GOVERNMENT OF RAJASTHAN INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME 2018 National Institute of Urban Affairs All the recorded data and photographs remains the property of NIUA & The World Bank and cannot be used or replicated without prior written approval. Year of Publishing: 2018 Publisher NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF URBAN AFFAIRS, NEW DELHI Disclaimer While every effort has been made to ensure the correctness of data/ information used in this report, neither the authors nor NIUA accept any legal liability for the accuracy or inferences drawn from the material contained therein or for any consequences arising from the use of this material. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form (electronic or mechanical) without prior permission from NIUA and The World Bank. Depiction of boundaries shown in the maps are not authoritative. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on these maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance. These maps are prepared for visual and cartographic representation of tabular data. Contact National Institute of Urban Affairs 1st and 2nd floor Core 4B, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003 India Website: www.niua.org INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME 2018 GOVERNMENT OF RAJASTHAN National Institute of Urban Affairs Message I am happy to learn that Department of Local Self Government, Government of Rajasthan has initiated "Rajasthan State Heritage Programme" with technical assistance from the World Bank, Cities Alliance and National Institute of Urban Affairs. I understand that the World bank, Cities Alliance and National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi have international experience and knowledge of the subject and the state government shall be highly benefitted with this knowledge and experience sharing. Technical team of the National Institute of Urban Affairs in consultation with the department have identified almost 50 historic towns and cities dotted across the entire state with an intention of guiding their inclusive development based on Heritage-led Urban Revitalisation process. Smt. Vasundhara Raje Hon'ble Chief Minister, Government of Rajasthan The state is rich in both tangible and intangible heritage and has tremendous potential in its excellent heritage precincts, buildings, art and craft forms, music, culture and traditional communities. Heritage and Tourism have the potential to become large contributors to the GDP of the state while simultaneously providing employment opportunities specially to the local youth and women for their economic growth. Looking to the above fact, Government of Rajasthan, during the last 5 decades has taken lot of important initiatives through various policy interventions and also led to the promotion and increase in related employment opportunities. As we lay the foundation for deeper engagement of our rich history and culture, I believe that the outcomes of this programme will certainly bring positive impact for generations to come and help the Government in realising its vision. Since this is for the first time that such a comprehensive document is being prepared, I am confident that this will be a helpful guide for all the stakeholders and concerned departments for preparing their strategies. My best wishes are with the team. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 III Message I am delighted that Department of Local Self Government has initiated a very important initiative for the revitalisation of heritage towns and cities of our state through "Rajasthan State Heritage Programme". The state of Rajasthan has an unique identity of having almost 50 of the 191 towns and cities as “Heritage” assets. These towns and cities vary in typology across the spectrum of urbanization, resulting in a more apparent need for inclusive urban revitalisation than ever before. Through the technical assistance provided by the World Bank, Cities Alliance and National Institute of Urban Affairs, I am confident that we will be able to look beyond infrastructure provision into a multi Shrichand Kriplani Hon'ble Minister, Urban stakeholder approach to socio-economic development with converged and strengthened financial and Development and Housing, institutional capacities. Government of Rajasthan As the programme also pilot the model in Jodhpur and Nawalgarh, which are located on important tourist routes and rich in heritage assets, yet differ vastly in the urbanization challenges they face; I am sure that all other historic towns and cities will be able to follow their example towards inclusive development. I congratulate the technical assistance team on the in-depth ground analysis and documentation, and preparation of the strategic framework for the State; and believe that it will be taken forward with keen enthusiasm by departments in realizing its vision. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 V Foreword The unique cultural heritage of Rajasthan is intrinsically connected with its communities. The historic towns and cities are laden with both, tangible and intangible heritage. However, many of these towns suffer from complex challenges of service provision, mobility, and incongruous development. It is of urgent importance that their inherent cultural heritage and the associated livelihoods are not lost in the process of rapid urbanisation. Inclusive and sensitive revitalisation of historic towns and cities, while safeguarding their heritage, is important in order to make them economically vibrant and sustainable. In addition; tourism, which is amongst the top contributors to the State’s economy, is closely dependent on the heritage and culture of Dr. Manjit Singh (IAS) Former Additional Chief Secretary, Rajasthan. Therefore, with the objective of effective heritage management, local economic development, Government of Rajasthan and livelihood generation, the Department of Local Self Government initiated the Rajasthan State Heritage Programme in 2016. Technical assistance from the World Bank, Cities Alliance and National Institute of Urban Affairs has supported the Government in formulating a strategic framework for the implementation of the program; which lays down actions, roles and responsibilities for all the relevant stakeholders. Additionally, it informs the state level legislative and regulatory framework. Besides being the provider of public services and goods, the Department of Local Self Government envisages its role as a facilitator for community engagement, stakeholder participation and investment generation. The department will also be responsible for management and monitoring, through the State Heritage Centre. In addition to infrastructure provision with convergence from the ongoing urban development schemes; the programme focuses on institutional strengthening and capacity building for heritage management, with an aim to make the historic towns and cities of Rajasthan inviting, sustainable and livable. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 VII Foreword The discourse on tangible and intangible heritage management has come a long way. Today, across the historic towns and cities in India, an imperative need confronts us: To find pertinent measures for effective management and appropriate transformation of its tangible and intangible heritage assets. It is good news that we are slowly moving beyond the ‘monument-centric‘ approach for heritage management and are working with an approach which recognises our cities as Historic Landscape & Ecosystems. HRIDAY1, the urban sector scheme of the Government of India has piloted this approach with twelve cities in the country and the Government of Rajasthan decided to take it further in the state by encompassing around 50 historic towns and cities under the State Heritage Program. Jagan Shah Director, NIUA The state of Rajasthan has taken bold steps towards the development of infrastructure and services in its cities, which have a direct link with the improvement in the quality of life and economic productivity in the urban areas. The municipalities of Rajasthan are perennially challenged to provide these outcomes while dealing with the structural and systemic issues that might hamper the growth and development of the Rajasthani society and its unique way of life. The cultural heritage of Rajasthan is one of its most abiding features and an economic asset that is a wellspring for creativity and enterprise. The historic cities of Rajasthan -- in fact, all the cities in the state, which are steeped in history and cultural richness -- are an asset that can produce positive economic momentum while simultaneously presenting and sustaining the values. For the past several years, cultural heritage has been one of the special research areas at the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA). World Bank, Cities Alliance, and NIUA have worked in partnership with this agenda for almost a decade now. The partnership began with Peer Experience and Reflective Learning (PEARL) Initiative, which provided a platform for deliberation and knowledge exchange for Indian towns and cities as well as professionals working in the urban sector. NIUA was also actively involved in the pilot phase of Inclusive Heritage-based City Development Program (IHCDP), which included a few cities in three states of India. The purpose of the technical assistance provided by NIUA through support from the World Bank and Cities Alliance is to create a Strategic Framework for heritage led economic development in the historic cities of the state of Rajasthan. This strategic framework is relevant at the two levels -- one, to create a statewide perspective whereby the unique qualities and potential of each city and town is identified and 1 Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana VIII INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES analysed. Secondly, the framework envisages the mode of intervention that are necessary in each city and the types of investments that would be required if the city has to capitalise on and benefit from its heritage assets, both the tangible and intangible ones. The framework presented in this publication has been created through an intensive process of deliberation and analysis done by the project team in the past several months. Consultations with a variety of stakeholders and discussions with officials and functionaries at all levels of the state have helped in creating a practical and pragmatic framework. The Strategic Framework covers extensive documentation of the heritage assets, comprehensive analysis of the intertwined aspects such as tourism, social and occupational patterns of the communities engaged in the cultural economy and its overall employment potential, amongst others. Further, based on evidence based decision-making methods, the team has formulated detailed strategies, actions and an implementation plan for the State Heritage Program. The leadership of ideas and experiences has been provided foremost by Dr. Manjit Singh, Addl. Chief Secretary, Government of Rajasthan, with valuable inputs from Shri Pawan Arora, Director-cum Joint Secretary, Directorate of Local Bodies and Shri Vijayvargia, Addl. Chief Town Planner, Directorate of Local Bodies, Government of Rajasthan. The approach and strategy drew from the insights provided by the project leader at the World Bank, Ms. Stefania Abakerli and India representative of Cities Alliance, Mr. Ajay Suri. We are extremely grateful to the individuals mentioned above and their respective organisations for the cooperation and partnership. I am thankful to Ms. Madhurima Waghmare, Ms. Mayura Gadkari, Mr. Mohit Dhingra, and Ms. Uditi Agarwal for their hardwork and dedication. We hope that this framework proves to be a useful tool to the Government of Rajasthan in realising its dream for inclusive development and further benefits the urban sector in India. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 IX X INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES Executive Summary R ajasthan has witnessed a momentous history ranging potential of heritage assets; and contribute towards the economic from early civilisations to the post Independence period. development of the state. The programme is a pioneer initiative in Culturally rich historic towns and cities, which comprise the country owing to its state-wide coverage and unique approach. almost 25% of the total urban area in the state, bear It is envisioned as a sustainable initiative to engage stakeholders, witness to this. Cultural heritage encompasses both manage heritage, facilitate investment in heritage management and tangible and intangible aspects. Monumental forts, cenotaphs, promote a knowledge database. Close to 50 historic towns and cities historic living habitats such as the core areas of city and towns, are included in this program. These face severe challenges of rapid residential mansions known as ‘haveli’, stepped wells and tanks, urbanisation, mass tourism and unguided transformation. Through known as ‘baori’ or ‘johra’ respectively, temples, and others, form the the Technical Assistance (TA) from the World Bank—Cities Alliance key tangible assets of Rajasthan. The intangible heritage includes and the National Institute of Urban Affairs to the Government of a variety of crafts, arts and practices including traditional textile Rajasthan (Jan 2017–Jan 2018), a Strategic Framework to guide the craft, stone carving, leather craft, dance forms and music, amongst planning and implementation of the State Heritage Programme has others. The cultural economy of handloom and craft also acts as a been developed. Technical capacity building of the State Heritage catalyst for allied industries including tourism, the handicraft market, Centre and demonstration projects in two pilot cities is also a part and creative industries of small and large scale. 19.4% of the urban of this TA. workers are engaged in craft and related trades1 and 2,63,301 people (around 4.2% of total workers) are employed in the handicraft and The Strategic Framework provides a multi-pronged approach for the handloom sector.2 Tourism contributes 15% to the overall economy State Heritage Programme. It is rooted in the social and economic of the state. The architecture marvels, traditions and crafts are 3 context of the state and revolves around five central themes, which the main attraction for domestic and international tourists. Owing makes it distinctive: to a decline in the contribution of the tourism sector to Rajasthan’s • Institutional strengthening and capacity building economy around 2011, the Government of Rajasthan took various • Convergence of existing and proposed investments and steps including incorporation of incentives in the Tourism Unit Policy initiatives —2015. • Holistic planning of historic towns and cities with focus on heritage management In light of this diverse contribution of the tangible and intangible • Boosting the cultural economy heritage of Rajasthan to the economy of the state, the Government • Long term sustainability of projects with strategic partnerships. of Rajasthan intends to conserve and manage its cultural heritage as ‘assets’. With this objective, the Department of Local Self Government Census, 2011 1 has initiated a ‘State Heritage Programme’, which will devise (2013 field work data) 6th economic census Rajasthan, Department of Economics and Statistics, Rajasthan 2 Department of Tourism, GoR (2016) 3 mechanisms to conserve, manage and capitalise on the optimum STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 XI STRATEGY EXPECTED RESULTS 1: Incorporate heritage management in state framework and ER 1: Strengthened institutional framework for heritage management legislations ER 2: Strengthened legislations for heritage management 2: Develop communication and knowledge sharing platforms to build ER 3: Increased awareness and sense of ownership amongst various ownership to facilitate heritage management stakeholders 3: Strategise and plan for historic cities and regions ER 4: Heritage Management Plans (HMP) for identified historic towns and cities ER 5: Convergence of proposals, projects and implementation through other investments 4: Support, sustain and enhance livelihoods in cultural economies ER 6: Local economic development (LED) through job creation and skill development 5: Promote and empower the civil society ER 7: Empowered civil society ER 8: Promotion of civil society through state and city networks 6: Finance heritage management and attract investments ER 9: Improved basic service provision and infrastructure development in historic towns and cities ER 10: Sustainable state and city financial reserve ER 11: Investments in Heritage Management The strategy draws upon a large body of work done worldwide of Rajasthan. Various activities undertaken include formation of a during the past decade in the sector of heritage management and State Heritage Centre in the Department of Local Self Government, urban revitalisation. This framework is prepared based on: data Jaipur; review of and recommendations on the proposed State assessment, reconnaissance visits to all the historic towns and Heritage Council Rules; consultation and outreach through a multi cities, extensive stakeholder consultations, and a contextual review stakeholder workshop involving key departments in the state; and of the draft guidelines for Inclusive Urban Revitalisation for Indian strategic meetings with various departments in the state to initiate Cities (2014), drafted jointly by World Bank and Cities Alliance. convergence and improve interdepartmental involvement. Another The proposed strategies and key actions provide a clear road map significant action initiated under the TA includes demonstration of for the State Heritage Programme. The expected outcomes of the the inclusive revitalisation approach through Heritage Management programme are elucidated below: Plan (HMP) and project development proposals in two pilot cities: Jodhpur and Nawalgarh. ‘The Strategic Framework for Inclusive Revitalisation of Historic Towns and Cities of Rajasthan’ includes four sections: overall The framework concludes with an implementation plan as the way analysis of the state; detailed assessment of the historic towns forward for the program. The implementation plan provides tangible and cities with key recommendations; multi-pronged strategy for actions, roles and responsibilities, possible sources of funding, and inclusive revitalisation of the historic towns and cities; and the way timelines under each strategy recommended for the State Heritage forward for the programme along with an implementation plan. Programme. The main actions recommended are: 1. Strengthening of State Heritage Centre with permanent Department of Local Self Government (DoLSG) has initiated planning professional staff and a network of experts and stakeholders activities under the State Heritage Programme with support from the proficient in heritage management World Bank Technical Assistance in the identified 50 towns and cities 2. Formation of Heritage Cells/Committees/Advisory groups in all XII INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES historic towns and cities. To facilitate this challenging task, this at each action as per the suggested convergence strategy (state should be integrated in the HMP preparation process. level and city level) 3. Incorporation of heritage sensitive byelaws in the city and town 8. Formation of an institutional and creative professionals network legislation. The recommendations of by-laws based on detailed at state level to boost cultural economy situation and stakeholder assessment will be part of the HMP. 9. Formation of a network of civil society at state level. 