SFG2724 V2 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Table of Content Annex 1 Project Component 2 Annex 2 Rules & Regulations 8 Annex 3 Fact Sheet-Environmental Baseline Report 25 Annex 4 Biodiversity Hotspots 57 Annex 5 Aquatic Management Plan 61 Annex 6 Environmental Survey Checklist 82 Annex 7 Environmental Impacts & Mitigation 114 Annex 8 Environmental Clause of Bid Document 143 Annex 9 Environmental Guidelines 150 Annex 10 Stakeholder Consultation 205 Annex 11a Component - A-Environmental Guideline 226 Annex 11b1 EMP for Road 229 Annex 11b2 EMP for Warehouse Construction 237 Annex 11b3 EMP for Market Infrestructure 245 Annex 11c1 EMP for CSC Infrastructure 256 Annex 11c2 EMP for Mitigation Measures_Comodityy_Value added… 267 Annex 12 Pest Management 320 Annex 12a Class II Pesticides 374 Annex 12b List of Pesticides 384 Annex 12c Disposal of Pesticide containers 386 Annex 13 Monitoring Checklist 388 Annex 14 Selection of Suitable Crops 392 Annex 15 Food Safety Standard 405 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 1 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 1 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 2 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 1: PROJECT COMPONENT Component Component Sub component objectives and activities details objective Component To enable the A.1. Enhancing state capacity to attract private investments: Assam Bureau of A: Enabling establishment, Investment Promotion (ABIP) Agri operations and Enterprise growth of agri Objective: To strengthen the newly established Assam Bureau of Investment Development enterprises by Promotion to anchor the private sector investment promotion and facilitation. creating a 1. congenial 2. Activities: investment  Setting up and operationalizing ABIP to play a proactive role in promoting select climate and priority sectors (including agribusiness) where the state has competitive linking them advantages. with the much  Strengthening of DICCs in project districts by upgrading the physical infrastructure needed access and also building the capacities of staff through trainings, exposure to best to finance and practices, etc. technology.  Sector scan for prioritization of competitive sectors,  Developing and communicating the investment opportunities in the state of Assam,  Conducting market outreach through road shows, investor summits, etc.  Developing a platform to provide investor aftercare services to the firms which are operational and/or in expansion/ diversification stage. A.2. Setting up of Agribusiness SME Fund Objective: To support the establishment and management of an Investment Fund that would provide risk capital (equity/quasi-equity financing) and technical assistance to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the agribusiness sector. Activities:  Setting up of Agribusiness incubator.  Developing a robust mentoring program.  Evaluating the business plans of FPOs and incubates.  Providing Agribusiness incubation services to the needy startups.  Outreach programs like Seminars, Technology Awareness and Sensitization programs, Agribusiness investors meet, Agribusiness incubation conference, etc.  Training and capacity building – Entrepreneurship Development Programs (EDPs), Agri Business Incubator (AAI) staff training and exposure visits.  Engaging with funders.  Formation of policy dialogue group – a think tank to track relevant regulatory measures in agri-entrepreneurship sector A.3. Establishing stewardship councils Objective: To support the setting up, and establishment of stewardship councils in select value chains. The stewardship council will act as the platform for engaging industry leaders and stakeholders of the given value chain to act in concert to develop and implement sustainable strategies for their value chain. Activities:  Identification of policy and regulatory level constraints in the sector.  Preparation of Detailed Action Plans and Feasibility Studies.  Technical assistance to undertake long term planning of these groups A.4. Setting up of an Enterprise Fund (EF) Objectives:  Providing risk capital (equity/quasi-equity) for high growth Agribusiness SMEs in Assam  Unlock the agricultural potential of Assam to focus on risk capital to agribusiness SMEs. Activities:  Setting up of a seed capital fund.  Setting up of an Impact investment Fund  Engaging fund management agency Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 3 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Component Component Sub component objectives and activities details objective Component To establish a B.1 Support establishment of Cluster Level Industry Associations (IAs) B: Facilitate modern supply Agro Cluster chain from Objectives: To enhance competitiveness of agri-enterprises in specific geographic Development farm to market locations. that will enable farmers and Activities: other value  Mobilizing existing enterprises into Industries Associations (IA) at the cluster level. chain  Strengthening the capacity of such IAs to develop an Agro Industrial participants to Development Plans (AIDP) laying out an action plan for addressing cluster-level access new obstacles to enterprise growth over the project period. markets.  Enhancing access of agri-enterprises to needed technical and Business Development Services.  Provide partial financing for AIDPs, with partial financing coming in the form of user fees and contributions made by agri-enterprises.  Enhancing availability of a skilled labor pool through skills training initiatives.  Increasing efficiencies and reducing business costs through developing and sharing of business functions such as research and development, information networks, common infrastructure, and joint marketing and branding efforts.  Increasing efficiencies through linkages to specialized technical and BDS services such as assistance with developing business plans, introduction of improved technologies, fostering linkages to input suppliers and linkages to debt and investment financing. B.2 Supply chain support Objective: To establish a modern supply chain, which prevents wastage and value erosion and allows farmers and agro-entrepreneurs to access to more distant markets. Activities:  Improving rural access roads that are connected to the clusters.  Modernizing and upgrading the warehouses, including issuing of warehouse receipts  Upgrading and modernizing of regulated wholesale markets.  Introduction of e-marketing platforms. Component To enable C.1 Promoting climate resilient technologies and their adoption C: Fostering farmers in the Market-led targeted Objectives: Production districts to take To enable farmers in the targeted districts to take advantage of the rapidly changing and advantage of consumer demand and ensuring resilience of agriculture production systems in order to Resilience the rapidly better manage increasing production and risks associated with climate change. Enhancement changing consumer Activities: demand and  Development of climate resilient production clusters of the selected commodities in enhance the project districts. resilience of  Increasing productivity of the commodity in the identified blocks by technological agricultural inputs. production  Improved post-harvest management, value addition and marketing of produce by systems for setting up farmer common service centers (CSCs). increasing  Hiring of Service providers for mobilizing village level farmer commodity groups production and and federating them into larger farmer producer organizations (FPOs). managing risks  Farmer producer organizations will be the focal points for dissemination of associated improved technologies. with climate change. C.1.A: Crop and horticulture value chains. Objective:  increasing productivity of field and horticultural crops,  promoting diversification to pulses, oilseeds, maize, banana and vegetables,  improving quality of produce. Activities:  promote climate-resilient and sustainable crop-horticulture production systems.  pilot remote sensing – GIS tools and agro-meteorology - to improve climate Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 4 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Component Component Sub component objectives and activities details objective resilience.  Crop diversification  promotion of high yielding varieties/hybrids seeds, production of disease-free seedlings and improved agronomic practices.  Integrated crop management (ICM) demonstrations and farmer trainings VCAPs.  Post-harvest management demonstrations to promote farm level drying, cleaning, grading, packing and value addition.  promotion of improved farm implements like seed-cum-fertilizer drills, zero tillage seed drills, tillers, sprayers and machinery for cleaning and processing of agricultural produce.  exposure visits, trainings and capacity building activities covering various aspects of production, post-harvest management and marketing crops for farmers by AAU and KVKs.  Strengthening of Agricultural Technology Management Agencies (ATMAs) to deliver market driven and climate resilient agricultural support services to the farming communities, covering production, post-harvest management and marketing of the identified commodities C.1.B: Silk value chain Seed to raw silk: Objectives  to increase production of raw silk  to increase area under plantation  to increase cocoon yield and reeling efficiency, and quality of silk  create employment opportunities across the value chain. Activities:  organizing producer-entrepreneurs into Producer Groups and Producer Companies  establish community-run Common Services Center (CSCs) to facilitate collective actions and provide extension services and handholding support  create cluster level infrastructure such as community jali houses, nurseries, cocoon houses, eri rearing houses, cocoon drying chambers, grainage houses.  develop key partnerships with research and technical institutions for disease management of silk worms and plants, climate resilient plantation technologies, vegetative propagation, tissue culture protocols, seed certification mechanisms (esp. for commercialization), spinning, reeling and weaving technologies. Raw silk to fabric: Objectives  to increase production of hand-woven silk  to increase visibility of Assam's silk brands and expand presence in national and overseas markets. Activities:  organizing weaver-entrepreneurs into Producer Groups (PGs) and Producer Companies (PCs), and providing them skill and design development support  developing demonstration units for propagating new technologies at the field level,  provide investment packages that help communities acquire upgraded looms and accessories, and facilitate the creation of community weaver workspaces  establishing centralized handloom marketing complex at Guwahati  developing market channels and launching branding campaigns Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 5 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Component Component Sub component objectives and activities details objective C.1.C: Fisheries value chain: Objectives  improving the quality of the inputs such as fish seed and feed for aquaculture.  increasing the fish productivity and production from the pond/tank aquaculture systems, through culture-cum-capture fisheries activities in the beels.  promoting diversification of fish species – particularly genetically improved strains - in combination with Indian major carps in the culture systems.  improved post-harvest management, value addition and marketing of produce by setting up fish farmer common service centres (CSCs). Activities:  promote development of climate resilient fish production clusters in the project districts.  establishment of seed multiplication centres, new hatcheries , etc.  novel polyculture technology demonstration in pond fisheries for market demand based fish species  technology demonstration in beel fisheries by combining indigenous small fishes (e.g. mola) with Indian carps supported with stock enhancement, stock improvement, habitat management/improvement  pen culture on pilot basis in one beel fisheries as practiced elsewhere to demonstrate community involvement in productivity enhancement,  integrated farming of fish with piggery and climate resilient paddy-cum-fish integration  creating adequate post-harvest and market infrastructure facilities,  capacity building, training, extension and exposure visits of farmers, awareness programmes, on climate resilient aquaculture and fisheries and developing and implementing supporting policies and programmes. C.1.D: Milk and pork value chains: Objectives  production - organizing small scattered farmers into producer groups and increasing productivity.  market access – through enterprise development and addressing aggregation and processing, with a particular focus on food safety and human health risks, and increasing consumer awareness  capacity building – farmer training, building AHVD and Dairy Department capacity, developing & equipping a service delivery network; building state capacity to implement the Food Safety Standard Act for Indian(FSSAI); and training and certification of small scale market actors (like milk traders and sweet makers). Milk Value Chain Activities:  organize farmers into DCS.  upgrading low producing non-descript cows using AI.  Demonstration of Fodder.  vaccination campaigns  installation of BMC to improve market access and enhance quality.  Installation of Solar powered automated milk collection units at each DCS to enable transparent milk payment.  Provision of hygenic basic milking equipment (cans, pails).  Training of Traders and informal market actors like cottage processors, sweet makers, etc. in clean milk practices, monitored and certified,  Expansion of WAMULs capacity and product line to include value added products like curd, paneer and UHT.  market assessment including of health risks and consumer awareness campaign focussing on food safety and human health risks.  utilizing WAMUL micro-training centers on farm to build skills of farmers; Pig Value Chain Activities:  Formation of FIGs and then further form FPO. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 6 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Component Component Sub component objectives and activities details objective  Productivity enhancement through vaccination, cross-bred  Hiring of local resource people/lead farmers as ‗pig bandhus‘ to support services delivery on fee for service.  Housing demos would improve productivity, hygiene, and reduce human health risk  Upgradation ofexisting market areas to facilitate aggregation for large volume traders,  construction of small -scale slaughter facilities in each cluster and training of butchers and local vendors by NRC in humane, hygenic, slaughtering methods.  Monitoring and certification of vendors and butchers under the FSSAI.  market assessment including of health risks and consumer awareness campaign developed focused on food safety and human health risks also from zoonotic diseases.  Demos of hygenic vendor booths would also be carried out in prominent local markets  training and extension – targeting farmers and developing service network. C.2 Facilitating market linkages through market intelligence and product aggregation Objectives:  To organize the producers into FPOs, develop their capacity and skills for marketing, for accessing wider markets, & investment support to these FPOs for establishing CSCs, as small scale aggregation places owned, managed & operated by FPOs.  Setting up of a Market Intelligence Unit to increase information transparency, productivity, profitability and market access to the forming community. Activities:  Selection of Service Providers.  Formation of FPOs.  Establishment of CSC  Preparation of b-plan and market linkage. C.3 Facilitating access and responsible use of financial services Objectives: To facilitate access to broad set of financial services, and their responsible use by farmers and their organizations supported by the project. Activities :  Data collection and diagnostics work including a demand-side survey that will aim to estimate the level of access, use and quality of financial services received by the target clients as also their financial capability, and a supply-side assessment to assess the constraints to delivery of high-quality financial services to these clients.  Based on the findings of the data and diagnostics activity, sub-projects will be developed and implemented, that help test innovations and scale-up tested innovations in collaboration with financial service providers.  Provide financial education and counselling based on the findings of the survey.  All of these activities will be implemented with a focus on the project‘s target value chains and target districts. Component To ensure Activities: D: Project effective  Establishment and operations of PCU to oversee & co-ordinate activities of the Management, implementation implementing agencies of the project. Monitoring of the project  Establishment and operations of PIUs in the respective implementing agencies. and Learning activities, and  Setting up a M&E system including PMIS. monitor and evaluate project implementation progress, outputs and outcomes. Source: APART, Guwahati Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 7 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 2 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 8 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 2: ENVIRONMENTAL RULES AND REGULATIONS (GOVT. OF ASSAM AND GOVT. OF INDIA) 1. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS (CENTRAL) 1.1 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Environment (Protection) Act, popularly known as EP Act, is an umbrella legislation that supplements existing environmental regulations. Empowered by the EP Act, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Government of India has issued the following notifications regulating siting of industry and operations, procuring clearance to establish industries and development of projects with appropriate EIA studies, coastal zone regulations and other aspects of environment are :  Empowers the Government of India (section 6) to make rules to regulate environmental pollution by stipulating standards and maximum allowable limits to prevent air, water, noise, soil and other environmental pollutants.  Prohibits operations that emit pollutants in excess of standards (section 7).  Regulates handling of hazardous substances and identifies persons responsible for discharges and pollution prevention (section 9).  Section 17 deals with offences committed by Government Departments.  Formulated Environmental (Protection) Rules, 1986, Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Manufacture, Storage & Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 in accordance with the sections 6, 8 and 25 of EP Act. The act has been supplemented with EIA notification 2006. 1.2 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974, Amended in 1988 Water Act is the first environmental regulation that was brought at the state and centre levels, pollution control boards to control / regulate environmental pollution in India. Amended twice in 1978 and 1988, the Act vests regulatory authority to the State Pollution Control Board and empowers them to establish and enforce effluent standards for industries and local authorities discharging effluents. The act vests regulatory authority on the State Pollution Control Boards and empowers them to enforce effluent discharge standards to prevent water pollution (both for industries and local authorities)  Section 24 of the act prohibits use of stream / well or on land disposal for polluting substances that violate disposal standards laid down by the board  Section 25 of the act requires an application to be made to the state board to establish any treatment and disposal system that is likely to discharge sewage or trade effluent in to a stream or well or sewer or on land. (Refer Annexure 2)  Sections 41 and 44details the penalties for not complying with the various provisions or directives of the board.  Section 48 deals with offences committed by Government Departments  Section55 asserts that all local authorities shall render help & assistance and furnish information to the board as required for discharge of functions, and shall make available to the board, for inspection and examination, such records, maps, plans and other documents as may be necessary Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 9 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework The act empowers the board to levy and collect cess on water consumed by the industry or local authority and to utilise and augment resources for the Pollution Control Board. In line with this provision, The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975 were formulated. 1.3 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 Similar to Water Act, the Air Act vests regulatory authority on the State Pollution Control Boards and empowers them to enforce air quality standards to prevent air pollution in the country. Section 21 of the act requires an application to be made to the state board to establish or operate any industrial unit. 1.4 Wetland (Conservation and Management) Rule 2010 The wetlands were defined as the vital part of the hydrological cycle, which are highly productive, supports exceptionally large biological diversity and provide a wide range of ecosystem services such as assimilation, water purification, flood mitigation, erosion control, ground water recharge, micro climate regulation, aesthetic enhancement of the landscape while simultaneously supporting many significant recreational, social and cultural activities besides being part of cultural heritage. But many wetlands are seriously threatened by reclamation through drainage and landfill, pollution, hydrological alteration and overexploitation of natural resources. Thus for the purpose of conservation and wise use of wetlands, this rule was established by Govt. of India in the year 2010 which are:  Section 4 (1) of this rule restricts the activities within wetland like, reclamation, setting and expansion of industries, manufacture, storage or disposal of hazardous substances, dumping of solid wastes, discharge of untreated waste, or any activity which has adverse impact on the ecosystem.  Section 4 (2) of this rule requires prior approval from the State Government for activities like, withdrawal of water, harvesting of living and nonliving resources, grazing, effluent discharge, piling of motorized boat, dredging, aquaculture or any other activity identified by the authority. 1.5 The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 Section 3 of this act says for the establishment of Tribunal, known as the National Green Tribunal to exercise the jurisdiction, powers and authority conferred on such Tribunal by or under this Act. Section 15 of this act says that the Tribunal may, by an order, provide relief and compensation to the victims of pollution and other environmental damage arising under the, enactments specified in the Schedule I (including accident occurring while handling any hazardous substance), for restitution of damaged property and for restitution of the environment for such area or areas, as the Tribunal may think fit which is in addition to the relief paid or payable under the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 (6 of 1991). 1.6 Disaster Management Act, 2005 On 23 December 2005, the Government of India enacted the Disaster Management Act, which envisaged the creation of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister, and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by respective Chief Minister‘s, to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.  Section 22 (2),states that the state executive committee of the State NDMA should examine the construction, in any local area in the State and, if it is of the opinion that the standards laid for such construction for the prevention of disaster is not being or has not been followed, may direct the District Authority or the local authority, as the case may be, to take such action as may be necessary to secure compliance of such standards. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 10 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Section 23 (3), states that the State Plan of NDMA includes the manner in which the mitigation measures shall be integrated with the development plans and projects. 1.7 Energy Conservation Act, 2001 With the background of high energy saving potential and its benefits, bridging the gap between demand and supply, reducing environmental emissions through energy saving, and to effectively overcome the barrier, the Government of India has enacted the Energy Conservation Act – 2001. The Act provides the much-needed legal framework and institutional arrangement for embarking on an energy efficiency drive. Under the provisions of the Act, Bureau of Energy Efficiency has been established with effect from 1st March 2002 by merging erstwhile Energy Management Centre of Ministry of Power. The Bureau would be responsible for implementation of policy programmes and for coordination of implementation of energy conservation activities. Section 15 of this act says that direction will be provided to every owner or occupier of a building or building complex being a designated consumer to comply with the provisions of the energy conservation building codes, and to get energy audit conducted by an accredited energy auditor in such manner and at such intervals of time as may be specified by regulations. 1.8 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, (as Amended In 1988) As per Section 26 of Indian Forest Act, 1927 a number of activities are prohibited in forest areas and prior approval is required from the Central Government to use forest land for non-forest purposes. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 prohibits large-scale diversion of forestland for non-forest use. As amended in 1988, no State Government or authority shall make such diversions except with the prior approval of the Central Government. Salient features of the act are summarised below.  The Indian Forest Act, 1927: Section 5 states that after declaring a particular land as reserved forest, no fresh clearings for any purpose shall be made, except in accordance with such rules as made by the state government.  Section 26 states the acts prohibited in such forests, in addition to section 5.  Sections 30, 32 furnish power to the State government to regulate certain acts (clearing for cultivation, building or any other purpose) in such forests as specified in the section  Section 35 furnishes power to the State government to prohibit certain acts (clearing of vegetation etc) in lands not being the property of the government.  The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980: Section 2 of the Act restricts the state government on the de-reservation of forests or use of forestland for non-forest purposes  The Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981: Rule 4 states that the procedure for state government‘s to make a proposal seeking prior approval to de-reserve a forest for non-forest purposes (section 2 of Forest Act, 1980), provided all proposals involving clearing of naturally grown trees in forest land or portion thereof, for the purpose of using it for afforestation, shall be sent in the form of a working plan / management plan. 1.9 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade ofspecimens Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 11 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. CITES was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of IUCN (The World Conservation Union). The text of the Convention was finally agreed at a meeting of representatives of 80 countries in Washington, D.C., the United States of America, on 3 March 1973, and on 1 July 1975 CITES entered in force. The Article IIof CITES states the Fundamental Principles of it which are:  Appendix I shall include all species threatened with extinction which are or may be affected by trade. Trade in specimens of these species must be subject to particularly strict regulation in order not to endanger further their survival and must only be authorized in exceptional circumstances.  Appendix II shall include: (a) all species which although not necessarily now threatened with extinction may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival; and (b) Other species which must be subject to regulation in order that trade in specimen of certain species referred to in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph may be brought under effective control.  Appendix III shall include all species which any Party identifies as being subject to regulation within its jurisdiction for the purpose of preventing or restricting exploitation, and as needing the co-operation of other Parties in the control of trade.  The Parties shall not allow trade in specimen of species included in Appendices I, II and III except in accordance with the provisions of the present Convention. 1.10 The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 An Act to provide for conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources, knowledge and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. The Act includes:  Section 3, Certain persons not to undertake Biodiversity related activities without approval of National Biodiversity Authority.  Section 4, Results of research not to be transferred to certain persons without approval of National Biodiversity Authority.  Section 7, Prior intimation to State Biodiversity Board for obtaining biological resource for certain purposes. 1.11 Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Fourth Amendment Rules, 2010. Hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment. Section 4 of this Rule states the responsibilities of the occupier for management of hazardous and other wastes.-  For the management of hazardous and other wastes, an occupier shall follow the following steps, namely, prevention, minimization, reuse, recycling, recovery, utilization including co-processing, safe disposal.  The occupier shall be responsible for safe and environmentally sound management of hazardous and other wastes.  The hazardous and other wastes generated in the establishment of an occupier shall be sent or sold to an authorized actual user or shall be disposed of in an authorized disposal facility.  The occupier shall take all the steps while managing hazardous and other wastes to Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 12 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework (a) Contain contaminants and prevent accidents and limit their consequences on human beings and the environment; and (b) Provide persons working in the site with appropriate training, equipment and the information necessary to ensure their safety. Section 5 says about the grant of authorisation for managing hazardous and other wastes.-  Every person who is engaged in generation, treatment, processing, package, storage, transportation, use, collection, destruction, conversion, recycling, offering for sale, import, export, transfer or the like of the hazardous and other wastes shall be required to obtain an authorization from the State Pollution Control Board.  The hazardous and other wastes shall be collected, treated, re-cycled, re-processed, stored or disposed of only in such facilities as may be authorized by the State Pollution Control Board  Every person engaged in generation, treatment, processing, package, storage, transportation, use, collection, destruction, conversion, recycling, offering for sale, import, export, transfer or the like of the hazardous and other wastes or occupier of the facility shall make an application for the grant or renewal of authorization. 1.12 Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 and Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 These rules shall apply to every urban local body, outgrowths in urban agglomerations, census towns as declared by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, notified areas, notified industrial townships, areas under the control of Indian Railways, airports, airbases, Ports and harbours, defence establishments, special economic zones, State and Central government organisations, places of pilgrims, religious and historical importance as may be notified by respective State government from time to time and to every domestic, institutional, commercial and any other nonresidential solid waste generator situated in the areas except industrial waste, hazardous waste, hazardous chemicals, bio medical wastes, e-waste, lead acid batteries and radio-active waste, that are covered under separate rules framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. In Section 4 this rule says about the Duties of waste generators which are:  Every waste generator shall have: a) Segregate and store the waste generated by them in three separate streams namely bio-degradable, non- biodegradable and domestic hazardous wastes in suitable bins and handover segregated wastes to authorised waste pickers or waste collectors as per the direction or notification by the local authorities from time to time. b) Store separately construction and demolition waste, as and when generated, in his own premises and shall dispose off as per the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016. c) Store horticulture waste and garden waste generated from his premises separately in his own premises anddispose of as per the directions of the local body from time to time.  No waste generator shall throw, burn or bury the solid waste generated by him, on streets, open public spacesoutside his premises or in the drain or water bodies.  All waste generators shall pay such user fee for solid waste management, as specified in the bye-laws of thelocal bodies.  No person shall organise an event or gathering of more than one hundred persons at any unlicensed place without intimating the local body, at least three working days in advance and such person or the organiser of such event shall ensure segregation of waste at source and handing over of segregated waste to waste collector or agency as specified by the local body.  Every street vendor shall keep suitable containers for storage of waste generated during the course of his activity such as food waste, disposable plates, cups, cans, wrappers, coconut shells, leftover food, vegetables, fruits, etc., and shall deposit such waste at waste storage depot or container or vehicle as notified by the local body.  All resident welfare and market associations shall, within one year from the date of notification of these rules andin partnership with the local body ensure segregation of waste at source by the generators as prescribed in these Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 13 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework rules, facilitate collection of segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable material to either the authorised waste pickers or the authorised recyclers. The bio-degradable waste shall be processed, treated and disposed off through composting or bio-methanation within the premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the local body.  All gated communities and institutions with more than 5,000 sqm area shall, within one year from the date of notification of these rules and in partnership with the local body, ensure segregation of waste at source by the generators as prescribed in these rules, facilitate collection of segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable material to either the authorised waste pickers or the authorizsd recyclers. The bio-degradable waste shall be processed, treated and disposed off through composting or bio-methanation within the premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the local body. Section 15 states about the duties and responsibilities of local authorities and village Panchayats of census towns and urban agglomerations like: The local authorities and Panchayats shall,-  Prepare a solid waste management plan.  Arrange for door to door collection of segregated solid waste from all households including slums and informal settlements, commercial, institutional and other nonresidential premises. From multi-storage buildings, large commercial complexes, malls, housing complexes, etc., this may be collected from the entry gate or any other designated location;  Facilitate formation of Self Help Groups, provide identity cards and thereafter encourage integration in solidwaste management including door to door collection of waste.  Setup material recovery facilities or secondary storage facilities with sufficient space for sorting of recyclable materials to enable informal or authorised waste pickers and waste collectors to separate recyclables from the waste and provide easy access to waste pickers and recyclers for collection of segregated recyclable waste such as paper, plastic, metal, glass, textile from the source of generation or from material recovery facilities; Bins for storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be painted green, those for storage of recyclable wastes shall be printed white and those for storage of other wastes shall be printed black;  Ensure safe storage and transportation of the domestic hazardous waste to the hazardous waste disposal facilityor as may be directed by the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee;  Collect waste from vegetable, fruit, flower, meat, poultry and fish market on day to day basis and promote setting up of decentralised compost plant or bio-methanation plant at suitable locations in the markets or in the vicinity of markets ensuring hygienic conditions;  Collect horticulture, parks and garden waste separately and process in the parks and gardens, as far as possible;  Transport non-bio-degradable waste to the respective processing facility or material recovery facilities or secondary storage facility;  Transport construction and demolition waste as per the provisions of the Construction and Demolition Waste management Rules, 2016  Involve communities in waste management and promotion of home composting, bio-gas generation, decentralised processing of waste at community level subject to control of odour and maintenance of hygienic conditions around the facility;  Facilitate construction, operation and maintenance of solid waste processing facilities and associated infrastructure on their own or with private sector participation or through any agency for optimum utilisation of various components of solid waste adopting suitable technology including the following technologies and adhering to the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Urban Development from time to time and standards prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board. Preference shall be given to decentralised processing to minimize transportation cost and environmental impacts such as a) bio-methanation, microbial composting, vermi-composting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate processing for bio-stabilisation of biodegradable wastes; b) waste to energy processes including refused derived fuel for combustible fraction of waste or supply as feedstock to solid waste based power plants or cement kilns; Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 14 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Make an application in Form-I for grant of authorisation for setting up waste processing, treatment or disposal facility, if the volume of waste is exceeding five metric tones per day including sanitary landfills from the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be;  Submit application for renewal of authorisation at least sixty days before the expiry of the validity of authorisation;  Ensure that the operator of a facility provides personal protection equipment including uniform, fluorescent jacket, hand gloves, raincoats, appropriate foot wear and masks to all workers handling solid waste and the same are used by the workforce;  Ensure that provisions for setting up of centers for collection, segregation and storage of segregated wastes, are incorporated in building plan while granting approval of building plan of a group housing society or market complex; and frame bye-laws and prescribe criteria for levying of spot fine for persons who litters or fails to comply with the provisions of these rules and delegate powers to officers or local bodies to levy spot fines as per the bye laws framed; and create public awareness through information, education and communication campaign and educate the waste generators on the following; namely:- (i) not to litter; (ii) minimise generation of waste; (iii) reuse the waste to the extent possible; (iv) practice segregation of waste into bio–degradable, non-biodegradable (recyclable and combustible),sanitary waste and domestic hazardous wastes at source; 1.13 Insecticide Act 1968 & Rules 1971 Section 10 of this Act says about prohibition against sale or storage of insecticides in certain places:  Where no person shall manufacture, store or expose for sale or permit the sale or storage of any insecticide in the same building where any articles consumable by human beings or animals are manufactured, stored or exposed for sale. Section 39 of this Act says about Protective clothing where: 1. Persons handling insecticides during its manufacture, formulation, transport, distribution or application, shall be adequately protected with appropriate clothing. 2. The protective clothing shall be used wherever necessary, in conjunction with respiratory devices. 3. The protective clothing shall be made of materials, which prevent or resist the penetration of any form of insecticides formulations. The materials shall also be washable so that the toxic elements may be removed after each use. 4. A complete suit of protective clothing shall consist of the following dresses, namely: a. Protective outer garment / overalls / hood / hat; b. Rubber gloves or such other protective gloves extending half way up to the fore-arm, made of materials impermeable to liquids; c. Dust-proof goggles d. Boots Section 40 of this Act says about the respiratory devices for preventing inhalation of toxic dusts, vapours or gases the workers shall use namely: 1. Chemical cartridge respirator 2. Supplied air respirator 3. Demand flow, type respirator 4. Full face or half face gas masks with canister In no case shall the concentrates of insecticides in the air where the insecticides are mixed exceed the maximum permissible values. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 15 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Section 42 says about the training of Workers that the manufacturers and distributors of insecticides and operators shall arrange for suitable training in observing safety precautions and handling safety equipment provided to them. 1.14 Fertilizer Control Order 1985 Fertilizer (Control) Order, 1985 which is administered by Department of Agriculture Cooperation, Govt. of India has been issued under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955. The FCO lays ,down as to what substances qualify for use as fertilizers in the soil, product-wise specifications, methods for sampling and analysis of fertilizers, procedure for obtaining license/registration as manufacture/dealer in fertilizers and conditions to be fulfilled for trading thereof, etc.  Section 3 of this Order says about the fixation of prices of fertilisers, that no dealer, manufacturer, importer or pool handling agency shall sell or offer for sale any fertiliser at a price exceeding the maximum price or rate fixed under this clause.  Section 4 says about the display of stock position and price list of fertilisers that every dealer, who makes or offers to make a retail sale of any fertilisers, shall prominently display in his place of business:- a. the quantities of opening stock of different fertilisers held by him on each day; b. a list of prices or rates of such fertilisers fixed under clause 3 and for the time being in force.  The Specification of different types of fertilizers are provided in Schedules of this Order which should be followed: Schedule I: Specification of Fertilizers Schedule III: Specification of Bio-Fertilizers Schedule IV: Specification of Organic-Fertilizers 1.15 Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 Section 5 of this Act, says about the prohibition of import of certain articles of food that no person shall import into India— (i) any adulterated food; (ii) any misbranded food; (iii) any article of food for the import of which a licence is prescribed, except in accordance with the conditions of the licence; and (iv) any article of food in contravention of any other provision of this Act or of any rule made thereunder. Section 7 of this act says about the prohibitions of manufacture, sale, etc., of certain articles of food.— No person shall himself or by any person on his behalf manufacture for sale, or store, sell or distribute any adulterated food, any misbranded food, any article of food for the sale of which a licence is prescribed, except in accordance with the conditions of the licence, any article of food the sale of which is for the time being prohibited by the Food (Health) Authority, any article of food in contravention of any other provision of this Act or of any rule made thereunder. Section 16 of this Act talks about the Penalties which will be imposed if any person whether by himself or by any other person on his behalf, imports into India or manufactures for sales or stores, sells or distributes any article of food— (i) Which is adulterated. (ii) Prevents a food inspector from taking a sample as authorised by this Act. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 16 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework (iii) Prevents a food inspector from exercising any other power conferred on him by or under this Act (iv) Whether by himself or by any other person on his behalf, gives to the vendor a false warranty in writing in respect of any article of food sold by him. 1.16 Fruit Products Order (FPO), 1955 Fruit Products Order -1955, promulgated under Section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act - 1955, with an objective to manufacture fruit & vegetable products maintaining sanitary and hygienic conditions in the premises and quality standards laid down in the Order. It is mandatory for all manufacturers of fruit and vegetable products including some non-fruit products like non fruit vinegar, syrup and sweetened aerated water to obtain a license under this Order. Following minimum requirements are laid down in the Fruit Product Order for hygienic production and quality standards: (i) Location and surroundings of the factory (ii) Sanitary and hygienic conditions of premises (iii) Personnel hygiene (iv) Portability of water (v) Machinery & Equipment with installed capacity (vi) Quality control facility & Technical staff (vii) Product Standards (viii) Limits for preservatives & other additives 1.17 Food Safety and Standards (Food Products Standards and Food Additives) Regulations, 2011 and subsequent amendment. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has been established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 as a statutory body for laying down science based standards for articles of food and regulating manufacturing, processing, distribution, sale and import of food so as to ensure safe and wholesome food for human consumption. Chapter 2 of this Regulations talks about the Food Product Standards which are to be followed as per this regulation. 1.18 Milk and Milk Products Order 1992 Whereas the Central Government is of opinion that for maintaining and increasing the supply of liquid milk of the desired quality in interest of the general public, it is necessary to provide for regulating the production, supply and distribution of milk and milk product. Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (10 of 1955), the Central Government hereby makes the order.  Section5 of the Order says about the registration that no person or manufacturer shall set up a new plant or expand the capacity of the existing plant without obtaining registration/permission as the case may be from the concerned Registering Authority. For this purpose, such person may make an application in the form specified in the first Schedule along with the prescribed fee to the Registering Authority for obtaining registration certificate.  Section 5(B) says that the plant set up shall not be allowed to be commissioned unless an inspection has been carried out to ascertain sanitary and hygienic condition as specified in the Fifth Schedule and as per the instructions issued by the Central Government from time to time.  Every holder of registration certificate shall endeavor to maintain a cold chain from the place of milk procurement up to the final stage of sale of the milk or milk product to the end consumer and every holder of the registration certificate shall observe such procedures and practices that may be approved by the Advisory Board for clean milk production, collection, transportation and distribution of milk and milk product. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 17 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  The Fifth Schedule talks about the conditions for registration of Dairy establishments which should be followed. 1.19 Meat Food Products Order, 1973 under Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (10 of 1955)  Section 4 of this Order says about the Licence that no person shall carry on business as a manufacturer except under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of a licence granted to him under this Order.  The Second Schedule of the Order speaks about the sanitary and other requirements that are to be complied with by a licensee.The factory of the licensee shall, in the opinion of the licensing authority, be fit for manufacturing the class or classes of meat food products for which the licence is granted to him.  The Third Schedule speaks about the hygienic and other requirements to be complied with by a licensee who also slaughters animals in his factory.  The Fourth Schedule talks about the requirements to be complied with in regard to packing, marking, and labelling containers of meat food products. 1.20 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001  Section 3 of this rule speaks that the animals should not to be slaughtered except in recognized or licensed houses.  Section 4 speaks about the reception area or resting grounds that t he slaughter house shall have a reception area of adequate size sufficient for livestock subject to veterinary inspection.  Section 5 speaks about the lairages that every animal after it has been subjected to veterinary inspection shall be passed on to a lairage for resting for 24 hours before slaughter.  Section 6 says about the slaughter that no animal shall be slaughtered in a slaughter house in sight of other animals nor shall be administered any chemical, drug or hormone before slaughter except drug for its treatment for any specific disease or ailment.  Section 7 speaks about the slaughter house building of different construction that should be built and maintained by its owner in the manner as specified under this rule.  Section 8 speaks about the engagement in slaughter house that no owner or occupier of a slaughter house shall engage a person for slaughtering animals unless he possesses a valid license or authorization issued by the municipal or other local authority.  Section 9 speaks about the inspection of slaughter house that t he Animal Welfare Board of India or any person or Animal Welfare Organisationauthorised by it may inspect any slaughter house without notice to its owner or the person in charge of it at any time during the working hours to ensure that the provisions of these rules are being complied with. 1.21 Central Silk Board Silkworm Seed Regulations, 2010  Section 8 of this Regulations talks about the quality standards for the kind or variety of silkworm seed that should conform to the breed characters with respect to fecundity, hatchability, survival and cocoon yield.  Section 9 speaks about the conditions to be complied by the seed cocoon producer that he/she should possess a mulberry garden, disinfectable rearing house or rearing space and rearing appliances such as chawki rearing appliances, rearing trays, cleaning nets, shoot rearing racks or rearing stands and mountages.  Section 10 says about the conditions for registration of producer that a mulberry silkworm seed producer shall possess a matriculate pass certificate and a certificate course in sericulture from a recognized institution for having undergone training in Silkworm seed production for not less than three months in a sericulture institution under State or Central Silk Board or any other recognized institution. Provided that mulberry silkworm seed producer operating the seed production centre before the commencement of these regulations shall not be required to possess the prescribed qualifications, but he shall undergo a refresher course training in silkworm seed production for a period of not less than one month. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 18 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Section 11 mentions the quality standards for production of mulberry silkworm seeds that the seed producer shall clean, wash and disinfect the grainage rooms, premises and appliances before initiating the grainage operations.  Section 13 and 14 mentions the quality standards for production of Muga and Eri silkworm seed that the grainage rooms and appliances shall be thoroughly cleaned, washed and disinfected.  Section 25 speaks about the production, supply, distribution, trade and commerce in silkworm seed. 1.22 The Seeds Act, 1966 Section 7 of this Act says about the regulation of sale of seeds of notified kinds or varieties that no person shall, himself or by any other person on his behalf, carry on the business of selling, keeping for sale, offering to sell, bartering or otherwise supplying any seed of any notified kind or variety, unless- (a) such seed is identifiable as to its kind or variety; (b) such seed conforms to the minimum limits of germination and purity specified under clause (a) of section 6; (c) the container of such seed bears in the prescribed manner, the mark or label containing the correct particulars thereof, specified under clause (b) of section 6; and (d) he complies with such other requirements as may be prescribed. Section 17 Restricts on export and import of seeds of notified kinds or varieties. No person shall, for the purpose of sowing or planting by any person (including himself), export or import or cause to be exported or imported any seed of any notified kind or variety, unless- (a) it conforms to the minimum limits of germination and purity specified for that seed under clause (a) of section 6; and (b) Its container bears, in the prescribed manner, the mark or label with the correct particulars thereof specified for that seed under clause (b) of section 6. Section 19 of this act speaks about the Penalty that if any person- (a) contravenes any provision of this Act or any rule made thereunder; or (b) prevents a Seed Inspector from taking sample under this Act or (c) prevents a Seed Inspector from exercising any other power conferred onhim by or under this Act; he shall, on conviction, be punishable- (i) for the first offence with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees, (ii) in the event of such person having been previously convicted of an offence under this section, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both. 1.23 Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act, 1937 (Act No. 1 of 1937) (as amended up to 1986) Section 3 of this Act says about the prescription of grade designations which are: a) fixing grade designations to indicate the quality of any scheduled article ; b) defining the quality indicated by every grade designation ; c) specifying grade designation marks to represent particular grade designations ; d) authorising a person or a body of persons, subject to any prescribed conditions, to mark with a grade designation mark any article in respect of which such mark has been prescribed or any covering containing or label attached to any such article ; Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 19 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework e) specifying the conditions referred to in clause (d) including in respect of any article conditions as to the manner of marking, the manner in which the article shall be packed, the type of covering to be used, and the quantity by weight, number or otherwise to be included in each covering; f) providing for the payment of any expenses incurred in connection with the manufacture or use of any implement necessary for the reproduction of a grade designation mark or with the manufacture or use of any covering or label marked with a grade designation mark 4[or with measures for the control of the quality of articles marked with grade designation marks including testing of samples and inspection of such articles or with any publicity work carried out to promote the sale of any class of such articles] ; and g) providing for the confiscation and disposal of produce marked otherwise than in accordance with the prescribed conditions with a grade designation mark. 1.24 National seed Policy 2002 The National Seed Policy was launched to provide intellectual protection to new varieties, usher this sector into planned development, protect the interest of farmers and encourage conservation of agro biodiversity. This policy had ten thrust areas which are: 1. Varietal development and plant varieties protection. 2. Seed production 3. Quality assurance 4. Seed distribution and marketing 5. Infrastructure facilities 6. Transgenic plant varieties 7. Import of seeds and planting material 8. Export of seeds 9. Promotion of domestic seed 10. Strengthening of monitoring system. 1.25 Rural Producers Companies Act, 2002 The Companies (Amendment) Act 2002 vides notification no. S.O. 135 (E) inserted part IX – A of the Companies Act, 1956 (hereinafter referred to as ―the Act‖ ) and introduced the concept of Producer Company. In the year 2002 an expert committee led by noted economist Y.K Alagh framed legislation for incorporation of a producer company, and conversion of inter- state cooperative society into a producer company and its reconversion into cooperative society. It aims at upliftment of rural producers for following reasons:  Rural producers have been at a potential disadvantage given their limited assets, resources, educational and access to advanced technology.  In Indian context the farmers disposes of his produce in unprocessed form there is no plough back of surpluses from value addition to the farm.  Agribusiness enterprises are therefore increasingly looking for direct tie up with the farmers to source the agricultural produce required by them. OBJECTS OF PRODUCER COMPANY  A producer company means a body corporate, having objects specified in section 581 B and registered as a Producer Company. The object of a producer company shall relate to all are any of the following namely: Production , harvesting , procurement, grading , pooling ,handling marketing, selling, export of primary produce of members or import of goods or services for their benefit: Provided that the producer company may carry on any of the activities specified in this clause either by itself or through other institution ; Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 20 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Processing including preserving drying, distilling , brewing , venting canning and packing of produce of farmers;  Manufacture, sale or supply of machinery, equipment or consumables mainly to its members;  providing education on mutual assistance principles to its members and others;  rendering technical services , consultancy services , training , research and development and all other activities for the promotion of interests of its members;  generation , transmission and distribution of power , revitalisation of land and water resources their use , conversion and communications relatable to primary produce;  insurance of producers on their primary producer;  promoting techniques of mutuality and mutual assistance ;  welfare measures or facilities for the benefit of members as may be decided by the board;  Any other activity, ancillary or incidental to any of the activity referred to in clauses (a) to (i) which include extending of credit facilities or any other financial services to its members.  Producer Company shall deal primarily with the producer of its active member.  Under Clause (a) sec 581A – An Active Member means a person who fulfils the quantum and period of patronage of company as specified by the article of Producer Company. 1.26 Forest Right Act - 2006, The Scheduled Tribe and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Right) Act, 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, is a key piece of forest legislation passed in India on 18 December 2006. It has also been called the Forest Rights Act, the Tribal Rights Act, the Tribal Bill, and the Tribal Land Act. The law concerns the rights of forest-dwelling communities to land and other resources, denied to them over decades as a result of the continuance of colonial forest laws in India. The rights which are included in section 3(1) of the Act are: 1. Right to hold and live in the forest land under the individual or common occupation for habitation or for self- cultivation for livelihood by a member or members of a forest dwelling Scheduled Tribe or other traditional forest dwellers; 2. Community rights such as nistar, by whatever name called, including those used in erstwhile Princely states, Zamindari or such intermediary regimes; 3. Right of ownership, access to collect, use, and dispose of minor forest produce( includes all non-timber forest produce of plant origin) which has been traditionally collected within or outside village boundaries; 4. Other community rights of uses of entitlements such as fish and other products of water bodies, grazing (both settled or transhumant) and traditional seasonal resource access of nomadic or pastoralist communities; 5. Rights including community tenures of habitat and habitation for primitive tribal groups and pre-agriculture communities; 6. Rights in or over disputed lands under any nomenclature in any State where claims are disputed; 7. Rights for conversion of Pattas or leases or grants issued by any local council or any State Govt. on forest lands to titles; 8. Rights of settlement and conversion of all forest villages, old habitation, unsurveyed villages and other villages in forest, whether recorded, notified or not into revenue villages; 9. Right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource which they have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use; 10. Rights which are recognised under any State law or laws of any Autonomous Dist. Council or Autonomous Regional Council or which are accepted as rights of tribals under any traditional or customary law of the concerned tribes of any State; 11. Right of access to biodiversity and community right to intellectual property and traditional knowledge related to biodiversity and cultural diversity; Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 21 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 12. Any other traditional right customarily enjoyed by the forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes or other traditional forest dwellers, as the case may be, which are not mentioned in clauses-1 to 11, but excluding the traditional right of hunting or trapping extracting a part of the body of any species of wild animal 2. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS (State) 2.1 Assam Forest Regulation (Amendment) Act, 1995 This act is a regulation to amend the law relating to forest, forest produce and the duty liveable on timber in Assam (similar to Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980). 2.2 Assam Forest Policy, 2004 Government of Assam has decided to adopt an environment and people‘s friendly State Forest Policy of Assam to focus on preservation, enhancements, maintenance, and evolution of management strategies for improved productivity, sustainable utilisation and overall quantitative improvement of stand composition and structure for enrichment of the environment. The key objectives of the policy are:  Maintenance of environmental stability through preservation and where necessary, restoration of ecological balance that has been adversely disturbed by serious depletion of forests in the State.  Conserving natural heritage of the state by preserving the natural forests and wetlands with vast variety of flora and fauna which represent the unique biodiversity and genetic resources of the State.  Checking the denudation of forests and soil erosion in catchments areas of rivers and reservoirs for soil and water conservation; reducing the fury of floods and droughts; recharging of water bodies, aquifers and arresting siltation of the reservoirs.  Promoting non-consumptive use of Protected Areas for the purpose of providing livelihood support to the fringe dwellers by encouraging sustainable eco-tourism and eco development.  Enhancing the quality of forests/tree cover in the denuded and degraded land of the State through the involvement of people and symbiosis of traditional knowledge and modern technology.  Increasing the forest/tree cover in forest deficient areas of State like chars, chapories permanently established along the course of the river Brahmaputra, through community afforestation and suitable agro-forestry and farm forestry models.  Increasing forest productivity through shift of accent from major to minor forest produces; from top canopy to lower canopies and from flagship species to smaller denizens of the forest.  Encouraging efficient utilisation of forest produce and maximising value addition to the timber and non-timber forest produce in the State. The use of non-durable secondary species as constructional timber is to be encouraged after inducing durability through wood preservation techniques.  Encouraging conservation of genetic resources and development of traditional ethnic knowledge repository of Assam. 2.3 The Assam State Agriculture Policy The objectives of the policy were: 1. The Agriculture and allied sector grows at the rate of 4 p.c. per annum for the next decade to provide food security and to improve nutritional intake of the people of the State as well as significantly decrease the population below the poverty line. 2. To increase the productivity of all major crops, particularly that of rice, wheat, pulses and oilseeds. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 22 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 3. To increase the cropping intensity in the sector through an increase in irrigation facilities as well as giving a boost to th mechanization in the State, to make it at par with the rest of the country by the end of the 10 Plan. 4. As the bulk of the population in the State lives in the rural area and most of the people are dependent on agriculture and allied sectors for their livelihood, the Government sees this sector as the engine for growth of the economy in the long run and wishes to treat the agriculture sector as an area of maximum employment generation in the State. 5. The bulk of the population in the State lives in the rural area and most of the people are dependent on agriculture and allied sectors for their livelihood, the Government sees this sector as the engine for growth of the economy in the long run and wishes to treat the agriculture sector as an area of maximum employment generation in the State. 6. It should be recognized that increased cropping intensity and improvements in productivity and production for the market can only be sustained if the links of the farmers to the market are good, the market infrastructure well developed and the farmers gets a remunerative price for their produce. It will be the endeavour of the State to develop marketing and processing infrastructure by focusing on development of rural roads, terminal markets, and district level markets for agricultural produce as well as to focus on value addition of agricultural produce in the State essentially through facilitating private enterprise in the food processing sector. The development of a marketing infrastructure and value addition has tremendous potential for developing the economy of the State, considering the strategic location of the State and the potential markets, which exist for our produce in neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and in parts of South East Asia. 7. Since the resources at the disposal of the State are limited, the endeavour will be to converge the resources available under various government schemes like JGSY and PMGSY, etc. to ensure that funds are spent keeping in view of the long term growth of the agriculture and allied sector in the State. 8. The State has a remarkable human resource in Field Management Committee, which have been functioning as an Extension Wing of the Agriculture Department. They shall be further strengthened and developed to function as a SHGs to further strengthen the extension activities in agriculture. They shall also function as focal points for disbursal of agricultural credit and as entry points for extension activities of other allied sectors like livestock and fisheries. 2.4 Assam Biodiversity Rules 2010 Section 18 of this act talks about the procedure for access to/collection of biological resources for certain purposes:  Any citizen of India or a body corporate, association or organization registered in India seekingpermission of the Board for access to/collection of biological resource for commercial utilization orbio-survey and bio-utilization for commercial utilization shall make an application as per Format – I to the Board. Every application shall be accompanied by a fee as may be fixed and notified by theBoard in the form of Demand Draft drawn in favour of the Chairperson and payable at the head office of the Board. Section 20 talks about the restriction on Activities related to access to Biological resources The Board, if it deems necessary and appropriate, shall take steps to restrict or prohibit the, request for access to biological resources for the following reasons, namely - a) the request for access is for any endangered taxa; b) the request for access is for any endemic and rare species; c) the request for access may likely to result in adverse effect on the livelihood of Local people, d) the request for access may result in adverse environmental impact which may be difficult to control and mitigate; e) the request for access may cause genetic erosion or affect the ecosystem functions, f) use of resources for purposes contrary to national interest, other related international agreements. 2.5 The Assam Irrigation Act 1983 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 23 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Section 8 of this act says about the contents of an irrigation scheme. On receipt of a direction under the preceding section, the Divisional Irrigation Officer shall prepare a scheme containing the following particulars namely: i. existing irrigation works to be included in the irrigation scheme; ii. additional items of works proposed to be constructed and the extent of reconstructions, additions or alternations of existing works proposed, if any. iii. the area of land proposed to be irrigated; iv. conditions and limitations of supply of water, if any; v. volume of water proposed to be supplied, calculated either on area or volumetric basis; vi. period and time during which the water is proposed to be supplied; vii. authority competent to direct supply of water for purposes other than irrigation; viii. estimated costs of constructions, additional constructions, re-constructions, additions or alternations proposed to be made; ix. cost of constructions, additional constructions, reconstructions, additions or alternations proposed to be levied as betterment contribution; x. Period during which and the yearly rate at which the betterment contribution is proposed to be levied; xi. Whether it will be necessary to control the construction of wells for any purpose other than exclusively for domestic use, either on personal or community basis, in any area or areas within the culturable command such area of the irrigation work and, if so, the area or areas where such control is necessary, the limitations and conditions under which such control is proposed to be exercised; xii. Whether it will be necessary to regulate the operation of the existing wells for any purpose other than exclusively domestic use, either on personal or community basis, in any area or areas within the culturable commanded area of the irrigation work and, if so, the area or areas in which regulation is necessary, the limitations and conditions under which such control is proposed to be made; xiii. Whether any land or block of land is to transferred to any other area covered by another irrigation scheme and, if, so the land or block of land and the irrigation scheme to which the same is proposed to be transferred; xiv. Whether any land or block of land will require temporal submersion and if so, the land or block of land which will require such submersion and the period for which such submersion is proposed to be made; xv. Any other particulars as may be prescribed. 2.6 Assam Fish Seed Rule, 2010 Section 11 of this act mentions the matter on which monthly report to be submitted under section 15 (iv). The District Fishery Development Officer or any other officer authorised by the State Government to act as Fish Seed Regulator under section 15 of the Act shall furnish monthly report to the respective Zonal Deputy Director under section 15(iv) of the Act on or before 10th of every subsequent month asper Annexure ―D‖ in respect of following matters, namely: i. particulars of inspected person, farm, Associations; ii. particulars of fish seed sample collected ; iii. item seized, if any; iv. persons arrested, if any. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 24 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 3 ANNEXURE 3: FACT SHEET - ENVIRONMENT BASE LINE REPORT Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 25 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 1. Barpeta BARPETA Topography  The district is situated in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam between 26°5'N and 26°51 'N latitudes and 90˚38'E and 91°20'E longitudes.  The district is characterized by almost plain topography. Geology and Soil  The district has soil cover of younger and older alluvial soil which has undergone diversified pedagogical changes. The soils are characterized by medium to high organic carbon and low to medium phosphorous and potash contents. Deep red coloured soil is developed in forested and foothill areas in the extreme northern region and the texture of these soils ranges from clay to sandy loam. The alluvial soils are light yellow to light grey in colour of recent age. The texture of the soil ranges from sandy loam to silty loan in nature. Agro climatic zone 1  The district falls under the Lower Brahmaputra valley zone (NARP ). Rice, Wheat, Maize, Rapeseed, Mustard, Niger, Linseed, Sesame, Black gram, Green gram, Lentil, Pea, Jute, are the major field crops grown here. Parameters Values/Remarks Surface Water Electrical Within permissible limit Conductivity  Major drainage pattern of the district falls under Brahmaputra, Fluoride Within Permissible Limit Manas, Kaldia, Pahumara River. Beyond Permissible Iron Limit Groundwater Arsenic Within permissible limit Type of  As per Central Ground Water Board, the present stage of ground Fresh and potable water water development is only 41 per cent and district is still under ‗safe‘ category 1 National Agricultural Research Project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 26 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework BARPETA Climate and Meteorology  The climate of the district is sub-tropical and humid. The average temperature ranges from 15˚ to 30˚C. The winter season starts by November and continues till February. December/January is the coldest and July/August is the hottest period. The air is highly humid throughout the year and during rainy season; the relative humidity is about 90 percent. The area receives heavy rainfall every year and out of 2,051 mm of annual normal rainfall, 60 to 65% is received during June to September from south west monsoon. The district also receives rainfall during pre-monsoon period from March/April to May in the form of thunder showers and hail storms. Built Wetlan up, 0% d/Watr Biodiversity and Forest er body, 2 Agricul Forest 1% 4 ture, 8% Forests  The district covers a forest land of 397 square kilometers. Open , 22% forest and moderately dense forest dominates the region covering Grass/ 46.09% and 45.08% of the total forest land respectively. Whereas Barren 2 Grazing very dense forest covers only 8.81% . /Waste , 8% land, 1 % Flora and Fauna  The district is rich in flora and fauna. Manas National park, a World Heritage Site, with a prominent Tiger project situated at a distance of 52 km towards North West from Barpeta town is ornamented with rare and diversified wildlife. There are 543 species of plants, 60species of mammals, 312 species of birds, 42 species of reptiles, 3 7 species of fishes and 100 species of insects in the park . Natural Hazard and Calamities 4  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Barpeta district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 2 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 3 http://barpetazp.com/barpeta.htm 4 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 27 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 2. Cachar CACHAR Topography  The district is located on the Barak Valley of Assam between, 24°22'N and 25°8 'N latitudes and 92˚24'E and 93°15'E longitudes.  The district is mostly made up of plains, but there are a number of hills spread across the district. Geology and Soil  The soil of the district varies from alluvial to lateritic in nature. Texture is generally clayey loam to clay. The pH ranges from 4.5 to 6.0. The river line tracts are found to be loamy to sandy loamy in nature. The hilly tracts are covered by lateritic soil. Agro climatic zone 5  The district falls under the Barak valley zone (NARP ). Rice, Maize, Wheat, Sugarcane, Jute, Black gram, Gram, Mung, Pea, Lentil, Lathyrus, Other rabi crops, Rapeseed & mustard Sesumum, Linseed, Nizer are the major field crops grown here. Parameters Values/Remakes Surface Water Electrical Within permissible limit Conductivity Fluoride Within Permissible Limit  Major drainage pattern of the district falls under Barak River and its tributaries. Iron ranges from 0.24 to 4.19 Arsenic Not determined Groundwater  From the quality point of view, ground water attains its suitability for drinking as well as irrigation purposes. Climate and Meteorology  The district receives heavy annual rainfall of the tune of 3,874.5 mm. The maximum rainfall occurs during monsoon period between May to August. The district experiences a sub -tropical and humid climate . The temperature varies from 12 C̊ in winter to 35 ˚C in summer. The humidity varies from 32% to maximum of 98% during July and October. 5 National Agricultural Research Project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 28 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework CACHAR Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 2236 square kilometers. Open forest and moderately dense forest dominates the region covering 52.77% and 43.60% of the total forest land respectively. Whereas 6 very dense forest covers only 3.62% . Flora and Fauna  The flora is mainly Tropical evergreen as well as there are huge tracts of the Rainforests within northern as well as southern parts in the district that are home of Tigers, Hoolock Gibbons, Asian Elephants, Gaurs etc. Unusual species found include Pig-tailed Macaques, Hoolock Gibbons, Phayre‘s leaf Monkeys, Masked Finfoots, Stump-tailed Macaques and White-armed Wood Ducks etc. Its southern division was known as the Dhaleswari Wildlife Sanctuary. The Barail is lone wildlife sanctuary in this district and in 7 the Barak valley area. Natural Hazard and Calamities 8  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Barak district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 3. Darrang DARRANG Topography  The district is situated in the central part of Assam and on the Northern side of the river Brahmaputra, between, 20°9'N and 26°95 'N latitudes and 91˚45'E and 92°22'E longitudes.  The district is mostly made up of plains. 6 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 7 http://www.cachar.nic.in 8 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 29 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework DARRANG Geology and Soil  The district has soil cover of younger alluvium and older alluvium which have undergone diversified pedagogical changes. The soils are characterized by medium to high organic carbon, low to medium phosphate and potash contents. The alluvial soils are light yellow to light grey in colour of recent age. The texture of the soil ranges from sandy loam to silty loam in nature. The soil is suitable for cultivation of rice crops. Agro climatic zone 9  The district falls under the North Bank Plain Zone (NARP ). Rice, Toria, Jute, Black gram, Wheat, Sugarcane are the major field crops grown here. Parameters Values/Remakes Surface Water Electrical Sporadic Conductivity occurrence of high Fluoride concentration of Fe  Major drainage pattern of the district falls under Brahmaputra, in few pockets in Dhansiri, Bega, Mangaldoi and Noa rivers. Iron shallow and Arsenic deeper aquifer. Groundwater  From the quality point of view, ground water attains its suitability for drinking as well as irrigation purposes. Climate and Meteorology  The climate of the district is sun-tropical and humid. The winter season starts by November and continues till February. December/January is the coldest month and the temperature comes down to almost 150 C. The temperature starts rising from the month of February/March and July/August is the hottest month and it reaches up to about 400 C. The air is highly humid throughout the year and during rainy season; the relative humidity is about 90 percent.  The area receives heavy rainfall every year and out of 1,951 mm of annual normal rainfall, 60 to 65% is received during June to September from south-west monsoon. The district also receives about 501 mm of rainfall during pre-monsoon period from March to May in the form of thunder showers and hail storms. 9 National Agricultural Research Project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 30 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework DARRANG Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 470 square kilometers. Open forest and moderately dense forest dominates the region covering 78% and 19.36% of the total forest land respectively. Whereas very 10 dense forest covers only 2.55% . Flora and Fauna  In 1990 Darrang district became home to Manas National Park, 2 which has an area of 500 km (193.1 sq mi). It shares the park with four other districts. It is also home to Orang National Park, which it shares with Sonitpur district. Orang was established in 1999 and has 2 an area of 79 km (30.5 sq mi).Apart from the two national parks, it's 11 also home to a wildlife sanctuary: the Bornadi. Natural Hazard and Calamities 12  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Darrang district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 4. Dhubri DHUBRI Topography  This district is located on the globe between 26.22° and 25.28° 'N latitudes and 89.42˚E and 90.12°E longitudes and the Mighty River Brahmaputra is flowing through this district from east to west.  The district is characterized by almost plain topography with patches of small hillocks like Tokorabandha, Dudhnath, Chandardinga, Boukumari, Boropahar, Chakrasila etc. 10 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrang_district#Flora_and_fauna 12 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 31 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework DHUBRI Geology and Soil  Soils in greater part of the district are sandy and silty loam, or clayey loam. It is found to be highly acidic to slightly alkaline in nature and is moderately permeable and characterized by the presence of low organic carbon and low soluble salts. Soils restricted to inselberg areas are more clayey, lateritic and less permeable and are highly acidic in nature. From agriculture point of view, the soils in major part of the area are suitable for all sorts of crops cultivation. Agro climatic zone 13  The district falls under the Lower Brahmaputra valley zone (NARP ). Summer Paddy, Winter Paddy, Autumn Paddy, Rapseed& Mustard, Wheat, Black gram, Nizer, Seasamum, Lentil, Linseed Pea, Groundnut, Green gram are the major field crops grown here. Surface Water  Major drainage pattern of the district falls under Brahmaputra, Gadadhar, Sankosh, Silai, Gouranga Rivers. Groundwater  The concentration of major, minor and trace element in the district is generally within the limited range except iron. The iron distribution is abruptly high in and around Tamarhat and Chapar area where it has exceeded the 14 permissible limit of drinking. The ground water is suitable for agricultural and industrial usages. Climate and Meteorology  The district enjoys a subtropical humid climate with temperature ranging between 10.5° C (minimum, in December/January) and 30° C (maximum, in July/August). South west monsoon activates from May and continues up to September-October. The average annual rainfall of the district, as recorded at Dhubri is 2,363 mm with about 65% rainfall occurring during the monsoon. The monthly evapo- transpiration is about 40% of the rainfall, the highest in August and lowest in January. 13 National Agricultural Research Project 14 Ground Water Information Booklet Dhubri District, Assam,Central Ground Water Board North Eastern Region, Ministry of Water Resources Guwahati March 2013. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 32 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework DHUBRI Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 418 square kilometers. Moderately dense forest and Open forest dominates the region covering 48.08% and 46.88% of the total forest land respectively. Whereas very dense 15 forest covers only 5.02% . Flora and Fauna  On 14 July 1994, a virgin forest patch of Dhubri District of Assam was declared as a wildlife sanctuary by the gazette notification of the Assam government. This sanctuary has been named as "Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary". It is the youngest sanctuary of North East India having an area of 11,260.00 acres 2 (45.5676 km ).The diverse eco-systems of Chakrasila present model habitat diversity and support various mammalian species like tiger, leopard, golden langur, leopard cat, gaur, mongoose, porcupine, pangoline, flying squirrel, civet cat. Along with all these prolific gifts of 16 the nature Chakrasila has a wide variety of avifauna. Natural Hazard and Calamities 17  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Dhubri district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 5. Goalpara GOALPARA Topography  Goalpara district, of Assam is located between 25°33' and 26°12' North latitude and 90°07' and 91° 15' East longitude and is situated entirely on the south bank of the river Brahmaputra. 15 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 16 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhubri_district#Flora_and_fauna 17 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 33 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework GOALPARA Geology and Soil  The plain areas bordering Brahmaputra River and in between the inselbergs are occupied by alluvial sediments belonging to Quaternary ages. Based on such criteria such as sedimentation, soil characteristics and geomorphic features, the Quaternary sediments can be grouped into two subdivisions, viz. o Older Alluvium, and o Younger alluvium.  The Older alluvium by virtue of its relative maturity is composed of somewhat oxidized sediments comprising yellow and the reddish brown colour sand, silt and clay in contrast to the light colour, less compact Younger alluvial sediment. The Older alluvium always occupies the higher grounds than the adjacent Younger alluvium but takes the proper stratigraphical position underlying the Younger alluvium sediments in the plain areas. A scarp as seen in the Krishnai River valley sometimes separates these two groups. Agro climatic zone 18  The district falls under the Lower Brahmaputra valley zone (NARP ). Summer Paddy, Winter Paddy, Autumn Paddy, Rapseed& Mustard, Wheat, Black gram, Nizer, Seasamum, Lentil, Linseed Pea, Groundnut, Green gram are the major field crops grown here. Parameters Values/ Remakes Electrical Except Fe and F Surface Water Conductivity problems in some Fluoride parts of the district,  Major drainage pattern of the district falls under Brahmaputra, other elements are Dudhnoi, Krishnai, Jinjiram, Jinari and Deosila River. Iron Arsenic within the permissible limit. Occurrence of Fe is more than permissible limit in the Type of water shallow aquifers. F content in deeper aquifers is more than permissible limit. Climate and Meteorology  The climate in the district is moderate during the winter and in summer, it is hot. Rain makes its first appearance in the month of April with occasional and irregular light showers and at times, heavy down pour is followed by cyclonic storm. This irregular rainfall continues up to the end of May It occurs due to the influence of Northeaster wind.  Physiographically, the area is occupied by both the hills and plains. The alluvial land is flat with a gentle regional slope of less than 1 m/km towards Brahmaputra River. The hills mostly occur as isolated inselberg whose areas vary from less than 1 sq km to almost 15 sq 18 National Agricultural Research Project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 34 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework GOALPARA km (e.g. inselberg west of Goalpara town) with heights ranging between 60 to 300 m above MSL. The hills are veneered by lateritic mantle and are deeply forested with evergreen mixed open jungles. Tongue like projections of the main Shillong Plateau are also seen in the area around Agia (26o 05′ / 90o 33′), Krishnai (26o02′ / 90o 39′), and southeast of Rangjuli (25058′ / 90004′). The height of the h ills varies between 60 and 550 m above MSL. Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 337 square kilometers. Open forest dominates the region covering 78.63% of the total forest land respectively. Whereas moderately dense forest and very dense 19 forest covers only 21.06% and0.29% only . Flora and Fauna  The Surya pahar and Tukreswaripahar of district are the abode of monkeys. There are about 264 commonly known plant species in the district. About 67 plant species have medicinal properties, which are being traditionally used in Unani system of treatment. About 13 plant species are endangered. The area offers habitat to 104 species of birds, out of which 68 are residential and 21 are migratory. A total of 210 native fish species were reported to be available in the water bodies of the district. Naemecheilousgoalparanenis, an endemic fish 20 of Goalpara area is already extinct . Natural Hazard and Calamities 21  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Goalpara district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 19 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 20 http://www.goalpara.assampanchayat.gov.in/hidden/-/asset_publisher/XBzK2WCFJ2lJ/content/district-profile/7788096 21 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 35 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 6. Golaghat GOLAGHAT Topography  The district is situated between 25°50'N to 26°47'N latitudes and 93˚16'E to 94°10'E longitudes and is surrounded by Brahmaputra in the North. Geology and Soil  Two important soil groups are seen in the district. These are (i) deep reddish coloured soil developed over older geological formation and (ii) light grey to dark grey coloured soil covering the major parts of the district. Low nitrogen, low phosphate, medium to high potash, acidic characters of the soil are representative of the soil cover found in the hills. In the plain areas, the other type of the soil covers is found to be feebly alkaline. Agro climatic zone 22  The district falls under the Hill zone (NARP ). Autumn rice, Winter rice, Summer Rice, Rapeseed & Mustard, Potato, Sugarcane are some of the major crops grown here. Parameters Values/Remakes Surface Water Electrical 56.00 – 820.00 Conductivity Fluoride Nil  Major drainage pattern of the district falls under Brahmaputra River and Dhansiri, Galabil, Desoi, Kakodanga Rivers. Iron 0.10 – 4.60 Arsenic NA Groundwater Type of water NA  As per Central Ground Water Board, the present stage of ground 22 National Agricultural Research Project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 36 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework GOLAGHAT water development is only 41 per cent and district is still under ‗safe‘ category. Climate and Meteorology  The district enjoys sub-tropical humid climate. Average annual rainfall in the district is 2,012 mm. About 60 to 65% of the annual precipitation is received during south-west monsoon from June to September. The pattern of rainfall varies in the district, from south to north, the intensity of rainfall increases and the maximum rainfall is recorded in the north eastern parts of the district. Annual average temperature of the district during winter period varies from 6 to 14˚C and during summer, it varies from 29 to 36˚C .The relative humidity varies from 93 to 95% during morning hours and during afternoon hours it varies from 53 to 75%. Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 525 square kilometers. Open forest and moderately dense forest dominates the region covering 75.61% and 23.23% of the total forest land respectively. Whereas 23 very dense forest covers only 1.14% . Flora and Fauna  In 1974 Golaghat district became home to Kaziranga National Park, 2 which has an area of 472 km . It shares the park with Nagaon 24 district. It also home to Nambor - Doigrung Wildlife Sanctuary . Natural Hazard and Calamities 25  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Barpeta district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 23 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 24 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golaghat_district#Flora_and_fauna 25 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 37 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 7. Jorhat JORHAT Topography  The district is situated at the central part of the Brahmaputra valley between 26.74°N latitudes and 94.20°E longitudes. Geology and Soil  The soil of Jorhat district predominantly sandy loam (58.25%) of total soils. While 15.40% silty clay loam, 9.92% sandy, 8.17% loamy and 8.26% clay soils. However, this composition varies across the 26 blocks . Agro climatic zone  The district falls under the Upper Brahmaputra Valley zone 27 (NARP ). Rice, Wheat, Rapeseed, Green gram, Black gram, Potato, Pea, are some of the major crops grown here. Parameters Values/ Remakes Surface Water 136 to 1,653 Electrical micromhos/cm at Conductivity  Major drainage pattern of the district falls under River Brahmaputra, 25°C ( Mariani ) Bhogdoi and Kakodonga. Fluoride 0.37 to1.49 ppm Iron 0.20 to 2.36 ppm Arsenic NA Type of water NA 26Bhalerao A.K., Kumar B., Singha A. K., Jat P.C., Bordoloi, R., DekaBidyut C., 2015, Jorhat district inventory of Agriculture, ICAR- Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, Umiam, Meghalaya, India 27 National Agricultural Research Project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 38 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework JORHAT Climate and Meteorology  The climate of the district is classified as meso -thermal wet climate with forest type of vegetation . January is the coldest month with temperature of 6.1 C ̊ . July and August are the hottest period with average monthly temperature of about 29˚C. The average re lative humidity in a year is 78.7 per cent. The average annual rainfall for last ten years from 1998 to 2007 has been computed to be 1,867.08 mm. The amount of rainfall increases from southwest to northeast. Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 613 square kilometers. Open forest dominates the region covering 81.23%. Whereas moderately dense forest andvery dense forest covers18.43% and 1.225 28 respectively . Flora and Fauna  In 1997 Jorhat district became home to the Gibbon Wildlife 2 Sanctuary, which has an area of 21 km is a protected area which is home of hoolock gibbons. There is another forest called MulaiKathoni, a man made forest covering 550 hectares of area on a Brahmaputra river sandbar located near Kokilamukh area. Natural Hazard and Calamities 29  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Jorhat district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 28 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 29 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 39 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 8. Kamrup KAMRUP Topography  Kamrup District is situated on the bank of River Brahmaputra between 25.46˚ and 26.49˚ North Latitude and between 90.48˚ & 91.50˚ East Longitude. Geology and Soil  The different rock formation occurring in the district has been subjected to various soil forming processes through agents of weathering and transportation during different geological ages. Soils comprising various proportions of sand, silt, clay and organic material in the district are grouped into three broad categories – a) newer alluvial soil, b) valley fill/older alluvial soil and c) soils over forest and hilly terrain. Agro climatic zone 30  The district falls under the Lower Brahmaputra valley zone (NARP ). Summer Paddy, Winter Paddy, Autumn Paddy, Rapseed & Mustard, Wheat, Black gram, Nizer, Seasamum, Lentil, Linseed Pea, Groundnut, Green gram are the major field crops grown here. Parameters Values/Remakes Surface Water Electrical NA Conductivity  Major drainage pattern of the district falls under Brahmaputra, Fluoride Present Puthimari, Digaru, Kulsi, Singra River. Iron Present Arsenic NA Groundwater Type of water NA  The district is still under ‗Safe‘ category and sufficient resources are still available for future development. 30 National Agricultural Research Project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 40 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework KAMRUP Climate and Meteorology  The climate of the area has been classified as sub-tropical humid climate with heavy rainfall, hot summer and high humidity. Average temperature ranges from 12 to 38oC during the year. In winter, temperature ranges from 15 to 25oC during day and 8 to 15oC during night. The summer temperature ranges from 25 to 38oC during day and 15 to 25oC during night. Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 1433 square kilometers. Open forest and Moderately dense forest dominates the region covering 52.54% and 42.70% of the total forest land respectively. Whereas 31 very dense forest covers only 4.74% . Flora and Fauna  In 1989 Kamrup district became home to the Dipor Bil Wildlife 2 Sanctuary, which has an area of 4.1 km (1.6 sq mi). There is also a plantation where seedlings of teak, sal, sissu, sum, and nahor are 32 reared, and experiments are being made with the caoutchouc tree. Natural Hazard and Calamities 33  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Kamrup district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 9. Karbi Anglong KARBI ANGLONG Topography  The Karbi Anglong District is situated in the central part of Assam. The district with dense tropical forest covered 0 0 0 0 hills and flat plains are situated between 25 33'N to 26 35' N Latitude and 92 10' to 93 50' E Longitude.  Even though, the district is dotted with hills, a few of which can be categorized into Mountain. Among them, the highest is the Singhason Peak which is at about 1360 metres above the sea level. Geology and Soil 31 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 32 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamrup_district#Flora_and_fauna 33 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 41 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework KARBI ANGLONG  Two types of soils are mainly observed in the district. These are (1) Brown to pale brown soil developed on the top of the hills, lateritic in places and (2) the alluvial soil, sandy loam or clayey developed on the low lying terrain. Agro climatic zone 34  The district falls under the Hills zone (NARP ). Rice, Rape & Mustard, Maize, Sugarcane, Sesame, Wheat, Jute, Arhar, Cotton etc. are some of the crops cultivated here. Parameters Values/Remakes Surface Water Electrical varies from 121-1168 Conductivity mus/cm at 250C  Major drainage pattern of the district falls under Yamuna river with its 0.7-1.16 in dug well zone, beyond permissible limit tributaries. Fluoride in shallow and deep tube well up to 16 ppm. Iron 0.29 ppm Arsenic NA Type of NA water Climate and Meteorology  The average annual rainfall of the district is 1121.5 mm. The rainfall is unevenly distributed over the period of six months from April to September. About 60% of rainfall is received during July to September. Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 7939 square kilometers. Moderately dense forest and Open forest dominates the region covering 48.10% and 44.76% of the total forest land respectively. 35 Whereas very dense forest covers only 7.12% . Flora and Fauna  In 1952, Karbi Anglong district became home to the Garampani 2 Wildlife Sanctuary, which has an area of 6 km . Nambor Wildlife Sanctuary is another wildlife sanctuary of Karbi Anglong covering 37 2 km . More than 75% of the district is forested. The main vegetation is Tropical semi-evergreen with patches of Moist Deciduous and wet Evergreen forests in certain areas. The district boasts the largest 36 population of hoolock gibbons in Assam. Natural Hazard and Calamities 37  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Karbi Anglong is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 34 National Agricultural Research Project 35 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 36 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Karbi_Anglong_district#Flora_and_fauna 37 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 42 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 10. Kokrajhar KOKRAJHAR Topography  The district is located on the north bank of the mighty Brahmaputra and stretches to the international border with the Kingdom of Bhutan. Kokrajhar district lies roughly within 89°46‘ East to 90°38‘ East and 26°19‘ North to 26°54‘ North Latitude. Geology and Soil  Soils are mainly alluvial in nature composed mixture of sand, clay and silt in varying proportions. The soils in Peidmont Plain have sandy in nature, alkaline to slightly acidic and highly permeable. The soils in flood plains have loamy soil, moderately permeable and are less acidic than piedmont plain soils. Agro climatic zone  Agro climatic zone: The district falls under the Lower Brahmaputra 38 Valley zone (NARP ). Winter Rice, Autumn Rice, Rape and Mustard, Summer Rice, Jute, Wheat, Mesta, Maize, Niger, Black gram, Lentil, Sesamum, Linseed, Pea,are some of the crops cultivated here. Parameters Values/Remakes Surface Water Electrical Permissible limit Conductivity  Major drainage pattern of the district falls under Gangia, Paponi, Within desirable Fluoride Saumukha, Saralaganga and Lonya rivers and their tributaries. limit Iron 0.35 -2.25 mg/l Groundwater Arsenic Not detected. Type of water NA  As long-term water level trend does not show any major change so the whole district may be considered as SAFE. 38 National Agricultural Research Project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 43 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework KOKRAJHAR Climate and Meteorology  The district experiences a Sub-tropical and Humid climate with heavy rainfall and hot summer. The average temperature ranges from minimum 100C to maximum 350C throughout the year. The average humidity remains almost same with variation from 62% in winter to 87% in post monsoon period. The average annual rainfall of the district is 3102.4 mm with 110 annual average rainy days. Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 1144 square kilometers. Moderately dense forest dominates the region covering 62.58%.Whereas Very dense forest and Open forest covers only 39 18.18% and 19.23% respectively . Flora and Fauna  In 1990 Kokrajhar district became home to Manas National Park, 2 which has an area of 500 km . It shares the park with four other districts also. Since Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary of the district is the protected habitat of endangered Golden Langur and Ultapani Reserve forest is the home of more than 300 different species of butterflies so the district has been declared as the land of Butterflies and Golden Langur. Even different species of butterflies are found in different areas also as well as the Golden Langur is also can be found in Ultapani Reserve Forest. Kokrajhar town has also been 40 declared as the city of Guinness World Record . Natural Hazard and Calamities 41  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Some parts of Kokrajhar district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 39 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 40 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokrajhar_district#Flora_and_fauna 41 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 44 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 11. Lakhimpur LAKHIMPUR Topography  Lakhimpur District is situated on the North East corner of Assam and at the north bank of the River Brahmaputra. The district lies between o o o o 26 48' and 27 53' Northern latitude and 93 42' and 94 20' East longitude (approx.) Geology and Soil The soils of the district can broadly be classified into the following groups:  Red Loamy soils: This soil is characterized by low nitrogen, low phosphate and medium to high potash and acidic in nature.  Lateritic Soil: The lateritic soils are the product of high leaching and found in hilly region. Soil PH is acidic due to intensive leaching of bases and formation of clay minerals and ferric hydroxides. New Alluvial Soils: The new alluvial soils are found in the flood plain area and are subjected to occasional floods and consequently receive considerable silt deposit after the flood recedes. Soil PH is feebly alkaline and moderately rich in plant nutrient.  Older Alluvial Soil: The soils are comparatively more acidic than the newer alluvial soil and hence more crop sensitive.  The soils of the district as classified by NBSS and ICAR Nagpur are: Udalfs-Orchapts-Acquents, Fluvent-Aquepts, Aquepts-Aqualfs- Fluvent. Agro climatic zone 42  The district falls under the North Bank Plain Zone (NARP ). Rice, Rapeseed & Mustard, Rabi pulse, Black gram, Green gram are some of the major crops cultivated here. Parameters Values/Remakes Surface Water Electrical Most of the chemical Conductivity parameters are within the permissible limit  Major drainage pattern of the district falls under Subansiri, Ranga Fluoride set by BIS, except Nadi, Dikrong, Boginadi. Iron Fe. Iron content range from 0.13 to Groundwater Arsenic 6.90mg/l.  As long-term water level trend does not show any major change so the whole district may be considered as SAFE. 42 National Agricultural Research Project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 45 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework LAKHIMPUR Climate and Meteorology  The climate of the district is subtropical and humid characterized by high rainfall. The annual rainfall is 3268mm and relative humidity 74 to 89 percent with a mean of 81 percent. The district receives SW monsoon rainfall from the month of April and continues up to September/October. The highest rainfall areas of the district are located near the foothills of Arunachal Himalayas, i.e., in the northern part of the district. The maximum temperature goes up to 35oC during June / July and minimum temperature falls to 8oC in December and January. Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 293 square kilometers. Open forest and moderately dense forest dominates the region covering 58.36% and 40.27% respectively. Whereas Very dense forest covers 43 only 1.36% . Flora and Fauna  In 1996 Lakhimpur district became home to the Bardoibum- 2 Beelmukh Wildlife Sanctuary, which has an area of 11 km . It 44 shares the park with Dhemaji district . Natural Hazard and Calamities 45  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Some parts of Lakhimpur district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 43 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 44 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhimpur_district#History 45 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 46 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 12. Morigaon MORIGAON Topography  The district is bounded by the mighty Brahmaputra on the North, KarbiAnglong district on the South, Nagaon District on the East and Kamrup District on the West between 26.15 degrees North latitude and 92 degree East Longitude. Geology and Soil The soil of the district is very suitable for production of all seasonal paddy and other Rabi and Horticultural crops. The soil of the district has been classified on the basis of chemical composition as follows:-  Strongly acidic to alkaline  Low to medium content of total soluble salts  Medium to high phosphate  Low to medium inorganic carbon percentage  Medium to high in Potash content Agro climatic zone  The district falls under the Central Brahmaputra Valley Zone 46 (NARP ). Summer Paddy, Winter Paddy, Autumn Paddy, Rapeseed & Mustard, Wheat, Black gram, Sugarcane are some of the major crops cultivated here. Parameters Values/Remakes Surface Water Electrical NA Conductivity  The district is drained by several perennial rivers flowing from south Fluoride 0.1 – 0.7 ppm to north. Rivers Kalong and Kopili are two most important rivers. Iron 0.1 – 2.5 ppm Arsenic NA 46 National Agricultural Research Project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 47 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework MORIGAON Climate and Meteorology  The average annual rainfall of the district is 1770 mm out of which monsoon contribution is 83%. The maximum temperature is 29.5°C (average) while minimum temperature is 17.5°C (average). The numbers of rainy days is 24 from May to September. Morigaon district has sub-tropical and humid type of climate. The humidity data reveal that the air is humid throughout the year. It has the value of 67 to 79 % during dry period. Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 133 square kilometers. Open forest dominates the region covering 64.66% of the total forest land. Whereas moderately dense forest and Very dense forest covers only 47 30.82% and 4.81% respectively . Flora and Fauna  There are three Reserved Forest constituted under Assam Forest Regulation Act, 1891. These are Sunaikuchi, Khulahat, and BuraMayong. There is also one wildlife Sanctuary, named Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, located in Mayong which is 48 famous for the Indian one horned Rhinoceros . Natural Hazard and Calamities 49  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Some parts of Morigaon district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 47 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 48 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morigaon_district#Flora_and_fauna 49 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 48 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 13. Nagaon NAGAON Topography  The district extends between 26.3464° N latitude to 92.6840° E longitude. On the north, Nagaon is bounded by Sonitpur district & the Brahmaputra, towards its south lies West Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills, towards its east lies the districts of East Karbi Anglong and Golaghat Geology and Soil  The alluvial soil is mostly loamy and consists of a mixture of clay and sand in varying proportions, ranging from pure sand on the banks of the Brahmaputra to sticky clay which is considered unfit for cultivation. Marshy soil is chiefly found in the low lying areas. These are black in colour. The red soil generally occupies the hill slopes and foot hills. Occasionally lateritic soil is also found near about Lumding. Agro climatic zone  The district falls under the Central Brahmaputra Valley Zone 50 (NARP ). Summer Paddy, Winter Paddy, Autumn Paddy, Rapeseed & Mustard, Wheat, Black gram, Sugarcane are some of the major crops cultivated here. Parameters Values/Remakes Surface Water Electrical Permissible limit Conductivity Within desirable  The district is drained Brahmaputra and its tributaries mainly Kolong, Fluoride limit Kopili, Sonai and Diyang. Iron 0.35 -2.25 mg/l Arsenic Not detected Groundwater Type of water NA  In Nagaon district stage of ground water development is 39 %, which shows under the SAFE category. As long-term water level trend does not show any major change so the whole district may be considered as SAFE. 50 National Agricultural Research Project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 49 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework NAGAON Climate and Meteorology  The climate is in general Monsoon type. But there are some differences from the other districts of Assam. Rainfall increases towards the east and the west of Assam from this district. The climate is of an extreme type compared to other districts of Assam. The pattern of rainfall is such that the south is usually dry and the north is relatively rainier. Rainfall from south to north increases from 1000 mm per annum to 2000 mm per annum. The area around Lanka is a semi desert. The cold season is from December to February. Floods create havoc usually from June to October. The monsoon lasts from April to May. The post monsoon season lasts from October to November. The average rainfall is about 1750 mm. Deforestation, El-Nino effect; speedy urbanization and global warming in general are changing the rainfall pattern of the district. 51 Today the district has a vegetation cover of only 12% . Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 796 square kilometers. Open forest and moderately dense forest dominates the region covering 50.62% and 44.34% respectively of the total forest land. Whereas 52 moderately dense forest and Very dense forest covers only 5.02% . Flora and Fauna  In 1974 Nagaon district became home to Kaziranga National Park, 2 which has an area of 175 km within nagaon district. It shares the park with Golaghat district. It is also home to the Laokhowa Wildlife 53 Sanctuary . Natural Hazard and Calamities 54  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Some parts of Nagaon district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 51 http://nagaon.gov.in/geog.html 52 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 53 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaon_district#Flora_and_fauna 54 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 50 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 14. Nalbari NALBARI Topography  Nalbari District is situated between 26˚N and 26.51˚ N latitude and 91˚ E and 91.47˚ E longitude. The north and west side of the district is bounded by Baksa and Barpeta districts respectively .The southern and eastern side of the district is bounded by Kamrup district.  The entire area of the District is situated at the plains of the Brahmaputra Valley. The tributaries of the Brahmaputra, Nona, Buradia, Pagaldia, Borolia and Tihu that originate from the foothills of the Himalayan Range are wild in nature and have enormous contribution towards the agrarian economy of the district. Geology and Soil The soil of the district can broadly be classified into two groups:  Deep reddish clayey soil in forest and hilly area and  Alluvial soil of Recent age occurring along the alluvial plains of the Brahmaputra river. The red clayey alluvial highlands of the district are ideally suited for the tea and sugarcane cultivation. The swampy and very low lands are characterised by deep grey silty soil suitable for jute cultivation. Agro climatic zone  The district falls under the Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone 55 (NARP ). Rice, Rapeseed & Mustard, Pea, Lentil, Black gram some of the major crops cultivated here. Parameters Values/Remarks Surface Water Electrical Permissible limit Conductivity Within desirable  The district is drained by Pagladia river and its tributaries. Fluoride limit Iron 0.2-1.40 Groundwater Arsenic Not detected Type of water NA  The stage of ground water development is the under SAFE category. 55 National Agricultural Research Project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 51 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework NALBARI Climate and Meteorology  The district experiences a tropical humid climate with heavy rainfall and hot summer. The average temperature ranges from minimum 8˚C to maximum 34˚C throughout the year. The average humidity remains almost same with variation from 62% in winter to 87% in post monsoon period.  The average annual rainfall of the district is 1904.4 mm with minimum rainfall as zero mm in November to maximum 395 mm during August. The maximum rainfall occurs during the period from April to August. Heavy rainfall starts from April with the onset of monsoon and continues till August. Then it recedes afterward. Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 282 square kilometers. Open forest dominates the region covering 73.75% of the total forest land. Whereas moderately dense forest and Very dense forest covers only 56 33.65% and 1.41% respectively . The region possesses some valuable species like Goman, Titasopa ,Uriam, Sonaru, Hallong, Sam, Simul, Khoira and Sisso which are abundantly found in the northern part of the district. Natural Hazard and Calamities 57  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Some parts of Nalbari district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 56 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 57 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 52 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 15. Sivasagar SIVASAGAR Topography  Sivasagar District is situated between 94.25˚ and 95.25˚ East Longitude and 21.45˚ and 27.15˚North Latitude.  There is no hill area in the district. The Southern part extends up to the foot hills of Nagaland and it is well drained and high land and suitable for Tea plantation. Geology and Soil  Geologically, the district is a part of the Brahmaputra valley covered by recent alluvial deposits showing wide variations from place to place. Approximate thickness of this formation is 200 to 300 m. Soil is suitable for cultivation. High land is suitable for vegetable, pulses and Tea and other garden crops. Agro climatic zone  The district falls under the Upper Brahmaputra Valley Zone 58 (NARP ). Winter Rice, Autumn Rice, Summer Rice, Wheat, Green gram, Black gram, Peas, Rape and Mustard, Sugarcane, Jute are some of the major crops cultivated here. Parameters Values/Remakes Surface Water Electrical Sporadic occurrence of Conductivity iron Fluoride  The district is drained by Brahmaputra, Janji, Dikhow, Disang, Namdang, Mitong, Dorika Rivers. Iron Arsenic Groundwater Type of water  The stage of ground water development is the under SAFE category. Climate and Meteorology  The climate of the district is humid and sub-tropical with maximum temperature ranging from 27° to 38°C in the summer and minimum winter temperature varying between 3.4° and 11°C. Humidity is very high ranging from 74 to 87 per cent. The extreme humidity causes sweltering conditions during June to September. 58 National Agricultural Research Project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 53 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SIVASAGAR Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 695 square kilometers. Open forest dominates the region covering 78.12% of the total forest land. Whereas moderately dense forest and Very dense forest covers only 59 20.71% and 1.15% respectively . Natural Hazard and Calamities 60  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Some parts of Sivasagar district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 16. Sonitpur SONITPUR Topography  The district is located on the Northern Bank of River Brahmaputra between 9257' - 93 East Longitude and 26 50' - 27 01' North Latitude.  Located between mighty Brahmaputra River and Himalayan foothills of Arunachal Pradesh, the district is largely plain with some hills. Brahmaputra River forms the south boundary of the district. A number of rivers which originate in the Himalayan foothills flow southwards and ultimately fall in Brahmaputra River. Geology and Soil The soils of the district can broadly be classified into the following groups:  Red Loamy soils, found in the northern border of the district, with low nitrogen, low phosphate and medium to high potash and acidic in nature.  Lateritic Soil, found in hilly region, acidic in nature and poor plant nutrient.  New Alluvial Soil, found in the flood plain area and is subjected to occasional floods and consequently receives considerable silt deposit after the flood recedes. Soil PH is feebly alkaline and moderately rich in plant nutrient.  Older Alluvial Soil, are comparatively more acidic than the newer alluvial soil and hence more crop sensitive. 59 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 60 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 54 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SONITPUR Agro climatic zone  The district falls under the Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone 61 (NARP ). Paddy, Wheat, Maize, Linseed, Rapeseed/mustard, Black gram, Green gram, Arahar, Lentil, are some of the major crops cultivated here. Parameters Values/Remarks Surface Water Electrical Most of the Conductivity chemical Fluoride parameters are  The district is drained by Jia Bharali, Gabharu, Ghiladhari, Bargang, within the Belsiri Rivers. Iron permissible limit set Arsenic by BIS, except higher content of Type of water iron. Climate and Meteorology  The climate of the district is subtropical and humid characterized by high rainfall. The annual rainfall is 2,173 mm and relative humidity 65 to 85 percent. The district receives SW monsoon rainfall from the month of June and continues up to September/October. The highest rainfall areas of the district are located near the foothills of Arunachal Himalayas, i.e., in the northern part of the district. The maximum temperature goes up to 37.5˚C during June / July and minimum temperature falls to 7.6˚C in December and January. Biodiversity and Forest Forest  The district covers a forest land of 960 square kilometers. Open forest and moderately dense forest dominates the region covering 65% and 29.16%respectively of the total forest land. Whereas Very 62 dense forest covers only 5.83% . Flora and Fauna  In 1998 Sonitpur district became home to Nameri National Park, 2 which has an area of 200 km . It is also home to Orang National Park, which it shares withDarrang district. Orang was established in 2 1999 and has an area of 79 km . Sonitpur is home to two wildlife sanctuaries, namely Burachapori Wildlife Sanctuary and Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary. It is also home to Behali, Naduar, Charduar 63 Reserve Forests . 61 National Agricultural Research Project 62 Indian State Forest Report, 2011. 63 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonitpur_district#Geography Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 55 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SONITPUR Natural Hazard and Calamities 64  The most common vulnerability to the all over state is flood and Seismicity . Some parts of Sonitpur district is also vulnerable to flood which occur almost in every monsoon. 64 All over state is coming under seismic zone V, i.e. very high damage zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 56 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 4 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 57 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 4: BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS 1. List of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries under project districts Recognized Important Name of 65 Elephant National Parks Wildlife Sanctuaries Bird area as per Bird Life District Reserves International Kaziranga- Deobali Jalah Karbi Anglong Kaziranga NP Nagaon Kaziranga NP Lawkhowa WLS Dhansiri- Laokhowa and Lungding Burhachapori Sanctuaries Lumding-Marat Longri Kaziranga NP Burachapori WLS Behali Reserve Forest Nameri NP Kaziranga NP Laokhowa and Burhachapori Sanctuaries Sonitpur Sonitpur SonaiRupai WLS Nameri National Park Rajiv Gandhi Orang NP Orang National Park Sonai-Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary Barpeta Chirang-Ripu Kaziranga- Dhansiri Reserve Forest Karbi Anglong East Karbi Anglong WLS East and North Karbi Dhansiri- Anglong Wildlife Lungding Sanctuaries Garampani, Nambor and KarbiAnglong Garampani WLS Doigrung North Karbi Anglong WLS Lumding-Marat Longri Marat Longri WLS Nambor WLS Nambor Doigrung WLS Chandubi Lake and Kamrup adjoining areas Jengdia Beel and Satgaon Dhubri Chakrasila Complex Garampani, Nambor and Kaziranga- Doigrung Golaghat Kaziranga NP Karbi Anglong Kaziranga NP Kokrajhar Chakrashila WLS Chirang-Ripu Chakrasila Complex Ripu and Chirang-Reserve Forest Bordoibam-Bilmukh Bird Sanctuary Bordoloni-Sampora Lakhimpur Kuarbari-Dalani Pabho Reserve Forest Subansiri Part of Orang National Darrang - - Orang National Park Park Barail WLS Barail Range Cachar Habang Inner Line, Kathakal and Barak Reserve Forests 65 Statistical Handbook of Assam 2013 and 2014 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 58 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Recognized Important Name of 65 Elephant National Parks Wildlife Sanctuaries Bird area as per Bird Life District Reserves International Pani-Dihing Bird WLS Pani-Dihing Bird Sanctuary Sibsagar Sibsagar Tanks Gibbon (Hollongapar) Hollongapar Gibbon WLS Sanctuary Jorhat Jhanjimukh-Kokilamukh Majuli Goalpara UrpodBeel Morigaon Porbitora WLS Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary Nalbari - - - - 2. Rare Threatened and Endangered Species of Project District  Pygmy Hog , Porculasalvania (Critically Endangered)  Greater One Horned Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis Gorh(Vulnerable)  Wild , Bubalusarnee BonoriaMoh(Endangered)  Asian Elephant ,Elephas maximus Hati(Endangered)  RoyalBengal,Tiger Pantheratigris DhekiapatiaBagh(Endangered)  Swamp Deer, Rucervusduvauceli DolHorina(Vulnerable)  Sambar, Rusa unicolor HorPahu(Vulnerable)  Hoolock or White Browed Gibbon, Hylobateshoolock Halou Bandar Endangered (Project districts in the south bank of the river Brahmaputra)  Hog Deer Axis porcinus KhotiaPahu(Endangered)  Capped Langur or LeafMonkey Trachypithecuspileatus Tupipindha HanumanBandar (Vulnerable)  Assamese Macaque Macacaassamensis Jati Bandar Near (Threatened)  Leopard Pantherapardus NaharphutukiBagh(Vulnerable)  Bear Melursusursinus Mati Bhaluk(Vulnerable)  Fishing Cat PrionailurusviverrinusMasuoiMekuri(Vulnerable)  CommonOtter Lutralutra Ud (Near Threatened)  HogBadger Arctonyxcollaris –(Vulnerable )  Pangolin Manis crassicaudata (Endangered)  Gangetic Dolphin Platanistagangetica Hihu(Endangered)  Himalayan Bear Ursusthibetanus Kolabhaluk(Vulnerable )  Golden Langur Trachypithecusgeei (Endangered Endemic (Kokrajhar, Bangaigaon))  Bengal Slow lorisNycticebusbengalensis (Vulnerable)  Hispid Hare Caprolagushispidus(Endangered)  Indian Gaur Bosgaurus Gaur (Vulnerable)  Clouded Leopard Neofelisnebulosa (Vulnerable)  Ganges River Dolphin Platanistagangetica Endangered (National Aquatic Animal)  Asiatic Golden Cat Catopumatemminckii(Near Threatened) Schedule I  Binturong Arctictis binturong,  Himalayan Brown Bear Ursusarctos,  Capped Langur Trachypithecuspileatus,  Ganges River Dolphin Platanistagangetica,  Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla,  Clouded Leopard Neophelisnebulosa,  Fishing Cat Prionailurusviverrinus,  Gaur Bosgaurus,  Golden Cat Catopumatemminckii,  Golden Langur Trachypithecusgeei,  Hispid Hare Caprolagushispidus,  Hog Badger Arctonyxcollaris  Western Hoolock Gibbon Hoolockhoolock, Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 59 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Asian Elephant Elephas maximus,  Phayre's Leaf Monkey Trachypithecusphayrei,  Common Leopard Pantherapardus,  Leopard Cat Prionailurusbengalensis,  Pangolin Manis crassicaudata,  Pygmy Hog Porculasalvanius  Greater One-horned Rhinoceros Rhinocerosunicornis,  Sloth Bear Melursusursinus  Slow Loris Nycticebusbengalensis,  Swamp Deer Rucervusduvaucelii,  Tiger Pantheratigris,  Asiatic Wild Buffalo Bubalusarnee Schedule II  Assamese Macaque Macacaassamensis,  Pig -tailed Macaque Macaca leonine  Rhesus Macaque Macacamulatta,  Stump -tailed macaque Macacaarctoides  Indian wild Dog Cuonalpinus alpines,  Large Indian Civet Viverrazibetha  Small Indian Civet Viverriculaindica,  ndian Fox Vulpesbengalensis  Jungle Cat Felischaus,  Common Otter Lutralutra Schedule III  Barking deer Muntiacusmuntjac,  Hog deer Axis porcinus,  Sambar Cervus unicolor  Wild Pig Susscrofa 3. Food plants of silkworm in Assam Type of Local name Botanical name Silk Som Machilusbombycina Major Plant Soalu Litsea polyantha Digloti Litseasalicifolia Mejankori Litsea citrate Muga Second Alternative of food plant Kathalua Litseavitida Panchapa Machilusoblonga Champa Michiliachampaka Bhomloti Celastrusmonosperma Third alternative of food plant Bajramani Zanthoxylumrhesta Major Plant Nuni Morusindica -- M. Sereta Mulberry Other variety Bola L. laevioat Improved Berhampores variety S-2, S-799, C-779, S-54 Castor Ricinuscomunis Major Plant Kessuru Heteropanaxfragrans Eri Bar Kessuru Alianthusolandulosa Tapioca Manihotcetilisemia Alternative Gulancha Plumeriaacutifolia Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 60 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 5 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 61 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 5: AQUATIC MANAGEMENT PLAN 1. INTRODUCTION The wetlands, vital parts of the hydrological cycle, are lifelines of society on account of their wide ranging ecosystem goods and services such as water supply and purification; waste assimilation; buffering extreme events as floods, droughts, storms and cyclones; groundwater recharge; erosion control; microclimate regulation; and aesthetic enhancement of landscapes and the wetlands also support significant recreational, social and cultural activities, and are a part of our rich cultural heritage and the ecosystems harbour a range of floral and faunal diversity, including several rare, endangered and endemic species, and support complex food chains and the wetlands can help mitigate and adapt to changing climate through their ability to act as carbon sinks, regulate water regimes, prevent erosion and provide habitat to biodiversity under stress. Many wetlands are seriously threatened by reclamation and degradation through drainage and landfill, pollution (discharge of domestic and industrial effluents, disposal of solid wastes), hydrological alterations (water withdrawal and inflow changes) and over-exploitation of their natural resources resulting in loss of biodiversity and disruption in goods and services provided by wetlands. The clause (g) of article 51A of the Constitution stipulates that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India "to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures"; The National Environment Policy, 2006 recognises the ecological services provided by wetlands and emphasizes the need to set up a regulatory mechanism for all wetlands so as to maintain their ecological character, and ultimately support their integrated management. Table 1: Wetlands under each project districts Sl. Geographic area Wetland area % of total % of district District No. (Sq.km) (sq.km) wetland area geographic area 1 Kokrajhar 3129 248.33 3.25 7.94 2 Dhubri 2838 565.38 7.4 19.92 3 Goalpara 1824 332.21 4.35 18.21 4 Barpeta 3245 590.38 7.72 18.19 5 Kamrup (2 districts) 4345 436.55 5.71 10.05 6 Nalbari 2257 201.4 2.63 8.92 7 Darrang 3481 489.83 6.41 14.07 8 Marigaon 1704 287.37 3.76 16.86 9 Nagaon 3831 356.95 4.67 9.32 10 Sonitpur 5324 834.27 10.91 15.67 11 Lakhimpur 2277 273.07 3.57 11.99 12 Sibsagar 2668 125.82 1.65 4.72 13 Jorhat 2851 459.79 6.02 16.13 14 Golaghat 3502 436.35 5.71 12.46 15 KarbiAnglong 10434 58.10 0.76 0.56 16 Cachar 3786 104.19 1.36 2.75 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 62 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Figure 1: Map showing Wetlands of Assam 1.1 Management Plan Purpose and Scope With increasing development, recreation and economic pressures, our aquatic resources have the potential to be significantly impacted, either directly or indirectly. These potential impacts to resources can reduce the health and viability of the ecosystems that contain them, requiring active management to ensure the long- term health of the entire network. Effective management plans for the aquatic preserves are essential to address this goal and each site‘s own set of uniqu e challenges. The purpose of these plans is to incorporate, evaluate and prioritize all relevant information about the site into a cohesive management strategy, allowing for appropriate access to the managed areas while protecting the long-term health of the ecosystems and their resources. 1.2 Administrative Rules According to The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010, Section 4 restricts the activities within wetlands, which are: (1) The following activities within the wetlands shall be prohibited, namely:- (i) reclamation of wetlands; (ii) setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries; (iii) manufacture or handling or storage or disposal of hazardous substances covered under the Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 notified vide S.O. No. 966(E), dated the 27th November, 1989 or the Rules for Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro-organisms/Genetically engineered organisms or cells notified Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 63 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework vide GSR No. 1037(E), dated the 5th December, 1989 or the Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 notified vide S.O. No. 2265(E), dated the 24th September, 2008; (iv) solid waste dumping: provided that the existing practices, if any, existed before the commencement of these rules shall be phased out within a period not exceeding six months from the date of commencement of these rules; (v) discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries, cities or towns and other human settlements: provided that the practices, if any, existed before the commencement of these rules shall be phased out within a period not exceeding one year from the date of commencement of these rules; (vi) any construction of a permanent nature except for boat jetties within fifty metres from the mean high flood level observed in the past ten years calculated from the date of commencement of these rules; (vii) any other activity likely to have an adverse impact on the ecosystem of the wetland to be specified in writing by the Authority constituted in accordance with these rules. (2) The following activities shall not be undertaken without the prior approval of the State Government within the wetlands, namely:- (i) withdrawal of water or the impoundment, diversion or interruption of water sources within the local catchment area of the wetland ecosystem; (ii) harvesting of living and non-living resources; (iii) grazing to the level that the basic nature and character of the biotic community is not adversely affected; (iv) treated effluent discharges from industries, cities or towns, human settlements and agricultural fields falling within the limits laid down by the Central Pollution Control Board or the State Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be; (v) plying of motorized boat, if it is not detrimental to the nature and character of the biotic community; (vi) dredging, only if the wetland is impacted by siltation; (vii) construction of boat jetties; (viii) activities within the zone of influence, as per the definition of wetlands, that may directly affect the ecological character of the wetland; (ix) facilities required for temporary use, such as pontoon bridges, that do not affect the ecological character of the wetland; (x) aquaculture, agriculture and horticulture activities within the wetland; (xi) repair of existing buildings or infrastructure including reconstruction activities; (xii) any other activity to be identified by the Authority. The Assam Fishery Rules 1953 Rule No 23-A. Restriction on fishing during breeding season on catching and selling of under sized fish.- (1) Catching of brood fish (fish carrying eggs and sperm) of the following species, namely-Rohu, Catla, (Bahu), Mrigal, Mali (Calbasu), Chital, Kharia, Pithia (Mahasol), Gharia and Kuri (Gonius) is prohibited Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 64 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework during season beginning from the first day of the month of May and ending on the fifteen day of the month of July, both days inclusive, in any proclaimed fishery. (2) Catching and killing, by any method, of fish for any purpose whatsoever including consumption and selling of under size fish of the following species, namely- Rohu, Catla, Bahu, Mrigal, Chital, Kharia, Pithia (Mahasul) Ghariabelow 23 cm in length and Mali (Calbasu), Gonius, Kurhi/ Bhaganbelow 10 cm in length is prohibited between the first day of August and 31st of October: Provided that the above restriction may be relaxed by the order of the Directed of Fineries in writing, for piscicultural purposes only. (3) All under sized fish specified in sub-rule (2) above caught in the nets shall either be let off into the fishery or supplied to the Fisheries Department by the lessee in live conditions at the rate to be fixed by Government from time to time.‖]2 Rule No 24 No movable Bana with gap less than 7 cm sq. shall be used for fishing between the first day of the month of May and the fifteen day of the month of July, both days inclusive, in any rivers, Dobas or Bees or Fisheries.‖ Bana with less than 7 cm. sq. gaps fixed at the mouth of Beels or Dobasor at the boundaries of River Fisheries by which water is drained out it permissible to be used only during fishing season excepting the period between the first day of the month of May and the fifteen day of the month of July of the year, both days inclusive.‖ Table 2: List of available Fish Species in Assam Sl. Assamese Name English Name Scientific Name No. 1. Salo/ Chalo Gangetic hair fin anchovy Setipinnaphasa 2. Karoti Indian river shed Gudusiachapra 3. Karoti Burmese river shed Gudusiavariegata 4. Karoti Ganges river gizzard shad Gonialosamanmina 5. Ilish Indian shad Hilsailisha 6. Chital Humped feather back Notopteruschitala 7. Kandhuli Feather back Notopterusnotopterus Laupatia/ Laupati/ Herbeggi Indian hatchet fish/ Indian glass Chela laubuca 8. barb 9. Selkona Chela Chela atpar 10. Laupati Silver hatchet chela Chela cachius 11. Selkona Large razorbelley minnow Salmostomarbacalia 12. Selkona Fine scale razorbelley minnow Oxygasterphulo 13. Selkona Gora chela Oxygastergora 14. Silkamura Gara Garalamta 15. Korang Barred baril Bariliusbarila 16. Korang Hamilton‘s barila Bariliusbendelisis 17. Korang/ Rajahmas Indian trout Barilius bola 18. Balisonda/ Ozola Barnabaril Bariliusbarna Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 65 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Assamese Name English Name Scientific Name No. 19. Korang Shacrabaril Bariliusshacra 20. Korang Vagrabaril Bariliusvagra 21. Tilei/ Selleng/ Boolla Tileobaril Bariliustileo 22. Saldarikana Giant Danio Danio aequipinnatus 23. Laupati/ Dahrie Devario danio Danio devario 24. Laupati Dangila danio Danio dangila 25. Laupati Zebra danio Brachidaniorerio 26. Darikana Flying barb Esomusdanricus 27. Darikana Blackline rasbora Rasboradaniconius 28. Eleng Bengla barb Rasboraelanga 29. Darikana Rasbora Rasborabonensis 30. Darikana Gangetic scissortail rasbora Rsborarasbora 31. Moa Mola/ Indian carplet/ Pale carplet Amblypharyngodon mola 32. Bariala/Baliara/ Boreala/ Mouah Aspodiparia Aspidopariamorar 33. Mouah/ Bariala Jaya Aspidopariajaya 34. Keintahputhi/ Pootee- Keintah Chenguni Changuniuschangunio 35. Pakhironga/ Bokar/ Boolooah Chocolate mahseer/ Katli Acrossocheilushexagonolepis 36. Jongapithia/ Pithia Golden mahseer Tor putitora Laopithia/ Burapatra/ Pakhiranga/ Turiamahseer Tor tor 37. Pithia 38. Jungha/ Pithia Junghamahseer Tor progenius 39. Lobura Copper mahseer/ Mosalmahseer Tor massal 40. Lurali Gangetic latia Crossocheiluslatiuslatius 41. Puthi Swam barb/ Chola barb Puntius chola 66 Table 3: List of threatened fish fauna of Assam and their present status Sl. Fish Family Fish Species Conservation Status No. 1. Cyprinidae Semiplotus semiplotus Most Threatened Tor tor Endangered Tor putitora Endangered Labeo pungusia Vulnerable Most Labeo dyocheilus Threatened Garra litanensis Critically Endangered Chagunius Chagunio Rare Garra manipurensis Critically Endangered Puntius sarana Vulnerable Barbus dukai Most Threatened 2. Siluridae Ompok pabo Most Threatened Ompok pabda Most Threatened 66 Chiarya, H. R., Singh N., Singh, H.S., Loss of Fish Diversity of Assam (India): A Threat to Ichthyo fauna, the Journal of Biodiversity. Photon 115 (2015) 419-422 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 66 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Fish Family Fish Species Conservation Status No. Ompok bimaculatus Endangered 3. Balitoridae Balitora brucci Most Threatened Noemacheilus multifasciatus Endangered Noemacheilus elongates Most Threatened Aborichthys garoensis Critically Endangered Aborichthys elongates Endangered Aborichtys tikaderi Endangered 4. Bagridae Mystus vittatus Vulnerable Mystus tengara Vulnerable Mystus cavasius Near threatened Mystus bleekeri Vulnerable 5. Olyridae Olyra longicaudata Most threatened 6. Channidae Channa barca Rare Channa orientalis Vulnerable 7. Schilbeidae Clupisoma garua Vulnerable 8. Psylorhynchidae Psilorhynchus homaloptera Most threatened 9. Amblycipitida Pangasius pangasius Vulnerable 10. Anguillidae Anguilla bengalensi Vulnerable 11. Cobitidae Lepidocephalus goalparensis Critically endangered 2. OVERVIEW OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF AQUACULTURE AND MANAGEMENT Aquaculture, like any human activity, will have some effects on the environment. As long as these activities permit natural adjustment in the environment, it is recognised that their impact will be minimal. In well-managed farms, the water quality of influents and effluents may not be significantly different. Adverse effects associated with aquaculture include habitat destruction, discharge of effluents containing high concentrations of organic matter and the contamination of the aquatic environment and organisms with chemicals. Common-user conflict and the introduction of exotics, which may alter the diversity the natural flora and fauna, and escapees from aquaculture, are also contentious issues. The negative environmental impact attributed to aquaculture has mostly resulted from poor planning, inadequate site selection, inappropriate management procedures and lack of attention to environment protection. Nevertheless, aquaculture can also have positive effects on the environment, if the right methods are used. For example, in integrated fish farming recycling of wastes or by-products of one culture may occur if wastes from that culture are used as inputs for other culture and an efficient use of farm space for multiple cultures may be observed. 2.1 Climate Climate variability will affect socio-economic sectors which include water resources, agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, human settlements, ecological systems and human health. The ecological systems which support aquaculture are already known to be sensitive to climate variability. There is very limited work done on climate change and the effects of climate change on aquaculture production. Therefore, it is urgent need to improve management and better aquaculture practices to minimize the loss of aquaculture production due to climate variability. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 67 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Climate change and North east India: Some facts in recent years (Source: NICRA project, ICAR RC NEHR):  2001-2010 has been identified as the warmest decade. 0  The year 2010 was the warmest year since 1901 with temperature being 1.8 C above normal.  In the year 2009, NE India observed one of the biggest droughts.  In 2012, NE Indian states of Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram faced never before happening floods. All the 27 districts of Assam were under the grip of severe flood for the entire month of June. Again, flood reappeared in the month of September in the same year.  Heavy intensity rainfall events increasing every year whereas, the distribution is getting more and more erratic. 0  Mean maximum temperature of NE region is increasing @ +0.11 C per decade. 0  Climate models projects 2.0-3.5 C increase in temperature and 250-500 mm increase in precipitation in the NE region by 2050. Table 4: Monsoon rainfall amount in Assam State 1951-1990 1991-2007 % Change Assam 1788 1613 -9.8 Table 5: Monsoon rainfall Distribution (Rainy days) in Assam State 1951-1990 1991-2007 % Change Assam 78 72 -7.7 A normal arrival of monsoon in NE converted to great sorrow in June 2012 as unprecedented flood devastated 27 of the 29 districts of Assam (Source of data: AWS, IMD) A total of 35 extreme rainfall events (>75 mm in 24 hrs.) were recorded in June 2012 in 10 Lower Assam locations. In June, 20 extreme rainfall events occurred between 101-150 mm range (Source of data: AWS, IMD) Extreme RF Events (June 2012) Assam 25 20 20 15 Numbers Nos. 10 7 5 5 3 0 75 to 100 101 to 150 151 to 200 201 to 300 Range (mm) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 68 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  st Incessant rainfall for days together in the hills of Arunachal Pradesh and Tibetan China initiated the 1 th wave of serious flood in Assam around June 7 with serious impact on all 27 districts  The flood situation started deteriorating since then and continued for the entire month before started th receding since 30 June onward.  The Brahmaputra/Barak and its major tributaries which caused havoc were: o Upper Assam: Burhidehing and Dikhow in Upper Assam o Lower and North bank of Assam: Suklai, Bornodi, Naobondha, JiaBharali, Pahumara, Palla, Kaldia, Burhadiya, Tihu, Beki, Jiadhol, Puthimari, Pagladiya, and Manas o Barak Valley: Barak, Katakhal and Kushiyara o About 4,83,536 hectare land area came under grip of flood water of which total crop area damaged was about 70,000 hectares. o Impact: Major crops affected were –Boro paddy and Ahu paddy (in maturity and reproductive stages, respectively) and Jute. The process of nursery bed and main field preparation for Sali paddy delayed by almost 1 month in the flood affected areas. 2.2 Temperature In general, fishes cannot maintain a constant body temperature like the one mammals do. Their body is exactly the same temperature as the water they are living in. Fishes can live in very cold or very hot water, but each species has a range of preferred temperatures. Most fish cannot survive in temperatures too far out of this range. When fish encounter water that is too cold for them, their metabolic activities slow down and become lethargic. On the contrary, as the surrounding water warms up, metabolic activities speed up and they digest food more rapidly, grow more quickly, and eventually have more energy for reproduction. However, fish need more food and more oxygen to support this higher metabolism. On the contrary, when the water temperature in the pond/ mini-barrage falls below the optimal range during winter months, the rate of application of artificial feed and fertilizers /manures should be reduced. Generally, the rate of all the biochemical reactions in aquatic organisms doubles with every 10C rise in water temperature. Higher water temperature adversely influences solubility of oxygen in water. As a result, fish growth depends on water temperature to a large extent. For the Indian major carps fish species ( Rohu, Catla & Mrigal) 25C to 32C has been found to be optimal for their growth and reproduction in the plains. Impact of Global warming All cultured aquatic organisms are poikilotherms. Hence any temperature change impacts on production. As the surrounding water warms up, metabolic activities of species speed up and they digest food more rapidly, grow more quickly, and eventually have more energy for reproduction. But fish need more food and more oxygen to support this higher metabolism. Generally, the rate of all the biochemical reactions in aquatic organisms doubles with every 10C rise in water temperature. Higher water temperature adversely influences solubility of oxygen in water. As a result fish growth depends on water temperature to a large extent.  Possibility of being higher than the optimal temperature range may cause stress (Physiological) to aquatic organisms.  In general, Tropical fisheries: Positive; higher growth & production – Will need more feed inputs Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 69 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 2.3 Water stress The predicted stress is decrease in water availability in major river where there is major aquaculture activities at present. The wetlands (Beels) where intense aquaculture activity is proposed for enhancement of fish production may be affected. Climate change will also affect wetlands and their species e.g. through biological responses to changes in temperature, rainfall, water regimes etc. Wetlands play important roles in the global cycling of water, and the storage and cycling of carbon gases – these cycles will be affected by climate change. In semi intensive aquaculture, the fish farms can be prepared for approaching high water temperatures by:  Providing oxygen supplementation,  Changing feeding regimes, Recirculating water/ aeration, and De-stocking Reduced water level increases the catch per unit effort in the inland capture fisheries. (concentrate fish in deeper pools, fish are squeezed into less water ;which can make them more vulnerable to exploitation (Fishing etc). Future fishing opportunities could be harmed by overharvest.) Water quality Changes Very high temperature, coupled with critically low water levels can reduce the buffering capacity of water, deplete oxygen and increase toxicity due to algal blooms. These stresses can affect the fish growth and biomass production and even lead to mass mortality. 2.4 Other major issues for sustainably intensified aquaculture The prime challenges for the Fishery sector to support the sustainable development in Assam highlighted in the project implementation plan (PIP) are expected to have a positive impact on the food, nutrition and economic security. Sl. No Issues Impacts 1. Alien Fish species  Culture of Alien fish species such as Thai magur ( Clarias gariepineus), Tilapia, 67 hybrid Kawoi (Anabas testeduneus), Roopchanda (Colossoma macropomum), Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) Iridescent shark (Pangasius sutchi) etc. pose threat to native fish species and gene pool and may result in ecological imbalance and may lead to loss of bio-diversity.  Therefore requires adequate measures to eliminate these species from culture system or culture with do‘s and dont‘s as prescribed by the ICAR -NBFGR, Lucknow, UP, India for enhancing fish production from confined environment. 2. Fish species for  Diversification of fish species. Conservation of native fish species, breeding and aquaculture culture technologies for lesser known high value fish species for large scale- production. 67 The Red Ballied Pacu or ―Roopchanda‖ as known commonly (scientific name: Colossoma macropomum ) is closely related to the piranha . While they are not aggressive carnivores like the piranha, they eat small fish, insects, and meat on fishing lures .Their teeth, which may resemble human teeth, are used to cut through vegetation and crush seeds that fall into the water. Their culture can be hazardous. According to a report, one toddler needed surgery after a pacu (misreported as a piranha) bit her finger at Edinburgh Butterfly and Insect World in Scotland. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 70 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. No Issues Impacts 3. Availability of  The production of quality seeds is a major challenge for State‘s aquaculture sector. quality inputs The Fish seed sector is mostly governed by the private hatchery operators. Due to lack of scientific knowledge, poor management and resources; although seeds are produced in large quantity, majority of them are of poor quality resulting in low fish production. 4. Viable  Environment friendly technologies. Intensification of culture practices through high technologies stocking density, feed &fertilizer, aeration with better management practices and waste water treatment. Biofloc technology, Integrated aquaculture, multiple stocking –harvesting are other possible options. 5. Aquaculture  Lack of technical know-how and technology, resulting in huge losses due to poor activities both management and diseases. This in turn results in the increased use of antibiotics small and large and other chemicals which in turn increase risks for the aquatic environment and scale operations public health. At the same time while expanding or intensifying the aquaculture activities in an effort to enhance Fish production, the existing productive paddy/rice field should never be converted in to fish ponds. 6. Biosecurity  To prevent spoilage and outbreak of any diseases in any aquaculture operations, adequate measures for disease prevention and spoilage at the production sites are required during post-harvest stages. The private sector, especially smallholders, is affected by huge production losses due to diseases and spoilage with limited knowledge or resources to address the issue. 7. Agricultural  Farmers growing vegetables on the pond bed use pesticides, as they are prone to activities in attack by pests. The residual pesticides are washed with water and pose threat to shallow pond. enter the food chain. 8. Participation of  To enhance participation of fish farmers operating in the selected cluster, the cluster farmers in Government institutions and other agencies in the project should facilitate their the value chain access to quality inputs, technical services, innovation, capital, markets and other and social issues infrastructures such as transport and electricity for sustainable development. Any large operations towards intensification in aquaculture and processing may emerge potential issues related to employment, labour and trade policies which will have to be addressed. 9. Environment  The intensification of aquaculture for boosting production level requires the establishment and enforcement of strict limits and a careful monitoring of farming practices. Better management practices and code of practice for each intervention should be formulated and promoted among the stakeholders. The government institutions must build capacity and lay down legal framework to regulate the sector and monitor its impact on the environment.  Also requires attention towards water availability and quality and its efficient use. 10. Climate  The Fishery sector is vulnerable to climatic variability. Almost every year the seasonal flooding and drought affect inland aquaculture farms and other aquatic bodies especially the beels/ wet lands of Assam; which are known to harbor several indigenous fish species. The ICAR–AAU has already developed district contingency plans for the state which may be referred, refined according to the situation and disseminated. 11. Capacity building  In the value chain of production to the market, the project should build a skilled workforce for the sector at every stage through training, demonstration, exposure visits etc Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 71 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Alien Fish species: Roopchanda, Hybrid Anabas (Kawoi), and Chinese/ Thai magur Potential Fish species for culture: Mola and Murrels 3. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 3.1 The Surrounding Biophysical Environment 3.1.1 Management of Vegetation Vegetation management refers mainly to the approach required in dealing with the vegetation (including aquatic vegetation) within and around any aquaculture production facilities. Best Management Practices Concepts and Approach a) Wherever practical, the vegetation on and around aquaculture ventures should be indigenous, while plant species regarded as invasive are prohibited and should be removed. b) An active alien vegetation eradication programme should be implemented where alien vegetation occurs. Such a program should however caution against erosion and soil destabilisation after eradication. c) Special attention must be paid to invasive aquatic plant species that could invade the core water supplies or the production systems. Such invasive aquatic species require dedicated control and management. Control can be achieved by physical removal, responsible and careful chemical treatment or by biological control measures. d) Wherever practically possible, the planting of indigenous plants and trees should be encouraged. This lessens the aesthetic impact of aquaculture activities, serves as ecological transition zones or corridors and contributes to the environmental integrity any aquaculture venture. e) Where virgin or sensitive vegetation occurs, general access should be limited and well-maintained footpaths used in places where these areas need to be traversed. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 72 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework f) Cut, trimmed, mowed and felled vegetation must either be removed to a suitable disposal site or composted on site for further application. Cut vegetation can also be used as brush pack in the control of erosion, but care must be taken to prevent the spread of seed of alien species in this manner. The burning of vegetation is discouraged, unless done under favourable climatic conditions and with the permission of the local disaster or fire management services. g) Where any vegetation stripping is required, this is to be kept to a minimum footprint and in compliance with any legislation that may apply. Where appropriate, clearing should be done in a phased manner and cleared areas rehabilitated as soon as is practically possible. h) Care should be taken during the translocation of aquaculture organisms from other locations, or when using equipment from other farms, so as to prevent the spread of invasive aquatic plants. 3.1.2 Managing Non-Production and Non-Predatory Animals (Fauna) At some stage most aquaculture facilities will be faced with the presence of fauna that are neither related to the production activities, nor pose a predatory (or parasitic or disease) threat to the production activities. In maintaining best practices, the approach taken to these animals should be responsible and should cause the least possible harm to these organisms. Best Management Practices Concepts and Approach a) Wherever practically possible, and where these animals do not pose a risk to the aquaculture facilities, these animals must be accommodated and be granted freedom of movement and existence. Catching of wild animals, by any means, is illegal and should not be considered unless authorised or done in conjunction with the relevant delegated authorities. b) Where aquaculture facilities are surrounded by boundary walls or fences, these must be of such a nature so as to prevent injury, harm or death of any animals that inhabit the area. c) Channels, dams and other infrastructure must be designed and built in such a manner so as to prevent injury, harm or death of any animals. d) Under no circumstances may animals that pose no risk to the aquaculture activities be shot, trapped, killed, bewildered, injured, poisoned or harmed in any manner. Acceptable deterrents may be used to discourage animals from entering into or inhabiting aquaculture facilities. e) No animals (including predatory animals) may be poisoned. The only exception to this is in the responsible control of vermin, in which case recognised poisons may be used in the prescribed methods. f) Aquaculture feeds and other production resources that may attract animals should be stored in such a manner so as to prevent access to these animals and to prevent animals from becoming trapped, killed or harmed. g) Operators (farmers) of aquaculture facilities must ensure that feed and equipment stores do not become overrun with rodents or other pests. A responsible control program for such vermin must be implemented. 3.1.3 Stabilisation and Soil Management Due to the use of water in aquaculture, the management of soil stability and water erosion is of importance. Ignorance of the importance of soil and stabilisation management in and around aquaculture facilities can cause significant infrastructure damage, stock loss and negative environmental impacts. Best Management Practices Concepts and Approach Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 73 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework a) The soil of the terrestrial environment, surrounding aquaculture activities, should be stable, protected from erosion and maintained as a suitable growth medium for natural vegetation. b) Where vegetation is removed, this should be done in a phased manner to prevent unnecessary destabilisation and erosion. c) When undertaking any earthworks, the topsoil must be stripped separately and retained for later re-use. Topsoil stockpiles must be stable, less than 2 meters high and free of invasive alien vegetation. d) Following the exposure of any soils for construction, shaping or other activities, a suitable vegetation cover must be established immediately thereafter to ensure soil protection. Where appropriate, straw stabilisation or hydro seeding with environmentally compatible grasses and plants may be used to prevent erosion. e) Barren soils should be tilled, treated with fertiliser or compost and vegetation cover encouraged and irrigated. f) The upper contours of any terrestrial components of aquaculture facilities (and at intervals on the lower contours of large or steep sites), should have storm water cut-off trenches capable of accommodating a 1:50 year flood. Water must exit storm water trenches below the terrestrial components of production facilities, in a manner that does not cause downstream erosion or degradation. Soil in the storm water trenches must be protected from secondary erosion by means of suitable flow speed inhibition. This can be done by stone packing, vegetation establishment, brush packing or through the channel design characteristics. g) All slopes with a gradient exceeding 2:1 on the terrestrial areas of aquaculture facilities must be protected from erosion. This can be accomplished with good vegetation cover, brush packing, sand bagging, retaining walls, log stepping, etc. The chosen method will depend on the availability of materials and the degree of instability. h) Any erosion must be treated without delay. Where applicable, anti-erosion compounds may be used to prevent erosion, but the application methods must conform to the manufacture‘s recommendations. i) Paths and roads must be formalised and stabilised against erosion by means of suitable materials, compaction and functional design. Storm water cut off trenches can be used to prevent erosion. j) Access points to production facilities (e.g. slipways or pontoon launches and jetty ramps) should be stabilised down to water level, preferably with vegetation or through more formal structures such as concrete landings, etc. 3.1.4 Managing Sensitive Areas Many aquaculture facilities are established alongside sensitive environmental areas such as water tributaries, wetlands, rivers, etc. In order to achieve best practice standards these aquaculture activities should be conducted so as not to disturb these areas unnecessarily. Best Management Practices Concepts and Approach a) In general, access to sensitive areas should be kept to a minimum by means of designing access around these areas, by fencing them off and by educating employees of their existence and sensitivity. b) Sensitive areas should not be used as storage areas or sites for old, disused or periodically unused equipment. c) Sensitive areas should not be used for the dumping of waste of any nature (including vegetation matter such as mowed grass). d) Natural features such as outcrops, rock faces, trees and natural vegetation should be protected when found in proximity to aquaculture facilities. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 74 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework e) All buildings over 100 years of age, all fossils, archaeological and palaeontological materials, graves and burial grounds, wetlands, forests are protected by law and may not be disturbed in any manner without authorisation to do so. 3.1.5 Noise, Light and Odour Management Noise generation by aquaculture activities is generally minimal, but can become a disturbance when the activities take place in close proximity to human settlements. Likewise, odours are generally not problematic in aquaculture, except when raw feed products are processed, in certain postproduction processing activities, in certain instances in the cleaning of production facilities and filters or in the laying fallow of ponds. Excessive light pollution is generally limited in aquaculture and is usually used for security purposes only. In spite of the limited impacts of noise, light and odours, it is important that these aspects be considered and managed to prevent any undue impacts. Best Management Practices Concepts and Approach a) Where practically possible, pumps, aerators and other noise generating devises should be equipped with a sound dampening cover or container. b) All pumps, aerators and other noise generating devises (including motor vehicles) should be in a good working order to prevent excessive noise. c) The use of noise dampening methods such as the planting of windrows should be considered if noise generation becomes excessive. d) All employees should be made aware of the fact that unnecessary noise, light and odour pollution should be prevented by means of responsible conduct. e) Where practically possible, sources of potential light or noise pollution should be placed in areas where they will cause the least possible disturbance. f) Above average noise generation should be limited to normal business hours. g) If odours are generated from any aquaculture facilities, efforts should be made to limit their impact on surrounding settlements, communities and operations. This can be done by taking cognisance of wind direction and speed, ensuring that odour generating activities are completed in as short a space of time as possible and by ensuring that any dead aquaculture organisms (or unused feed) are disposed of responsibly. 3.1.6 Approach to the respective culture systems The aquaculture sector employs a range of production techniques in many different culture systems that range from tanks to ponds. Tank culture are mostly of concrete materials and pond culture typically refers to earthen ponds. It is important that all aquaculture systems be managed with the interest of the production organisms and the surrounding environment in mind. Best Management Practices Concepts and Approach General Concepts: a) Production systems should be designed and constructed in a manner that allows for the safety of employees, the farmed organisms and the surrounding environment. b) Aquaculture production systems should be structurally sound and not leak unnecessarily. c) Aquaculture systems should be readily accessible for daily operations. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 75 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework d) Aquaculture systems should be designed and constructed in a manner that prevents the escape of production organisms. e) In aquaculture, cover netting is used for keeping predatory animals such as birds and otters out and for providing shade. Such netting must be used and maintained in a manner that does not pose a threat to birds and other animals:  Shade cloth or bird netting (including submerged predator netting) must be of a mesh size, structure and rigidity so that entrapment or injury to birds and other animals is prevented.  Cover netting should be UV and weather resistant to prevent it from tearing and becoming tattered.  Netting must be firmly secured to prevent it from tearing in windy conditions or from trapping predatory birds or other animals.  Although the colour of cover netting should not be bright (to lessen the aesthetic impact), it should be clearly visible for approaching birds. Specific Concepts: Pond Culture Systems a) Aquaculture ponds must be designed and constructed to allow for complete drainage. b) Aquaculture ponds should have adequate overflow capability and flood protection (e.g. by means of stabilized spillways), but should also allow for early detection of rising water levels that could cause flooding. This means that inflow and outflow control is of importance. c) Where earthen ponds are used, the inner walls must be of a suitable slope to prevent internal erosion and collapse. Furthermore, the effects of surface wind and wave erosion must be combated by means of vegetation establishment or stone packing. d) If pond sediments are removed, these must be disposed of responsibly or used as compost. e) Trees and other large plants should not be allowed to grow on the retaining walls of earthen ponds as their roots may weaken the structure. f) Adequate control measures should be put into place to prevent moles and crabs from digging into the retaining walls of earthen ponds and dams as these may destabilize the structure. 3.1.7 Refuse and Waste Management Aquaculture produces various waste streams, which can be categorised as follows: a) General waste (fish feed bags, paper, plastic, glass, etc.). b) General organic waste from landscape maintenance. c) Production related organic waste (e.g. old feed, dead aquaculture organisms and material removed from filtration units). d) Sewerage and non-production related waste water. e) Production related waste water. f) Post production and processing waste. g) Hazardous waste materials and chemicals. Waste management must be formalised to ensure that it does not cause pollution and potential environmental degradation. Best Management Practices Concepts and Approach Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 76 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework a) General waste must be collected and disposed to the nearby disposal site (legally compliant) on a regular basis. b) Where possible, general waste should be separated into glass, paper and plastics so that these can be recycled. c) Emptying out of waste containers should be regular to prevent overfilling. d) Waste should not be allowed to litter aquaculture facilities or the surrounding areas (especially applicable to wind-blown litter). e) A culture of waste reduction, collection and disposal must be instilled with all employees by means of guidance and training. f) Vegetation matter from landscaping activities must be removed to a suitable disposal site or composted for later use. g) Old feed should be disposed of via composting (for small volumes) or via a formalised waste disposal system (for large volumes). h) Where postproduction and processing waste (e.g. intestines, gills, heads, etc.) is generated, it should be dealt with in one or more of the following manners:  For small volumes (i.e. less than 50 kg. per week), a system of liming and burying or incineration may be employed, provided that this does not cause groundwater pollution or other impacts of significance (e.g. health risks, odours, etc).  For large volumes (i.e. more than 50 kg. per week), it is recommended that a silage system be employed, which can liquefy and stabilise waste material by grinding and lowering the pH. This silage can then be incorporated into animal feeds as a high protein supplement.  A suitable bulk service provider may be contracted to remove processing waste.  Waste may be removed to a recognised disposal site equipped to deal with the waste type.  Waste may be incinerated, provided that it is formalised and legally compliant. i) Hazardous waste (e.g. expired chemicals) must be disposed of via an approved hazardous waste disposal site. 3.1.8 Managing Buildings and Storage The structural integrity of buildings and storage spaces is largely determined during design and initial construction. It is therefore essential that the design of such infrastructure be done carefully to accommodate potential environmental issues. Nevertheless, these structures must be maintained in a good order, kept clean, free of vermin and in a safe condition for employees. Additionally, storage areas should be well ventilated and dry. Best Management Practices Concepts and Approach a) Unauthorised access to buildings and stores should be controlled to prevent theft and vandalism. b) Access to vermin and animals such as rodents must also be controlled. c) Buildings should be regularly maintained so that they remain structurally safe and aesthetically acceptable. d) Responsible rodent and vermin control programs must be employed in buildings and storage areas. e) Sufficient ventilation must be provided in buildings and stores. f) Buildings and stores must be equipped with the necessary fire fighting and first aid equipment and the applicable emergency contact numbers clearly displayed. 3.1.9 Planning Future Activities and Expansion Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 77 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework The expansion of aquaculture activities must be planned to minimise potential environmental impacts. In addition to this, applicable statutory authorisations for upgrade and expansion activities must be obtained prior to commencement thereof. Best Management Practices Concepts and Approach a) Plans for expansion and upgrade must be checked for environmental compatibility. b) Local and district authorities must be consulted to ascertain their statutory requirements. c) Where construction activities take place, specific provision must be made for the control of erosion and storm water, soil stabilisation, rehabilitation, dust prevention, employee safety, waste removal and for the other provisions that constitute best practices. 3.1.10 Water Monitoring and Management Aquaculture activities add nutrients, metabolites and other wastes to the water column, which creates the potential for water quality deterioration. These impacts could include the creation of eutrophic zones, fluctuations in dissolved oxygen, algal blooms, changes in species compositions and more. Water quality and quantity management is therefore of primary importance in aquaculture. 3.1.11 Managing Species and Species Escape The introduction of alien aquaculture species (including translimital species), potential diseases and foreign genetic traits into an area can pose a significant environmental risk. The global redistribution of aquaculture species is not well controlled and has caused irreparable environmental damage in certain areas. This, coupled with the unseen and unpredictable ability of some species in escaping from production facilities, makes the choice and management of aquaculture species important. Best Management Practices Concepts and Approach a) Unless authorised, only locally indigenous species may be used. Care must also be taken that secondary species are not accidentally introduced with the target species. b) Aquaculture species that are able to hybridise should not be farmed together, while species that are able to hybridise with indigenous species in the surrounding environment should not be used as production candidates. c) Whenever possible, the genetic make-up of an aquaculture population should be compared with the genetic make-up of the same species, if it occurs in the surrounding environment. The potential genetic impact should be established and if found to be significant, such species should be avoided. d) Prior to the purchase and stocking of any organisms, the disease and parasitic status and risk of the species must be investigated in context to the area from which it originates, the area to which it will be taken and the degree to which any potential disease may pose a threat to the surrounding environment. In certain instances the introduction of aquaculture organisms may require specific veterinary assessments, treatments and quarantine measures. Assistance in this regard can be obtained from the Department of Agriculture (Veterinary Services). e) Aquaculture farmers must make specimens of the production organisms available to authorities that need to determine the species, disease status or genetic characteristics. f) Adequate steps must be taken to prevent the escape of production organisms, especially from the hatchery environment where individual organisms may be very small. In this Regard, regular inspection of production infrastructure and escape barriers is important. Escape barriers may include netting, grids, sand and other filters, predator ponds, chemical treatment areas, soak away systems, etc. Barriers Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 78 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework should be adequate to prevent escape during flooding, overflows and during other unforeseen circumstances. g) In cage culture the integrity of the nets should be inspected regularly and safety nets used to prevent the escape of fish during stocking, harvesting, sampling and grading. Generally, aquaculture species are propagated from a tailored gene pool and thus not suitable for restocking or supplementation of natural stocks. 3.1.12 Feed Management Feed and feed management is a primary cause of direct and indirect pollution of water resources used for aquaculture. The management and responsible use of feed is not only an important environmental consideration; it is also a key factor in determining the financial viability of most aquaculture ventures. Best Management Practices Concepts and Approach a) Only registered aquaculture feeds should be purchased from recognised feed companies that produce high quality feeds. Aquaculture farmers should be familiar with the nutrient make-up, the primary ingredients and production techniques for the feeds used. b) Feed producers should provide the date of manufacture, information pertaining to the ideal storage conditions and estimated shelf life. c) Feed stores should be lockable to prevent theft. d) Feed should be stored and used on a ― first-in-first-out‖ basis to prevent unnecessary aging and deterioration in quality. e) Feed storage areas should be well ventilated, dry and free of vermin that can damage, contaminate and consume feeds. Dampness and heat can also damage feeds. f) It is good practice to store feeds on individually stacked pallets that can allow for full ventilation of bags that would otherwise be in direct contact with floor and wall surfaces. g) Feed types and feeding strategies are specific to each species, to the culture conditions, climate and growth stage. In this regard, feed types and feeding rates should be recorded daily so that feed conversion efficiency can be calculated and monitored. 3.1.13 Disease Monitoring, Control and Treatment Aquaculture disease is an threat, not only because of its potential impact on production, but also due to the potential of infecting downstream populations and the environment in general. Aquaculture farmers must be aware of the impacts that disease could have and should manage towards prevention and preparedness for any outbreaks that may occur. Best Management Practices Concepts and Approach a) No aquaculture organisms should be introduced from an unrecognised source. b) Prior to the purchase and stocking of any organisms, the disease and parasitic status and risk of the species must be investigated in context to the area from which it originates, the area to which it will be taken and the degree to which any potential disease may pose a threat to the surrounding environment. In certain instances the introduction of aquaculture organisms may require specific veterinary assessments, treatments and quarantine measures. Assistance in this regard can be obtained from the Department of Agriculture (Veterinary Services). Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 79 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework c) Aquaculture farmers should monitor the health status of aquaculture organisms as part of the daily operational activities. This includes behavioral monitoring, sampling, diagnostic dissection, microscopic investigation and more. d) It is advisable that a health assessment be conducted on aquaculture facilities at least twice a year. The assessment should be diagnostic, with recommendations of treatments or management of any diseases or parasites. 3.1.14 Managing Aquaculture Chemicals Chemicals are mainly used for the treatment of diseases and parasites, while some hormonal preparations, anaesthetics, disinfectants and water treatments are also found. Some concerns around the use of chemicals include the potential longevity of bioactive compounds in animal tissues, the fate and effect of these compounds or their residues in the aquatic environment (i.e. toxicity to non-target organisms) and the creation of antibiotic resistance. The use of chemicals must be done in a responsible manner and farmers must ensure the safety of the surrounding environment. The use of aquaculture chemicals is also a significant factor which influences safety, consumer acceptance and marketability of products. Best Management Practices Concepts and Approach a) Aquaculture farmers should be encouraged to reduce their reliance on chemicals through the use of sound husbandry practices aimed at disease and stress prevention. More emphasis should be placed on preventive measures where the use of chemicals is a last resort when other measures have proved to be inadequate. b) Responsible use of chemicals and treatments in aquaculture is characterised by:  Chemical application based on an accurate diagnosis.  The use of an appropriate compound and application method.  Chemical dosage for the minimum effective time.  The keeping of records and evaluation of treatments.  An awareness of potential chemical residues. c) Chemicals should be used for specific and not general purposes. Dosages, application methods and the resultant outcome should be known and recorded in a treatment register. d) The use of chemical cocktails should not be permitted. e) In the use of chemicals, consideration must be given to the potential for residues and the need for withdrawal periods before consumption of the aquaculture products. f) Chemicals must be stored in a dry, well-ventilated and lockable store. Chemicals must be clearly labelled and the purchase date, use and expiry date must be recorded. Expired chemicals must be disposed of at a suitable hazardous waste disposal site. 3.1.15 Other Management Practices Rice fish farming: Rice fish farming is practiced in different agro-ecological zones all through most of the subtropics, warm humid subtropics and in warm sub-humid tropics. The rain fed lowland rice ecosystem is characterized by its lack of control over the water and by both flooding and drought problems. Rice fish farming can contribute to household income, contribute to food security and nutrition and contribute to improved sustainability of rice production. Generally two production systems has been recommended Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 80 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework for culturing fish in the rice fields throughout the world viz Simultaneous or Concurrent Method and Alternate or Rotational Method. Pig-Cum-Fish Farming: At the same time from the same place pig meat and fish can be produced in this type of practice. Water needed for pig husbandry practice can get from fish pond and some percentage of pig feed can be produced from agricultural crops cultured in the fish pond embankment. Fish also feed directly on the pig excreta which contains 70% digestible food for the fish. Pig dung contains: 69- 71% moisture, 1.36- 2.0% nitrogen and 0.36- 0.39% phosphorous when the pigs are fed with pig mesh containing 16- 17% protein, therefore it act as a good fertilizer which helps in producing fish feed i.e. phytoplankton & zooplankton in fish pond. So application of extra fertilizer to fish pond for raising fish and supplementary feeding to the cultured fish is not needed. This cuts the cost of fish production by 60%. The pond muck which gets accumulated in the pond bottom due to constant application of pig dung can be used as fertilizer for horticultural crops grown over the pond embankments. 3.2 Management of Beel 3.2.1 Deweeding in Beel Majority of the Beels in Assam are thickly infested with water hyancith. 100% removal of aquatic weeds is not recommended especially in the open beel which provides shelter and breeding ground to many of the indigenous fish species. The best environment friendly method for deweeding is through manual operation or through introduction of Chinese grass carp, ducks, geese etc. Aquatic weeds may be harnessed for sustainable development. These plants have potential for exploitation as animal feed, human food, soil additives, fuel production, organic fertilizer, waste water treatment etc. In recent years water hyacinth is also used for preparation handicraft items such as basket, bag etc. The community involved in the beel development projects should be adequately trained ,especially the women to utilize the aquatic weed for economic benefits. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 81 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 6 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 82 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 6: ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY CHECKLIST 1. Is the subproject component is a proposed one (new activity ) If yes, use 6A Environmental Survey Checklist (NEW SUBPROJECTS) 2. Is the subproject component is an existing one (undergoing for expansion) If yes, please use 6B Environmental Survey Checklist (EXISTING SUBPROJECTS) 3. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 83 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annexure 6-A: Environmental Survey Checklist (New) SCREENING CHECKLIST – AGRICULTURE SECTOR (NEW SUBPROJECTS) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Basic Information Name of Project: Village: Cluster: Block: District Type of the Project: Total Area: Name of Monitor‘s: Name of Supervisor: Section A: Project Siting Will the Project : Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Be located within or near environmentally sensitive areas like: i. Forests (Protected / Reserve) ii. wetlands iii. Threatened species iv. Special area for protecting biodiversity v. Cultural heritage site 2. Affect environmentally sensitive areas or critical habitats – wetlands, woodlots, natural forests, rivers, etc.)? 3. Affect the indigenous biodiversity (flora and fauna)? 4. Cause any loss or degradation of any natural habitats, either directly (through project works) or indirectly? 5. Affect the aesthetic quality of the landscape? 6. Cause soil erosion or degradation? 7. Have risk of deforestation? 8. Divert the water resource from its natural course /location? 9. Cause ecological degradation resulting from modification of non-agricultural lands to agricultural lands? 10. Reduce people‘s access to the pasture, water, public services or other resources they depend on? 11. Cause any dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? 12. Cause social problems due to land tenure and use conflicts? 13. Result in any type of human wildlife conflicts? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 84 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – AGRICULTURE SECTOR (NEW SUBPROJECTS) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT 14. Affect the natural drainage of the area? 15. Be located in a site vulnerable to major natural or induced hazards such as: i. Landslides ii. Flooding iii. Storm iv. Earthquakes 16. Have approach to roads and what is its quality? 17. Have suitable area for construction purposes? Section B: Constructional Impacts (w.r.t Infrastructure requirements) Will the Project cause: Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Noise from construction? 2. Air pollution from the construction? 3. Water pollution from the constructional activities? 4. Soil contamination and degradation due to construction? 5. Risk and vulnerabilities related to occupational health and safety due to physical chemical and biological hazards during project construction and operation? 6. Large population influx during project construction and operation that cause increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)? 7. Social conflicts if workers from other regions are hired? 8. Any generation of construction and disposal wastes? Section C: Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause: Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Any type of accidental damage? 2. Downstream water pollution from discharge of contaminated water from the agricultural field with drain water? 3. Reduction of water supplies from competing uses (e.g., irrigation or domestic)? 4. Pollution in nearby aquatic environments from adequate farm management? 5. Threat to local varieties of crops and vegetables by introduction of new genetically modified varieties? 6. Spread of diseases from exotic cultivated species? 7. Reduction of water available to downstream users during peak seasons? 8. Risk to community health and safety due to transport, storage and use and/or disposal of materials likely to create physical chemical and biological hazards during construction and operation? Section D: Seeds, Chemicals and Waste Disposal Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 85 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – AGRICULTURE SECTOR (NEW SUBPROJECTS) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Will the Project : Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Involve the use of chemicals/ fertilizers/pesticides, or increase existing use? 2. Cause contamination of water courses by chemicals/fertilizers/pesticides? 3. Cause contamination of soil by chemicals/fertilizers/ pesticides or affect soil salinity and alkalinity? 4. Require scheduled chemical application? 5. Introduce new varieties of seeds? 6. Experience effluent and /or emissions discharge? 7. Introduce waste management and disposal practices? 8. Introduce integrated pest management practices? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 86 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – DAIRY SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Basic Information Name of Project: Village: Cluster: Block: District Type of the Project: Total Area: Name of Monitor‘s: Name of Supervisor: Section A: Project Siting Will the Project : Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Be located within or near environmentally sensitive areas like: i. Intact natural forests ii. Wetlands iii. Threatened species iv. Special area for protecting biodiversity v. Cultural heritage site? 2. Adversely affect environmentally sensitive areas or critical habitats – wetlands, woodlots, natural forests, rivers, etc.)? 3. Affect the indigenous biodiversity (flora and fauna)? 4. Cause any loss or degradation of any natural habitats, either directly (through project works) or indirectly? 5. Affect the aesthetic quality of the landscape? 6. Cause soil erosion or degradation? 7. Have risk of deforestation? 8. Cause ecological degradation resulting from modification of natural habitats to grazing lands? 9. Reduce people‘s access to the pasture, water, public services or other resources they depend on? 10. Cause any dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? 11. Cause social problems due to land tenure and use conflicts? 12. Result in any type of human wildlife conflicts? 13. Affect the natural drainage of the area? 14. Be located in a site vulnerable to major natural or induced hazards such as: i. Landslides ii. Flooding iii. Storm iv. Earthquakes 15. Have approach to roads and what is its quality? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 87 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – DAIRY SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT 16. Have suitable area for construction purposes? Section B: Constructional Impacts(w.r.t Infrastructure requirements) Will the Project cause: Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Noise from construction? 2. Air pollution from the construction? 3. Water pollution from the constructional activities? 4. Soil contamination and degradation due to construction? 5. Risk and vulnerabilities related to occupational health and safety due to physical chemical and biological hazards during project construction and operation? 6. Large population influx during project construction and operation that cause increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)? 7. Social conflicts if workers from other regions are hired? 9. Any generation of construction and disposal wastes? Section C: Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause: Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Overexploitation and long-term degradation of resource base? 2. Accidental damage? 3. Downstream water pollution from discharge of dairy effluents with drain water? 4. Reduction of water supplies from competing uses (e.g., irrigation or domestic)? 5. Threat to the local and wild variety of cows due to introduction of high productive exotic breeds? 6. Spread of diseases and parasites from exotic breeds or escape to wild? 7. Reduction of water available to downstream users during peak seasons? 8. Increased community health risks due to increased incidence or introduction of waterborne or water related diseases? 9. Risk to community health and safety due to transport, storage and use and/or disposal of materials likely to create physical chemical and biological hazards during construction and operation? 10. Risk to community health due to contamination of diseases from cattles? Section D: Seeds, Feeds, Chemicals and Waste Disposal Will the Project : Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Involve the use of chemicals/ medicines, or increase existing use? 2. Cause contamination of water courses by chemicals /dairy wastes? 3. Cause contamination of soil by chemicals/dairy wastes Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 88 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – DAIRY SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT or affect soil salinity and alkalinity? 4. Require monitoring by Animal husbandry and Veterinary Department? 5. Introduce new breeds? 6. Introduce better quality of feeds? 7. Experience effluent and /or emissions discharge? 8. Introduce waste management and disposal practices? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 89 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – ENTERPRISE SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Basic Information Name of Project: Village: Cluster: Block: District Type of the Project: Total Area: Name of Monitor‘s: Name of Supervisor: Section A: Project Siting Will the Project : Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Be located within or near environmentally sensitive areas like: i. intact natural forests ii. wetlands iii. Threatened species iv. Special area for protecting biodiversity v. Cultural heritage site? 2. Affect environmentally sensitive areas or critical habitats – wetlands, woodlots, natural forests, rivers, etc.)? 3. Affect the indigenous biodiversity (flora and fauna)? 4. Cause any loss or degradation of any natural habitats, either directly (through project works) or indirectly? 5. Affect the aesthetic quality of the landscape? 6. Cause soil erosion or degradation? 7. Have risk of deforestation? 8. Divert the water resource from its natural course /location? 9. Cause any dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? 10. Cause social problems due to land tenure and use conflicts? 11. Affect the natural drainage of the area? 12. Be located in a site vulnerable to major natural or induced hazards such as: i. Landslides ii. Flooding iii. Storm iv. Earthquakes 13. Have approach to roads and what is its quality? 14. Have suitable area for construction purposes? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 90 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – ENTERPRISE SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Section B: Constructional Impacts(w.r.t Infrastructure requirements) Will the Project cause: Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Noise from construction? 2. Air pollution from the construction? 3. Water pollution from the constructional activities? 4. Soil contamination and degradation due to construction? 5. Risk and vulnerabilities related to occupational health and safety due to physical chemical and biological hazards during project construction and operation? 6. Large population influx during project construction and operation that cause increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)? 7. Social conflicts if workers from other regions are hired? 8. Any generation of construction and disposal wastes? Section C: Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause: Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Any type of accidental damage? 2. Downstream water pollution from discharge of contaminated water from the enterprise with drain water? 3. Reduction of water available to downstream users during peak seasons? 4. Risk to community health and safety due to transport, storage and use and/or disposal of materials likely to create physical chemical and biological hazards during construction and operation? Section D: Chemicals and Waste Disposal Will the Project : Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Involve the use of chemicals/ preservatives, or increase existing use? 2. Cause contamination of water courses by chemicals/preservatives? 3. Cause contamination of soil by chemicals/preservativesor affect soil salinity and alkalinity? 4. Experience effluent and /or emissions discharge? 5. Introduce waste management and disposal practices? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 91 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – FISHERY SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Basic Information Name of Project: Village: Cluster: Block: District Type of the Project: Total Area: Name of Monitor‘s: Name of Supervisor: Section A: Project Siting Will the Project : Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Be located within or near environmentally sensitive areas like: i. intact natural forests ii. wetlands iii. Threatened species iv. Special area for protecting biodiversity v. Cultural heritage site? 2. Affect environmentally sensitive areas or critical habitats – wetlands, woodlots, natural forests, rivers, etc.)? 3. Affect the indigenous biodiversity (flora and fauna)? 4. Cause any loss or degradation of any natural habitats, either directly (through project works) or indirectly? 5. Affect the aesthetic quality of the landscape? 6. Cause soil erosion or degradation? 7. Have risk of deforestation? 8. Divert the water resource from its natural course /location? 9. Cause ecological degradation resulting from modification of non-fishery lands to fishery ponds? 10. Reduce people‘s access to the pasture, water, public services or other resources they depend on? 11. Cause any dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? 12. Cause social problems due to land tenure and use conflicts? 13. Result in any type of human wildlife conflicts? 14. Affect the natural drainage of the area? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 92 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – FISHERY SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT 15. Be located in a site vulnerable to major natural or induced hazards such as: i. Landslides ii. Flooding iii. Storm iv. Earthquakes 16. Affect the migratory birds visiting that area? 17. Have approach to roads and what is its quality? 18. Have suitable area for construction purposes? Section B: Constructional Impacts(w.r.t Infrastructure requirements) Will the Project cause: Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Noise from construction? 2. Air pollution from the construction? 3. Water pollution from the constructional activities? 4. Soil contamination and degradation due to construction? 5. Risk and vulnerabilities related to occupational health and safety due to physical chemical and biological hazards during project construction and operation? 6. Large population influx during project construction and operation that cause increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)? 7. Social conflicts if workers from other regions are hired? 8. Any generation of construction and disposal wastes? Section C: Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause: Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Overexploitation of the fish stocks and long-term degradation of resource base? 2. Capture of non-target species and habitat damage through use of destructive fishing methods and gears? 3. Accidental damage? 4. Downstream water pollution from discharge of pond effluents with drain water? 5. Reduction of water supplies from competing uses (e.g., irrigation or domestic)? 6. Pollution from nearby aquatic environments by pond drainage and in adequate farm management? 7. Depletion of local fish population by stocking of wild fry/fingerlings in ponds? 8. Spread of diseases and parasites from exotic cultured species or escape of pond fish to wild? 9. Reduction of water available to downstream users during peak seasons? 10. Increased community health risks due to increased Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 93 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – FISHERY SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT incidence or introduction of waterborne or water related diseases? 11. Risk to community health and safety due to transport, storage and use and/or disposal of materials likely to create physical chemical and biological hazards during construction and operation? Section D: Seeds, Feeds, Chemicals and Waste Disposal Will the Project : Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Involve the use of chemicals/ fertilizers, or increase existing use? 2. Cause contamination of water courses by chemicals/fertilizers? 3. Cause contamination of soil by chemicals/fertilizers or affect soil salinity and alkalinity? 4. Require scheduled chemical application? 5. Introduce new varieties of seeds? 6. Introduce better quality of feeds? 7. Experience effluent and /or emissions discharge? 8. Introduce waste management and disposal practices? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 94 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – PIGGERY SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Basic Information Name of Project: Village: Cluster: Block: District Type of the Project: Total Area: Name of Monitor‘s: Name of Supervisor: Section A: Project Siting Will the Project : Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Be located within or near environmentally sensitive areas like: i. Intact natural forests ii. Wetlands iii. Threatened species iv. Special area for protecting biodiversity v. Cultural heritage site? 2. Adversely affect environmentally sensitive areas or critical habitats – wetlands, woodlots, natural forests, rivers, etc.)? 3. Affect the indigenous biodiversity (flora and fauna)? 4. Cause any loss or degradation of any natural habitats, either directly (through project works) or indirectly? 5. Affect the aesthetic quality of the landscape? 6. Cause soil erosion or degradation? 7. Have risk of deforestation? 8. Cause ecological degradation resulting from modification of natural habitats to piggery farm lands? 9. Reduce people‘s access to the pasture, water, public services or other resources they depend on? 10. Cause any dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? 11. Cause social problems due to land tenure and use conflicts? 12. Result in any type of human wildlife conflicts? 13. Affect the natural drainage of the area? 14. Be located in a site vulnerable to major natural or induced hazards such as: i. Landslides ii. Flooding iii. Storm iv. Earthquakes 15. Have approach to roads and what is its quality? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 95 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – PIGGERY SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT 16. Have suitable area for construction purposes? Section B: Constructional Impacts(w.r.t Infrastructure requirements) Will the Project cause: Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Noise from construction? 2. Air pollution from the construction? 3. Water pollution from the constructional activities? 4. Soil contamination and degradation due to construction? 5. Risk and vulnerabilities related to occupational health and safety due to physical chemical and biological hazards during project construction and operation? 6. Large population influx during project construction and operation that cause increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)? 7. Social conflicts if workers from other regions are hired? 8. Any generation of construction and disposal wastes? Section C: Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause: Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Overexploitation and long-term degradation of resource base? 2. Accidental damage? 3. Downstream water pollution from discharge of piggery effluents with drain water? 4. Reduction of water supplies from competing uses (e.g., irrigation or domestic)? 5. Threat to the local and wild variety of pigs due to introduction of high productive exotic breeds? 6. Spread of diseases and parasites from exotic breeds or escape to wild? 7. Reduction of water available to downstream users during peak seasons? 8. Increased community health risks due to increased incidence or introduction of waterborne or water related diseases? 9. Risk to community health and safety due to transport, storage and use and/or disposal of materials likely to create physical chemical and biological hazards during construction and operation? 10. Risk to community health due to contamination of diseases from pigs? Section D: Feeds, Chemicals/Medicine and Waste Disposal Will the Project : Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Involve the use of chemicals/ medicines, or increase existing use? 2. Cause contamination of water courses by chemicals /piggery wastes? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 96 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – PIGGERY SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT 3. Cause contamination of soil by chemicals/piggery wastes or affect soil salinity and alkalinity? 4. Require monitoring by Animal husbandry and Veterinary Department? 5. Introduce new breeds? 6. Introduce better quality of feeds? 7. Experience effluent and /or emissions discharge? 8. Introduce waste management and disposal practices? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 97 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – SERICULTURE AND HANDLOOM & TEXTILES SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Basic Information Name of Project: Village: Cluster: Block: District Type of the Project: Total Area: Name of Monitor‘s: Name of Supervisor: Section A: Project Siting Will the Project : Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Be located within or near environmentally sensitive areas like: i. intact natural forests ii. wetlands iii. Threatened species iv. Special area for protecting biodiversity v. Cultural heritage site? 2. Affect environmentally sensitive areas or critical habitats – wetlands, woodlots, natural forests, rivers, etc.)? 3. Affect the indigenous biodiversity (flora and fauna)? 4. Cause any loss or degradation of any natural habitats, either directly (through project works) or indirectly? 5. Affect the aesthetic quality of the landscape? 6. Cause soil erosion or degradation? 7. Have risk of deforestation? 8. Cause ecological degradation resulting from modification of natural habitats to VGR? 9. Reduce people‘s access to the pasture, water, public services or other resources they depend on? 10. Cause any dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? 11. Cause social problems due to land tenure and use conflicts? 12. Result in any type of human wildlife conflicts? 13. Be located in a site vulnerable to major natural or induced hazards such as: i. Landslides ii. Flooding iii. Storm iv. Earthquakes 14. Have approach to roads and what is its quality? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 98 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – SERICULTURE AND HANDLOOM & TEXTILES SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT 15. Have suitable area for construction purposes? Section B: Constructional Impacts(w.r.t Infrastructure requirements) Will the Project cause: Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Noise from construction? 2. Air pollution from the construction? 3. Water pollution from the constructional activities? 4. Soil contamination and degradation due to construction? 5. Risk and vulnerabilities related to occupational health and safety due to physical chemical and biological hazards during project construction and operation? 6. Large population influx during project construction and operation that cause increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)? 7. Social conflicts if workers from other regions are hired? 8. Any generation of construction and disposal wastes? Section C: Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause: Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Overexploitation and long-term degradation of resource base? 2. Accidental damage? 3. Downstream water pollution from discharge of effluents with drain water? 4. Depletion of local fish population by stocking of wild fry/fingerlings in ponds? 5. Spread of diseases and parasites from exotic cultured species? 6. Increased community health risks due to rearing of the worms and weaving? 7. Risk to community health and safety due to transport, storage and use and/or disposal of materials likely to create physical chemical and biological hazards during construction and operation? 8. Overconsumption of energy? Section D: Seeds, Chemicals and Waste Disposal Will the Project : Yes No Specify/Remarks 1. Involve the use of chemicals/ fertilizers/pesticides, or increase existing use? 2. Cause contamination of water courses by chemicals/fertilizers/ pesticides? 3. Cause contamination of soil by chemicals/fertilizers/ pesticides or affect soil salinity and alkalinity? 4. Require scheduled chemical application? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 99 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – SERICULTURE AND HANDLOOM & TEXTILES SECTOR ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT 5. Introduce new varieties of seeds? 6. Experience effluent and /or emissions discharge? 7. Introduce waste management and disposal practices? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 100 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annexure 6-B: Environmental Survey Checklist (Existing) SCREENING CHECKLIST – AGRICULTURE SECTOR (EXISTING) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Basic Information Name of Project : Village : Cluster: Block : District: Type of the Project : Total Area : Name of Monitor‘s : Name of Supervisor : Sl. Questions asked to the Farmers Response Specify/Remarks No. 1) How many times a year the farmers cultivate? 2) What are the crop varieties the famers cultivate? 3) Do they cultivate any local varieties? 4) From where do they bring the seeds? 5) Do the farmers use any types of fertilizers? What are those? 6) What steps the farmers take in case of disease outbreak and pest attacks in crops? 7) Do they use pesticides? What are those? 8) Do they procure chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides from licensed seller? 9) Dot he farmers use persona protective equipment during handling and application of chemicals/pesticides/fertilizers? 10) Does the agricultural field have proper irrigation facility? 11) What is the period of occurrence of flood in that area? 12) Do the farmers practice fish cum rice cultivation? 13) Do the farmers have proper storage facilities for the gains? 14) Do the agricultural fields have proper drainage system? 15) Do the farmers undergo any soil test? 16) Do they follow integrated pest management practices? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 101 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – AGRICULTURE SECTOR (EXISTING) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT 17) Are there any disturbances from wild animals or birds? 18) Do they follow any type of waste management practices? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 102 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – DAIRY SECTOR (EXISTING) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Basic Information Name of Project : Village : Cluster: Block : District: Type of the Project : Total Area : Name of Monitor‘s : Name of Supervisor : Milk Producing Cluster Sl. Questions asked to the Farmers Response Specify/Remarks No. 1 What are the other types of agricultural practices the farmers practice rather than dairy? 2 Whether the farmers had received any training in dairy farming? 3 What are the Breeds used by the farmers? 4 What steps do they take in case of cattle treatment? 5 What is the daily production of their breed? 6 What are the feeds the farmers use? 7 What types of wastes are being produced from the farm? 8 Do they follow any waste management system? 9 Do they have any biogas plant installed? 10 Do they use any Personal Protective Equipment? Dairy Processing Plant Sl. Questions asked to the Plant Response Specify/Remarks No. Representatives 1 What is the capacity of the milk processing plant? 2 What is the amount of water required in the plant per day? 3 What is the source of water? 4 What is the water balance of the plant? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 103 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – DAIRY SECTOR (EXISTING) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT 5 What are the wastes generated by the plant per day? 6 What is the generation point of the waste and its quantity? 7 Is there any facility to treat waste water? 8 What is the capacity of Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)? 9 Is the waste being treated at intake point of ETP? 10 Where is the treated waste water disposed? 11 Does the plant have proper consent from the PCB? 12 Is the electricity is sufficient or not? 13 What is the approximate power requirement of the plant in a day? 14 How many Diesel Generator (DG) sets are installed in the plant? 15 What is the capacity of these DGs? 16 How may hour the DGs operate in a day on an average? 19 What are the procedures followed to ensure quality of intake milk before processing and before packing? 22 Does the plant maintain daily record of its operation and maintenance? 23 What are the tests carried out to ensure quality of milk at the collection point? 24 What is the frequency to encounter adulterated milk at the collection point? 25 What are the preventive and corrective actions to be taken by the Dairy to minimize such events? 26 What is the action taken on the unsuitable milk? 27 What is the capacity of boiler installed in your plant? 28 How much is the power consumption rate? 29 Do they use any Personal Protective Equipment? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 104 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – ENTERPRISE SECTOR (EXISTING) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Basic Information Name of Project : Village : Cluster: Block : District: Type of the Project : Total Area : Name of Monitor‘s : Name of Supervisor : Sl. Questions asked to theUnit Response Specify/Remarks No. Representatives 1 What is the type of the enterprise? 2 What are the types of products processed in your unit? i. White Rice ii. Parboiled Rice iii. Brown Rice iv. Snacks v. Oil vi. Pickles vii. Spices viii. Jam & Jelly 3 What are the byproducts generated from your unit? 4 What is the capacity of your unit? 5 Does the unit have proper ventilation and chimney? 6 Do you have any or all of the following? If yes mention the capacities i. Generator ii. Motor pump iii. Trucks iv. Winnower v. Packaging Machine 7 Does the unit have any storage facility for raw materials and finished products? 8 What are the packaging materials used? i. Plastic ii. Paper Bags iii. Jute iv. Cloth Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 105 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – ENTERPRISE SECTOR (EXISTING) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT 9 What are the types of preservatives used for the finished products? 10 Do they follow FSSAI guidelines for the use of preservatives? 11 What is the daily energy consumption of the unit? 12 What is the water source for the unit? 13 What is the quantum of water required per day? 14 What is the status of supply of electricity? Mention the daily average hours of electricity supply. 15 Does the Unit have antiseptic/ disinfectant foot bath is provided at the entrance? 