indicators. Canada. Development. Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). World Bank. 2003. Social Analysis Sourcebook: 1997. Guide to Gender-sensitive Indicators. Canada. Incorporating Social Dimensions into Bank-Supported Fong, Monica S. and Anjana Bushan. 1996. Toolkit on Projects. Social Development Department. Gender in Agriculture: Gender Toolkit Series No. 1. For a discussion on participatory techniques see also: The World Bank. Washington, D.C. http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/sdvext.nsf/09By King, Elizabeth and Andrew D. Mason. 2001. DocName/SectorsandThemesGenderandSocialInclusion Engendering Development through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice. Acknowledgements Particular thanks are due to the World Bank-Netherlands Partnership Program for its financial support towards the preparation of the Toolkit. We also thank our colleagues in the Rural Development Sector for their input and collaboration. Prepared 2001 by: Updated 2005 by: Lucía Fort Lucía Fort Beatriz Leilani Martínez Eija Pehu Madhuchhanda Hild Rygenstad Mukhopadhyay Riikka Rajalahti Arunima Dhar In collaboration with: Gender and Development Group, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management, http://www.worldbank.org/gender Gender and Rural Development Thematic Group, Agriculture and Rural Development, http://www.worldbank.org/gender-rural The World Bank Washington, DC 2005 12 Agro-enterprise Development Agro-enterprise development covers the entire gamut of activities concerning supply of inputs, production, processing, transporting, and marketing of agricultural and related produce. It cuts across various sectors and encompasses the institutions and businesses serving the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sectors. Rationale for Integrating Gender into Agro-enterprise Development Projects One important goal of agribusiness efforts is to improve the productivity of labor. Given that women's representation in the agricultural labor force is increasing, gender concerns need to be addressed to ensure the continued growth of women's productivity in this sector. In this context, gender relations (roles, responsibilities, access, and control over resources and services) assume special significance. Checklist of Gender-related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle Identification and Implementation and Design and Appraisal Implementation Completion Preparation Supervision Gender differences in access to Strengthening market Assess and improve participation Better knowledge about high information information systems for male of women in trade and producers value added products and Linkages between big agro- and female SMEs organizations marketing among women and Support enterprises and small producers, Strengthening roles of women in Improve facilities for women in men entrepreneurs especially women trade and policy and markets Increased income from products Differential access by gender to participatory planning markets and services Market Women's participation in trade and producers organizations Men's and women's roles in Technological and management Identify and target women Increase in income of men and agro-processing and trade support to small and medium entrepreneurs in agro-processing women from agro-enterprises Opportunities and barriers for entrepreneurs, men and women activities and trade Improvement in efficiency and women's entry in agro- Support to women/small Assess and improve technical level of women's participation in processing and trade enterprises in moving from and managerial skills among agro-enterprise New trends replacing women's informal to formal status, men and women entrepreneurs home-based enterprises and assistance in licensing and Improve access of women Entrepreneurship trade tendering entrepreneurs to producers and trade organizations Opportunities and constraints for Project support to improve Increase number of male and Increase in efficiency and women's employment in agro- women's skill levels in female skilled workers productivity of labor especially of enterprises processing and trade Improve women's level of women workers Barriers to women's participation Provide access to information on employment in agro-enterprises Equal treatment/wages by in farm-business linkages fair wages, protective legislation, gender Employment etc. Giventheimportanceofagro- Design activities at various levels Analyze the changes in the role Increased role of women in agro- enterprises for women, assess to close the gap between men of women in agro-enterprise enterprises and market linkages Task opportunities for women in the and women in opportunities (or activities should be assessed for outset of the project access), efficiency, and Monitor changes compared to Evaluate changes compared to Teams Establish gender-sensitive productivity in agro-enterprises gender sensitive baseline data gender sensitive baseline data baseline data Finalize gender-sensitive baseline Notes data Suggested Gender-related Outcome and Impact Indicators Outcome Indicators Impact Indicators · Percentage/number of women starting their own business · Women's wage and employment levels · Change in the way women entrepreneurs are viewed in producer · Wage differentials and skill gaps between men and women and trade organizations · Performance of women's owned and run businesses · Percentage/number of women in leadership positions · Change in women's bargaining power in the household · Women's participation and leadership in producer and trade · Interest from trade and producer organizations in hiring women organizations Example of a Gender-integrated Project: Women Entrepreneurs in Agro-enterprises The project development objective is to increase the incomes of land users in a sustainable manner by empowering them to obtain equitable access to natural and financial resources. Background studies show that customary rules leave women without control both over land resources and over income generated on that land. Production of goods to be sold on local or export markets is driven by men while women provide most of the primary labor thereby further adding to their workloads. The project includes training components for government officials and supervisors, municipalities, and farmer