4. Building an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based centralised facilitating mechanism for documentation, Under the able leadership of the Department of Local Self Government, information exchange, and grant and investment facilitation. Government of Rajasthan, the State Heritage Programme will mark a 5. Ground level and statewide awareness campaign as per the pioneering change in the management of historic cities in India in recommended Information Education and Communication (IEC) the coming years. It will spearhead heritage assets management, strategy positive economic development, improvement of livelihoods, and 6. Preparation of HMPs with project identification incorporating soft upgrade infrastructure in the historic towns and cities; thus resulting and hard infrastructure and initiatives. in heritage management in a holistic manner. 7. Convergence of projects, proposals, and investments to be done STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 XIII XIV INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES Acknowledgements The “Strategic Framework for Inclusive Revitalisation of Historic Towns and Cities of Rajasthan” under the Rajasthan State Heritage Programme is prepared as a part of the Technical Assistance provided by World Bank— Cities Alliance and National Institute of Urban Affairs to the Government of Rajasthan. Multiple departments, individuals and stakeholders have helped in the creation of this document at various stages. We would like to acknowledge: Dr Manjit Singh (IAS), Former Additional Chief Secretary, Government of Rajasthan Project Team Mr Pawan Arora (IAS), Director cum Joint Secretary, Directorate of Local Madhurima Waghmare Bodies, Rajasthan Development Planner, Mr RK Vijayvargia, Additional Chief Town Planner, Directorate of Local Bodies Team Leader City Managers’ Association, Rajasthan Mayura Gadkari Conservation Specialist Senior Officers, Technical and Administrative Staff of Department of Local Mohit Dhingra Self Government, Government of Rajasthan Conservation Architect, Urban Development and Housing Department, Government of Rajasthan State Coordinator Department of Tourism, Government of Rajasthan Uditi Agarwal Commissioner of Industries, Government of Rajasthan Urbanist ULBs under the programme Ajoy Kashyap Senior Draughtsman Prof Rabindra Vasavada, Prof SC Gupta and Mr Prasad Shetty for their inputs pertaining to legislative framework of Rajasthan Graphic Design Team NGOs, CBOs and trusts/foundations that we met during field work and stakeholder consultations Deep Pahwa Kavita Rawat We would also like to acknowledge the continued support of: Mr Jagan Shah, Director, National Institute of Urban Affairs Copy Editor Mr D Ajay Suri, Advisor—Asia, Cities Alliance Razia Grover Ms Stefania Abakerli, Task Team Leader, Senior Development Planner, World Bank STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 XV Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AIILSG All India Institute of Local Self Government AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation ASI Archaeological Survey of India CBO Community based Organisation CHC City Heritage Cell CII Confederation of Indian Industries CIIE Centre for Innovation Incubation and Entrepreneurship CMAR City Managers’ Association Rajasthan DA Development Authority DCR Development Control Regulations DLB Directorate of Local Bodies DoLSG Department of Local Self Government DPR Detailed Project Report FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry GDP Gross Domestic Product GoI Government of India GoR Government of Rajasthan HMP Heritage Management Plan HRIDAY Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana ICOMOS International Council of Monuments and Sites IEC Information, Education and Communication JVVNL Jaipur Vidyut Nagar Nigam Limited K&VI Khadi and Village Industries MJSA Mukhyamantri Jal Svavlamban Abhiyan MoT Ministry of Tourism XVI INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES MoU Memorandum of Understanding MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises NCR National Capital Region NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NIUA National Institute of Urban Affairs NSDC National Skill Development Corporation NULM National Urban Livelihoods Mission PHED Public Health Engineering Department PMAY Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana PRASAD Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Augmentation Drive PSU Public Sector Unit PWD Public Works Department RCCI Rajasthan Chamber of Commerce and Industries RFP Request for Proposal RSLDC Rajasthan Skill and Livelihoods Development Corporation RUIDP Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project SHC State Heritage Centre TA Technical Assistance UDH Urban Development and Housing UIT Urban Improvement Trust ULB Urban Local Body UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation WB World Bank WHS World Heritage Site STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 XVII Contents Introduction Historic Towns 01 & Cities of Rajasthan 49 Rajasthan: Overview Key Strategies 07 99 Way Forward 127 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 XIX Introduction STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 1 T he Government of Rajasthan (GoR) aims to “make the state need of significant support (e.g. Taragarh Fort in Bundi, Badalgarh powerful, developed and prosperous by 2020” as per the Fort in Khetri, amongst many others). The management of areas Vision 2020 of the GoR. While the state’s performance in immediately adjacent to most monuments and sites (e.g., Nawalgarh, recent years has been strong in many areas, various sources indicate Churu, Chittorgarh), is neglected in many towns and cities. Also, the that Rajasthan is still a low-income state and the socio-economic management and care of heritage assets like havelis owned by the indicators (literacy, life expectancy and purchasing power) are low residents of the town/city is a complex challenge as seen in Churu, relative to the national status.1 Achieving the state’s Vision 2020 Nawalgarh, Bundi, etc. objectives thus requires a prioritised development strategy. Further, solid waste management, while not unique to Rajasthan and One of the main economic drivers and comparative advantage of quite well done in most temples and pilgrimage sites, in most cities Rajasthan is tourism. Within the services and job creation sectors, and rural areas is a significant issue that needs to be addressed. Also, tourism has played by far the most important role in the state. Since water treatment and drainage issues are a major concern, particularly 1989, when the state government granted the status of economic for lakes in Ajmer and Pushkar, Bundi, Dungarpur, amongst others sector to tourism, Rajasthan has taken the lead in introducing new which are important natural heritage assets and components of the concepts, such as heritage hotels and cultural tours. This follows tourism base in the region. In the long term, the further deterioration a vision of shifting from pilgrimage to high-end visitors through of historic cities/towns and their assets will not only compromise the considerable targeted marketing of its unique historic towns, palaces, quality of life of their residents, but also jeopardise their character fairs and festivals, as well as investment incentives for hotels mostly and attractiveness for job creation and income generation activities tailored to foreign visitors.2 through tourism. Yet, the contribution of tourism to Rajasthan’s GDP today is far Recently the emphasis on heritage as an integral part of planning for below its potential, and its growth is almost stagnant. This is due city development is gaining acceptance with the national government, to a combination of issues, such as lack of adequate destination which is putting in place more predictable funding for revitalisation planning and development, poor services and infrastructure provision, of cities and historic areas. Ajmer in Rajasthan is one of the 12 cities inadequate interpretation, unreliable funds for product development being developed under Heritage City Development and Augmentation and support to intangible heritage, apathetic public attitude towards Yojana (HRIDAY) – the first focused national government initiative heritage, high taxation of private sector investors, and ambiguous in this area. On the other hand, it is commendable that the city of state policy. 3 Jaipur has prepared its Smart City Plan with the theme, ‘Heritage Conservation for Economic and Social Development’. Taking this Within this context, Rajasthan’s historic cities and towns and their approach further, the Government of Rajasthan initiated a State cultural, natural and intangible heritage assets – the state’s main Heritage Programme in 2016 focusing over 40 towns and cities in tourism draws – face most challenges. Historic cities across the state Rajasthan. A team from National Institute of Urban Affairs—World are growing without a unifying vision and the necessary planning and Bank—Cities Alliance assisted the Government of Rajasthan in service provision based on their existing cultural and natural assets framing and guiding development in these cities with a heritage led is missing. While some of the monuments are well managed (e.g., urban revitalisation process. Mehrangarh Fort, Amber Fort), most are less well managed and in 1 Human Development Report 2011 and Economic survey, 2011 2 Rajasthan: Closing the Development Gap (2006), World Bank. 3 Rajasthan Development Report, 2006, Planning Commission, GoI, Academic Foundation, New Delhi 2 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES IN RAJASTHAN State Heritage Programme It covers towns and cities of Ajmer-Pushkar, Alwar, Amber, Bandikui, The State Heritage Programme drafted by the Government of Banswara, Bharatpur, Bikaner, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Chomu, Churu- Rajasthan envisages overall enhancement of the living environment Ratannagar, Deeg, Dhaulpur, Dungarpur, Fatehpur, Hanumangarh, in the historic towns and cities of Rajasthan with a focus on Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jhalawar-Jhalarapatan, Jobner, Jodhpur, infrastructure upgradation. The proposed work in the programme Jhunjhunu, Karauli, Khetri, Kishangarh, Kaman, Kota, Mandawa, includes sanitation and civic works, development of monuments with Merta city, Mount Abu, Nathdwara, Nawalgarh, Pillibanga, Sambhar- respect to the environs, parking facilities and other infrastructure, Phulera, Rajgarh(Alwar), Sawai Madhopur, Sikar, Udaipur and Weir. construction of new roads and improvement of existing roads, development of heritage walks and bicycle tracks in the historic The state government has an objective of leveraging its heritage towns and cities in Rajasthan. The overall proposed programme assets in these historic towns and cities for economic development amounts to approximately INR 500 Cr. for a period of four years. of the state. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 3 Vision for the State Heritage Programme of Rajasthan’s urban revitalisation agenda through the enhancement Cultural heritage comprises of tangible and intangible assets that of its capacities and methodologies for planning, coordination, have architectural, historical, cultural, scientific, social, ecological, outreach and implementation of related investments in its historic environmental or spiritual value. Rajasthan State Heritage cities and towns. Programme (RSHP) aims to demonstrate the notion of “cultural heritage as a catalyst for social and economic development”, through Three components included under the TA are elaborated below: a multi -sectoral approach focusing on physical, social, cultural and economic revitalisation of historic towns and related communities in Preparation of urban revitalisation framework and guidelines for the the state. It envisages improvement in quality of life while creating state new forms of productivity and growth. Preparation of a strategic urban revitalisation framework for the State was undertaken with an approach to reinstate and improve the surrounding landscapes of the main historic monuments in "Harness the potential of cultural their potential to attract capital, people and activities that once supported the city/town functioning and development, and restore heritage to achieve economic their capacity to provide character, meaning and critical services to residents and the cities/towns themselves in the contemporary development through an context. This means not only rehabilitating specific monuments and other built heritage through adaptive reuse and other mechanisms, inclusive revitalisation of the but the entire surrounding area, where significant tangible and intangible heritage are located and various economic activities take historic towns and cities” place. This report provides the urban revitalisation framework and guidelines for the state. Institutional strengthening in urban revitalisation converging NIUA—World Bank—Cities Alliance Technical components of urban development, heritage management, tourism Assistance and local economic development The Technical Assistance (TA) was with an aim to support Government of Rajasthan's efforts at inclusive urban revitalisation with a view to In order to advance the state government’s urban revitalisation promote job opportunities while improving the living conditions and and economic growth agenda, it is essential to install requisite attractiveness of its historic cities and towns. institutional mechanisms, strengthen the key local institutions and equip key stakeholders, including state administrators, urban local The TA ties together a series of currently disconnected schemes body officials, service providers and others, with knowledge and and activities (i.e. AMRUT, HRIDAY, Smart City, Swachh Bharat expertise. In this regard, a State Heritage Centre was set up at the Mission, National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM), Devasthana, Department of Local Self Government, GoR, in Jaipur in July 2017. Mukhyamantri Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan, multi-lateral funding, amongst others) under development and/or implementation in some Support to select cities in preparation of heritage management plan of the state's historic cities and towns. and demonstration projects/development initiatives The overarching approach of the TA was to support the Government Select cities/towns are supported to test the proposed urban 4 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES revitalisation approach, convergence mechanisms and design In the TA period of approximately one year, necessary foundation standards. There will be a thrust on convergence of investments steps and initiatives were taken beyond which the state government under the ongoing missions and a strategic approach to develop the is to be equipped to take forward the agenda smoothly. The study landscapes around historical areas and monuments and promote a and analysis was primarily done based on the data facilitated by heritage sensitive approach in city development. various government sources, reconnaissance visits to the towns/ cities and stakeholder consultations. Jodhpur and Nawalgarh were selected as the pilot cities and the demonstration work was initiated in September 2017. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 5 Rajasthan: Overview STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 7 Rajasthan Historical Evolution The chapter gives an overview of the history of the state through different periods and key events in the course of its formation 8 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES Photograph by: Niyati Gupta STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 9 T he history of Rajasthan goes back to the ancient times. Most of Rajputana passed under the control of the Maratha Empire Geologically, many areas in Rajasthan are older than the from early 1700 until the emergence of British East India Company. Himalayas, therefore it was natural that civilisation came to Treaties were signed between the Company and the various princely Rajasthan much before it came to the rest of India. Excavations 4 and chief entities in the early 19th century, accepting British in the year 1998 at Kalibangan in Ganganagar district proved the sovereignty in return for local autonomy and protection from the existence of a developed and organised society in that area much Marathas. before the Harappan culture. The emergence of the British East India Company also led to The later history of Rajasthan is a history of various kingdoms, administrative designation of some geographically, culturally, namely, Mauryas, Malavas, Arjunyas, Yaudhyas, Kushans, Saka economically and historically diverse areas, under the name of the Satraps, Guptas and Hunas and their regular wars with one another. Rajputana Agency, later modified to Rajputana province until the It wasn't until the mid-6th century to 7th century that the Rajput clans formation of Rajasthan in 1949.5 of Pratihars, Solanks, Parmars, Guhilas, Chauhans and Kachhwahas emerged and established various kingdoms which subsequently Formation of Rajasthan in the post Independence era was initiated led to the development of the different regions, namely, Mewar, with the formation of the Matsya union (Alwar, Bharatpur, Dhaulpur Shekhawati, Hadoti and Dhundhar. and Karauli) in the year 1948, followed by Banswara, Bundi, Dungarpur, Jhalawar, Kishangarh, Kota, Pratapgarh, Shahpura and This period in history witnessed rise of the Bappa Rawal, Prithviraj Tonk and Udaipur also joining the Indian Union. In the following year Chauhan, Maharani Padmini of Mewar, Rana Sangha, Man Singh of Jaipur and the desert kingdoms of Bikaner, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer Amer and Rana Pratap of Chittaur, among many others, in resistance were integrated into the new nation with Jaipur as its capital and to the series of conflicts with the Turks (Mohammad Ghori), the Maharaja of Jaipur, Man Singh II being appointed as the Rajpramukh Sultans of Delhi Sultanate (Alauddin Khilji), the Great Mughals and of the state. the Maratha kingdom (Peshwa Bajirao I). 4 Colorful Rajasthan for all seasons, Department of Tourism, Jaipur 5 The Marwari Heritage, DK Taknet, IIME 2015 10 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES 2600 BC Harappan Phase of Indus Valley civilisation AD 728 Bappa Rawal (Guhila) establishes Chittorgarh and AD 1031 Mewar Dilwara Temple construction AD 1113 Ajay Raj (Chauhan) establishes ANCIENT PERIOD AD 1137 Ajmer Kachhwahas set up Dhundhar AD 1156 Rao Jaisal Singh establishes Jaisalmer state AD 1301 Alauddin Khilji captures Ranthambhor AD 1308 Khilji defeats Kanhaddeo: captures Jalore AD 1303 Chittorgarh falls to Khilji, AD 1326 RAJPUT RULE Rani Padmini Jauhar Rana Hameer retakes Chittorgarh AD 1439 Maharana Kumbha builds Vijay Stambha AD 1459 Rao Jodha founds Jodhpur 1465 Rao Bika sets up Bikaner AD 1527 Battle of Khanwa AD 1727 Sawai Jai Singh II founds city of Jaipur MUSLIM RULE AD 1559 Udaipur is founded by Maharana Udai Singh; 1576 Battle of Haldighati AD 1818 AD 1956 Treaties were signed with East After first independence movement India Company in 1857, Naseerabad was founded and later in 1956, Rajasthan is reorganised HISTORIC TIMELINE Source: https://www.revolvy.com BRITISH RULE STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 11 Rajasthan Urbanisation A brief study and analysis of the demographics, scales of urbanisation and its effects on the historic core of the identified towns and cities 12 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 13 R eorganisation of Rajasthan in 1956 influenced the urbanisation Description Year 2001 Year 2011 Increase process. It was largely the result of the migration of people (in %) from villages to towns and cities in search of employment, Total Population 5657.07 6862.10 17.36 market, tourism and other facilities, although this process was also Lacs Lacs been partly supported due to the natural growth of urban population. No. of Districts 32 33 3.0 No. of Sub-Districts 241 244 1.2 As per Census 2011, Rajasthan stands at 26th position out of 35 states with 24.89% urbanisation level. NCT Delhi occupies the first Total No. of Census Towns 222 297 25.3 rank with the percentage of 97.5 and the national average is 31.16%. No. of Statutory Towns 184 187 0.5 Rajasthan has been a backward state in terms of socio-economic No. of Other Census Towns 38 111 194.7 development. As per the 2011 census, the total population of No. of Villages 41353 44672 7.4 Rajasthan state was 68 million. The growth rate during the last five Urban Population 23.39% 24.89% 1.5 decades from 1961–2011 was 28% to 33%, which was much higher than the national average. Rural Population 76.61% 75.11% -1.5 RAJASTHAN AT A GLANCE Source: Census of India 2011 GROWTH TREND OF RURAL, URBAN & TOTAL POPULATION Source: Census of India 2011 14 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES DISTRICT-WISE RATIO OF RURAL URBAN POPULATION, 2011 Source: Town Planning Department, Rajasthan As per Census 2011, there are 33 districts in Rajasthan; only seven 2. Rajasthan is rich in mineral resources like lime stone, gypsum, districts have more than average urban population percentage, i.e. feldspar, rock phosphate, marble and other building stones. After Ganganagar, Churu, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Ajmer, Jaipur, and Kota. Independence, these resources have been explored and a number of industrial unit areas set up. Rajasthan is a developing state and after Independence, several economic development programs have been initiated in different 3. Large cement factories, marble cutting and polishing units, parts. These developments have brought about a real pace in the woolen and cotton factories, leather products, copper and zinc urbanisation process in the state. The major factors influencing the smelter plants, oil mills etc. have been established in different pattern of urbanisation in Rajasthan are: parts, leading to the spread of urban growth. 1. The major irrigation projects like Indira Gandhi Canal, Chambal 4. To better prospects of industrial development, Rajasthan Industrial Project, Mahi Project, Jawai Project etc. which have boosted Investment Corporation has developed planned industrial areas in agricultural development in more or less vacant and productive different towns for establishing small and medium industries. barren lands. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 15 5. Rajasthan Agricultural Marketing Board has taken up the Scale (Population) Total No. of No. of Historic % development of mandi yards, haats etc. in a very systematic Towns Towns manner. This activity increases the economic function of the Million plus 3 3 100 town. Construction of road linkages like National Highway/State 1-10,00,000 32 16 50 Highway/other expressways in the state has increased mobility of Less than 1,00,000 156 30 19.23 people and opened up remote areas for development. Total 191 49 25.6 6. After Independence, substantial work has been done for SCALE OF URBANISATION IN THE STATE construction of roads in the state, which has increased the mobility Source: NIUA of the people and opened up remote areas for development. Thus, the raw material can be imported and finished products may be category of million plus cities, 32 towns have a population ranging exported easily. This has increased the urbanisation rate. Now from 1–10 lakh; out of which 16 are historic towns, and 156 have a many towns like Pali, Bhilwara, Barmer, Jaipur, Udaipur etc. are population of less than 1 lakh, out of which 30 are historic towns. marketing various industrial products outside the state. Urbanisation in Rajasthan on one hand puts pressure on urban 7. Rajasthan has vast potential for tourism development. Jaipur, resources, services and infrastructure, and has led to deterioration Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Udaipur, Ajmer, Bikaner are the important in quality of life, poor sanitation and disposal of solid waste, water tourist destinations of the state. shortage, pollution, poor transport system, inadequate health facilities in certain cities, and on the other hand, creates dilapidated 8. Social facilities have also been increased in almost all the towns ghost towns due to migration. of the state. Therefore, location of social facilities like education, medical, financial, recreational, social and cultural activities are important in these towns. In Rajasthan, these facilities are Current Status of Historic Cores primarily located in the urban centres. Transformation within the historic cores with respect to the effects of urbanisation is a continuous process, though eastern Rajasthan 9. Rajasthan is part of the Delhi-Mumbai industrial corridor (DMIC). is distinctively more urbanised due to its physiological nature, This is likely to create new opportunities for industrial development infrastructure and proximity to other states. Status of historic cores and investment. when analysed through ground survey by the TA team revealed that 11 out of 40 historic cores are distinctively transformed whereas 10. National Capital Region (NCR) is developing rapidly. New the remaining 29 cities have retained more than 50 percent of industrial areas in Bhiwadi, Shahjahanpur, Neemrana and Behror the character but are under continuous pressure. Most of the 11 are growing and coming up with new opportunities. transformed towns lie in the eastern part of the state and suffer from a range of issues such as: 11. Exploration of petrochemicals in Barmer district would also create • Congestion in commercial and residential areas—vehicular traffic new opportunities in the district as well as in Barmer Town.6 in old city areas has led to crowding and air and noise pollution • Lack of infrastructure such as sewerage system, garbage disposal system, underground cabling Urbanisation in Historic Towns and Cities • Lack of public services such as public toilets, drinking water, Historic towns and cities in the state are part of three distinct scales public transportation of urbanisation. Out of the 49 towns and cities, 3 fall under the 6 Urbanisation in Rajasthan, Shri Rajendra Vijayvargia, 2015 16 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES VARIOUS SCALES OF HISTORIC CITIES IN STATE Source: Town Planning Department, Rajasthan • Encroachment in narrow lanes—illegal vending and overflow These towns need more focused management plans and prioritised from commercial establishments have encroached upon already projects to deal with specific issues. The towns that have their narrow lanes of the historic cores historic cores retained to more than 50%, have maintained their • Most old buildings have been transformed into new, leading to historic character to a greater degree, which subsequently means loss in the heritage asset base better service provision, better condition of built heritage assets and • Dilapidated built heritage—the few buildings that are retained are better mobility in the historic cores. These towns are envisioned to be in poor condition, with a few under disputed ownership able to focus more on tourism related activities and direct economic development through these heritage assets.   STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 17 STATUS OF HISTORIC CORE IN VARIOUS TOWNS AND CITIES 18 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES EFFECTS OF URBANISATION STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 19 Rajasthan Diversity of Heritage A summary of the varied forms of tangible and intangible heritage assets in the state 20 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 21 R ajasthan is known across the world for its rich cultural Built Heritage heritage. This includes both the built heritage such as the Forts forts, palaces, mansions, traditional water bodies and religious Rajasthan has the third highest concentration of forts in India after structures; as well as intangible heritage such as art forms, music, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Primarily built in the 5th century AD and dance, cuisine, fairs and festivals. Equally important are the markets between the 17th–18th centuries AD, they represent the rich cultural and streetscapes where Rajasthan’s culture is truly felt, as well as heritage of princely clans. These fort complexes show influences of the national parks and bird sanctuaries or the natural heritage that ancient fort planning as described by Kautilya in his military treatise the state is endowed with. As can be seen in the map below, these ‘Arthashastra’ and can be primarily categorised as Giri durg (Hill forts), assets are evenly spread in the entire state. An integrated strategy Vana durg (surrounded by forests), and Jala durg (surrounded by a for heritage-based development at the state level will greatly benefit deep moat or a river), Dev durg (God's fort), Mishra durg (mixed fort) the state’s economy. and Maru Durg (Desert fort). The Giri durg or hill fort is considered most formidable for protection of a princely settlement. These are spread across the state and are visited in large numbers by foreign Tangible Heritage and domestic tourists. Six hill forts of Rajasthan have been inscribed Tangible heritage in the state comprises the following typologies: in UNESCO’s World Heritage List under criteria (ii) and (iii) which are DIVERSITY OF HERITAGE IN RAJASTHAN 22 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 23 as follows: Jaisalmer Fort, Chittorgarh Fort, Kumbalgarh Fort, Gagron towards the ‘spirit of a place‘. These cenotaphs can be seen all Fort, Jhalawar, Ranthambhore Fort, Sawai Madhopur, Keoledeo across the state in almost every historic town/city. Travellers often National Park, Bharatpur, Jantar Mantar, Jaipur Amber Fort. use these structures as resting places, with some of them designated and maintained as monuments. Palaces and Mansions (Haveli) The residences of the royal families and large businessmen/trader Traditional Markets and Streetscapes families are magnificent structures forming the largest built heritage Almost every historic town/city in Rajasthan has a traditional market asset base in the state. From the City Palace in Udaipur to the area, which in most cases are vibrant spaces for community life. painted mansions of the Shekhawati region, one can see a range of Usually signified by narrow lanes, old structures and mixed use, architectural styles and features. these spaces are where all traditional activities take place. Intangible heritage can also be seen flourishing in such markets, such as Stepwells (Baori), Tanks (Kund, Johra) and production units of various arts, crafts and culinary delicacies. Towns Lakes and Water Bodies with Stepped Edges (Ghat) such as Jodhpur, Udaipur have distinct markets and streets, which There is a substantial concentration of this architectural typology attract a large number of visitors in addition to the local residents. historically used for storing water in Rajasthan, which in certain cases formed a part of a larger water management system developed in earlier years. They are now a part of the organically evolved Natural Heritage landscape and have developed their present form by association with National Parks and Sanctuaries and in response to the natural environment. Rajasthan boasts a range of ecologies from desert, scrub-thorn arid forests, rocks and ravines, to wetlands and lush green forests. Each Ranging from the large stepwell in Abhaneri to smaller tanks of these areas houses a large variety of animal and bird life. It is spread across various historic towns, these structures offer home to tigers, black bucks, chinkara, desert fox, and rare migratory picturesque locales for tourists as well as a recreation space for the birds. Typical areas representing each of these ecologies have been local population. earmarked as special areas for protection and management of wildlife. Rajasthan has two national parks and numerous reserves Temples, Mosques and Churches and sanctuaries. Most of these areas are open to visitors round the Temples, mosques and churches form a part of the organically year but closed briefly during the monsoons. evolved landscape resulting from an initial social, economic, administrative, and/or religious imperative. These structures embody Some of the most popular parks and sanctuaries are Keoladeo historical, social, cultural and religious value. Some of the most National Park, Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, Ranthambhore National significant religious structures in Rajasthan are the Dargah Sharif Park, Sariska Tiger Reserve, Kumbalgarh Sanctuary. at Ajmer, Brahma