16 What are the control measures taken to prevent insects and rodents from entering the processing area? 17 Is your unit located near other industries emitting harmful gases, obnoxious odour, chemical etc.? 18 Does the unit have proper drainage facility? 19 What are the types of wastes generated from the plant? 20 Where the wastes are disposed? 21 Do they follow any waste management practices? 22 Do they use any Personal Protective Equipment at the time of operation? 23 What are the provisions for cleanliness of the unit? i. Toilet ii. Hand wash and footbath with detergent iii. Hand wash and footbath with bactericidal soap iv. Hand drying facility v. Nail Cutter 24 Are there any employees with hand injury, skin infection, or any contagious diseases permitted to work? 25 Does the unit have proper consent for the PCB? 26 Does the unit have any DG sets? (If yes, what is the capacity of the set?) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 106 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – FISHERY SECTOR (EXISTING) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Basic Information Name of Project : Village : Cluster: Block : District: Type of the Project : Total Area : Name of Monitor‘s : Name of Supervisor : Fishery Farm Sl. No. Questions asked to the Farmers Response Specify/Remarks What are the fish varieties being cultured by 1 the farmers? How often indigenous varieties are being 2 cultured? From where the seeds are brought? Were 3 they able to meet their requirements? 4 What are the feed materials used? 5 From where do they buy the feed materials? Were they able to meet their feed 6 requirements? If not, what are the alternative feeds used? What is the most common natural risk occurs 7 every year/half-year/seasonally? What are the common diseases the fishes suffer from? Were they aware of the fish 8 infections, caused by lice, worms, fungi, bacteria etc.? What steps do they take in such cases? Are 9 they provided with any remedial facilities in such cases? What is the amount of fishes dies every year 10 due to disease, natural calamities or any other accidents? 11 What is done to the diseased dead fishes? What are the other wastes generated from 12 fishery? How they manage and dispose the wastes? Do they apply any chemicals to overcome 13 the accidents? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 107 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – FISHERY SECTOR (EXISTING) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT What are the fertilizers or other chemicals 14 use to increase the fodder growth in the area? From where do they buy these, chemicals, 15 fertilizers, medicines? Do the farmers use any Personal Protective 16 Equipment at the time of handling the chemicals? How the cleanliness and oxygen level is 17 maintained in the pond water? Is there any monitoring program running to 18 check the quality of aquaculture water? 19 Do any migratory birds visit the site? 20 What are the types of local bird species found in that area? 21 What are the types of water flora found in that area and how they are managed during fish farming? 22 Are there any cases of disease contamination from diseased fish to local animals and birds? 23 Are they aware of the advance technologies and methods in fish farming? 24 Are they getting satisfactory results in case of productivity by their present farming techniques and methods? 25 What is the distance of their nearby market and what is their mode of transportation? 26 What is the condition of road to the market? 27 Are the farmers aware of their health and what are the type of medical facilities are being provided? Fishery Whole Sale Market Sl. No. Questions asked to the Whole Sellers Response Specify/Remarks What are the types of wastes generated at 1 the market? 2 Where the wastes are disposed? Is there any waste management practices 3 followed? Is the market provided with well drainage 4 facility? 5 Does the market have lavatory facility? What are the cleaning agents/detergents 6 used for cleaning and disinfecting the market? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 108 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – FISHERY SECTOR (EXISTING) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Is there any cold storage/ware house/ice 7 plant near the market? What are the pest management practices 8 followed at the market? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 109 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – PIGGERY SECTOR (EXISTING) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Basic Information Name of Project : Village : Cluster: Block : District: Type of the Project : Total Area : Name of Monitor‘s : Name of Supervisor : Piggery Farm Sl. No. Questions asked to the Farmers Response Specify/Remarks What type of farming do they practice? 1 i. Extensive (free range), ii. Semi-intensive iii. Intensive What are the breeds they rear? a) Large white Yorkshire b) Landrace c) Middle white Yorkshire 2 d) Hampshire e) HSX1 f) Duroc g) Landrace h) Indigenous type (Ghungroo pig) Which breed is more economical and 3 productive? What is the life time and time for 4 slaughtering for the breed? What types of feed they use? Do they meet 5 their requirements? 6 From where do they buy feeds? 7 Do they have proper facility for vaccination? Do they have any facilities for artificial 8 insemination? Are they aware of the diseases in pigs? a) Bacterial diseases: swine plague, swine erysipelas anthrax and inflectional abortions. 9 b) Viral origin diseases: swine fever, rind pest, foot and mouth disease, viral pneumonia and swine pox. c) Pigs also suffer from internal and external parasitism. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 110 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – PIGGERY SECTOR (EXISTING) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT 10 What they do to the diseased dead pig? What are the present waste management practices of the piggery farm in terms of: 11 a) Waste collection method; and b) Waste treatment and disposal? How far is the nearby water body? (River or 12 pond). What is the water requirement of for the 13 farm? Do they meet their requirements? Are there any impacts on the local flora and 14 fauna from piggery? Were the farmers aware of diseases caused to them from piggery? Do they suffer from any of these diseases like: a) Respiratory problems: asthma, 15 bronchitis b) Gastrointestinal problems: diarrhea c) Any cases of, conjunctivitis, influenza, allergies, like tape worm, swine flu etc.? Do they have proper license for the slaughter 16 house? Slaughter Houses Sl. No. Questions asked to the Farmers Response Specify/Remarks What is the number of pigs being 1 slaughtered per day? Is there any inspection and monitoring from 2 veterinary department for, pre mortem and post mortem? Does the slaughter house have proper 3 drainage facilities? Are there any treatment, management and 4 recycling practices for the wastes generated? 5 What they do to the unsold pork? What is the daily water requirement of the 6 slaughter house? What is the energy requirement of the 7 slaughter house per day? Do the butchers use any Personal Protective 8 Equipment? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 111 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – SERICULTURE AND HANDLOOM & TEXTILES SECTOR (EXISTING) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT Basic Information Name of Project : Village : Cluster: Block : District: Type of the Project : Total Area : Name of Monitor‘s : Name of Supervisor : Sl. No. Questions asked to the Farmers Response Specify/Remarks 4. 1 What are the disturbances faced by Farmers in culturing the worms/from pests/insects/animals/birds/tree? 5. 2 What action has been taken in case of such disturbances? 6. 3 Do the farmers use chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers? 7. 4 What are those (formaldehyde, bleaching powder, hydrogen peroxide)? 8. 5 From where do they buy the pesticides and what is the amount required? 9. 6 Do the farmers have proper storage facility for the chemicals? 10. 7 Do they use any Personal Protective Equipment at the time of handling the chemicals? 11. 8 When and what are the types of wastes (both solid and liquid) generated during the entire process? 12. 9 What is the amount of waste generated in a day? 13. 10 Where the wastes are being disposed? 14. 11 What cleaning agents and disinfectants are used by the farmers? 15. 12 Do the farmers practice dyeing? 16. 13 What types of chemicals are used in dyeing? 17. 14 What is the source of energy used for cocoon boiling? Were they able to meet the requirement? 18. 15 From where do they collect it (in case of fire woods)? 19. 16 What is the source of water they use? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 112 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework SCREENING CHECKLIST – SERICULTURE AND HANDLOOM & TEXTILES SECTOR (EXISTING) ASSAM AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT 20. 17 What is the amount required daily and were they able to meet the daily requirements? 21. 18 Where the boiled water is disposed and what is the amount disposed daily? 22. 19 Do they follow the safety techniques like wearing masks and gloves during the process? 23. 20 Does the processing house have proper ventilation and high stack facility? 24. 21 Are the farmers aware of their health and what are the types of medical facilities provided? Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 113 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 7 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 114 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 7: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES (BY PROJECT SECTORS) 1. Agriculture and Horticulture Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts 1. Pre-  Land requirement  Loss of land and  Provision of compensation for the Construction  Land and soil properties affected people (PAP‘s) as per the Stage Impacts surveys  Habitat modification proposed Entitlement Matrix.  Conflict with  Effect to the local flora  In the worst case, there should be a small land holder and fauna provision for Resettlement and farmers over land Rehabilitation (R&R)  Change in landuse resources pattern  Use of participatory methods to include affected people in decision making process  Compensatory measures for restoring the affected flora and fauna should be explored  Provision should be made as per the existing landuse policies, laws and land rights  Site Selection  Inappropriate site  Suitable soil selection should be selection may lead to done as per the crops requirements. lesser yield and loss  Any well drained soil is suitable for maize cultivation. Sites having sandy and sandy loam fertile soils shall be preferred.  Generally sandy soils are suitable for mustard cultivation. However, other light soils are also equally good for Mustard crop cultivation. 2. Construction  Land Preparation  Soil erosion  Appropriate soil and water Stage Impacts  Farm layout conservation measures should be adopted  Loss of biodiversity  Limiting clearance of vegetation to those areas where farming will be conducted only  Disruption of hydrological  Preserve surface water hydrology, cycle surface water quality or water resource within or adjacent to project  Abide to the existing rules and regulations  Increase stream  Protect water catchment areas sedimentation and damage to aquatic ecosystem  Air and Noise pollution  Use appropriate and regularly caused by heavy services of machineries machineries  Encourage use of protective gears  Use sound proof machines  Contamination of soil  Use appropriate and provide regular due to oil leakage from services of Machinery and vehicles machineries  Provide specific area for conducting machine services  Soil compaction due to  Use of environmentally friendly Machinery e.g. Subsoilers and Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 115 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts heavy machineries rippers  Concentrate activities in the project core areas. 3. Operation  Use of chemical  Soil contamination may  Use of suitable fertilizer with a Stage Impact  Fertilizer and result due to overuse prescribed dose limit (guidance (Productivity pesticides of fertilizer and other shall be obtained from Agriculture Enhancement) chemicals that are Department). used to enhance the  Overuse of fertilizers particularly productivity/ yield. nitrogen attract more aphids.  Increased use of  A combination of organic and pesticides/ fertilizers inorganic fertilizer is a good option could lead to issues  Promoting the use of bio-fertilizer related to storage, handling, application  Training on IPM should be facilitated and disposal to farmer inorder to make them aware of the hazards of fertilizer and  probability of pesticides other alternative climate resilient and fertilizers flowing methods. into food chain and  Integrated pest management plan posing a health risks/ should be referred with respect to the hazards proposed Project Interventions and accordingly the suggested mitigation/ management measures should be adopted.  Selection of crop  If appropriate variety of  Selection of suitable crop (Cereals, (Cereals, Pulses, crop (Cereals, Pulses, Pulses, Fruits and Vegetables) Fruits and Fruits and Vegetables) variety with respect to area/ zone Vegetables) with respect to the should be adopted. (please refer variety particular season and Annexure 5, detailing the variety of climatic zone crops (Cereals, Pulses, Fruits and Vegetables) recommended for particular season and climatic zone)  Cultivation  Use of chemicals in the  Use Azolla as a good alternative for precautions waterlogged paddy field Nitrogen dosage. may create GHG emission (N2O)  Soil Nutrient  Excessive use of  Integrated Soil Fertility management deficiency chemical Fertilizers using organic manures, bio-fertilizers would leave residues in should be adopted the soil which would  Crop rotation practice should be ultimately increase followed such as before sowing salinity / alkalinity of the paddy any crop related to legume soil which in turn will family (pea, pulse, lentil) should be affect the soil structure. practiced so as to restore the nitrogen and other micronutrient.  Rhizobium inoculum mixed with soil should be used for soil treatment.  Organic manure such as cow dung, crop residue etc., should be used to keep the soil healthy.  Intercropping of Mustard with wheat, barley, gram and lentil under the rain fed conditions and intercropping of mustard with potato under the irrigated conditions could be promoted.  Creating awareness among the farmers to grow pulses following crop Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 116 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts rotations for increasing production by restoration of soil fertility and biological nitrogen for long life of soil.  Integrated pest management plan should be referred and accordingly the suggested mitigation/ management measures should be adopted.  Crop rotation  Mono cropping of paddy  Rice cultivation shall be followed by problem may lead to depletion of short duration legumes such as similar kind of nutrients green gram, black gram which shall from the soil be cultivated to maintain the soil nutrient balance.  Irrigation  Increase in production  All Irrigation facilities should be and farming will increase carried out after obtaining legal the demand for irrigation consent from irrigation department. facilities  Promotion of more efficient method of irrigation like drip irrigation can be practiced 4. Post  Field sorting,  Inadequate field sorting,  Establish sorting, grading and Construction grading and grading and packing packing protocols for certain and Operation packing protocols for commodities Stage Impacts commodities that lend  Educate the farmers and well to field packing stakeholders  Storage of the  Insect pests of stored  Use Hot water treatment to control agro products in grain / agro products fungal infection and hot air treatment dry and cold (fruits and vegetables) to decrease fungal infection. storages  High consumption of  Maintaining temperature at 38°C for electricity. 4 days, or within one week of being  Gas emissions from the retained at 20°C shall increase the unit. shelf life of the fruits  Use of water for cleaning  Use of suitable renewable energy and cooling purposes. like, solar, wind etc.  Waste disposal.  Advanced cooling equipment should be used to reduce emissions.  Waste water treatment and its recycling should be practiced.  Proper waste disposal and treatment should be followed.  Transportation  Vehicular emissions to  BS-IV vehicles with valid emission the ambient atmosphere. certificate should be used for  Cracking of roads due to transportation. over weighing vehicles.  Overweighing Vehicles carrying  Poor temperature loads exceeding those permissible management, loading without proper permission should not and unloading practices be allowed to pass through the constructed roads.  Create awareness on proper transport system management  Marketing.  Market waste generation,  Proper waste disposal techniques both solid and liquid. should be followed in the market.  The market should have proper drainage facility.  Hygiene should be maintained at the market. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 117 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 2. Dairy Sector Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts 1. Pre-  Land requirement.  Loss of land and  Provision of compensation for Construction properties. the affected people (PAP‘s) as  Land filling Stage Impacts  Loss of residential per the proposed Entitlement  Establishment of Matrix. grazing land. places like house.  Habitat modification.  In the worst case, there should be a provision for Resettlement  Impact to the local flora and Rehabilitation (R&R) and fauna.  Use of participatory methods to include affected people in decision making process.  Compensatory measures for restoring the affected flora and fauna should be explored.  Provision should be made as per the existing landuse policies, laws and land rights  Site Clearance  Site clearance shall be carried out in such a way that the clearance and grubbing waste are disposed immediately in the designated dumping site identified for the project. 2. Construction  Upgradation of  Generation of noise  Advanced machineries with Stage Impacts roads and culverts. from heavy quieter, less vibration and air machineries. pollutants emitting, should be (Infrastructure  Air pollution from the used. Requirements) emission of dust  Performance of noisy work particles and vehicular during less sensitive time emissions. periods.  Effect on the ground  Application of water sprays to water quality. reduce dust emission.  Degradation of soil  Collection of any wastewater quality. generated from site activities in settlement tanks and should be disposed according to environmental regulations.  No burning of materials should be carried out on site.  Proper handling and care should be taken of the wastes generated at the site to avoid run off.  Construction of  Generation of  Reusing and recycling of the cold storages construction and wastes rather than hazardous (BMC unit) and demolition wastes like, wastes which will be removed installation of metal scrapers, bricks, and managed by appropriately AMCs and cement, stones etc. licensed contractors. DPMCUs at village  For wastes which could not be level collection reused or recycled, a reputable centers. collector should be employed by  the contractor to remove this waste to landfill.  Implementation of Solid Waste Management Practice.  Setting up new milk  Generation of  Reusing and recycling of the processing plant at construction and wastes rather than hazardous Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 118 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts Jorhat and Silchar. demolition wastes like, wastes which will be removed metal scrapers, bricks, and managed by appropriately cement, stones etc. licensed contractors.  For wastes which could not be reused or recycled, a reputable collector should be employed by the contractor to remove this waste to landfill.  Implementation of Solid Waste Management Practice.  Engagement of  Waste generation from  Proper toilets and wastes labours for human settlement. disposal areas should be construction  Exploitation of land provided to the labours residing purpose and their and water resources. at the site. settlement.  Water should be supplied in  Modification of land for their establishment. order to reduce exploitation of water resources.  Uncultivable land should be used as temporary settlement of the labours. 3. Operation  Selection of breed  Ensuring proper  Suitable breed selection should Stage Impact selection of breeds. be done with respect to climate Breeds that cannot adaptability. (Farm Impacts) adapt to the local  Indigenous species should be climatic conditions will promoted for artificial lead to loss of cattle or insemination. results in low productivity and health  Interaction with technicians of issues. artificial insemination would be helpful to select a good cattle breed.  Rearing more  Resource competition  Limit number of dairy cows per number of cows with other livestock. household to a manageable size. than the holding   Encourage sale of excess dairy capacity. cows and assist farmers to access markets.  Grazing land  Due to the increase in  A climate resilient method should requirement and number of cattle, the be adopted for fulfilling the Tackling the fodder requirement for more demand of fodder scarcity fodder is inevitable and  Community based grazing land if grazing lands are cultivation should be done on the located near to the waste/ barren land to fulfill the forest area, it may fodder demand. even cause a direct threat to the forest eco  Improve productivity of system by creating an pasturelands by introducing environmental Risk. improved fodder seeds and increase the use of waste lands for fodder production.  Community should get proper permission from nearby forest department, if the grazing land is located near protected areas.  Activities like  Release of NH3, CH4,  Supply and access to improved grazing, farm NO2, Non Methane cattle feeds which reduces the manure storage VOCs, fine particulates emissions to atmosphere. and spreading and and heavy metals to  Supply of well adapted cattle urine atmosphere. genetically modified cattle disposal.  breeds. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 119 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts  Training to the farmers for better management practices for cattle, shed and waste.  Manure and  Generation of odour.  Feed storage areas should be wastewater constructed so that feed is kept storage, feed dry. storage areas,  Training and following best livestock housing practice guidelines for the siting, (such as calf design, management and rearing sheds or maintenance of dairy waste. free stall sheds), and the cows themselves.  Use of chemical  overuse of fertilizer  Promotion of farming methods; fertilizer and and other chemicals in by use of bio-manure, compost pesticides fodder production material and bio fertilizer as  much as possible so as to minimize the introduction of chemicals into the food chain. These methods are cost friendly and eco-friendly .  Preference to be given for green fodder as much as possible.  Agricultural chemicals  Trainings for handling, storage used on dairy farms and disposal of the chemicals include herbicides, should be provided to the pesticides and farmers. veterinary medications  Use of personal protective which have potential equipment like gloves, masks, risks for users, boots. consumers, the community and the  Veterinary medicines used environment. should be appropriate for the identified problem, are used according to label instructions within the expiry date and have been stored correctly from purchase to use.  Minimisation of chemical use and chemicals with the lowest potential for natural environment toxicity and water contamination should be chosen.  The target pest, disease or weed should be correctly identified, and an appropriate chemical, application rate and application method should be followed.  Unhygienic farming  Introduction and  Management and strategic practice. spread of diseases application of appropriate (including chemicals or other extermination leptospirosis, measures. salmonellosis and  Feed spills should be cleaned up toxoplasmosis) on farm immediately, to minimize from pests. breeding sites or attractants.  Decrease in milk  Vegetation and rubbish around production, and result buildings and yards are removed in livestock losses or controlled, in order to reduce through direct attack or habitat for insects and vermin. injury and can also be a nuisance and a Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 120 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts health hazard for farm workers and neighbours.  Vaccination and  Inappropriate  Develop a regular interaction artificial vaccination and with the Providers/ technician of insemination facility insemination may Artificial Insemination and create problem in veterinary facility (a doorstep overall health of cattle facility can be provided under the and negatively affect Project APART). the production.  A sensitization workshop for producers would be helpful to create awareness among them about the precautions and probable health risk in cattle, which will also pose a negative impact on overall milk production.  Enhancing the Milk  Injecting hormonal  Practice of injecting hormones Yield substances like should be strictly avoided. oxytocin under  Creating an awareness among misconception that it producers would help us to solve would increase milk this issue yield will result in negative impact on  Senisitisation by the animal health and will veterinarians on this subject make the animal go would be helpful to the dry early. producers  Milking  Unhygienic milking  Beneficiaries should be trained practice may cause on hygienic milking practices. contamination of milk  Sterlisiation of utensils and other and pose a health risk equipment‘s must be for human emphasized by conducting an awareness training  Proper sanitization methods to be adopted before milking  Shed spacing,  Shed Spacing and  Selection of sheds should be sanitation and Sanitation problem such that it should avoid areas waste management (Congested and that are close to waterways or unclean shed without those with shallow groundwater. proper facilities for  The shed should be clean and urine drainage, lack of should provide sufficient ventilation etc.) will ventilation, enough space to lead to outbreak and animals must be provided to spread of diseases. avoid overcrowding, allow free movement of the cattle.  Proper waste drainage system should be provided .  Awareness on alternate use of waste such as use of cow dung as bio fuel, as organic manure etc must be provided  cattle shed management measures has been presented in Annexure 6 as a reference  Dairy shed  Transfer of organic  An irrigation and drainage cleaning, yard and matter (such as management plan should be pad wash down manure, milk, developed. and stock drinking. nutrients, salts, micro-  Spills of effluent, feed, chemicals organisms and and other potential pollutants Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 121 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts chemicals) to surface should be cleaned up promptly. water, groundwater and soil.  Emission of GHGs  Emission of noxious  Adoption of better manure gases like methane, management practices can nitrous oxides is substantially reduce the possible due to the emission enteric fermentation of  Promotion of Community base or manure when it is individual level biogas plant. stored in the anaerobic condition,  Climate resilient options to reduce the GHG emission  Ammonia gas would ensuring power saving option be released from the should be promoted. A training cattle wastes. program on biogas development and bio manure management for community or individual level well shall be beneficial.  An integrated farming system should be adopted to increase the fodder farm production capacity by using the wastes from cattle shed as manure.  Sensitization of farmers to adopt the traditional ways would result in eco-friendly techniques to enhance overall productivity and achieve cost effective benefits. Dairy  Operation of the  Air pollution due to  Maintenance of aerobic Processing dairy processing odours and particle conditions for wastewater Impacts - plant emissions. processing. (Industries)  Biological  Use of filters or scrubbers to decomposition of eliminate or reduce particles. milk derived  Use of automatic process organic matter. control.  Continuous routine monitoring of emission points using audible, visible alarms.  Air discharges from  Generation of noise.  Concrete construction for drier stacks, Heater buildings. fans, Air supply  Sound silencers on air intake fans, Ventilation, fans and air discharges. Boilers, and Pumps.  Acoustic enclosure of outdoor mechanical plant such as pumps.  Restricted operating hours.  Mufflers on transport vehicles.  Product losses  Generation of waste  Wastes generated should be from leaking water and other liquid disposed after treatment. equipment and wastes.  The plant should have proper pipelines, spills drainage system. caused by equipment  Use of chemicals in cleaning and overflows and washing purposes should be malfunctions and reduced. by poor Handling procedures.  The washing and cleaning out of Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 122 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts product remaining in the tank, trucks, cans, piping.  Splashing and container breakage in automatic packaging equipment.  Pumping of ground  This activity leaves  Soil-water balance should be water for the less water available for maintained. complete downstream uses,  Recycling of the water used for processing. such as municipal processing. water supply and agriculture.  Plant operation.  Excess use of energy  Reduction of heat loss by using continuous, instead of batch, pasteurizers, partially homogenizing milk to reduce the size of heat exchangers, using multistage evaporators, insulating steam, water, and air pipes / tubes.  Improvement of cooling efficiency by insulating refrigerated room / areas.  Employment of heat recovery for both heating and cooling operations in milk pasteurizers and heat exchangers.  Installation of renewable energy sources.  Slippery conditions,  Physical hazards.  Maintaining walking and working the use of  Biological hazards. surfaces clean and dry and machines and tools provide workers with antiskid and collisions with  Chemical hazards. footwear. internal transport  Providing workers with training in equipment. the proper use of equipment  Exposure to (including the proper use of biological and machine safety devices) and microbiological personal protective equipment. agents.  Proper ventilation of enclosed or  Chemical- handling semi-enclosed areas to reduce activities related to or eliminate exposure to dust cleaning operations and aerosols. and disinfection of  Installation of exhaust ventilation process areas, in equipped with filters and / or addition to the cyclones, at sources of dust. maintenance of heating (thermal oils) and cooling systems. 4. Post  Packaging of the  Packaged wastes  Use of biodegradable packaging Construction dairy products. generated at materials. and Operation  community level.  Recycling of the packing covers. Stage Impacts  Storage of the  High consumption of  Use of suitable renewable products at cold electricity. energy like, solar, wind etc. storages/cooling  Gas emissions from  Advanced cooling equipment units. the unit. should be used to reduce Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 123 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts emissions.  Transportation  Vehicular emission to  BS-IV vehicles with valid the ambient emission certificate should be atmosphere. used for transportation.  Cracking of roads by  Heavy weighing vehicles without over weighing vehicles. proper permission should not be allowed to pass through the constructed roads.  Marketing.  Market waste  Proper waste disposal generation, both solid techniques should be followed in and liquid. the market.  Generation of foul and  The market should have proper noise from the fish drainage facility. market.  Hygiene should be maintained at the market. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 124 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 3. Fishery Sector Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts 1. Pre-  Land requirement  Loss of land and  Provision of compensation for Construction  Excavation properties. the affected people (PAP‘s) as Stage Impacts activities for  Habitat modification. per the proposed Entitlement creating artificial Matrix.  Effect to the local flora waterbodies and fauna.  In the worst case, there should (ponds, tanks be a provision for Resettlement etc.,)  Change in landuse and Rehabilitation (R&R) pattern  Use of participatory methods to include affected people in decision making process.  Compensatory measures for restoring the affected flora and fauna should be explored.  Provision should be made as per the existing landuse policies, laws and land rights  Site Clearance  Site clearance shall be carried out in such a way that the clearance and grubbing waste are disposed immediately in the designated dumping site identified for the project. 2. Construction  Upgradation of  Generation of noise  Construction machineries Stage Impacts roads and from construction should be fitted with acoustic culverts (for the machineries. proof to reduce noise levels. . link/ approach  Air pollution (dust and  Construction activities should be roads) emission) resulting avoided near environmental from the movement of sensitive areas. construction vehicles  Construction activities which and from the causes high noise levels should construction site. be performed during the day  Surface water quality time may get deteriorated  Application of water sprays due to the runoff from should be carried out to reduce the construction site dust emission.  Degradation of soil  All the vehicles must have valid quality. PUC certificates at all the time  Loss of Top soil during construction phase of the  Transportation of project construction materials  wastewater that are generated from site activities should be collected in settlement tanks / soak pit and should be disposed according to environmental regulations (as per CPCB wastewater discharge standards).  No burning of materials should be carried out on site.  Proper handling and care should be taken of the wastes that are generated at the site to avoid run off.  Top soil should be preserved and it shall be reused for landscaping/ horticulture etc., Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 125 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts  The contractor should obtain the construction material only from approved quarries / sites.  All vehicles transporting construction material shall be covered with Tarpaulin to avoid fugitive dust during transportation  Construction of  Generation of  Reusing and recycling of the cold storages and construction and wastes are to be adopted for development of demolition wastes like, those other than hazardous infrastructure for metal scrapers, bricks, wastes which will be removed electronic trading. cement, stones etc. and managed by licensed  Development of  Generation of vendors. Rural Haats near excavated soils  For wastes which could not be production  Habitat modification. reused or recycled, a reputable clusters- collector should be employed by Providing  Transportation of the Contractor to remove this platforms with construction materials waste to landfill. sheds for  Construction spoils shall be producers/retailer reused to the extent possible as s, pathways etc. a filling material/ construction  Construction of purposes. modern auction  Implementation of Solid Waste platform with Management Plan/Practice. sheds, trader sheds and  The contractor should obtain the Loading/unloadin construction material only from g area approved quarries / sites.  All vehicles transporting construction material shall be covered with Tarpaulin to avoid fugitive dust during transportation  Engagement of  Waste generation from  Proper toilets and waste labours for labour camp. disposal areas should be construction  Exploitation of land and provided to the labours residing purpose and their water resources. at the site. settlement  Water for drinking and sanitation (construction  Modification of land for their establishment. purposes should be supplied in labour camps). order to reduce exploitation of water resources.  Uncultivable / barren land should be used as temporary settlement (construction labour camps) for the labours. 3. Operation Stage Impact  Fish  Selection of fish  Selection of fish  Selection of fish species productivity species species that cannot suitable to the climate is a key enhancement adapt to the local factor in fish cultivation. Hence  Establishment climatic conditions will those species that promises of Fish Mill and lead to loss or results in climate adaptability shall be Hatcheries low productivity. selected. Native species have greater adaptability  Enhancement of production of  Indigenous species should be formulated fish promoted through artificial feed insemination facility  Establishment  Interactions with the technicians of the fish seed provider would Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 126 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts of Common be helpful to make a suitable Service Center choice of fish species as per  Refrigerated climate and season Fish carrying requirement. van  Refer the Aquaculture  Road management plan which guides / recommends the fish species/  Capacity variety which is suitable under Building local conditions. Indigenous species  Threaten to biodiversity  Select local fish species / loss as well as loss of varieties that would respond and Indigenous species; in adapt well to the local climatic order to have higher conditions yield farmers may  The selected fish species/ introduce exotic variety should reduce external species or more inputs and maintenance costs productive fish species which may create  Refer the Aquaculture competition to the management plan which can be indigenous species and used as a guide and it as a consequence, a recommends the fish species/ threat to local species variety that are suitable for local may arise conditions. Use of chemical  Use of  Conducting trainings/ fertilizer and Chemicals/fertilizer for workshops to the farmers about pesticides obtaining better the health hazards with respect production may lead to to the use of chemicals/ bioaccumulation in the pesticides, the bio accumulation fish body and later it process in the fish and its get transferred into implications. . food chain  Promoting the use of bio manure, bio food for agriculture practices and use of traditional fish feed like Mustard Oil cake, by-products of polished rice etc. as fish feed  Promote Integrated farming practices so as to encourage the use of farm waste, livestock manure in fish farming as a fertilizer.  Use of agriculture by-product such as rice bran and mustard oil cake in the ratio of 70:30 at 2-3% of the body weight of fishes can be provided. Oxygen Depletion  Oxygen Depletion may  Provision of oxygen occur due to the supplementation enhanced production of  Changing feeding regimes, fish in the same Recirculating water/ aeration cultivated area (water and De-stocking are some of body/pond/tank) the measures that are to be andovercrowding may taken care of lead to oxygen stress  Creating an awareness among the cultivators shall help them to understand and act proactively Natural Calamities Natural Calamities  Proper embankment should be  Flood constructed to tackle the flood situation.  Drought Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 127 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts  Shallow areas of derelict water bodies/ponds/lakes/ can be made use of for raising fishes and prawns in enclosure (pens)  Awareness must be provided to calculate water loss due to evaporation. For instance, for a minimum of five feet total depth allow at least two feet of water loss resulting from evaporation and seepage during the drought .  Select fish species which has better acclimatization with higher temperature (in drought)  Excess input of  Eutrophication may  Nutrients rich fish feed should feed materials. occur due to the use of be used in limited / required  Water Quality fertilizer, other feeds quantity. The dosage limit must Problem (rich in nutrients) for be arrived at with the help of increasing the yield will technicians lead to the water  Prohibit use of unwanted and quality problem and lethal chemicals without proper nutrient enrichment awareness and lack of knowledge of related hazards.  Establishment of water quality testing for various parameters at least four times a year should be followed.  Testing the suitability of the water and other environmental conditions for the chosen fish species must be done before cultivation  Creating an Awareness of the various problems with the help of technicians  Knowledge on the toxicity must be provided, If possible, LCA shall be carried out as part of APART project. LD50 & LD100 must also be determined  Climate Change  Release of noxious  Adoption of Climate resilient gases options to reduce the GHG emission should be promoted through training programs.  Fish - livestock farming systems is a highly assured technology where predetermined quantum of livestock waste obtained by rearing the livestock in the pond area is applied in the pond to raise the fish crop without any other additional supply of nutrients. The byproducts generated from the production and processing of livestock can be used as a feed for aquaculture.  Integrated Fish Farming practices such as Pig - Fish Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 128 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts Farming should be promoted, where urine, excreta of pig and spilled pig feeds can be applied manually to the pond water at a pre-determined dose. Intervention in  Disturbance to  The water quality in the  Monitoring the Feeding material Beel Fisheries the Beel (water body) may regularly that are used in the Physiochemical deteriorate due to the beel fisheries. Feed shall be parameters of the increase in suspended calculated based on fish density water quality particles from the and the same amount should be . aquaculture wastes. let into the system. Due to this, there will  Establishment of a proper water be a raise in the quality monitoring at least once nutrient concentration in every season (4 times in which leads to the year) turbidity resulting in depletion of Dissolved  Beel committee should compile Oxygen (DO) the records of water quality monitoring of each beel and shall be maintained as per Beel Act  Auto stock practice should be made mandatory in beel  Other Climate resilient Options are as follows:  Popularize low impact aquaculture and Resource efficient production system through Community-based management (Cluster)  Bio-floc technology- Accumulation of nitrogenous waste in fish ponds can be converted into feed through environment friendly bio- floc technology.  While feeding fishes with good quality feed, feed quantity needs to be assessed according to the fish biomass at recommended feeding rate; this will reduce the amount of feed and loss during feeding. This would result in oxygen demand  Inadequate using of  Ensure control on the dosage of chemicals in chemicals, fertilizer or any aquaculture medicines etc. that have been used in aquaculture system, Performance and method of administration must be determined.  Accidental  Degradation of water  Minimization of leaks from boat events/spills (e.g. quality. engines, water pumps and fuel, hydraulic  Release of hazardous generators. fluid and materials.  Proper drainage should be lubricants). provided to reduce the contamination of hazardous Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 129 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Operational Impacts materials. Awareness  Lack of awareness  Providing awareness and among small capacity building on promising beneficiaries for approaches having low impact sustainable fish farming of aquaculture amongst the will lead to problems for farmers, participating productivity communities, local authorities, enhancement urging extension agents, development the need to select practitioners etc to protect the exotic breed, chemicals environment. and other unhygienic practices that might have a negative impact may arise. 4. Post  Storage of the  High consumption of  Use of suitable renewable Construction products at cold electricity. energy like, solar, wind etc. and Operation storages/cooling  Gas emissions from the  Advanced cooling equipment Stage Impacts units. unit. should be used to reduce  Excess use of water for emissions. cleaning and cooling  Waste water treatment and its purposes. recycling should be practiced.  Waste disposal.  Proper waste disposal and treatment should be followed.  Transportation  Vehicular emissions to  BS-IV vehicles with valid the ambient emission certificate should be atmosphere. used for transportation.  Cracking of roads due  Overweighing Vehicles carrying to over weighing loads exceeding those vehicles. permissible without proper permission should not be allowed to pass through the constructed roads.  Cleaning and de-  Water quality degrades  Discharged Water can be watering of the when pond water is treated for irrigation in pond. discharged into agricultural field. freshwater bodies,  Recycling of the water so that consisting of excess itbe used in another fishery nutrients and pond after proper treatment. pollutants.  Improper disposal  Fouling and  Proper waste disposal of diseased dead contamination leading techniques should be followed. fishes/ fish to diseases to the  Bio degradable waste should be wastes. predators and separated out and can be used scavengers, along with as bio fertilizers. deterioration of the natural habitat.  Dumping grounds should have proper treatment facility they should be free from leaching and fouling.  Marketing  Market waste  Proper waste disposal generation, both solid techniques should be followed and liquid. in the market.  Generation of foul and  The market should have proper noise from the fish drainage facility. market.  Hygiene should be maintained at the market. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 130 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 4. Piggery Sector Sl. Environmental / Operational Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Impacts 1. Pre-  Land  Permanent/ temporary loss  Provision of compensation for the Construction requirement of agricultural land and affected people (PAP‘s) as per Stage Impacts other assets at the project the proposed Entitlement Matrix. site and its influence area  In the worst case, there should be  Effect to the local ecology a provision for Resettlement and (flora and fauna) Rehabilitation (R&R)  Change in landuse pattern  Use of participatory methods to include affected people in decision making process.  Compensatory measures for restoring the affected flora and fauna should be explored.  Provision should be made as per the existing landuse policies, laws and land rights  Site Clearance  Site clearance shall be carried out in such a way that the clearance and grubbing waste are disposed immediately in the designated dumping site identified for the project. 2. Construction  Upgradation of  Generation of noise from  Construction machineries should Stage Impacts roads and construction machineries. be fitted with acoustic proof to culverts (for the  Air pollution (dust and reduce noise levels. link/ approach emission) resulting from  Construction activities should be roads) the movement of avoided near environmental construction vehicles and sensitive areas. from the construction site.  Construction activities which  Surface water quality may causes high noise levels should get deteriorated due to the be performed during the day time runoff from the  Application of water sprays should construction site be carried out to reduce dust  Degradation of soil quality. emission  Loss of Top soil  All the vehicles must have valid  Transportation of PUC certificates at all the time construction materials during construction phase of the project  Wastewater that is generated from site activities should be collected in settlement tanks / soak pit and should be disposed according to environmental regulations (as per CPCB wastewater discharge standards).  No burning of materials should be carried out on site.  Proper handling and care should be taken of the wastes that are generated at the site to avoid run off.  Top soil should be preserved and it shall be reused for landscaping/ horticulture etc.,  The contractor should obtain the construction material only from approved quarries / sites. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 131 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Operational Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Impacts  All vehicles transporting construction material shall be covered with Tarpaulin to avoid fugitive dust during transportation  Construction of  Generation of construction  Reusing and recycling of the cold storages and demolition wastes like, wastes are to be adopted for and development metal scrapers, bricks, those other than hazardous of infrastructure cement, stones etc. wastes which will be removed and for electronic  Generation of excavated managed by licensed vendors. trading. soils  For wastes which could not be  Development of  Habitat modification. reused or recycled, a reputable Rural Haats near collector should be employed by production  Transportation of the Contractor to remove this clusters- construction materials waste to landfill. Providing  Construction spoils shall be platforms with reused to the extent possible as a sheds for filling material/ construction producers/ purposes. retailers, pathways etc.  Implementation of Solid Waste Management Plan/Practice.  Construction of modern auction  The contractor should obtain the platform with construction material only from sheds, trader approved quarries / sites. sheds and  All vehicles transporting Loading/ construction material shall be unloading area covered with Tarpaulin to avoid fugitive dust during transportation  Engagement of  Waste generation from  Proper toilets and waste disposal labours for labour camp. areas should be provided to the construction  Exploitation of land and labours residing at the site. purpose and water resources.  Water for drinking and sanitation their settlement purposes should be supplied in (construction  Modification of land for their establishment. order to reduce exploitation of labour camps). water resources.  Uncultivable / barren land should be used as temporary settlement (construction labour camps) for the labours.  Impact on  Sediment accumulation in  Erosion and sediment control best Surface Water runoff practices should be adopted.  Disturbed areas will be re- vegetated  Soil Quality  Disposal of construction  Wastes will be gathered and Impact wastes periodically hauled to the local disposal site 3. Operation  Pig Rearing  Adoption of Bad practices  Prohibition of use of antibiotics to Stage Impact in Pig rearing ‗prevent‘ an early death of the pigs without proper medical (Selection of guidance used Proper Breed)  Injection of growth hormones to accelerate the growth of pigs to attain higher body mass ratio to meet the market demand should be avoided. .  Indigenous  Selection of breeds that  Selection of suitable breed in species cannot adapt to the local order to have increased climatic conditions will lead adaptability. to loss of livestock or Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 132 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Operational Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Impacts results in low productivity  Indigenous species should be and might have health promoted in artificial insemination issues. facility.  Provide awareness to the farmers about significance of the indigenous pig species  Use of chemical  Use of Chemicals/fertilizer  Sensitization workshop should be fertilizer and in fodder production conducted for the farmers about pesticides the bio-accumulation of chemicals in the pork meat and its implication on the human health.  Promoting the use of bio manure for farming, and use of bio food and traditional feed such Mustard Oil cake, by-product of polished rice, maize etc., for pigs.  Shortage of Food  Shortage of food may  Water Hyacinth is abundant in occur due to rearing of Assam which can be used as a more number of pigs for food for pigs. This can reduce more yields. cost of pig rearing.  Integrated farming practices should be promoted so as to promote the use of farm waste (kitchen waste, by-products of food grains etc.,) as food for pigs.  Infectious  The traditional farmers  An awareness program to farmer disease have little knowledge on on precaution measures that food safety, public health needs to be adopted during risk and zoonotic issues in epidemic/ spreading of infectious pig rearing. diseases in pig should be made available. Knowledge on the possible diseases that could be transmitted from pig to humans such as H1N1should be provided.  Awareness on the disposal techniques and safety measures to be adopted while handling contaminated / infectious meat  Storage of Meat  Poor/improper cold storage  Meat is a perishable item. So in (refrigeration) facilities order to protect it from being contamination; deep freezers should be used by the farmers.  The awareness about the precaution measures that are to be taken during storage and transportation of pork should be shared with the farmers.  Knowledge of public hygiene among traders and producers should be facilitated.  Proper gloves, apron should be used in handling and storage of pork.  Cross contamination must be prevented  Food Safety Issue-  Provide training to the farmers  Excess use of Antibiotics regarding Food safety standard Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 133 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Operational Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Impacts for increase in body mass and regulation of GOI. may lead to unwanted  Provide awareness about human chemical residue in the health hazards due to the use of Food Chain antibiotics.  Periodic Testing of pork samples to ensure quality and safety must be in place.  Poor Hygienic  Poor Hygienic Practice  Provide awareness about Practice from farming to handling precaution measures that are to and marketing of pork be taken during storage and transportation of pork meat from the processing area.  Knowledge of public hygiene among traders and producers should be facilitated.  Awareness on Cross contamination by food handlers must be provided.  Lack of sanitation facilities for food handlers.  Improper / Inadequate storage facilities leading to contamination  Unpleasant odour  Ensure proper design construction and operation of the farm  Regular monitoring of waste handling practices  Ventilate sensitive work environments  Cattle shed  Poor manure  Effluent and manure by-products management, Solid Waste that have been generated in a management and piggery are valuable sources of discharge of Effluent water, nutrients and organic  Backyard pig rearing matter. Hence it shall be re-used practices induce or in number of ways such that it will spreading of foul smell in not harm the environment. the surrounding area.  The animal dung should be dumped in proper manure pit which can be used as manure or can be used in bio-gas production.  Sheds should have proper ventilation.  Keeping drains clean & flushing the sheds twice daily will control the spread of dirty smell to the nearby areas.  Weeping or hosing lanes and pens should be cleaned regularly to avoid manure build-up.  Providing deep litter pens.  Dumping static-pit sheds weekly, or more often.  covering anaerobic ponds with straw and permeable polypropylene  Avoiding ponding and effluent Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 134 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Operational Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Impacts irrigation during wet periods.  Cover the carcasses immediately with soil.  Climate Change  Release of noxious gases  Promotion of Climate resilient options to reduce the GHG emission thus resulting in power saving option through development of training program on biogas development and bio manure management for community or individual level Integrated Farming practices, such Pig Fish Farming should be promoted, where urine, excreta of pig and spilled pig feeds can be applied manually into the pond water containing fish at a pre- determined dose.  Soil Pollution  Soil pollution is another  Applying manure to the soil has delicate issue when positive impacts on the soil it coming to spills and leaks supplies nutrients, especially of manure from pig farm. Nitrogen and Potassium and improves the fertility of the soil; Manure should not to be disposed near the water bodies and the human settlements.  Manure from the pig farm should be disposed/ applied at different locations, so as to maintain uniformity. It should not be dispersed at one location as it may lead to accumulation  Water Pollution  Water Pollution (liquid  Cleaning the waste water storage waste from shed can leak pit or lagoon frequently, a limited into groundwater or mix amount of waste water can be with surface water it may used in the nearby fish ponds lead to an increase of which in turn can act as a source nitrogen and phosphorous of fish feed. component which is likely to result in algal bloom and other toxic effect.  Air Pollution  Air Pollution- Storage of  Manure should be used as bio Pig manure may lead to compost material in agricultural emanation of toxic gases field after decomposition. such as hydrogen sulphide  Establishment of biogas plant and ammonia that leads to could a best way to manage the respiratory problems in toxic gas and it generates the human. energy to fulfil the demand of day to day cooking fuel.  A family having 2-5 pigs can have a biogas establishment.  Biodiversity Threat  Provide awareness to the farmers  More Introduction of exotic about importance, adaptability breed of pig which is and long term benefits of threatening indigenous indigenous pig species. species. Heath and Hygiene  Health and Disease  Provision of mobile veterinary  Vaccination services to be offered during emergency period for critical and Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 135 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Operational Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Impacts emergency care.  Following proper Vaccination and deworming schedule.  Provide mandatory health Checkups  Provide Pig Health calendar depicting season and disease relationship and related preventive measures to check disease occurrence.  Regular interaction with medical service provider about pig health and precautions that are to be followed.  Unhygienic Practices in  Slaughter House should be Poor Slaughter House (in operated with proper slaughter open air / on the floor with license. no waste disposal system)  Legal formulation should be maintained in community based slaughter house as per Slaughter House Act, 2000.  Slaughter House should be located far from residential and commercial areas.  Slaughter house should have good ventilation system, provided with closed and proper drainage system.  Waste water should not be flushed/ discharged in the open area.  FIFO or other food handling practices must be practiced  Food handlers must be aware of possibilities of cross contamination  Lack of awareness among  Providing awareness and capacity small beneficiaries for building to the farmers, sustainable pig farming participating communities, local (will lead to problem while authorities, extension agents, applying the project development practitioners etc., on intervention of productivity the promising approaches to enhancement), minimise environmental impacts due to pig farming. Awareness  Lack of awareness among  Providing awareness and capacity small beneficiaries for building to the farmers, sustainable pig farming participating communities, local (will lead to problem while authorities, extension agents, applying the project development practitioners etc., on intervention of productivity the promising approaches to enhancement), minimise environmental impacts due to pig farming. 4. Post  Public health,  Attraction of vermin,  Ensure provision of proper Construction amenity and rodents, scavengers, and drainage of facilities (ensure there and Operation hygiene breeding sites for mosquito is no stagnant water in the project Stage Impacts and other vectors borne site and its vicinities) diseases  Waste storages, sludge collection facilities controlled regularly to Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 136 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Operational Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Impacts prevent insect attraction and breading;  Hygiene  Insure hygiene of equipment‘s and tools, machine and over all farm and slaughter house sanitation to eliminate bacteria host  Inspect regularly workers health and hygiene  Storage of the  High consumption of  Use of suitable renewable energy products at cold electricity. like, solar, wind etc. storages/ cooling  Gas emissions from the  Advanced cooling equipment units. unit should be used to reduce  Excess use of water for emissions cleaning and cooling  Waste water treatment and its purposes recycling should be practiced.  Waste disposal  Proper waste disposal and treatment should be followed.  Transportation  Vehicular emissions to the  BS-IV vehicles with valid emission ambient atmosphere. certificate should be used for  Cracking of roads due to transportation. over weighing vehicles.  Overweighing Vehicles carrying loads exceeding those permissible without proper permission should not be allowed to pass through the constructed roads.  Waste disposal  un safe handling and  Provide sanitation facilities and and pollution disposal of waste ensure collection of all solid waste from all sites and dispose to authorized site and by using authorized method  Waste handling and disposal must comply with the CPCB Environmental Standards  Skins and hides should be transferred to respective bodies timely and ensure proper handling and transportation  Disposal of dead stock, condemned carcasses and other solid wastes should be disposed as per the CPCB-Comprehensive Industrial document for slaughter house, meat and seafood processing  Contingency plan for mass disposal of animal carcass in the event of disease or disaster  Wastewater  Inadequate drainage  Ensure provision of adequate discharge facilities and improper drainage facilities waste handling  Ensure use of proper (leak free) containers to transfer sludge and sewage to authorized disposal Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 137 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Operational Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Impacts site  Ground water pollution  Ensure adequate design, from leachate and installation, and maintenance of percolations from septic holding tanks, septic systems and tanks and waste sites wastewater soak pits  Marketing  Market waste generation,  Proper waste disposal techniques both solid and liquid. should be followed in the market.  Generation of foul and  The market should have proper noise from the market drainage facility. area.  Hygiene should be maintained at the market. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 138 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 5. Sericulture, Handloom and Textile Sector Sl. Environmental / Operational Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Impacts 1. Pre-  Land  Permanent/ temporary loss  Provision of compensation for the Construction requirement of agricultural land and affected people (PAP‘s) as per the Stage Impacts  Land filling other assets at the project proposed Entitlement Matrix. site and its influence area  In the worst case, there should be  Establishment of Village  Impact to the local ecology a provision for Resettlement and Grazing (flora and fauna) Rehabilitation (R&R) Reserve (VGR).  Change in landuse pattern  Use of participatory methods to include affected people in decision making process.  Compensatory measures for restoring the affected flora and fauna should be explored.  Provision should be made as per the existing landuse policies, laws and land rights 2. Construction  Upgradation of  Generation of noise from  Construction machineries should Stage Impacts roads and construction machineries. be fitted with acoustic proof to culverts.  Air pollution (dust and reduce noise levels. emission) resulting from  Construction activities should be the movement of avoided near environmental construction vehicles and sensitive areas. from the construction site.  Construction activities which  Surface water quality may causes high noise levels should get deteriorated due to the be performed during the day time runoff from the construction  Application of water sprays should site be carried out to reduce dust  Degradation of soil quality. emission  Loss of Top soil  All the vehicles must have valid  Transportation of PUC certificates at all the time construction materials during construction phase of the project  Wastewater that is generated from site activities should be collected in settlement tanks / soak pit and should be disposed according to environmental regulations (as per CPCB wastewater discharge standards).  No burning of materials should be carried out on site.  Proper handling and care should be taken of the wastes that are generated at the site to avoid run off.  Top soil should be preserved and it shall be reused for landscaping/ horticulture etc.,  The contractor should obtain the construction material only from approved quarries / sites.  All vehicles transporting construction material shall be covered with Tarpaulin to avoid fugitive dust during transportation  Construction of  Generation of construction  Reusing and recycling of the Community Jali and demolition wastes like, wastes are to be adopted for Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 139 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Operational Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Impacts House, metal scrapers, bricks, those other than hazardous Community cement, stones etc. wastes which will be removed and Resting House,  Generation of excavated managed by licensed vendors. Well-acquainted soils  For wastes which could not be Grainage reused or recycled, a reputable House,  Habitat modification. collector should be employed by Mounting cum  Transportation of the Contractor to remove this Cocoon House construction materials waste to landfill. and Reshom Huts.  Construction spoils shall be reused to the extent possible as a filling material/ construction purposes.  Implementation of Solid Waste Management Plan/Practice.  The contractor should obtain the construction material only from approved quarries / sites.  All vehicles transporting construction material shall be covered with Tarpaulin to avoid fugitive dust during transportation  Engagement of  Waste generation from  Proper toilets and waste disposal labours for labour camp. areas should be provided to the construction  Exploitation of land and labours residing at the site. purpose and water resources.  Water for drinking and sanitation their settlement purposes should be supplied in (construction  Modification of land for their establishment. order to reduce exploitation of labour camps) water resources.  Uncultivable / barren land should be used as temporary settlement (construction labour camps) for the labours. 3. Operation  Indigenous  Selection of silkworm  Suitable silkworm species should Stage Impact species species that cannot adapt be selected with respect to the to the local climatic climate adaptability. Production conditions will lead to  Indigenous species should be Enhancement economical loss or will promoted by Seed provider result in low productivity. centers  Promoting interaction with technician of seed provider would be helpful to make a suitable choice as per climate and season requirement.  Provide awareness to the farmers about the importance of climate adaptability benefits of ingenious silkworm species  Use of chemical  Use of Chemicals/fertilizer  Use of pesticide on mulberry tree fertilizer and as a disinfectant for to protect it from other pests pesticides destroying pests shall have should be used in limits as per impact on the quality of the technical guidance silk and also it has indirect  Proper monitoring should be impact on the farmers carried out to maintain the proper health over a period of time use of chemicals.  Unlicensed shop dealing with the fertilizers, pesticides and chemicals should be banned.  Problem due to  Problem from animals and  The entire feed plant should be Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 140 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Operational Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Impacts the birds and birds in the farming areas covered with mosquito net to animals (In case of Muga silk prevent insect eating birds and to worms some insect eating protect the feed plant from birds often target the silk animals like monkeys and other worms as their prey. night dwellers Monkeys damage the feed plant cultivated by the farmers)  Maintaining  Adoption of Sericulture  Proper training on precaution hygienic techniques inside the measures to be practiced during conditions. farmer‘s house leads to sericulture farming should be allergic diseases to both provided. adults and children.  The culture area should be kept  Unhygienic conditions also away from the common living area lead to contamination of and it should be away from microbes to the pupa and children. silk worms.  Rearing and  Skin infections due to  Use of personal protective boiling of boiling and handling of the equipment like gloves, googles, cocoons. worms. masks, boots, earplugs.  Exposure to biological and  Medical checkup after a certain microbiological agents. interval of time.  Asthma, cough, lung infections.  Waste disposal  Disposal of waste water  Awareness program should be generated after boiling of conducted to the farmers for cocoons is a common managing solid waste and waste problem. water.  Wastewater containing  Awareness must be provided to chemicals dyes and farmers as not to dispose/ drain detergents are harmful to the waste water in the nearby the aquatic and terrestrial areas. environment, when  Promoting the use of pupae which disposed in the ponds/ is left over after reeling (it is rich in waterbodies or nearby protein) as poultry and fish food. areas  Proper waste management  Depletion of DO in the techniques should be followed. waterbodies  Adequate drainage facilities should  Destruction of soil be provided to both farm and microbes and reduction in industry. the natural soil fertility with alteration in permeability of  Training program on ecofriendly soils. culturing techniques and practices.  Persistence of pollutants in soil over longer period also contaminates the ground water.  Reeling, boiler,  Release of Sulphur,  The unit should have adequate and grainage. Carbon, Volatile Organic ventilation system. solvents, dust and soot.  Use of filters or scrubbers to  Toxic to environment and eliminate or reduce particles. cause occupational health problems.  Shortage of  The enhanced production  Proper ventilation must be Storage of silk may need more available at the storage house so facilities storage area/space with that temperature would be in reeling / weaving unit and control. if the demand is not Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 141 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Environmental / Operational Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation Measures No. Impacts properly met the quality may deteriorate in due course of time  Power  Requirement of energy for  Alternate energy options such as Requirement for controlling the room solar energy, biomass energy Weaving and temperature and for boiling should be promoted to meet the Unit operation operations may lead to energy demand. power shortage problems  Weaving and  Generation of noise.  Restricted operating hours. production of  Use of personal protective cloths. equipment like ear plugs while weaving.  Awareness  Lack of awareness among  Provision of awareness and small beneficiaries for capacity building to the farmers, sustainable Sericulture participating communities, local practices. authorities, extension agents, development practitioners etc., on the promising approaches to minimise environmental impacts due to sericulture practices 4. Post  Packaging of  Packaged wastes  Use of biodegradable packaging Construction the silk generated at community materials. and Operation products. level.  Recycling of the packing covers. Stage Impacts  Transportation  Vehicular emission to the  BS-IV vehicles with valid emission ambient atmosphere. certificate should be used for transportation.  Marketing.  Market waste generation.  Proper waste disposal techniques should be followed in the market. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 142 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 8 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 143 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annexure 8: Environmental Clause for Bid Document Environmental Clauses to be included in the Bid document (under Technical Specification) for Construction/ upgradation of Roads 1. Protection of 1.1 General Environment 1.1.1 The Contractor shall be responsible for implementation of environmental provisions outlined in the Environmental Management Plan (refer Annexure – 11b), in addition to adhering to all environmental provisions in the applicable specifications for the works will be adhered to as part of good engineering practices. 1.1.2 All works undertaken towards protection of environmental resources as part of the EMP and as part of good engineering practices while adhering to relevant specifications will be deemed to be incidental to works being carried out and no separate payment will be made unless otherwise specified explicitly. The costs towards environmental management as per EMP unless otherwise provided as a separate head, will be deemed to be part of the BoQ of the project. The scope of works of the contractor towards the implementation of the environmental provisions shall be as follows. a. Abide by all existing environmental regulations and requirements of the Government of India and State Government of Assam, during implementation, b. Compliance with all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements set out in the EMP c. Submission of a method statement detailing how the EMP will be complied with. This shall include methods and schedule of monitoring. d. Monitoring of project environmental performance and periodic submission of monitoring reports e. Compliance with all measures required for construction activities in sensitive areas (if any), including protected areas, in line with the regulatory requirements adopted by MoEF&CC, GoI. f. Compliance of all safety rules at work, and provision of adequate health and safety measures such as water, food, sanitation, personal protective equipment, workers insurance, and medical facilities. 1.2 Quarry and Borrowing 1.2.1 The Contractor will identify and seek prior approval of the Engineer (Line Department) for quarrying and borrowing operations. Quarry and borrowing will be carried only from locations approved by the Engineer. Quarrying, if required in the project will be only from approved quarries and no new quarries will be opened for the purpose of the project. Any deviation from the provisions will be immediately notified and approval of the Engineer is to be sought 1.2.2. The Contractor shall maintain all borrow sites, stockpiles, and spoil disposal areas so as to assure the stability and safety of the works and that any adjacent feature is not endangered, and to assure free and efficient natural and artificial drainage, and to prevent erosion. Stockpiling of materials (topsoil, fill material, gravel, aggregates, and other construction materials) shall not be allowed during rainy season unless covered by a suitable material. Storage on private property will be allowed if written permission is obtained from the owner or authorized lessee 1.2.3 Borrow areas and quarries shall be sited, worked, and restored in accordance with the specifications. Spoils shall be disposed of at approved disposal sites Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 144 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework prepared, filled, and restored in accordance with the related specification requirements 1.2.3 Following excavation for the works, the Contractor shall take all steps necessary to complete drainage and slope protection works in advance of each mining season. Erosion or instability or sediment deposition arising from operations not in accordance with specifications shall be made good immediately by the Contractor at the Contractor‘s expense. The Contractor shall take all steps necessary to complete drainage in advance of each rainy season in the areas excavated for borrow materials 1.3 Protection of Environmental Resources 1.3.1 The Contractor shall ensure that construction activities do not result in any contamination of land or water by polluting substances. 1.3.2 Unless otherwise provided in the specifications, the Contractor shall ensure that no trees or shrubs or waterside vegetation are felled or harmed except those required to be cleared for execution of the works. The Contractor shall protect trees and vegetation from damage to the satisfaction of the Engineer (Line Department). 1.3.3 The Contractor shall not use or permit the use of wood as a fuel for the execution of any part of the works and to the extent practicable, shall ensure that fuels other than wood are used for cooking and heating in all camps and living accommodations. Any wood so used must be harvested legally, and the Contractor shall provide the Engineer with copies of the relevant permits, if required. 1.3.4 The Contractor shall take all precautions necessary to ensure that vegetation existing adjacent to the project site is not affected by fires arising from the execution of the contract. Should a fire occur in the natural vegetation or plantation adjacent to the project site for any reason, the Contractor shall immediately suppress it. Areas of forest, shrub, or plantation damaged by fire considered by the Engineer to have been initiated by the Contractor‘s staff or laborers shall be replanted or otherwise restored. 1.3.5 The Contractor shall confine operations to the dry season, use silt traps and dispose spoils/ debris in locations approved by the Engineer that will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation, irrigation and water supply. Disposal near wetlands/ beels, protected areas, and other areas that will cause inconvenience or deprive local residents of their livelihood shall not be allowed. Acidic and saline spoils shall not be spread into agricultural land. 1.3.6 The Contractor shall consult with local residents and local government before locating project offices, sheds, and construction plant. The work camps shall not be located near settlements, near drinking water supply intakes, protected areas, or wildlife habitats. 1.3.7 The Contractor shall maintain ecological balance by preventing felling of trees, water pollution and defacing of natural landscape. The Contractor shall, so conduct his cleaning operations, as to prevent any avoidable destruction, scarring or defacing of natural surroundings. In respect of ecological balance, the Contractor shall observe the following instructions. 1.3.8 In the conduct of cleaning activities and operation of equipment, the Contractor shall utilize such practicable methods and devices as reasonably available to control, prevent and otherwise minimize air/noise pollution. 1.4 Noise and Air Pollution 1.4.1 All works shall be carried out without unreasonable noise and air pollution. Subject and without prejudice to any other provision of the Contract and the law of the land and its obligation as applicable, the Contractor shall take all precautions outlined in the EMP to avoid the air and noise pollution. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 145 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 1.4.2 The Contractor shall monitor the environmental parameters periodically as specified in the monitoring plan and report to the Engineer. 1.4.3 The Contractor shall indemnify and keep indemnified the Employer from and against any liability for damages on account of noise or other disturbance created while carrying out the work, and from and against all claims, demands, proceedings, damages, costs, charges, and expenses, whatsoever, in regard or in relation to such liability 1.5 Occupational Health and Safety During Construction 1.5.1 The Contractor shall, in accordance with the safety and health provisions specified in the EMP, provide workers with a safe and healthy working environment, in the work areas, through application of preventive and protective measures consistent with international good practice, as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines (http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporat e_site/ifc+sustainability/our+approach/risk+management/ehsguidelines). The borrower/client will take steps to prevent accidents, injury, and disease arising from, associated with, or occurring during the course of work by a. providing preventive and protective measures, including modification, substitution, or elimination of hazardous conditions or substances; b. providing appropriate equipment to minimize risks and requiring and enforcing its use; c. training workers and providing them with appropriate incentives to use and comply with health and safety procedures and protective equipment; d. documenting and reporting occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents; and e. having emergency prevention, preparedness, and response arrangements in place. 1.6 Post Construction Clearance 1.6.1 On completion of work, wherever applicable, the Contractor shall clear away and remove from the sites all constructional plant, surplus materials, rubbish, scaffoldings and temporary works of every kind and leave the whole of the site and works in a clean condition to the satisfaction of the Engineer. 1.6.2 Construction camp sites post construction shall be cleared as specified in the EMP and handed over to the Owner. It will be ensured by the contractor that the site handed over is in line with the conditions of temporary acquisition signed by both parties. Environmental Clauses to be included in the Bid document (under Technical Specification) for Construction/ upgradation of Warehouses, Markets and Community Service Centres (CSC) 1. Protection of 1.1 General Environment 1.1.1 The Contractor shall be responsible for implementation of environmental provisions outlined in the Environmental Management Plan (refer Annexure – 11b), in addition to adhering to all environmental provisions in the applicable specifications for the works will be adhered to as part of good engineering practices. 1.1.2 All works undertaken towards protection of environmental resources as part of the EMP and as part of good engineering practices while adhering to relevant specifications will be deemed to be incidental to works being carried out and no separate payment will be made unless otherwise specified explicitly. The Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 146 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework costs towards environmental management as per EMP unless otherwise provided as a separate head, will be deemed to be part of the BoQ of the project. The scope of works of the Contractor towards the implementation of the environmental provisions shall be as follows. g. Abide by all existing environmental regulations and requirements of the Government of India and State Government of Assam, during implementation, h. Compliance with all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements set out in the EMP i. Submission of a method statement detailing how the EMP will be complied with. This shall include methods and schedule of monitoring. j. Monitoring of project environmental performance and periodic submission of monitoring reports k. Compliance with all measures required for construction activities in sensitive areas (if any), including protected areas, in line with the regulatory requirements adopted by MoEF&CC, GoI. l. Compliance of all safety rules at work, and provision of adequate health and safety measures such as water, food, sanitation, personal protective equipment, workers insurance, and medical facilities. 1.2 Construction Materials 1.2.1 The Contractor should procure construction materials from the licensed/ authorized agents/ dealers. Procurement of materials from the unauthorized sources shall be considered as illegal and appropriate measures shall be taken. 1.2.2 Quarrying, if required in the project will be only from approved quarries and no new quarries will be opened for the purpose of the project. Any deviation from the provisions will be immediately notified and approval of the Engineer is to be sought 1.2.2. The Contractor shall maintain all borrow sites, stockpiles, and spoil disposal areas so as to assure the stability and safety of the works and that any adjacent feature is not endangered, and to assure free and efficient natural and artificial drainage, and to prevent erosion. Stockpiling of materials (topsoil, fill material, gravel and other construction materials) shall not be allowed during rainy season unless covered by a suitable material. Storage on private property will be allowed if written permission is obtained from the owner or authorized lessee 1.2.3 Spoils shall be disposed of at approved disposal sites prepared, filled, and restored in accordance with the related specification requirements 1.3 Protection of Environmental Resources 1.3.1 The Contractor shall ensure that construction activities do not result in any contamination of land or water by polluting substances. 1.3.2 Unless otherwise provided in the specifications, the Contractor shall ensure that no trees or shrubs or waterside vegetation are felled or harmed except those required to be cleared for execution of the works. The Contractor shall protect trees and vegetation from damage to the satisfaction of the Engineer (Line Department). 1.3.3 The Contractor shall not use or permit the use of wood as a fuel for the execution of any part of the works and to the extent practicable, shall ensure that fuels other than wood are used for cooking and heating in all camps and living accommodations. Any wood so used must be harvested legally, and the Contractor shall provide the Engineer with copies of the relevant permits, if required. 1.3.4 The Contractor shall take all precautions necessary to ensure that vegetation Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 147 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework existing adjacent to the project site is not affected by fires arising from the execution of the contract. Should a fire occur in the natural vegetation or plantation adjacent to the project site for any reason, the Contractor shall immediately suppress it. Areas of forest, shrub, or plantation damaged by fire considered by the Engineer to have been initiated by the Contractor‘s staff or laborers shall be replanted or otherwise restored. 1.3.5 The Contractor shall confine operations to the dry season, use silt traps and dispose spoils/ debris in locations approved by the Engineer that will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation, irrigation and water supply. Disposal near wetlands/ beels, protected areas, and other areas that will cause inconvenience or deprive local residents of their livelihood shall not be allowed. Acidic and saline spoils shall not be spread into agricultural land. 1.3.6 The Contractor shall consult with local residents and local government before locating project offices, sheds, and construction plant. The work camps shall not be located near settlements, near drinking water supply intakes, protected areas, or wildlife habitats. 1.3.7 The Contractor shall maintain ecological balance by preventing felling of trees, water pollution and defacing of natural landscape. The Contractor shall, so conduct his cleaning operations, as to prevent any avoidable destruction, scarring or defacing of natural surroundings. In respect of ecological balance, the Contractor shall observe the following instructions. 1.3.8 In the conduct of cleaning activities and operation of equipment, the Contractor shall utilize such practicable methods and devices as reasonably available to control, prevent and otherwise minimize air/noise pollution. 1.4 Noise and Air Pollution 1.4.1 All works shall be carried out without unreasonable noise and air pollution. Subject and without prejudice to any other provision of the Contract and the law of the land and its obligation as applicable, the Contractor shall take all precautions outlined in the EMP to avoid the air and noise pollution. 1.4.2 The Contractor shall monitor the environmental parameters periodically as specified in the monitoring plan and report to the Engineer. 1.4.3 The Contractor shall indemnify and keep indemnified the Employer from and against any liability for damages on account of noise or other disturbance created while carrying out the work, and from and against all claims, demands, proceedings, damages, costs, charges, and expenses, whatsoever, in regard or in relation to such liability 1.5 Occupational Health and Safety During Construction 1.5.1 The Contractor shall, in accordance with the safety and health provisions specified in the EMP, provide workers with a safe and healthy working environment, in the work areas, through application of preventive and protective measures consistent with international good practice, as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines (http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporat e_site/ifc+sustainability/our+approach/risk+management/ehsguidelines). The borrower/client will take steps to prevent accidents, injury, and disease arising from, associated with, or occurring during the course of work by f. providing preventive and protective measures, including modification, substitution, or elimination of hazardous conditions or substances; g. providing appropriate equipment to minimize risks and requiring and enforcing its use; h. training workers and providing them with appropriate incentives to use and comply with health and safety procedures and protective equipment; Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 148 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework i. documenting and reporting occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents; and j. having emergency prevention, preparedness, and response arrangements in place. 1.6 Post Construction Clearance 1.6.1 On completion of work, wherever applicable, the Contractor shall clear away and remove from the sites all constructional plant, surplus materials, rubbish, scaffoldings and temporary works of every kind and leave the whole of the site and works in a clean condition to the satisfaction of the Engineer. 1.6.2 Construction camp sites post construction shall be cleared as specified in the EMP and handed over to the Owner. It will be ensured by the contractor that the site handed over is in line with the conditions of temporary acquisition signed by both parties. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 149 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 9 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 150 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 9: ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES 1. AGRICULTURE/HORTICULTURE Project intervention in term of crop productivity enhancement in agriculture/horticulture sector has an aim to benefit the farmers, small & medium entrepreneurs and overall agribusiness enhancement of the state, but immense involvement in agriculture practices may generate some environmental complications, if not accomplished carefully. Preconstruction stage of the project 1.1 Site Selection For the development and generation of more efficient Farm-Market Infrastructure Development, Site selection criteria are different for agricultural cropping and harvesting purpose, construction of road, common service centre, upgradation of warehouse and the following sections provide selection criteria for sites with different infrastructure facility: Agricultural Product Inappropriate Site selection may lead to lesser production and ultimately lead to loss. For agricultural production, suitable site should be chosen crop wise. Specific soil condition should be opted for particular crop. For e.g. Flood tolerant species of crop should be selected for water logged area. General criteria for site selection are as detailed below:  Suitability of site should be based on amount of rainfall, average rainy days, length of the day and field temperature.  Site should be free from hazardous materials, contamination, water logging, or not be an industrial waste prone area  Past trend of harvested crop is also a best measure to appropriately identify the nutrient level of the soil.  A well-drained and irrigated soil should be chosen. Site should have good pH balance, soil type, moisture level etc.  Before selection, soil fertility level testing would support a great way to estimate the required and type of manure required for the soil and for particular crop.  Domestic animals and human beings should not contaminate water that would be used for irrigation and in harvest of medicinal plants.  Site should have no wild life movement, no frequenting animals and not be a protected area. For Road Transportation plays a vital role in agriculture sector. In APART Project, provision of road has been of primary focus as it is a way to connect the agriculture production cluster, Common service centre, market areas, Rural Haats and nearby possible Storage areas (warehouse) to provide a better market led enhancement production, more resilient way of marketing and value addition. Following guideline shall help in choosing the site for road development.  Choice of location should be done so as to support the ecosystem. In cases if the sensitivity is severe, alternatives should be opted.  Minimize impacts to ecosystem that may provide an important buffer to climate change impacts, especially in areas where those buffers will be needed Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 151 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Selection of site shall be done preferably on government land. Effort shall be taken such that site is free from public conflicts.  Site should not be located near any critical wild life habitats (those mentioned in natural habitat management Plan)  Site should not be chosen near Natural Protected areas. If site is located near or less than 1 km distance from protected area, then a proper consent shall be obtained from forest department.  The area should not be located in flood prone areas.  While selecting the site, care should be taken such that it shall not disturb any dense habitations.  Preference would be given to develop roads that are already in use, to make it more efficient and smooth instead of proposing a new one. This will save the environment and also prevent unnecessary nuisance.  New road will be selected only after having a proper need based assessment of the site.  After identification of Site, necessary permission as applicable from Gram Panchayat, revenue Department shall be procured.  Prior approval of the ES, PMU/PCU is required in case of any innovations in design and identification of sites. For Common Service centre/ Upgradation services  Selection of site shall be done preferably on government land. Effort shall be taken such that the selected sites are free from public conflicts.  Site should not be located near critical wild life habitats (as mentioned in natural habitat management Plan).  Site should not be chosen near Natural Protected areas. If site is located near or less than 1 km distance from protected area, then a proper consent shall be obtained from forest department.  The area should not be located in flood prone areas, low lying areas or steep slopes.  The site should be free of contamination, storage of industrial waste etc.  While selecting the site, care should be taken such that it shall not disturb any dense habitations.  Preference to be given to develop the structures which are already in use, to make it more efficient and smooth instead of proposing a new one. This will save the environment and also prevent unnecessary nuisance. Like if an area has been already using for community development purposes then the same can be used for the proposed activities.  Criteria shall enforce that new site will be selected only after having a proper need based assessment of the site.  After identification of Site, necessary permission as applicable from Gram Panchayat, revenue Department shall be procured.  Prior approval of the ES, PMU/PCU is required in case of any innovations in design and identification of sites. Construction Stage of the project 1.2 Land Preparation and construction activities Land preparation stage involves site clearance, transportation of construction material, handling of construction machineries, construction activities for development of Agricultural Market Infrastructure facilities such as road, Common service centre. While modernization and upgradation will involve only limited construction activities, furnishing, refurbishment of interior structures etc. Following points shall be taken into consideration for maintaining an environmental health of the area while carrying out activities of land preparation and other construction activities. Site Clearance  During land preparation, care shall be taken to avoid destruction site vegetation to minimum extent as possible. Effort shall be taken that construction activity should not disturb the nearby local vegetation unnecessarily. Sourcing of Material Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 152 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Construction material such as sand, aggregates and other quarry material should only be sourced from licensed quarries as per consent from PWD.  This necessitates them to maintain the number and the relevant details, such as license issue and expiration dates, status report, etc.  Borrow pits shall be prohibited where there are chances for interference with the natural or designed drainage patterns.  Sourcing of any material from within or from any Protected Areas/Sanctuaries, tank beds and/or designated natural areas is strictly prohibited. Transportation of Construction Material  All materials should be transported in fully covered trucks. Overloading of vehicles with materials should be controlled and done in a manner based on the trucks capacity.  The unloading of materials at construction sites those that are close to settlements shall be restricted to daytime only.  Provide traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction.  Vehicle should comply with the rules. Protection of environment  Special emphasis shall be given to protect the fertile top Soil and would be emphsaised to be restored at the site after completion of construction.  During construction phase necessary soil protection measure shall be adopted. All affected areas should be landscaped and any necessary remedial works should be undertaken without delay, including grassing and reforestation;  Apply erosion control measures before the rainy season begins preferably immediately following construction. Install erosion control measures at each construction site after it is completed.  Storage of Oil and chemicals that are to be used during construction work shall be stored at a designated confined place on a impervious layer so no leakage could occur such that contamination of water bodies and soil is prevented.  To evade the degradation of water quality of water bodies in the vicinity of the construction sites, it is ideal to avoid construction works close to the streams or water bodies during monsoon season. All precautionary measures shall be taken to prevent the wastewater that is generated during construction from entering into streams, water bodies or the irrigation channels.  To prevent the degradation of surface water quality arising due to equipment and material piling on the site, it is advisable to store Construction pile, Soil stockpile and other debris at designated place. Cover the stock pile with tarpaulin sheet to prevent contamination of the nearby water body and agricultural field.  To reduce the soil compaction rising due to movement of heavy machineries, it is advisable to use environment friendly Machinery e.g. Subsoilers and rippers.  Water Sprinkling shall be done regularly on dirt roads, cut areas and soil stockpiles or fill material to reduce the dust pollution arising due to construction activities.  Permission for the extraction of water should be obtained prior to the commencement of the project, from the relevant authority. Construction Management  All construction equipment that are used for project activities shall conform to pollution control norms as stipulated by SPCB and hold valid license.  The unloading of materials at construction sites that are located close to settlements shall be restricted to daytime only. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 153 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  All plants and equipment that are used in construction by the Contractor shall strictly conform to the CPCB noise standards.  Noisy construction activities (such as crushing, concrete mixing, batching etc.) shall be stopped during the night time between 9.00 pm to 6.00 am if there are habitation/ educational institutes/health centers (silence zones) located within 150m of construction site.  Proper maintenance of the machineries shall be carried out to control the air and noise pollution caused by these machineries.  Debris that are generated due to the dismantling of the existing structures shall be suitably reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (used as a fill material for embankment).  Ensure that the asbestos-containing materials or other toxic substances bare removed and disposed of by specially trained workers as per Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.  Never dispose of spent oils on the ground, in water courses, drainage canals or in sewer systems. Waste management  Separation of Construction waste from the source as to be practised so to minimize the volume of waste and to increase the recyclable and reuse probability. Items such as aluminum, wood, plastic, paper packaging, copper, used oil can be reused. The other construction debris such concrete, bricks, sands can be used in backfilling in other location as per demand.  Hazardous waste must be handled as per hazardous waste management rule 2016.  Contractor should ensure that workers practice waste management options and recycle the wastes during site works.  Contractor should ensure appropriate storage and handling of construction materials to minimise waste generation resulting from damaged materials/waste e.g. keeping deliveries packaged until they are ready to be used;  Contractor should ensure that all disturbed area are restored after completion of construction. Construction Worker  A good sanitation plan shall be developed and provided by the contractor for construction camps and shall ensure that pollution of nearby water bodies is avoided. Plan must be in place to avoid construction within 500 m of dense habitation.  Provide personal protective equipment and clothing (goggles, gloves, respirators, dust masks, hard hats, steel-toed and –shanked boots, etc.,) for construction workers and enforce the use of the PPEs.  The contractor should arrange adequate supply of water throughout the construction period from an agreed source.  Provision of temporary toilet facilities for worker; contractors can identify suitable locations in close proximity to construction site.  Provide traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction. Operation stage of the project In Agriculture/ Horticulture sector, Operation stage of the project involves activities such as production of different crops, vegetable, fruit (as introduced in the project), and other activities like input supply for seed. 1.3 Input Supply With respect to this activity, input and supply which will involve seed vendor, dealer etc. After selection of particular crop, farmer should procure a good quality seed from licensed vendor. Rationale and preventive measures has been described here to understand the verital importance of the crop: Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 154 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  While selecting the particular seed or sapling, care should be taken to promote more indigenous species. Inappropriate selection of crop those which are not suitable for climate may create problem for famer and affect the overall productivity.  Introduction of exotic and non-native plant species or promotion of particular crop variety may lead to loss of indigenous other than the local varieties of crops which has generally more climate adaptability and are less susceptible for disease. So Agro climatic zone wise and particular season wise suitable seed or crop varieties should be selected (please refer annexure 5 for verital selection of crop).  Proliferation of genetic homogenization of crop species may replace the non-farm diversity / varieties) with uniform genetic stock. This homogentic strands may become more vulnerable to catastrophic disease outbreak and may need more effort to produce it well. Subsequently, farmers may remove endemic and native plant and animal species to prevent the negative impact of predator, pest and weed. Due to overuse and misuse of pesticides, pollinators may be harmed and this will have an impact on the crop reproduction as well. 1.4 Production and Operation In production step of value chain, farmers are more involved. Activities like good cultivation practices and post-harvest management needs to be considered in production stage. Rationale and preventive measures that are to be considered to support the environmental guidelines for production stage as well as climate resilient agricultural methods are described in this section.  Appropriate time for cropping: every crop variety has its own time and season to grow and mature to a certain level. So crop should be selected based on sowing time and particular season and harvesting of crop should also be done at appropriate stage to get a good market price. Immature harvesting of crop may become more susceptible for infection and disease due to high moisture content and which will create problem during storage and selling stage.  Cropping Pattern: To manage the soil nutrient efficiency, crop rotation practice should be followed such as before sowing of paddy, any crop related to legume family (pea, pulse, lentil) should be practiced so as to restore the nitrogen and other micronutrient.  Irrigation: drought-tolerant crop varieties and low-cost drip-and-trickle systems would be supportive. As a support to irrigation department, monitoring and licensed bore wells may reduce the overuse of irrigation water. Equitable sharing of irrigation water among the farmers may benefit the Farmers. All Irrigation facilities should be carried out after obtaining legal consent from irrigation department. Treatment techniques respecting to soil type: The entire project area has new and old alluvial soil. While the old alluvium soils are slightly acidic (which are generally on flood plains) and rich in organic materials, the new alluvium soils (cited along the river bank area) are less acidic and are not saline. They are generally rich in phosphate, potash, calcium, nitrogenous material and organic substances. Soil amendment measures shall be selected accordingly by applying  Applying lime (application of lime just prior to soil preparation is usually most appropriate.)  Fertilizer management  Choosing acid tolerant species Adopting climate resilient methods of agriculture  By application of bio manure in agricultural field may reduce the generation of GHS gas (methane production occurs during storage of manure).  Combine agriculture practices with forestry to reduce the overall carbon footprint and changes that occur due to change of landuse. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 155 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Implementing integrated farming practice to avoid generation of GHG gas through inclusion of agricultural farming with livestock management, fishing etc, where by product of one the commodities could be a resource material ‘for another commodity such as fish cum paddy farming, livestock cum fish farming, application of bio manure, farming with fodder plants etc.  