lead- ers (men and women) on incorporation of the gender dimension. Women are consulted during project design and implementation, and gender studies capture current gender issues and establish a baseline to be monitored over the course of the project. Results Framework Project Development Objective Project Outcome Use of Project Outcome (PDO) Indicators Information The incomes of rural producers are Percentage/number of women and men If 40% of beneficiaries have not reached increased in a sustainable manner by producers that reach their targeted income their targeted income levels by midterm, the empowering them to obtain equitable access levels components must be reviewed for efficiency to natural and financial resources Use of Intermediate Outcome Intermediate Outcome Intermediate Outcome Indicators Monitoring Outcome 1: Share of the new products of men and If targets are not reached, beneficiaries Women and men producers are reaching women producers reaching regional markets should receive more skills training and regional markets with their new products business mentoring. Identify and remove obstacles to market access Outcome 2: Share of field labor performed by women If targets are not reached, reevaluate and Equitable division of labor and girls adjust strategies for empowering women's control over resources Arrangements for Results Monitoring Project Outcome Indicators Baseline Midterm Final Data Collection and Reporting Percentage/number of women and 0% 40% 80% Household survey (women and men land users that reach their men interviewed separately) targeted income levels against baseline data Intermediate Outcome Indicators Baseline Midterm Final Data Collection and Reporting Outcome 1: Share of the new products of men 5% 30% 70% Annual collection by Project and women producers reaching Coordination Unit from: con- regional markets sultant field reports; project technical staff supervision reports; special studies, surveys Outcome 2: Share of field labor performed 80% 70% 60% by women and girls Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems (AKIS): Agricultural Research, Extension and Education Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems (AKIS) comprise the institutions and organizations that generate and disseminate knowledge and information to support agriculture and production, marketing, post-harvest handling of agricultural products, and management of natural resources. Most AKIS projects support agricultural research, extension, or education activities, which are increasingly viewed as components of an interrelated system. Rationale for Integrating Gender into AKIS Projects While men and women farmers share many responsibilities, they are often active in different production systems, and have different needs and constraints relating to the farming activities. Gender differences at the household level very often lead to different access to knowledge and information, and support services in agricultural production. Lack of attention to these issues in projects therefore leads to inefficient use of human resources, and loss in productivity. Checklist of Gender-related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle Identification and Implementation and Design and Appraisal Implementation Completion Preparation Supervision Existing technology to meet gender- Funding for research on specific Research programs focusing on Technologies to address gender specific needs, its appropriateness technology needs of men and women gender-specific needs needs in place--better use of saved including cost factors farmers Monitor percentage of research funds time Adoption of technology by men and Funding for research on minor crops allocated in priority areas Increase in productivity through women farmers and vegetables Technologies made simple and non adoption of improved packages by all Emphasis on farming systems' input-intensive for easy adoption categories of farmers Technology Generation research with a gender focus Monitorpercentagewomenandmen producers who adopt technology Existingcapacityamongresearchand Funding for staff training in gender Gender training provided to/planned Research and extension system more extension staff to identify social and awareness raising, and gender tools for research and extension staff sensitive to gender-based needs as gender issues and methods Quality of training assessed by expert assessed by expert team Males and females among extension Project support for gender specific team Increase in percentage and number of staff activities in research and extension Research and extension staff trained women agricultural graduates in rural Facilitiesforadvancededucationin Strengthening facilities for women in for increased focus on gender in areas agriculture for women agricultural education, inclusion of support services Capacity Improvement in quality of services in Institutional Men and women satisfaction with women in the faculty Curriculum developed to meet extension access to agricultural education gender-based needs Percentage women obtaining an agricultural degree Extension programs, if any, to meet Project support for dissemination and Training and contacts among female Wide adoption of technology by men gender-specific needs adoption of advanced technology farmers and women farmers of all categories Appropriateness of extension Strengthening of FFSs to include Infarmer-ledextension,women's Improvement in satisfaction with messages to male and female farmers women participation in training and field services in extension of different categories Extension messages and training demonstrations Access to technology and extension made relevant to the needs of men Technology adoption made easy and services by women farmers and women economical Participation of women in field Private sector and NGO involvement in Information Monitor level of satisfaction with Dissemination demonstrations, FFSs technology testing, dissemination and extension services among women and Beneficiaries' satisfaction with current training men extension system Gender sensitivity in research and Initiatives to promote gender equality Emphasis on gender in research and Increase in men and women farmers' extension policy--priority on in research extension policy extension income through improved access to addressing