Temple at Pushkar, Karni Mata Temple at Bikaner, Govindji Temple in Jaipur and Eklingji Temple in Nathdwara. These Desert are visited by lakhs of pilgrims throughout the year and affect the The Thar Desert is now a major tourist destination. The barren terrain towns’ economy in a positive way. and undulating sand dunes slope towards the Indus Valley and Rann of Kutch. The region does not receive much rainfall, which keeps it Cenotaphs (Chhatri) and Commemorative architecture region hot and dry during most parts of the year. Traditionally, cenotaphs were sculpted in order to commemorate people who died in the war. Primarily, the structure evokes a sense Mountain Range of pride, memory, symbols of traditional practices and contributes Rajasthan is divided by the majestic Aravalli range, which runs from 24 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 25 northeast to southwest for 688 km. It is the backbone of the state and divides it into regions with distinct geographical features. To UNESCO'S Intangible Cultural Heritage List: the northwest of the Aravallis, lies Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer and Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan Bikaner region which are a part of the Great Thar Desert whereas the southeastern part comprises of the rocky terrain of the Hadoti region. Inscribed in 2010 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Songs and dances are an expression of the Kalbelia Intangible Heritage community's traditional way of life. Transmitted from Apart from its tangible heritage, Rajasthan is a hub of folk art, theatre, generation to generation, the songs and dances form part music, dance and several crafts being practised in all regions of the of an oral tradition for which no texts or training manuals exist. Song and dance are a matter of pride for the Kalbelia state. The state is famous for its dynamic diversity, cultures, traditions community, and a marker of their identity at a time when and customs. Rajasthan is also home to many tribal communities, their traditional travelling lifestyle and role in rural society are which display excellence in various cultural activities worldwide. diminishing. They demonstrate their community's attempt to revitalise its cultural heritage and adapt it to changing socioeconomic conditions. Arts and Crafts Arts and crafts of the state include stone, clay, leather, wood, ivory, lac, glass, brass, silver, gold and textiles. History reveals that kings and their nobles were patrons of the arts and crafts and artists were made from minerals, vegetables, precious stones, indigo, greatly encouraged craftsmen. Each period of history saw its own conch shells, pure gold and silver. contribution to the thriving art scene. Some of the most popular art and craft forms emerging from Rajasthan are block printing and Folk Music and Dance tie and dye, meenakari work, lac and glass bangles, stone carving, Each region in Rajasthan has its own folk art, dance styles and musical leather wear and embroidery. instruments. Some of the better known forms of entertainment are Ghoomar dance, Gair dance, Chari dance, Kachhi Ghodi, Fire dance, Rajput Painting Kathputli and Maand. Rajasthan’s role in the development of Indian art has been very important. The decoration of dwellings, household objects and wall Fairs and Festivals hangings with miniature paintings was a fascinating and distinctive. The love for colour and joyous celebrations is seen in the numerous From the 16th century onwards, there flourished different schools of fairs and festivals that take place in the state throughout the year. paintings like the Mewar school, Bundi-Kota kalam, Jaipur, Bikaner, There are animal fairs, religious fairs and fairs to mark the changing Kishangarh and Marwar schools. The colours used by miniature seasons. 26 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES CRAFTS PRACTICED ACROSS THE STATE STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 27 Rajasthan Economic Development The chapter presents an overview of the economic dynamics and contribution of various sectors in the state along with the status of the cultural economy and the people involved in it 28 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 29 A s the largest state in India, Rajasthan is surrounded by Punjab Rajasthan India on the north and northeast, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the east and Gujarat on the southwest, with agriculture, Demographic Indicators 2011 2011 mining and tourism as its main engines of growth. The contribution Total Population (in Millions) 68 1210 of agriculture in the state’s economy is about 19.5%, whereas the % Contribution to National Population 5.67 100 revenue generated through the industrial sector accounts for 30.5% Sex Ratio 926 940 in the state's economy; the service sector (including hospitality, Economic Indicators 2015 2015 tourism, technology and special economic activities [heritage related]) accounts for 50% with a high growth rate and investments in Gross Domestic Product (Rs crores) 7.67 lakh 113.5 lakh the Information Technology sector. Tourism alone accounts for 15% Contribution of Agriculture to NSDP/ 19.5 15.11 of the economy, and is an important revenue contributor of the state. GDP (%) The state has the seventh largest economy with a GDP of INR 7.67 Contribution of Industry to NSDP/GDP 30.5 31.12 lakh crores in 2016–17, and a growth of 13.7%. A significant hike of (%) 13.8% is estimated for 2016–17 in comparison to 2015–16.7 Contribution of Services to NSDP/GDP 50 53.77 (%) This section details out the socio-economic competence of the state Human Development Indicators 2007-8 2007-8 from the 1960s to 2015. Transitions and transformations have been Human Development Index Value (HDI) 0.434 0.467 tracked down to lay emphasis on the major contributors to economic Source: UNDP and Rajasthan Budget Analysis activity and their impact on the socio-cultural sector. Post-Independence Era Economic Contributors The state, in its present form, is a conglomeration of 19 erstwhile Industrial development in Rajasthan has suffered for several years princely states that vary in size, population, administrative efficiency due to its concentration in only eight districts. Despite progressive and the level of socio-economic development. Administratively, outlook of launching single window clearing scheme in the 1960s, no Rajasthan is divided into 33 districts, which are further subdivided investments towards large-scale industrial units were made.8 into 241 tehsils and 237 blocks. Political Influence In the post Independence era, followed by the formulation of the Constitution, the two dominant political parties were Congress and later, the BJP. However, being a state comprised of former kingdoms, the influence of the royal families was rather significant in the system. Most of the tangible heritage properties of Rajasthan, especially in the areas of Jodhpur, Udaipur, Jaipur, Chittorgarh and Bikaner are owned by the royal families. 7 Economic Review 2016-17, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Rajasthan, 8 Rajasthan Development Report: Planning Commission 2006 30 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES 1960s Economic Indicators and Contributors The state accounts for 10% of Population Strata: India’s total land area, but has only • Urban Population: 4% 1% of the country’s water resources. • Rural Population: 96% Economic Contribution: • Primary (Agriculture): 80% 1980 • Secondary (Industrial): 16% Economic Enablers • Tertiary (Service): 4% Declared as one of the BEMARU states of India, 1969 RSIMDC (Rajasthan State Industrial and Mining Development a term coined by Ashish Bose, as indicated by Corporation) was established for controlled industrial and service sector the GSDP on India. growth. The prevailing industries were: Handicrafts and Textiles. Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation (RIICO) was set up in 1980, to strengthen 338 industrial areas. 1991 Economic Indicators and Contributors Economic Contribution: 2001 • Primary (Agriculture): 80% Industrial Investment • Secondary (Industrial): 16% • Tertiary (Service): 4% Economic Contribution: • Primary (Agriculture): 29.7% RIICO is sub divided into: 2011 • Rajasthan Communications Ltd. (RCL) • Rajasthan Electronics Ltd. (REL) Population Strata: • Rural Population: 68% 2015-17 • Urban Population: 32% (with 9.6% increase in population) Economic Boost Enablers 37,000 industries are being developed under RIICO Resurgent Rajasthan, 2015 (Key MoU: Energy and Tourism) • Rajasthan Start Up Policy, 2015 • Rajasthan Investment and Promotion Scheme, 2014 • Exhibition and Convention centres ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF RAJASTHAN Source: NIUA STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 31 Industries 2. Textiles: As of December 2016, industries present in Rajasthan were in the • Dyeing and printing for export following categories: • Apparel • Interior Decor Manufacturing 1. Micro, Small and Medium enterprises (MSME) Tourism 2. Rural Non-Farm development agencies. Eg: Leather, Wool & In 1989, tourism gained the status of ‘Industry’. Hence, it could Textile, Mineral avail the concessions given to the industries from the Central and State Government. With this, a separate body was set up under the The industrial imbalace created by the above phenomenon, led to Company's Act 1960 to cater to the tourism sector of the state: the emergence of village industries. The village industrial clusters Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (RTDC). involve: The importance given to RTDC is reflected in the exponential increase 1. Handicrafts: in the expenditure by the GoR, from 1235 (in lakh) in 1997 to 2372 in • Products 2007. • Crafts • Artefacts ECONOMIC DRIVERS 32 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES Industries in Rajasthan Manufacturing End-User Product Manufacturing Mass Manufacturing Handicrafts Product Design Mining Marbles: Quarries Painting Export/ Import Stone Art and Craft: Export and Basic Murals/ Surface Art End User Stone/Marble Processing Unit Consumption Textiles Dyeing/ Printing Energy Thermal Power Renewable Energy: Product Design: Wind, Solar, • Bedsheets Biomass • Apparel • Fabric Infrastructure Transport: Roads, Tourism Hotel Industry Development Highways, Metro Corridors, BRTS Tangible Heritage Intangible Heritage Drains/ Sewerage Heritage driven Networks Industries: eg: Blue pottery Building Material Tiles/Flooring CNC MSME Processed Food Cement/ Brick Kilns Carpets/Wool/Leather Cooperatives/ IT sector MSME Furniture Government/ Private Corporation ECONOMIC OVERVIEW STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 33 A drastic increment was observed in 2001–2007 during the 8th and of an Institute of Hotel Management and a Food Crafts Institute in the 9th Five Year Plan. private sector to meet the increasing demand for trained personnel in various departments of hotel management and food crafts. Tourism Unit Policy 2015 Incentives/Concessions offered by Central and State Government Role of State Governments—The state government will play the role of for Hotel Industry in Rajasthan – The policy recommends various policy maker, planner and controller of law and order, standardisation incentives and concessions offered by the Central and State of tourism services, and regulation of tourism trade. The role of the Government to boost tourism in the state. Various tax rebates, stamp state government is described in the policy as a catalyst, promoter, duty exemption, subsidies, simplification of land conversion rules, facilitator and provider of infrastructure in the state. among others, have been recommended. Promotion of Sustainable Tourism—Promotion of ecotourism is a Enhancing the Tourist Products of Rajasthan – The policy supports central theme of the Tourism Policy 2015. The policy also encourages promotion of handicrafts, handlooms, cottage and other industries in forming various tourism advisory bodies at district, divisional and the state. Efforts will be made to further set up Shilpgram at various state level. tourist destinations. Heritage tourism, Weekend tourism, Adventure tourism, Wildlife tourism development are being given focused attention. Cultural Economy Culture and economy are inseparable; it is the economy, which is the Upgrading Tourist Support System – Skilled human resource basis of any culture and the raison d’etre for founding of the cities.9 development and trained personnel for the tourism sector are given Rajasthan boasts of a rich ensemble of heritage based creative importance in the policy. The Government is encouraging setting up economies that range from textiles and block printing in the Jaipur URBAN WORKER CLASSIFICATION 2011–12 Source: NSSO Data 9 RJ Vasavada (2017), The Heritage Policy, suggestions for Rajasthan projects, (unpublished notes) 34 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES district, bamboo products in Banswara, to stone carving in Alwar However, these focus only on the arts and crafts and related district. communities and not on the performing arts, cuisine and other aspects that form an inseparable part of the cultural economy in the Centre and state interventions by means of clusters by the Ministry state. They are an important part of the local ecosystem and hence of Textiles and of Industries Cluster Development, and RIICO are have to be linked to tourism operations through innovative tools. spread across the state. Almost 20% of urban workers in Rajasthan are engaged in crafts and The Ministry of Textiles under the Ambedkar Hastashilp Vikas Yojana related trade. This is a significantly high number of people working (AHVY) has identified 18 clusters of such creative economies across in the cultural economy. Employment in handicrafts/handloom is Rajasthan. 10 Besides the Ministry of Textiles clusters, RIICO has highest in Jaipur, followed by Jodhpur, Sikar, Alwar and Kota. played a significant role in promoting cultural economy with the setting up of special complexes. There are 16 of these spread across The Creative Economies Report prepared by United Nations in 2013 the state. In addition, there are 31 Department of Industries craft and the visits and surveys conducted by the Technical Assistance clusters across the state. team in the year 2017 across most of the historic towns and cities in the state revealed that livelihoods, employment, security and social EMPLOYMENT IN HANDICRAFTS INDUSTRY Source: Department of Industries 10 Ambedkar Hastashilp Vikas Yojana - Ministry of Textiles (http://www.craftclustersofindia.in/site/Cluster_Directory.aspx?mu_id=3&idstate=22) STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 35 CULTURAL ECONOMY WITHIN THE STATE 36 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES protection are the several issues faced by the creative economies in The other major issue plaguing the arts and crafts sector is the Rajasthan. 11 presence of intermediaries. Large export houses, showrooms, and traders do not allow for direct market linkage of artisans and hence, For instance, the traditional Chippa community of Sanganer, which the profits never reach the artisans entirely. once emerged as a prominent economy under the patronage of Jaipur royal family, has shown a steep decline due to the advent In few districts, the craft that is locally practised is not being of mechanisation, chemically dyed and machine printed fabrics. promoted through the cluster program; instead a new cluster is Today, due to the intervention of designers who have attempted a introduced. The condition of these clusters needs to be studied to revitalisation of traditional motifs, the economy is facing resurgence, see their functionality and impact on employment and livelihood. although more so in the upscale fashion industry. 