Rhizobium inoculum mixed with soil should be used for soil treatment.  Use Azolla as a good alternative for Nitrogen dosage to prevent the formation of GHGs in water logged paddy fields.  Planting native trees in pasture. Trees provide shade for cattle, habitats for insect eating birds, erosion control on sloped landscapes, prevents run-off of excess nutrients and can provide fruit, timber, firewood and other products for farmers. Good Cultivation Practices: A good cultivation practice has better prospects with sustainable management of soil and water, this can protect many anomalies of soil such as erosion, nutrient loss, etc. Adoption of vegetative and best management practice claims better management of agricultural field and improve productivity.  Use of living barriers: grass strips planted along the contour to trap and/or filter runoff and to retain soil  Using of leguminous cover crop as green manures or mulches, to fix nitrogen, raise organic matter content, cover the soil and protect it from raindrop impact.  Minimum Tillage: Low- and zero-tillage techniques reduce soil compaction, improve conditions for beneficial organisms such as earthworms, and use a cover crop to replenish soil nutrients, create channels in the soil for crop roots, and prevent erosion. So crop residues should be left after harvest on the site, and the next crop is sown with minimum disturbance to soils.  Conserve the soil moisture by using mulching, covering soil with crop residue wastes.  Inclusion of agronomic practices such as intercropping, improved plant spacing and appropriate crop rotation.  Application of compost to improve organic matter content and texture of the soil and its ability to infiltrate rainfall. Organic manure such as cow dung, crop residue etc., should be used to keep the soil healthy.  applying rock phosphate, planting nitrogen-fixing trees or cover crops in fallow land  Agroforestry Practices: practises involving planting a mixture of tree crops to crop and/or livestock farming system.  Practice of alley cropping in which annual crops are cultivated between rows or contour plantings of trees grown for their fruit or timber.  Allowing fields to lie fallow to replenish soil nutrients. Planting fast-growing fruit trees and shrubs in fallow fields. Integrated Pest Management Practice: it is endorsed to adopt integrated pest management system in the agricultural practice. Which follows the hierarchy of using bio fertilizer, bio pesticides first and then use of certain pesticides in case of acute problem. The pesticides recommended by WHO and those prescribed by the Govt. of India are only allowed and should be procured from licensed vendor. (Please refer Integrated Pest Management Plan) Safety: Use of disinfectants and personal protective equipment like boots, gloves during the farming practices reduces the contamination and infection to some extent. Post construction and Operation stage of the project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 156 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Project component interventions such as storage management, post-harvest management, transportation, grading, packaging, processing etc of agricultural products has been included. Following environmental guidelines shall be considered on the post operational construction activities and management. 1.5 Post-harvest care After cropping and harvesting of the agricultural produce, post-harvest care plays a key role in preservation and maintaining the actual quality and monetary value of the agriculture produce. An estimated 10 to 40% of the food that is grown are never eaten due to damage, rotting, pests, and the consumers‘ demand for ―perfect‖ produce. Generally, fresh produce losses are higher than those of processed food. These losses are often higher in warmer, more humid climates as in Assam. The climate makes it more difficult to control diseases in the field, and take out field heat. Long transport distances also make it more challenging to maintain adequate cool chain. Post-harvest losses mean that production resources such as land, water, energy, fertilisers, labour and effort are wasted, and ultimately, profitability for growers is reduced.  Vegetables are living, breathing parts of plants and contain 65 to 95% water. Acceleration of deterioration can be due to high temperature, low humidity, incorrect atmosphere and/ or physical damage. So storage of these commodities should be done in cool places.  Water loss after harvest can occur through the supply chain, so maintain adequate humidity during storage. Avoid stresses due to handling, damage, or incorrect storage temperatures  Mechanical damage due to Careless handling of vegetables and containers causing splitting, internal staining, superficial grazing, and crushing of soft produce leading to entry points for diseases, increased water loss and increased respiration. Therefore adequate harvest method that ―no over or under trimming and Grading line design‖ with minimum drop heights, no sharp corners or points should be provided.  Ageing shall be promoted. Good ventilation in normal storage (including leaving gaps between pallets and walls for sufficient ventilation/head space in packaging). Correct use of modified atmosphere packaging and maintenance of the cool chain.  Grains should be dried in such a manner that damage to the grain is minimized and moisture levels are lower than those required to support mold growth during storage (usually below 13-15%). This is necessary to prevent further growth of fungal species that may be present on fresh grains.  Rotting and contamination of surrounding produce may result due to use of dirty, contaminated field boxes or insufficiently sanitized washing water. Do not pack damaged, over mature or diseased produce in the same packaging as healthy produce.  Raw materials should be inspected at regular intervals and any spoiled materials should be safely discarded.  Traditional pest control methods like neem leaves, dry chillies etc. can be used for storing the raw materials.  Waste generated from harvesting, collecting and initial processing of cereals should be used as an alternative source for feed material for livestock, fertilizer for field and also shall be used for organic mulching of soil.  Composting of biodegradable waste on site is an effective means of significantly reducing the volume of waste to be disposed of, and produce a potentially useful soil conditioner.  No byproducts of harvesting activity in agricultural field shall be burnt. 1.6 Transportation As per project component, the Farm market infrastructure development involves the activities of facilitating Enterprise cluster production improvement and market support in terms of Access, warehouse and other services. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 157 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework In post operation stage of the project, transportation service shall be required to store, manage, and post-harvest care, marketing and further value addition in the product. So in term of transportation up gradation of existing roads, strengthening existing culverts and bridges, road construction leading to the Agro-based industries to facilitate the cluster development and for ensuring better connectivity to market centres has been intervened. In preconstruction and construction phases the precautions / guidelines to be carried out under project, has already been mentioned in previous sections of this document. Following points details the environmental precautions that are to be taken while transporting the agri products.  While transporting the agri cultural products, Vehicular emissions to the ambient atmosphere is anticipated, so it is recommended to use only BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used for transportation.  Overweighing Vehicles carrying loads exceeding those permissible without proper permission should not be allowed to pass through the constructed roads.  Create awareness on proper transport system management.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for / or infrequently used shall have proper road signage and breakers to prevent the accident in the road.  While constructing the road, road safety measures as prescribed by GOI shall be followed.  Lorries used for transport for chemicals should not be used for transport of edible produce. The vehicle should be cleaned and dried before transportation of food grains.  Road workers should wear reflective vests to avoid accidents by moving vehicular traffic.  All material should be transported in fully covered trucks. Overloading of vehicles with materials should be controlled and done in a manner to suit the trucks capacity. 1.7 Trading With reference to the project component of Farm market infrastructure development, provision of market area, Rural Haat facility has been envisaged. It is proposed to develop and upgrade market area/ Rural Haats with common amenities close to production clusters. Following environmental guideline envisages the care that has to be taken in the market area / Rural Haat of the agricultural Produce. Storage of products for sale: Inappropriate storage of the ingredients, cereals will lead to contact with moisture, exposure to pests like rats etc. which will spoil the quality there by having an impact on health. Therefore the storage area should be clean and dry consisting of tightly packed containers or containers with lids, covers. Waste Management: Open disposal of decomposable wastes leads to contamination of surroundings though decomposition, attracting insects, leaving chemical residues etc  Waste should be properly disposed on the designated place only.  The waste should be separated from its source (dry & wet waste) so that it can be reused.  Dry waste particularly such as paper, plastic etc, can be recycled or collected and disposed to recycling vendor.  Alternate use of biodegradable food waste by integrating with bio compost formation and agricultural farming practices.  Waste disposal area should not be near to water bodies, dense settlement area or low lying area.  Waste disposal shall not be done in open area. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 158 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Basic Amenities: Lack of required basic amenities will affect health of workers, vendors and will negatively affect the area and surroundings. Therefore,  The work space should be ventilated to the extent possible. Drinking water and toilet facilities should be made available.  Proper sanitation and drainage system shall be designed and maintained to keep the area free from contamination and reduce the disease risk. License and registration: Machineries used in market area should hold proper license. Vendors selling chemicals, fertilizer shall hold proper registration. Any activities which are not legal to GOI shall be strictly prohibited. 1.8 Storage As per Project Implementation Plan of APART, Upgradation and modernization of warehouses (39 nos.) arises under component B of farm Market Infrastructure development. This value chain development step will cater to many Commodities of Agriculture sector which is introduced under the project. Storage facility in Warehouse and upgradation may have a major issue of storage and construction and upgradation. The aim of developing environmental guideline is to provide scientific storage and preservation of agricultural products, seeds. Following section details about major environment issues and preventive measures to be adopted while handling and storage of agricultural commodities. Construction Design Specific  Effective and suitable provision shall be made to ensure that every enclosed workplace is ventilated by a sufficient quantity of fresh or purified air.  The floor or surface shall not have a hole or slope, or be uneven or slippery so as to expose a person to a risk to his health or safety and shall have effective means of drainage as appropriate.  Suitable and sufficient handrails and guards shall be provided on all traffic routes which have staircases.  Doors and gates shall be suitably constructed and fitted with necessary safety devices. Regarding Loading / Unloading, Transportation  Enough space should be provided in loading areas for vehicles to move safely and for people to move around.  Anyone who are not involved in loading or unloading should be kept away from loading areas.  There should be sufficient turning space to allow an adequate turning circle for tractor and trailer.  Any area of the site that is used for manoeuvring, vehicle parking or open storage should be adequately surfaced for the intended purpose.  Transportation of material shall be covered, overloading is barred to avoid accidents and it is also a risk to workers and local traffic.  Avoid truck traffic during morning and evening rush hours. Energy efficient Building Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 159 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Promotion shall be done to develop energy efficient building with Integrated daylighting with the electric lighting system. Thus allowing natural lighting where possible.  Provide lighting controls that turn off lights when sufficient daylight exists. Consider dimming controls that continuously adjust lighting levels to respond to daylight conditions.  Energy consumption monitoring should be followed regularly.  Use of LED lighting can reduce the electricity consumption drastically. Occupational health and Safety  For maintaining the health and safety of workers, design shall a provide local exhaust for restrooms, kitchens, copy rooms, battery-charging areas, clean drinking water facility etc.  Worker should be provided with proper Duster, Mask, Gloves, Boot, high visibility jackets, Fumigation cover, Foot sprayer, Hand sprayer etc.  Design equipment and furnishings such that they aid in healthy work practices in an effort to eliminate repetitive motions as well as prevent strains and sprains.  Provision of First aid facility to provide help for occupational injuries and illness  Provide sufficient training to worker for handling weighbridge, multiutility conveyer loading and unloading, trolley, fork lift etc.  Fire proof design of warehouse should be promoted.  Every workplace shall be organised in such a way that pedestrians and vehicles can move around safely. Waste management Waste from the storage area shall be disposed off carefully at a designated place. Effort should be taken to use waste as an alternative. Storage related  Adequate integrated pest management control measures should be provided, especially for food storage.  Mix leaves of Neem, Karanj, Custard apple, Adathoda and Tulsi to protect grains from insects.  The storage area should be located in clean and dry places consisting of tightly packed containers or containers with lids, covers.  Food products should not be stored along with any products of chemical nature.  Obsolete raw materials or raw materials stored for long periods should not be used.  Raw materials should be inspected at regular intervals and any spoilt materials should be safely discarded.  Avoid using chemical pest management methods like neem leaves, dry chillies etc. can be used for storing the raw materials Management  Every workplace, furniture, furnishings and fittings therein shall be kept sufficiently clean.  Surfaces of floors, walls and ceilings shall be kept sufficiently clean. As far as it is reasonable, waste materials shall not be allowed to be accumulated except in small receptacles. It will prevent the occurrence of infections.  Use ceiling mounted fans to reduce heat stratification and provide air movement, thus increasing worker comfort during both summer and winter. Mount fans above highest forklift level for worker safety  Waste from the storage area shall be disposed off carefully at a designated place. Effort should be taken to use waste as an alternative.  Doors and gates (e.g. cargo doors) shall not be left open when not in use.  Vegetation and grass close to the warehouse needs to be cut regularly and managed.  Regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed standards. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 160 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 1.9 Processing, Grading, Value Addition As per project component, the Farm market infrastructure development involves the facility of common service center (CSC). CSCs are conceived as commercially viable basic infrastructure for marketing of agriculture inputs and agriculture produce, built around farmer producer companies (FPC) and are proposed to be located in production locations. Activities like, grading, packaging, small processing shall be detailed here, so hereby provisions of following precaution measures shall support the sustainable constancy of Common Service Centres. Registration, licenses and permissions: every processing units for seed production, value addition items and other machinery if not in line with legal frame will create a problem  Processing unit, seed production units, and other equipment required for value addition purposes will be legally complied with respected rules. Maintenance and repairs of machinery: Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead to contamination and improper functioning therefore regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed standards. Storage of ingredient: Inappropriate storage of the ingredients, cereals will lead to contact with moisture, exposure to pests like rats etc. which will spoil the quality there by having an impact on health.  The storage area should be located in clean and dry places consisting of tightly packed containers or containers with lids, covers.  Food products should not be stored along with any products of chemical nature.  obsolete raw materials or raw materials stored for long periods should not be used.  Raw materials should be inspected at regular intervals and any spoilt materials should be safely discarded. Use of additives, preservatives: While in processing section, use of non permitted additives and preservatives is illegal and pose health risks to the workers and consumers. Therefore only the permitted additives and preservatives shall be used in food items as prescribed in FSSAI Act. Commercial Seed production: More emphasis should be given to preserve the seed and germplasm of indigenous species, which will be beneficial in long run and thereby less resources would be required to upkeep and maintain. Packaging: Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 161 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework in packaging of agri products, Use of packaging material that cannot be decomposed causes soil Pollution, while plastic bags having a thickness of below 20 microns is not allowed for packaging due to their non-recyclable nature and potential negative impact on environment.  Bio degraded able ingredients and re-useable packaging should be promoted.  Use news paper wrapping or cloth bags for handing over to consumers. Encourage the consumers to bring cloth bags.  Handling the food products with bare hands or un washed hands will contaminate the products through microbial attack.  Local material should be used for packaging instead of imported material , plastics etc. Jute sacks or other available material can be used for transport purposes. This can reduce the unnecessary use of packaging materials and containers.  To avoid food and vegetable wastes during post-harvest phase, the packaging material should be made of perforated biodegradable material so as to prevent the oxygen deprivation and congestion of the Food and Vegetable items. Basic Amenities: The work space should be ventilated to the extent possible. It should have drinking water and toilet facilities. Occupation health and Safety to maintain the safety of workers following measure shall be adopted:  Person using these machines must wear mask for preventing the problem related to inhalation.  Noise protective equipment should be provided to the machine operators.  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants.  Ensure all persons, including managers, are trained and are able to carry out their work without risk to the safety or health of themselves, other workers or the public.  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems.  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone. Waste management: Waste materials produced during the operation of completed facilities must be carefully managed. If not, these wastes can cause disease, injury, and/or environmental damage within the local community. It should be put into practice to reduce, reuse, recycle and recover options for the generated waste. Recycling of waste that can be adopted in case of agriculture sector is composting and land application as manure and recovery of waste is accomplished with the recovery of methane. Composting of biodegradable waste on site is an effective means of significantly reducing the volume of waste that are to be disposed of, and produces a potentially useful soil conditioner.  The waste should be separated from it source into dry & wet waste so that it can be reused.  Dry waste particularly from common service center such as paper, plastic etc, can be recycled or collected and disposed off to recycling vendor.  The waste storage area should not be located near to water stream, drain or low lying area.  Biodegradable waste shall be managed separately.  Reuse and recycling of waste shall be promoted as far as possible to minimize the total waste.  Integration of biodegradable waste from nearest farm field can be used as a manure. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 162 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Integration of food processing, grading waste for use as cattle feed shall be promoted. Power use: power requirement has been anticipated in heating, boiling, grinding, extraction, drying, packaging etc. so Energy efficient device should be used, Biomass or solar devices should be promoted to conserve energy, Energy consumption monitoring should be followed regularly. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 163 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 2. FISHERY The project intervention in term of productivity enhancement in production cluster has an aim to benefit the fish farmers, small medium entrepreneurs and overall agribusiness enhancement of the state, but immense involvement into the fish farming practice may generate some environmental complications, if not accomplished carefully. The present section details out the environmental guidelines to be followed during preconstruction, construction, operation and post operation stage under fishery Sector. Preconstruction stage of the project 2.1 Site Selection For the development and generation of more efficient Farm-Market Infrastructure Development, Site selection criteria for fish farming, harvesting purpose, construction of road, common service centre, upgradation of storage shall be different. So in Fishery sector following sections provide selection criteria for site for different infrastructure facility: Fish Pond/ Beel Selection Inappropriate Site selection may lead to lesser production and ultimately lead to loss. General criteria for site selection are as under:  Suitability of site should be based on amount of rainfall, average rainy days, length of the day and field temperature.  Site should not be located in protected wetland area, important bird area.  If site is located near to protected area, proper permission from forest department shall be required.  Site should not be located in heavy flooded area or other climate risk prone area.  Site should not be very close or downstream area to agricultural field because chance of mixing chemicals and fertilizer in pond will be higher and that will lead to eutrophication in the water body.  Site should be free from hazardous materials, contamination, water logged, or other industrial waste prone area  Past trend of land use is also a best measure to appropriately identify the nutrient level of the soil.  Before selection, testing of water quality level would support a great way to estimate the required type of amendment techniques.  Domestic animals and human beings should not contaminate water for irrigation and harvest of medicinal plants.  Site should have no wild life movement, no frequenting animals and not be a protected area. For Road Transportation plays a vital role in agribusiness sector. In Project APART, provision of road has been focusedas it is a way to connect the fish / Beel production cluster, Common Service Centre, Market areas, Rural Haats and near possible Storage areas to give it better market led enhancement production, more resilient way of marketing and value addition. Following guideline shall help in choosing the site for road.  Choice of location should be done so as to support the ecosystem. In cases if the sensitivity is severe, alternatives should be opted.  Minimize impacts to ecosystem that may provide an important buffer to climate change impacts, especially in areas where those buffers will be needed Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 164 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Selection of site shall be done preferably on government land. Effort shall be taken such that site is free from public conflicts.  Site should not be located near any critical wild life habitats (those mentioned in natural habitat management Plan)  Site should not be chosen near Natural Protected areas. If site is located near or less than 1 km distance from protected area, then a proper consent shall be obtained from forest department.  The area should not be located in flood prone areas.  While selecting the site, care should be taken such that it shall not disturb any dense habitations.  Preference would be given to develop roads that are already in use, to make it more efficient and smooth instead of proposing a new one. This will save the environment and also prevent unnecessary nuisance.  New road will be selected only after having a proper need based assessment of the site.  After identification of Site, necessary permission as applicable from Gram Panchayat, revenue Department shall be procured.  Prior approval of the ES, PMU/PCU is required in case of any innovations in design and identification of sites. For Common Service centre/ Upgradation services  Selection of site shall be done preferably on government land. Effort shall be taken such that the selected sites are free from public conflicts.  Site should not be located near critical wild life habitats (as mentioned in natural habitat management Plan).  Site should not be chosen near Natural Protected areas. If site is located near or less than 1 km distance from protected area, then a proper consent shall be obtained from forest department.  The area should not be located in flood prone areas, low lying areas or steep slopes.  The site should be free of contamination, storage of industrial waste etc.  While selecting the site, care should be taken such that it shall not disturb any dense habitations.  Preference to be given to develop the structures which are already in use, to make it more efficient and smooth instead of proposing a new one. This will save the environment and also prevent unnecessary nuisance. Like if an area has been already using for community development purposes then the same can be used for the proposed activities.  Criteria shall enforce that new site will be selected only after having a proper need based assessment of the site.  After identification of Site, necessary permission as applicable from Gram Panchayat, revenue Department shall be procured.  Prior approval of the ES, PMU/PCU is required in case of any innovations in design and identification of sites. Construction Stage of the project 2.1 Land Preparation and construction activities Land preparation stage involves site clearance, transportation of construction material, handling of construction machineries, construction mechanical activities for development of Market Infrastructure facilities such as road, Common service centre, Construction of cold storages and development of infrastructure for electronic trading, Development of Rural Haats near production clusters- providing platforms with sheds for producers/retailers, pathways, Construction of modern auction platform with sheds, trader sheds and Loading/unloading area. While modernization and upgradation will involve interior construction activities, furnishing, refurbishment of interior structures etc. Following points shall be taken into consideration for maintaining an environmental health of the area while carrying out activities of land preparation and other construction activities. Site Clearance Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 165 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  During land preparation, care shall be taken to avoid destruction site vegetation to minimum extent as possible. Effort shall be taken that construction activity should not disturb the nearby local vegetation unnecessarily.  Site clearance shall be carried out in such a way that the clearance and grubbing waste are disposed immediately in the designated dumping site identified for the project. Sourcing of Material  Construction material such as sand, aggregates and other quarry material should only be sourced from licensed quarries as per consent from PWD.  This necessitates them to maintain the number and the relevant details, such as license issue and expiration dates, status report, etc.  Borrow pits shall be prohibited where there are chances for interference with the natural or designed drainage patterns.  Sourcing of any material from within or from any Protected Areas/Sanctuaries, tank beds and/or designated natural areas are strictly prohibited. Transportation of Construction Material  All materials should be transported in fully covered trucks. Overloading of vehicles with materials should be controlled and done in a manner based on the trucks capacity.  The unloading of materials at construction sites those that are close to settlements shall be restricted to daytime only.  Provide traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction.  Vehicle should comply with the rules. Protection of environment  Special emphasis shall be given to protect the fertile top Soil and would be emphasised to be restored at the site after completion of construction.  During construction phase necessary soil protection measure shall be adopted. All affected areas should be landscaped and any necessary remedial works should be undertaken without delay, including grassing and reforestation;  Apply erosion control measures before the rainy season begins preferably immediately following construction. Install erosion control measures at each construction site after it is completed.  To avoid Contamination of soil by oil and chemicals discharged by construction vehicles and from material storage site, Storage of Oil and chemicals that are to be used during construction work shall be stored at a designated confined place on a impervious layer so no leakage could occur such that contamination of water bodies and soil is prevented.  To evade the degradation of water quality of water bodies in the vicinity of the construction sites, it is ideal to avoid construction works close to the streams or water bodies during monsoon season. All precautionary measures shall be taken to prevent the wastewater that are generated during construction from entering into streams, water bodies or the irrigation channels.  To prevent the degradation of surface water quality arising due to equipment and material piling on the site, it is advisable to store Construction pile, Soil stockpile and other debris at designated place. Cover the stock pile with tarpaulin sheet to prevent contamination of the nearby water body and agricultural field.  Water Sprinkling shall be done regularly on dirt roads, cut areas and soil stockpiles or fill material to reduce the dust pollution arising due to construction activities.  Permission for the extraction of water should be obtained prior to the commencement of the project, from the relevant authority. Construction Management Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 166 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  All construction equipment that are used for project activities shall conform to pollution control norms as stipulated by SPCB and hold valid license.  The unloading of materials at construction sites that are located close to settlements shall be restricted to daytime only.  All plants and equipment that are used in construction by the Contractor shall strictly conform to the CPCB noise standards.  Noisy construction activities (such as crushing, concrete mixing, batching etc.) shall be stopped during the night time between 9.00 pm to 6.00 am if there are habitation/ educational institutes/health centers (silence zones) located within 150m of construction site.  Proper maintenance of the machineries shall be carried out to control the air and noise pollution caused by these machineries.  Debris that are generated due to the dismantling of the existing structures shall be suitably reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (used as a fill material for embankment).  Ensure that the asbestos-containing materials or other toxic substances bare removed and disposed of by specially trained workers as per Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.  Never dispose of spent oils on the ground, in water courses, drainage canals or in sewer systems. Waste management  Separation of Construction waste from the source as to be practised so to minimize the volume of waste and to increase the recyclable and reuse probability. Items such as aluminum, wood, plastic, paper packaging, copper, used oil can be reused. The other construction debris such concrete, bricks, sands can be used in backfilling in other location as per demand.  Hazardous waste must be handled as per hazardous waste management rule 2016.  Contractor should ensure that workers practice waste management options and recycle the wastes during site works.  Contractor should ensure appropriate storage and handling of construction materials to minimise waste generation resulting from damaged materials/waste e.g. keeping deliveries packaged until they are ready to be used;  Contractor should ensure that all disturbed area are restored after completion of construction. Construction Worker  A good sanitation plan shall be developed and provided by the contractor for construction camps and shall ensure that pollution of nearby water bodies is avoided. Plan must be in place to avoid construction within 500 m of dense habitation.  Provide personal protective equipment and clothing (goggles, gloves, respirators, dust masks, hard hats, steel-toed and –shanked boots, etc.,) for construction workers and enforce the use of the PPEs.  The contractor should arrange adequate supply of water throughout the construction period from an agreed source.  Provision of temporary toilet facilities for worker; contractors can identify suitable locations in close proximity to construction site.  Provide traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction. Operation stage of the project In Fishery, Operation stage of the project involves activities such as input supply for quality fish seed and sustainable fish production. 2.2 Input Supply Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 167 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework With respect to this activity, input and supply which will involve seed vendor, dealer etc. the project has also special emphasis on adoption of high quality seed. Therefore after selection of particular site, farmer should procure a good quality seed from licensed vendor. The fish seed production technology can be described as a) Broodstock collection and management, (b) Artificial breeding, (c) Hatchery and nursery management. From the observation from site visits and consultation, the most hatchery operators in the region produce seeds from the same brood stock repeatedly for several years resulting in poor quality seeds. The basic input for the production of quality fish seeds is good, healthy and matured brood fish. To develop genetically improved brood fish for the production of quality seed, systematic selective breeding programme may be one of the alternatives. Individual selection should be based on the basis for collecting young brood fish. In the individual selection, it is necessary to know about the  Origin of population  Performance of the given strain  Typical external characteristics of species After selection, the young brood, should be kept under optimal conditions before choosing the most appropriate female and male individuals for hatchery operation and try to include the following measures as given below:  Mixed spawning of fish should be promoted in the seed producer centers. If this does not happen, conservation of the native fish species shall be extremely difficult.  Induced breeding of undersized matured fish should not be practiced.  good brood stock management and planned cross breeding of different species should be endorsed. The farmer seed producers should be educated through massive awareness camps. Local network has to be formed to exchange brood stocks among the farmers. Fish farmers may be motivated and educated to culture only the pure varieties of a particular fish species, say: Rohu, Mrigal, Catla, Silver, Grass and Common carps. Rationale and preventive measures has been described here to understand the vertical importance of the Fish Species:  While selecting the particular seed or fingerling, care should be taken to promote more indigenous species. Inappropriate selection of fingerlings which might not be suitable for climate may create problem for farmer and badly affect the overall productivity.  Preservation of native species: Optimum and efficient use of freshwater resources and the restoration & management of ―Wild Fish stock ― so as to preserve the "Native" qualities and to save the Native gene pools from terminal decline to secure for the future especially in the wetland /beels.  Proliferation of genetic homogenization of species may replace local varieties with uniform genetic stock. This homogentic strands may be more vulnerable to catastrophic disease outbreak and may need more efforts to produce it well. 2.3 Production and Operation In production step of value chain, farmers are more involved. Activities like good cultivation practices and post-harvest management needs to be considered in production stage. Rationale and preventive Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 168 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework measures that are to be considered to support the environmental guidelines for production stage as well as climate resilient methods are described in this section. Ecological Fisheries:  Conservation of native species shall be done.  Culture of Alien fish species shall be ban, such as Thai magur (Clariasgariepineus), Tilapia, hybrid Kawoi(Anabas testeduneus), Roopchanda (Colossoma macropomum), Bighead carp (Arichthicthysnobilis ) Pangasiussutchi etc. pose threat to native fish species and gene pool and may result in ecological imbalance and may lead to loss of bio-diversity  Restriction shall be made mandatory that do not culture banned fish in pond and beels.  Beels are the store house of many indigenous species. Environmentally sound habitat and stock enhancement programme to safeguard the ecological diversity should be promoted. For stock enhancement programme, several of the indigenous high value small fish species such as Mola (Amblypharyngodonmola), Puntius sp., Gudusiachapra (Karati), Mystussp shall be introduced in the beels for large-scale production through auto- stocking. The availability of these species in the natural water bodies has drastically declined in the past decades; therefore this needs immediate conservation strategies through inoculation of the species in their preferred habitats eg.Beel /wetlands.  Deweeding of Beel: 100% removal of aquatic weeds is not recommended especially in the open beel which provides shelter and also acts as a breeding ground to many of the indigenous fish species. The best environment friendly method for deweeding is through manual operation or through introduction of Chinese grass carp, ducks, geese etc.  Water hyacinth is an alternate food source for pig so, pig cum fish farming may use water hyacinth as a food source for pig and manure from pig can be used as feeding material in fish pond (but to a limited extent).  Integrated farming along with fishery should be promoted to make it more climate resilient by adopting Pig cum fish farming, Livestock cum Fish farming, paddy fish farming etc,  For management of nutrients in winter: when the water temperature in the pond/ mini-barrage falls below the optimal range during winter months, the rate of application of artificial feed and fertilizers /manure should be reduced.  Water Quality management: Domestic waste and human intervention should not contaminate water body for harvest of fish crop. Feed material must be applied as per available population density of the fish. Use of Biofloc 68 technology to clean the water is advisable. Avoid doing agriculture practice near the pond to prevent fertilizer, chemical runoff into the pond.  To balance oxygen level, change in feeding regimes, recirculating water/ aeration and De-stocking, provision of oxygen supplements are some of the measures that shall be taken care of.  Proper embankment should be constructed to tackle the flood situation.  Tackle Water stress: In semi intensive aquaculture, the fish farms can be prepared for approaching high water temperatures by:  Providing oxygen supplementation,  Changing feeding regimes, Recirculating water/ aeration, and De-stocking  Concentrate fish in deeper pools  Allow for at least two feet of water loss from evaporation and seepage during the drought, and plan a minimum depth of three feet of water during the drought for a minimum of five feet total depth. Pond management during drought 68 Bioflocs are aggregates (flocs) of algae, bacteria, protozoans, and other kinds of particulate organic matter such as feces and uneaten feed. Each floc is held together in a loose matrix of mucus that is secreted by bacteria, bound by filamentous microorganisms. Biofloc community also includes zooplankton and nematodes. Biofloc technology (BFT) may be one the most reasonable method of increasing the fish production in Assam through intensification with minimum feed cost and least impairment to the animals and environment. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 169 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Grow-out ponds with 1.5- 2.0 m water depth and with good water holding capacity is ideal for withstanding the temperature shock during summer.  Common dyke and flood wall construction in aquaculture farms location, where floods are common would help reduce loss.  In case of ponds with lower water depth, biomass needs to be reduced proportionately through partial harvesting.  Cautious approach should be adopted while using manure and fertilizer (to avoid algal blooms and eutrophication.)  Rising water temperature may reduce the upwelling of food supplies that might result the fish in upper layers, this increases the carbon di oxide in the atmosphere which will increase the acidity of water bodies adversely affecting the fish.  Allow for at least two feet of water loss from evaporation and seepage during the drought, and plan a minimum depth of three feet of water during the drought for a minimum of five feet total depth Short- term culture of alternate species due to water stress.  Adoption of short-term (August/September to February/March) species culture having rapid initial growth.  Medium carps like silver barb (Puntius gonionotus), Olive barb (Puntius sarana), Bata (Labeobata), Gonius(Labeogonius) and Labeofimbriatus are ideal species for summer season due to their rapid initial growth and market preference even at smaller size (200- 250 g ).  Culture of the minor carp Amblypharyngodonmola is another summer option for utilizing the small shallow ponds. Being an auto-breeder that breeds two to three times a year, this fish helps in auto-stocking of the pond during summer.  Pen culture of fish and prawn in derelict water bodies/ lakes/ floodplain wetlands during flood (More water).  Shallow areas can be made use of for raising table size fishes and prawns in enclosure (pens).  However, assessment of water depth, (at least 1 m water depth for 3-4 months), duration of water availability and seed availability, (IMC:1 0-15cm length @ 10,000-15,000/ha ) are required.  Erecting pens of suitable size and shape, depending on the capacity of water bodies and topography of the area may result in higher production. Pens of 0.1 to 0.2 ha size is economical and ideal for easy operation.  Cage culture can also be established in any suitable body of water, including lakes, ponds, mining pits, streams or rivers with optimum water quality.  to build a skilled workforce for the sector at every stage through training, demonstration, exposure visits etc shall be facilitated Safety: Use of disinfectants and personal protective equipment like boots, gloves during the farming practices reduces the contamination and infection to some extent.  To prevent the unhygienic farming practices and improper maintenance of the fishery pond , Dewatering, liming, exposure to sunlight, repairing of dykes should be carried in fishery pond after a certain interval of time. Post construction and Operation stage of the project Project component interventions such as storage management, post-harvest management, transportation, grading, packaging, processing etc of fish products has been included. Following environmental guidelines shall be considered on the post operational construction activities and management. 2.3 Post-harvest care Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 170 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework After harvesting of the fish produce, post-harvest care plays a key role in preservation and maintaining the actual quality and monetary value of the agriculture produce. Therefore storage of the products at cold storages/cooling units should be done immediately. For emergency case, effort shall be taken that harvesting products should be sold as early as possible. 2.4 Transportation As per project component, the Farm market infrastructure development involves the activities of facilitating Enterprise cluster production improvement and market support in terms of Access and other services. In post operation stage of the project, transportation service shall be required to store, manage, and post-harvest care, marketing and further value additing in the product. So in term of transportation up gradation of existing roads, strengthening existing culverts and bridges, road construction leading to the Agro-based industries to facilitate the cluster development and for ensuring better connectivity to market centres has been intervened. In preconstruction and construction phases the precautions / guidelines to be carried out under project, has already been mentioned in previous sections of this document. Following points details the environmental precautions that are to be taken while transporting the products.  While transporting the products, Vehicular emissions to the ambient atmosphere is anticipated, so it is recommended to use only BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used for transportation.  Refrigerated van shall be promoted to transport the fish produce. While loading the produce proper gloves, apron should be provided to worker to maintain the hygiene.  Overweighing Vehicles carrying loads exceeding those permissible without proper permission should not be allowed to pass through the constructed roads.  Create awareness on proper transport system management.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for / or infrequently used shall have proper road signage and breakers to prevent the accident in the road.  All material should be transported in fully covered trucks. Overloading of vehicles with materials should be controlled and done in a manner to suit the trucks capacity. 2.5 Trading With reference to the project component of Farm market infrastructure development, provision of market area, Rural Haat facility has been envisaged. It is proposed to develop and upgrade market area/ Rural Haats with common amenities close to production clusters. Following environmental guideline envisages the p care that has to be taken in the market area / Rural Haat of the fish Produce. Storage of products for sale: Inappropriate storage of the fish produce will lead to contact with moisture and contamination. Therefore the storage area should be in clean, cool containers or containers with lids, covers. Refrigerated containers shall be used for fish storage to make it fresh and safe. Waste Management: Open disposal of decomposable wastes leads to contamination of surroundings though decomposition, attracting insects, leaving chemical residues etc Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 171 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Waste should be properly disposed on the designate place only.  Fish Cutting, processing place should be properly cleaned and waste arrived from that shall be stored safely which can be used as alternatively in farm.  The waste should be separated from it source itself into dry, wet material so that it can be reused.  Dry waste particularly such as paper, plastic etc, can recycled or collected and disposed to recycling vendor.  Alternate use of biodegradable fish waste should be integrated with agricultural farming practices.  Waste dispose area should not be near to water bodies and dense settlement area or low lying area. Basic Amenities: Lack of required basic amenities will affect health of workers, vendors and will negatively affect the area and surroundings. Therefore,  The work space should be ventilated to the extent possible. Drinking water and toilet facilities should be made available.  Proper sanitation and drainage system shall be designed and maintained to keep the area free from contamination and reduce the disease risk. License and registration: Machineries used in market area should hold proper license. Vendors selling chemicals, fertilizer shall hold proper registration. Any activities which are not legal to GOI shall be strictly prohibited. Storage 2.6 Processing & Value Addition As per project component, the Farm market infrastructure development involves the facility of common service center (CSC). CSCs are conceived as commercially viable basic infrastructure for marketing of Fish produce, built around farmer producer companies (FPC) and are proposed to be located in production locations. Activities like, grading, packaging, small processing, Milling shall be prescribed here, so hereby provisions of following precaution measure shall support the sustainable constancy of Common Service Centres. Registration, licenses and permissions: every processing units for production, value addition items and other machinery if not be line with legally frame will create a problem  Processing unit, seed production units, and other equipment required for value addition purposes will be legally complied with respected rules. Maintenance and repairs of machinery: Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead to contamination and improper functioning therefore regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed standards. Storage of ingredient: Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 172 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Inappropriate storage of the ingredients will lead to contact with moistures, exposure to pests like rats etc. will spoil the quality there by having impact on health.  The storage area should be located in clean, cool and dry places comprising of tightly packed refrigerated containers with lids, covers.  Food products should not be stored along with any products of chemical nature.  obsolete raw materials or raw materials stored for long periods should not be used.  Raw materials should be inspected at regular intervals and any spoiled materials should be safely discarded. Use of additives, preservatives: While in processing section, using of non-permitted additives and preservatives is illegal and pose health risks to the workers and consumers. Therefore only the permitted additives and preservatives shall be used in food items as per prescribed in FSSAI Act. Commercial Hatchery Plant: More emphasis should be given to preserve the local and indigenous species, which will be beneficial in long run and less resources would be required to upkeep and maintain. Packaging: in packaging of Fish products, use of indecomposable packaging material further causes the soil Pollution, while plastic bags under thickness of 20 microns is not allowed for packaging due to their non-recyclable nature and potential negative impact on environment.  Bio degraded able ingredients and re-useable packaging should be promoted.  Use newspaper wrapping or cloth bags for supplying the provision to the consumer encourage the consumers to bring cloth bags.  Handling the food products with bare hands or unwashed hands will contaminate the products through microbial attack.  Local material should be used for packaging instead of imported material, plastics etc. Jute sacks or other available material can be used for transport purposes. This can reduce the unnecessary use of packaging and containers.  To avoid the wastes in post-harvest phase, the packaging should be in a perforated biodegradable material so to prevent the oxygen deprivation and congestion of the Food items. Basic Amenities: The work space should be ventilated to the extent possible. It should have drinking water and toilet facilities. Occupation health and Safety to maintain the safety of worker following measure shall be adopted:  Person using these machines must wear mask for preventing the problem related to inhalation.  Noise protective equipment should be provided to the machine operators.  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants.  Ensure all persons, including managers, are trained and are able to carry out their work without risk to the safety or health of themselves, other workers or the public. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 173 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems.  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone. Waste management: Waste materials produced during the operation of completed facilities must be also carefully managed. If not, these wastes can cause disease, injury, and/or environmental damage within the local community. It should be put into practice the reduce, reuse, recycle and recover options for waste generated. Recycling of waste in case of agriculture sector is composting and land application as manure and in recovery of waste is satisfied with the recovery of methane. Composting of biodegradable waste on site is an effective means of significantly reducing the volume of waste to be disposed of, and produces a potentially useful soil conditioner.  The waste should be separated from it source itself into dry, wet material so that it can be reused.  Dry waste particularly from common service center such as paper, plastic etc, can recycled or collected and disposed to recycling vendor.  The waste storage area should not be located near to water stream, drain or low lying area.  Biodegradable waste shall be managed separately.  Reuse and recycling of waste shall be promoted as far as possible to minimize the total waste.  Intergradation of biodegradable waste to nearest farm field to use as manure should be done.  Intergradation of fish processing, grading waste to farmer for use as cattle feed shall be promoted. Power use: Power requirement has been anticipated in heating, boiling, grinding, extraction, drying, packaging etc. so Energy efficient device should be used, Biomass or solar devices should be promoted to conserve energy, Energy consumption monitoring should be followed regularly. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 174 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 3. DAIRY Project intervention in term of productivity enhancement in Dairy sector has an aim to benefit the farmers, small medium entrepreneurs and overall agribusiness enhancement of the state, but immense involvement in the Dairy practices may generate some environmental complications, if not accomplished carefully. Preconstruction stage of the project 3.1 Site Selection For the development and generation of more efficient Farm-Market Infrastructure Development, Site selection criteria for milk production purpose, construction of road, common service centre, BMC plant, processing units shall be different. So in Dairy sector following sections provide selection criteria for site for different infrastructure facility: For Road Transportation plays a vital role in agriculture sector. In APART Project, provision of road has been of primary focus as it is a way to connect the agriculture production cluster, Common service centre, market areas, Rural Haats and nearby possible Storage areas (warehouse) to provide a better market led enhancement production, more resilient way of marketing and value addition. Following guideline shall help in choosing the site for road development.  Choice of location should be done so as to support the ecosystem. In cases if the sensitivity is severe, alternatives should be opted.  Minimize impacts to ecosystem that may provide an important buffer to climate change impacts, especially in areas where those buffers will be needed  Selection of site shall be done preferably on government land. Effort shall be taken such that site is free from public conflicts.  Site should not be located near any critical wild life habitats (those mentioned in natural habitat management Plan)  Site should not be chosen near Natural Protected areas. If site is located near or less than 1 km distance from protected area, then a proper consent shall be obtained from forest department.  The area should not be located in flood prone areas.  While selecting the site, care should be taken such that it shall not disturb any dense habitations.  Preference would be given to develop roads that are already in use, to make it more efficient and smooth instead of proposing a new one. This will save the environment and also prevent unnecessary nuisance.  New road will be selected only after having a proper need based assessment of the site.  After identification of Site, necessary permission as applicable from Gram Panchayat, revenue Department shall be procured.  Prior approval of the ES, PMU/PCU is required in case of any innovations in design and identification of sites. For Common Service centre/ BMC/ Processing Plant services  Selection of site shall be done preferably on government land. Effort shall be taken such that the selected sites are free from public conflicts.  Site should not be located near critical wild life habitats (as mentioned in natural habitat management Plan).  Site should not be chosen near Natural Protected areas. If site is located near or less than 1 km distance from protected area, then a proper consent shall be obtained from forest department.  The area should not be located in flood prone areas, low lying areas or steep slopes. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 175 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  The site should be free of contamination, storage of industrial waste etc.  While selecting the site, care should be taken such that it shall not disturb any dense habitations.  Preference to be given to develop the structures which are already in use, to make it more efficient and smooth instead of proposing a new one. This will save the environment and also prevent unnecessary nuisance. Like if an area has been already using for community development purposes then the same can be used for the proposed activities.  Criteria shall enforce that new site will be selected only after having a proper need based assessment of the site.  After identification of Site, necessary permission as applicable from Gram Panchayat, revenue Department shall be procured.  Prior approval of the ES, PMU/PCU is required in case of any innovations in design and identification of sites. Construction Stage of the project 3.2 Land Preparation and construction activities Land preparation stage involves site clearance, transportation of construction material, handling of construction machineries, construction mechanical activities for development of Market Infrastructure facilities such as road, Common service centre, BMC, dairy processing Plants. While modernization and upgradation will involve interior construction activities, furnishing, refurbishment of interior structures etc. Following points shall be taken into consideration for maintaining an environmental health of the area while carrying out activities of land preparation and other construction activities. Site Clearance  During land preparation, care shall be taken to avoid destruction site vegetation to minimum extent as possible. Effort shall be taken that construction activity should not disturb the nearby local vegetation unnecessarily. Sourcing of Material  Construction material such as sand, aggregates and other quarry material should only be sourced from licensed quarries as per consent from PWD.  This necessitates them to maintain the number and the relevant details, such as license issue and expiration dates, status report, etc.  Borrow pits shall be prohibited where there are chances for interference with the natural or designed drainage patterns.  Sourcing of any material from within or from any Protected Areas/Sanctuaries, tank beds and/or designated natural areas are strictly prohibited. Transportation of Construction Material  All materials should be transported in fully covered trucks. Overloading of vehicles with materials should be controlled and done in a manner based on the trucks capacity.  The unloading of materials at construction sites those that are close to settlements shall be restricted to daytime only.  Provide traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction.  Vehicle should comply with the rules. Protection of environment Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 176 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Special emphasis shall be given to protect the fertile top Soil and would be emphasised to be restored at the site after completion of construction.  During construction phase necessary soil protection measure shall be adopted. All affected areas should be landscaped and any necessary remedial works should be undertaken without delay, including grassing and reforestation;  Apply erosion control measures before the rainy season begins preferably immediately following construction. Install erosion control measures at each construction site after it is completed.  Storage of Oil and chemicals that are to be used during construction work shall be stored at a designated confined place on a impervious layer so no leakage could occur such that contamination of water bodies and soil is prevented.  To evade the degradation of water quality of water bodies in the vicinity of the construction sites, it is ideal to avoid construction works close to the streams or water bodies during monsoon season. All precautionary measures shall be taken to prevent the wastewater that are generated during construction from entering into streams, water bodies or the irrigation channels.  To prevent the degradation of surface water quality arising due to equipment and material piling on the site, it is advisable to store Construction pile, Soil stockpile and other debris at designated place. Cover the stock pile with tarpaulin sheet to prevent contamination of the nearby water body and agricultural field.  Water Sprinkling shall be done regularly on dirt roads, cut areas and soil stockpiles or fill material to reduce the dust pollution arising due to construction activities.  Permission for the extraction of water should be obtained prior to the commencement of the project, from the relevant authority. Construction Management  All construction equipment that are used for project activities shall conform to pollution control norms as stipulated by SPCB and hold valid license.  The unloading of materials at construction sites that are located close to settlements shall be restricted to daytime only.  All plants and equipment that are used in construction by the Contractor shall strictly conform to the CPCB noise standards.  Noisy construction activities (such as crushing, concrete mixing, batching etc.) shall be stopped during the night time between 9.00 pm to 6.00 am if there are habitation/ educational institutes/health centers (silence zones) located within 150m of construction site.  Proper maintenance of the machineries shall be carried out to control the air and noise pollution caused by these machineries.  Debris that is generated due to the dismantling of the existing structures shall be suitably reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (used as a fill material for embankment).  Ensure that the asbestos-containing materials or other toxic substances bare removed and disposed of by specially trained workers as per Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.  Never dispose of spent oils on the ground, in water courses, drainage canals or in sewer systems. Waste management  Separation of Construction waste from the source as to be practised so to minimize the volume of waste and to increase the recyclable and reuse probability. Items such as aluminum, wood, plastic, paper packaging, copper, used oil can be reused. The other construction debris such concrete, bricks, sands can be used in backfilling in other location as per demand.  Hazardous waste must be handled as per hazardous waste management rule 2016.  Contractor should ensure that workers practice waste management options and recycle the wastes during site works.  Contractor should ensure appropriate storage and handling of construction materials to minimise waste generation resulting from damaged materials/waste e.g. keeping deliveries packaged until they are ready to be used; Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 177 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Contractor should ensure that all disturbed area are restored after completion of construction. Construction Worker  A good sanitation plan shall be developed and provided by the contractor for construction camps and shall ensure that pollution of nearby water bodies is avoided. Plan must be in place to avoid construction within 500 m of dense habitation.  Provide personal protective equipment and clothing (goggles, gloves, respirators, dust masks, hard hats, steel-toed and –shanked boots, etc.,) for construction workers and enforce the use of the PPEs.  The contractor should arrange adequate supply of water throughout the construction period from an agreed source.  Provision of temporary toilet facilities for worker; contractors can identify suitable locations in close proximity to construction site.  Provide traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction. Operation stage of the project In dairy sector, operation stage of the project involves activities such as milk production. The productivity enhancement intervention will involve cattle rearing whose yield will be more. Thus cattle rearing, species balance, cattle shed waste, Cattle health issue, quality, feed are the major issues that are encountered. 3.3 Input Supply With respect to this activity, input and supply will involve Artificial Insemination facility under the project. The project has also special emphasis on adoption of high quality breed. Therefore rationale and preventive measures has been described here to understand the varietal importance of the breed:  While selecting the particular Breed, care should be taken to promote more indigenous species. Inappropriate selection of species which might be not suitable for climate may create problem for famer and affect the overall productivity.  If artificial insemination facility is carried out without technical guidance productive exotic breeds may be used, this will create problems like homogeneity in the breed, loss of indigenous species, increased susceptiblity to diseases and less adaptability to existing climate. Proliferation of genetic homogenization of livestock species may create uniform genetic stock therefore for protection of local variety, inspect if local breeds can meet specified needs, strongly consider their use. Even if a local breed is a relatively low producer, consider this drawback against the breed‘s disease resistance and endurance in the local environment. Consider whether the breed will be well -suited to meet expected climate changes.  Proliferation of genetic homogenization of species may replace the local varieties with uniform genetic stock. This homogentic strands may more vulnerable to catastrophic disease outbreak and may need more effort to produce it well.  Careful interaction with technicians of artificial insemination would be helpful to make the good choice of cattle breed. 3.4 Production and Operation In production step of value chain, farmers are more involved. Activities like good cattle rearing, milking practices needs to be considered in production stage. Rationale and preventive measures that are to be considered to support the environmental guidelines for production stage as well as climate resilient methods are described in this section. Mixed farming systems integrate cattle and crop production Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 178 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework By adding cattle to their farms helps farmers to minimize risk through more diversified production systems and they extract value from otherwise valueless or low-value by-products of each activity such as crop residue becoming as a feed, manure becomes fertilizer. A sensitization will be provided for farmers to adopt their traditional way as well as climate friendly techniques to overall manage and get cost effective benefits. For protection of local variety, inspect if local breeds can meet specified needs, strongly consider their use. Even if a local breed is a relatively low producer, consider this drawback against the breed‘s disease resistance and hardiness in the local environment. Consider whether the breed will be well- suited to meet the expected climate changes. Practice of injecting hormones to increase the milk yield should be strictly avoided. Fodder  Conservation of Village grazing reserve, community and farmer group should initiate the protection of existing village grazing reserves to suffice the demand of livestock feed.  Community based grazing land cultivation should be done on the waste/ barren land to fulfill the fodder demand.  Community should get proper permission from nearby forest department, if the grazing land is located near protected areas.  Preference should be given in farming for the use of biomanure, compost material and bio fertilizers as much as possible so as to minimize the introduction of chemicals into the food chain. This will be economical and climate friendly also. Climate Change effect: Following mitigation measures should be adopted  avoid deforestation and degradation of forest land associated with an increase in grazing  Adoption of Biogas plant: Using of renewable energy such as bio gas may also give significant improvement in overall Carbon sequestration through reducing the use of fuel wood and production of methane from cattle shed. Energy generated from biogas runs on the basis of available cattle manure, biodegradable waste can be used as cooking fuel and heating purposes.  Better animal nutrition (more concentrate feed and nutritional supplements) will low the methane emission in waste.  Manure Management: Avoid anaerobic manure decomposition by applying manure directly as fertilizer. Cattle Shed Care: Due to rearing more number of cows than the holding capacity will require more intensive care. Therefore:  Limit the number of dairy cows per household to a manageable size according to per cattle required area.  Feed storage areas should be constructed so that feed is kept dry.  The shed should be clean and should provide sufficient ventilation and enough space to animal.  Proper waste drainage system should be provided with alternate use of wastes  Better manure management which substantially reduce the emissions, Community basis or individual level biogas plant should be promoted.  Climate resilient options to reduce the GHG emission consequently power saving option should be promoted through training program on biogas development and bio manure management for community or individual level should be promoted. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 179 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Vegetation and rubbish around buildings and yards are removed or controlled, in order to reduce habitat for insects and vermin.  Spills of effluent, feed, chemicals and other potential pollutants should be cleaned up promptly. Please refer Annexure- 6 for Cattle Shed Management Cattle health care: Awareness among farmer about precaution measures for diseased cattle, good hygienic milking habit, importance of vaccination etc shall be provided. A regular interaction should be developed with the providers/ technician for Artificial Insemination and veterinary facility (a doorstep facility to be provided under the Project APART). Training for stakeholders, small entrepreneurs and farmers for good hygienic method of cattle rearing, vaccination, milking habit etc. would be helpful to make dairy business more profitable. Safety:  To avoid accidents passages should be kept clean and the workers should use slip-resistant footwear. The shed or the working place should also have proper ventilation to avoid suffocation.  While mixing and pumping manure, workers and animals may be exposed to high concentrations of poisonous gases like Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4) etc. which causes eye and nose irritation, anxiety disorder,, headache, eye irritation and numbing of the sense of smell by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) so, personal protective measure such as marks, Gloves, should be used.  While handling the diseased cattle also protective measure such as glove, masks, apron should be used. Post construction and Operation stage of the project Project component interventions such as milk storage management, transportation, packaging, processing etc of Dairy products has been included. Following environmental guidelines shall be considered on the post operational construction activities and management. 3.5 Transportation As per project component, the Farm market infrastructure development involves the activities of facilitating Enterprise cluster production improvement and market support in terms of Access, BMC, Processing Plant other services. In post operation stage of the project, transportation service shall be required to store, manage, marketing and further value addition in the product. So in term of transportation up gradation of existing roads, strengthening existing culverts and bridges, road construction leading to the Agro-based industries to facilitate the cluster development and for ensuring better connectivity to market centres has been intervened. In preconstruction and construction phases the precautions / guidelines to be carried out under project, has already been mentioned in previous sections of this document. Following points details the environmental precautions that are to be taken while transporting the dairy products.  Containers used for carrying the Dairy Products should be properly cleaned and Sterilized before transportation. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 180 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Care should be taken that the hauling area should be in cool place.  Effort of transporting milk to Market, BMC, Processing plant shall be done as quick as possible to avoid the spoilage of milk.  While transporting the Dairy products, Vehicular emissions to the ambient atmosphere is anticipated, so it is recommended to use only BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used for transportation.  Overweighing Vehicles carrying loads exceeding those permissible without proper permission should not be allowed to pass through the constructed roads.  Create awareness on proper transport system management.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for / or in frequently used shall have proper road signage and breaker to prevent the accident in the road. 3.6 Trading With reference to the project component of Farm market infrastructure development, provision of market area, Rural Haat facility has been envisaged. It is proposed to develop and upgrade market area/ Rural Haats with common amenities close to production clusters. Following environmental guideline envisages the care that has to be taken in the market area / Rural Haat of the agricultural Produce. Storage of products for sale Inappropriate storage of the dairy products will lead to contact with moistures and contamination, will spoil the quality there by having impact on health. Therefore the storage area should be in clean, cool places with tightly packed refrigerated containers with lids, covers. Waste Management: Open disposal of decomposable wastes leads to contamination of surroundings though decomposition, attracting insects, leaving chemical residues etc  Waste should be properly disposed on the designate place only.  The waste should be separated from its source (dry & wet waste) so that it can be reused.  Dry waste particularly such as paper, plastic etc, can recycled or collected and disposed to recycling vendor.  Alternate use of biodegradable waste should be integrated with bio compost formation and agricultural farming practices.  Waste water coming from washing area shall be disposed safely and should be alternately used in other tasks.  Waste dispose area should not be near to water bodies and dense settlement area or low lying area.  Waste disposal shall not be done in open area Basic Amenities: Lack of required basic amenities will affect health of workers, vendors and will negatively affect the area and surroundings. Therefore,  The work space should be ventilated to the extent possible. Drinking water and toilet facilities should be made available.  Proper sanitation and drainage system shall be designed and maintained to keep the area free from contamination and reduce the disease risk. License and registration: Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 181 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Machineries used in market area should be properly licensed. Any activities which are not legal to GOI shall be strictly prohibited 3.7 Storage As per Project Implementation Plan of APART, Upgradation and modernization and new construction of Bulk Milk Cooler arises under farm Market Infrastructure development. The aim of developing environmental guideline is to provide scientific storage methods and preservation of products. Following section details about major environment issues and preventive measures to be adopted while handling and storage of dairy products.  Effective and suitable provision shall be made to ensure that every enclosed workplace is ventilated by a sufficient quantity of fresh or purified air.  The floor or surface shall not have a hole or slope, or be uneven or slippery so as to expose a person to a risk to his health or safety and shall have effective means of drainage as appropriate.  Doors and gates shall be suitably constructed and fitted with necessary safety devices.  Milk testing kit should be provided to monitor the milk to be stored.  Handling and managing the milk, it should ensure that hygiene of the place is maintained. By providing sufficient Gloves, marks, apron for worker.  Energy Efficient Device should be used to minimize the power use.  All equipment, appliances should be properly licensed.  Ensure that only trained workers handle the equipment and appliances.  Promotion shall be done to develop energy efficient building with Integrated daylighting with the electric lighting system. Thus allow for natural lighting whereever possible.  Use of LED lighting can reduce the electricity consumption drastically.  For maintaining the health and safety of workers, design shall a provide local exhaust for restrooms, kitchens, copy rooms, battery-charging areas, clean drinking water facility etc.  Design equipment and furnishings reflective of healthy work practices in an effort to eliminate repetitive motions as well as prevent strains and sprains.  Provision of First aid facility to provide help for occupational injuries and illness  Provide sufficient training to workers who are handling, loading and unloading, trolley, fork lift etc.  Waste water from the BMC shall be used alternatively in the other operations such as in farm field etc. It should be in such manner that water could not get logged and not disturb the natural land use of the area.  Continuous routine monitoring of water and waste should be done.  Waste water shall not be flushed openly in the field.  Proper permission shall be required to use of water in plant.  Waste from the storage area shall be disposed off carefully at designated place. Effort should be taken to use of waste as an alternative  Every workplace, and the furniture, furnishings and fittings therein shall be kept sufficiently clean.  Regular upkeep should be followed to maintain the BMC plant efficiently. 3.8 Processing, Grading, Value Addition As per project component, the Farm market infrastructure development involves the facility of common service center (CSC) and dairy processing Plant. CSCs are conceived as commercially viable basic infrastructure for marketing of dairy products, built around farmer producer companies (FPC) and are proposed to be located in production locations. Activities like sale, packaging, processing shall be Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 182 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework carried out here, so hereby provisions of following precaution measure shall support the sustainable installation of Common Service Centres. Registration, licenses and permissions: Every processing units for dairy production, value addition items and other machinery if not be line with legally frame will create a problem  Processing unit, production units and other equipment required for value addition purposes will be legally complied with respected rules. Maintenance and repairs of machinery: Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead to contamination and improper functioning therefore regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed standards. Storage of ingredient: Inappropriate storage of the ingredients will lead to contact with moistures, exposure to contaminants will spoil the quality there by having impact on health.  The storage area should be in clean, cool places with tightly packed containers or refrigerated containers with lids, covers.  Food products should not be stored along with any products of chemical nature.  Raw materials should be inspected at regular intervals and any spoiled materials should be safely discarded. Use of additives, preservatives: While in processing section, using of non-permitted additives and preservatives is illegal and pose health risks to the workers and consumers. Therefore only the permitted additives and preservatives shall be used in food items as per prescribed in FSSAI Act. Processing Plant operation  In Processing plant Maintenance of aerobic conditions for wastewater processing.  To control the noise of the plant, acoustic enclosure of outdoor mechanical plant such as pumps, sound silencers on air intake fans and air discharges, restricted operating hours should be done.  Waste generated from the plant shall be disposed safely. Alternate use of wastes should be done.  Plant shall be equipped with proper testing kit for food items.  All the processed and product shall ensure the quality as per FSSAI of India.  Personal Hygiene (such as cleaning hand, use of gloves, apron, mask etc.) should be maintained while handling the processed dairy products.  All equipment used in the processing plant shall be properly licensed. Effort shall be taken to use only energy efficient devices within the plant.  Reduction of heat loss by using continuous, instead of batch, pasteurizers, partially homogenizing milk to reduce the size of heat exchangers, using multistage evaporators, insulating steam, water, and air pipes / tubes.  Improvement of cooling efficiency by insulating refrigerated room / areas.  Installation of renewable energy sources shall be promoted.  Regular upkeep to maintain the machineries, equipment with the help of technical expert.  Permission should be required from central Ground water authority for usage of water. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 183 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Packaging: in packaging, Use of indecomposable packaging material further causes the soil Pollution, while plastic bags under thickness of 20 microns is not allowed for packaging due to their non-recyclable nature and potential negative impact on environment.  Bio degraded able ingredients and re-useable packaging should be promoted.  Use newspaper wrapping or cloth bags for supplying the provision to the consumer encourage the consumers to bring cloth bags.  Handling the food products with bare hands or unwashed hands will contaminate the products through microbial attack.  Local material should be used for packaging instead of imported material, plastics etc. Jute sacks or other available material can be used for transport purposes. This can reduce the unnecessary use of packaging and containers. Basic Amenities: The work space should be ventilated to the extent possible. It should have drinking water and toilet facilities. Occupation health and Safety to maintain the safety of worker following measure shall be adopted:  Person using these machines must wear mask for preventing the problem related to inhalation.  Noise protective equipment should be provided to the machine operators.  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants.  Ensure all persons, including managers, are trained and are able to carry out their work without risk to the safety or health of themselves, other workers or the public.  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems.  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone. Waste management: Waste materials produced during the operation of completed facilities must be also carefully managed. If not, these wastes can cause disease, injury, and/or environmental damage within the local community. It should be put into practice the reduce, reuse, recycle and recover options for waste generated. Recycling of waste in case of agriculture sector is composting and land application as manure and in recovery of waste is satisfied with the recovery of methane. Composting of biodegradable waste on site is an effective means of significantly reducing the volume of waste to be disposed of, and produces a potentially useful soil conditioner.  The waste should be separated from it source itself into dry, wet material so that it can be reused.  Dry waste particularly from common service center such as paper, plastic etc, can recycled or collected and disposed to recycling vendor.  The waste storage area should not be located near to water stream, drain or low lying area.  Biodegradable waste shall be managed separately.  Reuse and recycling of waste shall be promoted as far as possible to minimize the total waste.  Integration of biodegradable waste to nearest farm field to use as manure should be done.  Integration of food processing by grading the waste to farmer for use as cattle feed shall be promoted. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 184 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Power use: power requirement has been anticipated in heating, boiling, grinding, extraction, drying, packaging etc. so Energy efficient device should be used, Biomass or solar devices should be promoted to conserve energy, Energy consumption monitoring should be followed regularly. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 185 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 4. PIGGERY Project intervention in term of productivity enhancement in Piggery sector has an aim to benefit the farmers, small medium entrepreneurs and overall agribusiness enhancement of the state, but immense involvement into the Pig farming may need special care to accomplish it sustainably. Preconstruction stage of the project 4.1 Site Selection For the development and generation of more efficient Farm-Market Infrastructure Development, site selection criteria are different for construction of road, common service centre, Slaughter house and the following sections provide selection criteria for site for different infrastructure facility: For Road Transportation plays a vital role in agriculture sector. In APART Project, provision of road has been of primary focus as it is a way to connect the agriculture production cluster, Common service centre, market areas, Rural Haats and nearby possible Storage areas (warehouse) to provide a better market led enhancement production, more resilient way of marketing and value addition. Following guideline shall help in choosing the site for road development.  Choice of location should be done so as to support the ecosystem. In cases if the sensitivity is severe, alternatives should be opted.  Minimize impacts to ecosystem that may provide an important buffer to climate change impacts, especially in areas where those buffers will be needed  Selection of site shall be done preferably on government land. Effort shall be taken such that site is free from public conflicts.  Site should not be located near any critical wild life habitats (those mentioned in natural habitat management Plan)  Site should not be chosen near Natural Protected areas. If site is located near or less than 1 km distance from protected area, then a proper consent shall be obtained from forest department.  The area should not be located in flood prone areas.  While selecting the site, care should be taken such that it shall not disturb any dense habitations.  Preference would be given to develop roads that are already in use, to make it more efficient and smooth instead of proposing a new one. This will save the environment and also prevent unnecessary nuisance.  New road will be selected only after having a proper need based assessment of the site.  After identification of Site, necessary permission as applicable from Gram Panchayat, revenue Department shall be procured.  Prior approval of the ES, PMU/PCU is required in case of any innovations in design and identification of sites. For Common Service centre/ Upgradation services  Selection of site shall be done preferably on government land. Effort shall be taken such that the selected sites are free from public conflicts.  Site should not be located near critical wild life habitats (as mentioned in natural habitat management Plan).  Site should not be chosen near Natural Protected areas. If site is located near or less than 1 km distance from protected area, then a proper consent shall be obtained from forest department.  The area should not be located in flood prone areas, low lying areas or steep slopes.  The site should be free of contamination, storage of industrial waste etc. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 186 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  While selecting the site, care should be taken such that it shall not disturb any dense habitations.  Preference to be given to develop the structures which are already in use, to make it more efficient and smooth instead of proposing a new one. This will save the environment and also prevent unnecessary nuisance. Like if an area has been already using for community development purposes then the same can be used for the proposed activities.  Criteria shall enforce that new site will be selected only after having a proper need based assessment of the site.  After identification of Site, necessary permission as applicable from Gram Panchayat, revenue Department shall be procured.  Prior approval of the ES, PMU/PCU is required in case of any innovations in design and identification of sites. Construction Stage of the project 4.2 Land Preparation and construction activities Land preparation stage involves site clearance, transportation of construction material, handling of construction machineries, construction mechanical activities for development of Market Infrastructure facilities such as road, Common service centre, slaughter house. While modernization and upgradation will involve interior construction activities, furnishing, refurbishment of interior structures etc. Following points shall be taken into consideration for maintaining an environmental health of the area while carrying out activities of land preparation and other construction activities. Site Clearance During land preparation, care shall be taken to avoid destruction site vegetation to minimum extent as possible. Effort shall be taken that construction activity should not disturb the nearby local vegetation unnecessarily. Sourcing of Material  Construction material such as sand, aggregates and other quarry material should only be sourced from licensed quarries as per consent from PWD.  This necessitates them to maintain the number and the relevant details, such as license issue and expiration dates, status report, etc.  Borrow pits shall be prohibited where there are chances for interference with the natural or designed drainage patterns.  Sourcing of any material from within or from any Protected Areas/Sanctuaries, tank beds and/or designated natural areas are strictly prohibited. Transportation of Construction Material  All materials should be transported in fully covered trucks. Overloading of vehicles with materials should be controlled and done in a manner based on the trucks capacity.  The unloading of materials at construction sites those that are close to settlements shall be restricted to daytime only.  Provide traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction.  Vehicle should comply with the rules. Protection of environment Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 187 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Special emphasis shall be given to protect the fertile top Soil and would be emphasised to be restored at the site after completion of construction.  During construction phase necessary soil protection measure shall be adopted. All affected areas should be landscaped and any necessary remedial works should be undertaken without delay, including grassing and reforestation;  Apply erosion control measures before the rainy season begins preferably immediately following construction. Install erosion control measures at each construction site after it is completed.  Storage of Oil and chemicals that are to be used during construction work shall be stored at a designated confined place on a impervious layer so no leakage could occur such that contamination of water bodies and soil is prevented.  To evade the degradation of water quality of water bodies in the vicinity of the construction sites, it is ideal to avoid construction works close to the streams or water bodies during monsoon season. All precautionary measures shall be taken to prevent the wastewater that are generated during construction from entering into streams, water bodies or the irrigation channels.  To prevent the degradation of surface water quality arising due to equipment and material piling on the site, it is advisable to store Construction pile, Soil stockpile and other debris at designated place. Cover the stock pile with tarpaulin sheet to prevent contamination of the nearby water body and agricultural field.  To reduce the soil compaction rising due to movement of heavy machineries, it is advisable to use environment friendly machinery.  Water Sprinkling shall be done regularly on dirt roads, cut areas and soil stockpiles or fill material to reduce the dust pollution arising due to construction activities.  Permission for the extraction of water should be obtained prior to the commencement of the project, from the relevant authority. Construction Management  All construction equipment that are used for project activities shall conform to pollution control norms as stipulated by SPCB and hold valid license.  The unloading of materials at construction sites that are located close to settlements shall be restricted to daytime only.  All plants and equipment that are used in construction by the Contractor shall strictly conform to the CPCB noise standards.  Noisy construction activities (such as crushing, concrete mixing, batching etc.) shall be stopped during the night time between 9.00 pm to 6.00 am if there are habitation/ educational institutes/health centers (silence zones) located within 150m of construction site.  Proper maintenance of the machineries shall be carried out to control the air and noise pollution caused by these machineries.  Debris that are generated due to the dismantling of the existing structures shall be suitably reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (used as a fill material for embankment).  Ensure that the asbestos-containing materials or other toxic substances bare removed and disposed of by specially trained workers as per Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.  Never dispose of spent oils on the ground, in water courses, drainage canals or in sewer systems. Waste management  Separation of Construction waste from the source as to be practised so to minimize the volume of waste and to increase the recyclable and reuse probability. Items such as aluminum, wood, plastic, paper packaging, copper, used oil can be reused. The other construction debris such concrete, bricks, sands can be used in backfilling in other location as per demand.  Hazardous waste must be handled as per hazardous waste management rule 2016.  Contractor should ensure that workers practice waste management options and recycle the wastes during site works. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 188 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Contractor should ensure appropriate storage and handling of construction materials to minimise waste generation resulting from damaged materials/waste e.g. keeping deliveries packaged until they are ready to be used;  Contractor should ensure that all disturbed area are restored after completion of construction. Construction Worker  A good sanitation plan shall be developed and provided by the contractor for construction camps and shall ensure that pollution of nearby water bodies is avoided. Plan must be in place to avoid construction within 500 m of dense habitation.  Provide personal protective equipment and clothing (goggles, gloves, respirators, dust masks, hard hats, steel-toed and –shanked boots, etc.,) for construction workers and enforce the use of the PPEs.  The contractor should arrange adequate supply of water throughout the construction period from an agreed source.  Provision of temporary toilet facilities for worker; contractors can identify suitable locations in close proximity to construction site.  Provide traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction. Operation stage of the project In piggery sector, operation stage of the project involves activities such as pig rearing and meat production. The productivity enhancement intervention will involve more production based pig rearing. Thus pig rearing, species balance, shed waste, health issue, quality, feed are the major issues that are encountered. 4.3 Input Supply With respect to this activity, inputs and supply which will involve artificial Insemination facility under the project. The project has also special emphasis on adoption of high quality breed. Rationale and preventive measures has been described here to understand the varietal importance of the breed:  While selecting the particular breed, care should be taken to promote more indigenous species. Inappropriate selection of species which might be not suitable for climate may create problem for famer and affect the overall productivity.  If artificial insemination facility is carried out without technical guidance productive exotic breeds may be used, this will create problems like homogeneity in the breed, loss of indigenous species, increased susceptiblity to diseases and less adaptability to existing climate. Proliferation of genetic homogenization of livestock species may create uniform genetic stock therefore for protection of local variety, inspect if local breeds can meet specified needs, strongly consider their use. Even if a local breed is a relatively low producer, consider this drawback against the breed‘s disease resistance and endurance in the local environment. Cons ider whether the breed will be well-suited to meet expected climate changes.  Proliferation of genetic homogenization of species may replace the local varieties with uniform genetic stock. This homogentic strands may more vulnerable to catastrophic disease outbreak and may need more effort to produce it well.  Careful interaction with technicians of artificial insemination would be helpful to make the good choice of pig breed. Production and Operation In production step of value chain, farmers are more involved. Activities like good pig rearing needs to be considered in production stage. Rationale and preventive measures that are to be considered to support the environmental guidelines for production stage as well as climate resilient methods are described in this section. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 189 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Mixed farming systems integrate livestock and crop production By adding livestock to the farms helps farmers to minimize the anticipated risks by adopting more diversified production systems and extract value from otherwise valueless or low-value by-products of each activity: by-products of each activity such as crop residue becoming as a feed, manure becomes fertilizer Integration farming practice such as pig cum fish farming, where pig manure can be used as a feed for pond and water hyacinth in pond can be used as food for pig. Integration of silk waste to pig farming is also a good option. Since sericulture rearing waste are also good source of nutrients it can be used as feed. Climate Change effect: Following mitigation measures should be adopted  Avoid deforestation and forest degradation associated by opening new land for grazing  Adoption of Biogas plant  Manure Management: Avoid anaerobic manure decomposition by applying manure directly as fertilizer. Training to stakeholders, small entrepreneurs and farmers for good hygienic methods for pig rearing, vaccination and maintain hygiene in meat handling, quality control. etc. would be beneficial. Fodder  Conservation of Village grazing reserve, community and farmer group should initiate the protection of existing village grazing reserves to suffice the demand of livestock feed.  Community based grazing land cultivation should be done on the waste/ barren land to fulfill the fodder demand. Avoid using fertilizer, use traditional feed material such as farm by products for feed.  Water Hyacinth is abundant in Assam which can be used as a food for pigs. This can reduce cost of pig production  Preference should be given in farming to use biomanure, compost material and bio fertilizer as much as possible so as to minimize the introduction of chemicals into the food chain and it will be economical and climate friendly also.  Integrated farming practices should be promoted so as to promote the use of farm waste as food for pigs such as kitchen waste, by-products of food grains etc. Climate Change effect: Following mitigation measure should be adopted  avoid deforestation and forest degradation associated by opening new land for grazing  Adoption of Biogas plant: Use of renewable energy such as bio gas may also give significant improvement in overall Carbon sequestration through reduction in the use of fuel wood as well as production of methane from cattle shed. Energy generated from biogas runs on the basis of available cattle manure, biodegradable waste can also be used as cooking fuel and heating purposes.  Better animal nutrition (more concentrate feed and nutritional supplements) will lower the methane emission in waste.  Manure Management: Avoid anaerobic manure decomposition by applying manure directly as fertilizer.  Integrated Farming practices such Pig Fish Farming should be promoted, where urine, excreta of pig and spilled pig feeds can be applied manually into the pond water at a pre-determined dose. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 190 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Applying manure to the soil has a positive impact on the soil as it gives nutrients, especially Nitrogen and Potassium, back and improves the fertility of the soil, so manure should be managed properly, it should not be disposed off near water and near settlements.  Appling of manure in farm field should be done on different location so as not to accumulate on one location. Shed Care: Due to rearing of more number of pigs than the holding capacity will require more intensive care, therefore:  Limit the number of Pigs per household to a manageable size so shed should be managed according to per cattle required area. (given in Shed Management Annexure- 6)  Feed storage areas should be constructed so that feed is kept dry.  The shed should be clean with sufficient ventilation and have enough space to animal.  Proper waste drainage system should be provided with alternate use of wastes  Better manure management which substantially reduce the emissions, Community basis or individual level biogas plant should be promoted.  Climate resilient options to reduce the GHG emission consequently power saving option should be promoted through training program on biogas development and bio manure management for community or individual level should be promoted.  Vegetation and rubbish around buildings and yards are to be removed or controlled, in order to reduce the menace from insects and vermin.  Spills of effluent, feed, chemicals and other potential pollutants should be cleaned up promptly.  Keeping drains clean & flushing sheds twice daily.  Weeping or hosing lanes and pens regularly to avoid manure build-up. Providing deep litter pens.  Covering anaerobic ponds with straw and permeable polypropylene, avoiding ponding and effluent irrigation during wet periods. Cattle health care: Awareness among farmer about precaution measures for diseased pig, good hygienic meat handling habit, importance of vaccination etc shall be provided. A regular interaction should be developed with the Providers/ technician of Artificial Insemination and veterinary facility. Training of stakeholders, small entrepreneurs and farmers for good hygienic method of piggery, vaccination etc. would be helpful to make pork business more profitable. Safety:  To avoid accidents passages should be kept clean and the workers should use slip-resistant footwear. The shed or the working place should also have proper ventilation to avoid suffocation.  While mixing and pumping manure, workers and animals are to be exposed to high concentrations of poisonous gases like Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4) etc. which causes eye and nose irritation, anxiety disorder, headache, eye irritation and numbing of the sense of smell by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) so, personal protective measures such as marks, Gloves, should be used.  While handling the diseased pig also, protective measure such as glove, masks, apron should be used.  Awareness for disease transmission form pig to human shall be facilitated.  Zoonotic infections can be prevented by using good personal hygiene methods, i.e., primarily good hand washing. If possible, all animals that are sick should be isolated from healthy animals and special attention shall be paid while handling these animals. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 191 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Post construction and Operation stage of the project Project component interventions such as storage management, transportation, packaging, processing etc of meat products has been included. Following environmental guidelines shall be considered on the post operational construction activities and management. 