gender needs Extension strategy to integrate gender Adoption rates of advanced technology and extension Differential allocation, access to consideration in planning and technologies by women and under- Improvement in graduate employment resources by men and women implementation; incentives to staff for privileged opportunities in rural areas Strategies to encourage female gender mainstreaming Women'senrollmentinandsatisfaction Change in government policies based Policy students from rural areas Incentivesandreservationforfemale with agricultural courses on project findings students in agricultural colleges Implications Rateofreportingofresearchfindings (new knowledge) to government Assess technology and extension Emphasize participation in Measure gender integration against Evaluate impact in both qualitative needs of men and women farmers, identification, planning and targets set for research and extension and quantitative terms and identify the gaps in services implementation of activities activities for Evaluate changes compared to gender Assess male and female farmers' Provide options to women farmers for Measuresatisfactionwithprogress sensitive baseline data Teams needs and constraints choosing activities among women and men beneficiaries Developacoregroupwithinthesystem Finalize gender-sensitive baseline data Monitor changes compared to gender Notes to ensure gender integration sensitive baseline data Task Establishgender-sensitivebaselinedata Suggested Gender-related Outcome and Impact Indicators Outcome Indicators Impact Indicators · Quality of gender-focused extension messages produced · Adoption rates of new practices and technologies among men and women · Satisfaction with access to extension services and agricultural education · Improvement in income of men and women farmers · Percentage of research funds allocated to priority areas identified by women · Number of women graduates employed by the formal sector against baseline farmers · Share of national research investments to priorities identified by women · Percentage of women among the contract farmers · Percentage/number of women graduates employed in the formal sector · Percentage of women in the governing boards of producer and trade organizations · Percentage of women obtaining an agricultural degree Example of a Gender-integrated Project: Women and Technology Adoption The project development objective is to ensure that agricultural producers increase their adoption of profitable and environ- mentally sound technologies. Background studies indicate that because the percentage of women-headed households in the region is underestimated, women were also not the focus of local extension services. It also recognized women's long working hours as the main constraining factor in their participation in extension activities and in receiving extension support in their diverse activities. Women's low productivity and income appear to be the result of lack of access to productive resources and technical support. Women are consulted during project design and implementation, and gender studies will further capture current gender issues and establish a baseline to be monitored over the course of the project. Results Framework Project Development Objective Project Outcome Use of Project Outcome (PDO) Indicators Information Agricultural producers increase the adoption Percentage/number of women and men If the rate of technology adoption by women of profitable and environmentally sound producers who have adopted and men is lower than y% by specified target technologies environmentally sound technologies date, the Outcome 1 and 2 must be reviewed for efficiency Use of Intermediate Outcome Intermediate Outcomes Intermediate Outcome Indicators Monitoring Outcome 1: Percentage/number of women and men If the rate of satisfaction is lower than y% Extension service providers have an producers satisfied with access to and by the specified target dates, the activities improved understanding of client needs and quality of extension services under Outcome 1 will be adjusted as needed how to respond to them Outcome 2: Percentage of research funds allocated to If the proportion is lower than envisioned, National research institutes have improved research in priority areas identified by the situation will be analyzed and corrected capacity to conduct research in identified women producers priority areas Arrangements for Results Monitoring Project Outcome Indicators Baseline Midterm Final Data Collection and Reporting Percentage/number of women (w) and w: 10% w: 30% w: 60% Annual collection by Project men (m) producers who have adopted m: 15% m: 30% m: 60% Coordination Unit from: household environmentally sound technologies survey data against the baseline, special studies, and participatory evaluations Intermediate Outcome Indicators Baseline Midterm Final Data Collection and Reporting Outcome 1: Percentage/number of women (w) and w: 20% w: 70% w: 100% men (m) producers satisfied with access m: 50% m: 70% m: 100% Producer satisfaction survey; quality of extension services determined by participatory evaluations; annual reports from Outcome 2: the research institute Percentage of research funds allocated to 20% 30% 40% research in priority areas Land Policy and Administration The land policy and administration sub-sector comprises institutions and activities related to land reform, land adminis- tration, land titling and land privatization. Most land policy and administration projects support the design and imple- mentation of land administration systems where private property systems have been either localized, customary, infor- mal, inadequate, or are lacking. Rationale for Integrating Gender into Land Policy and Administration Projects Women are often the primary users of land, but they are frequently excluded from land rights. Women's land rights include access to land and other natural resources as well as effective participation in the provision of land administra- tion services. If they are excluded from the benefits of the new systems, intentionally or unintentionally, they may suffer in the transition, losing access to land and failing to obtain (or losing) property rights. Lack of assets also reduces women's access to productive resources like credit and reduces their interest in long term investments