11 Creative Economy Report 2013: Widening Local Development Pathways, UNESCO, UNDP STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 37 Rajasthan Tourism Study and analysis of tourist footfalls, routes followed by domestic and international tourists and the state government’s efforts to strengthen the sector 38 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 39 T he main economy of Rajasthan is agrarian, but tourism is international tourists. Foreign tourists account for 7.79% of total one of the important revenue contributors and occupies tourists, though the numbers have dropped since 2014.12 Domestic a prominent place in the state’s agenda as a crucial engine tourists also forms a large part, the majority of whom visit religious for income and employment. The tourism sector accounts for sites in the state. approximately 15% of the state's economy and employs 0.1 million people directly, 0.3 million people indirectly (2% of workforce), in An analysis of the available data from sources and first-hand surveys comparison to 20 million and 40 million in the country respectively, shows that the large cities form a part of the tourist circuits, whereas or 10% of total workforce. fewer tourists visit the smaller towns. Strengthening connectivity by road, rail and air as well as developing regional circuits and The state's heritage assets, both tangible and intangible, play an corridors with nodal towns will attract visitors to the lesser visited important role in this. The historic towns in the state have a wide destinations. The main tourist flow is through Jaipur, Ajmer, Jodhpur, number of heritage assets, which draw not only domestic but also Udaipur, Jaisalmer and Bikaner. It has also been observed that there TOURIST FLOWS IN THE STATE 12 www.india.gov.in and Rajasthan Development Report, Planning Commission 40 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES are other regional flows such as Jaipur to Shekhawati and Jaipur to the tourism sector, representations given by various stakeholders, Bundi or Udaipur and the surrounding forts. There are destinations including the tourism and trade organisations, and also the such as Phalodi and Nagaur that do not fall on the typical tourist suggestions received from other departments. routes but are rich in architectural heritage and have the potential to be integrated into wider tourist networks. The Rajasthan Tourism Unit Policy, 2015 primarily addresses issues relating to time-bound conversion of land for tourism units, which There are different types of tourist destinations that attract different includes new hotels and heritage hotels, time-bound approval of kinds of visitors: building plans, grant of patta to heritage hotels, allotment of land for • Religious tourism—Ajmer, Pushkar, Nathdwara, Mount Abu, tourism units on DLC (District Level Committee) rates, applicability of Bikaner are mainly known for religious tourism and each has an Rajasthan Investment Promotion Scheme (RIPS) for tourism units, important religious institution that attracts the visitors. These and smooth and speedy implementation of the provisions of related destinations are visited more by domestic tourists during holy departments like Revenue, Urban Development and Housing (UDH), days and festivals and less by international tourists. Local Self Government (LSG), Panchayati Raj etc. It is expected • Historic places—Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Chittorgarh, that this policy will strengthen the existing infrastructure, will foster Kumbhalgarh are towns that are visited by both domestic and Infrastructure development, income and employment generation, and international tourists because of their history and cultural increase the much-needed availability of hotel rooms for tourists. By heritage. These places have important built heritage structures allowing Heritage Hotels in Rural/Panchayat areas, Rural Tourism is such as forts and palaces, which attract large numbers of tourists. likely to increase subsequently. • Natural heritage—Bharatpur, Jaisalmer, Ranthambhore are known for the natural heritage such as national parks and sanctuaries, Schemes for Tourism desert etc., which attract both domestic and international tourists (i) Swadesh Darshan and PRASAD scheme: There are dedicated almost all year round. The natural heritage locations are the major investments approved under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme in 2014– pull for tourists who may or may not be interested in the nearest 15 with an aim to develop theme based tourist circuits in the country. town. Under Krishna Circuit, the sites of Shrinath Ji (Nathdwara), Govind State's Initiatives for Tourism Devji (Jaipur), Kanak Vrindavan (Jaipur), Charan Mandir (Jaipur), Seeing the significance of tourism in economic development, the Galtaji Temple Complex (Jaipur), and Khatu Shyam (Sikar) are government has taken various measures for establishing tourism as covered with a total project cost of approximately Rs. 98 Cr. The a "People's Industry". Initiatives have been taken by the state in order project envisaged world class infrastructural development of the to stabilise the declining sector, ranging from formulating a new sites with special emphasis on audio visual and projection shows, policy, providing dedicated schemes and establishing tourist circuits. site illumination, solar lighting and street lighting, construction of tourist facilitation centres, yatri sheds, infrastructural development Tourism Unit Policy of way-side amenities, parking, public convenience, construction The Department of Tourism had announced a Rajasthan Tourism Unit of open air theatre, cultural interpretation centre, fountains and Policy in 2007. This policy will now be replaced by Rajasthan Tourism landscaping. Apart from this, other dedicated investments have been Unit Policy, 2015 in order to extend more support and incentives for proposed for the Desert Circuit under Swadesh Darshan Yojana. establishment of Tourism Units in the state. (ii) Devasthana department: Domestic/regional and pilgrimage The new policy has been framed keeping in view the guidelines tourism is reinforced via tasks conducted by Devasthana Department. under the 'Suraj Sankalp' policy document, new emerging trends in The department manages the temples, religious and charitable STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 41 institutions, dharmshalas and shrines (math) inherited from the • Paucity of funds for tourism development rulers of the erstwhile princely states at the time of their merger with • Negligence towards new tourist centres the Union of India. The department organises religious and cultural • Inadequate and inappropriate distribution of human resources of activities in temples, encourages and supports various fairs (utsav) Department of Tourism and other rituals (yagya) organised for religious and charitable • Apathetic public attitude towards tourists and safety concerns purposes. The department’s tasks include preserving the temples • Ambiguous state policies and their traditions, publishing material related to major temples and religious places for public outreach, and preserving archives for Most infrastructure development in Rajasthan has been concentrated posterity. around industrial districts, while tourist destinations have been neglected. Maintenance of link roads, other than the national and state highways is extremely poor. The condition of tourism Tourism Circuits information bureaus is deplorable, with inadequate staff. Even the The department of tourism has envisaged and formulated six main hotel infrastructure in the state is inadequate. The RTDC’s share in tourist circuits, which include various important towns dotted in total hotel accommodation available is only 4.38%, which clearly the state’s landscape. The circuits are namely, Shekhawati, Hadoti, shows that private sector investment in developing hotels follows Mewar, Marwar, Dhundhar, and Braj. The adjacent figure shows the the trail of tourists. towns connected under these individual circuits. The circuits are developed in formerly established regions and/or erstwhile kingdoms The state government has proposed private sector participation in of the state. They connect the important towns in the region, which developing tourist areas and improving accommodation facilities. exhibit an inherent culture. For instance, Shekhawati region has a The government must focus on core sector development, such large number of residential mansions which were constructed by as providing improved accessibility to all tourist sites, good the Marwari merchants along with other grand edifices; and the Braj communication network etc. region, which includes Bharatpur district of Rajasthan along with other districts in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana, forms a The Tourism Department has set some short-term and long-term significant part of a pilgrimage route by the same name. goals for development of its tourist destinations, which are as below: • Cover existing gaps in tourism infrastructure and management Constraints to Tourism Development in Rajasthan13 of existing destinations Despite its many tourist attractions, tourism has not been developed • Develop and promote new tourist destinations to its full potential in Rajasthan because of the following constraints: The strategies for revitalisation of historic towns will take into • Poor infrastructure account these tourism goals as explained further in the book. • Inadequate and lopsided information • Marketing lacunae 13 Chapter 10, Tourism Industry, Planning Commission State Development Report 42 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES HISTORIC TOWNS, CITIES AND EXISTING TOURIST CIRCUITS STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 43 Rajasthan Legislative Framework Study and analysis of existing and proposed legislative framework at National, State and Local Authority level 44 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 45 R ajasthan has 163 ASI protected monuments, 342 state Existing and proposed acts governing heritage at Local protected monuments, 42 state protected sites, and a Authority level dense ensemble of unprotected heritage assets scattered Municipalities Act, 2009 amended in 2010–An act to consolidate across municipal boundaries. These assets demand a strong and amend the laws relating to the State of Rajasthan and to provide legislative framework in order to protect their existence. Though for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto (Rajasthan sites of national and state importance are covered under respective Municipalities Act, 2009). The act describes conservation of acts, there is no specific framework pertaining to cultural heritage monuments and places of historic importance as core municipal in the form of a policy, acts or rules for heritage assets scattered duties along with provision for preparing Master Development Plan, around towns. The same was proposed in the Rajasthan Heritage Municipal Action Plan, Execution Plan, keeping in consideration Conservation Bill, 2015, with the singular aim of formulating it into the conservation of natural and built heritage assets. Rajasthan Heritage Conservation Act 2015. Other significant steps undertaken are formulation of Shekhawati Heritage Conservation Though the detailed analysis for the same shows that provisions for Rules subsequently amended to Rajasthan State Heritage Council management, financial assistance, land acquisition, urban mobility Rules (under the premise of Municipalities Act, 2009) and Rajasthan and outreach are not provided specific to conservation of heritage Tourism Unit Policy, 2015. assets, it can be seen as a point of initiation formulating a framework for inclusive revitalisation in historic towns of Rajasthan. Existing Framework Acts and byelaws governing heritage at national and state level Shekhawati Heritage Council Rules amended to 1. Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, Rajasthan State Heritage Council Rules 1958 (Central Act No. 24 of 1958) applies to the monuments and The Government of Rajasthan formulated the Rajasthan State sites deemed to be of national importance. Heritage Council rules as a statutory document in exercise of the 2. Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972 (Central Act No. 52 of powers conferred by sub clause (iii) of clause (g) of Section 46 and 1972) applies to any antiquities or art treasures which need Section 337 of the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009. The document acquisition or protection. is applicable to all the municipal areas in Rajasthan and proposes 3. Any ancient or historical monuments, or archaeological sites or the protection of a dense ensemble of unprotected heritage through remains or antiquities to which the Rajasthan Monuments and identification, documentation, conservation and regulation of these Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1961 (No. 19 of 1961) is assets. Detailed recommendations were proposed by the Technical applicable. Assistance team through the established State Heritage Centre in consultation with other subject experts with an objective to formulate an owner centric legislation that would focus on incentive mechanisms and encourage creative use of the assets 46 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES Rajasthan is rich in tangible and intangible heritage and has tremendous potential in both its cultural as well as tourism economy. Having analysed the level of urbanisation in the state, the drivers of the state’s economy and the existing legislative framework, the following sections further elucidate the link between inclusive revitalisation and overall development. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 47 Historic Towns and Cities of Rajasthan STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 49 E ach of the identified historic towns and cities in Rajasthan is located within one of the seven homogenous regions of the state. These towns and cities are assessed together as they have similar SNo Region Name 1 Shekhawati Historic Towns and Cities Sikar, Nawalgarh, Fatehpur, Mandawa, Churu, Jhunjhunu, Khetri, Ramgarh, Sujangarh, historic, cultural, social character, and are part of the defined tourist Lakshmangarh, Bissau, Mukundgarh, Baggar, circuits. The regions identified for study were Shekhawati, Dhundhar, Pilani, Chirawa Braj, Hadoti, Mewar, Marwar and Merwara-Marwar. The towns within 2 Dhundhar Jaipur, Sambhar-Phulera, Jobner, Chomu, these regions are assessed together and recommendations are Alwar, Bandikui, Rajgarh, Tijara provided based on a detailed primary survey on the following four 3 Braj Kaman, Deeg, Bharatpur, Weir, Karauli, Sawai parameters: Madhopur, Dholpur, Kumher 1) Tangible heritage 2) Intangible heritage 3) Tourism 4) Stakeholders 4 Hadoti Bundi, Kota, Jhalawar-Jhalarapatan and Community 5 Mewar Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Nathdwara, Dungarpur, Banswara, Shahpura The adjacent table gives a brief overview of the identified historic towns and cities of Rajasthan, which are assessed in detail in the 6 Marwar Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner subsequent chapters. 7 Merwara-Marwar Ajmer-Pushkar, Kishangarh, Merta Other towns Pillibanga, Hanumangarh, Mount Abu REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES SEVEN REGIONS IN RAJASTHAN UNDER WHICH THE HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES ARE ASSESSED 50 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 51 Historic Towns and Cities of Rajasthan Shekhawati Region Shekhawati Region encompasses Churu, Sikar and Jhunjhunu districts and is known for its grand mansions, their architecture and fresco paintings. The towns and cities studied in this region are: Sikar, Nawalgarh, Fatehpur, Mandawa, Churu, Jhunjhunu, Khetri, Ramgarh Shekhawati, Sujangarh, Lakshmangarh, Bissau, Baggar, Mukundgarh, Pilani, Chirawa 52 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 53 S hekhawati is geographically located in the northern part of The Marwaris from Marwar were an influential business community Rajasthan. The entire region consists of Sikar, Jhunjhunu and in Shekhawati, who prospered until the beginning of the 19th century Churu districts. More than 100 villages and towns come under due to the caravan routes that crossed the area to reach the ports of the Shekhawati region. Gujarat. However, from 1820 onwards, many left their families behind and migrated to Kolkata, Mumbai, and Chennai, which were gaining Shekhawati was established by Shekhawat Rajputs and it was importance as the main trade centres where they had great financial ruled by Songara Rajputs until India's independence. Rao Shekha success. The descendants of these rich merchants have permanently Ji from Dhundhar established his own independent kingdom with settled down in the towns and cities their ancestors migrated to. the capital at Amarsar. After him, Rao Raimal, Rao Suja and Rao The Shekhawati region is home to a large number of Marwaris who Lunkaran become the rulers of Amarsar. Rao Manohar succeeded have played a part in the economic growth of India. Today, the major his father Rao Lunkaran and founded Manoharpur, later renamed trading and industrial houses of India have their roots in this region. Shahpura. Shekhawats conquered Jhunjhunu, Fatehpur and Narhar of Kaimkhanis and established their rule in 1445 until 1614. The Between 1830 and 1930, these merchants erected huge mansions in Shekhawats and Songaras built forts in their respective provinces Shekhawati as evidence of their success. Most of the buildings of the (thikana). More than 50 forts and palaces were built by them, of Shekhawati region were constructed in between the 18th century and which many of them are put to commercial use today as hotels. the early 20th century. During the British occupation, traders adapted this style for their buildings. As the ultimate symbol of their opulence, Shekhawat Rajputs initially introduced ‘frescoes’ in this region the Marwaris commissioned artists to paint extensively on the walls through these forts and palaces. The towns in Shekhawati are known of these buildings. These were not the usual wall paintings, but were for their grand painted mansions. This region is recognised as the ‘fresco’ paintings, which required skilled painters. These mansions, "Open Art Gallery of Rajasthan" having a significant number of fresco known as haveli in the local language are known for the frescoes paintings. depicting mythological and historical themes. These frescoes include images of gods, goddesses, animals, and the lives of Rama and Krishna, among others. Key Findings Tangible Heritage Mansions (Haveli): The strength of tangible heritage in the Shekhawati region is the large residential mansions with fresco paintings. Spread across the region, these are owned by large business families who have mostly relocated to other cities such as Kolkata and Mumbai. These grand residences are left deserted and in poor condition. The issue of lack of maintenance has plagued the region, resulting in inefficient use of the large asset base. Some of these buildings have been adapted