4.4 Transportation As per project component, the Farm market infrastructure development involves the activities of facilitating Enterprise cluster production improvement and market support in terms of Access and other services. In post operation stage of the project, transportation service shall be required to store, manage, marketing and further value addition in the product. So in term of transportation up gradation of existing roads, strengthening existing culverts and bridges, road construction leading to the Agro-based industries to facilitate the cluster development and for ensuring better connectivity to market centres has been intervened. In preconstruction and construction phases the precautions / guidelines to be carried out under project, has already been mentioned in previous sections of this document. Following points details the environmental precautions that are to be taken while transporting the pork products.  Containers used for carrying the products should be properly cleaned and Sterilized before transportation.  Care should be taken that the hauling area is located in cool place.  Effort of transporting the meat to Market, Processing plant shall be done as quick as possible to avoid the spoilage of milk. Inclusion of Cold Chain should be promoted.  While transporting the products, Vehicular emissions to the ambient atmosphere is anticipated, so it is recommended to use only BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used for transportation.  Overweighing Vehicles carrying loads exceeding those permissible without proper permission should not be allowed to pass through the constructed roads.  Create awareness on proper transport system management.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for / or in frequently used shall have proper road signage and breaker to prevent the accident in the road.  While constructing the road, road safety measures as prescribed by GOI shall be followed. 4.5 Trading With reference to the project component of Farm market infrastructure development, provision of market area, Rural Haat facility has been envisaged. It is proposed to develop and upgrade market area/ Rural Haats with common amenities close to production clusters. Following environmental guideline envisages the care that has to be taken in the market area / Rural Haat of the agricultural Produce. Storage of products for sale Inappropriate storage of the pork products will lead to contact with moisture and contamination which will spoil the quality there by having an impact on health. Therefore the storage area should be located in a clean and cool places with tightly packed refrigerated containers with lids, covers. Waste Management: Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 192 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Open disposal of decomposable wastes leads to contamination of surroundings though decomposition, attracting insects, leaving chemical residues etc  Waste should be properly disposed on the designate place only.  The waste should be separated from its source (dry & wet waste) so that it can be reused  Dry waste particularly such as paper, plastic etc, can recycled or collected and disposed to recycling vendor.  Alternate use of biodegradable waste should be integrated with bio compost formation and agricultural farming practices.  Waste water coming from washing area shall be disposed safely and should be alternately used in other tasks.  Waste dispose area should not be near to water bodies and dense settlement area or low lying area.  Waste disposal shall not be done in open area. Basic Amenities: Lack of required basic amenities will affect health of workers, vendors and will negatively affect the area and surroundings. Therefore,  The work space should be ventilated to the extent possible. Should have drinking water and toilet facilities.  Proper sanitation and drainage system shall be designed and maintained to keep the area free from contamination and reduce the disease risk. License and registration:  Machineries used in market area should be properly licensed.  Any activities which are not legal to GOI shall be strictly prohibited Storage The aim of developing environmental guideline is to provide scientific storage and preservation of pig products. Following section entails about major environmental issues and preventive measures that are to be adopted while handling and storage of products.  Effective and suitable provision shall be made to ensure that every enclosed workplace is ventilated by a sufficient quantity of fresh or purified air.  The floor or surface shall not have a hole or slope, or be uneven or slippery so as to expose a person to a risk to his health or safety and shall have effective means of drainage as appropriate.  Doors and gates shall be suitably constructed and fitted with necessary safety devices.  In Cold Storage area, an efficient testing kit should be provided to monitor the quality of product to be stored.  While Handling and managing the meat, it is necessary to ensure the hygiene of the place by providing Gloves, marks, apron for workers.  Energy Efficient Device Should be used so to minimize the power use.  All equipment, appliances should be properly licensed.  Ensure that only trained worker handles the equipment and appliances.  Promotion shall be done to develop energy efficient building with Integrated daylighting with the electric lighting system. Thus allow for natural lighting where possible.  Use of LED lighting can reduce the electricity consumption drastically.  For maintaining the health and safety of workers, design shall provide local exhaust for restrooms, clean drinking water facility etc.  Provision of First aid facility to provide help for occupational injuries and illness shall be done. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 193 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Provide sufficient training to workers for handling equipment, testing etc..  Waste water shall be used alternatively in the other operations such as in farm field etc. It should be in such a manner that water does not log and does not disturb the natural land use of the area.  Waste water shall not be flushed openly in the field.  Regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed standards. Processing, Grading, Value Addition As per project component, the Farm market infrastructure development involves the facility of common service center (CSC) and small slaughter units. CSCs are conceived as commercially viable basic infrastructure for marketing of agri products, built around farmer producer companies (FPC) and are proposed to be located in production locations. Activities like sale, packaging, small processing shall be prescribed here, so hereby provisions of following precaution measure shall support the sustainable constancy of Common Service Centres. Registration, licenses and permissions: every processing units for production, value addition items and other machinery if not be line with legally frame will create a problem  Processing unit, production units and other equipment required for value addition purposes will be legally complied with respected rules. Maintenance and repairs of machinery: Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead to contamination and improper functioning therefore regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed standards. Storage of ingredient: Inappropriate storage of the ingredients will lead to contact with moistures, exposure to pests etc. which will spoil the quality there by having impact on health.  The storage area should be in clean, cool places consisting of tightly packed containers or refrigerated containers with lids, covers.  Food products should not be stored along with any products of chemical nature.  Raw materials should be inspected at regular intervals and any spoiled materials should be safely discarded. Use of additives, preservatives: While in processing section, using of non-permitted additives and preservatives is illegal and pose health risks to the workers and consumers. Therefore only the permitted additives and preservatives shall be used in food items as per prescribed in FSSAI Act. Small Slaughter Area  Maintenance of aerobic conditions for wastewater processing should be done.  To control the noise of the plant, acoustic enclosure of outdoor mechanical plant such as pumps, sound silencers on air intake fans and air discharges, restricted operating hours should be done. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 194 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Waste generated from the plant shall be disposed safely. Alternate use of wastes should be done. No waste shall be disposed openly.  Plant shall be equipped with proper testing kit.  All the processed product shall ensure the quality as per FSSAI of India.  Personal Hygiene (such as cleaning hand, use of gloves, apron, mask etc.) should be maintained while handling the processed products.  All equipment used in the plant shall be properly licensed. Effort shall be taken to use only energy efficient devices within the plant. Use of renewable energy such as solar, biomass should be given more weightage.  Regular upkeep to maintain the machineries, equipment shall be done with the help of technical expert.  Permission should be required from central Ground water authority for usage of water.  Processing area shall have good drainage and sanitation plan.  Training for worker shall be provided to keep the area uncontaminated and hygienic.  Proper liquid and solid waste disposal facility should be provided in the plant.  Slaughter area shall not be in open place.  Ensure that plant be in legal parity with Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001.  Slaughter House should be far from residential and commercial areas. It should have good ventilation, but have closed proper drainage system Packaging: in packaging, use of indecomposable packaging material that cannot decomposed causes the soil Pollution, while plastic bags under thickness of 20 microns is not allowed for packaging due to their non-recyclable nature and potential negative impact on environment.  Bio degraded able ingredients and re-useable packaging should be promoted.  Use newspaper wrapping or cloth bags for handing over to the consumer. encourage the consumers to bring cloth bags.  Handling the food products with bare hands or un washed hands will contaminate the products through microbial attack.  Local material should be used for packaging instead of imported material, plastics etc. Jute sacks or other available material can be used for transport purposes. This can reduce the unnecessary use of packaging and containers. Basic Amenities: The work space should be ventilated to the extent possible. It should have drinking water and toilet facilities. Occupation health and Safety to maintain the safety of worker following measure shall be adopted:  Person using these machines must wear mask for preventing the problem related to inhalation.  Noise protective equipment should be provided to the operator of the machine.  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants.  Ensure all persons, including managers, are trained and able to carry out their work without risk to the safety or health of themselves, other workers or the public.  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems.  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone. Waste management: Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 195 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Waste materials produced during the operation of completed facilities must be also carefully managed. If not, these wastes can cause disease, injury, and/or environmental damage within the local community. It should be put into practice the reduce, reuse, recycle and recover options for waste generated. Recycling of waste in case of agriculture sector is composting and land application as manure and in recovery of waste is satisfied with the recovery of methane. Composting of biodegradable waste on site is an effective means of significantly reducing the volume of waste to be disposed of, and produces a potentially useful soil conditioner.  The waste should be separated from it source itself into dry, wet material so that it can be reused.  Dry waste particularly from common service center such as paper, plastic etc, can recycled or collected and disposed to recycling vendor.  The waste storage area should not be located near to water stream, drain or low lying area.  Biodegradable waste shall be managed separately.  Reuse and recycling of waste shall be promoted as far as possible to minimize the total waste.  Integration of biodegradable waste to nearest farm field to use as manure should be done.  Integration of food processing by grading the waste to farmer for use as cattle feed shall be promoted. Power use: Power requirement has been anticipated in heating, boiling, grinding, extraction, drying, packaging etc. so Energy efficient device should be used, Biomass or solar devices should be promoted to conserve energy, Energy consumption monitoring should be followed regularly. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 196 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 5. SERICULTURE AND HANDLOOM Project intervention in term of productivity enhancement in Sericulture farming has an aim to benefit the farmers, small medium entrepreneurs and overall agribusiness enhancement of the state, but immense involvement into the Silk farming may need special care to accomplish it sustainably. Preconstruction stage of the project 5.1 Site Selection For the development and generation of more efficient Farm-Market Infrastructure Development, Site selection criteria are different for construction of road, common service centre, grainage house and the following sections provide selection criteria for site for different infrastructure facility: For Road Transportation plays a vital role in Agribusiness sector. In Project APART, provision of road has been focused as it is a way to connect the production cluster, Common service centre, market areas, Rural Haats to give it better market led enhancement production, more resilient way of marketing and value addition. Following guideline shall help in choosing the site for road.  Choice of location should be done so as to support the ecosystem. In cases if the sensitivity is severe, alternatives should be opted.  Minimize impacts to ecosystem that may provide an important buffer to climate change impacts, especially in areas where those buffers will be needed  Selection of site shall be done preferably on government land. Effort shall be taken such that site is free from public conflicts.  Site should not be located near any critical wild life habitats (those mentioned in natural habitat management Plan)  Site should not be chosen near Natural Protected areas. If site is located near or less than 1 km distance from protected area, then a proper consent shall be obtained from forest department.  The area should not be located in flood prone areas.  While selecting the site, care should be taken such that it shall not disturb any dense habitations.  Preference would be given to develop roads that are already in use, to make it more efficient and smooth instead of proposing a new one. This will save the environment and also prevent unnecessary nuisance.  New road will be selected only after having a proper need based assessment of the site.  After identification of Site, necessary permission as applicable from Gram Panchayat, revenue Department shall be procured.  Prior approval of the ES, PMU/PCU is required in case of any innovations in design and identification of sites. For Common Service centre / other services  Selection of site shall be done preferably on government land. Effort shall be taken such that the selected sites are free from public conflicts.  Site should not be located near critical wild life habitats (as mentioned in natural habitat management Plan).  Site should not be chosen near Natural Protected areas. If site is located near or less than 1 km distance from protected area, then a proper consent shall be obtained from forest department.  The area should not be located in flood prone areas, low lying areas or steep slopes.  The site should be free of contamination, storage of industrial waste etc.  While selecting the site, care should be taken such that it shall not disturb any dense habitations. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 197 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Preference to be given to develop the structures which are already in use, to make it more efficient and smooth instead of proposing a new one. This will save the environment and also prevent unnecessary nuisance. Like if an area has been already using for community development purposes then the same can be used for the proposed activities.  Criteria shall enforce that new site will be selected only after having a proper need based assessment of the site.  After identification of Site, necessary permission as applicable from Gram Panchayat, revenue Department shall be procured.  Prior approval of the ES, PMU/PCU is required in case of any innovations in design and identification of sites. Construction Stage of the project 5.2 Land Preparation and construction activities Land preparation stage involves site clearance, transportation of construction material, handling of construction machineries, construction mechanical activities for development of Market Infrastructure facilities such as road, Common service centre, Grainage House etc. While modernization and upgradation will involve only limited construction activity, furnishing, refurbishment of interior structures etc. Following points shall be taken into consideration for maintaining an environmental health of the area while carrying out activities of land preparation and other construction activities. Site Clearance During land preparation, care shall be taken to avoid destruction site vegetation to minimum extent as possible. Effort shall be taken that construction activity should not disturb the nearby local vegetation unnecessarily. Sourcing of Material  Construction material such as sand, aggregates and other quarry material should only be sourced from licensed quarries as per consent from PWD.  This necessitates them to maintain the number and the relevant details, such as license issue and expiration dates, status report, etc.  Borrow pits shall be prohibited where there are chances for interference with the natural or designed drainage patterns.  Sourcing of any material from within or from any Protected Areas/Sanctuaries, tank beds and/or designated natural areas are strictly prohibited. Transportation of Construction Material  All materials should be transported in fully covered trucks. Overloading of vehicles with materials should be controlled and done in a manner based on the trucks capacity.  The unloading of materials at construction sites those that are close to settlements shall be restricted to daytime only.  Provide traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction.  Vehicle should comply with the rules. Protection of environment  Special emphasis shall be given to protect the fertile top Soil and would be emphasised to be restored at the site after completion of construction. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 198 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  During construction phase necessary soil protection measure shall be adopted. All affected areas should be landscaped and any necessary remedial works should be undertaken without delay, including grassing and reforestation;  Apply erosion control measures before the rainy season begins preferably immediately following construction. Install erosion control measures at each construction site after it is completed.  Storage of Oil and chemicals that are to be used during construction work shall be stored at a designated confined place on a impervious layer so no leakage could occur such that contamination of water bodies and soil is prevented.  To evade the degradation of water quality of water bodies in the vicinity of the construction sites, it is ideal to avoid construction works close to the streams or water bodies during monsoon season. All precautionary measures shall be taken to prevent the wastewater that are generated during construction from entering into streams, water bodies or the irrigation channels.  To prevent the degradation of surface water quality arising due to equipment and material piling on the site, it is advisable to store Construction pile, Soil stockpile and other debris at designated place. Cover the stock pile with tarpauline sheet to prevent contamination of the nearby water body and agricultural field.  To reduce the soil compaction rising due to movement of heavy machineries, it is advisable to use environment friendly machinery.  Water Sprinkling shall be done regularly on dirt roads, cut areas and soil stockpiles or fill material to reduce the dust pollution arising due to construction activities.  Permission for the extraction of water should be obtained prior to the commencement of the project, from the relevant authority. Construction Management  All construction equipment that are used for project activities shall conform to pollution control norms as stipulated by SPCB and hold valid license.  The unloading of materials at construction sites that are located close to settlements shall be restricted to daytime only.  All plants and equipment that are used in construction by the Contractor shall strictly conform to the CPCB noise standards.  Noisy construction activities (such as crushing, concrete mixing, batching etc.) shall be stopped during the night time between 9.00 pm to 6.00 am if there are habitation/ educational institutes/health centers (silence zones) located within 150m of construction site.  Proper maintenance of the machineries shall be carried out to control the air and noise pollution caused by these machineries.  Debris that are generated due to the dismantling of the existing structures shall be suitably reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (used as a fill material for embankment).  Ensure that the asbestos-containing materials or other toxic substances bare removed and disposed of by specially trained workers as per Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.  Never dispose of spent oils on the ground, in water courses, drainage canals or in sewer systems. Waste management  Separation of Construction waste from the source as to be practised so to minimize the volume of waste and to increase the recyclable and reuse probability. Items such as aluminum, wood, plastic, paper packaging, copper, used oil can be reused. The other construction debris such concrete, bricks, sands can be used in backfilling in other location as per demand.  Hazardous waste must be handled as per hazardous waste management rule 2016.  Contractor should ensure that workers practice waste management options and recycle the wastes during site works.  Contractor should ensure appropriate storage and handling of construction materials to minimise waste generation resulting from damaged materials/waste e.g. keeping deliveries packaged until they are ready to be used; Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 199 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Contractor should ensure that all disturbed area are restored after completion of construction. Construction Worker  A good sanitation plan shall be developed and provided by the contractor for construction camps and shall ensure that pollution of nearby water bodies is avoided. Plan must be in place to avoid construction within 500 m of dense habitation.  Provide personal protective equipment and clothing (goggles, gloves, respirators, dust masks, hard hats, steel-toed and –shanked boots, etc.,) for construction workers and enforce the use of the PPEs.  The contractor should arrange adequate supply of water throughout the construction period from an agreed source.  Provision of temporary toilet facilities for worker; contractors can identify suitable locations in close proximity to construction site.  Provide traffic signs (including paint, easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction. Operation stage of the project In Silk farming sector, operation stage of the project involves activities such as Silk rearing, reeling, weaving, printing, dying etc. The productivity enhancement intervention will involve more production based worm rearing. Thus worm rearing, species balance, waste, health issue, quality, feed, handloom are the major issues that are encountered. 5.3 Input Supply With respect to this step of value chain, input and supply will involve seed supplier, vendor etc. under the project. The project has also special emphasis on adoption of high quality worms. Rationale and preventive measures has been described here to understand the varietal importance of the breed:  While selecting the particular species, care should be taken to promote more indigenous species. Inappropriate selection of species which might not be suitable for climate may create problem for famers and affect the overall productivity.  Careful interaction with technician of worm, seed provider would be helpful to make a good choice.  Seed (silkwormn) should only be procured from registered vendors. 5.4 Production and Operation In production step of value chain farmers are more involved. Activities like good worm rearing practices, handloom practices needs to be considered in production stage. Rationale and preventive measures has been described here to support the environmental guidelines for production stage as well as climate resilient methods are described in this section For Sericulture farming Fodder shortage: Establishment of a systematic Eri, Muga& Mulberry food plantation are very much essential for conducting Silkworm rearing as a sustainable economic activity. Eri silkworm, Muga Silk Worm and Mulberry Silk Worm rearing requires food plant namely Eri food plants (Kesseru) & Castor, ―Som‖ &Soalu plants and Mulberry plants. For better silk production, rearing of worm will require more food (as leaves from particular plant), so problem in change of landscape may arise while using more land for mulberry, kesseru, Soalu plantation. Therefore to mitigate the problem of fodder shortage  Identified village grazing reserves should be protected; Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 200 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Plantation should be done in an agroforestry manner to minimize the negative impact of land use change. Public Health: Knowledge about health risk related to silk rearing, reeling activities should be disseminated among farmers.  Awareness about precautionary measures that are to be taken during working hours such as gloves, mask, apron, gum-shoes are suggested for use while disinfecting the rearing rooms and appliances.  Good housekeeping practices, enough ventilation in room will minimize the chance of public health risk. So selection of site should be done accordingly.  In reeling and Grainage room, care should be taken to avoid inhalation of acid fumes by providing proper exhaust and ventilation facilities in grainage and dyeing units which facilitates the quick dispersal of fumes. The presence of exhaust fans in the pairing/oviposition rooms reduces the concentration of scales in the given environment.  In reeling room, good ventilation, proper drainage to ensure dampness, use of slipper and quick disposal of waste should be practiced to minimize health risks. Alternate Use of Waste: reuse of silk rearing waste is a best option to form sustainable silk farming. Rearing waste such as dried cocoons, dead worms could be a good source of nutrients and can be used as fertilizer in farm field, fishing ponds etc. Separate disposal of biodegradable and non- biodegradable should be done. Reuse of reeling water for irrigation after appropriate cooling should be done to manage water.  Minimum use of fertilizer and chemicals should be encouraged. Organic fertiliser and natural pesticides (such as neem plant) should be used.  Alternative source of energy such as biogas should be promoted to meet the energy demand.  Training for workers regarding health and safety aspects of handling chemicals and dyes and waste disposal and management should be facilitated. In Handloom  Public Health: Knowledge about health risks related to silk dying and printing activities should be disseminated among farmers. Awareness about precautionary measures that are to be taken during working hour such as gloves, mask, apron gum-shoes are suggested for use while working in disinfecting rearing rooms and appliances.  Disposal site of Water: waste water from dying, printing, washing activities should be disposed in a designated place. While identifying the location, ensure that storage waste water does not mix with agricultural water or nearby fish pond.  Alternative source of energy such as biogas should be promoted to meet the energy demand.  In Handloom centres reuse of packaging waste, dry waste should be done.  Training for workers regarding health and safety aspects of handling chemicals and dyes and waste disposal and management should be facilitated. Post construction and Operation stage of the project Project component interventions such as transportation, packaging, processing etc of silk products has been included. Following environmental guidelines shall be considered on the post operational construction activities and management. 5.5 Transportation As per project component, the Farm market infrastructure development involves the activities of facilitating Enterprise cluster production improvement and market support in terms of Access and other services. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 201 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework In post operation stage of the project, transportation service shall be required to store, manage, marketing and further value addition in the product. So in term of transportation upgradation of existing roads, strengthening existing culverts and bridges, road construction leading to the Agro-based industries to facilitate the cluster development and for ensuring better connectivity to market centres has been intervened. In preconstruction and construction phases the precautions / guidelines to be carried out under project, has already been mentioned in previous sections of this document. Following points details the environmental precautions that are to be taken while transporting the silk products.  A vehicular emission to the ambient atmosphere is anticipated, so it is recommended to use only BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used for transportation.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for / or in frequently used shall have proper road signage and breaker to prevent the accident in the road.  While constructing the road, road safety measures as prescribed by GOI shall be followed. 5.6 Trading With reference to the project component of Farm market infrastructure development, provision of market area, Rural Haat facility has been envisaged. It is proposed to develop and upgrade market area/ Rural Haats with common amenities close to production clusters. Following environmental guideline envisages the care that has to be taken in the market area / Rural Haat of the agricultural produce. Storage of products for sale Inappropriate storage of the products will lead to contact with moisture and will spoil the quality there by having an impact on health. Therefore the storage area should be clean and dry. Waste Management: Open disposal of decomposable wastes leads to contamination of surroundings though decomposition, attracting insects, leaving chemical residues etc  Waste should be properly disposed on the designate place only.  The waste should be separated from its source (dry & wet waste) so that it can be reused.  Dry waste particularly such as paper, plastic etc, can recycled or collected and disposed to recycling vendor.  Alternate use of biodegradable waste should be integrated with bio compost formation and agricultural farming practices.  Waste water coming from washing area shall be disposed safely and should be alternately used in other tasks.  Waste dispose area should not be near to water bodies and dense settlement area or low lying area.  Waste disposal shall not be done in open area. Basic Amenities: Lack of required basic amenities will affect health of workers, vendors and will negatively affect the area and surroundings. Therefore,  The work space should be ventilated to the extent possible. Should have drinking water and toilet facilities.  Proper sanitation and drainage system shall be designed and maintained to keep the area free from contamination and reduce the disease risk. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 202 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework License and registration: Machineries used in market area should be properly licensed. Any activities which are not legal to GOI shall be strictly prohibited. 5.7 Processing, Grading, Value Addition As per project component, the Farm market infrastructure development involves the facility of common service center (CSC) and Grainage House. CSCs are conceived as commercially viable basic infrastructure for marketing of silk products, built around farmer producer companies (FPC) and are proposed to be located in production locations. Activities like sale, packaging, small processing shall be prescribed here, so hereby provisions of following precaution measure shall support the sustainable constancy of Common Service Centres. Registration, licenses and permissions : every processing units for production, value addition items and other machinery if not be line with legally frame will create a problem  Processing unit, dying units and other equipment required for value addition purposes will be legally complied with respected rules. Maintenance and repairs of machinery: Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead to contamination and improper functioning therefore regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed standards. Storage of ingredient: Inappropriate storage of the ingredients will lead to contact with moistures, exposure to pests etc. which will spoil the quality there by having impact on health. So, the storage area should be in clean, cool places with in tightly packed containers or containers with lids, covers. Use of colures, preservatives: While in processing section, dying units should prefer to use natural colors. Packaging: in packaging, use of indecomposable packaging material that cannot be decomposed causes the soil Pollution, while plastic bags under thickness of 20 microns is not allowed for packaging due to their non-recyclable nature and potential negative impact on environment.  Bio degraded able ingredients and re-useable packaging should be promoted.  Use newspaper wrapping or cloth bags for handing over to the consumer encourage the consumers to bring cloth bags.  Local material should be used for packaging instead of imported material, plastics etc. Jute sacks or other available material can be used for transport purposes. This can reduce the unnecessary use of packaging and containers. Basic Amenities: The work space should be ventilated to the extent possible. It should have drinking water and toilet facilities. Occupation health and Safety to maintain the safety of worker following measure shall be adopted:  Person using these machines must wear mask for preventing the problem related to inhalation.  Noise protective equipment should be provided to the machine operators.  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 203 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Ensure all persons, including managers, are trained and are able to carry out their work without risk to the safety or health of themselves, other workers or the public.  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems.  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone. Waste management: Waste materials produced during the operation of completed facilities must be also carefully managed. If not, these wastes can cause disease, injury, and/or environmental damage within the local community. It should be put into practice the reduce, reuse, recycle and recover options for waste generated. Recycling of waste in case of agriculture sector is composting and land application as manure and in recovery of waste is satisfied with the recovery of methane. Composting of biodegradable waste on site is an effective means of significantly reducing the volume of waste to be disposed of, and produces a potentially useful soil conditioner.  The waste should be separated from it source itself into dry, wet material so that it can be reused.  Dry waste particularly from common service center such as paper, plastic etc, can recycled or collected and disposed to recycling vendor.  The waste storage area should not be located near to water stream, drain or low lying area.  Biodegradable waste shall be managed separately.  Reuse and recycling of waste shall be promoted as far as possible to minimize the total waste.  Intergradation of biodegradable waste to nearest farm field to use as manure should be done.  Alternate use of grainage house waste should be carried out. The rearing waste could be a substitute for fertilizer for farm field and also for fish pond. So it is recommended to use as an alternate.  Waste water coming from handloom area should be encouraged to recycle and reuse.  Water used for boiling should be promoted to be used in agriculture after cooling it. Power use: power requirement has been anticipated in heating, boiling, reeling, weaving, drying, packaging etc. so Energy efficient device should be used, Biomass or solar devices should be promoted to conserve energy, Energy consumption monitoring should be followed regularly. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 204 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 10 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 205 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 10: STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION 1. Introduction APART is a multi-stakeholders project and it is important to identify each of the key stakeholders of the project. The stakeholder analysis is the process of identifying and analysing stakeholders, and plan for their participation. It is crucial to assess any potential conflicts among the different stakeholders for project benefits. This would help in defining their roles and responsibilities and accordingly facilitate for formulating project information dissemination plans, stakeholder management and communication plans. APART has entrusted the execution responsibility to ARIASS at state level which will coordinate its functions with line departments at various levels. Apart from such government level arrangements, the project has imbued involvement of several community level institutions. APART aims at involving these grassroots level institutions in a planned manner with an objective to get them graduated to a formal positioning for sustainable delivery of project benefits. The section reviews the functioning of various institutions 2. Identification of key Stakeholders Participatory planning requires the involvement of concerned stakeholders. This includes identifying public concerns and values and developing a broad consensus on planned initiatives. It is also about utilising the vast amount of information and knowledge that stakeholders hold to find workable, efficient and sustainable solutions. The key stakeholders of APART has been identified and presented in Figure 1. • Women Local people’s Primary producers institutions • Marginalised • Farmers / fishermen / • Farmer Producer communities livestock farmers Organisations • Sericulturists • Common Service • Weavers Centres World Bank Value chain players • Farmer • Aggregators • Financial support • Input dealers to the project • Traders/ marketing channels • Processing homes APART Nodal officers of line PIU of Respective Line departments Departments • Agriculture Department • Agriculture Department • Industries & Commerce • Industries & Commerce • Fisheries Department • Fisheries Department • Animal Husbandry & • Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Department ARIASS Veterinary Department • Public Works Roads Deptt. • Public Works Roads Deptt. • Handloom Department • Nodal agency of the • Handloom Department • Sericulture Department project • Sericulture Department • Coordinates project planning and implementation Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 206 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Figure 1: Key Stakeholder of APART 3. Identification of Roles and Responsibilities The social assessment entailed discussions with all relevant stakeholders at different levels for each project component. The analysis of different stakeholders, their roles, responsibilities and relationships with the project in planning and implementing project interventions is summarized in the Table below. Sl. Stakeholders Roles & responsibility Relationship No. 1. Primary producers Main beneficiaries of the project  Synergistic with the project –  Core part of value chain sole while the primary producers responsible person for agriculture stand to gain the maximum produce either for livelihood or for from the project, the project‘s commercial purpose success is also critically  as owners & managers of the dependent on the active common market infrastructure participation by primary participate in the project activities producers  take management responsibilities  Major value chain development in running the businesses work is to link farmers to processing companies and end- users 2. Local Peoples’ Institutions – participants (i) Women  Play an important role in  Potentially synergistic if the production, aggregation, project makes special preliminary processing and local provisions to ensure women‘s sales, esp. in fisheries sector, but participation in the decision often marginalized in organized set making process at the ground up level; can turn negative if (ii) ST and SC Communities  Play an important role in project institutions are biased production, aggregation, against women. Stand to gain preliminary processing and local indirectly from the income sales, esp. in piggery (ST) and increase to the primary fisheries (SC) sector, but often producers; potential conflicts if marginalized in organized set up the project supported institutions neglect their (iii) Marginalized communities  Often landless or subsistence representation and/or their farmers – linkage to markets very interests not addressed. Stand weak and very limited role in to benefit the maximum from current value chain except as the project supported market labourers. linkages, but need to make (iv) Small scale players  Most exploited in the value chain, special provisions for their have limited access to market and equitable participation in the also fail to have a significant say in project activities and share in the current institutional set up. the benefits 3. Value chain players (i) Traders / Aggregators /  Play a critical role in value chain,  Potentially conflicting role as marketing channels provide informal financing to small they may see project created farmers and take working capital institutions as rivals. risk. (ii) Transporters  Critical for the fresh produce to  Potential conflicting role as reach market on time, for loss in infrastructure created by project Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 207 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Stakeholders Roles & responsibility Relationship No. transit and in providing market may eat into their margin. access. (iii) Processing homes  Processes agriculture produce to  Important link in the value chain various forms for end-use and play which contributes to the as the major rooter for production economic growth of the sector 4. Community based  Play their role in produce  Synergistic with the project , as organizations (Farmer aggregation, storage and the key project component groups, cluster groups, preliminary processing and thus would be implemented through producer company, etc.) could provide bargaining power to them, the success of many of the primary producer through the interventions critically collective action. dependent on the strength of these groups. 5. Line department personnel  Provide guidance and information  Play a critical role to ensure at ground level, play the role of smooth implementation of administrator and key contact point project interventions. at ground level for accessing Coordination between the nodal various government schemes and agency and participating line funds departments at ground level critical for project success. 4. Community Level Consultation Community consultations are carried out with the objective of (i) improved coordination and integration, (ii) reduced complexity, (iii) better communication and participation, (iv) effective land use controls, and (v) development of efficient processes for plan making and review. Sector-specific consultations have been planned to capture the response from various identified stakeholders in the value chain. Checklists for Consultations / Focus Group Discussions have been developed. Details of the consultation carried out are presented in Table 1 to Table 5. Table 1: Community Consultation - Fisheries th Date: 15 September, 2016 Total Participants: 97 Venue: Godaimari [Male: 89, Female: 8] Sl. Issues raised by the farmers Suggestive Measures No. 1 Poor condition of roads: The condition of the roads connecting the Godaimari cluster is very  The link roads to clusters shall be poor. The cost of transportation of fish to the market, and improved under APART transportation costs of feeds, fertilizers, pesticides and other inputs  The formation of FPO and are very high due to poor connectivity. Due to this problem the cost establishment of CSC will contribute to of production of fish becomes high and the profit margin for farmers reduction of transportation costs. gets reduced. 2 Non-availability of quality seeds: The quality of seeds procured by the farmers from nearby sources  The Department of Fishery will identify is not good. So they procure seeds from Hojai, Neelbagan and more sources of quality seeds for the Hajo. The cost of transportation of seeds from these locations is farmers high and the mortality rate is also high due to longer duration of transportation. 3 Poor transportation facility: The farmers face lot of problems in transporting fishes alive to the  The PIU will find out the low cost market. The water in the containers where fishes are carried needs mechanized options available in the Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 208 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework th Date: 15 September, 2016 Total Participants: 97 Venue: Godaimari [Male: 89, Female: 8] Sl. Issues raised by the farmers Suggestive Measures No. to be stirred continuously manually to maintain the oxygen level. market and share the information with This is a difficult task and it impacts the health condition of the the farmers. labourers engaged in this work, especially during winter. 4 Low quality of seeds: The local hatcheries practice interbreeding, mixed breeding and  The PIU will monitor the local use undersized brood fish for breeding. As a result the quality of hatcheries regularly. seeds produced is very low. Low quality seeds affect the productivity of fishes and the farmers do not get the desired returns. 5 Problems in long distance transportation: Due to unorganized mode of production and marketing the farmers  This issue may be addressed properly often face problems in transportation of their products to outside by adopting organized trading under markets. The authorities ask for challan and other documents FPO. required for transporting agricultural commodities. The farmers end up paying lot of money as fine due to non-availability of the documents. 6 Knowledge Gap of the farmers:  The farmers do not know how and when to use the fertilizers,  The PIU will organize training on pesticides and other inputs. There are cases of death of fishes various aspects of fish farming. in large numbers due to excessive use of fertilsers.  The farmers do not know what amount of seeds to be stocked per hectare of water area. There are cases of death of fishes due to decrease in oxygen level in the ponds as a result of over stocking.  The farmers seek advice from the inputs suppliers on the use of various inputs. As a result they sometimes face problems of over dose and less dose of inputs. They end up spending more on inputs but do not get the expected output. 7 Unscientific disposal of wastes: The farmers throw dead fishes in the paddy fields or any unused  The PIU will cover these issues in the barren lands. There are chances of germs getting spread from the training programs. rotten fishes and this may impact the health of the farmers. 8 Lack of awareness: The farmers are not aware of any Government scheme for fish  Awareness programs will be organized farmers. The farmers take loan from money lenders, aggregators, and efforts will be made to facilitate traders at higher interest rates to meet their capital requirements. easy access of the farmers to banking services. 9 Poor extension service: There are 22 Gram Panchayats in the Juria Development Block.  The number of staffs in the department From the Department of Fishery, Nagaon only one Fishery is inadequate. The department has Demonstrator looks after the entire block. As a result the farmers proposed for engagement of more do not get the required technical support from the department. staffs. 10 Obstruction in natural drainage system: With the intensification of fishery activities in the Godaimari area  The community has been advised to the farmers converted majority of the cultivable and uncultivable persuade the farmers encroaching lands into fish ponds. In the process the natural drains and outlets drains to give the encroached land to were narrowed down and some were totally blocked. As a result ensure free flow of storm water during flash flood started occurring every year during monsoon. monsoon. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 209 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Figure 2: Consultation Snapshots 27. 28. Consultation with fish farmersat Nagaon Interaction with members of fish traders associationat Sollong, Nagaon Table 2: Community Consultation - Fisheries rd Date: 23 October, 2016 Total Participants:25 69 Venue: Charipunia, Morigaon [Male: 25, Female: 0 ] Sl. Issues raised by the BDC Members Suggestive Measures No. 1 High cost of feed:  The BDC members informed that the cost of feeds procured  The Department of Fisheries has by them is very high. They have proposed for setting up rice assured them to provide support in cum mustard processing mill in Charipunia village. The setting up the processing unit. villagers will be able to process their rice and mustard at a comparatively lower cost and the rice polish and mustard oil cake generated as waste shall be used as fish feed. 2 Financial support for cleaning the Beel:  According to the BDC members one part of the Beel is yet to  The issue shall be brought to the be cleaned properly. Productivity is lesser by 50% in the un- notice of the project authority for cleaned part than that of the cleaned part. They requested the consideration of possible support to visiting officials and the consultants to support them in the BDC. cleaning the Beel. 3 Poor quality of seeds:  The productivity is sometimes hampered due to poor quality of  The issue shall be brought to the seeds. The BDC is planning to set up a hatchery to produce notice of the project authority for good quality seeds on its own. They requested the Department consideration of possible support to of Fisheries to provide support in setting up the hatchery. the BDC. 4 Renewal of registration:  The renewal of registration of the BDC under Co-operative  The officials present during the 69 An FGD has been carried out with the female members of the BDC Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 210 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework rd Date: 23 October, 2016 Total Participants:25 69 Venue: Charipunia, Morigaon [Male: 25, Female: 0 ] Sl. Issues raised by the BDC Members Suggestive Measures No. Societies Act is yet to be done as the documents of the BDC consultation assured the BDC of all have been spoilt in the flood. The BDC members requested possible help. the Department of Fisheries to help them in the renewal of the registration. 5 Need for training:  The BDC members feel the need for training on seed  There are provisions for training in production, feeding, stocking etc. APART. 6 Value addition:  The BDC members are not aware of any value added products  There are provisions for exposure visit of fishes like pickles, sauces, ready to eat items etc. They of entrepreneurs in APART. requested for training on this aspect for their members, especially for women. 7 Participation of women:  30% of the total executive members of the BDC are women.  BDC has been advised to encourage Women are involved only in the periodic cleaning of the Beel. women to participate in all the aspects They are not involved in procurement and marketing related of Beel management. works. 8 Sharing of profits among the members:  After spending on development activities like providing  BDC has been advised to invest the scholarships to needy students, uniforms to school kids profit in other allied activities to belonging to BPL category, support to needy households, the generate more employment residual profit is distributed equally among all the BDC opportunities for the members. members every year in the month of April. Figure 3: Consultation Snapshots Consultation with the BDC members of CharipuniaBeel at Charipunia Table 3: Community Consultation in Kamrup – Dairy th Date: 19 September, 2016 Total Participants: 28 Venue: Rangia [Male: 24, Female: 4] Sl. Issues Raised By The Farmers Suggestive Measures No. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 211 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework th Date: 19 September, 2016 Total Participants: 28 Venue: Rangia [Male: 24, Female: 4] Sl. Issues Raised By The Farmers Suggestive Measures No. 1 Poor condition of roads:  The condition of roads connecting the cluster with the markets  The issue has been recorded and will and veterinary dispensaries is very poor. be discussed with the PWD nodal officer for APART. 2 Lack of access to veterinary services:  The facilities at veterinary dispensary at Rangia are  The issue will be discussed with the inadequate. The dispensary does not have any stool Department of AH & VD. examining machine. The doctors charge very high fees for their visits. Animal health camps are not organized regularly. 3 Fluctuation of prices:  The price of milk is not fixed. It varies quite frequently. During  The farmers were advised to festival season the farmers get good price for their products. concentrate more on value added Sometimes prices fall so low that the farmers do not even get products. back their production cost. 4 Non-availability of modern veterinary facilities:  Though the farmers were being trained, they were not able to  Design and development/ adaptation implement those in farming practices. The DVO (District of customized training materials will be Veterinary Officer) did not provide catheter, LN container and carried out under this project. The other necessary items required for modern dairy practices. farmers are also requested to contact the DVO for their presently available materials. 5 High cost of fodder:  There are very few fodder suppliers near the cluster and the  The issue will be discussed with the price of fodder is very high in comparison to other states of the concerned authorities. country. Moreover the price fluctuates quite frequently. The farmers requested the Dairy Department officials to help them avail the subsidy on fodder under the existing scheme for the same.  The farmers requested for supporting them to set up mini grinding mills within the cluster. 6 Transportation problem:  Milk perishes very often while transporting to distant markets.  There is proposal for establishment of The communities requested for supporting them procure BMCs under APART. insulated tankers to enable them to transport their milk to the distant market. 7 Utilisation of excess cow dung:  The farmers informed that they sell their cow dung at a very  The issue will be discussed with the low rate to fish farmers of other villages. They sought advice concerned departments. about how to use it for bio-gas generation. 8 Encroachment of grazing land:  The milk producers were not aware of the scheme for cultivation of fodder in the village grazing reserve. The VGR has been encroached upon by some of the villagers. The milk producers are willing to avail the scheme and would approach the district administration to make the VGR free of encroachment. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 212 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Consultation with the DCS members at Rangia Table 4: Community Consultation in Morigaon – Dairy th Date: 20 September, 2016 Total Participants: 41 Venue: Khanajan, Morigaon [Male: 35, Female: 06] Time: 9.30 am to 11.30 am Sl. Issues Raised By The Farmers Suggestive Measures No. 1 Inadequate Veterinary Services:  The veterinary sub-centre located in the village is in a very  The issue will be discussed with the dilapidated condition. There is one Veterinary Field Assistant AH &Vety. Department. (VFA) in the sub-centre who rarely visits the center. The farmers need to consult with private doctors who charge high fee for their service.  The area is flood affected and hence the cattle need special care after flood. There are cases of calves dying after each flood due to lack of proper care. 2 High cost of fodder:  The cost of fodder procured by the farmers is very high. The  The farmers have been advised to small farmers who buy feeds on credit need to pay higher shift to organized way of farming and rates than those who buy in cash. This increases their cost of procure inputs collectively. production. 3 Delay in payment by WAMUL:  The farmers are presently supplying milk to WAMUL. It takes  WAMUL will try to reduce the payment more than 15 days for the farmer to receive the payment from period. WAMUL. The farmers requested the WAMUL to make the payment within one week. 4 Knowledge gap:  Very few farmers have been imparted training on dairy  WAMUL will organize more training for farming. The farmers requested for training and demonstration the farmers. at site on crucial aspects of dairy farming. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 213 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interaction with milk producers at Khanajan, Morigaon Table 5: Community Consultation in Kamrup – Dairy th Date: 19 September, 2016 Total Participants: 8 Venue: Hajo [Male: 6, Female: 2] Sl. Issues Raised By The Farmers Suggestive Measures No. 1 29. Inadequate veterinary service:  The farmers do not have access to proper veterinary service  The issue has been recorded and will with respect to AI and other need based health care of their be discussed with the project team. cattle. Only one VAS from the nearby dispensary looks after the entire cluster and he charges fee according to the distance he travels. His visit fee ranges from Rs.200 to Rs. 300 per cow. 2 30. Death of cattle due to flood:  The grazing lands get submerged due to flood. The farmers  The issue will be discussed with the suffer due to the scarcity of locally available fodder for their Department of AH & VD. cattle during flood. Cattle die in large numbers due to lack of proper feeds and outbreak of water borne diseases in the aftermath of flood. 3 31. Delay in payment by WAMUL:  The producers complained about the time taken by WAMUL to  WAMUL will be requested to expedite make payment. It takes at least 15 days for a producer to the process of payment. receive the payment. It affects them a lot as they need money to purchase fodder regularly. 4 32. Dissatisfaction over the price determination mechanism:  The producers complained about the WAMUL‘s practice of  WAMUL representative has been imposing penalty on the farmers if the milk is found to have requested to communicate properly to lower than permissible limit of SNF and Fat contents. the producers regarding the pricing mechanism. 5 33. Penalty being imposed on producers:  WAMUL representative has been  WAMUL has been imposing penalty on the producers on the requested to disclose the ground of contamination in their milk. The farmers are contamination level, if any, to the surprised when they get less payment in spite of the high producers after proper testing of milk contents of SNF and Fat in their milk. The level of contamination has not been mentioned anywhere in the day wise statements of procurement details shared with them by Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 214 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework th Date: 19 September, 2016 Total Participants: 8 Venue: Hajo [Male: 6, Female: 2] Sl. Issues Raised By The Farmers Suggestive Measures No. WAMUL. 6 34. Conflict between MPI and DCS:  The producers informed that many of the DCS members  The issue will be discussed with the joined the MPI promoted by WAMUL in their area and stopped project team. supplying milk to the society. This has happened due to the difference of price paid by WAMUL and the price paid by DCS and provision of commission made by WAMUL for the MPI leader. 7 35. Procurement of poor quality of calves:  The DCS members have been  The DCS run by women group informed that poor quality suggested to consult with the calves were supplied to their DCS by the Department of experienced farmers/doctors while Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, Govt. of Assam. Majority of procuring calves. the calves died after 2-3 months of procurement. They did not complain to the department as they were unaware of the procedure for registering complaints. 8 36. Supply of stainless milk cans:  The DCS members have been  The DCS run by women group was not provided stainless milk requested to inform the concerned cans under government scheme though other DCSs have authorities/departments in case of received the same. such anomalies. 9 37. Lack of knowledge of institutional functioning:  The DCS members have been advised  The Secretary and President of the women DCS are not aware to play proactive roles and work hard of the mandatory requirements for the proper functioning of to strengthen the DCS. cooperative societies like proper maintenance of accounts, auditing of accounts, holding of AGM etc. Consultation with the DCS members at Hajo Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 215 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Table 6: Community Consultation Jorhat – Sericulture th Date: 28 September, 2016 Total Participants: 24 Venue: Deoghoria, Titabor, Jorhat [Male: 22, Female: 02] Sl. Issues Raised By The Farmers Suggestive Measures No. 1 Non-availability of Reeling machine:  Manual reeling without machine takes much longer time  CSB (Central Silk Board) has designed with decrease in production rate. So the farmers requested and developed a reeling cum twisting for the reeling machine so that they can enhance their machine and spinning machines for production. converting Muga&Eri cocoons to reel/spun silk respectively. This new machine is likely to be provided under this project. 2 Non-availability of Fund:  The farmers have to spend money for plantation of feed  Support for raising of Kissan nursery and trees as well as for the complete farming process, including plantation of worm plants, procuring rearing appliances. Receiving loan or any kind of fund will machines, infrastructural support, shall be help the farmers to fulfill their needs at the time of farming. provided under this project, which will solve the funding issue to some extent. 3 Absence of proper market facility:  The products are sold at Farmer‘s mini fair and home.  Establishment of Reshom Huts under this Majority of the buyers are villagers. Some wholesalers project is likely to solve the issue. procure the products from the farmer‘s houses. The  Besides, the farmers were suggested to farmers do not get proper prices for their products due to sell their products collectively under their non-availability of proper markets. They requested for the SHG or co-operative society till the provision of permanent markets for their products in their implementation of this project. areas. 4 Disturbances from animals and insects:  Animals, birds and insects often attack the feed plants.  The farmers may be provided with Insects like caterpillars eat the leaf of the feed plants. mosquito nets under this project. Monkeys often target the mulberry trees for food. Mosquito net protects the plant from this kind of disturbances. Table 7: Community Consultation Jorhat – Handloom th Date: 28 September, 2016 Total Participants: 45 Venue: Liet N-Changi, Titabor, Jorhat [Male: 03, Female: 42] Sl. Issues Raised By The Farmers Suggestive Measures No. 1 Lack of proper training:  As per the farmers‘ information, they follow the traditional  The proposed activities under APART methods which are less productive and time consuming. include training of the weavers. They expressed that they need training on use of modern  The training for handloom and textile looms. Some of them received training at Suwalkuchi for should be designed in such a way that one month but they feel the period is too less. Further the weavers are properly trained on use of training programs were designed for the graduates, hence modern looms and designing. many of them could not attend the training.  The duration and eligibility criteria should be need based as well as on principle of inclusiveness. 2 Non-availability of quality feed plants and nursery:  The farmers in this area cultivate all three varieties of silk,  Establishment of Kishan Nursery Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 216 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework th Date: 28 September, 2016 Total Participants: 45 Venue: Liet N-Changi, Titabor, Jorhat [Male: 03, Female: 42] Sl. Issues Raised By The Farmers Suggestive Measures No. i.e., eri, mulberry and muga. They have their own land for proposed under APART is most likely to plantation of worm trees with quality saplings. They solve this issue. requested for nursery of worm plants which they can use at  The capacity of the weavers/rearers is to community level and earn some money by selling the be developed to manage these nurseries. saplings. 3 Functioning of the SHGs:  The consultation was attended by the office bearers and  The SHGs need further orientation on members of twelve SHGs of the village. Most of the SHGs institution building. are having 10-12 members. They collect Rs.10 per  Awareness program is required for SHGs week/Rs.50 per month from the members and keep the so that they can use their own money for money in bank. They provide loan to its members at an commercialization of their activity. interest rate of 2%-5% and maximum loan given amounts to Rs.15000. however it was found that none of the members of any SHGs ever requested loan for handloom related activities but for social and health related needs. 4 Absence of proper market facility:  The farmers rarely sell their products commercially.  The training design for weaver should Generally they take up weaving for their own use and the include session on how to rate their surplus they sell at home to the villagers. They are not products including labour costs for educated enough to fix the rate of their product for competitive pricing. marketing and cost of their own labour is not counted while  The representative of handloom and fixing the rate. They informed that demand for their gamosa textile department told that he will explore (Assamese towel) is very high at the time of election and the marketing options after fixing the rate other cultural occasions. of their products. Figure 4: Consultation Snapshots Interaction with the members of weaver’s self help groups at Titabor, Jorhat Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 217 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Figure 4: Consultation Snapshots 38. 39. Consultation with Sericulture farmers at Titabor, Jorhat Table 8: Community Consultation – Entrepreneurs at Tezpur th Date: 26 October, 2016 Total Participants:18 Venue: DICC office, Tezpur [Male: 15, Female: 3] Sl. Issues raised by the Entrepreneurs Suggestive Measures No. 1 Erratic power supply:  The entrepreneurs, particularly the owners of rice, mustard  The issue shall be brought to the and spice processing units, are suffering a lot due to erratic notice of the project authority for power supply. Their machineries are under-utilized, labourers consideration of possible support to are under-utilised and they fail to deliver products to the the entrepreneurs. customers in time due to the power problem. 2 Lack of Government support in terms of raw materials supply:  The rice mill owners informed that the state govt. used to  The issue shall be brought to the supply wheat to them on PDS till the year 1989. Thereafter the notice of the project authority for government stopped supplying wheat to small processing units consideration of possible support to and as a result they have to close down their wheat the entrepreneurs. processing units as wheat is not locally available in adequate quantity. 3 Poor quality of packaging:  The quality of packaging of the products like pickles, jam, jelly,  The PIU will find out the low cost snacks, squash etc. is not good in comparison to the popular mechanized options available in the branded products available in the market. This is due to lack of market and share the information with better packaging machine and necessary skills. the entrepreneurs. 4 Lack of easy access to finance:  The entrepreneurs need financial support for expansion and  Assam Bureau of Investment up-gradation of their units. It is very difficult and time Promotion (ABIP) shall be set up consuming to avail loans form financial institutions. under APART to promote investment by streamlining and simplifying the procedures. 5 Lack of training:  The entrepreneurs need training on skill up-gradation,  There are provisions for training of packaging, labour management, accounting etc. entrepreneurs in APART. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 218 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework th Date: 26 October, 2016 Total Participants:18 Venue: DICC office, Tezpur [Male: 15, Female: 3] Sl. Issues raised by the Entrepreneurs Suggestive Measures No. 6 Lack of exposure:  The participants of the consultation feel the need to visit the  There are provisions for exposure visit successful enterprises to experience how these units are of entrepreneurs in APART. being run, how cleanliness and safety concerns are addressed, to know about labour management and marketing strategies. 7 Lack of trademark:  The entrepreneurs do not have registered trademarks for their  The entrepreneurs shall be supported products. They are not able to popularize their products in the under APART in obtaining trademarks. absence of a trademark. Most of them are not aware of the procedures. They need support in this regard. 8 Lack of awareness:  The entrepreneurs are not aware of new Government  DICC shall organize awareness schemes. They need guidance for expansion of the existing programs among the entrepreneurs on units and setting up of new units. various schemes of the government. 9 Poor extension service:  The participants informed that the extension officers of the  Entrepreneurs‘ Meet shall be DICC seldom visit their units. They request the officials to visit organized every month at the DICC, their units regularly so that they can understand the issues Sonitpur. related to the day to day operations of the enterprises. 10 Lack of Business Plan:  The entrepreneurs are not capable of preparing BPs required  The entrepreneurs shall be provided by the financial institutions and govt. departments. The support under APART on the financial institutions fund the projects based on the rationale of preparation of BPs. BPs only. So the entrepreneurs are not able to avail financial supports and govt. schemes in the absence of a good BP. Consultation with the entrepreneurs 5. Institution Level Consultation Consultations with officials of various government departments and others were done to understand aspects such as, (i) farming practices followed in project districts, (ii) functional mechanism of line departments wings at grassroots level, (iii) land acquisition practices followed for road development, Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 219 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework and (iv) ownership pattern and user rights over community land – village grazing land. Outcome of the consultations are given in Table 9: outcomes of Consultation with Officials of Government and Others Sl. Details of Institution Issues Discussed / Details Shared No Consulted 1 Department of Sericulture  Department implements Central Government Schemes and State Government – on sericulture related Schemes in decentralized manner with District Level offices managed by officer activities in Assam at the rank of Assistant Director, Sub-Divisional offices managed by Superintendent, and Inspectors at Field Level.  Seed plantation, rearing, reeling, spinning are the major activities.  Major markets are located at Boko (Kamrup), Udalguri, Kokrajhar (established in 2010) and Lakimpur (established in 2014).  Muga and Mulberry cultivation is largely concentrated in Lakhimpur district and Eri cultivation is largely in Sonitpur district. 2 Department of Handloom  Department implements Central Government Schemes and State Government & Textiles – existing Schemes in decentralized manner with District Level offices managed by officer practices in Handloom and at the rank of Assistant Director, Sub-Divisional offices managed by Textile sector Superintendent, and Inspectors at Field Level.  Director has been declared as Ex-officio Additional Registrar of Cooperative Societies for Handloom and Power loom Cooperatives and exercise all powers of Registrar Cooperative Societies.  Central Government Schemes generally are implemented stage-wise, wherein the assistance is disbursed based on progress of respective stages.  State government schemes are usually one-time lump-sum based disbursement of assistance. 3 Fisheries Department - on  Criteria followed in selection of clusters, beels, etc. preparation of PIP as part  Various economic agents in fishery value chain of APART  Formation of farmer-producer organisations  Areas in which capacity building required for farmers  Establishment of common service centres 4 Division of Fisheries, ICAR  Climatic changes which should be taken into consideration while formulating Research Complex for any intervention related to fishery development North East Hill Region - on fishery related  Need for developing a code of practice for beel fisheries interventions  Involvement of communities in species selection and auto-stocking  Need for awareness building among fishers regarding techno-interventions and beel management 6 Public Works Department,  PWD acquires land following Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Guwahati on land Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, for which the acquisition for road Rules are in place. Some of the Corridors under Assam State Road Project, development funded by World Bank have acquired land under RFCTL and R&R Act 2013 and disbursement is being paid.  Process followed under Land Acquisition Act takes almost 2 years for the whole process.  Roads identified under APRT do not trigger additional land acquisition, provided road strengthening is limited to 5.5m formation width as minimum option. 7. Revenue Department on  Village Grazing Reserves (VGR) is owned by Revenue Department and is Village Grazing Reserve exclusively utilized as community grazing land. Transfer of grassing land is not permitted as per the directives of honorable supreme court.  Any agriculture land used for non-agriculture purpose should declassified by Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 220 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Details of Institution Issues Discussed / Details Shared No Consulted the user as per the procedures of revenue department.  All the land received from the community or from individual in the form of donation or acquisition shall be registered by the user agencies.  the notification of the fisheries as sanctuary is done by the department of forest by the MoEF, not by the state  Most of the VGRs in the State are encroached by adjacent community, hence any intervention in which VGR is involved, would require a consultation with the local community.  VGRs being used for sericulture plantation do not have any formal agreement in place. 8 Department of Handloom  Two handloom training centers in Jorhat district, one at Madhavpur and the & Textiles and Sericulture, other is at Khatawal, where weavers are given training on weaving and Jorhat, Assam designing.  Willing weavers were sent for further level of training at Handloom Training Institutes located at Nagaon, Barpeta, Lakhimpur and Musalpur. After this training the weavers become eligible for applying as demonstrator in Handloom and Textile Department.  More than 90% female are involved in this sector. Male are involved basically in marketing of the products.  Generally the weavers use traditional loom. However the progressive weavers now a day use advanced looms like, Jacquer Loom, Tip Loom and Fly Shuttle Loom with Wrapping Drum.  The farmers have both SHG and Co-operative societies. But as per their information SHGs are functioning better than the co-operatives.  The Department has started online marketing for sale of products via, Mahila E- Haat (http://mahilaehaatrmk.gov.in/en/index.php) web page. 9 District Industries &  Entrepreneurs‘ Meet is held every month at the office of the General Manager, Commerce Centre, Tezpur DICC, Tezpur  Erratic power supply is the major problem faced by the entrepreneurs  Capacity building of the DICC staffs required  Investment summits for the entrepreneurs should be organized 10 Department of Animal  Inadequate marketing facility, traditional marketing; Husbandry and Veterinary,  Unhygienic waste disposal practice at slaughter houses leading to health KarbiAnglong hazard;  Traditional way of farming; and  Use of locally available cheaper feeds.  Revamp of the existing slaughter house constructed under RashtriaSamaVikasYojna with additional equipments  Additional slaughter houses shall be promoted to other parts of the district  Need for capacity building of formers in commercial breeding 11 Department of Dairy  Functioning of DCS and MPIs Development, Govt. of  Non-availability of low cost fodder Assam  Need for capacity building of farmers  Challenges in bringing the value chain players of unorganized sector to organized sector  Inadequate veterinary service  Requirement of storage facility in the production clusters Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 221 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Details of Institution Issues Discussed / Details Shared No Consulted 12 WAMUL, Guwahati  Shortage of milk in the state for running the plant  Formation of DCS and MPIs  Establishment of BMCs in the production clusters  Capacity building of milk producers  Supply of fodder, medicines etc.  Establishment of new plants in Jorhat and Cachar 13 KarbiAnglong Autonomous  Piglets should not be given free of cost to the farmers for the second time council  Training should be given to the farmers to upgrade their entrepreneurship skill in big breeding and value addition.  Farmers should be encouraged to undertake pig rearing on commercial basis  The price difference in the local market and rest of the region (including nearer states) shall be taped for the better price of the formers.  Logistics for marketing channels should be explored on private participation  Awareness on clean meet production shall be promoted among the formers by the Department. 6. On-site Observations Visit by respective Experts to various agri-horti-fishery-dairy-piggery related activities has been done. These site-visits were aimed at (i) understanding the present farming practices, (ii) observing the likely social impacts, (iii) capturing the views of farmers, and (iv) reviewing the project implementation plans for their adherence to existing farming practices. Summary of the on-site observations are given in Table 10. Table 10: Summary of On-Site Observations Sector Observations Fishery  The farmers need training on all the aspects of fish farming;  Lack of storage facility in the markets impacts the price of products;  Cost of inputs and transportation is high;  Cost of fund for capital is higher due to lack of access to formal banking; and  Traditional way of farming and un-organised mode of trading leading to high cost of production and hence low margin. Dairy  Lack of access to veterinary services;  High cost of fodder;  Lack of storage facility;  Poor condition of road leading to high cost of transportation; and  Non-utilisation of excess cow dung. Sericulture  Use of residence for rearing of mulberry and eri worms due to space constraint leads to health hazard;  Traditional way of farming and un-organised mode of trading leading to high cost of production and hence low margin; and  Manual use of spinning machine for muga by women due to erratic power supply leads to health problems; Handloom  Lack of assured market;  Use of modern looms requires special skills. Skill development training required on the use of modern looms; Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 222 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sector Observations Piggery  Mortality rate among species is very high;  Inadequate extension service by AH &V Department;  Inadequate marketing facility, traditional marketing;  Unhygienic waste disposal practice at slaughter houses leading to health hazard;  Traditional way of farming; and  Use of locally available cheaper feeds. Figure 5: Photos of site visit (Fishery Sector) Fish ponds of (Juria) Godaimari cluster Figure 6: Photos of site visit (DairySector) Female farmer with her cattle at Khanajan, Morigaon Visit to BMC at Amlighat, Morigaon Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 223 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Figure 7: Photos of site visit (SericultureSector) Interaction at sericulture farm of a JFMC at Atkheli Visit to a Muga Farm at Nazira, Sivasagar Grant, Sivasagar Figure 8: Photos of site visit (PiggerySector) Interaction with pig harmer at Gobardhan, Kamrup Slaughter house at Gobardhan, Kamrup Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 224 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 11 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 225 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 11a: COMPONENT A - ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINE FOR INVESTMENT FUND (AGRIBUSINESS FUND) The environmental guideline is intended to ensure that the proposed Component – A and its project subcomponents activities (investment Fund)do not result in unreasonable environmental impacts. The environmental guideline allows the line departments to identify and manage the environmental impacts of their activities, by assessing potential environmental impacts and then by identifying and implementing steps to avoid, minimize, or mitigate those impacts. I. Environmental Commitments Environmental guideline is fundamental in ensuring that the Investment fund does not support Component – A and its project subcomponents activities that unnecessarily harm the environment. As part of the project implementing bodies, all the line departments shall (i) Adopt theEnvironmental Management Framework (EMF)that ensures environmental impacts are identified and assessed at the earliest possible stage of the project/ project design, (ii) Adopt measures to avoid or where avoidance is impossible try to minimize or mitigate those risks during implementation, and (iii) Monitor and report on the status of those measures during and at the end of implementation. II. Environmental Legislations Project components supported by the Investment fund shall be designed and implemented to meet the following environmental regulations(Refer Chapter 2 EMF). (i) Compliance with the Environmental Rules and Regulations Project components supported by the Investment fund shall be in compliance with applicable State (GoA), Centre (GoI) and World Bank Policies (ii) Protection of Natural Habitats The Investment fund shall not support Component – A and its project subcomponents that would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats, including those that are (a) legally protected, (b) officially proposed for protection, (c) identified by authoritative sources for their high conservation value, or (d) recognized as protected by traditional local communities (iii) Conservation of Biological Diversity Component – A and its project subcomponents supported by the Investment fund shall be designed and implemented in a way that avoids any significant reduction or loss of biological diversity or the introduction of known invasive species (iv) Climate Change Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 226 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Component – A and its project subcomponents supported by the Investment fund shall not result in any significant increase in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions or other drivers of climate change (v) Pollution Prevention and Resource Efficiency Component – A and its project subcomponents supported by the Investment fund shall be designed and implemented in a way that meets applicable national / international standards for maximizing energy efficiency and minimizing material resource use, waste production and the release of pollutants (vi) Public Health Component – A and its project subcomponents supported by the Investment fund shall be designed and implemented in a way that avoids significant negative impacts on public health (vii) Agricultural Lands and Soil Conservation Component – A and its project subcomponents supported by the Investment fund shall be designed and implemented in a way that promotes soil conservation and avoids degradation or conversion of productive agricultural lands III. Environmental Management Approach The Line departments shall be responsible for screening the project subcomponents to determine the extent of environmental impacts. The anticipated impacts are thoroughly assessed; the measures are identified for avoiding or reducing environmental and social impacts, and that the implementation of such measures is monitored and reported throughout the life of the project. (i) Screening of EnvironmentalImpacts Project Component – A and its project subcomponents shall be screened by the Line departmentsto determine their potential to cause environmental impact. The screening process shall seek to identify potential environmental impacts and risks, taking into consideration the environmental legislations outlined above.The screening process shall consider all potential direct, indirect and cumulative impacts that could result from the project components. The screening will determine whether the project component requires further environmental assessment, mitigation and management. The results of the environmental screening shall be included in the project component proposal that would be submitted to the ARIAS. If during the review process the ARIASdetermine that further information on the environmental assessment, mitigation and management of impact is required, the line department can be asked to provide it. If appropriate, this will be reflected in the agreement between the ARIAS and the line departments. Regardless of the outcome of the screening procedure, all proposed project components shall comply with the environmental legislations and applicable rules and regulations. (ii) Environmental Assessment Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 227 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework For Project Component – A and its project subcomponentsthat have the potential to cause environmental Impact, the line department shall prepare an environmental assessment (as suggested in the EMF) that identifies any environmental Impacts, including any potential Impacts associated with the environmental legislations set forth above. The assessment shall  Consider all potential direct, indirect and cumulative impacts and risks that could result from the proposed project components;  Assess alternatives to the project components; and  Assess possible measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate environmental impacts of the proposed project component. (iii) Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Where the environmental assessment identifies environmental impacts, the assessment shall be accompanied by an environmental management plan (as suggested in the EMF) that identifies those measures necessary to avoid, minimize, or mitigate the potential environmental impacts. A commitment to implement the management plan shall be a condition of the project component approval and reflected in the monitoring and reporting plan for that project component. (iv) Monitoring, Reporting, and Evaluation Monitoring and evaluation of project components supported by the Investment fund shall address all environmental impacts identified during environmental assessment, design, and implementation. The progress reports shall include a section on the status of implementation of environmental management plan, including those measures required to avoid, minimize, or mitigate environmental impacts. The reports shall also include, if necessary, a description of any corrective actions that are deemed necessary. (v) Public Disclosure and Consultation Stakeholders shall be identified and involved as early as possible in planning project components supported by the Investment fund. The results of the environmental screening and a draft environmental assessment, including any proposed management plan, shall be made available for public consultations that are timely, effective, inclusive, and held free of coercion and in an appropriate way for communities that are directly affected by the proposed project components. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 228 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 11b-1: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR ROADS (WIDENING/ STRENGTHENING) UNDER APART Potential Sl. Negative Responsible Activities Management Measure Location No. Impact/Concer Agency n 40. A 41. Pre- construction Phase . Consents, permits,  Obtain all necessary clearances, no As per the legal consents, permits, OPIU, PWD and 1. objection requirements clearance, NOCs, etc. Contractor certificate prior to start of civil works (NOC), etc  No land acquisition will be carried out under this project. Loss of land  The road will be used by the constructed within the people along the existing Right of Way Land road alignment, Corridor of OPIU, PWD and 2. (RoW). Requirement loss of trees, Impact Contractor structures,  Assistance will be utilities and provided to the affected resources people (if any) as per the proposed ―Entitlement Matrix‖ prepared for the project.  Permission shall be obtained from the Forest Settlement Officer for the felling of trees.  Avenue plantation should be carried out for both affected and non-affected areas according to the availability of the space. Loss of Along the Dept. of Environment Clearing of vegetation and 42. Some of the native trees alignment / and Forest, Assam, 3. usually planted are: Trees trees along the road OPIU/PWD and alignment.  Baobab corridor Contractor  Kadam  Jack-Fruit Tree  Coconut Palm  Jamun Tree  Banyan Tree  Ivy-Like Fig  The Peepal etc.  Monitoring and care should be taken for the planted trees. Utility Severances to  Permission from Relocation, utilities/ respective departments OPIU; Concerned Common temporary Along the 4. (PWD, irrigation, Agencies/Departments Property interuption to the alignment electricity department) to ; Contractor Resources power and (CPR‘s). water supply shift utilities. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 229 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Sl. Negative Responsible Activities Management Measure Location No. Impact/Concer Agency n  Relocation sites for all CPRs shall be selected in consultation with concerned communities, local administrative authorities/departments.  Assistance will be provided to the affected people (if any) for their loss as per the ―Entitlement Matrix‖ prepared for the project.  Noise generating construction activities shall be temporarily suspended during the migratory season (October till January). Potential impact Alignment/ road Hence the impact on the to the passing through presence of wetlands/ Dept. of Environment ecosystem (Both Corridor of 5. sensitive areas and Forest, Assam, biotic and forest area shall be Impact (Wetlands, OPIU/PWD/ Contractor abiotic) and managed with no harmful Forests areas) migratory birds. impacts to the avifauna.  Proper care should be taken for disposal of construction based waste and leachate generated from it.  Constructing roundabout at the junctions to ease traffic and accidents  Roundabout shall be Road High risks of provided with landscaping Corridor of 6. connecting to OPIU/PWD/Contractor accidents options to improve road Impact junctions aesthetics.  Cautionary sign boards, Speed breakers should be provided.  Temporary  As far as possible involve land local peoples in the requirement construction works. for the  Prior permission from the labours local authority (labor Construction  Labour department) Constructio 7. OPIU/PWD/Contractor Camps influx from  Provision of sanitation n camps neighbourin facility to the engaged g district/ labours. other state  Camp should be shall have constructed at a minimum direct distance of 500m from Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 230 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Sl. Negative Responsible Activities Management Measure Location No. Impact/Concer Agency n conflict with water bodies ( river, the local stream, lake and ponds) communitie  Facilities should be s located in areas not  Exploitation affected by flooding and of clear of any natural or resources. storm water courses.  Generation  Collecting organic waste of domestic at separate bins and wastes. disposing of in a pit at designated area/s. 43. B 44. Construction Phase .  Adequate safety precautions should be ensured during transportation of quarry Quarry / Borrow Spillage on the material from quarries to Corridor of 8. OPIU/PWD/Contractor pits Operations area. Impact the construction site.  Vehicles transporting the material shall be covered to prevent spillage.  Adequate slope protection measures shall be undertaken to avoid slope instability from cutting. Potential impact  On sections with deep to the soil with cutting the side slopes Corridor of 9. Slope Cutting OPIU/PWD/Contractor high risk of shall be graded and Impact erosion. covered with bushes and grass etc., adopting suitable slope protection techniques.  All necessary measures shall be taken especially while working close to cross drainage channels Dismantling of to prevent earthwork, Culverts/ stonework, materials and Clearing of Alteration of the appendage as well as the waterways of water channel method of operation from cross drainage Corridor of 10. with impact on OPIU/PWD/Contractor works including impeding cross-drainage Impact the water minor bridges at rivers, streams, water ecosystem. and clearing of canals and existing longitudinal side irrigation and drainage drains. systems.  Clearance of waterway will be undertaken before onset of monsoon Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 231 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Sl. Negative Responsible Activities Management Measure Location No. Impact/Concer Agency n  Debris generated due to clearing of longitudinal side drains and waterways of cross drainage will be stored above high flood level and away from waterway, and reused on embankment slope or disposed at designated areas.  The contractor shall provide safe and convenient passage for Any activities vehicles, pedestrians and Corridor of 11. under the Loss of Access OPIU/PWD/Contractor livestock to and from side Impact construction. roads and property access connecting the project road.  All earthworks to be protected/covered in a manner acceptable to the satisfaction of the Engineer to minimize the Dust Pollution dust generation. from Crushers  All crushers will obtain Corridor of OPIU/PWD/Contractor and other siting clearance from Impact sources. SPCB or only those crushers that have already have obtained license from SPCB shall be used (shall have valid licence). Operation of  Batching plants shall be the construction located at least 500m 12. away from machineries/ construction Emissions from Environmentally Sensitive Corridor of OPIU/PWD/Contractor vehicles batching plants areas as Reserved Impact Forests / National Parks and sensitive receptors i.e., Hospital and College.  All vehicles, equipment and machinery used for construction should Emission from conform to the relevant Construction Bureau of Indian Corridor of Vehicles, Standard (BIS) norms and OPIU/PWD/Contractor Impact Equipment and should be regularly Machinery maintained to ensure that pollution emission levels comply with the relevant requirements of SPCB. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 232 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Sl. Negative Responsible Activities Management Measure Location No. Impact/Concer Agency n  Other measures to be factored in selection of location:  1.0 km away from settlement, school, hospital on downwind directions.  300m from any archaeological site  10 km from environmental sensitive areas i.e. national park, sanctuary  500m from water bodies (rivers, streams, lakes and ponds)  All vehicles and equipment used for construction should be fitted with exhaust silencers.  Noise limits for Generation of noise from construction equipment Corridor of used in this project OPIU/PWD/Contractor construction Impact equipment. (measured at one metre from the edge of the equipment in free field) should not exceed 75 dB (A), as specified in the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986. Soil and Water  The fuel storage and Pollution due to vehicle cleaning area fuel and should be stationed such Corridor of OPIU/PWD/Contractor lubricants, that runoff from the site Impact construction does not drain into the waste. waterbodies.  Silt fencing should be Wastes provided at all water generated from bodies near construction 13. the constructional sites to prevent sediments Siltation of activities Rivers and from the construction site streams due to to enter into the Corridor of OPIU/PWD/Contractor spillage of watercourses. Impact construction  Extraneous construction wastes. wastes should be transported to the pre- identified disposal site for safe disposal. Disposal of Potential impact  Reuse of the wastes in Corridor of 14. OPIU/PWD/Contractor Bituminous on the disposed road to the maximum Impact Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 233 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Sl. Negative Responsible Activities Management Measure Location No. Impact/Concer Agency n wastes / area with extent possible. Construction respect to its  Safe disposal of the Waste / Debris / ecosystem. Cut Material extraneous material shall be ensured in the pre- identified disposal locations.  Water supply, sanitation, drainage and medical health facilities at camp site.  Providing and using PPEs(Personal Protective Equipment)  Providing earth link circuit breaker (ELCB) for all Occupational electrical connections. Material 15. Handling at Site health and  Maintaining first aid at Corridor of OPIU/PWD/Contractor safety construction sites Impact and camp. of workers  Conducting awareness campaign including dissemination of IEC materials on HIV/AIDS for all construction personnel.  Conduct semi-annual health check-up of all construction personnel including testing for STDs.  The Contractor should undertake seasonal monitoring (as per Impact on the monitoring plan Construction environs like air, Corridor of 16. suggested in the Chapter OPIU/PWD/Contractor activities water, noise and Impact soil 8 (EMF)) of air, water, noise and soil quality through an approved monitoring agency  On completion of the works, all temporary structures shall be cleared away, all rubbish Clearing of burnt, excreta or other Post Construction of disposal pits or trenches Corridor of 17. construction OPIU/PWD/Contractor Camps & filled in and effectively Impact activities Restoration sealed off and the site left clean and tidy, at the Contractor‘s expense, to the entire satisfaction of the Engineer. 45. C 46. Post Construction Phase (Operation and Maintenance Impacts) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 234 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Sl. Negative Responsible Activities Management Measure Location No. Impact/Concer Agency n .  The OPIU should undertake seasonal monitoring of air, water, noise and soil quality Increased air through an approved and noise pollution due to monitoring agency. Corridor of OPIU/PWD/Contractor increased traffic  Provision of vegetative Impact using the barriers where ever improved roads possible.  installation of no horn signs at educational institutes and at hospitals Environmenta 18. l Conditions  To ensure efficient flow of surface water and to prevent water logging along the side of the roads adequate size and number of cross-drainage Drainage of structures and Corridor of OPIU/PWD/Contractor roadsides Impact longitudinal drains are provided in the design.  These should be adequately maintained by cleaning and avoiding clogging of openings.  If required, depending on the level of Congestion and traffic hazards, Traffic Management Plans shall be prepared.  Traffic control measures including speed limits to be High Traffic and enforced strictly. Corridor of 19. movement of OPIU/PWD/Contractor Accident Safety  Road control width Impact vehicles to be enforced.  Pedestrian Safety shall be ensured.  Pedestrian circulation shall be demarcated prior to start & unsafe areas shall be cordoned off.  OPIU shall ensure that all drains (side drains and all Flooding, cross drainages) are Maintenance of Corridor of 20. Damage in periodically cleared OPIU/PWD/Contractor Drainage Impact Spurs. especially before monsoon season to facilitate the quick Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 235 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Sl. Negative Responsible Activities Management Measure Location No. Impact/Concer Agency n passage of rainwater and avoid flooding without damaging the spurs and check dams erected to stabilize the course and flow of all such drainage channels.  OPIU shall ensure that all the sediment/oil and grease traps set up at the waterbodies are cleared once in every three months. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 236 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 11b-2: SUB-COMPONENT:B.2.2: Warehouse and warehouse receipts development for Agriculture and Community Jali Houses, Cocoon Houses, Eri Rearing Houses, Cocoon Drying Chambers, Grainage Houses for Sericulture ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURE Potential Negative Responsible for Sl. No Project Activity Mitigation Measures Applicable sectors Impact/Concern Implementation A. Pre-Construction Stage 1. Approvals/NOC As per the legal  All necessary approvals, permits and licences required by Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture Licences and requiements the state and local legislation shall be obtained prior to DLCC/Contractor. Permits/ commencing of the construction activity. Insurance.  All approvals, permits and licences shall be maintained and up dated before expiry, and complied with during the construction period.  Should there be any changes to the project which would require additional permits or licences, these shall be obtained  The contractor shall maintain Pollution Under Control (PUC‘s) Certificates for the construction vehicles and machineries used for this project.  Contractors shall insure all workers covered under the group insurance or any other suitable insurance schemes against all forms of injuries sustained at the workplace. 2. Designing the Violation of, the  The design of the warehouse for different sectors should Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture warehouse. Warehousing (Development follow the Warehousing ((Development and Regulation) DLCC/Contractor. and Regulation) Act, 2007 Act, 2007. 3. Land Requirement  Loss of land  No additional land will be required, as the construction will Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture be carried out at Govt. land. DLCC/Contractor.  Socio economic Impacts 4. Clearing of  Loss of trees and  All reasonable measures shall be undertaken to ensure Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture trees/Removal of vegetation that no native fauna is harmed or placed at risk during the DLCC/Contractor. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 237 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Negative Responsible for Sl. No Project Activity Mitigation Measures Applicable sectors Impact/Concern Implementation vegetation  Soil erosion and course of the clearing activities surface runoff  Felling of trees is not envisaged at any stage of the project. However under unavoidable conditions if any of the trees are required to be cut/felled, then prior permission as per existing procedure from Forest, ensuring appropriate compensation including compensatory plantation as stipulated by the forest department shall be undertaken.  Avoid earthworks/breaking of land during monsoon season. 5. Water Requirement  Exploitation of the  The required water will be sourced from the PWD/ PHE. Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture water bodies. (both DLCC/Contractor.  In absence of the water supply, permission is required from ground water and the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) to abstract surface water) ground water.  Permission to abstract ground water through any energized means i.e. for digging / installation of a bore well water connection in the site for drinking water, in a notified / non notified area for household/ industrial / infrastructure projects as per guidelines dated 15/11/2012 under Environmental Protection Act (EPA) (1986). 6. Drainage  Drainage congestion  As per the topography of the project site, appropriate Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture management due to garbage/waste sediment control measures should be designed and DLCC/Contractor. dumping implemented prior to commencement of construction.  Water logging.  Design adequate drainage passage by following natural  Vector proliferation path  Fill ditches/water logging in ware house premises.  Discharge drainage flow with proper downstream protection.  Silt Trap shall be provided to prevent sediment runoff from the construction zone from entering and adversely affecting the natural drainages or areas of native vegetation downstream from the construction zone B. Construction Phase Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 238 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Negative Responsible for Sl. No Project Activity Mitigation Measures Applicable sectors Impact/Concern Implementation 7. Construction Change in topography, land  It is advised to procure construction materials from the Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture material clearing etc., authorised vendor. DLCC/Contractor. requirement 8. Slope stability Landslide or gully erosion  Planning and designing the refurbishment/ upgrading of Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture on slopes that may threaten ware house DLCC/Contractor. ware house infrastructure.  keeping in mind the fragile natural environment and site specific geological conditions  Avoid or maintain adequate distance from erosion prone areas  Adopt right angle of cut on slopes  Stabilize slopes by measures  Measures taken to avoid undercutting of hill toes that may cause slides  Do not exert excess load on slopes by disposing spoil 9. Erosion and Loss of soil, water pollution  Temporary erosion and sediment controls like having Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture sediment vegetation, surface covering etc., shall be installed prior to DLCC/Contractor. the commencement of any works with the potential to cause soil erosion, including stockpiling of construction materials  Wherever possible during the course of the works, exposed soil areas shall be progressively stabilized or protected by an appropriate method to minimize erosion potential.  4 cubic feet of Topsoil in the construction area shall be stripped and stockpiled later for re-spreading on all exposed areas when final shaping has been completed.  Fill material shall not be placed around or pushed up against the base of the trees and shrubs that needs to be retained within the construction site.  Ground filling shall be sufficiently compacted to minimize erosion potential.  