in the land such as soil conservation. There is a clear need to understand better the implications of inclusion or exclusion for women's material well-being and social status. Checklist of Gender-related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle Identification and Implementation and Design and Appraisal Implementation Completion Preparation Supervision Gender distribution of heads of Gender-inclusive project design-- Percentageofwomenusingtitlesas Increase in women's and men's households balance in male/female ratio among collateral for credit etc. ability to use land titles as collateral Determine what is restricting and the beneficiaries Monitor men's and women's level for investments enabling the use of land ownership Number of titles issued to men, of satisfaction with their ability to Increased satisfaction among as collateral for further investments women, and joint participate and benefit throughout beneficiaries with respect to project Marital status of women who obtain the project participation Issues land titles Monitor changes in economic Participation by men and women activities by men and women throughout the project cycle Socioeconomic Monitor the effect on social and family status of land individual and joint land titling Formal and customary legal status Policy initiatives and support to law Recommendations for gender- Gender-sensitive legal and/or policy of women and men in land titling makers to improve the legal status sensitive legal and policy reforms reforms as a result of project and and administration of women and men Changes in men's and women's initiatives Strategies to encourage women and Extension strategy to integrate formal and customary legal status Improved men's and women's Policy joint land titling gender consideration in planning Emphasis on individual and joint independence and social standing Legal and implementation; incentives to titling by men and women due to obtaining land ownership staff for gender mainstreaming Capacity of land titling and Gender-sensitive training for Monitor women's and men's level Improved satisfaction with land administration units in dealing with administrators and project staff of satisfaction with land titling and titling and administration services gender issues (surveyors) administration services Improved conflict resolution Women's and men's level of Develop and test alternatives to Settling more land ownership Issues satisfaction with titling and land adjudication conflicts with alternatives to administration services adjudication Institutional Identify gender-differentiated problems with adjudication Identifywhywomenhavebecome Consider applicability of Project monitoring should reveal if Impact of increased participation for heads of household group/community approaches to current land titling and conflict and land titling to women should be Establishgender-sensitivebaseline land titling resolution practices incorporate seen in overall context--social, Task data Finalize gender-sensitive baseline women's needs sufficiently to economic, environmental data Notes ensure their participation Evaluate changes compared to Monitor changes compared to gender-sensitive baseline data gender sensitive baseline data Suggested Gender-related Outcome and Impact Indicators Outcome Indicators Impact Indicators · Individual and joint titles issued by gender · Understanding of gender issues among administrators and law makers · Post-titling land sales by gender · Gender responsiveness of legal and policy reforms on land ownership · Land used as collateral for credit by gender · Economic gain for men and women due to land ownership · Degree of diversification of economic activities of women after · Gender awareness in conflict resolution receiving title to their land · Effect on social and family status of individual and joint land titling · Land administration staff by gender Example of a Gender-integrated Project: Strengthening and Preserving Women's Rights in Land Titling The project development objective is to establish a sustainable land administration system that is fair, efficient, cost effective, and decentralized to increase land tenure security. Women can generally access land for residential and agricultural purposes. However, land ownership by women is heavily dependent on the customary laws exercised by the different ethno-cultural groups. Women right holders may, for example, find it relatively more difficult than men to assert their rights during the titling process, or to make use of the proposed new registration systems effectively. Women's names on the titles are for example seen as defensive meas- ures, protecting them in the event of a change of family status. This includes ensuring that the names of both spouses are recorded on the title of joint family properties. Rural women-headed households are typically poorer than male- headed households, but frequently have greater access to land than women in the male-headed households. Women are consulted during project design and implementation, and gender studies will capture current gender issues and establish a baseline to be monitored over the course of the project. Results Framework Project Development Objective Project Outcome Use of Project Outcome (PDO) Indicators Information Establish a sustainable land administration Percentage/number of women land owners If target share is not reached by mid-term system that is fair, efficient, cost effective, who double their income measures such as further extension and and decentralized to obtain increased training initiatives will be considered income and sustainable livelihoods for the land owners Use of Intermediate Outcome Intermediate Outcomes Intermediate Outcome Indicators Monitoring Outcome 1: Land titling is equitable between men and Percentage/number of land titles registered If percentage/number of titles registered to women farmers to women women by year x is below target, the titling process and outreach initiatives must be reviewed and adjusted accordingly Outcome 2: Land tenure security leads to more diverse Percentage/number of women who are able If diversification is below target, focus on economic activities to diversify their economic activity after supporting activities that overcome the receiving title to their land obstacles Arrangements for