into museums, art and culture centres such as the Morarka Haveli in Nawalgarh and LePrince Haveli in Fatehpur. Several of these are also commercially used as hotels in Mandawa. LOCATION OF SHEKHAWATI REGION IN RAJASTHAN Forts and Palaces: Every town in the region has a small fort or palace 54 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES CONCENTRATION OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN LOCATION AND EXTENT OF ART AND CRAFT IN SHEKHAWATI REGION SHEKHAWATI REGION that belonged to the royal family. These are being adaptively used Intangible Heritage in some towns such as in Mandawa, whereas in others they are Tie and Dye and Hand Block Printing work is largely practised in the deserted and in a dilapidated state. towns of Jhunjhunu, Churu and Mandawa. Historic Core: Mansions and temples are densely concentrated in Fresco Painting is a dying art form due to decreasing numbers of the old city areas, making them culturally rich. However, these core skilled artists, as a result endangering the authenticity of the art. areas lack adequate infrastructure and services. Other Crafts: There is not much demand today for crafts such as lac Water Bodies: Besides the mansions, there are large stepwells (baori) bangles and leather footwear, due to which the number of people and tanks (johra) in all the towns of this region. These fall under the employed in the sector is reducing significantly. ULB’s administration in most cases, but are in poor condition. In Sikar, the ULB has restored one such tank (johra) with its own funds. Festivals: Holi is the main festival celebrated all across the region. Shekhawati Utsav takes place once a year in Nawalgarh and brings Markets and Public Spaces: There are large active markets and artists, locals and tourists together. This 4-day festival started by the public spaces in the region with narrow lanes and dense built fabric. Morarka Foundation attracts about 5000–6000 people, both national Presently they face issues of encroachment and mobility. Many of and international. the old buildings abutting the market streets are transformed in towns like Sikar. Environmental Issues and water safety concerns have been observed STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 55 in towns like Churu, Sikar and Mandawa, where tie and dye work is the Marwar region from Delhi or Jaipur. Malji ka Kamra, a historic practised on a big scale. residential mansion in Churu has been converted to a ‘heritage hotel’ and is frequented by international tourists. Tourism International Tourists: The typical route followed is from Delhi or Stakeholders and Community Jaipur to the Shekhawati region and then beyond to the Marwar Civil Society Initiatives: Shekhawati region has a strong civil society region. The popular itineraries are Delhi-Churu-Bikaner, Delhi- base in some towns, with organisations such as the Podar Foundation Mandawa-Bikaner, Delhi-Jaipur-Sikar-Mandawa/Bikaner/Nagaur. in Ramgarh, Morarka Foundation in Nawalgarh and Nadine LePrince Foundation in Fatehpur. These bodies have been working towards Domestic and Regional Tourists: Domestic tourists do not visit heritage management, urban renewal and culture dissemination with Shekhawati in large numbers. It is mostly the regional tourists who commercial tools such as adaptive reuse for hotels and homestays, visit this region for the local fairs and festivals. museums and art galleries. Mandawa is the most popular destination for international tourists Urban Local Bodies: ULBs in Shekhawati such as Sikar, Nawalgarh in this region. Many heritage hotels and other support infrastructure and Churu value their built heritage assets. Assets such as stepwells have been developed here, providing employment to the local have been restored by the ULBs in Jhunjhunu and Sikar and a heritage residents. Mandawa has recently gained popularity as the location walk was initiated by the ULB in Churu. for ‘destination weddings’. Business Families: They form a large part of the stakeholder group Churu/Nawalgarh: Though not as popular as Mandawa, Churu in this region, as they own a majority of the built heritage assets and and Nawalgarh act as pause points in the longer journey towards their involvement is essential in the overall management of these assets. Religious Trust: Institutions such as Ramakrishna Mission in Khetri is one of the important stakeholders. Issues Identified in the Region: Large-scale migration of the local community to the Gulf countries to work as labour has led to reduced work force availability. Strategic Recommendations Based on primary surveys conducted during visits to towns and assessment of prevaling conditions, the following are the prioritised strategic recommendations for the region: TOURIST FLOWS IN SHEKHAWATI REGION 56 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES DIVERSITY OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN THE REGION STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 57 58 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES Parameters Recommendations Tangible Heritage Urban regeneration projects: Restore and adaptively reuse the traditional mansions for the public as libraries, offices, museums etc. or as heritage hotels, through a PPP model. The government proposes to revitalise the Shekhawati region through adaptive reuse of the residential mansions and other heritage buildings. This could be achieved in all regions with the government acting as a facilitator for inviting private investors with the consent of the owners of the heritage buildings. Byelaws/Development Control Regulations for protecting and managing the tangible heritage in the towns. The government is in the process of preparing State (Heritage Council) Rules to provide for identification documentation, conservation and regulation of heritage assets. These rules are being reviewed and improvised as per the requirement. Intangible Heritage Cultural economy in Sikar, Mandawa, Jhunjhunun, Khetri and Churu can benefit through innovation, skill development and market linkages, by collaborating with institutions in the region and design centres from across the country. Craft centres and incubators in special zones around the Churu-Sikar route to increase the practitioners of tie and dye and block printing. Festivals: Strengthen and extend the existing Shekhawati Utsav in Nawalgarh to celebrate the cultural heritage of the region, as a travelling festival in districts of Churu and Sikar. Tourism Circuit development: Identify and develop Shekhawati region as an independent tourist circuit (on similar lines of Desert Circuit). Heritage walks: Design and develop heritage walks along with public plazas in the towns for events, festivals etc. in Churu, Mandawa, Fatehpur and Nawalgarh. Destination development: There is a steady tourist flow with large numbers of international tourists; however there is a need to develop destinations on the existing routes to retain these tourists in the region for longer, instead of the current day visits. Stakeholders and Promote existing effort of ULBs: The heritage walk started in Churu must be revived and similar Community efforts should be promoted in other towns to showcase haveli architecture, fresco paintings and other assets. Civil society organisations: Organisations like Morarka Foundation and Shruti Foundation have a strong presence in the region and can work with local artisans and fund conservation projects. More funding can be encouraged through CSR in this regard. High Medium Low STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 59 Historic Towns and Cities of Rajasthan Dhundhar Region Dhundhar Region encompasses largely Jaipur, Dausa and Alwar districts. The towns and cities studied in this region are: Jaipur, Amber, Sambhar-Phulera, Jobner, Chomu, Alwar, Bandikui, Rajgarh, Tijara 60 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 61 D hundhar, also known as the Jaipur region, lies in east- central Rajasthan, and is bound by the Aravalli Range on the northwest, Ajmer to the west, Mewar region to the southwest, Hadoti region to the south, and Bharatpur and Karauli districts to the east. It includes the districts of Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk and Alwar. Ruled by the Meena kings, the region was later governed by the Kachhwaha dynasty from the 11th century. The Kachhwaha kingdom had their first capital at Dausa, then shifted to Amber (now Jaipur). Jaipur is the first planned city of the country and is known as the Pink City. In 1900, in the hey dey of the Jaipur Kingdom, the region had a total area of 40,349 sq. km. Generally liberal policies of the rulers permitted Jainism to flourish at Amber and later at Jaipur. During the dissolution of the Mughal Empire, the armies of Jaipur were continually at war. Near the end of the 18th century, the Kachhwaha chief of Alwar and the Jats of Bharatpur asserted and liberated themselves from Jaipur and each adjoined the eastern LOCATION OF DHUNDHAR REGION IN THE STATE portion of Jaipur's territory. This period of Jaipur's history is noted for its inhouse power struggles and consistent military warfare with The region around Jaipur is known for its flourishing hand block the Marathas, Jats, other Rajput states, as well as the British and the printing work that is exclusive to the region and exported across Pindaris. However, enough wealth remained in Jaipur for the financing the world, employing thousands of people. Besides that, handmade of fine temples/palaces, enacting of dignified traditions and ensuring paper is also produced in the region. the well-being of its citizens and merchant communities. 62 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES DIVERSITY OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN THE REGION STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 63 Key Findings A. Tangible Heritage The region, comprising of the capital city of Jaipur and small towns such as Sambhar and Jobner, has a diverse typology of tangible heritage assets. Forts and Palaces: The forts and palaces in Jaipur and the region are world famous. The palace in Alwar is currently being used as the Collectorate Office and Museum. Jobner and Rajgarh have smaller forts. Mansions (haveli): Residential mansions in Jaipur, Chomu, Sambhar, Alwar and Jobner form a rich asset base for the Dhundhar region. A few have been adaptively reused by the hotel industry such as those in Chomu whereas others such as in Sambhar and Jobner remain deserted and largely under visited. LOCATION OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN DHUNDHAR REGION DIVERSITY OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN THE REGION 64 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES Stepwells (baori): Bandikui with its proximity to the Chand Baori at Alwar, lac bangles in Jobner, earthen pots in Bandikui and handmade Abhaneri receives large-scale enroute visitation. paper in Sanganer. However, these are dying crafts and the number of practitioners is dwindling. Natural Heritage: Sariska National Park close to Alwar brings in large numbers of tourists to the area. Textiles: Block printing in Sanganer and Bagru employs large numbers of people, some of which are from outside the state. The crafts in Open spaces and streetscape: Jobner has large open spaces that and around Jaipur have international reach. Some units have tied have the potential to be developed as public places for the town, to up with national and international brands, export houses and online attract residents every day as well as during large festivals. Jaipur platforms to provide a continuous supply of material. with its historic markets is famous for its planned streetscape, where projects are already underway. Alwar too has an active market space Direct Market Linkage is a problem, as can be seen in the entire in the old city area. state, as existing mechanisms such as fairs and festivals do not have a transparent allocation system and some units find it hard Churches: Bandikui, unlike other towns in Rajasthan, has colonial to participate in them. Most artisans have cards issued from the churches, cathedrals and residential quarters. Industries Department but with no direct benefits. B. Intangible Heritage Tourism Handicrafts: The intangible heritage in the Dhundhar region International Tourists: Mainly visiting Jaipur, they either start their comprises of handicrafts such as leather shoemaking in Jobner and journey from Delhi or Jaipur itself. Onwards from here, the tourists follow different itineraries including Ajmer-Pushkar, Bundi and the Desert Circuit. Small places like Bandikui, Sambhar, Chomu, Alwar and Neemrana, which are close to Jaipur, also figure on the itineraries of international tourists. Domestic Indian Tourists: They follow the conventional route of Jaipur-Ajmer-Pushkar-Jodhpur-Jaisalmer, with very few of them exploring towns beyond these cities. Domestic Regional Tourists: Places like Jobner are only visited by regional tourists for religious fairs and events which are held once a year. Regional tourists also visit Sambhar for the fair/festival at Devyani Sarovar and Sharmishtha Sarovar. Jaipur: It is the most visited city in the state, and the tourism sector employs large numbers of people as tour guides at various tourist sites, local transport providers for tourists (taxis, buses), and in the hotel industry, which includes heritage hotels. Chomu: Some tourists prefer staying at Chomu and visit Jaipur LOCATION AND EXTENT OF ART AND CRAFT IN THE DHUNDHAR REGION during the day, because it is economical and also close by. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 65 Stakeholders and Community Civil Society: In Jaipur, the civil society is largely aware of its heritage value due to huge international interest (UNESCO Creative City), funding in the sector and its image as a heritage city; whereas those in towns of Jobner, Sambhar, Alwar and Rajgarh are less aware and sensitive to the presence of heritage and the value associated with it. Royal Families: The royal family of Jobner owns most of the land in the town and maintains the assets. The Jaipur royal family too owns large assets and runs museums and galleries in the city. Jaipur: Jaipur has a large number of NGOs working in the sector of heritage management and promotion, such as the Jaipur Virasat Foundation, hotel chains such as ITC, Taj, which influence tourism, and organisations such as Jawahar Kala Kendra, which promote the art and crafts of the State. There are also large industries and real estate developers in the region that have a stake in city development. Sambhar: The Salt Board in Sambhar has a primary stake in development activities in the town, and owns a large part of the land. Strategic Recommendations TOURIST FLOW IN DHUNDHAR REGION Based on primary surveys conducted during visits to all towns and assessment of prevailing conditions and gaps, the following are the Bandikui: The small-scale informal economy at the site of Chand prioritised strategic recommendations for the region: Baori at Abhaneri is driven by tourism. Alwar: Tourism economy is directly linked to the Sariska Tiger Reserve. 