All exposed soil areas shall be stabilized and re-vegetated Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 239 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Negative Responsible for Sl. No Project Activity Mitigation Measures Applicable sectors Impact/Concern Implementation as soon as possible on completion of works to prevent potential erosion. 10. Spoil Management  Drainage blockage  Minimize spoil disposal by balancing cut and fill wherever Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture causing localized possible DLCC/Contractor. ponding and/or  Manage spoil to reclaim land with proper landscaping and slush/muddy runoff. vegetation  Spoil tipped over slope  Do not dispose spoil on drainage path may cause slide 11. Water Pollution  Impact on existing  Domestic effluent/ Sewage shall be discharged into soak Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture water resources pits. DLCC/Contractor.  Contamination of  Total prohibition on direct discharge of ground water and other sewage/sullage/solid waste into drains, open spaces, water water bodies. bodies to ensure downstream settlement are not affected  Impact on drinking at any cost. water sources.  Assess capacity and structural integrity of existing septic tanks. Take appropriate measures for augmentation of septic as per additional sewage generation.  Awareness session on handling and storage of materials and waste management to be conducted for the construction workers.  Water quality monitoring should be performed for the parameters including pH, BOD, COD, DO coliform count, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, Iron, etc. 12. Transportation and  Nuisance to the  The vehicles carrying the materials should be covered and Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture storage of general public secured to prevent loss or re-suspension of materials DLCC/Contractor. construction  Fugitive emissions during travel. materials  Construction materials should be stored in covered areas to ensure protection of surrounding areas from dust and emissions  Diesel and other lubricant oil shall be stored in a covered area provided with hard surface / paved surface to prevent Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 240 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Negative Responsible for Sl. No Project Activity Mitigation Measures Applicable sectors Impact/Concern Implementation soil pollution.  Any transportation of materials on local roads shall be done during day time.  All vehicle movements or other construction activities shall be restricted to the delineated construction zone, the existing road network or previously disturbed areas.  Construction vehicles, personnel and machinery shall not enter fenced off areas or areas beyond the delineated construction zone  Appropriate signage should be given to the designated areas (storage/ restriction of entries/toilets etc.,) in the construction camp 13. Air and noise  Dust nuisance from  Wherever feasible, dust generating type of work shall be Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture pollution and construction works. done during off time. DLCC/Contractor. fugitive emissions  Dust and noise  Labourers‘ use of masks and safety gears generated by vehicles  Water needs to be sprinkled on work areas passing.  Vehicles transporting construction materials to site must be  Loud noise during covered to prevent dust pollution construction.  Cover fine grain construction materials with tarpaulin or  Gaseous Emissions. sheets.  Cover construction debris and waste prior to disposal.  Newly exposed surface areas shall be mulched and replanted as soon as possible in order to reduce the potential for erosion and suppress dust  All vehicles, construction machineries and equipment should possess Pollution Under Control Certificates (PUC‘s).  With respect to NAAQS, air quality monitoring should be carried out for the key parameters: o Sulphur Dioxide(SO2) o Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 241 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Negative Responsible for Sl. No Project Activity Mitigation Measures Applicable sectors Impact/Concern Implementation o Carbon Monoxide (CO) o Particulate matter (PM10& PM2.5).  Noise generation should be monitored with respect to Ambient Noise Quality standards. 14. Hunting and Threat to wild animals/  Construction workers should not be involved in any Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture Poaching activities fauna hunting, poaching or fishing activities and should not DLCC/Contractor. by construction disturb any natural resources, plants and animals workers (Including avifauna). 15. Waste Impacts on land, water and  Recycled materials shall be used to the extent possible. Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture management and visual impacts showing DLCC/Contractor. minimization poor housekeeping  Any construction waste generated from the construction practices. site shall be contained within the boundary of the site and removed at regular intervals to an appropriate waste disposal or recycling facility.  The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated in the construction and labour camp shall be separated as organic and inorganic wastes.  The worksite shall be left in a tidy and rubbish free state upon completion of the works  There should be no burning of waste. 16. Occupational  Lack of safety tools  Provide safety gears to workers working in hazardous Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture Health and Safety areas and provide training in the use of these safety gears DLCC/Contractor.  Lack of safe construction practices. and compulsory use of PPE‘s as per as per EHS (IFC, World Bank Group) [Refer Sl.no. 29].  Accidents occurring on site  Keep first aid box ready at work areas and camps  Site and task specific  Provide adequate space with ventilation, clean toilets/ bio hazards toilets (separate for Ladies and Gents), solid waste management, light.  Provide mosquito nets at labour camps  Separate covered / walled toilet rooms (including bathing platforms) shall be provided for male and female labours. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 242 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Negative Responsible for Sl. No Project Activity Mitigation Measures Applicable sectors Impact/Concern Implementation  Keep camp and work area clean and without water logging  Fire fighting equipment like fire extinguishers will be provided in the camp as per fire safety standards.  Displays prominently telephone/contact number of nearest ambulance service, health units.  Provision of safe drinking water with respect to IS 10500:2012. 17. Use of wood as Felling of trees  Minimize use of wood for construction Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture construction DLCC/Contractor. materials  Use local materials as much as possible 18. Cooking and Felling of trees  Contractor shall supply kerosene or LPG at camps and Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture heating with restrict cooking and heating using firewood. DLCC/Contractor. firewood by construction workers. 19. Influx of migrant  Health and safety risks  Local labourer‘s to be given preference for job Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture Workers opportunities and each contractor should be bound by this DLCC/Contractor.  Chances of spread of sexually transmittable commitment diseases like AIDS  Ensure labour-related regulations are met  In case of hiring outside labour, ensure that their working conditions as well as camps meet local regulations. C. Post Construction/ Operation phase – Sector Wise C.1. Warehouse, Community Jali Houses, Cocoon Houses, Eri Rearing Houses, Cocoon Drying Chambers, Grainage Houses 20. Storage of  Contamination of  Separate storage facility should be provided within the Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture chemicals, hazardous fertilizers, warehouse for storing chemicals, fertilizers, medicines and DLCC/Contractor. fertilizers, medicines, chemicals pesticides to avoid contamination. pesticides. and pesticides with the feeds and.  In sericulture improper storage of these chemicals is a potential threat to the silk worms Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 243 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Negative Responsible for Sl. No Project Activity Mitigation Measures Applicable sectors Impact/Concern Implementation as well as the farmers. 21. Storing equipment  Contamination with the  Separate storage facility should be provided within the Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture used for, spraying crop products and warehouse for storing chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides DLCC/Contractor. and applying feeds from the applying equipment. pesticides and fertilizers. residues left over in the  The equipment should be washed properly before and after pesticides and use to avoid health hazards of the farmers. fertilizers applying equipment.  Health hazard to the farmers. 22. Use of Power Over consumption of power  Installation of renewable energy sources wherever Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture used in various operations possible, like solar energy. DLCC/Contractor. of the warehouse.  Use of energy efficient electrical appliances 23. Use of water Exploitation of ground water  Reusing the water used for various purposes in the Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture resources. warehouse to the possible extent. DLCC/Contractor.  It is recommended that the rain water harvesting arrangements may be made in the complex to recharge the ground water levelas per the practice in the local PHE and self-government department of the State. 24. Hygiene practice Generation of odour and  Ample ventilation and cleaning of warehouse should be Line Department/ Agriculture dust from the stored goods. carried out. DLCC/Contractor.  Warehouse official shall ensure that all the walls, pillars, partitions, ceilings, staircases inside the warehouse are white washed at defined interval (once in 3 years).  Timely prophylactic and curative treatments (spraying of chemicals and fumigation for insect pest control) should be carried out in the warehouses.  Similarly, rodent control operations in and around warehousesshould also be carried out as and when required. 25. Maintenance and Misleading information  Equipment would be calibrated at least once in a year by Line Department/ Agriculture Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 244 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Negative Responsible for Sl. No Project Activity Mitigation Measures Applicable sectors Impact/Concern Implementation calibration of provided by the instrument the approved calibration laboratories/institutions. DLCC/Contractor. equipment and used for various purposes  The equipment which is out of order or not functioning items used in the in the warehouse. should be keptseparately with clearly marked as “Out of warehouse Services” until these are repaired and become functional. 26. Maintenance of Growth of fungi and other  Mechanical damage, contamination before store should be Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture moisture level. microbes in the stored. avoided. The goods should be cleaned, dried to safe DLCC/Contractor. moisture level and cooled beforestorage.  Insect infestation should be controlled during storage.  Moisture content should be less than in equilibrium with 70% R.H. 27. Basic amenities Basic requirements.  Separate toilet for male and female should be provided. Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture need for workers/ DLCC/Contractor. labours  For the staff and labours working in the storage structure, facilities for safe drinking with respect to IS 10500:2012shall be provided at suitable locations.  It is recommended that the amenity of a canteen / tiffin room may be provided at each centre having a capacity of 5000 tonnes or more. The size of canteen may be proportionately increased for godowns of higher capacities. 28. Generation of Leachate, run off by drains,  The waste generated should be stored in a designated Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture Waste contamination in the local place having impervious layer to prevent leachate. DLCC/Contractor. water bodies and soil.  Separation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes and options for recover, reuse and recycle shall be explored.  The waste shall be disposed in the designated location as identified by the local panchayat / municipalities. 29. Handling of the Occupational health  Use of Personal Protective Equipment, as per EHS (IFC, Line Department/ Agriculture, Sericulture stored goods and hazards. World Bank Group): DLCC/Contractor. maintenance of the (Asthma, allergy, cough, warehouse/  Safety Glasses with side-shields, bronchitis etc. mostly Grainage house  Plastic Helmets with top and side impact protection. occurs to rearers and and other  Hearing protectors (ear plugs or ear muffs), weavers in Sericulture.) structures in  Safety shoes and boots for protection against moving & falling objects, liquids and chemicals, Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 245 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Potential Negative Responsible for Sl. No Project Activity Mitigation Measures Applicable sectors Impact/Concern Implementation sericulture.  Gloves made of rubber or synthetic materials (Neoprene), leather, steel, insulating materials, etc.  Facemasks with appropriate filters for dust removal and air purification (chemicals, mists, vapours and gases). Single or multi-gas personal monitors, if available,  Portable or supplied air (fixed lines). On-site rescue equipment,  Insulating clothing, body suits, aprons etc. of appropriate materials.  First aid kits, flashlights, fire extinguishers and other fire- fighting equipment should be provided both inside and outside the warehouse.  Establishment of Do‘s and Don‘ts chart in local language.  Training should be given to the employees handling warehouse operations. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 246 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annexure 11b-3: SUB-COMPONENT:B.2.3: MARKET INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURE Sl. Responsible for Applicable Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures No Implementation sectors A. Pre-Construction Stage 30. Approvals/NOC As per the legal requirements  All necessary approvals, permits and licences required by Contractor/Line Agriculture, Licences and Permits/ the state and local legislation shall be obtained prior to Department/DLCC Fishery and Insurance. commencing of the construction activity. Piggery.  All approvals, permits and licences shall be maintained and up dated before expiry, and complied with during the construction period.  Should there be any changes to the project which would require additional permits or licences, these shall be obtained.  The contractor shall maintain Pollution Under Control (PUC‘s) Certificates for the construction vehicles and machineries used for this project.  Contractors shall insure all workers covered under the group insurance or any other suitable insurance schemes against all forms of injuries sustained at the workplace. 31. Land Requirement  Loss of land  No additional land will be required, as the construction Contractor/Line Agriculture, will be carried out at Govt. land. Department/DLCC Fishery and  Socio economic Impacts. Piggery. 32. Clearing of  Loss of trees and  All reasonable measures shall be undertaken to ensure Contractor/Line Agriculture, trees/Removal of vegetation that no native fauna is harmed or placed at risk during the Department/DLCC Fishery and vegetation course of the clearing activities Piggery.  Soil erosion and surface runoff  Felling of trees is not envisaged at any stage of the project. However under unavoidable conditions if any of the trees are required to be cut/felled, then prior permission as per existing procedure from Forest, Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 247 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Responsible for Applicable Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures No Implementation sectors ensuring appropriate compensation including compensatory plantation as stipulated by the forest department shall be undertaken.  Avoid earthworks/breaking of land during monsoon season. 33. Water Requirement  Exploitation of the water  The required water will be sourced from the PWD/ PHE. Contractor/Line Agriculture, bodies. (both ground water Department/DLCC Fishery and  In absence of the water supply, permission is required Piggery. and surface water) from the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) to abstract ground water. Permission to abstract ground water through any energized means i.e. for digging / installation of a bore well water connection in the site for drinking water, in a notified / non notified area for household/ industrial / infrastructure projects as per guidelines dated 15/11/2012 under Environmental Protection Act (EPA) (1986). 34. Drainage management  Drainage congestion due  As per the topography of the project site, appropriate Contractor/Line Agriculture, to garbage/waste dumping sediment control measures should be designed and Department/DLCC Fishery and implemented prior to commencement of construction. Piggery.  Water logging.  Vector proliferation  Design adequate drainage passage by following natural path  Fill ditches/water logging in building premises.  Discharge drainage flow with proper downstream protection.  Silt Trap shall be provided to prevent sediment runoff from the construction zone from entering and adversely affecting the natural drainages or areas of native vegetation downstream from the construction zone B. Construction Phase 35. Construction material Change in topography, land  It is advised to procure construction materials from the Contractor/Line Agriculture, requirement clearing etc., authorised vendor. Department/DLCC Fishery and Piggery. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 248 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Responsible for Applicable Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures No Implementation sectors 36. Slope stability Landslide or gully erosion on  Keeping in mind the fragile natural environment and site Contractor/Line Agriculture, slopes that may threaten specific geological conditions Department/DLCC Fishery and market infrastructure. Piggery.  Avoid or maintain adequate distance from erosion prone areas  Adopt right angle of cut on slopes  Stabilize slopes by engineering designs  Measures taken to avoid undercutting of hill toes that may cause slides  Do not exert excess load on slopes by disposing spoil 37. Erosion and sediment Loss of soil, water pollution  Temporary erosion and sediment controls like having Contractor/Line Agriculture, vegetation, surface covering etc., shall be installed prior Department/DLCC Fishery and to the commencement of any works with the potential to Piggery. cause soil erosion, including stockpiling of construction materials  Wherever possible during the course of the works, exposed soil areas shall be progressively stabilized or protected by an appropriate method to minimize erosion potential.  4 cubic feet of Topsoil in the construction area shall be stripped and stockpiled later for re-spreading on all exposed areas when final shaping has been completed.  Fill material shall not be placed around or pushed up against the base of the trees and shrubs that needs to be retained within the construction site.  Ground filling shall be sufficiently compacted to minimize erosion potential.  All exposed soil areas shall be stabilized and re- vegetated as soon as possible on completion of works to prevent potential erosion 38. Spoil Management  Drainage blockage causing  Minimize spoil disposal by balancing cut and fill wherever Contractor/Line Agriculture, localized ponding and/or possible Department/DLCC Fishery and Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 249 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Responsible for Applicable Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures No Implementation sectors slush/muddy runoff.  Manage spoil to reclaim land with proper landscaping and Piggery.  Spoil tipped over slope vegetation may cause slide  Do not dispose spoil on drainage path 39. Water Pollution  Impact on existing water  Domestic effluent/Sewage generated from the Contractor/Line Agriculture, resources construction/ labour camp shall be discharged into soak Department/DLCC Fishery and pits. Piggery.  Contamination of ground water and other water  Total prohibition on direct discharge of bodies. sewage/sullage/solid waste into drains, open spaces,  Impact on drinking water water bodies to ensure downstream settlement are not sources. affected at any cost.  Awareness session on handling and storage of materials and waste management to be conducted for the construction workers.  Water quality monitoring should be performed for the parameters including pH, BOD, COD, DO coliform count, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, Iron, etc. 40. Transportation and  Nuisance to the general  The vehicles carrying the materials should be covered Contractor/Line Agriculture, storage of construction public and secured to prevent loss or re-suspension of materials Department/DLCC Fishery and materials during travel. Piggery.  Fugitive emissions  Construction materials should be stored in covered areas to ensure protection of surrounding areas from dust and emissions  Diesel and other lubricant oil shall be stored in a covered area provided with hard surface / paved surface to prevent soil pollution.  Any transportation of materials on local roads shall be done during day time.  All vehicle movements or other construction activities shall be restricted to the delineated construction zone, the existing road network or previously disturbed areas.  Construction vehicles, personnel and machinery shall not Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 250 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Responsible for Applicable Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures No Implementation sectors enter fenced off areas or areas beyond the delineated construction zone  Appropriate signage should be given to the designated areas (storage/ restriction of entries/toilets/ laboratory etc.,) in the construction camp 41. Air and noise pollution  Dust nuisance from  Wherever feasible, dust generating type of work shall be Contractor/Line Agriculture, and fugitive emissions construction works. done during off time. Department/DLCC Fishery and Piggery.  Dust and noise generated  Labourers‘ use of masks and safety gears by vehicles passing.  Water needs to be sprinkled on work areas  Loud noise during  Vehicles transporting construction materials to site must construction. be covered to prevent dust pollution  Gaseous Emissions.  Cover fine grain construction materials with tarpaulin or sheets.  Cover construction debris and waste prior to disposal.  Newly exposed surface areas shall be mulched and replanted as soon as possible in order to reduce the potential for erosion and suppress dust  All vehicles, construction machineries and equipment should possess Pollution Under Control Certificates (PUC‘s).  With respect to NAAQS, air quality monitoring should be carried out for the key parameters:  Sulphur Dioxide(SO2)  Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)  Carbon Monoxide (CO)  Particulate matter (PM10& PM2.5).  Noise generation should be monitored with respect to Ambient Noise Quality standards. 42. Hunting and Poaching Threat to wild animals/ fauna  Construction workers should not be involved in any Contractor/Line Agriculture, activities by hunting, poaching or fishing activities and should not Department/DLCC Fishery and construction workers disturb any natural resources, plants and animals Piggery. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 251 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Responsible for Applicable Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures No Implementation sectors (Including avifauna). 43. Waste management Impacts on land, water and  Recycled materials shall be used to the limits of design. Contractor/Line Agriculture, and minimization visual impacts showing poor Department/DLCC Fishery and housekeeping practices.  Any construction waste generated from the construction Piggery. site shall be contained within the boundary of the site and removed at regular intervals to an appropriate waste disposal or recycling facility.  The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated in the construction and labour camp shall be separated as organic and inorganic wastes.  The worksite shall be left in a tidy and rubbish free state upon completion of the works  There should be no burning of waste. 44. Occupational Health  Lack of safety tools  Provide safety gears to workers working in hazardous Contractor/Line Agriculture, and Safety areas and provide training in the use of these safety Department/DLCC Fishery and  Lack of safe construction Piggery. practices. gears and compulsory use of PPE‘s as per as per EHS (IFC, World Bank Group):  Accidents occurring on site  Safety Glasses with side-shields,  Site and task specific  Plastic Helmets with top and side impact protection. hazards  Hearing protectors (ear plugs or ear muffs),  Safety shoes and boots for protection against moving & falling objects, liquids and chemicals,  Gloves made of rubber or synthetic materials (Neoprene), leather, steel, insulating materials, etc.  Facemasks with appropriate filters for dust removal and air purification (chemicals, mists, vapours and gases). Single or multi-gas personal monitors, if available,  Portable or supplied air (fixed lines). On-site rescue equipment,  Insulating clothing, body suits, aprons etc. of appropriate materials.  Keep first aid box ready at work areas and camps  Provide adequate space with ventilation, clean toilets/ bio toilets (separate for Ladies and Gents), solid waste Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 252 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Responsible for Applicable Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures No Implementation sectors management, light.  Provide mosquito nets at labour camps  Separate covered / walled toilet rooms (including bathing platforms) shall be provided for male and female labours.  Keep camp and work area clean and without water logging  Fire fighting equipment like fire extinguishers will be provided in the camp as per fire safety standards.  Displays prominently telephone/contact number of nearest ambulance service, health units.  Provision of safe drinking water with respect to IS 10500:2012. 45. Cooking and heating Felling of trees  Contractor shall supply kerosene or LPG at camps and Contractor/Line Agriculture, with firewood by restrict cooking and heating using firewood. Department/DLCC Fishery and construction workers. Piggery. 46. Influx of migrant  Health and safety risks  Local labourer‘s to be given preference for job Contractor/Line Agriculture, Workers opportunities and each contractor should be bound by Department/DLCC Fishery and  Chances of spread of Piggery. sexually transmittable this commitment diseases like AIDS  Ensure labour-related regulations are met  In case of hiring neighbouring village/ other state labour, ensure that their working conditions as well as camps meet local regulations. C. Post Construction/ Operation phase 47. Increased in vehicles  Increase in surface runoff  Use of techniques to minimize compaction of soil, such Contractor/Line Agriculture, and machineries from soil compaction as restricting access during wet conditions, and using Department/DLCC Fishery and protective boarding and low ground pressure machinery Piggery.  Generation of noise  Increased emission of  Setting the route and timing of goods carrying vehicles so GHG‘s to the ambient air as to avoid residential areas or other sensitive human receptors (e.g. schools, hospitals).  Vehicles used for any transportation purposes should be Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 253 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Responsible for Applicable Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures No Implementation sectors of BS-IV emission standards. Increased risk of accidents  Accessibility and road system conditions must be Contractor/Line Agriculture, assessed during feasibility study, selecting the best Department/DLCC Fishery and routes to reduce impact and risk of accidents. Piggery. 48. Increase in crowds with  Impact on community  Control crowds with clear signposting and barrier Contractor/Line Agriculture, in the market area. events and natural management to minimize impacts on the community and Department/DLCC Fishery and environment. natural environment. Piggery.  Unlawful practices like  Installation of no-smoking, drinking signboards within the drinking, smoking etc. market area. within the market area. 49. Waste disposal  Contamination of soil from  The waste generated should be stored in a designated Contractor/Line Agriculture, toxic or hazardous waste place having impervious layer to prevent leachate. Department/DLCC Fishery and materials Piggery.  Separation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable  Decrease in water quality wastes and options for recover, reuse and recycle shall from sudden releases or be explored. gradual seepage of  The waste shall be disposed in the designated location as leachate into nearby water identified by the local panchayat / municipalities. courses  Installation of dustbins for both biodegradable and non-  Generation of foul and biodegradable wastes within the market area. odour. 50. Use of Lavatory  Contamination of  Maintenance of the lavatory septic tank and should be Contractor/Line Agriculture, (Toilets) excrement with the local cleaned after a certain interval of time according to its Department/DLCC Fishery and water bodies and soil. capacity and disposal of the waste in recognized area as Piggery.  Generation of odour. referred by the Gram Panchayat or Municipalities.  Proper cleaning and maintenance of the lavatory. 51. Use of Power Over consumption of power.  Use of Energy Efficient low loss – electrical ballast. Contractor/Line Agriculture, Department/DLCC Fishery and  Solar lighting is considered partly for external lighting. Piggery.  Use of energy efficient devices such as CFL and T5 bulbs instead of incandescent bulb.  Installation of solar water heater. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 254 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Responsible for Applicable Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures No Implementation sectors 52. Use of water Exploitation of ground water  Rain water harvesting units should be installed in suitable Contractor/Line Agriculture, resources. locations around the market vicinity. Department/DLCC Fishery and Piggery.  Minimize water consumption with water-efficient features in buildings and collecting rainwater for cleaning purposes. 53. Selling and buying of More use of polythene carry  Involve the public in green marketing strategy through Contractor/Line Agriculture, products bags, packaging materials. interactive social media updates and polls. Department/DLCC Fishery and More use of paper. Piggery.  Minimize paper consumption by enabling smart phone ticketing and viewing of event schedules and maps.  Use recycled paper for all necessary printing and packaging purposes. 54. Accidents like, short  Potential risk to the people,  The building design must consist of fire detection Contractor/Line Agriculture, circuit, fire, earthquake, and loss of the goods/value systems, fire storage tanks, a specialized pumping Department/DLCC Fishery and flood etc. added products. system and a large network of pipes ending in either Piggery. hydrants or sprinklers.  Training for prevention, and control should be provided to the staff in case of emergencies. 55. Establishment of  Generation of waste.  Insist upon minimal and recyclable food and beverage Contractor/Line Agriculture, private shops and packaging Department/DLCC Fishery and canteen nearby the  More use of packaged food Piggery. and food products.  Use of reusable water bottles and installation of water market area. fountains at necessary points within the market area to cut down on plastic bottle waste.  Insist food vendors/ caterers to promote healthy, local, seasonal food and to minimize unrecyclable packaging. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 255 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annexure 11c-1: SUB-COMPONENT:B.2.3: COMMON SERVICE CENTRE DEVELOPMENT (INCLUDING FLAKE ICE MANUFACTURING UNIT& COLD STORAGE) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURE Responsible for Applicable Sl. No Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Implementation sectors A. Pre-Construction Stage 56. Approvals/NOC As per legal prevailing legal  All necessary approvals, permits and licences required by the Line Department/ Agriculture, Licences and requirements state and local legislation shall be obtained prior to DLCC/Contractor. Fishery, Permits/ commencing of the construction activity. Piggery and Insurance. Handloom &  All approvals, permits and licences shall be maintained and up Textiles dated before expiry, and complied with during the construction period.  Should there be any changes to the project which would require additional permits or licences, these shall be obtained  The contractor shall maintain Pollution Under Control (PUC‘s) Certificates for the construction vehicles and machineries used for this project.  Contractors shall insure all workers covered under the group insurance or any other suitable insurance schemes against all forms of injuries sustained at the workplace. 57. Land Requirement  Loss of land  No additional land will be required, as the construction will be Line Department/ Agriculture, carried out at in the government land. DLCC/Contractor. Fishery,  Socio economic Impacts Piggery and Handloom & Textiles 58. Clearing of  Loss of trees and  All reasonable measures shall be undertaken to ensure that no Line Department/ Agriculture, trees/Removal of vegetation native fauna is harmed or placed at risk during the course of DLCC/Contractor. Fishery, vegetation the clearing activities Piggery and  Soil erosion and surface Handloom & runoff  Felling of trees is not envisaged at any stage of the project. Textiles However under unavoidable conditions if any of the trees are required to be cut/felled, then prior permission as per existing Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 256 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Responsible for Applicable Sl. No Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Implementation sectors procedure from Forest, ensuring appropriate compensation including compensatory plantation as stipulated by the forest department shall be undertaken.  Avoid earthworks/breaking of land during monsoon season. 59. Water Requirement  Exploitation of the water  The required water will be sourced from the PWD/ PHE. Line Department/ Agriculture, bodies. (both ground DLCC/Contractor. Fishery,  In absence of the water supply, permission is required from the Piggery and water and surface water) Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) to abstract ground Handloom & water. Permission to abstract ground water through any Textiles energized means i.e. for digging / installation of a bore well water connection in the site for drinking water, in a notified / non notified area for household/ industrial / infrastructure projects as per guidelines dated 15/11/2012 under Environmental Protection Act (EPA) (1986). 60. Drainage  Drainage congestion due  As per the topography of the project site, appropriate sediment Line Department/ Agriculture, management to garbage/waste control measures should be designed and implemented prior DLCC/Contractor. Fishery, dumping to commencement of construction. Piggery and Handloom &  Water logging.  Design adequate drainage passage by following natural path Textiles  Vector proliferation  Fill ditches/water logging areas in the buliding premises.  Discharge drainage flow with proper downstream protection.  Silt Trap shall be provided to prevent sediment runoff from the construction zone from entering and adversely affecting the natural drainages or areas of native vegetation downstream from the construction zone B. Construction Phase 61. Construction material Change in topography, land  It is advised to procure construction materials from the Line Department/ Agriculture, requirement clearing etc., authorised vendor. DLCC/Contractor. Fishery, Piggery and Handloom & Textiles 62. Slope stability Landslide or gully erosion on  keeping in mind the fragile natural environment and site Line Department/ Agriculture, slopes that may threaten specific geological conditions DLCC/Contractor. Fishery, infrastructure. Piggery and Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 257 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Responsible for Applicable Sl. No Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Implementation sectors  Avoid or maintain adequate distance from erosion prone areas Handloom & Textiles  Adopt right angle of cut on slopes  Stabilize slopes by measures  Measures taken to avoid undercutting of hill toes that may cause slides  Do not exert excess load on slopes by disposing spoil 63. Erosion and Loss of soil, water pollution  Temporary erosion and sediment controls like having Line Department/ Agriculture, sediment vegetation, surface covering etc., shall be installed prior to the DLCC/Contractor. Fishery, commencement of any works with the potential to cause soil Piggery and Handloom & erosion, including stockpiling of construction materials Textiles  Wherever possible during the course of the works, exposed soil areas shall be progressively stabilized or protected by an appropriate method to minimize erosion potential.  4 cubic feet of Topsoil in the construction area shall be stripped and stockpiled later for re-spreading on all exposed areas when final shaping has been completed.  Fill material shall not be placed around or pushed up against the base of the trees and shrubs that needs to be retained within the construction site.  Ground filling shall be sufficiently compacted to minimize erosion potential.  All exposed soil areas shall be stabilized and re-vegetated as soon as possible on completion of works to prevent potential erosion. 64. Spoil Management  Drainage blockage  Minimize spoil disposal by balancing cut and fill wherever Line Department/ Agriculture, causing localized ponding possible DLCC/Contractor. Fishery, and/or slush/muddy Piggery and  Manage spoil to reclaim land with proper landscaping and Handloom & runoff. vegetation Textiles  Spoil tipped over slope  Do not dispose spoil on drainage path may cause slide Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 258 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Responsible for Applicable Sl. No Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Implementation sectors 65. Water Pollution  Impact on existing water  Domestic effluent/Sewage shall be discharged into soak pits. Line Department/ Agriculture, resources DLCC/Contractor. Fishery,  Total prohibition on direct discharge of sewage/sullage/solid Piggery and  Contamination of ground waste into drains, open spaces, water bodies to ensure Handloom & water and other water downstream settlement are not affected at any cost. Textiles bodies.  Assess capacity and structural integrity of existing septic tanks.  Impact on drinking water Take appropriate measures for augmentation of septic as per sources. additional sewage generation.  Awareness session on handling and storage of materials and waste management to be conducted for the construction workers.  Water quality monitoring should be performed for the parameters including pH, BOD, COD, DO coliform count, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, Iron, etc. 66. Transportation and  Nuisance to the general  The vehicles carrying the materials should be covered and Line Department/ Agriculture, storage of public secured to prevent loss or re-suspension of materials during DLCC/Contractor. Fishery, construction  Fugitive emissions travel. Piggery and materials Handloom &  Construction materials should be stored in covered areas to Textiles ensure protection of surrounding areas from dust and emissions  Diesel and other lubricant oil shall be stored in a covered area provided with hard surface / paved surface to prevent soil pollution.  Any transportation of materials on local roads shall be done during day time.  All vehicle movements or other construction activities shall be restricted to the delineated construction zone, the existing road network or previously disturbed areas.  Construction vehicles, personnel and machinery shall not enter fenced off areas or areas beyond the delineated construction zone  Appropriate signage should be given to the designated areas Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 259 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Responsible for Applicable Sl. No Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Implementation sectors (storage/ restriction of entries/ toilets etc.,) in the construction camp 67. Air and noise  Dust nuisance from  Labourers‘ use of masks and safety gears Line Department/ Agriculture, pollution and fugitive construction works. DLCC/Contractor. Fishery, emissions  Water needs to be sprinkled on work areas Piggery and  Dust and noise generated  Vehicles transporting construction materials to site must be Handloom & by vehicles passing. covered to prevent dust pollution Textiles  Loud noise during  Cover fine grain construction materials with tarpaulin or sheets. construction.  Cover construction debris and waste prior to disposal.  Gaseous Emissions.  Newly exposed surface areas shall be mulched and replanted as soon as possible in order to reduce the potential for erosion and suppress dust  All vehicles, construction machineries and equipment should possess Pollution Under Control Certificates (PUC‘s).  With respect to NAAQS, air quality monitoring should be carried out for the key parameters:  Sulphur Dioxide(SO2)  Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)  Carbon Monoxide (CO)  Particulate matter (PM10& PM2.5).  Noise generation should be monitored with respect to Ambient Noise Quality standards. 68. Hunting and Threat to wild animals/ fauna  Construction workers should not be involved in any hunting, Line Department/ Agriculture, Poaching activities poaching or fishing activities and should not disturb any natural DLCC/Contractor. Fishery, by construction resources, plants and animals (Including avifauna). Piggery and workers Handloom & Textiles 69. Waste management Impacts on land and water  Recycled materials shall be used to the extent possible. Line Department/ Agriculture, and minimization DLCC/Contractor. Fishery,  Any construction waste generated from the construction site Piggery and shall be contained within the boundary of the site and removed Handloom & at regular intervals to an appropriate waste disposal or Textiles recycling facility. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 260 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Responsible for Applicable Sl. No Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Implementation sectors  The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated in the construction and labour camp shall be separated as organic and inorganic wastes.  The worksite shall be left in a tidy and rubbish free state upon completion of the works  There should be no burning of waste. 70. Occupational Health  Lack of safety tools  Provide safety gears to workers working in hazardous areas Line Department/ Agriculture, and Safety and provide training in the use of these safety gears and DLCC/Contractor. Fishery,  Lack of safe construction Piggery and practices. compulsory use of PPE‘s as per as per EHS (IFC, World Bank Handloom & Group) [Refer Sl.no. 32]. Textiles  Accidents occurring on site  Keep first aid box ready at work areas and camps  Site and task specific  Provide adequate space with ventilation, clean toilets/ bio hazard toilets (separate for Ladies and Gents), solid waste management, light.  Provide mosquito nets at labour camps  Separate covered / walled toilet rooms (including bathing platforms) shall be provided for male and female labours.  Keep camp and work area clean and without water logging  Fire fighting equipment like fire extinguishers will be provided in the camp as per fire safety standards.  Displays prominently telephone/contact number of nearest ambulance service, health units.  Provision of safe drinking water with respect to IS 10500:2012. 71. Use of wood as Felling of trees  Minimize use of wood for construction Line Department/ Agriculture, construction DLCC/Contractor. Fishery, materials  Use local materials as much as possible Piggery and Handloom & Textiles 72. Cooking and heating Felling of trees  Contractor shall supply kerosene or LPG at camps and restrict Line Department/ Agriculture, with firewood by cooking and heating using firewood. DLCC/Contractor. Fishery, construction workers. Piggery and Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 261 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Responsible for Applicable Sl. No Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Implementation sectors Handloom & Textiles 73. Influx of migrant  Health and safety risks  Local labourer‘s to be given preference for job opportunities Line Department/ Agriculture, Workers and each contractor should be bound by this commitment DLCC/Contractor. Fishery,  Chances of spread of Piggery and sexually transmittable  Ensure labour-related regulations are met Handloom & diseases like AIDS  In case of hiring labour from neighbouring villages or other Textiles states, ensure that their working conditions as well as camps meet local regulations. C. Post Construction/ Operation phase of CSC 74. Grading and Sorting  Generation of wastes  Separation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes Line Department/ Agriculture of agricultural and options for recover, reuse and recycle shall be explored. DLCC/Contractor. products.  Wastes like, leaves, roots and other biodegradable wastes can be used as feed cattle.  The waste shall be disposed in the designated location as identified by the local panchayat / municipalities. 75. Cleaning of products  Exploitation of water  Reusing the water used for various purposes in the CSC to the Line Department/ Agriculture resources. possible extent. DLCC/Contractor.  Generation of liquid  Rain water harvesting units should be installed in suitable waste. locations around the CSC vicinity.  Safe disposal of waste water through adequate drainage to designated location as identified by the local panchayat / municipalities. 76. Threshing/  Generation of Dust.  Threshing and winnowing activities should be carried out in Line Department/ Agriculture Winnowing house, provided with roof turbine air ventilators. DLCC/Contractor.  Health hazard to the farmers.  Use of PPE‘s as per as per EHS (IFC, World Bank Group) [Refer Sl.no. 32], by the farmersinvolved in these activities. 77. Storage of vaccines,  Contamination and  Separate storage facilities should be designed at the planning Line Department/ Piggery Feeds, Semen. spoilage of the stored stage. DLCC/Contractor. materials.  Vaccines and semen should be stored in temperature controlled unit like refrigerator. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 262 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Responsible for Applicable Sl. No Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Implementation sectors 78. Swine slaughter  Cruelty to animals  Maintenance of the slaughter house and Slaughter of swine as Contractor/Line Piggery per the provisions of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Department/DLCC (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001. 79. Storage of feeds,  Contamination and  Separate storage facilities should be designed at the planning Line Department/ Fishery chemicals, spoilage of the stored stage. DLCC/Contractor. pesticides, fertilizers materials etc.  Proper training should be provided to the farmers for storing and handling of the feeds, chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers etc. 80. Use of machineries  Generation of noise  The machineries should be operated in house. Line Department/ Agriculture, DLCC/Contractor. Handloom &  Occupational health  Separate in-house area should be provided for installation of Textiles hazard the machines at the planning phase.  Mishandling and health  Proper training should be provided to the farmers for the use hazard to the farmers and handling of machineries and equipment. operating the CSC.  Use of PPE‘s as per as per EHS (IFC, World Bank Group) [Refer Sl.no. 32], by the farmersinvolved in these activities. 81. Packaging of  Use of non-biodegradable  Use of environmental friendly packing materials. Line Department/ Agriculture, products packing materials. DLCC/Contractor. Handloom & Textiles 82. Increased in vehicles  Generation of noise.  Setting the route and timing of goods carrying vehicles so as to Line Department/ Agriculture, use for transportation avoid residential areas or other sensitive human receptors DLCC/Contractor. Handloom & of goods and  Increased emission of Textiles, GHG‘s to the ambient air. (e.g. schools, hospitals). products. Piggery,  Increased risk of  Vehicles used for any transportation purposes should be of Fishery accidents. BS-IV emission standards.  Accessibility and road system conditions must be assessed during feasibility study, selecting the best routes to reduce impact and risk of accidents. 83. Use of Power Over consumption of power  Use of Energy Efficient low loss – electrical ballast. Line Department/ Agriculture, used in various operations of DLCC/Contractor. Handloom & the CSC.  Solar lighting is considered partly for external lighting. Textiles,  Use of energy efficient devices such as CFL and T5 bulbs Piggery, instead of incandescent bulb. Fishery 84. Use of water Exploitation of ground water  Reusing the water used for various purposes in the CSC to the Line Department/ Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 263 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Responsible for Applicable Sl. No Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Implementation sectors resources. possible extent. DLCC/Contractor. 85. Use of Lavatory  Contamination of  Maintenance of the lavatory septic tank and should be cleaned Line Department/ Agriculture, (Toilets) excrement with the local after a certain interval of time according to its capacity and DLCC/Contractor. Handloom & water bodies and soil. disposal of the waste in recognized area as referred by the Textiles, Piggery,  Generation of odour. Gram Panchayat or Municipalities. Fishery  Proper cleaning and maintenance of the lavatory. 86. Waste disposal  Contamination of soil from  The waste generated should be stored in a designated place Line Department/ Agriculture, toxic or hazardous waste having impervious layer to prevent leachate. DLCC/Contractor. Handloom & materials Textiles,  Separation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes Piggery,  Decrease in water quality and options for recover, reuse and recycle shall be explored. Fishery from sudden releases or  The waste shall be disposed in the designated location as gradual seepage of identified by the local panchayat / municipalities. leachate into nearby water courses  Generation of foul and odour. 87. Handling of the Occupational health hazards.  Use of Personal Protective Equipment, as per EHS (IFC, World Line Department/ Agriculture, stored items and Bank Group): DLCC/Contractor. Handloom & maintenance of the Textiles, CSC.  Safety Glasses with side-shields, Piggery,  Plastic Helmets with top and side impact protection. Fishery  Hearing protectors (ear plugs or ear muffs),  Safety shoes and boots for protection against moving & falling objects, liquids and chemicals,  Gloves made of rubber or synthetic materials (Neoprene), leather, steel, insulating materials, etc.  Facemasks with appropriate filters for dust removal and air purification (chemicals, mists, vapours and gases). Single or multi-gas personal monitors, if available,  Portable or supplied air (fixed lines). On-site rescue equipment,  Insulating clothing, body suits, aprons etc. of appropriate materials.  First aid kits, flashlights, fire extinguishers and other fire- fighting equipment should be provided both inside and outside Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 264 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Responsible for Applicable Sl. No Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Implementation sectors the CSC.  Establishment of Do‘s and Don‘ts chart in local language.  Training should be given to the employees handling CSC operations.  Provision of quarterly health check-up. D. Post Construction/ Operation phase of Flake ice manufacturing unit 88. Installation of Flake Exploitation of ground water  Reuse of the water to the possible extent. Line Department/ Fishery ice manufacturing resources. DLCC/Contractor. unit for Fishery. Emission of GHGs.  Proper monitoring of the ambient air quality. Line Department/ Fishery DLCC/Contractor.  Use of low carbon and other modern low GHG emitting technologies.  Limitation in operation period to the possible extent. High energy consumption,  Use of Energy Efficient low loss – electrical ballast. Line Department/ Fishery DLCC/Contractor.  Solar lighting is considered partly for external lighting.  Use of energy efficient devices such as CFL and T5 bulbs instead of incandescent bulb. Generation of Wastes.  The waste shall be disposed in the designated location as Line Department/ Fishery identified by the local panchayat / municipalities. DLCC/Contractor. Occupational health hazards  Proper training should be provided to the operating staffs. Line Department/ Fishery DLCC/Contractor.  Use of PPE‘s as per EHS (IFC, World Bank Group). [Refer Sl No. 32]  Cleaning and washing should be carried out regularly. E. Post Construction/ Operation phase of Cold Storage& BMC 89. Use of Power Over consumption of power  Installation of renewable energy sources wherever possible, Line Department/ Dairy used in operations of the BMC. like solar energy etc. DLCC/Contractor.  Use of energy efficient electrical appliances. 90. Use of water Exploitation of ground water  Reusing the water used to the possible extent. Line Department/ Dairy resources. DLCC/Contractor. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 265 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Responsible for Applicable Sl. No Project Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Implementation sectors 91. Disposal of wastes Leachate, Ground and surface  Installation of small scale effluent treatment plant. Line Department/ Dairy water contamination, DLCC/Contractor. degradation of soil quality and  Proper disposal (both solid and liquid) and identification of generation of odour. disposal sites. 92. Emission of GHGs Degradation of ambient air  Proper monitoring of the ambient air quality. Line Department/ Dairy quality DLCC/Contractor.  Use of low carbon and other modern low GHG emitting technologies.  Limitation in operation period to the possible extent. 93. Operation of the Occupational health hazards  Proper training should be provided to the famers. Line Department/ Dairy Cold storage DLCC/Contractor.  Use of PPE‘s like Apron, Gloves, Goggles, Masks, Boots. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 266 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 11c-2: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR AGRO - COMMODITIES 1. Paddy Rice occupies the majority of the crop yield in the state, amounting to two-third of the total crops in the state. There are 26 varieties of rice, which are suitable to grow under diverse eco-system (deep water, shallow water, irrigated and upland). Rice is traditionally-grown throughout the year viz. winter, autumn and summer seasons, with winter (kharif) rice as the main crop. The Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone (LBVZ) contributes to the maximum production for rice in the state, whereas Hill Zone (HZ) contributes to lesser production. Under APART, the project interventionsfor paddy shall include the productivity enhancement, value addition and development of market opportunity / infrastructure facility. Following Table 1 illustrates the potential environmental issues with respect to paddy cultivation and value addition process. Table 1: Potential Environmental risk and Management Measure due to project Intervention in Paddy Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures 47. 1. Productivity Varietal Selection Suitable variety of rice not being selected with  Selection of Suitable crop respect to area/season should be Enhancement respect to particular season and climatic zone adopted. (Refer Annexure 13, for variety of rice recommended for particular season and climatic zone). Use of chemical To enhance the productivity, overuse of  Selection of Suitable fertilizerafter soil testing should be fertilizer and fertilizer and other chemical problem may practiced. pesticides arise.  Use of bio-fertilizers (for eg. Azospirillum (200 ml/acre) as seed treatment shall be beneficial.  Facilitation of awareness Training on IPMs to farmers for understanding the hazards of fertilizers and other alternative climate resilient methods.  An Pest Management Plan (PMP)for the project has been enclosed (Annexure 12) Cultivation safety Use of chemicals in paddy field which is  Azollais a good alternative of nitrogenfertilizer. It reduces the Measures waterlogged may create GHG emission (N2O) use of nitrogen fertilizer upto 50% therefore promotion among farmer to use more bio-fertilizer should be facilitated. Soil-Nutrients balance Excessive use of chemicalfertilizers leave  Adoption of Integrated Soil Fertility management using residues in thesoil which leads to salinity organic manures, bio-fertilizers. andalkalinity of the soil in turn affecting the soil  Crop rotation practice should be followed such as before structure sowing to paddy any crop related to legume family (pea, pulse, and lentil) should be cultivated so as to restore the nitrogen and other soil micronutrients. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 267 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures  Adoption of Soil treatment measures such as Rhizobium inoculum mixed with soil shall be spread over the field.  Organic manure such as cow dung, crop residue etc., should be used to keep the soil healthy. Crop rotation problem Mono cropping of paddy may lead to depletion  Rice can be followed by short duration legumes such as of Green gram, black gram to maintain the soil nutrient balance certain kind of nutrients from the soil and overall production improvement. Irrigation Demand for more irrigation facilities due to  All Irrigation facilities should be done after obtaining legal increase in production and farming consent with irrigation department.  Promotion of more efficient methods of irrigation like drip irrigation etc. 48. 2. Infrastructure allied Storage  Inappropriate storage will lead to contact  The storage area should be located in a clean, dry place and activities. with moisture should be kept in tightly packed containers or containers with  Pest menace from pests and rodents lids, covers.  Food products should not be stored along with any products of chemical nature.  Expired raw materials or raw materials stored for long periods (exceeding the shelf life) should not be used.  Raw materials should be inspected at regular intervals and any spoiled materials should be safely discarded. Use of chemicals to control storage pests like  Preference to use bio-pesticides like neem leaves, dry chillies cockroaches, rats etc. as they may etc. . contaminate the food. Transportation Transportation service is required to store,  All material should be transported in fully covered trucks. manage, and post-harvest care, marketing Overloading of vehicles with materials should be avoided and shall be done in a manner to suit the trucks capacity. and further value addition in the product.  BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used for transportation.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for transportation or infrequently used shall have proper road signage‘s and breakers to prevent the accident in the road.  Create awareness on proper transport system management. 49. 3. Processing, Registration, All processing units for seed production, value  Processing unit, seed production units and other equipment Grading, Value licenses and addition items and other machinery should required for value addition purposes shall comply with legal hold valid licenses requirements(Please refer chapter 2 for applicable legal Addition permissions requirements) Maintenance and Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead to  Regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed contamination and improper functioning. standards. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 268 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures upkeep of Possibility of accidents during handling  Personnel should be well trained and first aid kit should be machinery machinery while Drying, milling etc. available. Use of additives, In processing section, use of non-permitted  Only the permitted additives and preservatives should be preservatives additives and preservatives is illegal and pose used in food items as per prescribed in FSSAI Act. health risks to the workers and consumers Commercial Inappropriate selection of species will lead to  More emphasis should be given to preserve the paddy seed Seedproduction change in the pattern of biodiversity and may and germplasm of indigenous species, which will be beneficial in long run and less resourceswould be required to upkeep not be best fitted for climate. and maintain. Rice Milling (i) Water pollution arising due to parboiling of  To control the pollution, proper drainage system should be rice followed to control the runoff and adapt recycling of waste water. (ii) Air pollution may arise due to dust arising  A Regular inspection of storage tanks to minimize the risk of from handling the products and milling surface water pollution. processes.  Necessary care should be taken to ensure that milling area is separated from other areas of heavy operations and water related activities at the design stage itself. Floor and wall should be water proof to avoid moisture.  Suitable ventilation should be provided to prevent dust pollution and reduce heat. Prevention of dustsettling on machinery and in the building shall be ensured by timely cleaning operations. Packaging of Rice Use of indecomposable packaging material  Bio degradedable ingredients and re-useable packaging products resulting in soil Pollution. should be promoted. Use of plastic bags with a thickness less than  Use of newspapers wraps or cloth bags as packaging 20 micronsfor packaging due to their non- materials encouraging the consumers to bring cloth bags are recyclable nature and potential negative some of the methods. impact on environment. Handling the food products with bare hands or  Personnel involved in processing, packing etc. should wash un washed hands will contaminate the hands with soap before and after work and use aprons, products through microbial attack. gloves, hair caps for handling, packing etc. Waste management Disposal of decomposable wastes on open  Wastes should be properly disposed on the designated place areas leads to contamination of surroundings only  It should not be near to water bodies and dense settlement through decomposition, attracting insects, area. leaving chemical residues etc.  Alternate use of biodegradable food waste and the same shall be integrated it with bio compost formation and use it for Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 269 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures agricultural farming practices. Power use Energy is required for heating, boiling,  Energy efficient devices should be used. grinding, extraction, drying, packaging etc.  Biomass or solar devices should be promoted to conserve energy.  Monitoring of Energy consumption regularly. Water Use Water is required for cleaning, Washing,  Water efficient devices should be promoted. boiling etc. As the requirement is in large  Water intake and balance should be monitored regularly. quantities this will have impact on local Water resources. Occupational health and Fine dust during milling will lead to health  Person using these machines must wear masksas PPEs to Safety issues like allergy, Asthma in long run. prevent inhalation.  Noise protective equipment (PPEs) should be provided to the machine operators. Problem of Noise problem  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants.  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems (Refer Annexure 15 for Food Safety).  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone Supporting Agency in Paddy Interventions under APART are: 1. Assam Rural Infrastructure And Agricultural Services (Arias) Society 2. Directorate of Agriculture, ASSAM, 3. Assam Agricultural University 4. District Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) Societies 2. Maize Amongst the 33 districts of Assam, Darrang district contributes to the maximum cultivation area and highest production of maize, which is followed by KarbiAnglong district. It is a rainfedkharif crop and it is used as food and fodder in Assam.Maize (Zea mays L) is one of the most versatile emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agro-climatic conditions.Maize industry creates opportunity for several other ancillary units in the region. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 270 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Therefore, executive governance acts as an exogenous influencer on maize value chain. Processed maize can be used as flour, flakes, semolina, and grits for bakery or food industry, also used as feed for poultry and livestock. Under APART, the project intervention in term of Maize shall include the productivity enhancement, value addition and development of market opportunity / infrastructure facility. The following Table 2 illustrates the potential environmental issues with respect to maizecultivation and value addition process. Table 2: Potential Environmental risk and Management Measure due to project Intervention in Maize Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures 50. 1. Productivity Varietal Selection Suitable variety of Maize not being  Selection of Suitable crop respect to area/season should be Enhancement selected with respect to particular adopted. (Refer Annexure 13, for variety of maize season and climatic zone recommended for particular season and climatic zone). Use of chemical To enhance the productivity, overuse of  Selection of Suitable fertilizer after soil testing should be fertilizer and fertilizer and other chemical problem practiced. may arise.  Use of bio-fertilizers (for eg. Azospirillum (200 ml/acre) as pesticides seed treatment shall be beneficial.  Facilitation of awareness Training on IPMs to farmers for understanding the hazards of fertilizers and other alternative climate resilient methods.  An Pest Management Plan (PMP)for the project has been enclosed as (Annexure 12) Site Selection  Selection of appropriate farm site  Maize cultivation shall not becultivated in low lying area which for maize, due to its sensitivity to possesses poor drainage system and resultant higher salinity. moisture stress and salinity stress Soil Nutrient balance  Excessive use of  Adoption of Integrated Soil Fertility management using chemicalfertilizers leave residues in organic manures, bio-fertilizers. thesoil which leads to salinity  Crop rotation practice should be followed to restore the andalkalinity of the soil which inturn nitrogen and other micronutrients. affecting the soil structure  Organic manure such as cow dung, crop residue etc should be used to keep the soil healthy. Weed management  Weed Management during  Mechanical weeding should be practiced at appropriate monsoon season. timing. Mono-cropping Frequent cultivation of maize may  Maize based sequential cropping such as Maize-potato- affectthe soil productivity wheat, Maize wheat, Maize-mustard, Maize-legumes, Maize- groundnut, Maize + Pigeon pea, Maize- Caulifloweretc should Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 271 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures be practiced to maintain the overall health of soil and also increases the productivity. Irrigation Demand for more irrigation facilities due  All Irrigation facilities should be done after obtaining legal to increase in production and farming. consent with irrigation department.  Promotion of more efficient methods of irrigation like drip irrigation etc. 51. 2. Infrastructure allied Storage  Inappropriate storage will lead to  The storage area should be located in a clean, dry place and activities. contact with moisture material should be kept in tightly packed containers or  Pest menace containers with lids, covers.  Food products should not be stored along with any products of chemical nature.  Expired raw materials or raw materials stored for long periods (exceeding the shelf life) should not be used.  Raw materials should be inspected at regular intervals and any spoiled materials should be safely discarded. Use of chemicals to control storage Preference to use bio-pesticides like neem leaves, dry chillies etc. pests like cockroaches, rats etc. as they may contaminate the food. Transportation Transportation service isrequired to  All material should be transported in fully covered trucks. store, manage, and post-harvest care, Overloading of vehicles with materials should be avoided and marketing and further value addition in shall be done in a manner to suit the trucks capacity. the product  BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used for transportation.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for or infrequently used shall have proper road signage and breakers to prevent the accident in the road.  Create awareness on proper transport system management. 52. 3. Processing, Grading, Registration, All processing units for seed production,  Processing unit, seed production units and other equipment Value Addition licenses and value addition items and other required for value addition purposes shall comply with legal machinery should hold valid licenses requirements. permissions  (Please refer chapter 3 for applicable legal requirements) Maintenance and Irregular cleaning or maintenance will  Regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed lead to contamination and improper Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 272 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures upkeep of functioning. standards. machinery Possibility of accidents during handling  Personnel should be well trained and first aid kit should be machinery during Drying, milling etc. available. Use of additives, In processing section, use of non-  Only the permitted additives and preservatives should be preservatives permitted additives and preservatives is used in food items as per prescribed in FSSAI Act. illegal and pose health risks to the workers and consumers Commercial Inappropriate selection of species will  More emphasis should be given to preserve the maize seed Seed production lead to change the pattern of and germplasm of indigenous species, which will be biodiversity and may not be best fitted beneficial in long run and less resourceswould be required to for climate. upkeep and maintain. Milling Air pollution may arise due to dust  The processing area should be hygienic. arising from handling the products and  Sufficient space should beprovidedaround the equipment‘s milling processes for maintenance and cleaning.  To control the pollution, proper drainage system should be followed to control the runoff and adapt recycling of waste water.  Necessary care should be taken to ensure that milling area is separated from other areas of heavy operations and water related activities at the design stage itself. Floor and wall should be water proof to avoid moisture.  Suitable ventilation should be provided to prevent dust pollution and reduce heat. Prevention of dustsettling on machinery and in the building shall be ensured by timely cleaning operations. Processing area Basic and required amenities  The processing building should have sufficient space for the intended scale of operation which include: a. Sufficient space for weighing and inspecting incoming grain or flour, b. Raw material storage, c. Production area d. Packing and storage of products, e. Maintenance and repair of equipment, f. Cupboard for spare parts and tools, Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 273 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures g. Hand-washing and toilet facilities, with space to store workers‘ clothes. h. First aid box and sand bucket or fire extinguisher; and i. Adequate supply of potable (safe for drinking) water Packaging of food Use of non-biodegradable packaging  Bio degradable ingredients and re-useable packaging should product/ cereals material resulting in soil pollution. be promoted. Use of plastic bags with a thickness less  Use of newspapers wraps or cloth bags as packaging than 20 micronsfor packaging due to materials, encouraging the consumers to bring cloth bags are their non-recyclable nature poses a some of the methods that can be practiced. potential negative impact on environment. Handling the food products with bare  Personnel involved in processing, packing etc. should wash hands or unwashed hands will hands with soap before and after work and use aprons, contaminate the products. gloves, hair caps for handling, packing etc. Waste management Disposal of decomposable wastes on  Processing waste of Maize should be used as a feed for open areas leads to contamination of livestock, poultry, litter bed etc. surroundings through decomposition,  Wastes should be properly disposed off in the designate attracting insects, leaving chemical place only residues etc.  It should not be done near to water bodies and dense settlement area.  Waste should be integrated with bio-compost formation and agricultural farming practices. Power use Energy is required for heating, boiling,  Energy efficient devices should be used. grinding, extraction, drying, packaging  Biomass or solar devices should be promoted to conserve etc. energy.  Energy consumption monitoring should be followed regularly. Water Use Water is required for cleaning, Washing,  Water efficient devices should be promoted. boiling etc. As the requirement is in  Water intake and balance should be monitored regularly. large quantities this will have impact on local Water resources.  Necessary permission from water resource department should be obtained. Occupational health and  Fine dust during milling will lead to  Person using these machines must wear masks as PPEs to Safety health issues like allergy, Asthma in preventinhalation. long run.  Noise protective equipment (PPEs) should be provided to the  Noise problem machine operators. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 274 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are allowed for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants.  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems (Refer Annexure 15 for Food Safety).  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone  Toilets should be separated from the processing area, storage area by two doors or shall be located in a separate building. Supporting Agency in Maize Interventions under APART are: 1. Assam Rural Infrastructure And Agricultural Services (Arias) Society 2. Directorate of Agriculture, ASSAM, 3. Assam Agricultural University 4. District Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) Societies 3. Mustard Mustardis the second major crop next to paddy cultivation in the state of Assam. The crop is suitable in sandy loam soil which is generally available in the medium upland areas. The riverside areas are also suitable for mustard cultivation. The crop is generally cultivated during the month of October- November. Under APART, the project intervention in Mustard shall include the productivity enhancement, value addition and development of market opportunity / infrastructure facility etc. The following Table 3 illustrates the potential environmental issues with respect to Mustard cultivation and value addition process. Table 3: Potential Environmental risk and Management Measure due to project Intervention in Mustard Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures 53. 1. Productivity Varietal Selection Suitable variety of Mustardnot being  Selection of Suitable crop respect to area/season should Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 275 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures Enhancement selected with respect to particular be adopted. (Refer Annexure 13, for variety of mustard season and climatic zone recommended for particular season and climatic zone). Use of chemical To enhance the productivity, overuse of  Selection of Suitable fertilizersaftersoil testing should be fertilizer and fertilizer and other chemical problem used. may arise.  Use of bio-fertilizers (for e.g. Azotobacter (200 ml/acre) as pesticides seed treatment shall be beneficial.  Training on IPM should be facilitated to farmers to make them aware of hazards of fertilizer and other alternative climate resilient methods.  An Pest Management Plan (PMP)for the project has been enclosed as (Annexure 12) Soil Nutrient balance Excessive use of chemical  Adoption of Integrated Soil Fertility management using fertilizers leave residues in the soil organic manures, bio-fertilizers. which leads to salinity and alkalinity of  Crop rotation practice should be followed to restore the the soil which in turn affecting the soil nitrogen and other micronutrients. structure  Organic manure such as cow dung, crop residue etc should be used to keep the soil healthy. Weed management Weed management during monsoon  Mechanical weeding should be practiced at appropriate season. timing. Mono Cropping Frequent cultivation of Mustard , may  Mixed mustard cropping with wheat, gram, lentiletc affect the soil productivity should be practiced to maintain the overall health of soil and also increase the productivity. Irrigation Demand for more irrigation facilities  All Irrigation facilities should bedone after obtaining legal due to increase in production and consent fromirrigation department. farming  Promotion of more efficient methods of irrigationlike drip irrigation etc. 54. Infrastructure allied Storage  Inappropriate storage will lead to  The storage area should belocated ina clean, dry place and activities. contact with moisture material should be kept in tightly packed containers or  Control of Pest menace containers with lids and covers  Food productsshould not be stored along with products having chemical nature.  Expired materials or raw materials stored for long periods should not be used.  Raw materials should be inspected at regular intervals and Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 276 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures any spoiled materials should be safely discarded. Use of chemicals to control storage  Preference to use bio pesticides like neem leaves, dry pests like cockroaches, rats etc. chillies etc. Transportation Transportation service is required to  All material should be transported in fully covered trucks. store, manage, and post-harvest care, Overloading of vehicles with materials should be avoided marketing and further value addition in and shall be done in a manner to suit the trucks capacity. the product.  BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used for transportation.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for or infrequently used shall have proper road signage and breakers to prevent the accident in the road.  Create awareness on proper transport system management. 55. Processing, Grading, Registration, All processing units for seed  Processing unit, seed production units, and other Value Addition licenses and production, value addition items and equipment required for value addition purposes shall other machineryshould hold valid comply with legal requirements Please refer chapter 2 for permissions license. applicable legal requirements Maintenance andupkeep of Irregular cleaning or maintenance will  Regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed machinery lead to contamination and improper standards. functioning. Possibility of accidents during handling  Personnel should be well trained and first aid kit should be of machinery whileDrying, milling etc. available. Use of additives, preservatives In processing section, use of non-  Only the permitted additives and preservatives should be permitted additives and preservatives is used in food items as prescribed in FSSAI Act. illegal and pose health risks to the workers and consumers Commercial Inappropriate selection of species will  More emphasis should be given to preserve the mustard oil Seedproduction lead to change in the pattern of seed and germplasm of indigenous species, which will be biodiversity and may not be best fitted beneficial in long run and less resources would be required for climate. to upkeep and maintain. Milling& Air pollution may arise due to dust  The processing area should be hygienic. Oil Extraction area arising from handling the products and  Sufficient space should be provided aroundthe equipments milling processes. for maintenance and cleaning.  To control the pollution, proper drainage system should be Unhygienic oil storage tanks followed to control the runoff and adapt recycling of waste Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 277 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures water.  Regular inspection of storage tanks to minimize the risk of contamination.  Necessary care should be taken to ensure thatmilling area is separated from other areas of heavy operations and water related activities. Floor and wall should be water proof to avoid moisture.  Suitable ventilation should be provided to prevent dust pollution and reduce heat. Prevention of dusts settling on machinery and in the building shall be ensured by timely cleaning operations.  Install cyclones and/or fabric filters or electrostatic precipitators on selected vents includingdryers, coolers, and grinders to remove particulate matter, dust and odor emissions. Processing area Basic and required amenities  The processing building should have sufficient space for the intended scale of operation which include: a. Sufficient space for weighing and inspecting incoming grain or flour, b. Raw material storage, c. Production area d. Packing and storage of products, e. Maintenance and repair of equipment, f. Cupboard for spare parts and tools, g. Hand-washing and toilet facilities, with space to store workers‘ clothes. h. First aid box and sand bucket or fire extinguisher; and i. Adequate supply of potable (safe for drinking) water Processing area and allied Waste arisingfrom oilseed processing  Residue from the raw material should bestored carefully to activity shall be having good commercial avoid moisture and enhance its reuse capacity viability.  Use by products as fuel for boilers, however area should be properly ventilated (provided with exhaust fan etc). Generation of Spent Bleach earth  Spent bleach earth from oilseed processing unit should be used as fertilizer due to mustard‘s good disinfectant quality, but this should not be applied in agricultural field directly but mix it with other organic waste should be Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 278 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures practiced.  Spent bleach earth can also be sold to cement manufacturing industries. Wastewater process waste water  Following measures to reduce the organic material generated during washing and inclusion in waste water should be followed such as neutralization might have high organic  Use spill collection tray in production area to reduce the content. inclusion of solid in water.  Use grid to cover the production area to prevent solid waste addition in the waste water. Packaging of Oilseed and Use ofnon-biodegradable packaging  Bio degradable ingredients and re-useable packaging products material should be promoted. Use of plastic bags with a thickness  Use of newspapers wraps or cloth bags as packaging less than 20 microns for packaging due materials, encouraging the consumers to bring cloth bags to their non-recyclable nature poses are some of the methods that can be practiced. apotential negative impact on environment. Handling the food products with bare  Personnel involved in processing, packing etc. should hands or un washed hands will wash hands with soap before and after work and use contaminate the products. aprons, gloves, hair caps for handling, packing etc. Waste management Disposal of decomposable wastes on  Process waste ofmustard is of commercially value so it open areas leads to contamination of should be used as analternate as feed for livestock, surroundings through decomposition, poultry, litter bed etc. attracting insects, leaving chemical  Wastes should be properly disposed off in the designated residues etc places only  It should not be donenear to water bodies and dense settlement area.  waste should be integrated with bio-compost formation and agricultural farming practices, Power use Energy is required for heating, boiling,  Energy efficient devices should be used. grinding, extraction, drying, packaging  Biomass or solar devices should be promoted to conserve etc. energy.  Energy consumption monitoring should be followed regularly. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 279 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures Water Use Water is required for cleaning,  Water efficient devices should be promoted. Washing, boiling etc. As the  Water intake and balance should be monitored regularly. requirement is in large quantities this will have impact on local Water  Necessary permission from water resource department resources. should be obtained. Occupational health and Safety  Fine dust during milling will lead to  Person using these machines must wear masks as PPEs health issues like allergy, Asthma to prevent inhalation. in long run.  Noise protective equipment (PPEs) should be provided to  Noise problem the machine operators.  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants.  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems (Refer Annexure 15 for Food Safety).  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone  Toilets should be separated from the processing area, storage area by two doors or shall be locatedin a separate building. Supporting Agency in Mustard Interventions under APART are: 1. Assam Rural Infrastructure And Agricultural Services (Arias) Society 2. Directorate of Agriculture, ASSAM, 3. Assam Agricultural University 4. District Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) Societies 5. National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) 56. 4. Pulses (Lentil, Black gram, Pea) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 280 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework In Assam, pulses are generally grown in the Central and Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone (LBVZ). Which embrace project districts of Nagaon, Morigaon, Kamprup, Goalpara, Kokarajhar, Barpeta and Nalbari. Pulses are grown as an alternative crop for shorter time/ duration after paddy harvest. The pulses are beneficial to the farmers as a cash crop as well as it helps inrestoring soil nutrients aids in nitrogen fixation. Under APART, the project intervention for pulse shall include the productivity enhancement, value addition and development of market opportunity / infrastructure facility. The following Table 4 illustrates the potential environmental issues with respect to Pulse cultivation and value addition process. Table 4: Potential Environmental risk and Management Measure due to project Intervention in Pulse Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures 57. 1. Productivity Varietal Selection Suitable variety of pulse not being selected  Selection of Suitable crop respect to area/season should be Enhancement with respect to particular season and climatic adopted. (Refer Annexure 13, for variety of Pulse zone recommended for particular season and climatic zone). Use of chemical To enhance the productivity, overuse of  Selection of Suitable fertilizer after soil testing should be fertilizer and fertilizer and other chemical problem may practiced. arise.  70 Use of bio-fertilizers (for eg. Rhizobium (200 ml/acre) as pesticides seed treatment shall be beneficial.  Facilitation of awareness Training on IPMs to farmers for understanding the hazards of fertilizers and other alternative climate resilient methods.  An Pest Management Plan (PMP)for the project has been enclosed (refer Annexure 12) Site Selection Appropriate selection of farm site for pulses,  Site should be sandy loamy for Pulse crop cultivation. Mid due to its sensitivity to moisture stress and October to November should be followed as optimum timing salinity stress, is required for pulse cultivation.  Well drained soil should be adopted for pulse cultivation. Soil Nutrient balance Excessive use of chemical  Adoption of Integrated Soil Fertility management using fertilizers leave residues in thesoil which leads organic manures, bio-fertilizers.. to salinity andalkalinity of the soil which inturn  Crop rotation practice should be followed to restore the affecting the soil structure nitrogen and other micronutrients.  Organic manure such as cow dung, crop residue etc should be used to keep the soil healthy.  Use of rhizobium for N fixation VAM, PSB for P solubilizing biofertilizer in rainfed area. 70 As per AgritechTamilnadu online Portal Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 281 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures Weed management Weed Management in monsoon season.  Mechanical weeding should be practiced at appropriate timing. Mono Cropping Frequent cultivation of maize may deplete the  Intercropping of pulse with sugarcane, tomato, soyabean, soil productivity vegetableshould be practiced to maintain the overall health of soil and also increase the productivity. Irrigation Demand for more irrigation facilities due to  All Irrigation facilities should be doneafter legal consent with increase in production and farming irrigation department.  Promotion of more efficient method of irrigation like drip irrigation etc. 58. 2. Infrastructure allied Storage  Inappropriate storage will lead to contact  The storage area should belocated in clean, dry places and activities. with moisture. materials should be kept in tightly packed containers or  Pest menace containers with lids, covers.  Pulses and seed should not be stored along with any products of chemical nature.  Expired materials or raw materials stored for long periods should not be used.  Raw materials should be inspected at regular intervals and any spoiled materials should be safely discarded. Use of chemicals to control storage pests like  Preference to use bio pesticides methods like neem leaves, cockroaches, rats etc. as they may dry chillies etc. contaminate the food. Transportation Transportation service isrequired to store,  All material should be transported in fully covered trucks. manage, and post-harvest care, marketing Overloading of vehicles with materials should beavoided and and further value addition in the product. shall be done in a manner to suit the trucks capacity.  BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used for transportation.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for / or in frequently used shall have proper road signage and breakers to prevent the accident in the road.  Create awareness on proper transport system management. 59. 3. Processing, Registration, All processing units for seed production, value  Processing unit, seed production units and other equipment Grading, Value licenses and addition items and other machinery should required for value addition purposes shall comply with legal Addition hold valid license. requirements. permissions  (Please refer chapter 2 for applicable legal requirements) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 282 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures Maintenance and Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead to  Regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed upkeep of contamination and improper functioning. standards. machinery Possibility of accidents during handling  Personnel should be well trained and first aid kit should be machinery during Drying, milling etc. available. Use of additives, In processing section, use of non-permitted  Only the permitted additives and preservatives should be preservatives additives and preservatives is illegal and pose used in food items as per prescribed in FSSAI Act. health risks to the workers and consumers Commercial Inappropriate selection of species will lead to  More emphasis should be given to preserve the pulse seed Seed production change the pattern of biodiversity and may not and germplasm of indigenous species, which will be beneficial be best fitted for climate. in long runand would be less resource required to upkeep and maintain. Milling (dry) Air pollution may arise due to dust arises from  The processing area shouldbe havehygieniccondiction. handling the products and milling processes.  Sufficient space should be provided around theequipment‘s for maintenance and cleaning.  To control the pollution, proper drainage system should be followed to control the runoff and adapt recycling of waste water.  Care should be taken to ensure that milling area is separated from other areas of heavy operations and water related activities. Floor and wall should be water proof to avoid moisture.  Suitable ventilation should be provided to prevent dust pollution and reduce heat. Prevention of dusts settling on machinery and in the building shall be ensured by timely cleaning operations. Processing area Basic and required amenities  The processing building should have sufficient space for the intended scale of operation which include: a. Sufficient space for weighing and inspecting incoming grain or flour, b. Raw material storage, c. Production area d. Packing and storage of products, e. Maintenance and repair of equipment, f. Cupboard for spare parts and tools, Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 283 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures g. Hand-washing and toilet facilities, with space to store workers‘ clothes. h. First aid box and sand bucket or fire extinguisher; and i. Adequate supply of potable (safe for drinking) water Packaging of Value Use of non-biodegradable packaging material  Bio degradable ingredients and re-useable packaging should added / raw products of resulting in soil Pollution. be promoted. pulses Use of plastic bags with a thickness less than  Use of newspapers wraps or cloth bags as packaging 20 microns for packaging due to their non- materials, encouraging the consumers to bring cloth bags are recyclable nature poses a potential negative some of the methods that can be practiced. impact on environment. Handling the food products with bare hands or  Personnel involved in processing, packing etc. should wash unwashed hands will contaminate the hands with soap before and after work and use aprons, products. gloves, hair caps for handling, packing etc. Waste management Disposal of decomposable wastes leads to  Processing waste of pulse should be alternate used as a feed contamination of surroundings though for livestock, poultry etc. decomposition, attracting insects, leaving  Wastes should be properly disposed off in the designate chemical residues etc. place only  It should not be done near to water bodies and dense settlement area.  Waste should be integrated with bio compost formation and agricultural farming practices. Power use Energy is required for heating, boiling,  Energy efficient devices should be used. grinding, extraction, drying, packaging etc.  Biomass or solar devices should be promoted to conserve energy.  Energy consumption monitoring should be followed regularly. Water Use Water is required for cleaning, Washing,  Water efficient devices should be promoted. boiling etc. As the requirement is in large  Water intake and balance should be monitored regularly. quantities this will have impact on local Water resources. Occupational health and  Fine dust during milling will lead to health  Person using these machines must wear masks as PPEs to Safety issues like allergy, Asthma in long run. prevent inhalation.  Noise problem  Noise protective equipment (PPEs) should be provided to the operators.  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 284 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants.  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems (Refer Annexure 15 for Food Safety).  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone  Toilets should be separated from the processing area, storage area by two doors or shall be located in a separate building. Supporting Agency in Pulse Interventions under APART are: 1. Assam Rural Infrastructure And Agricultural Services (Arias) Society 2. Directorate of Agriculture, ASSAM, 3. Assam Agricultural University 4. District Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) Societies 5. Fruit and vegetable (tomato, cucurbits, banana, potato) Assam is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the northeast region and contributes 60% to the total horticulture production in the north east region. Horticultural crops in the state occupy nearly 15% of the gross cultivated area and the state produces more than 15.0 lakh MT of fruits, 29.0 lakh MT of vegetables and 1.0 lakh MT of spices besides nut crops, flowers and medicinal & aromatic plants annually. Under APART, the project intervention for Fruit and Vegetable shall include the productivity enhancement, value addition and development of market opportunity / infrastructure facility. The following Table 5 illustrates the potential environmental issues with respect to cultivation and value addition process. Table 5: Potential Environmental risk and Management Measure due to project Intervention in Fruit and vegetable Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures 60. 1. Productivity Varietal Selection Suitable variety of fruit / vegetables not  Selection of Suitable crop respect to area/season should Enhancement being selected with respect to particular be adopted. (Refer Annexure 13, for variety of fruit and season and climatic zone vegetable recommended for particular season and climatic Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 285 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures zone). Use of chemical To enhance the productivity, overuse of  Selection of Suitable fertilizer after soil testing should be fertilizer and fertilizer and other chemical problem may practiced arise.  Use of bio-fertilizers (for eg. Azotobacter (2-3 ml/ Plant) as pesticides soil treatment shall be beneficial.  Training on IPM should be facilitated to farmer to make aware of hazard of fertilizer and other alternative climate resilient methods.  An Pest Management Plan (PMP)for the project has been enclosed as (Annexure- 12) Soil Nutrient balance Excessive use of chemical  Adoption of Integrated Soil Fertility management using fertilizers leave residues in thesoil which organic manures, bio-fertilizers. leads to salinity andalkalinity of the soil  Crop rotation practice should be followed to restore the which in turn affecting the soil structure nitrogen and other micronutrient.  Organic manure such as cow dung, crop residue etc., should be used to keep the soil healthy. Weed management Weed management in monsoon season.  Mechanical weeding should be practiced at appropriate timing Mono Cropping Frequent cultivation of same variety of  Mixed cropping with vegetable / fruit combination or other crops, may affect the soil productivity such as potato- mustard, mustard- cabbage, veg- pulse, fruit- vegetable cropetc should be practiced to maintain the overall health of soil and also increase the productivity. Irrigation Demand for more irrigation facilities due to  All Irrigation facilities should be done after obtaining legal increase in production and farming consent with irrigation department.  More efficient method of irrigation should be promoted like drip irrigation etc. 61. 2. Infrastructure allied Storage Inappropriate storage of the ingredients,  Vegetables are living, breathing parts of plants and contain activities. veg/ fruit will lead to contact with moistures, 65 to 95% water. Acceleration of deterioration can be due exposure to pests like rats etc. will spoil the to high temperature, low humidity, incorrect atmosphere quality there by having impact on health. and/ or physical damage. So storage of thesecommodities should be done in cool places.  The storage area should belocated in clean, dry places and material should be kept in tightly packed containers or containers with lids, covers. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 286 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures  Food Products should not be stored along with any products of chemical nature.  Expired materials/ raw materials stored for long periods should not be used.  Raw materials should be inspected at regular intervals and any spoiled materials should be safely discarded. Use of chemicals to control storage pests Preference to use bio pesticide methods like neem leaves, like cockroaches, rats etc. as they may dry chillies etc. contaminate the food. Transportation Transportation service is required to store,  All material should be transported in fully covered trucks. manage, and post-harvest care, marketing Overloading of vehicles with materials should be avoided and further value addition in the product. and shall be done in a manner to suit the trucks capacity.  BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used for transportation.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for / or in frequently used shall have proper road signage and breakers to prevent the accident in the road.  Create awareness on proper transport system management. 62. 3. Processing, Registration, All processing units for seed production,  Processing unit, seed production units and other Grading, Value licenses and value addition items and other machinery equipment required for value addition purposes shall Addition shouldhold valid license. comply with legal requirements.Please refer chapter 2 for permissions applicable legal requirements. Maintenance andupkeep of Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead  Regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed machinery to contamination and improper functioning. standards. Possibility of accidents during handling  Personnel should be well trained and first aid kit should be machinery during Drying, chopping etc. available. Use of additives,preservatives In processing section, use of non-permitted  Only the permitted additives and preservatives should be additives and preservatives is illegal and used in food items as per prescribed in FSSAI Act. pose health risks to the workers and consumers Commercial Inappropriate selection of species will lead  More emphasis should be given to preserve the seed and Seedproduction to change the pattern of biodiversity and germplasm of indigenous species, which will be beneficial may not be best fitted for climate. in long run and less resource would be required to upkeep and maintain. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 287 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures Processing area Basic and required amenities  The processing building should have sufficient space for the intended scale of operation which include: a. Sufficient space for weighing and inspecting incoming grain or flour, b. Raw material storage, c. Production area d. Packing and storage of products, e. Maintenance and repair of equipment, f. Cupboard for spare parts and tools, g. Hand-washing and toilet facilities, with space to store workers‘ clothes. h. First aid box and sand bucket or fire extinguisher; and i. Adequate supply of potable (safe for drinking) water Waste Water –processing waste water  Following measure to reduce the organic material inclusion generated during washing and in waste water should followed such as neutralization might have high organic  Use spill collection tray in production area to reduce the content. inclusion of solid in water.  Use grid to cover the production area to prevent solid waste addition in the waste water. Packaging Use of non-biodegradable packaging  Bio degradable ingredients and re-useable packaging material results in the soil pollution. should be promoted. Use of plastic bags with a thickness less  Use of newspapers wraps or cloth bags as packaging than 20 microns for packaging due to their materials, encouraging the consumers to bring cloth bags non-recyclable nature poses a potential are some of the methods that can be practiced negative impact on environment. Handling the food products with bare hands  Personnel involved in processing, packing etc. should or unwashed hands will contaminate the wash hands with soap before and after work and use products, aprons, gloves, hair caps for handling, packing etc. Waste management Disposal of decomposable wastes leads to  Wastes should be properly disposed off in the designate contamination of surroundings though place only decomposition, attracting insects, leaving  It should not be done near to water bodies and dense chemical residues etc. settlement area.  Waste should be integrated with bio compost formation and agricultural farming practices. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 288 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures Power use Energy is required for heating, boiling,  Energy efficient devices should be used. grinding, extraction, drying, packaging etc.  Biomass or solar devices should be promoted to conserve energy.  Energy consumption monitoring should be followed regularly. Water Use Water is required for cleaning, Washing,  Water efficient devices should be promoted. boiling etc. As the requirement is in large  Water intake and balance should be monitored regularly. quantities this will have impact on local Water resources.  Necessary permission from water resource department should be obtained for water supply in processing area and other purposes Occupational health and  Occupational health problem, allergies  Person using these machines must wear masks as PPEs Safety may affect the health of worker of to prevent inhalation. processing area.  Noise protective equipment (PPEs) should be provided to  Noise problem the machine operators.  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants.  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems (Refer Annexure 15 for Food Safety).  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone Toilets should be separated from the processing area, storage area by two doors or shall be located in a separate building. Supporting Agency in interventions under APART are: 1. Assam Rural Infrastructure And Agricultural Services (Arias) Society 2. Directorate of Agriculture, Directorate of Horticulture, ASSAM, 3. Assam Agricultural University 4. District Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) Societies 63. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 289 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework 6. Spices and Condiments (Ginger,Turmeric) Assam produced around 8% of India‘s total spices and 57% of Ginger of very good quality. Among turmeric, Lahadongvariety of turmeri c is produced from Assam, which is one of best quality of turmeric found across the world. Under APART, the project intervention for Spices shall include the productivity enhancement, value addition and development of market opportunity / infrastructure facility. The following Table 6 illustrates the potential environmental issues with respect to cultivation and value addition process. Table 6: Potential Environmental risk and Management Measure due to project Intervention in Spices and Condiments (Ginger and Turmeric) Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures 64. 1. Varietal Selection Suitable variety of rhizome of Ginger / Turmeric  Choice of suitable rhizome respecting to particular Agro climatic area Productivity being not selectedwith respect to particular season should be in practice. (Please refer Annexure 13, for variety of seed Enhancemen and climatic zone. recommended for particular season and climatic zone of Assam). t Use of chemical To enhance the productivity, overuse of fertilizer  Selection of Suitable fertilizer after soil testing should be practiced. fertilizer and and other chemical problem may arise.  