Results Monitoring Project Outcome Indicators Baseline Midterm Final Data Collection and Reporting Percentage/number of women land owners 0% 30% 60% Sample survey against who double their income baseline survey results Intermediate Outcome Indicators Baseline Midterm Final Data Collection and Reporting Outcome 1: Percentage/number of land titles 5% 40% 70% Annual collection by standard registered to women system reports from the Land Administration Office Outcome 2: Percentage/number of women who are able 0% 30% 60% Consultant field reports; to diversify their economic activity after household surveys receiving title to their land Livestock Development The livestock subsector comprises activities contributing to sustainable livestock production to reduce poverty, support widely shared growth, and increase food security. Sustainability in livestock production entails the provision of tech- nology, information, supporting services, and enabling policies to ensure growth while increasing the efficiency of renewable resource use. Rationale for Integrating Gender into Livestock Development Projects Male and female producers have somewhat different needs for technology and support services, due to gender differ- ences in roles and responsibilities in livestock activities. Women generally raise small stocks and are involved in pro- cessing activities while men are responsible for large animals and marketing produce. Livestock projects should take these differences into account in order to increase project effectiveness and sustainability. Checklist of Gender-related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle Identification and Implementation and Design and Appraisal Implementation Completion Preparation Supervision Gender-based roles and activities in Project activities related to gender- Equitable gender balance in Improvement in returns from livestock production, processing driven small and large livestock beneficiary selection to reflect livestock for all categories of and marketing; gender relations in production project-supported livestock producers control over income Gender input into value-added activities Improvement in men's and Gender-specific needs in livestock processing and efficient marketing Women'sparticipationindecision women's income from livestock activities Gender roles in utilization of animal making increased Improvement in consumption level Issues Impact of livestock activities on draught power for farming and Reductionofwomen'sworkloads of animal protein at family level nutrition and availability of dietary transport and new/alternative uses of their time animal protein Socio-Economic Monitorlevelofanimalprotein consumption at family level Gender discrimination, if any, in Initiatives to mitigate gender bias in Equitable gender balance in Men and women's income from livestock ownership and inheritance livestock policies beneficiary selection to reflect and satisfaction with livestock Men's and women's access to and Project support to improve access project-supported livestock activities increased or at least satisfaction with livestock support to extension, production inputs, activities maintained Policy services in extension, healthcare, credit, and marketing Women's participation in decision credit, and insurance Emphasis on women's participation making increased and Issues Gender balance in producers' and in farmers' groups and Reduction of women's workloads marketing cooperatives cooperatives and new/alternative uses of their time Legal Monitorlevelofanimalprotein consumption at family level Assessment of specific technology Emphasis on applied research on Increase in women's participation Improved efficiency and and training needs of men and micro livestock and income from micro livestock sustainability of livestock systems Issues women in livestock activities Capacity development and training Improvement in number of trained Improved satisfaction with Existing capacity in livestock on gender issues in livestock extension workers and para-vets in technology and training services support services to address gender- activities for research and extension villages based needs staff Monitor level of satisfaction with Gender balance in the provision of Training of rural women as technology and training initiatives livestock services--para-vets, AI paramedics, para-vets, and so on services, and so on Institutional Carryoutinitialbeneficiarysurveyto Integrate gender aspects into all the Monitor progress in terms of Impact evaluation should reflect identify potential gender issues project components in which roles changing roles by women availing general improvement in health and and needs are demonstrated support services, access to nutritional status in addition to Task Undertake a detailed social and gender analysis only if warranted Where necessary, appoint a gender markets, credit, ownership of increase in income for Establishgender-sensitivebaseline specialist to develop a gender animals Evaluate changes compared to Teams data action plan Monitor changes compared to gender sensitive baseline data Finalize gender-sensitive baseline gender-sensitive baseline data Note data Suggested Gender-related Outcome and Impact Indicators Outcome Indicators Impact Indicators · Percentage of women among livestock producers, especially of cattle · Improved income levels for women livestock producers · Amount of milk and animal protein consumed by the family members · Change in nutritional status of children and women through · Level of satisfaction among women and men with veterinary and consumption of milk and animal protein training services · Change in soil nutrient status in households with livestock production · Number of trained and accredited extension workers by gender Example of a Gender-integrated Project: Women and Pastoral Development Initiatives The project development objective is to promote sustainable natural resource management by establishing improved livestock production and marketing systems that would increase the income and well-being of herders and farmers in the project areas. Background information indicates that women in the project area play a significant role in livestock production activities but generally have lower status than men. Women are knowledgeable about production characteristics, animal