66 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES Parameters Recommendations Tangible Heritage • Open space: Small towns like Jobner have large open spaces that have tremendous potential for urban vibrancy; these need to be retained through proper focus in the Heritage Management Plan. • Adaptive reuse: Sensitive adaptive reuse of heritage buildings in Chomu, Sambhar and Bandikui is required for better maintenance and subsequent revenue generation. • Stepwells: Rajgarh has stepwells owned by the ULB that need revival and integration in the Heritage Management Plan. Intangible Heritage • Festivals: Jobner absorbs a floating population of 1,00,000 during the Jobner Jwala Mata festival. Strengthening of tourist facilities is required during such local fairs. Small towns do not have the infrastructure needed to handle such large crowds. • Handloom and textiles: Direct market linkage and online sale of handicraft and handloom units in and around Jaipur is a necessity. Transparency in allotment of stalls during fairs and festivals organised by the state is the immediate intervention required. Tourism • Develop circuit: Identify and develop a tourist circuit around Alwar-Abhaneri-Jaipur. International tourists now arrive in Alwar (for the Sariska Tiger Reserve) or in Jaipur, and visit Abhaneri (Chand Baori) during the day. The circuit can be extended to include Sambhar (Sambhar old town and Salt Lake) and then can be connected to Ajmer. Stakeholders and • Enhance destinations: Enhance Sambhar as a tourist destination. It is necessary to sustain Community tourist flow in the medium and long run (Swadesh Darshan). • Integrate Alwar town in tourism itinerary of visitors to Sariska, who currently have a fixed itinerary to stay in or around the Tiger Reserve. Visit to Alwar can be integrated to this, in order to spend more time in the town. • Civil society organisations: Jaipur has many active civil society bodies such as Virasat Foundation and organisations such as INTACH that can be involved in projects in the region. Awareness campaigns and activities with artists may be done in partnership with them. • ULB: Capacity building and training workshops can be held in smaller ULBs such as Rajgarh, Jobner to create awareness about cultural heritage and build ownership, as well as to develop management techniques. • Institutions: Jaipur has a large number of national level design, architecture, planning and management institutions that can be partnered with for capacity building programs and preparation of heritage management plans. High Medium Low STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 67 Historic Towns and Cities of Rajasthan Braj Region Braj Region encompasses Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Bharatpur and Dhaulpur districts. The towns and cities studied in this region are: Sawai Madhopur, Weir, Karauli, Bharatpur, Kaman, Deeg, Dhaulpur, Kumher 68 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 69 T he region covers the eastern zone of Rajasthan with districts of Sawai Madhopur, Karauli, Bharatpur and Dhaulpur. The region lies on the southeastern side of the Aravallis and encounters a composite climate, with extreme weather conditions as per the seasons. Geographically and culturally, ‘Braj bhoomi’ is a part of the Ganges- Yamuna-Doab (Ganges valley and upper Indus) region, which has had an extensive influence on the entirety of Indian subcontinent culture. The region lies well within the golden triangle of Delhi-Jaipur-Agra. LOCATION OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN BRAJ REGION Forts and Palaces: Weir, Karauli, Bharatpur and Sawai Madhopur have forts, whereas Deeg is known for its palace. Ranthambhore fort is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and attracts large number of tourists. Water Bodies: All towns in the region have stepwells and tanks. LOCATION OF BRAJ REGION IN RAJASTHAN STATE Karauli and Deeg are known for their large water bodies. Historic Core: Karauli is known for the uniform nature of its old town. Key Findings Tangible Heritage Intangible Heritage Natural Heritage: This region is primarily known for its two natural Textiles: Sawai Madhopur and Deeg are centres of intangible heritage heritage assets, Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary and Ranthambhore in this region. Known for hand printing, embroidery and patch work, National Park, both of which attract large number of tourists during Sawai Madhopur employs a large population in this sector and also the season. has an active crafts cluster. Temples: The region lies on the Braj religious circuit with proximity to Ironware: Deeg is famous for iron utensils and other kitchenware, the Mathura and Agra, and has a high influx of religious tourists. Almost demand for which is slowly reducing. all towns have large temples managed by respective trusts. 70 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES DIVERSITY OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN THE REGION STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 71 LOCATION AND EXTENT OF INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN BRAJ REGION TOURIST FLOWS IN BRAJ REGION Tourism Transport is generally arranged privately by the hotels and they have a International Tourists: They mainly visit the Ranthambhore National 5-year contract with the Forest Department. Sawai Madhopur Tourist Park near Sawai Madhopur and the bird sanctuary in Bharatpur. Reception Centre (TRC) has 35 trained guides for the Ranthambhore The other attraction for them is the Braj Holi festival, where tourists Fort and 125–150 guides for the national park safari. generally arrive from Delhi or Jaipur. Bharatpur: Tourists usually visit the bird sanctuary. The Forest Domestic Indian and Regional Tourists: They visit this region for Department has contracted 123 battery operated vehicles inside the the Ranthambhore National Park, Bharatpur bird sanctuary, Braj sanctuary. The TRC has a record of 100–125 guides being formally Parikrama and Vallabh Sampraday Yatra. They arrive from Jaipur, recruited under them. Delhi, Mathura and Agra, and usually take a night halt at Bharatpur and visit Karauli, Kaman and Deeg as a part of the parikrama. Stakeholders and Community Civil society: There is a general lack of awareness in the cities of this Sawai Madhopur: The tourism linked economy in Sawai Madhopur region about their heritage assets and their associated value. is based on the transport facilities arranged for tourists visiting Ranthambhore National Park and on guides for the tourist groups. State departments: Forest and Tourism departments play a leading 72 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES role in the region for development work due to the presence of the Strategic Recommendations national park and bird sanctuary. Based on primary surveys conducted during visits to all towns and assessment of prevailing condition, the following are the prioritised NGOs: Lupin Foundation, Bharatpur plays an important role in socio- strategic recommendations for the region: economic development related work in the region. Parameters Recommendations Tangible Heritage Strategic projects can be developed in Bharatpur, Deeg and Sawai Madhopur around the heritage assets with a focus on upgrading the overall infrastructure in the towns for a better experience for tourists, visitors and pilgrims. Restore Ranthambhore fort with the Forest and Tourism Department and develop support infrastructure and facilities for tourists and visitors. Intangible Heritage Crafts: Along with the preservation of natural heritage, industrial clusters and NGOs working in Sawai Madhopur and Deeg in the craft industries (carpet Weaving, textiles etc.) should be empowered to expand and increase employment. Tourism Tourism infrastructure: Despite the large number of tourists in the region, tourism infrastructure and connectivity is still relatively poor and needs improvement. Stakeholders and IEC activities: These should be planned for community awareness. This could help in better Community maintenance and management of the heritage assets in towns and the overall upgradation of the town’s environment. Existing NGOs such as that in Bharatpur can be involved in these activities. High Medium Low STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 73 Historic Towns and Cities of Rajasthan Hadoti Region Hadoti Region encompasses Kota, Bundi, Baran and Jhalawar districts. The towns and cities studied in this region are: Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar-Jhalarapatan 74 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 75 T he Hadoti region has an interesting history. The name of the region itself derives from the Hada Rajputs, who form a branch of the great Chauhan Rajput clan. Hadoti is a treasure house of art and sculpture. Archaeological wonders can be found in the temples that are situated all across the region. It comprises Bundi, Kota, Baran and Jhalawar. Bundi in particular, is an important city bearing witness to some of the striking art and architecture of Rajasthan. It is located in a narrow encompassing gorge. Due to the presence of the river Chambal, the area experiences a semi-arid climate and has numerable waterfalls, lakes, stepwells (baori), tanks (kund, johra), etc. Hadoti region is a primary centre for migratory birds from various countries like China and Russia. They arrive in October when the temperature decreases and leave by March when the temperature starts rising again. Key Findings Tangible Heritage Forts: Known for its majestic forts such as the one at Bundi and LOCATION OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN HADOTI REGION Gagron fort in Jhalawar (UNESCO World Heritage Site), this region is strong in individual built heritage assets. Old Town: The old town of Bundi and its evolved water management system, which includes stepwells and lakes attracts crowds from across the world. However, the historic cores of Kota, Jhalawar and Bundi, which are rich in heritage structures, are suffering from the ill effects. Temples: Jhalawar-Jhalarapatan has several religious structures and the town attracts crowds from across the world who come to experience the distinct rituals such as the ringing of bells practised here. Intangible Heritage LOCATION OF HADOTI REGION IN RAJASTHAN STATE Textiles: One of the most well known textiles of Rajasthan, Kota doria 76 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES DIVERSITY OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN THE REGION STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 77 to Bundi and spend two nights on an average in Bundi. Kota acts as the link if tourists are arriving from Madhya Pradesh. Domestic Indian and Regional Tourists: The Domestic or Indian tourists follow either the route from Udaipur-Chittorgarh-Kota, Jaipur- Bundi-Kota or Sawai Madhopur-Kota-Indore. Festivals: The Dussehra festival celebrations which go on for 20–30 days in Kota, and the Holi festival in Bundi attract a large number of people from the nearby regions as well as from across the country and world. Ecotourism is an emerging concept that the Tourism Department wants to explore in the Hadoti region. The sites being considered are Mukundarah Tiger Reserve, Chambal river, Kota dam, crocodile sanctuary. The Forest Department also has plans to connect Bundi to Ranthambhore sanctuary for a higher footfall. Bundi: Bundi is a favourite amongst the international tourists visiting LOCATION AND EXTENT OF CULTURAL ECONOMY IN HADOTI REGION comes from this region. With an international reach and almost half of the state's handloom population employed in the sector, Kota doria is a large income source for the region. Facing a threat from powerlooms and impending loss in employment, some units have retained the hand weaving skills. They are mainly practised in the villages of Mangrol and Kaithoon. Miniature painting: Bundi is well known for its miniature painting school, even though there are few practitioners of the art now. Crafts: Bundi is known for lac bangles and leather footwear, but the number of artisans is reducing with time. Festivals: The Holi festival in Bundi is popular all over the world and attracts many visitors, specially from Europe. Tourism International tourists: They travel from Jaipur and Sawai Madhopur TOURIST FLOWS IN HADOTI REGION 78 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES Rajasthan, especially French tourists. The average number of nights INTACH also has an active chapter in Kota. spent in Kota by an international tourist is 2–3. As a result, a lot of Real Estate groups such as Adani have large-scale works in Bundi the traditional mansions have been converted to hotels or paying and Jhalawar. guest accommodation to cater to this large number of tourists. The Jhalawar also has a royal family that owns a few assets. Taragarh fort as well as other attractions are also well maintained owing to such large number of visitors. Strategic Recommendations Stakeholders and Community Based on primary surveys conducted during visits to all towns and Stone mining community: Kota is rich in stone and has large stone assessment of prevailing conditions, the following are the prioritised mining companies that have a stake in the region. strategic recommendations for the region: Parameters Recommendations Tangible Heritage Infrastructure in old towns: Improvement of basic services in Bundi is recommended as an immediate step to manage the rich heritage of the historic core. Furthermore, there is a need for improvement in basic infrastructure and services in Jhalarapatan town. Region Development: Develop “Bundi - Kota - Jhalarapatan - Gagron heritage region” Identify and develop ‘place making catalyst projects’ along the corridor. Gagron fort will act as a catalyst to attract international tourist flow beyond Bundi. The historic core can be developed as a heritage destination along the corridor. Intangible Heritage Handicraft promotion: Promotion of places like Bundi for its natural heritage and handicraft industries, especially lac bangles and leather footwear, by establishing linkages between artisans and design schools and institutions. Tourism Integrate tourism with heritage management: In lieu of a tourism plan and 'Smart City' initiatives, heritage management should be integrated in the planning systems in order to sustain international tourist flow in the short and long run. Kota is known as an industrial and educational centre. The tourism department plans to take up initiatives focusing on natural assets around Kota. Integrating heritage management will boost tourism and help conserve and manage the heritage assets. Stakeholders and Investment: Finding local or regional private sector investment will be challenging but can Community be promoted through workshops and fairs, by inviting stakeholders such as large stone mining companies in the region. State funds will need to be accessed in the region as well. High Medium Low STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 79 Historic Towns and Cities of Rajasthan Mewar Region Mewar Region encompasses Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Dungarpur, Banswara and Bhilwara districts. The towns and cities studied in this region are: Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Nathdwara, Banswara, Dungarpur, Shahpura 80 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 81 M ewar, a region in the southcentral part of Rajasthan, for centuries was known as the Rajput kingdom of Mewar or Udaipur that later became a princely state under the British rule. The northern part of Mewar is a gently sloping plain, drained by the Bedach and Banas River and its tributaries, which empty into the Chambal River, a tributary of the Yamuna. The southern part of the region is hilly, and marks the divide between the Banas and its tributaries and the headwaters of the Sabarmati and Mahi rivers. The Aravalli Range forms the northwestern boundary of the region, composed mostly of sedimentary rocks, like marble and Kota stone, which has traditionally been an important construction material. The region is part of the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests' eco- region. Protected areas include the Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary, the Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, the Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary and the Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary. Mewar has a tropical climate, with an average rainfall of 660 mm/year. LOCATION OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN MEWAR REGION The major districts of the region are: Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Key Findings Banswara, Dungarpur and Bhilwara. Tangible Heritage Forts and Palaces: Mewar region is rich in tangible heritage – specifically forts and palaces. With both Kumbhalgarh and Chittorgarh, UNESCO World Heritage Sites located here, there is a large influx of domestic and international tourists. Udaipur has the formidable City Palace. Banswara has a privately owned palace that is not maintained at present, but has the potential to be developed to encourage tourist visits. Temples: The temple in Nathdwara is the driving tangible heritage asset in the town that attracts thousands of domestic tourists to the town each month. Markets: Udaipur has an active markets and other recreational spaces along the water bodies. The main market area around the temple in Nathdwara is an actively used space but has issues concerning mobility and encroachment. LOCATION OF MEWAR REGION IN RAJASTHAN STATE Historic Core: The Udaipur historic core is rich in built heritage, but 82 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES DIVERSITY OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN THE REGION STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 83 because of the large number of tourists in the densely populated population, witnesses the annual Baneshwar festival that attracts area, the residents have flagged off concerns regarding mobility. lakhs of visitors from the region. Dungarpur town has an active market space and ranks the highest in terms of maintaining overall cleanliness. Issues of work conditions and dwindling numbers of artists: Sompura area of Dungarpur and Talwara area of Banswara have a community Intangible Heritage of stone carvers who sculpt products for local as well as national Handicrafts: Rich in intangible heritage, this region is known for and international markets. The communities live and work in poor its handicrafts such as stone carving, marble sculpture, terracotta conditions and they face health and infrastructure problems. Thewa work, jewellery making, woodcarving as well as miniature painting in kala, another craft practised in nearby Pratapgarh also has a few Nathdwara. Molela in Rajsamand district is a village which started families practising the craft. with tribal sculptures in terracotta and has now widened its reach countrywide with displays at several railway stations and airports, Tourism with self-developed linkages. Udaipur is the major driver for tourism in the region, attracting double the number of tourists as its population, both domestic and foreign. Textiles: Akola village in Chittorgarh district has a few block printing units that supply to large fashion houses, while others produce for Hill Forts: The hill forts of Chittorgarh and Kumbhalgarh are at a short local markets. driving distance from Udaipur and attract large numbers of tourists. Festivals: The district of Banswara, which has a large tribal Religious tourism: The districts of Banswara and Dungarpur attract LOCATION AND EXTENT OF INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN MEWAR REGION TOURIST FLOWS IN MEWAR REGION 84 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES fewer tourists compared to other areas due to their