Training on IPM should be facilitated to farmer to make aware of pesticides hazard of fertilizer and other alternative climate resilient methods.  An Pest Management Plan (PMP)for the project has been enclosed as (Annexure 12) Soil Nutrient balance Excessive use of chemical  Adoption of Integrated Soil Fertility management using organic fertilizers leave residues in thesoil which leads to manures, bio-fertilizers. salinity andalkalinity of the soil which in-turn  Crop rotation practice should be followed to restore the nitrogen and affecting the soil structure other micronutrient.  Organic manure such as cow dung, crop residue etc should be used to keep the soil healthy. Site Selection Inappropriate site selection may affect negatively  Spices propagated by rhizome generally preferssoil which is well the production. drained and in shade. So waterlogging area should be avoided during site selection. Weed management Weedmanagement inspices  Mechanical weeding should be practiced at appropriate timing.  Remove weeds by hand-weeding before each mulching. Repeat weeding according to weed growth during the fifth and sixth month after planting. Mono Cropping Frequent cultivation of same crop speciesmay  Mixed cropping with ginger- turmeric, ginger- areca nut should be affect the soil productivity practiced to maintain the overall health of soil and also increase the productivity.  Rotation cropping practices such as ginger cultivation in rice fallow land, vegetable, ground nut would be beneficial for soil Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 290 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures nutrient management. Irrigation Demand for more irrigation facilities due to  All Irrigation facilities should be done after obtaining legal consent increase in production and farming with irrigation department.  More efficient method of irrigation should be promoted like drip irrigation etc. 65. 2. Storage  Inappropriate storage will lead to contact with  The storage area should be located in a clean, dry place and Infrastructur moisture material should be kept in tightly packed containers or containers e allied  Pest menace with lids, coversFood products should not be stored along with any activities. products of chemical nature.  Expired materials/ raw materials stored for long periods should not be used.  Raw materials should be inspected at regular intervals and any spoiled materials should be safely discarded. Use of chemicals to control storage pests like  Preference to use bio-pesticides like neem leaves, dry chillies etc., cockroaches, rats etc. as they may contaminate the food. Transportation Transportation service is required to store,  All material should be transported in fully covered trucks. manage, and post-harvest care, marketing and Overloading of vehicles with materials should be avoided and shall further value addition in the product. be done in a manner to suit the trucks capacity.  BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used for transportation.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for / or in frequently used shall have proper road signage and breakers to prevent the accident in the road.  Create awareness on proper transport system management. 66. 3. Registration, All processing units for seed production, value  Processing unit, seed production units, and other equipment required Processing, licenses and addition items and other machineryshould hold for value addition purposes shall comply with legal requirements. Grading, permissions valid license. Please refer chapter 2 for applicable legal requirements Value Addition Maintenance Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead to  Regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed standards. andupkeep of contamination and improper functioning. machinery Possibility of accidents during handling machinery  Personnel should be well trained and first aid kit should be available. during Drying, milling etc. Use of In processing section, use of non-permitted  Only the permitted additives and preservatives should be used in additives,preservatives additives and preservatives is illegal and pose food items as per prescribed in FSSAI Act. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 291 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures health risks to the workers and consumers Commercial Inappropriate selection of species will lead to  More emphasis should be given to preserve the seed and Seedproduction change the pattern of biodiversity and may not be germplasm of indigenous species, which will be beneficial in long run best fitted for climate. and less resource would be required to upkeep and maintain. Processing area Basic and required amenities  The processing building should have sufficient space for the intended scale of operation which include: a. Sufficient space for weighing and inspecting incoming grain or flour, b. Raw material storage, c. Production area d. Packing and storage of products, e. Maintenance and repair of equipment, f. Cupboard for spare parts and tools, g. Hand-washing and toilet facilities, with space to store workers‘ clothes. h. First aid box and sand bucket or fire extinguisher; and i. Adequate supply of potable (safe for drinking) water  Sufficient space should beprovided aroundtheequipment‘s for maintenance and cleaning.  The processing area should be hygienic.  To control the pollution, proper drainage system should be followed to control the runoff and adapt recycling of waste water. Packaging of spices Use of non-degradable packaging material  Bio degradable ingredients and re-useable packaging should be and other value added resultingthe soilpollution. promoted. products Use of plastic bags with a thickness less than 20  Use of newspapers wraps or cloth bags as packaging materials, microns for packaging due to their non-recyclable encouraging the consumers to bring cloth bags are some of the nature poses a potential negative impact on methods that can be practiced. environment Handling the food products with bare hands or un  Personnel involved in processing, packing etc. should wash hands washed hands will contaminate the products. with soap before and after work and use aprons, gloves, hair caps for handling, packing etc. Waste management Disposal of decomposable wastes leads to  Wastes should be properly disposed off in the designate place only contamination of surroundings though  It should not be donenear to water bodies and dense settlement decomposition, attracting insects, leaving chemical area. residues etc.  Waste should be integrated with bio-compost formation and agricultural farming practices. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 292 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures Power use Energy is required for heating, boiling, grinding,  Energy efficient devices should be used. extraction, drying, packaging etc.  Biomass or solar devices should be promoted to conserve energy.  Energy consumption monitoring should be followed regularly. Water Use Water is required for cleaning, Washing, boiling  Water efficient devices should be promoted. etc. As the requirement is in large quantities this  Water intake and balance should be monitored regularly. will have impact on local Water resources.  Necessary permission from water resource department should be obtained for water supply in processing area and other purposes Occupational health Fine dust during milling will lead to health issues  Person using these machines must wear masks as PPEs to prevent and Safety like allergy, Asthma in long run. inhalation.  Noise protective equipment (PPEs) should be provided to the Noise problem machine operators.  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants.  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems (Refer Annexure 15 for Food Safety).  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone  Toilets should be separated from the processing area, storage area by two doors or shall be located in a separate building. Supporting Agency in interventions under APART are: 1. Assam Rural Infrastructure And Agricultural Services (Arias) Society 2. Directorate of Agriculture, Directorate of Horticulture, ASSAM, 3. Assam Agricultural University 4. District Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) Societies 7. Dairy Dairy production in Assam is mostly characterized by rural smallholder production using indigenous cattle and buffalo, with pockets of more specialized dairy production. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 293 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Under APART, the project intervention in term of dairy sector shall include productivity enhancement, value addition and development of market opportunity / infrastructure facility. The following Table 7 illustrates the potential environmental issues with respect to farming and value addition process. Table 7: Potential Environmental risk and Management Measure due to project Intervention in Dairy Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures 67. 1. Productivity Selection of breed Selection of breeds that cannot adapt to the local  Selection of suitablebreed should be done Enhancement climatic conditions will lead to loss of cattle or based on its climate adaptability. results in low productivity and increase in health  71 Indigenous species should be promoted in issues. artificial insemination.  Enhancedinteraction with technicians of artificial insemination would be helpful to select suitable breed. Requirement of Grazing land Due to the increase in number of cattle, the  A climate resilient method should be adopted and tackling thefodder scarcity requirement for more fodder is inevitable and if for fulfilling the demand of fodder. grazing lands are located near the forest area, it  Community based grazing land cultivation may even cause a direct threat to the forest eco should be promotedon waste/ barren land to system. meetthe fodder demand.  Improve productivity of pasturelands by introducing improved fodder seeds and increase the use of waste lands for fodder production.  Community should get proper permission from nearby forest department, if the grazing land is located near protected areas. Vaccination and artificial Inappropriate vaccination and insemination  Develop a regular interaction with the insemination facility Providers/ technician of Artificial Insemination and veterinary facility (a doorstep facility can be provided under the Project APART).  A sensitization workshop for producers would be helpful to create awareness among them about the precautions and probable health risk in cattle, which will also pose a negative impact on overall milk production. 71 Indigenous cattle breed: Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, Gir: Deoni, Ongole, Karan fries, Karan swiss, Nimari, Hariana, Rathi or Rath, Mewati, Krishavalley, Tharparkar, Kankrej Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 294 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures Activities like farm manure storage Release of NH3, CH4, NO2, Non Methane  Better management practices Training to the and disposalof urine. VOCs, fine particulates and to atmosphere. farmers shall be planned and conducted  Organic manure such as cow dung, crop residue etc., should be used in agri-farming to keep the soil healthy. Manure and Waste Water. Manure and wastewater storage, feed storage  Storage areas should be dry. areas, livestock housing (such as calf rearing  Training and adoptingbest practice guidelines sheds or free stall sheds), and the cows for the sitting, design, management and themselves. maintenance of dairy waste. Use of chemical fertilizer and overuse of fertilizer and other chemicals in fodder  Promotion of farming methods; by use of bio- pesticides for fodder production production manure, compost material and bio fertilizer as much as possible so as to minimize the introduction of chemicals into the food chain. These methods are cost friendly and eco- friendly.  The target pest, disease or weed should be correctly identified, and an appropriate chemical, application rate and application method should be followed.  Preference to be given for green fodder as much as possible. Agricultural chemicals used on dairy farms and  Trainings for handling, storage and disposal of veterinary medications mayhave potential risks the chemicals should be provided to the for users, consumers, the community and the farmers. environment.  Use of personal protective equipment like gloves, masks, boots.  Veterinary medicines (antibiotics) used should be appropriate for the identified problemand shall beused according to label instructions within the expiry date, storedappropriately. Unhygienic farming practice. Introduction and spread of diseases (including  Management and strategic application of leptospirosis, salmonellosis and toxoplasmosis) appropriate chemicals or other extermination from pests. measures.  Feed spills should be cleaned up immediately, Decrease in milk production,and livestock losses to minimize breeding sites or attractants. through direct attack or injury can also be a  Vegetation and rubbish around buildings and Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 295 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures nuisance and a health hazard for farm workers yards are to be removed or controlled, in order and neighbours. to prevent from insects and vermin. Milking Adoption of Unhygienic milking practices may  Beneficiaries should be trained on hygienic cause contamination of milk and pose a health milking practices. risk for human  Sterilization of utensils and other equipment‘s must be emphasized by conducting an awareness training  Proper sanitization methods to be adopted before milking. Enhancing the Milk Yield Injecting hormonal substances like oxytocin  Practice of injecting hormones should be strictly under misconception that it would increase milk avoided. yield will result in negative impact on animal  Creating an awareness among producers health and will make the animal go dry early.  Sensitization by the veterinarians on this subject would be helpful to the producers Shed spacing, sanitation and waste Shed Spacing and Sanitation problem  Selection of sheds should be such that theyare management (Congested and unclean shed without proper not close to waterways or those with shallow facilities for urine drainage, lack of ventilation groundwater. etc.) will lead to outbreak and spread of diseases.  The shed should be clean and provide sufficient ventilation, enough space to animals to avoid overcrowding and allow free movement tocattle.  Proper waste drainage system should be provided .  Awareness on alternate use of waste such as use of cow dung as bio fuel, as organic manure etc must be provided  Cattle shed management measures have been presented in annexure 6 as a reference. 68. 2. Infrastructure allied Storage of the products at cold  Increasedconsumption of electricity.  Use of suitable renewable energy like, solar, activities. storages/cooling units. – Bulk Milk  Gaseous emissions from the unit. wind etc. cooling Units  Energy Efficient Devices should be used to minimize the power use.  Advanced cooling equipment should be used to Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 296 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures reduce emissions. Inappropriate storage of the dairy products will  Milk testing kits should be provided to monitor lead to contact with moisture and result in the milk that is to be stored. contamination  Proper PPEs must be provided to milk handlers  Training to be provided to workers who handle the equipment and appliances. Transportation (required for the Transportation service (refrigerated milk vehicle)  Containers used for carrying the Dairy Products carrying dairy products other dairy shall be required for, marketing Vehicular should be properly cleaned and Sterilized based derived items of market and emission to the ambient atmosphere. before transportation. fodder, other support to Cracking of roads by over weighing vehicles.  Care should be taken that the hauling area beneficiaries) should be in a cool place.  BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used for transportation.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for or infrequently used shall have proper road signage‘s and breakers to prevent accidents in the road.  Create awareness on proper transport system management. 69. 3. Processing, Registration, All processing units should hold a valid license  Dairy Processing unit, production units, and Grading, Value licenses and other equipment required for various other Addition purposes shall comply with applicable legal and permissions other statutory requirements.  (Please refer chapter 3 for applicable legal requirements) Maintenance andupkeep of Irregular cleaning or no maintenance will lead to  Regular upkeep should be followed as per the machinery contamination and improper functioning. prescribed standards.  Personnel should be well trained and first aid kit should be available.  Periodic preventive maintenance must be adopted for machineries Use of additives,preservatives In processing section, use of non-permitted  Only the permitted additives and preservatives additives and preservatives shall pose health should be used in food items as prescribed in risks to the workers and consumers FSSAI Act. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 297 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures Processing area Basic and required amenities  The processing building should have sufficient space for the intended scale of operation which include: a. Sufficient space for weighing and inspecting incoming grain or flour, b. Raw material storage, c. Production area d. Packing and storage of products, e. Maintenance and repair of equipment, f. Cupboard for spare parts and tools, g. Hand-washing and toilet facilities, with space to store workers‘ clothes. h. First aid box and sand bucket or fire extinguisher; and i. Adequate supply of potable (safe for drinking) water Processing area and allied activities Operation wastes from the dairy processing plant  Maintenance of aerobic conditions for and Biological decomposition of milk derived wastewater processing. organic matter  Use of filters or scrubbers to eliminate or reduce particles.  Use of automatic process control.  Continuous routine monitoring of emission points using audible, visible alarms. Air discharges from drier stacks, Generation of noise.  Concrete buildings reduce the noise level. Heater fans, Air supply fans,  Installation of Sound silencers on air intake Ventilation, Boilers, and Pumps. fans and air discharges.  Acoustic enclosures of outdoor mechanical plant such as pumps.  Adoption of Restricted operating hours.  Use of Mufflers on transport vehicles.  Product losses from leaking Generation of waste water and other liquid  Wastes generated should be disposed offafter equipment and pipelines, spills wastes. treatment. caused by equipment overflows  The plant should have proper drainage system. and malfunctions and by poor  Reduction in use of chemicals in cleaning and Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 298 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures Handling procedures. washing purposes  All outlets of plant should be regularly  Wastes arising due to washing monitored and checked. and cleaning of products remaining in the tank, trucks, cans, piping.  Splashing of milk and breakage of containersat the time ofpacking. Pumping of ground water for This activity leaves less water available for  Soil-water balance should be maintained. completeprocessing. downstream uses, such as for municipal water  Recycling of the water that is used for supply and agriculture. processing. Physical hazards.  Slippery conditions, the use of machines and  Provision ofclean and dry walking and working Biological hazards. tools and collisions with internal transport surfaces and provide workers with antiskid Chemical hazards equipment. footwear.  Exposure to biological and microbiological  Training of workers for the proper use of agents. equipment‘s (including the proper use of  Chemical- handling activities related to machine safety devices) and personal cleaning operations and disinfection of protective equipment. process areas, in addition to the  Proper ventilation of enclosed or semi-enclosed maintenance of heating (thermal oils) and areas to reduce or eliminate exposure to dust cooling systems. and aerosols.  Installation of exhaust ventilatorsequipped with filters and or cyclones, at sources of dust. Packaging of the dairy products. Use of non-biodegradablepackaging material.  Promoting the use of Bio degradable ingredients and re-useable packaging. Use of plastic bags with a thickness less than 20  Use of newspapers wraps or cloth bags as microns for packaging due to their non-recyclable packaging materials, encouraging the nature poses a potential negative impact on consumers to bring cloth bags are some of the environment. methods as alternatives. Handling the food products with bare hands or un  Personnel involved in processing, packing etc. washed hands will contaminate the products should wash hands with soap before and after work and use proper PPEs such as aprons, gloves, hair caps while handling, packing etc. Waste management Disposal of decomposable wastes on open areas  Wastes should be properly disposed off in the Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 299 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures leads to contamination of surroundings through designated place only decomposition, attracting insects, leaving  It should not be near to water bodies and dense chemical residues etc. settlement area.  Waste should be integrated with bio-compost formation and agricultural farming practices. Power use Energy is required for heating, boiling, drying,  Adoption of Process modifications such as packaging etc. Reduction of heat loss by using continuous, instead of batch, pasteurizers, partially homogenizing milk to reduce the size of heat exchangers, using multistage evaporators, insulating steam, water, and air pipes / tubes.  Increasing the cooling efficiency by insulating refrigerated room / areas.  Deploymentof heat recovery for both heating and cooling operations in milk pasteurizers and heat exchangers.  Installation of renewable energy sources.  Energy efficient device should be used.  Biomass or solar devices should be promoted to conserve energy.  Monitoring of Energy consumption regularly. Water Use Water is required for cleaning, Washing, boiling  Water efficient devices should be promoted. etc. As the requirement is in large quantities this  Water intake and balance should be monitored will have an impact on local Water resources. regularly.  Necessary permission from water resource department should be obtained for water supply in processing area and for other purposes Occupational health and Safety Occupational health problems to worker of  Person using machines must wear mask and processing units. gloves for preventing the problem related to inhalation and infections. Noise problem  Toilets should be separated from the processing area and storage area by two doors or should be located in a separate building  Noise protective equipment should be provided to the machine operators. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 300 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants.  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should be carried out to look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems (Refer Annexure 15 for Food Safety).  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone Supporting Agency in interventions under APART are: 1. Assam Rural Infrastructure And Agricultural Services (Arias) Society 2. Director Dairy Development&Director AH &Vety., ASSAM, 3. West Assam Milk Producers' Cooperative Union Ltd,WAMUL 4. District Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) Societies 5. Assam Agricultural University 8. Fishery Assam is one of the richest states in the country with good surface water resources where beel fisheries and pond & tank fisheries alone occupies about 1.40 lakh hectare area. Fish has been selected as one of the commodities in the APART for market led production with the objective of increasing fish productivity and production in a sustainable and climate resilient way with value addition and marketing. Under APART, the project intervention in term of Fishery sector shall include the productivity enhancement, value addition and development of market opportunity / infrastructure facility. The following Table 8 illustrates the potential environmental issues with respect to cultivation and value addition process. Table 8: Potential Environmental risk and Management Measure due to project Intervention in Fishery Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 301 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures 70. 1. Productivity Selection of Fish Species Selection of fish species that cannot  Selection of suitable breed should be done based on its Enhancement adapt to the local climatic conditions climate adaptability. will lead to loss or will result in low  Indigenous species should be promoted hatchery units. productivity.  Refer the Aquatic management plan (Annexure 5) or Environmental guideline (Annexure 9) which recommends the fish species/ variety which is suitable forlocal conditions. Indigenous species biodiversity loss as well as loss of  Select local fish species / varieties that would respond and Indigenous species; adapt well to the local climatic conditions  The selected fish species/ variety should reduce external Inorder to have higher yield, farmers inputs and maintenance costs may introduce exotic species or more  Refer the Aquatic management plan (Annexure 5) or productive fish species which may Environmental guideline (Annexure 9) which recommends the create competition to the indigenous fish species/ variety which is suitable for local conditions. species and as a consequence, a threat to local species may arise Use of chemical Use of Chemicals/fertilizer for  Conducting trainings/ workshops to the farmers about the fertilizer and obtaining better production may lead health hazards with respect to the use of chemicals/ to bioaccumulation which is then pesticides, the bio accumulation process in the fish and its pesticides transferred into food chain implications.  72 Promoting the use of bio manure , bio food for agriculture practices and use of traditional fish feed like Mustard Oil 73 cake , by-products of polished rice etc.  Promote Integrated farming practices so as to encourage the use of farm waste, livestock manure in fish farming which acts as a fertilizer.  Use of agriculture by-products such as rice bran and mustard oil cake in the ratio of 70:30 at 2-3% of the body weight of fishes can be provided. Oxygen Depletion Oxygen Depletion may occur due to  Provision of oxygen supplementation e.g. oxygen tablets, the enhanced production of fish addition of Potassiumpermanganate application and 74 within the same cultivated area application of lime at 200kg/ha . (water body/pond/tank)  Changing feeding regimes, Recirculating water/ aeration and 72Cow dung 2000 kg / ha as initial dose & 1000 kg/ ha. As monthly dose(as per CIFRI) 73 200-400 kg. Of mustard oil cake/ha.of water surface area-suitable for stocking of spawn 15-20 days after manuring. (as per CIFRI) 74 As per CIFRI Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 302 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures andovercrowding may lead to oxygen De-stocking are some of the measures that are to be taken stress care of  Creating an awareness among the cultivators shall help them to understand and act proactively Natural Calamities Natural Calamities  Proper embankment should be constructed to tackle the flood Flood situation. Drought  Shallow areas of derelict water bodies/ponds/lakes/ can be made use of for raising fishes and prawns in enclosure (pens)  Awareness must be provided to calculate water loss due to evaporation. For instance, for a minimum of five feet total depth, allow at least two feet of water loss resulting from evaporation and seepage during the drought.  75 Select fish species which has better acclimatization athigher temperatures (in drought) Excess input of feed materials. Eutrophication may occur due to the  Nutrients rich fish feed should be used in limited / required Water Qualitydeterioration use of fertilizer, other feeds (rich in quantity. The dosage limit must be arrived at with the help of nutrients) for increasing the yield as it technicians may lead to the water  Prohibit use of unwanted and lethal chemicals without proper qualitydeterioration and nutrient awareness and lack of knowledge of related hazards. enrichment  Establishment of water quality testing for various parameters at least four times a year should be followed.  Testing the suitability of the water and other environmental conditions for the chosen fish species must be done before cultivation  Creating an Awareness of the various problems that might be encountered shall be conducted with the help of technicians  Knowledge on the toxicity must be provided, If possible, LCA shall be carried out as part of APART project. LD50 & LD100 must also be determined. Intensive Fish Farming Intensive fish farming may create  Fish - livestock farming systems is a highly assured problem of less resource availability technology where predetermined quantum of livestock waste in long run businesses. obtained by rearing the livestock in the pond area is applied in the pond to raise the fish crop without any other additional 75 Refer aquaculture Management Plan of APART EMF Report Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 303 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures supply of nutrients. The byproducts generated from the production and processing of livestock can be used as a feed for aquaculture.  Integrated Fish Farming practices such as Pig - Fish Farming should be promoted, where urine, excreta of pig and spilled pig feeds can be applied manually to the pond water at a pre- determined dose. 2. Intervention in Beel Disturbance to the The water quality in the Beel (water  Monitoring the Feeding material regularly those are used in fisheries Physiochemical parameters of body) may deteriorate due to an the beel fisheries. Feed shall be calculated based on fish the water quality increase in suspended particles density and the same amount should be let into the system. resulting from the aquaculture  Establishment of a proper water quality monitoring at least wastes. Due to this, there will be a once in every season (4 times in a year) raise in the nutrient concentration which leads to increase in turbidity  Beel committee should compile the records of water quality resulting in depletion of Dissolved monitoring of each beel and shall be maintained as per Beel Oxygen (DO) Act  Auto stock practice should be made mandatory in beel. Other Climate resilient Options are as follows:  Popularize low impact aquaculture and Resource efficient production system through Community-based management (Cluster).  Bio-floc technology- Accumulation of nitrogenous waste in fish ponds can be converted into feed through environment friendly bio-floc technology.  While feeding fishes with good quality feed, feed quantity needs to be assessed according to the fish biomass at recommended feeding rate; this will reduce the amount of feed and loss during feeding. This would result in oxygen demand Culture of Banned fishes  Lack of awareness among  Restrictions shall be made mandatory toprohibit culture of farmers of banned fish may lead banned fish in pond and beels. to loss of overall fish  Culture of Alien fishspecies should be banned, such as Thai productivity. magur (Clariasgariepineus), Tilapia,  This poses a threat to native fish hybridKawoi(Anabastesteduneus),Roopchanda species and gene pool and may (Colossomamacropomum), Bighead result in ecological imbalance carp(HypophthalmichthysnobilisPangasiussutchi) etc. and may lead to loss of bio- diversity. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 304 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures Accidental events/spills (e.g. Degradation of water quality.  Minimization of leaks from boat engines, water pumps and fuel, hydraulic fluid and generators. lubricants).  Proper drainage should be provided to reduce the contamination of hazardous materials. Lack of awareness among small  Providing awareness and capacity building on promising beneficiaries for sustainable fish approaches having low impact of aquaculture amongst the farming will lead to productivity farmers, participating communities, local authorities, extension problems Enhancement urging the agents, development practitioners etc to protect the need to select exotic breed, environment. chemicals and other unhygienic practices 71. 3. Infrastructure allied Storage of the products at cold  High consumption of electricity.  Fish storage should be done in clean, cool containers or activities. storages/cooling units.  Excess use of water for cleaning containers with lids, covers. and cooling purposes.  Refrigerated containers shall be used for fish storage to keep it fresh and safe.  Energy Efficient Devices should be used to minimize the power use. Use of suitable renewable energy like, solar, wind etc. may be adopted  Advanced cooling equipment should be used to reduce emissions. Transportation  Transportation service is  Containers used for carrying the Products should be properly required to store, manage, and cleaned and Sterilized before transportation. post-harvest care, marketing and  BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used further value addition in the for transportation. product.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for transportation or  Vehicular emissions to the infrequently used shall have proper road signage‘s and ambient atmosphere. breakers to prevent the accident in the road.  Cracking of roads by over  Create awareness on proper transport system management. weighing vehicles. 72. 4. Processing, Grading, Registration, All processing units for Fish seed  Processing unit, seed production units and other equipment Value Addition licenses and production, value addition items and required for value addition purposes shall comply with legal other machinery should hold valid requirements. permissions licenses  (Please refer chapter 2 for applicable legal requirements) Maintenance andupkeep of Irregular cleaning or maintenance will  Regular upkeep should be followed as per the prescribed machinery lead to contamination and improper standards. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 305 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures functioning.  Personnel should be well trained and first aid kit should be available. Use of additives, preservatives In processing section, use of non-  Only the permitted additives and preservatives should be used permitted additives and preservatives in food items as per prescribed in FSSAI Act. is illegal and pose health risks to the workers and consumers Processing area Basic and required amenities  The processing building should have sufficient space for the intended scale of operation which include:  a. sufficient space for weighing and inspecting incoming products and raw material, b. raw material storage, c. production, d. packing and storage of products, e. maintenance and repairs of equipment, f. Cupboard for spare parts and tools, and  g. Hand-washing and toilet facilities, with space to store workers‘ clothes; and First aid box and sand bucket or fire extinguisher. Establishment of fish processing unit  Fish Cutting, processing place should be properly cleaned  Process waste arrived shall be stored safely which can be used as a feedin farm.  Equipment‘s that are to be used for the processes should be sterilized and must be hygienic.  Wastes generated should be disposed offafter treatment.  The plant should have proper drainage system.  Use of chemicals in cleaning and washing purposes should be reduced.  Provision of Proper ventilation of enclosed or semi-enclosed areas to reduce or eliminate exposure to dust and aerosols.  Installation of exhaust ventilators equipped with filters and or cyclones, at sources of dust.  Training workers for the proper use of equipment‘s (including the proper use of machine safety devices) and personal protective equipment.  . Establishment of Hatcheries Haphazard selection of fish in  Mixed spawning of fish should be promoted in the seed hatchery plant may create problem to producer centers. If this does not happen, conservation of the Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 306 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures overall production and loss of native fish species shall be extremely difficult indigenous variety.  Induced Breeding of Immature fish should not be practiced. It may results unhealthy fingerlings.  Good brood stock management and planned cross breeding of different species should be endorsed. Packaging of the Fish products. Use of non-biodegradable packaging  Bio degradable ingredients and re-useable packaging should material resulting in soil Pollution. be promoted. Use of plastic bags with a thickness  Use of newspapers wraps or cloth bags as packaging less than 20 micronsfor packaging materials, encouraging the consumers to bring cloth bags are due to their non-recyclable nature some of the methods as alternatives. poses a potential negative impact on environment. Handling the food products with bare  Personnel involved in processing, packing etc. should wash hands or un washed hands will hands with soap before and after work and use PPES such as contaminate the products. aprons, gloves, hair caps for handling, packing etc. Waste management Disposal of decomposable wastes  Wastes should be properly disposed off in the designated leads to contamination of place only surroundings through  It should not be near to water bodies and dense settlement decomposition, increase in number of area. pests, leaving chemical residues etc.  waste should be integrated with biocompost formation and agricultural farming practices. Power use Energy is required for, drying,  Improvement of cooling efficiency by insulating refrigerated packaging etc. room / areas.  Energy efficient devices should be used. Installation of renewable energy sources may be promoted.  Monitoring the Energy consumption should be followed regularly. Water Use Water is required for cleaning,  Water consumption should be monitored regularly. Washing, etc.  Necessary permission from water resource department should be obtained for water supply in processing area and other purposes Occupational health and Safety  Person using machines must wear mask and gloves for Occupational health problems to preventing the problem related to inhalation and infections. worker of processing units.  Toilets should be separated from the processing area and Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 307 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures storage area by two doors or should be located in a separate Noise problem building  Noise protective equipment should be provided to the machine operators.  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants (Refer Annexure 15 for Food Safety).  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should be carried out to look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems.  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone Supporting Agency in interventions under APART are: 1. Assam Rural Infrastructure And Agricultural Services (Arias) Society 2. Directorate of Fisheries, ASSAM, 3. Assam Agricultural University 4. District Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) Societies 5. World Fish Centre (WFC ) 6. Beel: Beel development Committee 9. Piggery Pig farming requires low-external input, which shall be managed by a family (mainly women labourers). The by-product of the paddy and other crops shall be used as feed.The varieties of pig which are used in the farming are generally Hamsphire, Large Black, Saddleback, Duroc, Large White Yorkshire and Crossbreed of local Doom variety. Under APART, the project intervention in term of Piggery shall include the productivity enhancement, value addition and development of market opportunity / infrastructure facility. Following Table 9 illustrates the potential environmental issues with respect to pig farming and value addition process. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 308 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Table 9: Potential Environmental risk and Management Measure due to project Intervention in Pork value Chain Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures 73. 1. Productivity Selection of breed Selection of breeds that cannot adapt to the  Suitable breed selection should be done with respect to Enhancement local climatic conditions will lead to loss of climate adaptability. cattle or results in low productivity and  76 Suitable breed applicable to local climate should be health issues. promoted Fodder Shortage of food may occur due to rearing  Conservation of Village grazing reserve, community and of more number of pigs for more yields. farmer group should initiate the protection of existing village grazing reserves to suffice the demand of livestock feed.  Integrated farming practices should be promoted so as to promote the use of farm waste (kitchen waste, by- products of food grains etc.,) as food for pigs.  Integration of silk waste to pig farming is also a good option. Since sericulture rearing waste are alsogood source of nutrients it can be used as feed.  Water Hyacinth is abundant in Assam which can be used 77 as a food for pigs . Health and Hygiene  Health and Disease  Provision of mobile veterinary services to be offered  Vaccination during emergency period for critical and emergency care.  Proper Vaccination and deworming schedule to be followed.  Provide mandatory health Checkups.  Provide Pig Health calendar depicting season and disease relationship and related preventive measures  Regular interaction with medical service provider about pig health and precautions that are to be followed.  Infectious disease  Traditional farmers have little knowledge  An awareness program forfarmers on precaution on food safety, public health risk and measures that needs to be adopted during epidemic/ zoonotic issues in pig rearing. spreading of infectious diseases in pig should be made available. Knowledge on the possible diseases that could be transmitted from pig to humans such as H1N1should 76 In India there are no recognized breed of pigs , in Assam only one local variety is found namely Doom, which is originally from Bangladesh. Hampshire, Large black, Saddle back, Yorkshire, Landrace are some exotic breed which are commonly used in piggery in Assam 77 http://www.fao.org/livestock/agap/FRG/APH132/chap2.htm Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 309 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures be provided.  Awareness on the disposal techniques and safety measures that are to be adopted while handling contaminated / infectious meat. Food Safety Issue  Excess use of Antibiotics for increase in  Prohibition of use of antibiotics without proper medical body mass may lead to unwanted guidanceto ‗prevent‘ early death of the pigs . chemical residue in the Food Chain  Injection of growth hormones to accelerate the growth of pigs to attain higher body mass ratio to meet the market demand should be avoided.  Provide training to the farmers regarding Food safety standard and regulation of GOI.  Provide awareness about human health hazards due to the use of antibiotics.  Periodic Testing of pork samples to ensure quality and safety must be in place. Unhygienic pig farming  Poor manure management, Solid Waste  Effluent and manure by-products that have been practice. management and discharge of Effluent generated in a piggery are valuable sources of water,  Backyard pig rearing practices results in nutrients and organic matter. Hence it shall be re-used in foul smell ofthe surrounding area. number of ways such that it will not harm the environment.  Pig manureshould be dumped in proper manure pit which can be used as manure or can be used in bio-gas production.  Sheds should have proper ventilation.  Keeping drains clean & flushing the sheds twice daily will control the spread of dirty smell to the nearby areas.  Weeping or hosing lanes and pens should be cleaned regularly to avoid manure build-up.  Providing deep litter pens.  Dumping static-pit sheds weekly, or more often.  Soil pollution is another delicate issue  Applying manure to the soil has positive impacts on the when coming to spills and leaks of soil, it gives nutrients, especially Nitrogen and manure. Potassium back and improves the fertility of the soil, so manure should be managed properly, it should not be disposedoff near to water and settlements.  Applying manure in farm field should be done indifferent Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 310 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures locations so it does not accumulatein one location.  Water Pollution  Storage of waste water in pit or lagoon  Water Pollution (liquid waste from shed can leak into should be cleaned frequently, a limited ground water or mix with surface water and it may lead amount of waste water can be used in richness of nitrogen and phosphorous component.This fish pond, itwill reduce the requirement may ultimately lead to algal bloom other toxic effect. of another fertilizer in fishing pond  Air Pollution-  Storage of Pig manure may result in  Manure should be used as bio compost material in emanatingtoxic gases such as agricultural field after decomposition. hydrogen sulphide and ammonia that  Establishment of biogas could be a best way to manage leads to respiratory problems inhuman. the toxic gas and it generates the energy necessary to fulfil the daily demand of cooking fuel.  A family having 2-5 pig can have a biogas establishment. 74. 2. Infrastructure allied Storage of the meat  High consumption of electricity.  Use of suitable renewable energy like, solar, wind etc., activities. products at cold  Gas emissions from the unit. to be adopted. storages/cooling units  Energy Efficient Device should be used to minimize the power use.  Advanced cooling equipment should be used to reduce emissions. Inappropriate storage of the meat / products  Meat is a perishable item. So in order to protect it from will lead to contact with moisture and results contamination; deep freezers should be used by the in contamination farmers.  The awareness about the precaution measures that are to be taken during storage and transportation of pork should be shared with the farmers.  Knowledge of public hygiene among traders and producers should be facilitated.  Proper gloves, apron should be used whilehandling and storage of pork.  Cross contamination must be prevented Transportation of (Pork and Transportation service shall be required for,  Containers used for carrying the meat Products should pork products, fodder etc.) marketing be properly cleaned and Sterilized before Vehicular emission to the ambient transportation. atmosphere.  Care should be taken that the hauling area are located Cracking of roads by over weighing in cool place. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 311 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures vehicles.  BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should be used for transportation.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for or infrequently used shall have proper road signage‘s and breakers to prevent road accidents.  Create awareness on proper transport system management. 75. 3. Processing, Grading, Registration, All processing units for , value addition  Processing unit, Slaughter units, and other equipment Value Addition licenses and items and other machinery should hold required for value addition purposes shall meet all legal valid license requirements. permissions  (Please refer chapter 3 for applicable legal requirements) Maintenance and upkeep of Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead  Regular upkeep should be followed as per the Machinery (slaughtering, to contamination and improper functioning. prescribed standards. processing etc)  Personnel should be well trained and first aid kit should be available. Use of additives, In processing section, use of non-permitted  Only the permitted additives and preservatives should preservatives (in meat additives and preservatives is illegal and be used in food items as per prescribed in FSSAI Act. products) pose health risks to the workers and consumers Processing & packaging Basic and required amenities  The processing building should have sufficient space for area the intended scale of operation which include: a. Sufficient space for weighing and inspecting incoming grain or flour, b. Raw material storage, c. Production area d. Packing and storage of products, e. Maintenance and repair of equipment, f. Cupboard for spare parts and tools, g. Hand-washing and toilet facilities, with space to store workers‘ clothes. h. First aid box and sand bucket or fire extinguisher; and i. Adequate supply of potable (safe for drinking) water Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 312 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures Small Slaughter Area  Personal Hygiene (such as cleaning hand, use of gloves, apron, mask etc.) should be maintained while handling.  Slaughter house should have adequate facility of potable water, electricity, cold storage, quality control laboratory, space for antemortem and postmortem inspection, byproduct utilization system.  All equipment used in the plant shall be properly licensed.  Permission should be required from central Ground water authority for usage of water.  Processing area shall have good drainage and sanitation plan.  Slaughter area should not be operated in open place.  Ensure that plant be in legal parity with Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001.  Slaughter House should be far from residential and commercial areas. It should have good ventilation, but have proper drainage system.  Plant shall be equipped with proper testing kits.  Slaughter house should not be located in flood prone area.  An adequate supply of water should be facilitated for treatment and disposal.  Implementing an efficient effluent treatment plant and bio-composting has to be followedafter treatment.  Flooring should be ceramic.  aerobic conditions should be maintained for wastewater processing.  Use of filters or scrubbers to eliminate or reduce particles.  Continuous routine monitoring of emission points using audible, visible alarms.  Proper ventilation of enclosed or semi-enclosed areas to reduce or eliminate exposure to dust and aerosols. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 313 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures Physical hazards.  Slippery conditions, the use of  Provision ofclean and dry walking and working surfaces Biological hazards. machines and tools and collisions with and provide workers with antiskid footwear. Chemical hazards internal transport equipment.  Training of workers for the proper use of equipment‘s  Exposure to biological and (including the proper use of machine safety devices) microbiological agents. and personal protective equipment.  Chemical- handling activities related to  Proper ventilation of enclosed or semi-enclosed areas cleaning operations and disinfection of to reduce or eliminate exposure to dust and aerosols. process areas, in addition to the  Installation of exhaust ventilators equipped with filters maintenance of heating (thermal oils) and or cyclones, at sources of dust. and cooling systems. Packaging Use of non-biodegradable packaging  Promoting the use of Bio degradable ingredients and re- material. useable packaging. Use of plastic bags with a thickness less  Use of newspapers wraps or cloth bags as packaging than 20 micronsfor packaging due to their materials, encouraging the consumers to bring cloth non-recyclable nature poses a potential bags are some of the methods as alternatives. negative impact on environment. Handling the food products with bare hands  Personnel involved in processing, packing etc. should or un washed hands will contaminate the wash hands with soap before and after work and use products proper PPEs such as aprons, gloves, hair caps while handling, packing etc. Waste management Disposal of decomposable wastes on open  Wastes should be properly disposed off in the areas leads to contamination of designated place only surroundings through decomposition,  It should not be near to water bodies and dense attracting insects, leaving chemical residues settlement area. etc.  waste should be integrated with bio-compost formation and agricultural farming practices.  Waste outlets must be regularly monitored  Power use Energy is required in processing area,  Improvement of cooling efficiency by insulating storageroom. , cooling, , packaging etc. refrigerated room / areas.  Installation of renewable energy sources.  Energy efficient device should be used.  Biomass or solar devices should be promoted to conserve energy.  Monitoring of energy consumption should be followed Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 314 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures regularly. Water Use Water is required for cleaning, Washing,  Water efficient devices should be promoted. boiling etc. As the requirement is in large  Water consumption should be monitored regularly. quantities this will have impact on local Water resources.  Necessary permission from water resource department should be obtained Occupational health and  Person using machines must wear mask and gloves for Safety Occupational health problems to worker of preventing the problem related to inhalation and processing units. infections.  Toilets should be separated from the processing area Noise problem and storage area by two doors or should be located in a separate building  Noise protective equipment should be provided to the machine operators.  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants.  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should be carried out to look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical or electrical problems (Refer Annexure 15 for Food Safety).  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone Supporting Agency in interventions under APART are:  Assam Rural Infrastructure And Agricultural Services (Arias) Society  Director AH &Vety. AHVD, ASSAM,  Assam Agricultural University  District Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) Societies 10. Sericulture Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 315 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Seri farming is an agro based cottage industry which continues to provide gainful employment to around 2.50 lakh persons in rural and semi- urban areas of Assam, of whom a sizeable number belong to the economically weaker section of the society and women. Under APART, the project intervention in term of Sericulture, shall include productivity enhancement, value addition and development of market opportunity / infrastructure facility. Following Table 10 illustrates the potential environmental issues with respect to sericultureand value addition process. Table 10: Potential Environmental risk and Management Measure due to project Intervention in Seri Culture Value Chain Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures 76. 1. Productivity Selection of silk species  Selection of suitable silkworm species that  Selection of Suitable silkworm species with respect to Enhancement cannot adapt to the local climatic the climate adaptability. conditions will lead to economical loss or  Indigenous species should be promoted by Seed will result in low productivity. provider centers 78  Promoting interaction with technicians of seed provider would be helpful to make a suitable choice as per climate and season requirement.  Provide awareness to the farmers about the importance of climate adaptability benefits of indigenous silkworm species Protection of silk worms  Problem due to birds and animals  Problem from animals and birds in the rearingareas (In case of Muga silk worms some insect eating birds often target the silk worms as their prey. Monkeys damage the feed plant cultivated by the farmers). Public health in reeling and  Adoption of Sericulture techniques inside  Good housekeeping practices, enough ventilation in Grainage room, the farmer‘s house leads to development room will minimize the chance of public health risk. So of allergic diseases to both adults and site selection should be done by keeping the issues in children. mind.  Unhygienic conditions also lead to  Awareness about use of PPEs and precautionary contamination of microbes to the pupa measures that are to be adopted during working hours and silkworms. such as wearing gloves, mask, apron, gum-shoes are  Skin infections due to boiling and handling suggested for use while disinfecting the rearing rooms of the worms. and appliances.  Asthma, cough, lung infections.  Medical checkup after a certain interval of time is essential. 78 Refer indigenous silk species cultured in Assam in Chapter 3 – section 3.1.6 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 316 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures  Reeling, boiler, and grainage  Release of Sulphur, Carbon, Volatile  Use of filters or scrubbers to eliminate or reduce Organic solvents, dust and soot. particles.  Toxic to environment and cause  To minimize health risks in reeling rooms, good occupational health problems. ventilation, proper drainage to ensure dampness, use of slipper and quick disposal of waste should be practiced. 77. 2. Infrastructure allied Storage  enhanced production of silk may need  Proper ventilation must be available at the storage activities. more storage area/space with reeling / house so that temperature would be in control. weaving unit and if the demand is not properly met the quality may deteriorate in due course of time Transportation service required Transportation service shall be required to  BS-IV vehicles with valid emission certificate should for carrying silk products to store, manage,, marketing and further value be used for transportation. market, cocoon from production addition in the product.  Roads which are dedicated to be used for / or in centre to village rearing area, Vehicular emission to the ambient frequently used shall have proper road signage and fodder, other required supporting atmosphere. breakers to prevent the accident in the road. operations. Cracking of roads by over weighing vehicles.  Create awareness on proper transport system management. 78. 3. Processing, Registration, All processing units (equipment for textile  Processing unit, silk dyeing units and other Grading, Value licenses and weaving, reeling dying) for Silk equipment required for value addition purposes shall Addition seedproduction, value addition items and comply with legal requirements. permissions other machinery if not be line with legally frame will create a problem Maintenance and upkeep Irregular cleaning or maintenance will lead to  Regular upkeep should be followed as per the ofmachinery contamination and improper functioning. prescribed standards.  Personnel should be well trained and first aid kit should be available. Use of colors Use of more chemicals in dying units shall  Use of natural colors inDyeing units should be affect the quality and also health of worker. promoted. Packaging of silk products. Use of non-biodegradable packaging material  Local material should be used for packaging instead resulting in soil Pollution. of imported materials, plastics etc. Jute sacks or other available material can be used for transport purposes. This can reduce the unnecessary use of packaging waste. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 317 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures  Power Requirement for  Energy Requirement for controlling the  Alternate energy options such as solar energy, biomass Weaving and Unit operation room temperature and for boiling energy should be promoted to meet the energy operations may lead to power shortage demand. problems Water Use Water is required for cleaning, Washing,  Water efficient devices should be promoted. boiling etc. As the requirement is in large  Water consumption should be monitored regularly. quantities this will have impact on local Water resources.  Necessary permission from water resource department should be obtained for water supply in processing area and other purposes Waste  Disposal of waste water generated after  Awareness program should be conducted to the boiling of cocoons is a common problem. farmers for managing solid waste and waste water.  Wastewater containing chemicals dyes  Awareness must be provided to farmers as not to and detergents that are harmful to the dispose/ drain the waste water in the nearby areas. aquatic and terrestrial environment, when  Promoting the use of pupae which is left over after disposedoff in the ponds/ waterbodies or reeling (it is rich in protein) as poultry and fish food. nearby areas  Proper waste management techniques should be  Depletion of DO in the waterbodies followed.  Destruction of soil microbes and reduction  Adequate drainage facilities should be provided . in the natural soil fertility which altersthe permeability of soils.  Training program on ecofriendly culturing techniques and practices.  Persistence of pollutants in soil over longer period also contaminates the  In Handloom centres reuse of packaging waste, dry ground water. waste should be adopted. Occupational health and Safety  Person working in rearing, grainage and reeling room Occupational health problem to worker of should wear mask and gloves for preventing processing units. inhalation of foreign particles and to prevent infections. Noise problem (continuous exposure of  Noise protective equipment should be provided to the noise during reeling and weaving operation machine operators. may have negative impact on worker)  Ensure only experienced and well trained workers are used for the handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants (in boiling, dying etc.).  To maintain the safety of equipment as well as worker, Inspections should be carried out to look for evidence of wear and tear, frays, missing parts and mechanical Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 318 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Interventions Allied activities Possible Risk Management Measures or electrical problems (Refer Annexure 15 for Food Safety).  Ensure an emergency aid service is in place in the work zone Supporting Agency in interventions under APART are: 1. Assam Rural Infrastructure And Agricultural Services (Arias) Society 2. Director Sericulture, ASSAM, 3. Assam Agricultural University 4. District Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA) Societies Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 319 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 12 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 320 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 12: PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN (PMP) Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases 1 Rice (1) Normal Ahu/ (A) Diseases: (In main field) Autumn rice (Direct seeded) (i)Blast: (Magnaporthe Spraying carbendizm  Grow tolerant variety: Govinda, Cauvery,IR-36 √Prevelant in LBVZ, grisea) at disease appearance  Seed selection by putting in plain water and stirring well. Select the BVZ, CBVZ (Leaf blast, Nodal blast, sunken seeds and reject the floatingones. √ If 5% leaf area of top Neck blast)  Pre-sowing seed treatment by dry method: Put the selected seeds in five leaves damaged a container and mix with mancozeb or captan @ 2.5 g/kg thoroughly then restore fungicide for five minuites. spraying  At tillering stages (40-55 days after sowing) spray carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl @ 1 g/l. Subsequent spraying with same fungicide (1 g/l) at panicle initiation stage and panicle open stage may be required.  Use bacterial bio-control agents viz.,Pseudomonas fluorescence and Bacillus as seed treatment (1%) and post transplanting spray (0.5%). ii. Sheath bligh Spraying carbendizm  Destruction of crop residue of disease infected field by burning (Rhizoctonia solsni) at disease appearance  Spray talc based formulation of Trichoderma harzianum along with CMC (Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose) @ 8 g/l .  Spraying of Botanicals viz., Cymbopogon 20 EC ( Wanis ) (5 ml/l) and Neemazal (neemoil) (3 ml/l ) at 10 days interval, starting the first spray at symptom appearance..  Soil amendment with saw dust and FYM at the rate of 1% and application of carbendazim (0.1%) followed by spraying of Trichoderma viride (0.5%).  In case of severe incidence spray with carbendazim 50WP (0.1%) or hexaconazole 5 EC (0.1%) iii.Brown spot Spraying mancozeb  Pre-sowing seed treatment-dry seed treatment by mancozeb or Nutrient poor soil favour Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 321 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases (Helminthosporium oryzae) at disease appearance captan @2.5 g/kg of seed diseases developmeny  Spray mancozeb (2.5 g/l) or carbendazim (1g/l) starting at initiation of the disease symptom. iv.Bacterial leaf blight Spraying mancozeb  Grow tolerant variety: Govinda, IR-36 (Xanthomonas campestris at disease appearance  Avoid top dressing with nitrogenous fertilizers at panicle initiation pv. oryzae stage, instead, top dressing with K2O (@ 10 kg/ha or application of K2O @ 5 kg/ha in the form of foliar spray of 3 % solution.  Combine application ofPseudomonas fluorescence and Trichoderma harzianum (0.5%). v. Bakane Disease Nothing  Seed soaking for 24 hrs in thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim (Fusarium moniliforme) solution (@ 2 g/kg seeds/lit of water) .  Rouging and destruction of elongated seedlings from the nursery bed as well as main field.  Spray thiophanate -methyl or carbendazim (0.1%) to check the spread of the infection to the adjacent plants ( B) Insect pests:( In main field) ( i) Stem borer: Spraying of malathion  Deep ploughing to expose the soil harbouring insect pests √Prevelant in all 16 (Scirpophaga incertulas) 50 EC (@2 ml/l) and  Clean cultivation with line sowing districts many other non- √ Restore spraying if 1 recommended  Use Birds perch @ 6 no/bigha 2 egg mass /m or 5% insecticides  For bio-control of stem borer- 6-8 release of egg parasitoides, dead heart Trichogramma japonicum and T. chilonis@ 50,000/ha/week starting from 30 days after transplanting. ―Trichocard‖ should be put over the entire infested area throughout the egg laying period of pests. Cut each Trichocard by scissor into 6-12 pieces and distribute over the entire field by fixing them to the plant by using a stapler or adhesive.  Spray of Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5-3 ml/lit or Dimethoate 30 EC @ 2 ml/lit of water) repeat after 10 days if necessary. Start spraying when > 5% dead heart is noticed. ii.Leaf folder Spraying of malathion  Deep ploughing to expose the soil harbouring insect pests √Prevelant in all 16 (Cnaphalocrosis 50 EC (@2 ml/l) and  Clean cultivation with line sowing districts medinalis) many other non- √ Restore spraying if recommended  Use Birds perch @ 6 no/bigha >1 damaged leaf per insecticides  For bio-control of leaf folder- Require 6-8 release of egg parasitoides, hill is noticed. Trichogramma japonicum and T. chilonis@ 50,000/ha/week starting from 30 days after transplanting. ―Trichocard‖ should be put over the Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 322 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases entire infested area throughout the egg laying period of pests. Cut each Trichocard by scissor into 6-12 pieces and distribute over the entire field by fixing them to the plant by using a stapler or adhesive.  Spray of chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5-3 ml/lit and repeat after 10 days if necessary. iii.Rice/Gandhi bug Spraying of malathion  Arrange fire in the surrounding bundhs to attract adult rice bugs √ Restoredusting if 1-2 2 (Leptocorisa orientalis) 50 EC (@2 ml/l) and  Put half rotten fish/frog/snail etc. which attract masses of insect , and bugs/m is noticed. many other non- subsequently kill manually recommended insecticides  Use Birds perch @ 6 no/bigha  Dusting of malathion 5% Dust @ 20-25 kg /ha. (2) Normal Ahu/ ( A) Diseases: ( In Nursery) Summar rice (Transplante) (i)LeafBlast: (Magnaporthe No general control  Grow tolerant variety: Govinda, Cauvery,IR-36, √Prevelant in all 16 grisea) measures adopted  Seed selection by putting in plain water and stirring well. Select the districts against pest and sunken seeds and reject the floatingones. √ As soon as 1 or 2 diseases. spindle shaped  Pre-sowing seed treatment by wet method: Soak the selected seeds in a container containing fungicidal solution of mancozeb or captan or brownish blast spots are carbendazim @ 2.5 g/kg of seeds/litre of water for 24 hrs. seen, start spray.  Need based spray of carbendazim (1 g/l) ) is to be done. (B) Insect pests and nematode (In Nursery)  2 Root knot nematode, Application FYM only Apply neem cake or mustard oil cake (500 g/m ) in soil 15 days prior Thrip, to sowing in root –knot nematode and stem borer endemic areas. Stem borer,  For the control of thrips or stem borer or leaf folder infestation in Leaf folder, nursery beds, spray choropyriphos @ 2 ml/l. Generally, one week after seedling germination one insecticidal spray is most effective (Cnephalocrocis against most pests. medinalis) (C) Diseases: ( In main field) (i) Blast (Leaf blast, Nodal Spraying carbendizm Same as in case of direct seeded ahu √ If 5% leaf area of top blast, Neck blast) at disease appearance five leaves damaged (Magnaporthe grisea) then restore fungicide spraying Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 323 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases ii. Sheath bligh Spraying carbendizm Same as in case of sheath blight of direct seeded Ahu rice (Autumn rice) (Rhizoctonia solsni) at disease appearance iii.Brown spot Spraying mancozeb Same as in case of brown spot of direct seeded Ahu rice (Autumn rice) (Helminthosporium oryzae) at disease appearance iv. Bacterial leaf Spraying mancozeb Same as in case of BLB of direct seeded Ahu rice (Autumn rice) blight(Xanthomonas at disease appearance campestris pv. Oryzae v. Bakane Disease Nothing Same as in case of bakane disease of direct seeded Ahu rice (Autumn (Fusarium moniliforme) rice) (D) Insect pests: ( In Main field) ( i) Stem borer: Spraying of malathion  Deep ploughing to expose the soil harbouring insect pests Prevelant in all 16 (Scirpophaga incertulas) 50 EC (@2 ml/l) and  Field sanitation to prevent pest multiplication .Clean cultivation with districts many other non- line sowing √ Restore spraying if 1 recommended 2 egg mass /m or 5% insecticides  Placement of branches of Chromoleana odoratum, Schima wallihii, Artimisia vulgaris in the field for repellent of insect and it also act as dead heart is observed perch for predatory birds. Or use wooden bar or bamboo made Birds perch @ 6 no/bigha  Clipping of leaf tip of rice seedlings in nursery after uprooting to prevent the spread of insect infestation from nursery to the main field.  Installation of pheromone traps @ 16-20/ha in a triangular patter at 60 m distance for trapping the adult male.  6-8 release of egg parasitoides, Trichogramma japonicum and T. chilonis @ 50,000/ha/week starting from 30 days after transplanting. ―Trichocard‖ should be put over the entire infested area throughout the egg laying period of pests. Cut each Trichocard by scissor into 6- 12 pieces and distribute over the entire field by fixing them to the plant by using a stapler or adhesive.  Spraying of Neem oil 0.03% @ 3 ml/l at 10 DAT followed by second spray after 20 day interval.  Spray of Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5-3 ml/lit and repeat after 10 days if necessary. (ii).Leaf folder Spraying of malathion  Deep ploughing to expose the soil harbouring insect pests √Prevelant in all 16 (Cnephalocrocis 50 EC (@2 ml/l) and  Clean cultivation with line sowing districts medinalis) many other non- √ Restore spraying if >1 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 324 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases recommended  For bio-control ofleaf folder: 6-8 release of egg parasitoides, damaged leaf per hill is insecticides Trichogramma japonicum and T. chilonis@ 50,000/ha/week starting noticed. from 30 days after transplanting. ―Trichocard‖ should be put over the entire infested area throughout the egg laying period of pests. Cut each Trichocard by scissor into 6-12 pieces and distribute over the entire field by fixing them to the plant by using a stapler or adhesive.  Spraying of Neem oil 0.03% @ 3 ml/l at 10 DAT followed by second spray after 20 day interval.  Spray of Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5-3 ml/lit at 10 days interval, if necessary. (iii)Rice/Gandhi bug Spraying of malathion  Arrange fire in the surrounding bundhs to attract adult rice bugs √ Restore dusting if 1-2 2 (Leptocorisa oratoria, L. 50 EC (@2 ml/l) and  An aquous extract prepared out of few captured gandhi bug at the bugs/m is noticed. orientalis) mq=any other non- beginning of their infestation may repell subsequent infestation by recommended the gandhi bug population insecticides  Put half rotten fish/frog/snail etc which attract masses of insect , and subsequently kill manually  Use Birds perch @ 6 no/bigha  Dusting of malathion 5% Dust at 20-25 kg /ha. (iv) Mealy bug Spraying of  Cleaning of field bunhs to remove weeds ( Brevennia rehi) Dimethoate (@2 ml/l)  Remove and destroy the affected plants  Continuous flooding of the field at 5 cm depth  Encourage the growth of natural predators like coccinnellids by avoiding unnecessary insecticide sprays.  Bio-control agents like Ceraphronidae (Ceraphron sp), Encyrtidae (Adelencyrtus sp), Mymaridae (Lymaemon sp) etc could be use effectively.  Spraying of Neem oil 0.03% @ 3 ml/l at 10 DAT followed by second spray after 20 day interval.  Patch application of malathion dust 5% in the infested hills  Spot application of chloropyriphos (2.5-3 ml/l) (3) Sali rice/ Winter Diseases: ( In Nursery) rice (i) Leaf Blast: No general control  GrowResistant/tolerantvariety:Monohar Sali, Prasad, Pankaj, Prafulla, (Magnaporthe grisea) measures adopted Gadhari, Mohan, Srimanta, Bharati Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 325 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases against pest and  Seed selection by putting in plain water and stirring well. Select the diseases. sunken seeds and reject the floatingones.  Pre-sowing seed treatment by wet method:Soak the selected seeds in a container containing fungicidal solution of mancozeb or captan or carbendazim @ 2.5 g/kg of seeds/litre of water for 24 hrs. Seed treatment for eliminating seed borne pathogens can be carried out by dry seed treatment method (As mentioned in case of direct seeded normal Ahu rice) also.  As soon as 1 or 2 spindle shaped blast spots are seen on leaf, carbendazim (1 g/l) is to be sprayed (B) Insect pests and nematode: (In Nursery) Root knot nematode, Spraying of malathion Same as in case of nursery insect of transplanted ahu rice (Summar Thrip, Stem borer, Leaf 50 EC (@2 ml/l) rice) folder (C) Diseases: ( In main field) (i)Blast (Magnaporthe Spraying of  At tillering stage (30-35 days after sowing) spray carbendazim or If 5% leaf area of top 5 grisea) carbendizm at thiophanate-methyl @ 1 g/l. Subsequently, need based sprays with leaves is damaged then (Leafblast, Nodal blast, disease appearance carbendazim (1 g/l) at panicle initiation stage and panicle open stage. start spraying Neck blast)  Use bacterial bio-control agents viz.,Pseudomonas fluorescence and Bacillus as seed treatment (1%) and post transplanting spray (0.25%) is also effective (ii) Sheath bligh Spraying carbendizm Same as in case of sheath blight of direct seeded Ahu rice (Autumn rice) (Rhizoctonia solsni) at disease appearance (iii)Brown spot Spraying mancozeb  Pre-sowing dry or wet seed treatment with carbendazim or (Helminthosporium oryzae) at disease appearance mancozeb or captan @ 2.5 g/kg of seed or 2.5 g///kg of seed  Spray mancozeb (2.5 g/l) or carbendazim (1g/l) starting at initiation of the disease symptoms. (iv)Bacterial leaf blight Spraying mancozeb  Grow tolerant variety viz., Govinda, Monahar sali Lakhimi, Mashuri (Xanthomonas campestris at disease appearance etc pv. oryzae  Destruction of alternate/collateral hosts, weeds as well as crop residues  Collection of seeds from disease free areas and followed by pre- sowing seed treatment(As mentioned in case of transplanted Ahu)  Avoid top dressing with nitrogenous fertilizers at panicle initiation Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 326 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases stage, instead, top dressing with K2O (@ 10 kg/ha or application of K2O @ 5 kg/ha in the form of foliar spray of 3 % solution.  Mix fresh cow dung 1 kg in 10-15 litre of water , strain and apply in BLB infected areas  Combine application ofPseudomonas fluorescence and Trichoderma harzianum (0.25%) is effective. (v)Bakane Disease No control measures Same as in case of bakane disease of direct seeded Ahu rice (Autumn (Fusarium moniliforme) adopted rice) (vi).Sheath rot Spraying of mancozeb Manuring and fertilizer: (Sarocladium oryzae)  Application of neem cake @ 1 ton/ha  Avoid application of excess amount of nitrogenous fertilizers instead potasic fertilizers reduce sheath rot  Foliar application of calcium sulphate and zinc sulphate  Application of Gypsum (calcium sulphate) at 500 kg/ha (50% as basal and 50% at 35 DAT) Spacing and planting time:  Wider spacing reduce the disease and avoid late planting as the disease intensity is more in late planted crops. Reduction in primary inoculums:  Collection of healthy seeds from disease free fields  Seed selection by putting in plain water and stirring well. Select the sunken seeds and reject the floatingones.  Pre-sowing seed treatment by wet method: Soak the selected seeds in a container containing fungicidal solution of mancozeb or captan or carbendazim @ 2.5 g/kg of seeds/litre of water for 24 hrs. Seed treatment for eliminating this pathogens can be carried out by dry seed treatment method (As mentioned in case of direct seeded normal Ahu rice) also.  Destruction of crop residues, weeds, collateral host  Biological: Seed treatment and foliar application of Pseaudomonas florescence (0.5%) found effective Botanicalst:  Application of 5% Neem Seed Kernel Extrac (NSKE) twice viz., during booting stage and repeat after 10 days. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 327 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases  Application of Neem oil and pongamia oil based formulation (3 ml/l) as soon as symptoms are observed.  Foliar application of 10% leaf extract of Ipomea Chemical control:  Need bases foliar spray with carbendazim (0.1%) may be started in the case of severe infection. (D) Insect pests: (In Main field) ( i) Stem borer: Spraying of malathion Same as in case of stem borer of transplanted Normal ahu (Scirpophaga incertulas) 50 EC (@2 ml/l) and many other non- recommended insecticides (ii)Leaf folder Spraying of malathion  Deep ploughing to expose the soil harbouring insect pests Start spraying when (Cnaphalocrosis 50 EC (@2 ml/l)  Clean cultivation with line sowing > 1 damaged leaf per medinalis) including other non- hill is noticed recommended  Use Birds perch @ 6 no/bigha insecticides  For bio-control of leaf folder: 6-8 release of egg parasitoides, Trichogramma japonicum and T. chilonis@ 50,000/ha/week starting from 30 days after transplanting. ―Trichocard‖ should be put over the entire infested area throughout the egg laying period of pests. Cut each Trichocard by scissor into 6-12 pieces and distribute over the entire field by fixing them to the plant by using a stapler or adhesive.  Need based application of choropyriphos @ 2 ml/l may be done at 10 days interval. (iii)Rice/Gandhi bug Spraying of malathion  Arrange fire in the surrounding bundhs to attract adult rice bugs Start dusting when (Laptocorisa oratoria) 50 EC (@2 ml/l)  Put half rotten fish/frog/snail etc which attract masses of insect , and 2 1-2 bugs/m are seen. including other non- subsequently kill manually recommended insecticides  Use Birds perch @ 6 no/bigha  Dusting of malathion 5% Dust at 20-25 kg /ha. (iv). Mealy bug Spraying of Same as in case of mealy bug of Normal Ahu transplanted ( Brevennia rehi) Dimethoate (@2 ml/l) 2 (v) Gall midge Spraying of  Removal and destruction of grassy weeds from the surrounding 1 silver shoot per m in (Orseolia oryzae) Dimethoate (@2 ml/l) areas endemic area or 5% Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 328 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases and many other non-  In maggot prone areas, early planting could escape the infestation. silver shoots in non- recommended  Avoid staggered planting of rice endemic area insecticides  Biological:Natural predators like Wolf spider pardosa, Pseudoannulata and Lynx spider Oxyopes javanas usually feed on rice maggots  Prophylactic spray of chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5-3 ml/lit at nursery gtage is beneficial.  Need based spray of chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml/lit may be continued. 4. Bao rice (Deep (A) Diseases:(In Nursery) water rice) (i) Leaf Blast: No general control  GrowResistant/tolerantvariety:Panindra, Keteki joha, Luit etc (Magnaporthe grisea) measures adopted  Seed selection by putting in plain water and stirring well. Select the against pest and sunken seeds and reject the floatingones. diseases.  Pre-sowing seed treatment by wet method: Soak the selected seeds in a container containing fungicidal solution of mancozeb or captan or carbendazim @ 2.5 g/kg of seeds/litre of water for 24 hrs. Seed treatment for eliminating seed borne pathogens can be carried out by dry seed treatment method also (As mentioned in case of direct seeded normal Ahu rice).  As soon as 1 or 2 spindle shaped brown blast spots are seen on leaf, carbendazim (1 g/l) is to be sprayed (B) Insect pests, rodents and nematode:(In Nursery) Root knot nematode Spraying of malathion Same as in case of nursery insect of transplanted Ahu rice (Summar Thrip 50 EC (@2 ml/l) rice) Stem borer Leaf folder (C) Insect pests, rodents and nematode: ( In Main Filed) ( i) Field rats No control measures Apply dry poison baits in bait stations (broken earthen pots, coconut shell, adopted bamboo cylinder etc). Prebait prepared out of 1 kg cereal + 20 g vegetable oil + 10 g dried fish may be apply @ 10 g/live burrow for 3 days then place mechanical rat trap near the furrows. (ii)Nematodes: Root knot No control measures In plant parasitic nematode endemic areas application of neem cake or Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 329 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases 2 (Melodogyne graminicola), adopted mustard oil cake @ 500 g/m should be done 15-20 days prior to white tip transplqanting. (Aphelonchoides besseyi), cyst nematode (Heterodera spp) (iii) Ufra disease /Stem No control measures  Use early maturing Bao variety like ―padmapani‖ nematode adopted  Burning of the stubbles and straw followed by several ploughings just (Ditylenchus angustus) after the harvest  Delay sowing upto mid April 5. Boro rice/Hybrid (A) Diseases: ( In Nursery) Boro rice (Summer rice) (i) Leaf Blast: No general control  Grow moderately resistantvariety like Dinanath, Swarnabh etc (Magnaporthe grisea) measures adopted  Seed selection (As mentioned in case of Sali rice) against pest and diseases.  Pre-sowing seed treatment by wet method (As mentioned in case of Sali rice)  As soon as 1 or 2 spindle shaped blast spots are seen on leaf, carbendazim (1 g/l) is to be sprayed Insect pests and Spraying of malathion As in case of nursery insect of transplanted Normal Ahu rice (Summar nematode: 50 EC (@2 ml/l) rice) ( In Nursery) Root knot nematode, Thrip, Stem borer, Leaf folder (B) Diseases:(In main field ) (i)Blast (Magnaporthe Spraying of  At tillering stage (30-35 days after sowing) spray carbendazim or If 5% leaf area of top 5 grisea) carbendizm at thiophanate- methyl @ 1 g/l. Subsequently, two sprays either with leaves is damaged then (Leaf blast, Nodal blast, disease appearance carbendazim or thiophanate- methyl (1 g/l) at panicle initiation stage start spraying Neck blast) and panicle open stage should be done, if required..  Use bacterial bio-control agents viz., Pseudomonas fluorescence and Bacillus as seed treatment (1%) and post transplanting spray (0.5%). Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 330 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases (ii) Sheath bligh Spraying carbendizm As in case of sheath blight of sali rice ( winter rice) (Rhizoctonia solsni) at disease appearance ( C) Insect pests: (In Main field) ( i) Stem borer: Spraying of malathion As in case of stem borer of sali rice ( winter rice) (Scirpophaga incertulas) 50 EC (@2 ml/l) (ii)Leaf folder Spraying of malathion As in case of leaf folder of sali rice ( winter rice) (Cnaphalocrosis 50 EC (@2 ml/l) medinalis) (iii)Rice/Gandhi bug Spraying of malathion As in case of gandhi bug of sali rice ( winter rice) (Laptocorisa oratoria) 50 EC (@2 ml/l) iv.Whorl maggot Spraying of Same as in case of control measures of whorl maggot in Sali rice (Hydrallia phillipinna) Dimethoate (@2 ml/l) v. Gall midge Spraying of Same as in case of control measures of gall midge in Sali rice (Orseolia oryzae) Dimethoate (@2 ml/l) 6. Early Ahu (Direct (A) Diseases:(In main field) seeded) (i)Blast disease (Leaf Spraying of Same as in case of blast disease control in Boro rice blast, Nodal blast, Neck carbendizm at blast) (Magnaporthe disease appearance grisea) (ii). Sheath bligh Spraying carbendizm Same in case of Sheath blight of sali rice ( winter rice) (Rhizoctonia solsni) at disease appearance (B) Insect pests: (In Main field) ( i) Stem borer: Spraying of malathion Same as in case of stem borer in sali rice ( winter rice) ( Scirpophaga incertulas) 50 EC (@2 ml/l) (ii)Leaf folder Spraying of malathion Same in case of leaf folder in sali rice ( winter rice) (Cnaphalocrosis 50 EC (@2 ml/l) medinalis) (iii)Rice/Gandhi bug Spraying of malathion Same in case of gandhi bug in sali rice ( winter rice) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 331 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases (Laptocorisa oratoria) 50 EC (@2 ml/l) iv.Whorl maggot Spraying of Same as in case of control measures of whorl maggot in Sali rice (Hydrallia phillipinna) Dimethoate (@2 ml/l) v. Gall midge Spraying of Same as in case of control measures of gall midge in Sali rice (Orseolia oryzae) Dimethoate (@2 ml/l) 7. Early Ahu (A) Diseases: (In Nursery) (Transplanted) (i)Leaf Blast: No general control Same as in case of leaf blast of sali rice (Magnaporthe grisea) measures adopted against pest and diseases. Insect pests and Spraying of malathion Same as in case of insect pest and nematode of Transplanted Ahu rice nematode: 35 EC (@2 ml/l) (Summar rice) ( In Nursery) Root knot nematode Thrip Stem borer Leaf folder (B) Diseases:(In main field) ( i) (Leaf blast, Nodal Spraying of Same as in case of blast disease of Sali rice blast, Neck blast) carbendizm at (Magnaporthe grisea) disease appearance (ii) Sheath bligh Spraying carbendizm Same as in case of sheath blight of Direct seeded Ahu rice (Autumn rice) (Rhizoctonia solsni) at disease appearance (iii)Brown spot Spraying mancozeb Same as in case of brown spot of Sali rice (Helminthosporium oryzae) at disease appearance (iv)Bacterial leaf blight Spraying mancozeb Same as in case of BLB of Sali rice (Xanthomonas campestris at disease appearance pv. oryzae (v) Bakane Disease No control measures Same as in case of bakane disease of Direct seeded Ahu rice (Autumn adopted rice) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 332 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases (Fusarium moniliforme) (vi) Sheath rot Spraying of mancozeb Same as in case of sheath rot of Sali rice (Sarocladium oryzae) Root knot nematode: Application of Same as in case of Sali rice (Melodogyne graminicola) fertilizers ( In main field) ( C)Insect pests: (In Main field) ( i) Stem borer: Spraying of malathion Same as in case of stem borer control measures in Sali rice (Scirpophaga incertulas) 50 EC (@2 ml/l) (ii)Leaf folder Spraying of malathion Same as in case of control measures of leaf folder in Sali rice (Cnaphalocrosis 50 EC (@2 ml/l) medinalis) (iii)Rice/Gandhi bug Spraying of malathion Same as in case of control measures of rice bug in Sali rice (Laptocorisa oratoria) 50 EC (@2 ml/l) (iv) Mealy bug Spraying of Same as in case of control measures of mraly bug in Sali rice (Brevennia rehi) Dimethoate (@2 ml/l) iv.Whorl maggot Spraying of Same as in case of control measures of whorl maggot in Sali rice (Hydrallia phillipinna) Dimethoate (@2 ml/l) v. Gall midge Spraying of Same as in case of control measures of gall midge in Sali rice (Orseolia oryzae) Dimethoate (@2 ml/l) 8. Rapseed Mustard (A) Diseases: (In main field) (Brassica campestris) (B.juncea) (i) Alternarial Blight  Proper cleaning to remove discolored shunken seeds  0 (Alternaria brassicae) Storage of seeds at 35 C eliminate the fungus  Early planting (October) of toria escape the disease.  Seed treatment with Iprpodione (Rovral) @ 2.5 g/kg of seed for the control of seedling infection.  Balanced fertilizer application N40 P35 K15 coupled with first spray of mancozeb @0.25% at full flowering stage followed by second spray Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 333 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases with same fungicide @ 0.25% at pod development stage.  Combination of boron @ 0.5% spray boric acid or zinc @ 0.2% through zine oxideshowed synergistic effect in efficacy of mancozeb.  Bio-control: The fungus Nectria inventa acts as a parasite of A. brassicae  Botanicals: Bulb extract of Allium sativum (1%w/v), Leaf extract of Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus spp., Azadirachta indica @ 1.5-2% and NSKE (10%) (ii) Downy mildew  Crop rotation for 3 yrs with non cruciferous crops (Hyaloperonospora  Collection and destruction of crop residues parasitica)  Control volunteer plants and wild mustard.  Seed treatment with mancozeb@ 2.5 g/kg of seeds  On the incidence of disease symptoms, spray the crop with Bordeaux mixture (1%)  In disease prone areas, spray with mancozeb @ 2.5 g/l at floewring and pod formation stage (iii)white rust  Crop rotation for 3 yrs with non cruciferous crops (Albugo candida)  Collection and destruction of crop residues  Good quality disease free seeds should be treated with mancozeb @2.5 g/kg of seeds  If needed, spray with mancozeb @ 2.5 g/l at flowering and pod formation stage. (B) Insect pests: (Main field) 1.Leaf webber Spraying of malathion  Remove and destroy the badly infested webbed leaves initially to (Crocidolomia binotalis) 50 EC @ 2 ml/l at 10- reduce insect population 15 days interval  Application of 5% Neem Seed Kernal Extract (NSKE) or Azadirachtin 0.03% (3000 ppm) neem oil based WSP @ 5 ml/l at 10-15 days interval if needed  th ii. Aphid Spraying of malathion The crop sown before 15 November escape the damage. (Lipaphis erysimi) 50 EC @ 2 ml/l  Set up yellow stick traps to monitor aphid population.  Destroy the affected parts along with aphid population in the initial stage. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 334 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases  Bio-control: o Conserve the following natural enemies: Ladybird beetles viz., Coccinella septempunctata, Menochilus sexmaculata, Hippodamia variegata and Cheilomones vicina are most effcient pradators of the mustard aphid. Adult beetles may feed on an average of 10 to 15 adults/day. o Several species of syrphid fly i.e., Sphaerophoria spp., Eristallis spp., Metasyrphis spp., Xanthogramma spp andSyrphus spp. are predating on aphids. o The braconid parasitoid, Diaretiella rapae a very active bio control agent cause the mummification of aphids. o The lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea predates on the mustard aphid colony. o Predatory bird Motacilla cospica is actively feeding over aphids in February-March. o A number of entomogenous fungilike Cephalosporium spp., Entomophthora and Verticillium lecanii control aphid population bt infection.  Chemical:If necessary, spray the crop with chlorpyriphos @ 2 ml/l. iii. Saw fly Spraying of malathion  Summer ploughing to destroy the pupa. (Athalia lugens proxima ) 50 EC @ 2 ml/l at 10-  Early sowing should be done. 15 days interval  Maintain clean cultivation.  Application of irrigation in seedling stage is very crucial for sawfly management because most of the larvae die due to drowning effect.Severe cold also helps in reducing pest load.  Collection and destruction of grubs of saw fly in morning and evening  Biological: Conserve Perilissus cingulator (parasitoids of the grubs), and the bacterium Serratia marcescens which infect the larvae of sawfly.  Botanical: Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as on anti- feedant.  Chemical: In severe infestation , spray the crop with malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/ l 9. Lentil (A) Diseases: (Main field) (Lend culinaries) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 335 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases (i) Wilt:  Soil with fine tillage having adequate drainage facility should be (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. selected. Avoid wet and poorly drained soil ciceri)  Maitain soil health by applying recommended dose of manures and fertilizers and including lime  Pre-sowing seed treatment withcarbendazim (0.1%)  Soil amendment with neem cake or groundnut cake @ 0.5T/ha  Bio-control:Basal application of Trichoderma viride @ 25 kg/ha  Soil drenching with carbendazim (0.1%) in localized patches, in case of severe incidence (ii) Wet rot/ White blight  Soil with fine tillage having adequate drainage facility should be (Rhizoctonia solani) selected. Avoid wet and poorly drained soil  Selection of sclerotia free healthy seeds  Seed treatment with talc based Trichoderma powder @10 g/ kg of seeds or chmically(dry method) by adding carbendazim 2 g for one kg of seeds  Infected plants along with sclerotia are to be collected and destroy by burning  Bio-control: Basal application of Trichoderma viride @ 25 kg/ha  In disease prone areas,at the appearance of disease symptoms,start foliar spray with carbendazim (0.1%) or mancozeb (0.2%) (iii) Rust Use of various non-  Encourage late sowing of lentil in disease prone areas i.e in the ( Uromyces fabae) recommended second week of November pesticides like  Clean the seeds free of rust postules should be treated with iprodione Dimethoate, malathion ( 2 g/kg of seed). etc.  Control of volunteer plants over the summer and removal of infected lentil debris.  Botanicals: Foliar spray of Neemoil (3000 ppm), jatropha oil (3000 ppm) at the rate 5 ml/l at 7-10 days interval  Bio-control:Foliar spray of talc based formulation of T. viride or Gliocladium virens at 10 g/l  Preventive sprays with mancozeb (2.5 g/l) at early disease development stage as well as same fungicide may be sprayed as curative, later on. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 336 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases (B) Insect pests: (Main field) (i) Aphid Spraying of malathion  Biocontrol with predatory Coccinellids or other natural enmies should (Aphis craccivora, 50 EC (@ 2 ml/l) at be encouraged by avoiding application of unnecessary chemical Acyrthosiphon pisum) the time of flowering pesticides.  Hand picking of egg mass and aphid population followed by destruction.  Spraying of NSKE @ 5% or neem oil (3000 ppm) @ 5 ml/l (ii) Pod borer .Spraying of  Application of biopesticide like Helicoverpa armiger (Helicoverpa armigera) dimethoate (@ 2 ml/l) Nucleoplyhedrosis virus (HaNPV) also proved to be very effective. at the time of flowering  Spraying of NSKE @ 5% or neem oil (3000 ppm) @ 5 ml/l and early pod setting. Storage pests: Storage in Earthen Properly dried seeds of lentil should be mixed thoroughly with black Bruchid pot, gunny bag, duli pepper seed powder @ 3 g/kg of seed. Treated seeds should be kept in etc poly bag with outer covering of gunny bags. (Calosobruchussinencis) 10. Maize (A)Diseases: (Main field) (Zea mays) (i)Banded leaf blight  Cut the infected leaves and destroy by burning (Rhizoctoniasolani)  Mechanical: √Stripping of 2 lowe leaves along with the leaf sheath o Rough and destroy the infected plants along with alternate hosts o Use bird scare to protect seeds  Biological:Seed treatment with talc based Trichoderma harzianum @ 20 g/kg of seeds  Chemical:√Pre-sowing seed treatment with captan ( @ 4 g /kg of seeds) o After removing infected leaves,spray the crop with carbendazim(0.5 g/lit water) @ about 700 lit/ha of spray solution at an interval of 12-15 days (ii)Maydis leaf blight  Protective spray of mancozeb or zineb (0.25-0.3%) at the appearance of disease symptoms or at knee height should be done.  Severely infected plant parts are to be cut and destroy. (iii)Turcicum leaf blight or  Grow PEMH-5, Vivek 21, Vivek 23, Vivek 25, Pratap Kanchan 2, southern corn Nithyashree in the recommended areas. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 337 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases (Exserohilum turcicum)  Implement integrated nutrient management(INM) to maintain soil health since in poor soil the disease may become serious  In nutrient poor soil , top dressing of urea (5-8 Kg/bigha) followed by light irrigation helps to minimize the disease  2-3 foliar spray of mancozeb or zineb ( @ 2.5 g/l) (with adjuant @ 0.05%) at 8-10 day interval starting from the appearance of disease symptoms shoul be done.Need based sprays of mancozeb or zineb @ 2.5g/litre of water (iv) Pythium stalk rot  Good field drainage. Drain out the excess rain water from the field, if Thoughly mix T. (Pythium possible harzianum (1 kg) with aphanidermatum)  Destruction of previous crop‘s debris 20 kg Vermicompost or well decompost FYM  Seed treatment with mancozeb@ 2.5 g/kg of seeds and incubate for 15  Biological controll:√Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ days in moist condition 20 g/kg of seeds √Soil application: Add T. harzianum (Talc based formulation) at 1: 20 in the furrow in the time of sowing. Chemical: Apply fugicidal solution of captan or thiram (@ 2.5 g/l) at lower internode of plants, 30-35 days after planting.  Chemical: Apply fungicidal solution of captan (2.5 g/l) at lower internodes of plants , 30-35 DAP v. Charcoal rot  Sow resistant variety e.g. diara, hinius etc Thoughly mix T. (Macrophomina  Destruction of previous crop‘s debris harzianum (1 kg) with phaseolina) 20 kg Vermicompost or  Deep ploughing well decompost FYM  Avoidaning water stress at flowering time reduce disease incidence and incubate for 15  Balanced fertilization, avoid high level of N and low level of K days in moist condition  Bio-control: Add Trichoderma harzianum (Talc based formulation) at 1: 20 in the furrow in the time of sowing. (B) Insect pests: (Main field) i.Stem or stalk borer  Intercropping of maize with suitable varieties of cowpea is an eco- (Chilo partellus) friendly option for reducing the incidence of Chilo.  Release of egg parasitoid (Trichogramma chilonis) i.e.Trichocards 8 nos. per hectare at 10 days after germination  Chemical:(a)Application of malathion D 5% @ 5g /plant in the whorls Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 338 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases of infested plant  Foliar spray of chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml/l at 10-15 days after germination is very effective. ii. Pink borer (Sesamia Same as in case of stem or stalk borer inferans) (Chilo partellus) iii. Cutworms  Keep fallows clean and eliminate weeds from paddock perimeters at Treat seedlings when (Agrotis spp.) least one month before planting. there is a rapidly  Inspect emerging seedlings twice per week, particularly in higher risk increasing area of situations. infestation or if the crop damage is >10%  Manual collection of caterpillar and destruction  Spot treatments e.g. along field edges with neem oil (300 ppm) @ 5 ml/l or malathion 50 EC at 1.5 ml /l.Spray late in the afternoon to increase the likelihood of contact with feeding caterpillars. iv. Aphid  Inspect the field for the incidence of aphid infestation at weekly (Rhopalosiphum maidis) intervals.  Encourage the growth of natural Predators of aphids like ladybird larvae, damsel bugs, big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp), larvae of green lacewings (Mallada basalis) and larvae of hoverflies. Wasp parasitoids mummify and kill aphids. v.Cob borer (Helicoverpa  The use of broad spectrum insecticides is associated with outbreaks armigera), Jassid and mite of mites. Broadspectrum insecticides disrupt the activity of beneficial (Tetranychus urticae) insects ,particularly predatory thrips (Aelothrips spp) mite (Amblyseius swirskii) which suppress mite populations  For the control of cob borer, jassid etc need based application of malathion 50 EC at1.5 ml /l or NSKE 5% may be done. 11. Black gram (Vigna (A) Diseases: (Main field) mungo) i.Cercospora leaf spot  Grow tolerant black gram varieties like UG 135, TPU 4, TPU 5, TPU Spraying of fungicides (Cercospora canescens) 11, TPU 12, AKU 4 and SP 21 may be started at 5%  Remove and burn infected plant debris leaf area damaged  Spray carbendazim (1 g/l) or mancozeb (2.5 g/l) at initiation of the disease and subsequent spays may be done at 7-10 days interval. ii. Anthracnose  Grow resistant variety Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 339 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases (Colletotrichum  Use certified disease free seeds lindemuthianum)  Crop rotation with wheat or corn  Seed treatment-Hot water (52˚ C for11minutes) or carbendazim @ 2 g/kg of seed 24 hours  Remove and destruct plant debris  Need based spraying with mancozeb (2g/l) or carbendazim (1 g/l) at 7-10 days interval may be continued. iii.Yellow Vein Mosaic  Removal of weed hosts from the field periodically (Mungbean Yellow Mosaic  In disease endemic areas increase the seed rate upto 25 kg/ha Virus)  Growing resistant varieties such as Pant- U-19, Pant U-30,VBN 4, VBN 6 and VBN 7  Rogue out the infected plants up to 45 days of planting  Installation of yellow sticky traps, 15 nos/ha  Foliar spray of neem oil (3000 ppm) @ 3 ml/lit or NSKE @5% at 15 and 30 DAS iv. Leaf Crinkle ( Leaf Same as in case of YMV of black gram Crinkle Virus) v.Powdery Mildew  Remove and destroy infected plant debris. ( Erysiphe polygoni)  Botanicals: Spraying with NSKE 5% or Neem oil (3000 ppm) @ 3 ml/l or Eucalyptus leaf extract 10% twice at initiation of the disease and 10 days later.  If require, two sprays with carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl@ 0.1%, one immediately after disease appearance and the second after 15 days. (B) Insect pests: (Main field) i. Aphid  Inspect the field for the incidence of aphid infestation at weekly (Aphiscraccivora) intervals.  Encourage the growth of natural Predators of aphids like ladybird larvae, damsel bugs, big eyed bugs (Geocoris sp), larvae of green lacewings (Mallada basalis) and larvae of hoverflies. Wasp parasitoids mummify and kill aphids.  Botanicals: Spray NSKE 5% twice followed by Neem oil (3000 ppm) @ 3 ml/l Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 340 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases ii. Pod borer  Removal and destruction of early stage larvae found in cluster (Riptortus pedistris and R.  Mechanical collection and destruction of insects linearis)  Two sprays , first on the incidence of aphids with neem oil (3 ml/l) and second spray with spinosad 4S @ 0.3% 20 days later iii. Pod borer  Deep summer ploughing in 2-3 years to eliminate quiescent pupa. (Helicoverpa armigera)  Early sowing, short duration varieties.  Avoid closer plant spacing.  Grow tall sorghum or maize as comparison crop to serve as biological bird perches or install Bird perches @ 50/ha.  Collect and destroy larvae and adults to the extent possible  Install pheromone traps at a distance of 50 m @ 5 traps/ha for each insect pest.  Setting of light traps (1 light trap/5 acre) to kill moth population.  Control is achieved by releasing of Trichogramma chlionis at weekly intervals @1.5 lakh/ha/ week for four times.  Conserve green lacewing, predatory stink bugs, spider, ants  Application of NPV 250 LE /ha with teepol 0.1% and Jaggery 0.5% thrice at 10 – 15 days interval commencing from flowering stage. (Note: Insecticide / Ha NPV spray should be applied when the larvae are in early stage).  Application of Bt powder @ 600 g/ha, neem oil or pungum oil 80 EC @ 2ml/lit  Alternatively, two spray of NSKE 5% could be done. iv. Pod bug 1. Common mechanical practices: (Nezera viridula)  Collect and destroy eggs and early stage larvae  Handpick the older larvae during early stages and also handpicking of gregarious caterpillars and the cocoons which are found on stem and destroy.  Use yellow or blue pan water or sticky traps @ 4-5 trap/acre  Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm  Install pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring adult moths activity (replace the lures with fresh lures after every 2-3 weeks)  Erect of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 341 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases as king crow, common mynah etc. 2. Biological practices:  Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering by devoid of unnecessary chemical spray  Augmentative release of natural enemies 3. Plant product:  Alternatively, two spray of NSKE 5% could be done. v.Green stink bug/Lab lab  Destruction of larvae manually bug  Erect of bird perches @ 20/acre for encouraging predatory birds such (Coptomosa cribraria) as kingcrow, common mynah etc  Spray neem oil (3000 ppm) @ 3 ml/l in case of severe infestation. vi.Bihari hairy caterpillar 1. Cultural control: (Spilosoma obliqua)  Deep summar ploughing  Inter cropping with pigeon pea at a row ratio of 2:1  Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid-season drought to prevent pre- harvestinfestation. 2. Mechanical control:  Collection and destruction of mass of larvae 12. Pea (Vigna mungo) (A)Diseases: (Main field) i. Rust  Destroy the crop residue after harvest by buring (Uromyces fabae)  Follow suitable crop rotation for 2-3 years with suitable non- leguminous crop  Need based application of carbendazim (1 g/l) at 7-10 days interval. ii. Fusarium wilt  Avoid early sowing to escape high humidity and temperature (Fusarium solani)  Crop rotation of 2-3 years with suitable non-leguminous crop  Rouging of infected plants and destroy by burning.  Spot/patch wise soil drenching with Bordeaux mixture (1%) in severely infected areas. iii.Ascochyta blight  Select well drained fertile soil (Ascochyta pisi)  Select certified disease free seeds  Seed treatment with carbendazim (0.1%) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 342 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases  Need based spraying of carbendazim (0.1%) iv.Yellow Mosaic virus  In disease endemic areas ,early planting is beneficial disease  Rogue out the infected plants up to 45 days (YVMV)  Installation of yellow sticky traps @ 12 nos/ha  In disease endemic areas, foliar spray with neem oil (3000 ppm) @ 3 ml/lit or NSKE @5% at 15 and 30 DAS to suppress the insect vectors. (B) Insect pests: (Main field) i. PeaAphid  Growth of natural predators or enemies like Ladybird beetles, Spraying should be (Acyrthosiphon pisum) Lacewings, Syrphidflies are to be encouraged by avoiding done covering lower unnecessary pesticides spraying. surface of the cleaves  Collection and destruction of aphid population which are found to be in cluster  Spray neem oil (3 ml/l) first time and later on if necessary, spray Malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/l. ii. Leaf miner  Collection and destruction of infected leaves (Liriomiza huidobrensis)  Spraying Neem oil @ 3ml/l at 15-20 days interval  In case heavy infestation spraying with chloropyriphos @ 2 ml/l may be followed iii. Pod borer  Deep summer ploughing in 2-3 years to eliminate quiescent pupa. (Helicoverpa armigera)  Avoid closer plant spacing.  Grow tall sorghum or maize as comparison crop to serve as biological bird perches or install Bird perches @ 50/ha.  Collect and destroy larvae and adults to the extent possible  Install pheromone traps at a distance of 50 m @ 5 traps/ha for each insect pest.  Setting of light traps (1 light trap/5 acre) to kill moth population.  Control is achieved by releasing of Trichogramma chlionis at weekly intervals @1.5 lakh/ha/ week for four times.  