behavior, and the availability of quality feed and local fodder resources. They give importance to feed materi- als that improve fat percentage in milk and induce heat. In the project, women and ethnic minorities will be target- ed with specific training and capacity building activities. Women's participation in the planning and implementation of activities will be closely tracked through measurable indicators Results Framework Project Development Objective Project Outcome Use of Project Outcome (PDO) Indicators Information Promote sustainable natural resource Income levels for women and men livestock If income levels do not increase according to management by establishing improved producers targets for women and men, the strategies livestock production and marketing systems and project components must be reviewed that would increase the income and well-being and adjusted accordingly of herders and farmers in the project areas Use of Intermediate Outcome Intermediate Outcomes Intermediate Outcome Indicators Monitoring Outcome 1: Improved nutritional status of children and Amount of milk and animal protein If milk and animal protein consumption by women in the family consumed by women and girls mothers and daughters does not increase according to plan, the capacity building initiative must be evaluated and adjusted Outcome 2: If the rate of satisfaction does not increase Access to veterinary and technical support Percentage/number of women and men that according to plan, barriers will be reviewed services improved are satisfied with support services including the need for more trained and accredited extension workers Arrangements for Results Monitoring Project Outcome Indicators Baseline Midterm Final Data Collection and Reporting Percent change in income levels for w: 0% w: 50% w: 100% Household surveys against baseline women (w) and men (m) livestock m: 0% m: 80% m: 100% values at midterm and completion producers (base) Intermediate Outcome Indicators Baseline Midterm Final Data Collection and Reporting Outcome 1: Percent change in the amount of milk 0% 50% 100% Household surveys, special studies, and animal protein consumed by the family (base) satisfaction surveys Outcome 2: Percentage/number of women (w) and men w: 30% w: 60% w: 90% (m) that are satisfied with support services m: 50% m: 70% m: 90% Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management activities seek to increase agricultural productivity through adoption of practices that maintain the long-term ecological and biological integrity of natural resources. Activities in this sub-sector cut across the rural, social, and environmental issues of natural resource management to sustain significant increases in farm productivity through the efficient use of land and other resources. The goal is to provide better economic returns to individuals and contribute to the quality of life and environmental sustain- ability. Rationale for Integrating Gender into Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Projects Strategies for sustainable agricultural development and NRM stress participation and empowerment of farmers and communities, as well as partnership development among all stakeholders. Gender relations at the community and family levels play a crucial role in the success of efforts to harmonize agricultural intensification with environmental integrity and to promote social equity while maintaining economic and production objectives. Checklist of Gender-related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle Identification and Implementation and Design and Appraisal Implementation Completion Preparation Supervision Division of labor between men and Gender-inclusive project activities Women'sfarmproductivityandtheir Women's role in agriculture and women in farming activities in geared towards meeting specific role in decision making NRM strengthened project area needs of men and women Quality of participation of women in Improvement in women and men Issues Constraints men and women Interventions to improve women's agriculture and NRM farmers' income and overall social farmers face in improving access to productive resources Awarenessamongmenandwomen well-being productivity within existing social and cultural about sustainability in farming Men's and women's access and context practices control over resources at household Community mobilization in level adoption of sustainable practices Men and women farmers' and NRM understanding and capacity to Socioeconomic adopt sustainable practices Prevailing system in land tenure Project initiatives to address gender Women farmers' access to land Gender equity in access and security and women's land rights differences in land rights Training of staff trained in gender management of land resources and Existing capacity of institutions to Capacity building in extension and Gender balance among staff Increased satisfaction with the provide support to farming needs of other services to address gender Gender focus in extension activities quality of extension and other men and women Women and men farmers' services. Policy satisfaction with quality and access Institutional to extension and resources Farmers' knowledge of sustainable Technical support conservation Information dissemination on Improved management and farming and NRM approaches by community farmer-oriented sustainable sustainability of land resources Gender-specific technology needs women's groups practices in agriculture and NRM Increase in productivity and fertility to improve productivity and Focus on women and the less Women's participation in field of degraded land sustainability privileged--productivity increase in demonstrations and technology Increased adoption of new Identifywhywomenhavebecome degraded lands and post-harvest adoption technologies leading to reduced Technology heads of household technology Development Percentageofwomenandmenwho pressure on environment adopt new technologies Collect background information on A preliminary gender study or a Emphasis should be given to Impact of women's participation men's and women's dynamics in Gender-integrated PRA is advisable assessing improvement in the should be seen in overall context-- Task agriculture and NRM to identify to help identify specific areas of quality of women's participation social, economic, environmental for gender issues (establish a baseline) emphasis in the project Monitor changes compared to Evaluate changes compared to gender-sensitive baseline data gender-sensitive baseline data Teams Establish gender-sensitive baseline Finalize gender-sensitive baseline data (quantitative and qualitative). data Notes Suggested Gender-related Outcome and Impact Indicators Outcome Indicators Impact Indicators · Convergence of the roles of men and women in agriculture in project area · Improvement in land management practices, reduction in land resource · Competence of women in soil and water conservation degradation · Percentage/number of women in community and producer · Improvement in productivity of degraded lands organizations. · Improvement in women's income · Awareness about conservation-oriented practices among men and · Women's empowerment and overall well-being, nutrition and health women. improved. · Percentage/number of women and men farmers satisfied with quality and access to extension and resources · Percentage of women and men who adopt new technologies. Example of a Gender-integrated Project: Women Participating in Watershed Management The project development objective is to improve the productive potential of natural resources and increase incomes of rural inhabitants in selected watersheds through socially inclusive, institutionally and environmentally sustainable approaches. The objective includes ensuring equitable participation by all groups--especially the landless and women who rely dispro- portionately on common-pool resources for fodder, fuel and other forest products. Income generating activities will be aimed at women and other vulnerable groups. Women are to be included during project design and implementation, and gender studies will capture current gender issues and establish a baseline to be monitored over the course of the project. Results Framework Project Development Objective Project Outcome Use of Project Outcome (PDO) Indicators Information Increased incomes of rural inhabitants in Percentage change in household income If target is not reached, review: inhibiting selected watersheds through socially (compared to base) in targeted villages tariffs and subsidies, poor participatory inclusive, institutionally and environmentally disaggregated by gender and socieconomic processes, inadequate investment sustainable approaches class prioritization, inadequate capacity building Use of Intermediate Outcome Intermediate Outcomes Intermediate Outcome Indicators Monitoring Outcome 1: Communities are inclusive and active in Percentage of male- and female-headed If target is not reached, review and improve: prioritizing their own mix of watershed and households satisfied with their inclusion in mobilization of community and efforts to village development technologies and influence on the preparation of include all socioeconomic households in watershed development plans village decision-making Outcome 2: All stakeholders are informed and educated Percentage of male- and female-headed If target is not reached, review and improve about key design and participation features households aware of project objectives, information, education and communication of the project using targeted messages activities and methodologies activities evolved through a comprehensive communications strategy Outcome 3: Vulnerable groups (including women and Percentage of women-run enterprises still If target is not reached, review and improve landless) establish self-help groups and active after 2 years selection of enterprises, support, and implement income generating activities capacity building Arrangements for Results Monitoring Project Outcome Indicators Baseline Midterm Final Data Collection and Reporting Percentage change in household income 0% 50% 100% Household surveys against baseline (compared to base) in targeted villages (base) data; particpatory evaluations disaggregated by gender and socioeconomic class Intermediate Outcome Indicators Baseline Midterm Final Data Collection and Reporting Outcome 1: Percentage of male- and female-headed 10% 40% 80% Annual collection by Project households satisfied with their inclusion Coordination Unit from: satisfaction in the preparation of watershed surveys; consultant field reports; development plans special studies Outcome 2: Percentage of male- and female-headed 2% 25% 50% households aware ot project objectives, activities and methodologies Outcome 3: Percentage of women-run enterprises 15% 40% 50% still active after 2 years Rural Finance Rural finance comprises all types of financial services for households and micro, small, medium, and large enterprises in rural areas. Specifically, rural finance includes providing credit, savings, insurance, transfer payments and other financial services to farm households or off-farm businesses. These services are provided in return for some interest or fee for loaning and safeguard- ing funds. Rationale for Integrating Gender into Rural Finance Projects There is evidence that women use credit as effectively as men, when it is available, and that their repayment rates are general- ly much higher than those of men. Further, savings are an essential mechanism for managing the risks and variable income patterns typical of rural areas. Yet women have more limited access to formal financial services than men. Overcoming the constraints to women's access to convenient savings, credit and credit-financed inputs is essential for improving their capacity to raise productivity in rural development activities. Checklist of Gender-related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle Identification and Implementation and Design and Appraisal Implementation Completion Preparation Supervision Farmers using institutional finance Gender-inclusive project design-- Promotefemalesavingsaccounts, Reduction in dependence on and services by rural men and balance in male-female ratio among and increase applicants for credit and informal money lenders women. the beneficiaries percentage of approval Women's empowerment-- Reasons for low percentage of Project design to ensure women's Fundsdisbursedformenandwomen increased role in decision making female farmers receiving credit empowerment through access to Monitorwomen'susageofand within family and in the community