Conserve green lacewing, predatory stink bugs, spider, ants  Application of NPV 250 LE /ha with teepol 0.1% and Jaggery 0.5% thrice at 10 – 15 days interval commencing from flowering stage. (Note: Insecticide / Ha NPV spray should be applied when the larvae Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 343 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases are in early stage).  Alternatively, application nof Bt powder @ 600 g, or neem oil (3000 ppm) / pungum oil 80 EC @ 3ml/lit could be done.  Two spray with NSKE 5% is also effective. 13. Cauliflower (A)Diseases: ( In Nursery) (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) i. Damping-off Application of 1. Nursery raising: * avoid excess watering (Pythium debaryanum, Malathion 35 EC @ 2  Select well drained friable light soil rich in organic matter in nursery beds Rhizoctonia solani) ml/l * Maintain proper seed  Excessive irrigation should be avoided to reduce humidity around the plants. reate  Raise the bed 10-15 cm above the ground level  Mix 20 kg sand or silt and 20 kg well decomposed organic matter in 2 addition of 10 kg enriched microbial compost for an area of 10 m  Otherwise drench the nursery bed with fungicidal solution of captan(2g) + carbendazim (1g) in 1 litre of water  Cover the bed area with polythene sheet or gunny bag or big leaves for 2 days 2. Seed treatment:  Organic:Talc or liquid based bio-formulation containing Trichoderma sp and Pseudomonas florescence(e.g.Biovir, Biozin, Arka Krishi Briddhi etc) @ 20 g/l  Chemical: Captan (2g) + carbendazim(1g) per kg of seeds 3. Root treatment:  Dipping of root portion of uprooted seedlings in the solution of bio- formulation containing Trichoderma sp and Pseudomonas florescence (e.g.Bioveer, Biotime, Arka Krishi Briddhi etc) @ 20 g/l 4. Soil application:  Application of pre-multipiled bio-agents(Trichoderma sp and Pseudomonas florescence(e.g.Biovir, Biozin, Arka Krishi Briddhi etc) in well decomposed cow dung or vermicompost in ratio of 1:30. 5. Spraying of liquid bio-agent:  Dissolve 300 ml of Trichojal (Trichoderma) in 5 litre of water and stir well. Mix this solution with 200 litre of water and spray Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 344 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases 6. Chemical:  If necessary, spray carbendazim (@1 g/l) (B) Diseases: (In Main field) i.Black leg Adoption of no viable  Well-drained, rich in organic matter fields should be selected. (Phoma control measure  Deep ploughing followed by destruction of crop residues lingam /Leptosphaeria  Use of disease free certified clean seeds macutans)  Resistant variety like Pusa Drum Head  Seeds treatment with benlate @ 2 g/ kg of seeds  In high disease pressure areas, crop rotation with non-cruciferous crops and complete control of susceptible cruciferous weed hosts for four years are recommended. ii.Black rot/Brown rot Adoption of no viable  Well-drained, rich in organic matter fields should be selected. (Xanthomonas campestris control measure  Deep ploughing followed by destruction of crop residues pv. Campestris)  Use of disease free certified clean seeds  Use of disease resistant/tolerant variety like Pusa Subra, Pusa Snowball K-1, Pusa Snowball KT-25  Seed treatment with streptomycin or tetracycline @ 500 ppm for 1-2 0 hrs at 24 C.  Destroy the infected leaves and branches  In disease endemic areas, crop rotation with non-cruciferous crops for 3-5 yrs and complete control of susceptible cruciferous weed hosts iii.Leaf Spot and Spraying of  Use of disease free seeds. Blight(Alternaria brassicae carbendazim ( 1 g/l) at  Adoption of proper crop rotation with non-cruciferous crops and A. brassiciola) 5 days interval destruction of crop residues are effective.  O Seed treatment with hot water at 50 C for 30 minutes.  Collection and destruction of severely infected leaves to control the spread of the pathogen  Prophylactic spray with Bordeaux mixture (1%) followed by spray with rovral @ 2.5 g/l at 7-10 days interval.  Crops grown for seed purpose should be sprayed at full bloom, pod set and pre- harvest stage with Captan (0.2%) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 345 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases iv. Downy mildew Adoption of no viable  Use of disease resistant/tolerant variety like Pusa Hybrid-2,Pusa (Peronospora parasitica control measure Kartik Sankar  Maintain proper plant spacing for Free air circulation, facilitate plants to dry between irrigations, and keeping leaves as dry as possible.  The crop should be irrigated judiciously to avoid periods of high humidity.  Alternate host (Weeds) of the pathogens should be destroyed before the start of cultivation.  Spraying the seedlings in the nursery beds with Bordeaux mixture (1%) should be given as soon as the disease appear. Subsequent sprays may be needed at weekly intervals until the plants are transplanted in the field.  In growing conditions, if require, the crop should be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture (1%). v.Browning or Hollow stem Spraying of  Basal application of recommended dose of manures and chemical ( Boron deficiency) carbendazi ( 1 g/l) at 5 fertilizers and in addition application of borax @ 1 kg/bigha at the days interval time of final land preparationz  In case of severe incidence, foliar spraying of borax @ 3 g/l (C) Insect pests:(In Main field) i. Cutworm i.Application of kerosin  Destroy crop residues; keep garden weed-free in winter. (Agrotis ipsilon) in the field  Use of recommended doses of manures and fertilizers along with ii. Hand picking and adequate water, protect roots and trunks from damage. killing  Mechanical control: (a) Hand-picking of larvae at night with a flashlight is very effective. (b) Trenching the field: Pests like cut worm, army worm march from one field to other which can be prevented by trenching in field.  Clip and dispose of infested foliage and blossoms.  Seedlings protection by cardboard collars, screen, or protective cloth.  Sticky collars or barriers may be useful in preventing climbing cutworms.  Biological: Spraying with Bacillus thuringiensis or spinosad is most effective.  Chemical: Spraying of chlorpyriphos@ 2 ml/l at appearance of the Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 346 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases pest. ii.Diamond back moth i.Application of kerosin 1. Cultural: (Plutella xylostella) in the field  Planting Indian mustard as trap crop. Sowing of two rows of bold ii. Hand picking and seeded mustard for every 25 rows of cauliflower in twice per season killing i.e 12 days preceding planting and 40 days later of first planting √ Destroy mustard-type weeds several weeks before planting.  Installation of pheromone traps @ 4-5/acre for monitoring of insect. 2. Mechanical control:  Hand-picking of larvae at night with a flashlight is very effective. 3. Botanicals:  Application of 5 % Neem Seed Kernel Extractor Azadirachtin 0.03% (3000 ppm) neem oil based WSP @ 5 ml/l at head initiation stage i.e 17 to 28 days after planting  Repeat of spray of NSKE 5% at 10 to 15 days interval, when the population buildup is high and avoid the spray after curd formation because it could affect curd quality. 4. Biological control:  Release egg parasitoid, T. chilonis/pretiosum @ 20,000/acre 4-6 times at weekly interval.  Release larval parasitoids, Diadegma semiclausm @ 1,00,000/acre (Hills – below 25 –27ºC) or Cotesia plutellae (plains) @ 20,000/acre from 20 days after planting  Applications of Bacillusthuringiensis(Delfin) or spinosad 2.5% SC @ 240-280 g in 200 l of water per acre are also very effective. 5. Chemical:  Spraying of chlorpyriphos @ 0.05%  2 iii.Tobacco caterpillar, Application of Treat the nursery soil with neem cake at 1.0 kg/m (Spodoptera litura) malathion 35 ec or  Setting up light traps for adults @ 1/acre rogor @ 1-2 ml/l at 7- 10 day interval  Funnel trap baited with pheromone (Spodolure) for S. litura @ 12 nos./ha  Erecting of bird perches for encouraging predatory birds such as mynah, drongo etc.  Use of ovipositional trap crops such as castor @ 250 plants/acre and collection of larvae from flowers Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 347 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases  Collection and destruction of egg masses and gregariously feeding early instar larvae  Need based application of Sl NPV  Spray of NSKE 4 % in early stage of larvae  Collection and destruction of large larvae and use of sharp iron needle to kill the hidden larvae in the curd. iv.Aphids, (Brevicornea i. Manual destruction  Cultural: Install yellow sticky traps, yellow water pan traps @ 12/acre brassicae, and Lipaphis ii.Application of to monitor alates (winged adult). erisimi) malathion 35 ec or  Biological control: rogor @ 1-2 ml/l at 7- (a) Conservation of parasitoids such as Aphidius colemani (adult 10 day interval and nymph), Diaeretiella spp. (adult and nymph), Aphelinus spp. (adult and nymph) etc. (b) Conservation of predators such wasps, green lacewings, earwigs, ground beetles, rove beetles, spiders etc.  Planting mustard as trap crop  Use of NSKE 4% when control is necessary  Spraying with liquid formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae ( Org- Metajal) @ 5 ml/l at 15 days interval 14. Cabbage (A)Diseases: ( In Main field) (Brassica oleracea var. italica) i.Black rot/Brown rot Application of Same as in case of cauliflower black ror/brown rot (Xanthomonas campestris carbendazim @ 1 g /l pv. Campestris at 7-10 day interval ii.Leaf Spot and i. Removal of infected Same as in case of cauliflower leaf spot and blight Blight(Alternaria brassicae leaves and A. brassiciola) ii.Application of carbendazim @ 1 g /l at 7-10 day interval iii. Black leg Adoption of no control Same as in case of cauliflower blackleg (Phoma measures lingam /Leptosphaeria Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 348 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases macutans) iv.Sclerotinia rot/ White i. Removal of infected  Planting with proper spacing for free flow of air within the plants. Mould(Sclerotinia plants  Crop rotation with non- host crops such as maize/corn, rye, wheat, sclerotiorum) ii.Application of etc. Should be done. carbendazim @ 1 g /l  Mechanical injuries to cabbage heads during intercultural operations/ at 7-10 day interval harvesting operations should be avoided.  Soil application: Application of pre-multipiled bio-agents (Trichoderma sp and Pseudomonas florescence (e.g.Biovir, Biozin, Arka Krishi Briddi etc) in well decomposed cow dung or vermicompost in ratio of 1:30.  Spraying of liquid bio-agent: Dissolve 300 ml of Trichjal (Trichoderma) in 5 litre of water and stir well. Mix this solution with 200 litre of water and spray  Chemical: spray carbendazim (1 g/l) v.Clubroot of  In acidic soil, application of finely ground limestone in the soil 6 week H Cabbage(Plasmodiophora before planting to raise the soil P above 7 is effective. brassicae)  Long duration crop rotations (6 years or longer) help prevent a pathogen buildup and reduce disease incidence. (B) Insect pests: ( In Main field) 1. Cutworm i.Application of kerosin Same as in case of cauliflower cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) in the field ii. Hand picking and killing ii. Diamond back moth i.Application of kerosin Same as in case of cauliflower diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella) in the field ii. Hand picking and killing iii.Tobacco caterpillar, Same as in case of cauliflower tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) iv.Aphids, (Brevicornea i. Manual destruction Same as in case of cauliflower aphid brassicae, and Lipaphis ii.Application of erisimi) malathion 35 ec or rogor @ 1-2 ml/l at 7- Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 349 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases 10 day interval 15. Tomato (A) Diseases: (In Nursery) (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) i. Damping-off Application of Same as in case of cauliflower damping-off (Pythium debaryanum, Malathion 35 EC @ 2 Rhizoctonia solani, ml/l Phytophthora spp.) (B) Diseases: (Main field) i. Fusarium wilt Uprooting and  In disease prone areas , application of reduced amount of (Fusarium drenching of nitrogenous fertilizers with increase amount of potasic fertilizer is oxysporumf.sp.lycopersici mancozeb (2.5 g/l) helpful  Soil amendment with enriched compost or neem cake or mustard oil cake (1 t/ha)  Use solarised, raised bed to improve drainage  Seed treatment: (a) Organic: Talc or liquid based bio-formulation containing Trichoderma sp and Pseudomonas florescence (e.g. Biofor-pf or Biozin) @ 100 g/kg of seeds or Arka Krishi Briddi @ 20 g/l (b) Chemical: Captan (2g) + carbendazim(1g) per kg of seeds for 5 minutes  .Seedling root treatment: Dipping of root portion of uprooted seedlings in the solution of bio-formulation containing Trichoderma sp and Pseudomonas florescence (e.g. Biofor-pf, Biotime, Arka Krishi Briddhi etc) @ 20 g/l  Soil application: Application of pre-multipiled bio-agents (Trichoderma sp and Pseudomonas florescence (e.g. Biofor-pf, Biozin, Arka Krishi Briddi etc) @ 100 g/plant, 30-40 days after transplanting.(After mixing 1 kg bioformulation in 10 kg vermicompost or well decomposed cowdung)  Chemical: Drench the root zone of diseased plants after uprooting and destruction along with the apparently nearby healthy plants with carbendazim (2 g/l) ii. Late blight Application of  Removal and destruction of infected plant debris after harvest. *Cool night with heavy dew favou blight Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 350 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases (Phytophthora infestans) mancozeb @ 2.5 g/l  Maitenance of optimum plant spacing to allow free air circulation disease, hence spray  Depending upon the weather condition ,particularly cool,cloudy, wet should be started condition prophylactic spray with mancozeb (0.2%) along with sticker covering the lower (indotruf or tricon etc) @ 1 ml/l should be initiated surface of leaf.  Alternate spray with mancozeb ( 2.5 g/l) and Bordeaux miture (1%)or Dimethomorph (0.2%) at 7-10 days interval, with sticker @ 1 ml/l) iii. Early blight Application of  Use disease free tubers for raising the crop. (Alternaria solani ) mancozeb @ 2.5 g/l  Removal and destruction of crop residues by burning after harvest of tomato.  Irrigate in early hours to promote rapud drying of foliages  Cultivation of other solanaceous crops nearby tomato field must be avoided.  Prophylactic foliar spray in nursery bed with Bordeaux miture (1%) or propineb (2 g/l) prior to transplanting in main field.  In main field on the incidence of disease symptoms spray the crop with mancozeb (0.2%) or Bordeaux miture (1%) at 7-10 days interval. iv.Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia Application of a combo  Seed treatment: Same as in case of Fusarium wilt of tomato solanacearum) fungicide, mancozeb +  Growing Dhaincha (Crotolaria spp) in the field and incorporation in carbendazim @ 2.5 soil by ploughing at vegetative stage g/l in base of the plant  Application of sufficient amount of organic matters like FYM, neen cake or mustard oil cake, bone meal, dry fish powder to encourage the growth of natural antagonists.  Seed treatment, Seedling root dip treatment and soil application of bio- control agents like Pseudomonas , Trichoderma : Same as in case of Fusarium wilt of tomato  Application of organic formulation consisting of turmeric powder (5 g) + Asafoetida (1 g) in 10 litres of water. Drench the root zone of crop at 15, 30 and 45 days after transplanting. v.Tomato leaf curl virus i.Uprooting and ToLCV is transmitted by white fly (Bemisia tabaci). Therefore, control of destruction of infected insect vector spreading virus is important. plants Management in nursery: ii.Application of  Cultivation of TLCV resistant/tolerant variety like Avinash, Mruthinjay- carbendazim @ 1 g/l 1, Mruthinjay-2 arka ananya, Sankranti etc.  Grow seedlings under nylon net cover(40-50 mesh size) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 351 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases Management in main field:  Maize or jowar or bajra as boarder crop 25 days before te seedlings trrasplanting.  Use silver or black coloured mulches for repelling insect vectors.  2 Soil application of Neem cake or mustard oil cake (@ 500 g/m ) in addition of basal doses of manures and fertilizers at the time of final land preparation.  Rouge out the TLCV infected plant and weeds as soon as observed.  Spraying of 5 % Neem Seed Kernel Extractor Azadirachtin 0.03% (3000 ppm) neem oil based WSP @ 5 ml/l at 15 days after transplanting and repeat the same at 15 days interval vi.Tomato spotted wilt Same as in case of Tomato Leaf Curl Virus virus  2 vii. Blossom end rot of Lack of knowledge on In disease prone areas, application of lime or dolomite @ 200 g/m at tomat the problem. Spray the of final land preparation. (Physiological disorder, Ca mancozeb (2.5 g/l)  Maintain proper moisture regime in soil defiency)  In standing crops, weekly spraying of calcium chloride (@ 2.5 g/l) should be done. (C) Insect pests: ( In Main field) i. White fly Spraying of malathion Same as in case of cauliflower white fly control measures (Bemisia tabaci) 50 Ec @ 2 ml/l ii. Fruit borer Spraying of malathion  Physical control: (Spodoptera litura, 50 Ec @ 2 ml/l (a) Burning: Damaged or infested fruits should be burn to avoid Helicoverpa armigera) carry over of pest (b) Maintain proper moisture level in the field to reduce chance of borer infestation  Cultural: Summer ploughing of field to expose different stages of insect like egg, larvae etc  Certified seeds: Use certified seeds free from insect infestation, disease  Select proper time of sowing so that vulnerable stage of crop and pest incidence can not synchronized. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 352 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases  Judicious and proper application of chemical fertilizers. Nitrogenous fertilizers invite more pests whereas phosphorus fertilizers help reducing pest incidence.  Weed free clean cultivation  Crop rotation: Monocropping of tomato, brinjal may aggrevate the situation  Trap cropping: Planting of yellow tall marigold (Tagetes Spp.) or tobacco around tomato (1:5) has been found promising. All the eggs of H.armigera deposited on yellow Tagetes flower buds could be destroyed by the inundation of Helicoverpa adapted strain of egg parasitoid (Trichogramma Chilonis). The main crop of tomato is also sprayed either with hHaNPV or Bt, both of which are compatible with Trichogramma  Installation of pheromone traps (Helilure) @ 2 /acre for monitoring and 10/acre for mass trapping  Biological control: (a) Egg parasite: 6 times release of Trichogramma chilonis or T.brasilience or T. pretisoums @ 50,000/ha starting the first release 30 days after transplanting. (b) Larval parasite: Bracon hibitor parasites larvae of H.armigera. (c) Entomopathogeni microorganisms:Application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Delfin etc) @ 1 g/l and (NPV) Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus @ 250 LE /ha including fungal bio-agent like Beauveriabassiana (@5 ml/l) can be used for control of lepidopterous pests. iii.Aphids Spraying of  Regular monitoring and collection and destruction of infested leaves, (Aphis grossipii) carbendazim @ 1 g/l shoots etc  Installation of yellow sticky trap for mass trapping of aphids  Botanicals: Spraying of Neem seed kernel extract (2 to 5%), garlic extract (5%) has been found effective against aphids. iv. Leaf miner Spraying of malathion  Destroy the infested leaves with first sign of tunneling ( Tula absoluta) 50 EC @ 2 ml/l  Maintaing the plant health with organic manures and fertilizers to enhance plant‘s vigour  Use yellow or blue sticky trap for catching adults.  Spraying with neem oil (Azadirachtin 0.03%) (@3 ml/l) at 7 days Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 353 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases interval  Apply spinosad as a drench to the soil beneath the tomato plant for monitoring and killing of pupa of the insect  Use abamectin @ 0.5 ml/l followed by spray chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml/l at 20 days interval 16. Brinjal (Solanum (A) Diseases: (In Nursery) melongena L.) 1. Damping-off Application of Same as in case of cauliflower damping-off (Pythium debaryanum, Malathion 35 EC @ 2 Phytophthora spp.) ml/l (B) Diseases: (Main field) i. Fusarium wilt Uprooting of infed Same as in case of tomato Fusarium wilt (Fusarium plant and application oxysporumf.sp.lycopersici of carbendazim @ 2 g/l ii. Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia Uprooting of infed Same as in case of bacterial wilt in tomato solanacearum) plant and application of carbendazim @ 2 g/l iii.White mould/White blight Application of  Crop residues should be collected and burnt after harvest (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) mancozeb (2 g/l)  Deep Summer ploughing  Crop rotation with onion,beet,maize or spinach  Chemical fungicides: Spraying with carbendazim (0.1%) iv.Collar rot (Pythium Application of  Seedling raising method, seed treatment, seed bed treatment , basal spp.) carbendazim (1 g/l) application of bio-agent method etc are same as in case of tomato fusarium wilt  Uprooting and destruction of disease infected plants.  Disinfect the soil of uprooted plant by the solution of captan (0.3%)  In disease endemic areas, soil drenching with captan (0.3%) or mancozem (0.25%) v. Phomopsis blight Collection and  Cultural:√ Use of disease free healthy seeds (Phomopsis vexans) destruction of infected Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 354 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases fruits (a) Crop rotation: Excluding brinjal for at least 3 years (b) Collection and destruction of crop debris (c) Deep summar ploughing 0 (d) Seed treatment : Hot water seed treatment at 50 C for 30 minutes  Chemical:Spraying of captan or mancozeb @ 2.5 g/l should be done at nursery bed as a prophylactic measure as well as in main field at the incidence of leaf symptoms. (C) Insect pests: (In Main field) i. Aphid Same as in case of Tomato aphid (Aphis grossipii) ii.Shoot and Fruit borer √Cutting and throwing  Application of neem cake @ 250 kg/ ha (in two splits) in soil along the (Leucinodes orbonalis) of wilted terminal plant rows at 25 and 60 days after transplanting shoot  Growing garlic as inter crop or boarder crop reduce borer infestation √Application of  Clipping of borer damaged shoots and collection & destruction of kerosene solution damaged fruits.  Crop rotation with non-solanaceous crops should be followed.  Bird perches @ 10/ acre should be erected for facilitating field visits of predatory birds.  Sprays of NSKE (5%) or neem oil (3000 ppm) ( 4 ml/l) are beneficial  Pheromone traps @ 5/ acre should be installed for monitoring and mass trapping of shoot & fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis. Replace the lures with fresh lures after every 15-20 day interval.  Release egg parasitoid Trichogramma brasiliensis @ 1 – 1.5 lakh/ ha, 4-5 times at weekly interval.  Chemicals: If the borer incidence crosses ETL (5% infestation), then apply spinosad. 17. Potato (Solanum (A) Diseases: (Main field) tuberosum) i. Late blight (Phytophthora Repeated spray of  Resistant Variety: Kufri Megha (for plain), Kufri Himalini (for Hill infestans) mancozeb @ 2 g/l region) ,Early bulking variety Kufri pukhraj  Sanitation: Infected seed tubers, diseased haulms left from previous Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 355 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases harvest and cull pieces should be collected and destroyed either by burning or burying them deep in the soil.  Use of disease free healthy tuber seeds  Seed tuber treatment: Treat the seed tubers in the solution of mancozeb or metalxyl+ mancozeb @ 2.5 g/l for 15 minutes  Rest of control measures are same as in case of tomato late blight ii. Early blight Spraying of mancozeb  Use disease free tubers for raising the crop. (Alternaria solani ) @ 2 g/l  Removal and burning of haulms of the affected potato crop help in reducing the inoculum in the field.  Cultivation of solanaceous crops, being collateral hosts, nearby potato field must be avoided.  In case of severe incidence, spray the crop with mancozeb (0.2%) or Bordeaux mixture (1.0%) at 7-10 days interval. iii. Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia Spraying of Same as in case of bacterial wilt in tomato solanacearum) carbendazim @ 2 g/l iv. PLRV Non-adoption of any  Use of certified tuber seeds (Potato Leaf Roll Virus) control measures  For the control of white fly (Bemisia tabaci) spray with neem oil (3000 ppm) @ 3 ml/l followed by periodical spray with Chloropyriphos (1.5 ml/l) is effective. (B) Insect pests: (Main field) i. Red ant Application of  Application of mustard oil cake @ 150 kg/ha at the time of ( Dorylus orientalis) malathion powder earthening up (5%)  In insect prone areas, application of malathion 5% dust @ 30 kg /ha in the soil at the time of earthening up followed by application of organic mulch. ii. Potato tuber moth Soil application  3% Boric acid for 30 minutes before storage and prior planting (Phthorimaea operculella) malathion Dust 5% @  Earthing up the crop to close the crevices helps in minimizing 2 50 g/m infestation  Release of egg, larval parasite (Copidosoma kohleri) in potato field which parasites egg of potato tuber moth and comes out at larval Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 356 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases stage by killing the pest. Release of same parasitoid @ 1.5 lakhs/ton of stored potato in godown may be done.  Application of mustard oil cake @ 150 kg/ha at the time of earthening up  In insect prone areas, application of malathion 5% dust @ 40 kg /ha in the soil at the time of earthening up. iii. Cutworm 1.Soil application  Hand picking during night under flush light and destruction of larvae. (Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) malathion dust 5%  Find out the hiding larvae by turning up of soil around the new infested plant and kill manually.  Make some trenches or holes (around 10 cm depth) in heavily infed spot to trap the larvae  Application of mustard oil cake @ 20-25 kg/bigha  Soil application of malathion Dust 5% @ 5 kg/bigha  Soil drenching with chlorpyriphos (@ 2 ml/l) before planting. 18. Onion (A) Diseases: (Main field) (Allium cepa L) i.Purple blotch (Alternaria No knowledge about  Maitain proper spacing of transplanted onion seedlings with the porri) the diseases. promotion of good drainage to reduce hours of leaf wetness. Therefore, spraying of  Grow tolerant variety like Arka Niketan, arka Pragati, Sel-13-1-1 mancozeb (0.2%) at 10 days interval  Application of reduced dose of nitrogenous fertilizers in insect prone areas  Prophylactic spray with propineb (0.2%) followed by spraying of mancozeb (0.2%) at fortnightly interval from the onset of the disease symptoms. ii. Stemphylium leaf blight No knowledge about  Maitain proper spacing of transplanted onion seedlings with the (Stemphylium vesicarium) the diseases promotion of good drainage to reduce hours of leaf wetness.  Collection and destruction of infected leaves.  Prophylactic spray with propineb (0.2%) followed by spraying of chlorothalonil (0.2%) or mancozeb (0.2%) at fortnightly interval from the onset of the disease symptoms. iii. Basal rot Spraying of mancozeb  Application of FYM or enriched compost (@ 1 t/ha) in the soil (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. (0.2%) and uprooting  Seed treatment: ceapae) of infected plants. (a) Organic: Talc or liquid based bio-formulation containing Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 357 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases Trichoderma sp and Pseudomonas florescence (e.g. Biofor-pf or Biozin) @ 100 g/kg of seeds or Arka Krishi Briddi @ 20 g/l for 10 minutes (b) Chemical: carbendazim (3 g/kg of seeds) for 5 minutes  Seedling root dip treatment: Dipping of root portion of uprooted seedlings in the solution of bio-formulation containing Trichoderma sp and Pseudomonas florescence (e.g. Biofor-pf, Biotime, Arka Krishi Briddhi etc) @ 20 g/l  Soil application of pre-multipiled bio-agents (Trichoderma sp and Pseudomonas florescence (e.g. Biofor-pf, Biozin, Arka Krishi Briddhi 2 etc) @ 100 g/ m at planting (After mixing 1 kg bio-formulation in 10 kg vermicompost or well decomposed cowdung)  In disease prone areas, application of carbendazim (0.1%) or thiophinate methyl (0.1%) may be done. (B) Insect pests: (Main field) i. Thrips Assuming it as  Mulching with rice straw or other organic mulch on the plant bed (Thrips tabaci) disease infection , helps in reducing thrips populations and improving onion growth spary carbendazim 1  Release of adult beetle of ladybird beetles (Coccinella g/ l 2 septempunctata and C. coccinoides) @ 25 beetles/ m and early instars of green lace wings (Chrysoperla carnea) @ 50,000 eggs /ha are very effective against onion thrips.  Chemical: Spray chlorpyriphos (@ 2 ml/ l 19. Pumpkin (A) Diseases: (cucurbita ( In Main field) moschata ) i.Anthracnos Sparyinf of  Seed treatment with carbendazim (0.1%) (Colletotrichum carbendazim 1 g/ l or  Maintain proper plant populations lagenarianum) mancozeb (0.2%)  Removal and destruction by burning of severely infected leaves  Need based folira application of thiophanate-methyl (0.15) or carbendazim (0.1%) or mancozem (0.2%) at 7-10 days interval. ii. Powdery mildew Sparyinf of mancozeb  If possible, removal and destruction by burning of first infected leaves (0.2%) or entire plant is helpful. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 358 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases (Erysiphe cichoracearum)  Strict hygene is necessary as powery mildew fungus can survive in plant debris.  Spraying of plant based oil such as neem oil or jojoba oil @ 3 ml/l is effective.  Application of bio-agents like Bacillus subtilis (0.5%) prevent infection of powdery mildew  Prophylactic spray of wettable sulphur 85 WP (@ 3 g/l).  Need based application of carbendazim (1 g/l) may be done. iii. Downy mildew Sparyinf of mancozeb  In disease prone areas, care should be taken to minimize the (Pseudoperospora (0.2%) chances of leaf wetness. cubensis)  Crop rotation with non- cruciferous crops for three years reduces the downy mildew incidence.  Controlling alternate hosts (weeds) in and aroud the field is important to eliminate the overwintering inoculums.  Over watering in the filed as well as on leaves is strictly prohibiated.  Ensure sufficient plant spacing (some time canopy pruning may be required) for free air circulation.  Infected leaves or plant parts should be carefully removed and destro by burning.  Pre-infection (prophylactic) spray of mancozeb 74 WP @ 2.5 g/lat 7- 14 days interval.  Post-infection (eradicants) spray of fostyl @ 2 g/l or Bordeaux mixture (1%) at 7-14 days interval. (B) Insect pests: (Main field) i. Fruit fly Spraying of rogor @2  Deep ploughing of soil to expose the insect coccon or lavae (Bactrocera cucurbitae) ml/l  All the fallen and infested fruits should be collected and destroyed to prevent the carryover of the pest.  Frequent raking of the soil under the vines or ploughing the infested fields after the crop is harvested can help in killing the pupae.  If possible cover the young fruits with cloth or polythene for 2 weeks  Grow trap crop like maize around the main field 20-25 day before and spray the maize with endosulphan (@ 2 ml/L)  Baits prepared with ripen banana or pumpkin 50 g, jiggery 50 g , Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 359 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases malathion 50 EC 2 ml in one litre of water , to be applied as 200 spot splashes per hectare on the undersurface of cucurbit leaves.  The flies when they congregate and rest on the under surface of large leaves of ribbed gourd may be controlled by spray application of malathion 50 EC (2 ml/l) ii. Cut worm Application of ash in  Hardened plant seedlings (4-5 weeks) should be planted (Agrostis sp.) the field  Deep ploughing of fields 3 – 6 weeks prior to planting.  Maintaining of weed-free fields following crop emergence.  Natural predators like wasps, grasshoppers etc should be encouraged by avoiding unnecessary spraying;  Hand picking of larvae during night under flush light followed by destruction.  Trace out the hiding larvae by turning up of soil around the new infested plant and kill manually.  Make some trenches or holes (around 10 cm depth) in heavily infed spot to trap the larvae  Application of mustard oil cake @ 20-25 kg/bigha  Soil application of malathion Dust 5% @ 5 kg/bigha  Soil drenching with chlorpyriphos (@1.5 ml/l) before planting.Under severe infestation(3 –10% crop damage), chloropyriphos (@ 2.5 ml/l) should be sprayed. iii.Red Pumpkin beetles 1 Soil application  Collect infested fruits and dried leaves and dump in deep pits. (Aulacophora foevicollis) malathion dust 5%  Change the sowing dates as the fly population is low in hot dry conditions and at its peak during rainy season.  Early planting of pumpkin during October – November to avoid damage by pumpkin beetle  Frequent rake the soil under the vine or plough the infested field after the crop to kill eggs, grubs and pupae.  Manual killing of adult insects early in the morning.  Application of mustard oil cake @ 20-25 kg/bigha  Soil application of malathion Dust 5% @ 5 kg/bigha  Spray neem oil (3000 ppm) @ 5 ml/l in the afternoon. 20. Okra (A)Diseases: Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 360 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases (Abelmoschus ( In Main field) esculentus L.Moench) i. YMV (Yellow Vein Mosai Spraying of  Culltural management: √ Eradication of early infected plants and Virus) dimethoate @ 1.5 ml/n weeds from the field at 10 days interval (a) Boarder cropping (barrier crop) with maize (b) Cultivation of Prabhani Kranti, arka anamika, Varsha Upha or Punjab Kesari  2 Soil application of Neem cake or mustard oil cake (500 g/m ) at the time of land preparation.  To check insect vector spraying with neem oil ( 3000 ppm) @ 4 ml/l or neem seed kernel extract (5%) is effective ii. Okra enation leaf curl 2. Uprooting of Same as YMV disease of Okra virus disease infected plants (B)Insect pests: (Main field) i. Fruit and shoot borer Destruction of  Growing of maize or sorghum as barrier/trap crop to prevent the entry (Earias vittella) infected fruits. of fruit and shoot borer adults.  Erection of birds perches @ 20-25 nos/ha.  Installation of pheromone traps @ 4-5 nos/ha for monitoring or killing of Earias vitella. Replace the lure at 15-20 days interval  Release of egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis @ 1-1.5 lakh/ha staring from 30-35 days after sowing. 4-5 times at weekly interval.  Removal and destruction of infested shoots, fruits and shed material helps in reducing the intensity of infestation and  Alternate spraying with Neem oil (3000 ppm) @ 4 ml/l or malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/l at 10-15 days interval ii.Aphids  Regular monitoring and collection and destruction of infested leaves, (Aphis grossipii) shoots etc  Installation of yellow sticky trap for mass trapping of aphids  Botanicals: Spraying of Neem seed kernel extract (2 to 5%), garlic extract (5%) has been found effective against aphids.  Spray malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/l at 10-15 days interval. 21. Ginger (A)Diseases: ( In Main field) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 361 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases (Zingiber officinale L .) i.Rhizome (soft) rot Spraying with  Raised beds with abundant organic matter devoid of chance of being (Pythiumaphanidrematum., mancozeb @ 2 g/l at water logged. 10 days interval  Seed rhizome should be collected from disease free areas. P .myriotylum, P. vexans)  Crop rotation with maize, cotton, soybean etc.  Intercrop ginger with maize and pineapple is also beneficial.  Treat the rhizomes with hot water at 47° C for 30 minutes to get rid – off from nematode followed by treating the same seeds lot with talc based Trichoderma + Pseudomonas formulation @ 50 g /l for 10 minutes  Chemical rhizome treatment:Rhizomes could be treated with mancozeb 75 wp (2.5 g/l) for 30 minutes before storage and planting  Application of oil cakes made from Azadirachta indica or, Pongamia glabra, or Brassica campestris @ 1 t/ha  Bio-control:Soil application of vermicompost or cowdung based multiplied bio-formulation (Trichoderma + Pseaudomonas ) in the ratio of 1: 20  Remove the badly affected plants and drench the vsoil around the infected plants, after slightly removing of soil, with Bordeaux mixture (1%) or mancozeb @ 2.5g/1 liters of water. ii.Phyllosticta leaf spot Cultural control: (Phyllosticta zingiberi)  Pluck and destroy by burning the severely infected leaves.  Use proper green mulching to reduce soil splashes.  If possible, provide shade 30-40% to minimize the disease or grow crops under partial shade Chemical control:  Application of Bordeaux mixture 1% or mancozeb 0.2% during monsoon at 7-10 days interval. iii.. Bacterial wilt  Seed rhizomes must be selected from bacterial wilt-free source (Ralstonia solanacearum)  Good drainage with hygiene are important, moving around the wilt infected field is restricted. Soil solarisation for 60 days during summer  Use crop rotation with non-host crops like paddy, maize, sorghum or green manuring crop like daincha etc. Avoid crop rotation with Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 362 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases tomato, potato, chillies, brinjal and peanut etc.  0 Rhizome treatment with hot water 47 C for 3 minutes.  Bio-fumigation by growing cabbage or mustard or daincha and incorporating them in soil at flowering or vegetative stage.  Application of sufficient amount of organic matter like FYM, bone meal, dry fish in the soil to encourage the growth of beneficial micro- organisms.  Application of bleaching powder @ 25 kg/ha at the time of final land preparation  Bio-control: Soil application of vermicompost or cowdung based multiplied bio-formulation (Trichoderma + Pseudomonas ) in the ratio of 1: 20  Application of organic formulation (Asafodita 1g+Termeric powfer 5g + 10 lit of water) in the root zone  Chemical control: Soil drenching with Bordeaux mixture (1%) (B)Insect pests: (Main field) i. Shoot borer 1. Cultural control: (Dichocoris punctiferalis)  Use the attractant plant for natural biocontrol conservation.  Cut open the shoot and pick out the caterpillar and destroy. Spray neem oil (3000 ppm) (O.5%) at fortnightly intervals if found necessary.  Mulchingwith green leaves of Vitex negundo @ 2 t/acre at 40 and 90 days after planting. 2. Biological control:  Encourage the growth of natural bio-agents (predators) such as lady bird beetle, spiders, chrysopids, Trichogrammatids etc. by stopping or minimizing unnecessary chemical spray  Release of Trichogramma chilonis @ 40000/ acre for lepidopterans insect-pests.  Two sprays of neem oil 0.15% EC (1500 ppm) @ 3 ml/l at two weeks interval ii. Leaf roller 1. Cultural control: (Udaspes folus)  Collect and destroy the larvae, egg masses from the infested leaves Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 363 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases  Do not allow the weed host to grow inside and near the field 2. Biological control:  Encourage the growth of natural bio-agents (predators) such as lady bird beetle, spiders, chrysopids, Trichogrammatids etc. by stopping or minimizing unnecessary chemical spray  Release of Trichogramma chilonis @ 20,000 per acre. for Lepidopteran insect-pests 3. Botanical:  Two sprays of neem oil 0.15% EC (1500 ppm) @ 3 ml/l at two weeks interval 4. Chemical:  Chlorpyriphos (@ 2 ml/ l at appearance of pest iii. Nematode 1. Cultural control: (Melodogyn spp./  Uproot and destroy the infested stunted, deformed plants Radopholus similis)  Intercropping of marigold with turmeric  Deep ploughing or solarized beds of infested fields during summer.  Grow Repellant plants like Marigold , Gliricidia, Asparagus, Dahelia etc well ahead of cultivation of main crop  Crop rotation: Crop rotation with cereal crops, Marigold, Chrysanthemum, Sesbania, Crotalaria spp., Gaillardia, castor bean and Desmodium spp. is helpful in reducing parasitic nematodes. 2. Biological control:  An extract of asafetida (1g)+ turmeric powder (5 g) + water 10 lit is effective against this nematode.  Application of neem (Azaradirachta indica) cake 1 t/ ha at the time of final land preparation. 22.. Turmeric (A) Diseases: (In Main field) (Curcuma longa L.) i.Taphrina leaf blotch .Foliar spray of 1. Use resistant/tolerant cultivars like Roma, Swarna, Sudarshana, (Taphrina maculans) mancozeb (2,5 g/l) Suguna, Sugandham, Ranga, Rashmi, Rajendra 2. Cultural control:  Use proper green mulching to reduce soil splashes. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 364 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases  Field sanitation should be practiced.  Follow crop rotation with cereal and legume crops to reduce the inoculum build up 3. Botanicals:  Use of plant extracts such as garlic extracts (5%) is eff ective against this foliar pathogens. 4. Chemical control:  Foliar spray of Bordeaux mixture (1%) or mancozeb 75 WP (0.2%). Spraying should be done at 15 days interval staring at the first appearance of the disease symptomps. ii.Colletotrichum leaf spot Foliar spray of 1. Use of resistant/tolerant cultivars like Sonia, Krishna, Prabha, Pratibha, (Colletotrichum zingiberi) mancozeb (2,5 g/l) Alleppey Supreme, Kedaram . 2. Cultural control:  Pluck and remove the infested leaf and uproot the infested plants and destroy them.  Use proper green mulching to reduce soil splashes.  Field sanitation should be practiced.  Follow crop rotation with cereal and legume crops to reduce the inoculum build up 3. Botanicals:  Use of plant extracts such as garlic extracts (5%) is eff ective against this foliar pathogens. 4. Chemical control:  Foliar spray of Bordeaux mixture (1%) or mancozeb 75 WP (0.2%). Spraying should be done at 15 days interval staring at the first appearance of the disease symptomps iii. Rhizome rot/ soft Removal and 1. Cultural control: rot(Pythium spp.) destruction of infected  Adopt phytosanitary measures like infected plants should be uprooted plants. and destroyed  Adopt crop rotation with non-host like maize, paddy, sorghum, soybean etc.  Planting of disease-free seed rhizomes.  Maintain proper drainage by using 30 cm raised bed and 1 m width with at lest 50 cm spacing between the beds. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 365 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases 2. Seed rhizome treatment:  Treat the rhizomes with hot water at 47° C for 30 minutes to get rid – off from nematode followed by treating the seeds with talc based Trichoderma+ Pseaudomonas formulation @ 50 g /l for 10 minutes  Rhizomes treatment can be done by keeping them under clear polythene sheet under direct sunlight for raising the temperature 48o C and this temperature is retained for 30 minutes.  Chemical rhizome treatment: Rhizomes could be treated with mancozeb 75 wp (2.5 g/l) for 30 minutes before storage and planting 3. Use bio-fumigation by growing dhaincha and incorporating them in the soil at their vegetative stage, also can be done by using cabbage and mustard plant refuses. 4. Botanicals:  Application of neem cake or mustard oil cake or Pongamia cake @ 1 tonnes/ ha at the time of final land preparation. 5. Bio-control:  Soil application of vermicompost or cowdung based multiplied bio- formulation (Trichoderma + Pseaudomonas ) in the ratio of 1: 20 6. Chemical treatment:  Remove the badly affected plants and drench the soil around the infected plants, after slightly removing of soil, with Bordeaux mixture (1%) or mancozeb @ 2g/1 liters of water. (B) Insect pests: (Main field) i.Leaf Roller Spraying with  Manual collection and destruction of egg masses and larvae ( Udaspes folus) dimethoate (@ 1 ml/l)  Eradication of alternate weed hosts in and around the field. at 15 days interval  Biological control: √ Ensure eco-friendly measures to conserve the natural enemies (predators) such as ladybird beetle, spiders, chrysopids, Bracon sp, fire ants, dragon fly , praying mantis, ground beetle and Trichogrammatids etc. by suspending unnecessary spraying of chemical insecticides. (a) Release of egg parasitoid e.g. Trichogramma chilonis @ 20,000/acre, 2-4 times.  Botanical:Foliar spray of neem oil (@ 3 ml/l) at 7-10 days interval ii. Shoot borer Spraying with 1. Cultural control: Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 366 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases (Conogethes punctiferalis ) dimethoate (@ 1 ml/l)  Destroy the infested shoots including harbouring caterpillars at 15 days interval  Place light traps @ 1 /acre and operate between 6 and 10 pm to attract and trap the adult moths. Collect and kill the trapped moths .  Mulching with green Lantana camara and Vitex negundo leaves @ 2 t/acre at 40 and 90 days after planting. 2. Biological control:  Release of Trichogramma chilonis @ 40,000/acre..  Conserve natural enemies such as Angitia (Dioctes) tronchanterata; Xanthopimpla australis, Theromia inareolata, Bracon hebetor, B. brevicornis, B. nosatoi, B. lasus, Phanerotoma hendecasisella, Myosoma sp, Apanteles sp, Brachymeria euloeae, earwigs, robber flies andspiders, ladybird beetle, spiders, chrysopids , Trichogrammatids etc. 3. Botanicals:  Spray neem oil (1500 ppm) (0.5%) at fortnightly intervals. 4. Chemical:  Spraying with malathion 50% EC (2 ml/l) starting from june to august at 15 day interval. iii.Nematode 1.Soil incorporation of 1. Cultural control: (Melodogyne spp/ Malathion dust 5%2 3  Uproot and destroy the badly infested (stunted, deformed) plants. Radophalus similis) kg/bgha  0 Treat seed rhizomes with hot water (50 C) for 10 minutes. Nematode 2.Uprootinf of infested prone area (turmeric beds) could be placed under solarization for 40 plants. days during summar after deep ploughing.  Intercropping of marigold @ 5:1  Follow crop rotation with cereal crops, marigold, Chrysanthemum,Sesbania,Crotalaria spp., Gaillardia, cluster bean and Desmodium spp., 2. Botanicals:  An extract of asafetida (1 g) + turmeric powder (5 g) and water (10 l) is effective.  Application of neem (Azaradirachta indica) seed cake 100 Kg/acre before planting 3. Biological: Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 367 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases  Pochonia chlamydosporia, a nematode biocontrol agent can be 6 incorporated in turmeric beds (20 g/bed at 10 cfu/g) at the time of sowing. 23.. Papaya (A) Diseases: (In Main field) (Carica papaya L.) i. Damping-off Spraying of urea (3%) Same as in case of cauliflower damping-off disease (Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium sp) ii. Stem rot or foot rot i.Uprooting of infected  Well drained fertile soil shoul be selected. (Phytophthora sp. Pythium pklnat followed by soil  Nursery bed treatment and seed treatment with bio-agent like aphanidermatum application om Trichoderma sp or Trichoderma sp + Pseudomonas in the ration 1:20 Rhizoctonia solani) mancozeb (@ 2 g/l) (1kg talc based bio-formulation: 20 kg vermicompost or FYM) and 20 g/kg of seeds should be done.  Chemical Seed dressing with captan or chlorothalonil @ 2 g/kg of seed could be done  Pit application of pre-multiplied Trichoderma sp or Trichoderma sp + Pseudomonas (with neem cake or vermicompost or FYM in the ratio of 1:20) @ 2 kg/pit should be done before planting  Uprooting followed by destruction of dead plant should be carried out to restrict the spread of pathogen.  Drench the soil of rouged out plant including collar region of surrounding nearby healthy looking plants with Bordeaux miture (1%)  Prophylactically soil drenching with mancozeb (0.2%) or Bordeaux miture (1%) at bimonthly interval provide effective control of the standing crops. iii. Anthracnose Spraying with  Infected leaves and fruits should be removed and destroyed. (Colletotrichum mancozeb (0.2%)  Spraying of macozeb (0.2%) or carbendazim (0.1%) at 15 days gloeosporiodes) interval provides effective control.  To minimize the post harvest damage , dipping of harvested fruit at 0 hot water ( 46-49 C) for 20 minutes shortly after harvest provide control of the disease under storage iv. Papaya leaf curl Destruction of 1. Cultural: Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 368 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases disease infected plants  Nursery management: Growing papaya seedlings under nylon net (Papaya leaf curl virus) cover (60-80 mesh size) to prevent entry of insect vector Bemisia tabaco  Eradicate early infected plants and weeds from the main field  Growing maize as boarder crop reduce the disease spread 2. Chemical:  2 Soil application of Neem oil cake or mustard oil cake @ 500 g/m the time of pit preparation.  Seedlings in the nursery bed , 5 days prior to transplanting should be sprayed with neem oil (1500 ppm) @ 3 ml/l  In main field after establishing the seedlings, foliar spray of malathion 50 Ec (@2 ml/l) 15 day interval or need base are effective.  Chemical spray followed by neem seed kernel extract @ 2% is also effective in rotation with insecticide. v.Ring spot virus disease Destruction of Same as in case of Papaya leaf curl virus disease contro measures. (Papaya Ring spot virus) infected plants (B) Insect pests: (Main field) i. Papaya mealy bug i. Hand picking 1. Cultural and Mechanical Insecticide resistance (Paracoccus ii.Spraying of rogor (2  Monitoring and scouting to detect early presence of the mealybug and non-target effects ml/l) on natural enemies marginatus Williams and  Pruning of infested branches and burning them including crop make chemical control a Granara de residues less desirable control Willink (Hemiptera:  Removal of weeds/alternate host plants like Hibiscus, Parthenium option. Pseudococcidae) etc. in and nearby papaya crop  Avoiding the movement of planting material from infested areas to other areas  Avoiding flood irrigation  Prevention of the movement of ants and destruction of already existing ant colonies  Sanitization of farm equipment before moving it to the uninfested crop  Application of sticky bands or alkathene sheet or a band of insecticide on arms or on main stem to prevent movement of crawlers 2. Biological control:  Conservation of natural enemies like Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 369 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases ladybird beetles, lacewings, hover flies, Scymnus sp. and certain hymenopteran and dipteran parasitoids in nature plays important role in reducing the mealybug population.  In the nature, lepidopteran predator, Spalgis epius (Lycaenidae) is a well known representative of carnivorous butterfly feeding on various species of pseudococcids and coccids. S. epius, being the dominant predator, feeds efficiently on the ovisacs, nymphs and adult of papaya mealybug. Newly hatched larvae of S. epius are pale pink in colour and remain inside the mealybug ovisac devouring the eggs of the mealybug.  There is a need to conserve the native predators of the pest. Australian ladybird beetle (C.montrouzieri) predates on mealybugs, eating 3,000-5,000 mealybugs in various life stages and is released @ 10 beetles per tree or @ 5000 beetles/ ha.  When high activity of S. epius and other natural enemies is observed, care should be taken to delay spraying operations and measures should be taken to conserve them.  Exotic parasitoids/predators such as Anagyrus loecki Noyes and Menazes, Acerophagous papayae Noyes and Schauff and Pseudleptomastrix Mexicana Noyes and Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were released in Sri Lanka in May 2009 (imported from Puerto Rico) and resulted in 95 to 100% control of the papaya mealybug in some parts of that country by August 2009. There is a need to introduce such exotic parasitoids in India to contain the pest without harming the environment.  Regular monitoring of the crop for mealybug infestation and its natural enemies. 3. Chemical control  Locate ant colonies and destroy them with drenching of chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.0 ml/litre of water.  Spot application of insecticide immediately after noticing mealybug on some plants in the crop field. If the activities of natural enemies are not observed, use of botanical insecticides such as neem oil (1 to 2%), NSKE (5%), or Fish Oil Rosin Soap (25g/litre of water) should be the first choice.  Apply chlorpyriphos 20 EC (2ml/litre) with stickers (@ 0.1%)  Some times drenching the soil with chlorpyriphos around the collar Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 370 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases region of the plant to prevent movement of crawlers of mealybug and ant activity is useful. 24. Banana (A) Diseases: (In Main field) (Musa spp.) 1. Panama wilt Soil drenching with Care to be taken before the disease infection: (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp carbendazim (0.1%)  Suckers should be selected from the yellow disease free garden. cubense)  Cleaning of suckers by removing dried black coloured roots, outer skin (about 1-1.5 cm thick peeling) with help of sharp knife, and also give a slanting cut to the pseudo stem 30 cm above the base of the sucker.  Soak the pared suckers in the solution of carbendazim (2 g/ litre of water) for 30 minutes.  Pit application of pre-multiplied Trichoderma sp or Trichoderma sp + Pseudomonas (with neem cake or vermicompost or FYM in the ratio of 1:20 @ 5 kg/pit should be at the time of planting. Care to be taken after the disease infection (in standing crop):  Uprooting of diseased plant along with root system followed by chopping and drying for few days and destroy by burning.  Soil drenching of carbendazim @ 2 g/l at 2 months interval from 6 month of planting onwards  Corm injection of carbendazim (2%) at 5,7 and 9 month after planting 0 at the base of the suckers. Make holes of 5 cm depth at 45 angle with pencil thick stick in three directions and push solution @ 3 ml /hole with the help of syringe. Application of carbendazim as capsule (embedded carbendazim 50 mg/capsule) in the rhizome has been reported to be effective  Basal application of talc based boi-formulation (pre-multiplied with FYM or vermicompost) containing Trichoderma, Pseudomonas and rd th th Bacillus like Biozin-PTB @ 3 kg/plnat at 3 5 and 7 month after planting. ii.Leaf spot or Sigatoka Spraying with  Good agronomic practices including improvrd drainage, weed control, disease mancozeb (0.2%) removal of suckers and adoption of correct spacing helps in reducing (Mycosharella fusicola/ the disease incidence. Cercospora musace)  Removal and destruction by burning of infected leaves.  Spraying of thiophanate methyl (0.1%) or carbendazim (0.1%) along Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 371 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases with some stickers (e.g Teepol, Indtro-AE etc) @ 2 ml/l at 2 weeks interval during severe disease incidence period. iii. Banana bunchy top Uprooting of diseased  Selection of only disease free vhealthy suckers or mico propagated virus disease plants plants should be done. ( Banana bunchy top virus)  BBTV infected plants should be destroyed immediately by digging followed by pouring burn diesel or kerosene.  In disease prone areas, to control the aphid vectors, spraying of neem oil (1500 ppm) @ 5 ml/l should be done periodically. (B) Insect pests: (Main field) i.Pseudostem Borer i.Application of  Clean cultivation by removing weeds, unwanted plants and also (Odoiporus longicollis) malathion dust 5% at maintaind recommended number of suckers in each clump base of banana  Remove old dry leaves along with old detached outer leaf sheath ii. Spraying of  After harvest of banana, cut the pseudostem into pieces about 1.5‘ chloropyriophos (@ 2 length and split into half. Spead the half pieces keeping cut portion ml/l on the down on soil surface to trap the aduld weevils for monitoring as well pseudostem as killing manually.  Severely infested broken or bended plants with boring signs on pseudostes should be cut open to expose the larvae, pupa and adult beetles followed by destroy them manually.  Biological control: Soil application of Beauverjal ( Beauveria bassiana) dissolve 300ml in 5 litre of water, again dilute it in 200 litre of water and stir thoroughly and spray on the soil of infedted area during evening hours.  In frequently weevil occurring areas, soil application of neem cake (@ 1.5-2 kg /stool) is effective.  On the notice of jelly exudation through the holes on Pseudostem, injection of 2 ml solution of malathion 50 EC or chlorpyriphos (@ 2.33 ml/l), two injection per plant at 2 and 4 feet above the ground. ii.Rhizome Weevil i. Removal of infested  Plantations should be clear of debris after harvest in which borers can (Cosmopolites sordidus) plant survive. ii.Spraying of  It is most important to use clean, healthy planting material from fields, chloropyriophos (@ 2 known to be free of weevils infestation. ml/l) in the pit and on  Pre-planting pared suckers should be treated in the solution of the pseudostem malathion 50 EC (@ 15 ml/l) for 20 minutes. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 372 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl. Name of pests and Name of Crops Farmer’s practice Recommended measures Remarks No diseases  Rhizomes and pseudostems of harvested banana are cut into pices (1-2 feet long), split longitudinally and placed on the plantation floor haphazardly between plants. Adult beetles get attracted to these stem pieces and upon periodical checking can be destroyed mannually.  Soil application of Beauverjal (Beauveria bassiana) and org-metajal (Metarhizium anisopliae) 2 5 ml/l on the soil. iii.Fruit and Leaf Scarring i. Foliar spray of  Reduce over crowding by removing unnecessary doughter suckers, Beetle malathion 35 EC (@ 2 dry leaves etc. (Nodostoma ml/l) in the evening.  Keep plantation grass weeds free. viridipinne,Colaspis  Bagging: Insert bags made of either breathable plastic or muslin cloth hypochlora) or blue polythene sheet (with pin holes for air circulation) before fruit setting or at the emergence of bunch and remove after 60 days of fruit setting.  Application of neem oil @ 3 ml/l in the crown covering young leaves  Biological control: Foliar spray of ―Beauverjal‖ ( Beauveria bassiana) dissolve 300ml in 5 litre of water, again dilute it in 200 litre of water and stir thoroughly and spray during evening hours.  Chemical: In case of severe infestation spraying with Malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/l controls the pest. v.Nematode problem  Collections of planting materials fromnematode free gardens. (Radopholus similis,  Crop rotation with rice ,sugarcane, cotton Pratylenchus coffeae,  Growing of marigolg as repellant crop in between banana rows Melodogyne incognita, Heterodera oryzicola,  Application of neem cake @ 500 g/plant along with any one of the Hlicotylenchus spp.) bioagents like Trichoderma virde orPacilomyces lilacinus orPseudomonas fluorescens @ 20 g/ plant.  Biological:Application of talc based bio-pesticide (pre-multiplied with FYM or vermicompost) containing Trichoderma, Pseudomonas and Bacillus like Biozin-PTB @ 3 kg/plnat at time of planting and again 3 month after planting. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 373 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 12a: CLASS II (MODERATE HAZARD) TECHNICAL GRADE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN THE PESTICIDE Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 374 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 375 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 376 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 377 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 378 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 379 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 380 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 381 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 382 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 383 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 12b: LIST OF RECOMMENDED PESTICIDES AND BANNED PESTICIDES Table 1: List of recommended pesticides Sl. No Name of pesticides Main use Effective against Class as per WHO 79 1. Iprodione F Fungal pathogens Class III 2. Penconazole F Fungal pathogens Class III 3. Malathion, Dust/EC I Insect pests Class III 4. Hexaconazole F Fungal pathogens Class III 5. Chloropyriphos I Insect pests Class III 6. Spinosad I Insect pests Class III 7. Propergite I Insect pests Class III 80 8. Captan F Fungal pathogens Class IV 9. Mancozeb F Fungal pathogens Class IV 10. Propineb F Fungal pathogens Class IV 11. Thiophanate-methyl F Fungal pathogens Class IV 12. Carbendazim F Fungal pathogens Class IV 13. Benomyl F Fungal pathogens Class IV 14. Cholorthalonil F Fungal pathogens Class IV 15. Dimethomorph F Fungal pathogens Class IV Source: WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009 Note: F - Fungicide, I – Insecticide 79 Class III Pesticides are slightly hazardous technical grade active ingredients in Pesticides 80 Class IV Pesticides are unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 384 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Table 2: List of banned pesticides Sl. No Name of pesticides Main use Effective against 1 Phorate I Insect pests 2 Phosphamidon I Insect pests 3 Carbofuran I Insect pests 4 Dichlorvos I Insect pests 5. Edifenphos I Insect pests 6. Monocrotophos I Insect pests 7 Triazophos I Insect pests 8 Zinc phosphide I Insect pests 9 Carbaryl I Insect pests 10 Carbosulfan I Insect pests 11 Copper oxychloride F Fungal pathogens 12 Cymoxanil F Fungal pathogens 13 Cypermethrin I Insect pests 14 Deltamethrin I Insect pests 15 Fipronil I Insect pests 16 Imidacloprid I Insect pests 17 Metalaxyl F Fungal pathogens 18 Profenophos I Insect pests 19 Propiconazole F Fungal pathogens 20 Quinalphos I Insect pests 21 Tebuconazole F Fungal pathogens 22 Tridemorph F Fungal pathogens Source: WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009 Note: F - Fungicide, I – Insecticide Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 385 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 12c: DISPOSAL OF PESTICIDE CONTAINERS AND SAFETY MEASURES FOR PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS 1. DISPOSAL OR MANAGEMENT OF EMPTY CONTAINERS Empty pesticide containers should be treated/ handled as hazardous waste. The guideline given in the Hazardous Waste Management & Handling Rules, 2008 should be adopted. The following are some of the measures for safe disposal of the pesticide containers.  Disposal of containers contaminated with pesticides should be done in a manner consistent with FAO guidelines and with manufacturer's directions  When a pesticide container is empty, it should be washed thoroughly. The washed water should be used as dilutant for diluting the pesticides of same grade.  Washed and emptied containers should be punctured or otherwise rendered unusable for any other purpose. Even apparently empty containers contain pesticide residues that cannot be completely removed and they must, therefore, never be used for any purpose other than storage of the pesticides that they originally contained.  Empty pesticide containers should not be used as storage containers for other materials such as fuel, chemicals and even food or water.  Safe, hazard-free burning of empty pesticide containers could be done based on good understanding of pesticide chemistry, while for safe pesticide container burial requires knowledge of local hydrology as well as of the environmental behavior of pesticides.  Many end users of pesticides do not have such knowledge or cannot apply it to their particular circumstances. It is, therefore, strongly recommended that the burying or burning of pesticide-related waste and empty containers be discouraged rather than, as happens at present, encouraged.  Whenever possible, empty pesticide containers should be returned to the distributor or taken to an approved collection scheme. If no facilities exist for the return or safe disposal of empty pesticide containers and unwanted or unusable pesticides, end users should lobby pesticide distributors, local authorities and agricultural advisers to establish schemes. The aim should be to remove potentially hazardous waste pesticides and empty containers from users and pass them on to competent authorities who have the resources to deal with them safely. 2. SAFETY MEASURES FOR PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS  Always read label before using any insecticide or pesticide  Use only target specific insecticides or pesticides which have minimum effects on non-targeting organisms (i.eother animals, insects, birds etc.,).  Use insecticides or pesticides only when they are necessary. Use chemical control as your last option. First try to use other types of control methods like cultural control, mechanical control, physical control, biological control and genetic control. Always use chemical control in the last.  Always use gloves, full covering cloths, closed shoes and mask before applying any type of chemical.  Use only the recommended dose which is present on the label of the product. Never use dose higher or lower than the recommended dose.  Always apply insecticides or pesticides in the direction of the wind and never spray opposite to the direction of wind because all chemical will shower or fall on you if you apply chemical Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 386 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework  Use only those insecticides which are degradable in normal temperature.  Avoid chemicals which are highly persistence because these will store in the food items and when someone eats these food items they will cause toxicity.  Never smell any insecticide or pesticide because it is very dangerous for health.  Use vegetables or food items at least after 15 days of spray or chemical application.  Keep chemicals (insecticides or pesticides) away from the reach of children.  If unfortunately any toxicity caused by chemical then immediately contacts your doctor and remember to take the bottle of pesticide or insecticide with yourself because it is very essential. Doctor will suggest you proper treatment only after reading the label of the bottle.  Try to use new chemistry insecticides because these are comparatively safe as compared to conventional insecticides.  Always remember using insecticides without proper safety measures is extremely dangerous and it may even cause death. Always keep in mind the precautionary measures before using any chemical. 1.2. EMERGENCY MEASURES IN CASE OF PESTICIDES POISONING 1.2.1 Signs and Symptoms of Poisoning Poisonings due to pesticides are usually acute and result from extensive skin contact or ingestion. Signs and symptoms vary with the type of pesticide and can sometimes be confused with those of other illnesses. 1.2.2 Indications of Pesticide Poisoning  General: extreme weakness and fatigue. Skin: irritation, burning sensation, excessive sweating, staining.  Eyes: itching, burning sensation, watering, difficult or blurred vision, narrowed or widened pupils.  Digestivesystem: burning sensation in mouth and throat, excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea.  Nervoussystem: headaches, dizziness, confusion, restlessness, muscle twitching, staggering gait, slurred speech, fits, unconsciousness.  Respiratorysystem: Cough chest pain and tightness, difficulty with breathing, wheezing. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 387 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 13 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 388 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework ANNEXURE 13: Monitoring Checklists - Project Activities Basic Information 79. Name of Project: Village : Cluster: Block : District: Type of the Project : 1. New 2. Enhancement of Existing activities 3. Other Total Area : Name of Monitor‘s : Name of Supervisor : Level of Monitoring:  Village Level : 100% Sample area should be monitored  Cluster level : 50% Sample area should be monitored  District level : 25% Sample area should be monitored Parameter Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsibility Supervision Soil Quality Area treated with organic manure 2 times in a Contractor (during Supervise by (nutrient) used year (specially project Environmental on time of construction) Expert of DLCC and Number of improved compost sowing crop) randomly checked by units (pit, vermicomposting etc.,) Environmental Dedicated Ratio of N:P:K use Safeguard Specialist Extension Officer from OPIU Percentage of farmer using (project operation) Organic Mulching Water Quality Water Quality Monitoring as per Two times a Contractor (during Supervise by the IS:2296 (Class C). year project Environmental construction) Expert of DLCC and Key parameters that has to be randomly checked by monitored includes pH, BOD, Environmental COD, DO Dedicated Safeguard Specialist coliform count, total suspended Extension Officer from OPIU solids, total dissolved solids, Iron, (project operation) etc Air Quality Key parameters that are to be Once in a year Contractor (during Supervise by monitored includes Sulphur project Environmental Dioxide construction) Expert of DLCC and (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX), randomly checked by Carbon Monoxide (CO), Environmental Dedicated Particulate Safeguard Specialist Extension Officer from OPIU matter (PM10 & PM2.5) (refer (project operation) National Ambient Air Quality Standards) Noise Quality Parameters as specified in the Occasionally to Contractor (during Supervise by Ambient Noise Quality standards hotspot areas project Environmental construction) Expert of DLCC and randomly checked by Environmental Dedicated Safeguard Specialist Extension Officer from OPIU (project operation) Construction % of tree actually planted with After completion Contractor and Supervise by related respect to Compensatory of construction Dedicated Environmental afforestation work Extension Officer Expert of DLCC and randomly checked by % of area restored after the Environmental completion of construction Safeguard Specialist from OPIU Pesticides/insectici Amount of pesticides used (to 4 times (season Dedicated Supervise by ensure if it‘s used as indicated in wise describe Environmental Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 389 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Parameter Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsibility Supervision des the the usage) Extension Officer Expert of DLCC and Integrated Pest Management randomly checked by Plan) Environmental Safeguard Specialist Expenditure on chemical from OPIU pesticides % of farmer procured pesticide from licensed vendor % of farmer use bio fertilizer technique Soil and Water % Area treated with soil moisture 2 times (rabi Dedicated Supervise by conservation conservation practices and kharif Extension Officer Environmental season) Expert of DLCC and Area under drip or sprinkler randomly checked by irrigation Environmental Area under crop rotation Safeguard Specialist from OPIU Area under intercrops Groundwater level Number of percolation/recharge Two times Dedicated Supervise by pits (season wise Extension Officer Environmental describe the Expert of DLCC and Number of water harvesting usage) randomly checked by structures Environmental % fluctuation in water table Safeguard Specialist from OPIU Shifting Cultivation Area coverage under shifting Once in a year Dedicated Supervise by cultivation Extension Officer Environmental Expert of DLCC and Productivity randomly checked by Soil nutrient status Environmental Safeguard Specialist Soil moisture content from OPIU Area coverage under sustainable shifting cultivation Agriculture % of area where crop has been Once in a year Dedicated Supervise by chosen as per climate and soil Extension Officer Environmental suitability Expert of DLCC and randomly checked by % of area using verities of Environmental recommended crop Safeguard Specialist % of farmer attended training for from OPIU IPM Livestock Percentage of livestock that is Once in a year Dedicated Supervise by stall-fed Extension Officer Environmental Expert of DLCC and Percentage increase in livestock randomly checked by health care through vaccination Environmental percentage breed improvement Safeguard Specialist through artificial insemination (AI) from OPIU Livestock farm Production/area % of area managing livestock waste in suitable manner (as prescribed in the guideline) Availability of Area under fodder cultivation Once in a year Dedicated Supervise by green and dry Extension Officer Environmental Area under pasture fodder Expert of DLCC and development/protection randomly checked by Number of chaff-cutters Environmental Safeguard Specialist from OPIU Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 390 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Parameter Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsibility Supervision Fish % of farmer culturing indigenous Twice a year Dedicated Supervise by species Extension Officer Environmental Expert of DLCC and Production / area randomly checked by % farmer culturing high yield Environmental variety ( to inspect the Safeguard Specialist introduction of exotic species) from OPIU No of Beel managing their system as per State Beel development Committe % of farmer using good quality feed for fish Sericulture % sufficiency of Fodder plant for Twice a year Dedicated Supervise by Worm Extension Officer Environmental Expert of DLCC and % of farmer using suitable waste randomly checked by management method Environmental % of farmer having better health Safeguard Specialist after good worm rearing practice from OPIU as per given in EMF Wild Life % of farmer trained in Natural Once in a year Dedicated Supervise by movement habitat management Training plan Extension Officer Environmental Expert of DLCC and No of cases resolved by farmer randomly checked by after getting training Environmental Safeguard Specialist from OPIU Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 391 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 14 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 392 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annexure 14: Selection of Climate Resilient Crop Varieties/ Suitable Crops Varieties (Cereals, Pulses, Fruits and Vegetables) 1. Agro climatic Zone Sl. No Name of Agro climatic Zone Districts Cachar 1. Barak Valley Zone (B) Hailakandi Karimganj Marigaon 2. Central Brahmaputra Valley Zone (C) Nowgoan KarbiAnglong 3. Hills Temperate Zone (H) N.C. Hills Barpeta Bongaigaon Dhubri 4. Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone (L) Goalpara Kamrup Kokrajhar Nalbari Darrang Dhemaji 5. North Bank Plain Zone (N) Lakhimpur Sonitpur Dibrugarh Golaghat 6. Upper Brahmaputra Valley Zone (U) Jorhat Sivasagar Tinsukia 2. Recommendation for paddy in flood affected areas Climatic Condition Recommended Verieties In occasionally flood affected areas if flood  Kushal, IET-6666, Pankaj, Biraj, AnderwSali, Solpona, Gitesh and recedes early and rice can be transplanted by Prasadbhog. mid-August In chronically flood affected areas where flood  Andrew Sali, Biraj, Monohar Sali, Kmj-1-19-1, Luit, Kapilee, Dum is expected to recede by the last part of August Sali, Gitesh and Prafulla should be selected. In absence of these any traditional sensitive coarse grain sali variety can be used. In areas where transplanting is not possible  Extra early varieties such as Luit, Kapilee, Culture-1, Heera and before mid-September Disang should be selected. Source: Based on study of Agricultural Department Assam 3. Rice (Oryza sativa ) Normal Ahu (Autumn rice) (Direct seeded) Agro climatic zone wise Varieties of Rice and their maturation period *Agro-climatic Duration Av. Plant Varieties zone (days) height (cm) A. **Semi dwarf Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 393 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework *Agro-climatic Duration Av. Plant Varieties zone (days) height (cm) Govind U,C,L,B,H 105-100 95 ***IR-50 U,C,L,B,H 105-110 85 Rasi N,U,L,H 110-115 90 IR-36 N,C,L,H 110-120 85 B. Tall Banglami N,L 115-120 100-140 Rangadoria N,C,L 115-120 -do- Ahu joha N,U,L 110-120 -do- Maibee H 90-100 -do- Dimroo H 90-100 -do- *** Not recommended for blast endemic areas. a. Varieties recommended (for direct seeded, rainfed upland/Jhum land situations of Hills Zone only): Fertilizer Grain Sowing Duration Reaction to insect Variety (N:P:K) Yield time (days) pests & diseases dose (kg/ha) (t/ha) Maizu April- 115 20:10:10 2.7 Moderately resistant to blast and BLB and Biron May durable field resistance to stem borer, leaf folder, case worm and rice bug Inglongkiri -do- 110 -do- 3.4 Resistant to blast and moderately resistant to stem borer, case worm and leaf folder Dehangi -do- 115 -do- 3.3 -do- Land selection: Areas having surface soil with medium to sandy texture overlying a silty clayey sub-soil should preferably be selected 4. Rice (Oryza sativa) Sali rice (Winter rice) *Agro-climatic Duration Sowing Avg. plant Varieties zone (days) time height(cm) A. Transplanted normal Sali : i) Semi dwarf IR-36 U,C 110-125 July 85 Jaya N,U,C,L 125-130 do 105 Pankaj N,U,C,L,B,H 145-150 do 110 Lakhimi N,U,C,L,B 140-150 do 135 Bahadur N,U,C,L,B,H 150-155 June 114 Piolee N,U,C,L,B,H 150-155 do 102 Kushal N,U,C,L,B,H 150-155 do 116 Moniram N,U,C,L,B,H 150-155 do 105 Ranjit N,U,C,L,B,H 150-155 do 102 Kmj 10-2-2 B 150-155 do 102 TTB 101-15 B 150-155 do 102 ii) Glutinous : Rangalee N,U,C,B 160-165 June 135 Bhogalee N,U,C,B 155-160 June 99 Kmj 3-144 B 155-160 June 105 Aghoni N,U,C,B 160-165 June 105 iii) Multiple cropping : Satya N,U,L,B 130-135 do 113 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 394 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework *Agro-climatic Duration Sowing Avg. plant Varieties zone (days) time height(cm) Basundhara N,U,C,L 130-133 do 107 iv) Tall : Monoharsali N,U,C,L,B,H 155-160 do 130-140 Mahsuri N,U,C,L,B,H 140-145 Mid June 130 Swarnaprova U,B 115-120 July 135 v) Scented Rice Ketekijaha N,U,C,B 155-165 June 100-140 B. Post flood transplanted (late Sali) : Manohar Sali N,U,C,L,B - Mid Jul to 130 1st week of Aug. Biraj U - do 120 Andrewasali U,B - do 130 Solpona N - do 130-140 Prasad bhog N - do do Govindabahog N - do do Kmj-1-19-1 L - July do C. Direct Seeded late Sali : Sonamukhi H 85-95 Mid July to do st 1 week of August Luit N,U,C,L,B 90-95 do do Kapilee N,U,C,L,B 90-95 do do Dishang N,U,C,L,B 90-95 do do Source: Based on study of Agricultural Department Assam A. RICE VARIETIES SUITABLE FOR STAGGERED PLANTING IN SALI SEASON WITH AGEDSEEDLINGS Plant Agro- Duration Sowing Transplanting Age of Yield Disease Variety height Climatic (days) time time seedlings (t/ha) reaction (cm) zone Prafulla 134 150-160 June July-Sep 30-75 4.5-5.0 All except R to Sheath rot, Hills zone MR to blast & BLB,S to sheath blight Gitesh 130 150-160 June July-Aug 30-60 5-5.5 All except R to Sheath rot, Hills zone MR to blast, T to BLB, S to sheath blight Varieties with plant height more than 130cm are considered as tall varieties Source: Based on study of Agricultural Department Assam B. SUBMERGENCE TOLERANT RICE VARIETIES FOR RAINFED, LOWLAND FLASH FLOOD SITUATION Plant Agro- Duration Sowing Transplanting Age of Yield Disease Variety height climatic (days) Time time seedlings (t/ha) reaction (cm) zone Jalashree 133 150-155 June July 30-35 4.0 All except T to BLB & L& H sheath blight MR to blast Jalkunwari 138 150-155 June July 30-35 4.0 All except L -do- &H Source: Based on study of Agricultural Department Assam Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 395 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework C. RICE VARIETIES FOR LOW INPUT SITUATION: Fertilizer *Agro- Duration Grain Sowing (N:P:K) climatic Variety Yield Reaction to insect pests Time (days) dose diseases (t/ha) (kg/ha) zone Gandhari June 125 20:10:10 4.2 C R to blast, BLB, stem borer & (JR 1) 15-30 rice bug;; MR to sheath blight; MS to leaf folder Mohan (JR 5) -do- 126 -do- 4.1 C R to blast, stem borer & rice bug; MR to sheath blight; MS to leaf folder Srimanta -do- 138 20:10:10 4.4 U,C,H R to blast, stem borer; MR to (JR 2) 40:20:20 5.1 BLB & sheath blight; MS to leaf folder Bharati -do- 138 20:10:10 4.1 U,C,H R to blast, BLB & rice bug; (JR 7) 40:20:20 4.8 MR to sheath blight & stem borer; MS to leaf folder Source: Based on study of Agricultural Department Assam D. NEW RICE VARIETIES RECOMMENDED FOR DIFFERENT SITUATIONS Duration Yield Zone for which Variety Adaptation Disease & pest reaction (days) (t/ha) recommended Shraboni 135 5.00 Sali Moderately resistant to sheath rot, All Zones (TTB 404) neck blast & RTD and moderately resistant to GLH, PH & stem borer. Mulagabhoru 135 4.60 Sali in multiple Tolerant to blast, brown spot & All Zones (TTB103-21-1) cropping situation sheath blight TTB 303-18-3 138 4.76 Sali with Resistant to brown spot; MR to UBVZ, NBPZ, (Chakra lahi) waterlogged blast & BLB; tolerant to sheath LBVZ & BVZ situation up to 50 cm blight & stem borer TTB 303-2-23 137 5.11 Sali with MR to blast, brown spot, BLB & UBVZ, NBPZ, (Diphalu) waterlogged Sheath blight; tolerant to stem LBVZ & BVZ situation up to 50 cm borer TTB 303-1-42 139 4.84 Sali with MR to brown spot & sheath blight; UBVZ, NBPZ, (Dhansiri) waterlogged tolerant to blast, BLB& stem borer. LBVZ & BVZ situation (up to 50 cm) TTB 303-1-26 138 4.66 Sali with - UBVZ, NBPZ, (Manah) waterlogged LBVZ & BVZ situation (up to 50 cm) Swarna Sub1 (IR 4.5-5.0 Survives up to 12 - 82809-237) days of complete submergence BR 11 Sub1 150 4.5-5.0 Submergence - tolerance for 10-12 days (Flash flood situation) Source: Based on study of Agricultural Department Assam E. RICE HYBRIDS RECOMMENDED Zone for which Grain yield Rice Variety Adaptation Disease & pest reaction recommended (t/ha) UBVZ, NBPZ & Resistant to blast, GM; moderately NK 5251 Kharif 5.19 LBVZ resistant to SB Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 396 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Zone for which Grain yield Rice Variety Adaptation Disease & pest reaction recommended (t/ha) UBVZ, NBPZ & Resistant to BL; moderately resistant to DRRH 2 Kharif 5.00 LBVZ BS & SB UBVZ, NBPZ & CRHR 5 Kharif 6.10 Moderately resistant to BL, BLB & SB LBVZ UBVZ, NBPZ & PAC 835 Kharif 5.83 Moderately resistant to BL, BLB & SB LBVZ UBVZ, NBPZ & Resistance to blast, GM; moderately US 312 Kharif 5.90 LBVZ resistant to SB UBVZ, NBPZ & Resistance to GM and BLB; moderately PA 6444 Gold Kharif 5.80 LBVZ resistance to Source: Based on study of Agricultural Department Assam 5. Rice (Oryza sativa) Bao Rice (Deep Water Rice) Varieties *Agro-climatic zones Maguri N,U,C Panikekua N,U **Padmapani N (PJNB) Panindra N (PJNB) Padmanath N Rayada 16-06 N Amona U Negheri U,C,L Kakua C,L Salibadal B Dholabadal B A. DEEPWATER RICE VARIETIES RECOMMENDED Variety Duration Yield (t/ha) Adaptation LPR 106 (Panchanan) 186 (T), 240 (DS) 3.0 Deepwater (50-100 cm water depth) KDML 105 [Padumani] 180 (T), 230 (DS) 2.6 Deepwater (50-100 cm water depth) 6. Rice (Oryza sativa) Boro Rice #Agro– Average Sowing Planting Harvesting *Duration Variety climatic yield time time time (Days) Zone (t/ha) Boro 1 Nov. Dec./Jan. Apr./May 150 N,U,C,L,B 3.0 Boro 2 Nov. Dec./Jan. May 165 N,U,C,L,B 3.0 Culture 1 Nov. Dec./Jan. Mid April 140-145 N,L,B 2.0 Kalinga 3 Nov. Dec./Jan. Mid May 175 U,L 3.0 Krishna Nov. Dec./Jan. April 145-155 B 3.5 **Mahsuri Oct. Nov./Dec. May 180-190 N,U,C,L 4.0 **IR-50 Nov./Dec. Dec./Jan. Apr./May 155-160 C,B 3.0 Cauvery Nov./Dec. Dec./Jan. Apr./May 150-155 B 3.0 Banglami Nov./Dec. Dec./Jan. Apr./May 155-160 B 3.5 Joymati Nov./Dec. Dec./Jan. May/Jun. 175 C,L 5.1 Bishnuprasad Nov./Dec. Dec./Jan. Apr. 165 All zones 4.5 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 397 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework #Agro– Average Sowing Planting Harvesting *Duration Variety climatic yield time time time (Days) Zone (t/ha) Jyotiprasad Nov./Dec. Dec./Jan. Apr. 165 All zones 4.5 Dinanath Nov Dec./Jan. Apr./May 160-165 N,U,C, 6.28 L,B Swarnabh Nov Dec./Jan. Apr./May 160-165 N,U,C, 6.16 L,B Kanaklata Dec Jan-Feb May/June 165-175 U,C,L, B 5.0-5.5 Source: Based on study of Agricultural Department Assam A. VARIETIES: HYBRID BORO RICE Variety Duration (days) Yield (t/ha) Pro Agro 6444 170-175 7.5 DRRH 1 165-170 7.1 KRH 2 175-180 6.0 Source: Based on study of Agricultural Department Assam B. NEWLY RECOMMENDED HYBRIDS UBVZ, LBVZ, HZ & Resistance to Blast; MR to RTV & BS; PAC 837 Boro 6-7 CBVZ tolerant to GLH UBVZ, LBVZ, HZ & MR to BS, BLB & Sheath Blight; tolerant Arize 6129 Boro 6-7 CBVZ to blast & SB 7. Rice (Oryza sativa) Early Ahu (Direct Seeded) #Agroclimatic Duration #Reaction Varieties zone (days) to blast A. Semi Dwarf IR50* U,C 110-120 S Bala N 110-120 T DR92(Subhadra) N 115-125 S Pusa 2-21* N,U,C,L 120-125 S Cauvery L 115-120 T Rasi N,U,L 125-130 T IR36 120-130 - Culture 1 (Kalinga 3) N,U,C,L 90-100 T Luit N,U,C,L 95-100 T Kapilee N,U,C,L 95-100 T B. Tall Ch63 N,C 120-130 T Banglami N,L 115-120 S Rangadoria N,U 115-120 S Dubaichenga N,U 115-120 S Ahujaha N 110-120 S Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 398 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework #Agroclimatic Duration #Reaction Varieties zone (days) to blast Dagaranga N 85-95 S Kalasopila C - - Ihajit C - - Panjasali C,L 110-115 S Fapori ahu C - - Koijapori L 95-105 S Hasakumra L 80-85 - Guni L 80-85 S Kolamanik L 115-120 S Koimurali B 95-100 - Nilajee U,L - S HarinKajali L 115-120 - Source: Based on study of Agricultural Department Assam A. NEWLY RECOMMENDED VARIETY: Plant Age of *Agro- Duration Sowing Transplanting Yield Disease Variety height seedlings climatic (days) time time (q/ha) reaction (cm) (days) Zone MS to blast & sheath U,C, rot, and T to BLB & Kanaklata 125 130-135 February March 25-30 40-45 L,B sheath Blight Source: Based on study of Agricultural Department Assam 8. Rice (Oryza sativa)Transplanted Early Ahu #Agro climatic Duration** Grain Reaction Varieties zone (days) character to blast A. Semi dwarf Pusa2-21* N,U,C,L,H 125-130 Short bold S Rasi N,U,C,L,H 130-135 Medium slender T Saket-4 N,U,C,L,B 125-130 Long slender S IR-50* N,U,C,B 115-125 Long slender S Govind N,U,B 115-125 Long slender T DR- 92 (Subhadra) L,B 120-130 Long bold S IR-36 C,L,B 125-135 Long slender T Cauvery L,B 120-125 Short bold T Ratna N,L,B 125-130 Long slender T Krishna C,B 130-135 Medium slender - Jaya N,U,C,B,H 140-145 Long bold - IR-8 U,C,B,H 140-145 Long bold - Culture 1 U,C,L,B 100-105 Long slender T Luit U,C,L,B 100-105 Long slender T Kapilee U,C,L,B 100-105 Long slender T B. Tall Panjasail C,L 115-125 S Koijapori L 95-105 S Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 399 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework #Agro climatic Duration** Grain Reaction Varieties zone (days) character to blast Laujuli L 115-120 S Hasakumra L 80-85 Source: Based on study of Agricultural Department Assam 9. Maize (Zea mays) Recommended Varieties: Duration Varieties Special features Potential yield (q/ha) (days) Hybrid: Ganga 5 110-120 - 48 Hi-starch 130-140 High starch content 45-50 Vivek Maize Hybrid 47 - - - Vivek Maize Hybrid 53 - - - Bio 9544 - - - Composite: NLD 110-120 - 45-50 Dhawal 110-120 - 48 Naviot 90-100 - 48 Diara 85-90 Suitable for flood prone areas 25-30 Note: i) Seed from hybrid maize should not be kept as the crop deteriorates due to segregation. The seeds from composite can be used for three to four years without much deterioration in yield. ii) All the above varieties are drought tolerant and resistant to most of the diseases to a fair degree. iii) Excepting Diara, all other varieties/hybrids are suitable for all the zones except Barak Valley Zone. 10. Rapeseed – Mustard (Brassica campestris), (Brassica juncea) Recommended Varieties: Varieties #Agro-climatic zone Duration (days) Yield (q/ha) Oil content (%) Rapeseed: (Toria) TS-38 All zones 90-95 10-12 41-44 M-27 All zones 90-95 10-12 44.6 TS-29 All zones 85-90 10-12 44.0 TS-36 All zones 90-95 10-12 41-43 Mustard: TM-2 U,C,L,H 105-115 12-16 36-40 TM-4 U,C,L 105-115 12-16 36-40 Varuna L,H 110-120 12-16 37-40 Source: Assam Agricultural University Newly Recommended Rapeseed or Toria Varieties Seed Oil Duration Recommended Verities yield Adaptation Disease & pest reaction content Remarks (days) for (q/ha) (%) Rabi; delayed Moderately Susceptible to JT 90-1 All zones except Suitable for 89 6.97 sowing in rice Alternaria blight (leaves and 43 (Jeuti) Hills Zone & BVZ late sowing fallow pods show symptoms); Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 400 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework moderately susceptible in case of incidence of aphids and sawfly All zones except Suitable for TS 46 94 9.06 Rabi - Hills Zone & BVZ late sowing All zones except Suitable for TS 67 90 7.01 Rabi - 42 Hills Zone & BVZ late sowing Source: Assam Agricultural University Indian mustard varieties newly recommended Verities Duration (days) Seed yield (q/ha) Adaptation Recommended for Oil content (%) PM 26 107 12-14 Rabi All zones except BVZ and Hills Zone 40.32 PM 27 107 13.44 Rabi All zones except BVZ & Hills Zone 43.03 Source: Assam Agricultural University 11. Agriculture /Horticulture Variety and suitable site for cropping a. Banana (Musa spp) Site suitability: Well drained friable loamy soil with adequate organic matter is ideal. Planting: Planting is generally done in pits. Double planting (2 plants/pit) with a spacing of 1.8 m x 1.8 m for Jahaji gives higher yield. Time of planting: March – May Weeding: Grow one crop of cowpea and incorporation in soil followed by hand weeding at 30 days interval upto shoot stage. Varieties: Dwarf Jahaji (Dwarf Cavendish) Medium tall Chenichampa, Malbhog and Bar Jahaji Tall Pura Kal, Manohar, Jati and Bhimkal b. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Recommended Variety Rio-de-Geneiro, Nadia, Karkai, Bardwan, Moran and Jorhat Soil: Well drained medium loam. Planting Time: March-April Spacing: 25 cm x 15x 10 cm (Row to Row x Plant to Plant) to be planted in shallow pit. c. Vegetable (Onion, Potato, Tomato, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Brinjal, Pumpkin) i. Onion Variety : Pusa Red, PusaRatnar, Pusa White (Round), Pusa white (Flat), N-53, Agrifound Light Red, Punjab Red Round, PusaMadhuri, ArkaNiketan. Soil Well drained sandy loam to silty loan rich in organic matter with pH5.5-6.5. Sowing time Last week of September – mid October. For Hills Zone: Transplanting of seedlings should be done in the last week of October (25 th October). ii. Tomato Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 401 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Variety: Characteristics to Environment and Sensitivity Punjab Chhuhara: Suitable for distant transport and processing. S-12 Suitable for growing in the plains for fresh marketing (table purpose). no fruit cracking, moderate incidence of late blight and fruit borer, susceptible to root- Punjab Kesri knot nematode, less suitable for processing Pusa Early Dwarf --- Sioux good for short distance market and suitable for hilly region Withstands hot and humid climate, good for fresh market and for marking ketchup; Pusa Ruby tolerant to excess rain. ArkaAbha (BWR-1) Resistant to bacterial wilt. ArkaAlok (BWR-5) Resistant to bacterial wilt. BT-1 High yielder, tolerant to bacterial wilt Time of Sowing: October – November. Suitable Soil Type: Well drained sandy loam rich in organic matter with pH 5.0-7 would be a good soil condition for tomato cropping. iii. Cabbage Variety Maturity Days Golden Acre early maturity (60-70 days) Pride of India early maturity (60-70 days) PusaMukta maturity 65 days Resistant to Black Rot Drum Head late maturity (80-100 days), Soil Condition: Well drained sandy loam with pH 5.5-6.5 would be suitable. Time of Sowing: First week of September to last week of November iv. Cauliflower Variety Maturity Days Sowing time Early Kunwari Tends to grow loose faster, From mid-July to first week of August PusaKatki Early maturity (60-70 days) (Matures by October). PusaDeepali Maturity 100-120 days Improved Japanese Maturity 90-95 days Mid: From first week of September to last Pusa Synthetic Maturity 130 days week of October (Matures by Dec - Pusa Snowball January). Snowball-16 Maturity 90 days Up to first week of November (Matures Pusa Snowball K1: resistant to by Feb - March). Maturity 90-95 days, black rot. Soil Condition: Well drained sandy loam for early and well drained loam to clay loam for mid and late varieties. Optimum pH- 6.0-7.0 would be suitable. v. Brinjal Variety Characteristics Pusa Purple Long Maturity 100-110 days. Relatively resistant to bacterial wilt and little leaf Pusa Purple Cluster Maturity 75 days disease. Pusa Purple Round: Resistant to shoot borer and little leaf disease Kuchia Tolerant to fruit and shoot borer. BB–7 Tolerant to bacterial wilt. Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 402 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework BWR–34 Tolerant to bacterial wilt. Pant Samrat Resistant to fruit and shoot borer and bacterial wilt JC-1: Maturity 130 days No incidence of little leaf and wilt, phomopsis and fruit JC-2: Maturity 120 days borer infestation moderate. (Good for Hilly Zone) Soil: Well drained rich sandy loam for early and silt loam to clay loam for late crop. pH 5.5 – 7.0 is ideal First week of September to October for winter crop and January to February for spring crop. vi. Pumpkin Variety Characteristics Highly resistant to fruit fly and rich in vitamin C, Arka Suryamukhi Maturity 100 days, keeping and transport qualities are good. Rich in vitamin A, cooking and keeping qualities are Arka Chandan Maturity 120 days good Soil: Well drained sandy to moderately heavy soil rich in organic matter with pH 6.0-6.5. Sowing time: January – April (For summer harvest), Sept. – October (For spring harvest). vii. Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) *Varieties Duration (days) Reaction to diseases KufriChandramukhi 80-100 Leaf roll & KufriJyot 110-120 Late blight KufriSindhuri 110-12 Moderately Tolerant *KufriMegha 100-120 Late blight Soil Type: Well drained sandy loam and loam soils, rich in organic matter are suitable. A pulse crop should preferably be included in the rotation to improve the soil condition. Planting time: The optimum time for planting is mid-October to mid-November. In case of KufriSindhuri planting may be extended up to middle of December. *Potato variety KufriMegha can be grown late (up to Mid-December) in Upper Brahmaputra Valley Zone. 12. Lentil (Lens culinaris) Recommended Varieties Plant type Maturity (days) Yield (q/ha) B-77 Erect, 110-120 8 –12 L-9-12 Erect, 120-130 8 –12 PL 406 Branched 120-125 10-12 PL 81-4 Branched 120-125 11-13 Newly recommended Lentil varieties Protein Duration Yield Zone for which Verities Disease reaction content Adaptation (days) (q/ha) recommended (%) HUL 57 (Small Resistant to rust CBVZ, LBVZ & 1. Rabi season Seeded Lentil 112-115 12.26 of Assam & tolerant to wilt UBVZ Variety) AxomMasur 1 Moderately 115-120 10.65 27.60 Rabi season of Assam (SL 2-24) resistant to wilt AxomMasur 2 Moderately 115-120 26.90 Rabi season of Assam (SL 2-28) resistant to wilt Soil type : Loam or silty loam is preferable. Time of Sowing : Mid October to mid-November. 13. Black gram (Vigna mungo) Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 403 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Grain yield Recommended Varieties Duration(days) Reaction to diseases (q/ha) T9 80-90 10-12 Tolerant to MYMV andCercosporaleaf spot T 27 80-90 10-12 -do- Pant U 19 80-95 10-12 -do- T 122 80-90 10-12 Susceptible to MYMV andCercosporaleaf spot #Saoniamah (SB 121) 70-80 10-12 -do- KU 301 80-90 13-15 Resistant to Cercospora leaf spot and YMV USJD113 80-90 13-15 -do- th New Recommended Varieties for delayed sowing upto 30 September Beki (SB 27-3) 80-85 12-13 Resistant to CLS, YMV and WB Kolong (SB 25-19) 80-85 12-13 Resistant to CLS, YMV and WB. New black gram varieties recommended for normal sowing **Sonkush (SB 23-5) 80-90 9.17 Resistant to CLS, YMV and WB Manas (SB 32-13) 80-90 10.00 Resistant to CLS, YMV and WB SBC 40 75-85 11.89 Resistant to CLS & YMV, moderately resistant to WB *SBC 47 75-80 14-16 Resistant to CLS and YMV Sowing Time:Mid-August to mid-September; Summer Black Gram: The optimum time for sowing summer black gram is from mid-February to March Soil Type: Black gram can be grown on a wide range of soils, but sandy loam soil is preferable *Suitable for all zones, except Saoniamah, which is recommended for Central Brahmaputra Valley Zone only . ** Suitable for Kharif Season under delayed sowing #Saoniamah: Mid July to mid-August 14. Pea (Pisum sativum) Yield Varieties Maturity (days) Other characters (q/ha) T-163 110-120 10-11 Susceptible to powdery mildew and fusarium root rot. Boneville 100-120 10-12 Susceptible to powdery mildew and fusarium root rot. HUP-2 115-125 13-15 Resistant to powdery mildew and downy mildew. KFPD 1 100-105 18-20 Susceptible to powdery mildew but escapes the disease because of earliness Rachna 120-125 10-12 Almost similar to T-163, tolerant to powdery mildew *FP-255 108 11.49 Moderately resistant to rust Soil Type: Peas can be grown on variety of soils; well drained light soils are suitable. Time of Sowing: The optimum time of sowing is mid-October. *Suitable for Hill zone Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 404 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Annex 15 Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 405 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework E 15: FOOD SAFETY QUALITY STANDARDS Sl.n Produc International standard and its Key features of the standard Reference o. ts scope 1. Paddy Codex standard for rice  General and specific (Extraneous http://www.fao.o Codex stan 198-1995 matter, Filt, Other organic rg/fao-who- extraneous matter, Inorganic codexalimentari 80. This standard applies to husked rice, extraneous matter) quality factors of us/sh- milled rice, and parboiled rice, all for rice proxy/ru/?lnk=1 direct human consumption; i.e., ready  Contaminants like heavy metal, &url=https%253 for its intended use as human food, pesticide residues. A%252F%252F presented in packaged form or sold  Hygienic production and handling workspace.fao.o loose from the package directly to the  Packaging with maintenance of the rg%252Fsites% consumer. It does not apply to other hygienic, nutritional, technological, 252Fcodex%25 products derived from rice or to and organoleptic qualities of the 2FStandards%2 glutinous rice. food 52FCODEX%2B  Labeling comprising of name of the STAN%2B198- product and labeling of non-retail 1995%252FCX containers. S_198e.pdf 2. Maize CODEX STANDARD FOR MAIZE  General and specific (Moisture www.fao.org/inp (CORN) content, Extraneous matter, Filt, ut/download/sta CODEX STAN 153-1985 (Rev. 1- Toxic or noxious seeds, Other ndards/51/CXS_ 1995) organic extraneous matter, 153e.pdf Inorganic extraneous matter) quality 81. This standard applies to maize (corn) factors of maize 1. for human consumption, i.e., ready  Contaminants like heavy metal, for its intended use as human food, pesticide residues, Mycotoxins presented in packaged form or sold  Hygienic production and handling loose from the package directly to the  Packaging with maintenance of the consumer. This standard specifies hygienic, nutritional, technological, requirements for whole grain shelled and organoleptic qualities of the dent maize, Zea mays indentata L., product and/or shelled flint maize, Zea mays  Labeling comprising of name of the indurata L., or their hybrids. It does product and labeling of non-retail not apply to processed maize. containers. 3. Black CODEX STANDARD FOR CERTAIN  General and specific (Moisture www.fao.org/inp Gram PULSES content, Extraneous matter, Toxic or ut/download/sta and CODEX STAN 171-1989 (Rev. 1- noxious seeds) quality factors of ndards/56/CXS_ Green 1995) pulses 171e.pdf Gram  Contaminants like heavy metal, 82. This Standard applies to the whole, pesticide residues, Mycotoxins shelled or split pulses defined below  Hygienic production and handling which are intended for direct human  Packaging with maintenance of the consumption. The Standard does not hygienic, nutritional, technological, apply to pulses intended for factory and organoleptic qualities of the grading and packaging, industrial product processing, or to those pulses  Labeling comprising of name of the intended for use in the feeding of product and labeling of non-retail animals. containers.  Methods of analysis and sampling 4. Banana CODEX STANDARD FOR  Provisions concerning quality and ftp://ftp.fao.org/c BANANAS classification of bananas odex/Publication CODEX STAN 205-1997, Amd. 1-  Provisions concerning sizing s/Booklets/Fres 2005  Provisions concerning tolerances hFruitsVeg/FFV (quality and size) _2007_EN.pdf 83. This Standard applies to commercial  Provisions concerning presentation varieties of bananas grown from (uniformity, packaging and Musa spp. (AAA), of the Musaceae presentation) family, in the green state, to be  Marking or labelling supplied fresh to the consumer, after  Consumer packages preparation and packaging. Bananas  Nature of produce intended for cooking only (plantains) 84. or for industrial processing are  Non-retail containers Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 406 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl.n Produc International standard and its Key features of the standard Reference o. ts scope excluded.  Identification  Nature of produce  Origin of produce  Commercial identification  Official inspection mark  Contaminants like heavy metal, pesticide residues.  Hygiene production and handling 5. Ginger CODEX STANDARD FOR GINGER  Provisions concerning quality and www.fao.org/inp CODEX STAN 218-1999, Amd. 1- classification of ginger ut/download/sta 2005  Provisions concerning sizing ndards/344/CXS  Provisions concerning tolerances _218e.pdf 85. This Standard applies to the rhizome (quality and size) of commercial varieties of ginger  Provisions concerning presentation grown from Zingiber officinale (uniformity, packaging) Roscoe, of the Zingiber aceae family,  Marking or labelling to be supplied fresh to the consumer,  Consumer packages after preparation and packaging.  Nature of produce Ginger for industrial processing is 86. excluded.  Non-retail containers  Identification  Nature of produce  Origin of produce  Commercial identification  Official inspection mark  Contaminants like heavy metal, pesticide residues  Hygiene production and handling 6. Turmeri  Quality (Whole and Powder) http://agmarknet c Spices Grading and Marking  Grade designation mark .nic.in/spices.pdf Rules, 2005  Method of packing  Method of Marking  They shall apply to following  Special conditions of certificate of spices (whole and powder), authorization namely: 1. Turmeric (Curcuma longaL.) 2. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) 7. Mustard  Essential composition and quality http://www.fao.o factors rg/docrep/004/y Codex Standard for Named  GLC ranges of fatty acid 2774e/y2774e0 Vegetable Oils (CODEX-STAN 210 - composition (expressed as 4.htm 1999) percentages)  Low-erucic acid rapeseed oil  This Standard applies to the  High oleic acid vegetable oils (described in safflower oil Section 2.1 of the standard),  High oleic acid presented in a state for human sunflower oil consumption.  Slip point (palm olein & palm stearin)  Food additives  Flavours  Antioxidants  Antioxidant synergists  Anti-foaming agents (oils for deepfrying)  Contaminants  Heavy metals  Pesticide residues  Hygiene  Labelling  Name of the food Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 407 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl.n Produc International standard and its Key features of the standard Reference o. ts scope  Labelling of non-retail containers  Methods of analysis and sampling  Determination of GLC ranges of fatty acid composition  Determination of slip point  Determination of arsenic  Determination of lead 8. Milk  Primary production www.fao.org/inp CODE OF HYGIENIC PRACTICE  Environmental hygiene ut/download/sta FOR MILK  Hygienic production of milk ndards/10087/C AND MILK PRODUCTS  Areas and premises for XP_057e.pdf CAC/RCP 57-2004 milk production  Animal health  This Code applies to the  General hygienic practice production, processing and (Feeding, Pest control, handling of milk and milk Veterinary drugs) products as defined in the  Hygienic milking General standard for the Use of 87. Dairy Terms (CODEX STAN  Handling, storage and 206-1999). Where milk products transport of milk are referred to in the code it is  Milking equipment understood that this term also  Storage equipment includes composite milk  Premises for, and storage products. The scope of this Code of, milk and milking-related does not extend to the equipment production of raw drinking milk.  Collection, transport and This Code applies to products in delivery procedures and international trade. It may also equipment serve as a basis for national  Documentation and record legislation. keeping  Establishment: design and facilities  Control of operation  Control of food hazards  Hazard identification and evaluation  Control measure selection  Establishment of process criteria 88.  Key aspects of hygiene control systems  Temperature and time controls (Management of products within the plant, Distribution of finished products, Establishment of shelf life)  Specific process steps  Microbiological and other specifications  Microbiological cross contamination  Physical and chemical contamination  Incoming material (other than milk) requirements  Water  Establishment: maintenance and sanitation  Maintenance and cleaning  Cleaning programmes Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 408 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl.n Produc International standard and its Key features of the standard Reference o. ts scope  Establishment: personal hygiene  Transportation  Requirements  Use and maintenance  Product information and consumer awareness- labelling  Training (training programmes) 9. Pork  General principles of meat hygiene http://www.fao.o CODE OF HYGIENIC PRACTICE  Primary production rg/fao-who- FOR MEAT CAC/RCP 58-2005  Principles of meat hygiene codexalimentari applying to primary us/standards/list  The scope of this code covers production -of- hygiene provisions for raw meat,  Hygiene of slaughter animals standards/en/ meat preparations and  Hygiene of feed and feed manufactured meat from the ingredients time of live animal production up  Hygiene of the primary to the point of retail sale. It production environment further develops General  Transport Principles of Food Hygiene in  Presentation of animals for respect of these products. slaughter Where appropriate, the Annex to  Principles of meat hygiene that code (Hazard Analysis and applying to animals Critical Control Point System and presented for slaughter Guidelines for its Application)  Conditions of lairage and the Principles and  Ante-mortem inspection Guidelines for the Establishment  Information on animals and Application of presented for slaughter Microbiological Criteria Related  Establishments: design, facilities to Foods5 are further developed and equipment and applied in the specific  Principles of meat hygiene context of meat hygiene. applying to establishments, facilities and equipment  Design and construction of lairages  Design and construction of slaughter areas  Design and construction of areas where bodies of animals are dressed or meat may otherwise be present  Water supply  Temperature control  Facilities and equipment for personal hygiene  Means of transport  Process control  Principles of meat hygiene applying to process control  Process control systems  Sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOPs)  Outcome-based parameters for process control  Regulatory systems  Quality assurance (qa) systems  General hygiene requirements for process control  Hygiene requirements for parts of animals deemed Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 409 ARIAS Society Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Framework Sl.n Produc International standard and its Key features of the standard Reference o. ts scope unsafe or unsuitable for human consumption  Systems for removing products that are in circulation  Establishments: maintenance and sanitation  Personal hygiene  Transportation  Product information and consumer awareness  Training 10.Fish CODE OF PRACTICE FOR FISH  General ftp://ftp.fao.org/c AND FISHERY PRODUCTS  Site selection odex/Publication CAC/RCP 52-2003  Growing water quality s/Booklets/Pract  Source of fry and fingerlings ice_code_fish/C  AQUACULTURE  Identification of hazards and defects CFFP_2012_EN PRODUCTION  Hazards .pdf  Defects Aquaculture establishments should  Production operations operate in a responsible way such  Feed supply that they comply with the  Veterinary drugs recommendations of the Code of  Growing Conduct for Responsible Fisheries  Harvesting (FAO, Rome, 1995) in order to  Holding and transportation minimize any adverse impact on  Storage and transportation of human health and the environment, live fish including any potential ecological  Live fish stored changes. and transported at ambient temperature  Live fish stored and transported at low temperatures Annex Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 410