including access, control and project incentives control over credit Issues cultural issues Support to women's savings and Differential control over assets, credit group formation around Socio-Economic income and decision making productive activities between men and women Viable farmers' groups-- men's, Project assistance to NGOs and Training for men and women in Increase in women's access and women's and mixed and their other grassroots organizations to managing finances and enterprise control over financial resources activities train women's groups development Increase in level of understanding NGOs and other support groups Provision for leadership training for Monitor beneficiaries' satisfaction in managing finances and providing technical assistance and women on business and financial with access and quality of training enterprise development Capacity Building grassroots management training to management Increase in microenterprises by Improvement in women's capacity the communities Skillsdevelopmentformenand men and women to generate income women in microenterprises Assess policy level, legal, and Policy initiatives to improve access Collect gender-disaggregated data Improvement in financial procedural constraints to women's to credit, simplify procedures for on volume and frequency of credit, institutions' services for rural poor access to credit poor and illiterate savings, and repayment Better access to credit for men and Reservation among the poor about Design and deliver special line of Improve repayment rates by women institutional finance and services-- credit for small loans--raise reducing the portfolio at risk More MFIs targeting women in access to adequate information awareness Increase MFIs' efficiency poor communities Capacity within the financial Technical Assistance/capacity- Monitor beneficiaries satisfaction Increased levels of satisfaction with institutions to handle small loans building for MFIs, linked to with financial institutions financial institutions Institutional Sustainability of MFIs serving the performance and outreach poor Community participation and Men and women's repayment record contribution to ensure sustainability and commitment Engender benchmark survey and Credit savings societies to be Project monitoring should reveal Project's overall impact on men collect gender-disaggregated data formed around activities the extent of control over resources and women needs to be Task on credit and savings Need for farmers' capacity building by women in addition to documented separately Gather information on social and in financial skills and management quantitative aspects Evaluate changes compared to for cultural norms and gender-based Establish baseline data on women's Monitor changes in baseline data gender-sensitive baseline data Teams differences in handling finances and and men's roles and level of on women's and men's roles and decision-making satisfaction with the current level of satisfaction with the current Notes Establish gender-sensitive baseline situation situation data Finalize gender-sensitive baseline Monitor changes compared to data gender-sensitive baseline data Suggested Gender-related Outcome and Impact Indicators Outcome Indicators Impact Indicators · Clients' level of satisfaction with rural financiers (disaggregated by gender) · Women farmers expand their livelihood options and derive better incomes · Percentage of microenterprises managed by women · Quality and choices of financial products by banks improved · Repayment rates of loans by men and women · Increased number of women running their own business · Access to financial services by women and men · Improved access to rural finance by women's groups continues after the project · Increase in assets held by women Example of a Gender-integrated Project: Microcredit for Women The project development objective is to enhance skills, productivity and income of beneficiaries in the project area. Women in the project area do not normally have access to institutional financing for improving their household, social, and economic welfare. Credits are used to encourage women to form and remain in groups organized around productive activities. The credit strategy promotes entrepreneurship and empowerment by providing additional sources of income. Performance of credit institutions is to be improved to better serve project beneficiaries. The project also emphasizes nonfinancial services like client training to enhance credit management performance. Women are consulted during project design and implementation, and gender studies are used to capture current gender issues and establish a baseline to be monitored over the course of the project. Results Framework Project Development Objective Project Outcome Use of Project Outcome (PDO) Indicators Information Imroved income of women beneficiaries in the Percentage/number of women with doubled If target is not reached, review and adjust of project area income microcredit schemes and strategy for empowerment and client training Use of Intermediate Outcome Intermediate Outcomes Intermediate Outcome Indicators Monitoring Outcome 1: Improved credit management performance Repayment rates of loans by men and If repayment rates are below target, review among all project beneficiaries women and adjust initiatives toward nonfinancial services to improve credit management Outcome 2: Increased quality of services provided by Percentage of women and men who are If target is not reached, review and improve rural finance institutions satisfied with services provided by rural training of staff in finance institutions to finance institutions better serve both men and women in the community Arrangements for Results Monitoring Project Outcome Indicators Baseline Midterm Final Data Collection and Reporting Percentage of women who doubled w: 0% w: 40% w: 70% Household survey against baseline their income m: 0% m: 60% m: 70% data; special studies Intermediate Outcome Indicators Baseline Midterm Final Data Collection and Reporting Outcome 1: Repayment rates of loans by w: 50% w: 70% w: 80% Bank records. Customer men (m) and women (w) m: 30% m: 60% m: 80% satisfaction survey Outcome 2: Percentage of women (w) and men (m) w: 20% w: 50% w: 90% who are satisfied with services provided m: 50% m: 70% m: 90% by rural finance institutions