backward Banswara and Dungarpur districts are primarily tribal and low on economy and less concentration of heritage. Tourist traffic here is Human Development Index (HDI) values. They also have a poor purely domestic and religious. stakeholder base in heritage management. Fairs: The Baneshwar fair in Banswara attracts a large number of Nathdwara: The temple trust in Nathdwara is one of the key patrons domestic tourists in February each year. in the town. The region has a high concentration of cement and marble companies as well as real estate developers such as Miraj Stakeholders and Community Construction. Udaipur: The wide range of stakeholders in Udaipur is the city’s strength, with an active royal family running the Maharana Mewar Chittorgarh: Large stone companies and real estate developers can Charitable Fund, active elected representatives who are involved form drivers of investment in the town. with different projects with the ULB; also local NGOs, such as Sewa Mandir, in the sector of heritage management and skill development. The city also has the presence of large hotel chains such as ITC, Strategic Recommendations Taj and Oberoi groups fetching potential investments for the city. Based on primary surveys conducted during visits to all towns and Hindustan Zinc is a primary stakeholder in the region with large land assessment of prevailing conditions, the following are the prioritised holdings. strategic recommendations for the region: Parameters Recommendations Tangible Improvement of basic services in Banswara, Nathdwara, Dungarpur Heritage a. Old city cores can be developed as heritage destination. b. Condition of built heritage assets in these towns needs to be improved; the stepwells and palaces specifically. Fort management: Review and improvise the existing management plans for Chittorgarh and Kumbhalgarh forts for more efficient organisation of resources. Mobility Plan for Udaipur city: Udaipur has large number of tourists visiting the historic core. Narrow lanes and commercial activity leads to congestion. Multi-level parking spaces have been developed in the old city. However, there is a need to prepare a holistic mobility plan for the town; the historic core in specific. Intangible Develop Udaipur – Kumbhalgarh – Dungarpur – Chittorgarh as a Heritage region focusing on intangible heritage Heritage Strengthen the Molela terracotta pottery craft with better connection to Udaipur and Chittorgarh, for attracting tourists to the village. Develop the stone craft of Dungarpur; integrate it into the heritage walk for the city, as the craft needs a momentum and better connectivity with the main town. Tourism Infrastructure in forts: Develop tourist activities and better tourist facilities such as signage, audio guides, events for visitors in both the forts (Kumbhalgarh and Chittorgarh). Transport facilities for visitors such as e-rickshaws within the fort campus is necessary. Stakeholders Partnerships with existing NGOs: Udaipur has a large number of NGOs and CBOs working in the heritage management sector and and skill training. These can be involved in the programme for knowledge dissemination and skill training in the crafts sector, Community as well as awareness generation activities. High Medium Low STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 85 Historic Towns and Cities of Rajasthan Marwar Region Marwar Region encompasses Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur districts. The towns and cities studied in this region are: Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner 86 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 87 P resent day Jodhpur and adjoining districts were known as the Key Findings ancient kingdom of Marwad (Marwar), the Land of Death. It Tangible Heritage was the largest kingdom in Rajputana and the third largest The cities and towns of Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer are rich in of the Indian kingdoms, after Kashmir and Hyderabad. Jodhpur, built heritage that includes large forts such as Mehrangarh, Junagarh former capital of the Marwad state, retains much of its medieval and Sonar Qila (Jaisalmer fort), palaces, mansions and active character till date. Beginning in 1549, when the city was known as markets. Jodhagarh, the Rathor clan of Rajputs fought and ruled from the virtually impregnable fort of Mehrangarh until their territory covered Jodhpur, known as the ‘Blue City’, gets its name from the predominant approximately 90,000 sq. km., making it the largest Rajput state. indigo colour of buildings in the walled city. It has large markets such as the one around the clock tower (ghantaghar), stepwells and large Marwar is one of the prime socio-cultural regions, located on the mansions some of which have been converted into heritage hotels. western side of the Aravallis. The physical terrain on either side of the There is an existing heritage walk in the city that is popular. The Aravallis governs the climatic strata of the region, which indirectly historic core of Jodhpur is under threat due to heavy vehicular traffic affects the socio-cultural balance of the state. and lack of basic infrastructure. Insensitive control regulations may threaten the very nature of the markets and streetscapes. Marwar is largely an arid wasteland suitable only for raising goats and camels. The region has very low rainfall, in the range of 10– 40cm. Most of the region is covered with shifting sand dunes. The Luni is the only river running through this region, and most areas, the ground water is impregnated with salt. Major districts that comprised the entire region are: Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jalore and Pali; and for the purpose of this study Bikaner is included as well. LOCATION OF MARWAR REGION IN RAJASTHAN STATE LOCATION OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN MARWAR REGION 88 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES Jaisalmer fort is the only living fort in the state with a large population Intangible Heritage residing inside the fort premises. Large numbers of tourists who show Embroidery: Barmer, even though not a part of the State Heritage a keen interest in the homestays here visit this fort. Approximately Programme, is the hub of intangible heritage in the region. Rich in 30 km away from Jaisalmer are the sand dunes where the desert embroidery and patchwork, the products are supplied all over the landscape begins, visited by almost all visitors. Other small villages state and country. Barmer employs a large number of artisans. such as Kanoi form a part of the guided tour in the region. Music: Musicians known as the Manganiyars have their villages Bikaner fort is the only fort located in the city. The old city area, even in this region. Their living conditions are extremely poor with low though rich in mansions (haveli) such as the Rampuria area, has not demand for their art in the country. been exploited for its tourism potential. Bikaner has active markets that are crowded and congested during peak hours. Festivals: Jodhpur hosts an international festival of music in collaboration with the Mehrangarh Trust, attracting a large number Both Jodhpur and Bikaner have established laboratories for of visitors. Jaisalmer also hosts the Desert Festival and the Maru conservation of manuscripts and other historical documents. Utsav bringing together lakhs of people. Stonework: Jaisalmer is rich in stone, and the stone craft industry DIVERSITY OF TANGIBLE HERITAGE IN THE REGION LOCATION AND EXTENT OF INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN MARWAR REGION STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 89 is active with an established cluster for a large number of stone carvers. Handicrafts: Bikaner is known for the ustah kala, which is a camel leather craft for daily use and decorative objects. It also has a few lac bangle makers in the city. Communities practising carpet weaving and pottery are located on the outskirts of Jodhpur. Intermediaries’ Economy: Jodhpur has large craft houses that produce goods in surrounding villages and supply in national and international markets. The intermediaries’ economy is strong, due to which the artisans do not benefit directly or completely. Health: Jodhpur old city is home to a large community of tie and dye workers who face health and environment problems. Tourism The Desert Circuit is the most visited circuit in Rajasthan, both by domestic and foreign tourists. TOURIST FLOW IN MARWAR Jodhpur: With an airport in Jodhpur, the city forms the entry point for REGION tourists from across the country, who then travel further by road or rail to Jaisalmer and Bikaner. Bikaner is accessed by road from Delhi and other parts of north India are involved in city management and heritage related initiatives. The via the Shekhawati region, with a night halt at either Mandawa or public and private trusts in these cities manage the heritage assets Churu. and host a range of events throughout the year. A small number of tourists visit Barmer from Jaisalmer or Jodhpur, Community based organisations: Bikaner has an active community either during the Cattle Fair or due to an interest in the craft clusters. led action group which takes up city level improvement work. The Jaisalmer Desert Fair and Bikaner Camel Fair attract lakhs of Tour Operators: Jaisalmer has a prevalent network of tour operators tourists in the months of February and January respectively. and service providers, as the economy of the town is largely dependent on tourism. There is a potential to develop the connection between Jodhpur and Bikaner, by strengthening other destinations on the route, such as Phalodi. Strategic Recommendations Based on primary surveys conducted during visits to all towns and Stakeholders and Community assessment of prevailing conditions, the following are the prioritised Royal Families: Both Bikaner and Jodhpur have royal families who strategic recommendations for the region: 90 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES Parameters Recommendations Tangible Heritage walks: Strengthen and promote the presently designed heritage walks in Jodhpur Heritage and Bikaner. Infrastructure improvement: Basic civic infrastructure and tourism infrastructure improvement is needed in Jaisalmer. Develop strategic projects to enhance tourist experience in Bikaner by including bazaar trails and Sound and Light show at the Junagarh fort. The fort is presently disconnected from city activities and can form the catalyst to promote tourism if activities are integrated with the city. Propose adaptive reuse of the grand mansions at Bikaner and incorporate more comprehensive development strategies for the same. Intangible Festivals: Major festivals like the World Sacred Spirit Festival (Sufi Festival), Marwar Heritage Mahotsav, Camel Fair and others at Jodhpur and Bikaner have caught worldwide tourist attention. The Rajasthan International Folk Festival is supported by the Mehrangarh Trust. Such festivals may be expanded to smaller towns in the region. Crafts: Jodhpur's furniture, handicraft, tie and dye industries are major export economies and thus have potential for expansion. Furthermore, the carpet weaving (durries) industries at Barmer can become a focal point to develop creative industrial clusters. Tourism Improve connectivity between Jodhpur and Bikaner even by promoting culturally rich towns such as Phalodi and Nagaur. Expand and strengthen the existing Jodhpur-Bikaner-Jaisalmer tourist circuit a. Develop the destinations of Nagaur and Phalodi b. Integrate existing craft villages around Jaisalmer and Barmer c. Identify and develop place making catalyst projects d. Create special zones attracting creative and cultural industries and institutions Tourist link between Jaisalmer and villages such as Kanoi, known for its indigenous music is weak. Such connections to cultural assets in the Barmer district can be enhanced. Stakeholders Private investment: Strategise to attract private investors to support the activities of and Mehrangarh Trust in collaboration with the local bodies through the medium of the festivals Community and heritage walks. Collaborate with existing NGOs such as Lokayan in Bikaner, which is already working in the field of heritage management and city-level service improvement through initiatives such as a heritage walk in the old city. High Medium Low STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 91 Historic Towns and Cities of Rajasthan Merwara-Marwar Region Merwara-Marwar Region comprises largely of the Ajmer and Nagaur districts. The towns and cities studied in this region are: Ajmer, Pushkar, Kishangarh, Merta City 92 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 93 Photograph by: Deep Pahwa T he central part of Rajasthan is referred to as the Merwara- Marwar region, with prominent Mughal art and architecture. Ajmer and Nagaur districts predominantly form this region. The cities of Ajmer, Kishangarh, Pushkar and Merta City are major destinations for visitors. The outskirts of Pushkar have a concentration of world class resorts and destinations for leisure activities. This region was a former province of British India. The territory was ceded to the British by Daulat Rao Sindhia by a treaty on 25 June, 1818. It was under the Bengal Presidency until 1936 when it became part of the Northwestern provinces comissionerate in 1842. Finally, on 1 April, 1871 it became a separate province known as Ajmer- Merwara-Kekri. It became a part of independent India on 15 August, 1947 when the British left India. Key Findings Tangible Heritage LOCATION OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN MERWARA-MARWAR REGION Religious buildings: The region, which comprises of Ajmer, Pushkar, Kishangarh and Merta City is of religious significance because of the Dargah Sharif at Ajmer, Brahma temple at Pushkar, Meerabai Temple at Merta, all of which attract a large number of devotees and tourists. Old City: Ajmer’s walled city area is rich in mansions and historic markets with an active public realm. With monuments such as Akbar’s Fort, Soniji ki Nasiyan and Adhai din ka Jhompra, Ajmer has a dispersed built heritage throughout the city. Pushkar, with its temples and lake, Rajput mansions and market streets has a different character from that of Ajmer. Kishangarh, with its fort, smaller palaces (now private hotels), and temples also has a dispersed built heritage. Intangible Heritage Crafts: Ajmer has a community of ‘gota’ makers, perfume (ittar) manufacturers, bangle makers and ‘phad’ painters. Pushkar is known for leatherwork and culinary treats called ‘malpua’. Kishangarh is the marble town and is rich in the resource, and has a large community dependent on marble related crafts and mining. Merta is known for LOCATION OF MERWARA-MARWAR REGION IN RAJASTHAN STATE wooden toys and furniture, and camel bone carving. 94 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES DIVERSITY OF TANGIBLE HERITAGE IN THE REGION Festivals: Pushkar is famous for the Camel Fair, which is one of the Tourism biggest festivals in the state. Ajmer-Pushkar: Both domestic and international tourists visit Ajmer and Pushkar in large numbers. It is the second most visited LOCATION AND EXTENT OF INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN TOURIST FLOWS IN MERWARA-MARWAR MERWARA-MARWAR REGION REGION STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 95 destination after Jaipur in Rajasthan. The camel fair in Pushkar Stakeholders and Community and the Urs in Ajmer attract the most visitors, but Ajmer’s Dargah Religious Trusts: The Dargah Trust in Ajmer, Temple Trust in Pushkar Sharif and Pushkar's Brahma temple have a steady flow of visitors and the Meera Temple Trust in Merta are key stakeholders in the throughout the year. towns. Merta City: Merta City itself does not attract many tourists, but it Marble Companies: Marble quarrying companies play a major role in acts as a thoroughfare for people travelling from Ajmer-Pushkar to Kishangarh. Jodhpur and further to Jaisalmer. The number of international tourists is close to 500 per year. However, none of the tourists actually halt at Merta for overnight stay. Domestic tourists, mostly from the state, Strategic Recommendations and Krishna followers attend the Meera Mahotsav held in the month Based on primary surveys conducted during visits to all towns and August–September. assessment of prevailing conditions, the following are the prioritised strategic recommendations for the region: Parameters Recommendations Tangible Build on existing plans/projects: Build and develop on the Heritage Management Plans Heritage prepared for Ajmer and Pushkar under the HRIDAY mission of Government of India and IHCDP-1 (World Bank-Cities Alliance). The cities of Ajmer and Pushkar have completed the listing, mapping and valuation of the assets done under the IHCDP-1 program. This can be used as a base to identify and develop more projects in the cities. Strategic projects: Identify and develop strategic projects in Kishangarh and Merta City that can attract tourists to spend more time in the towns. Merta City has considerable number of tangible heritage assets which are under the ownership of the State Archaeology Department. Intangible Crafts: Crafts such as woodcarving in Merta, and perfume (ittar) and ‘gota’ making in Ajmer Heritage can be boosted through various skill training and market linkage programs. Tourism Tap tourism potential in the region: There is a steady flow of tourists to Ajmer and Pushkar from Jaipur. Kishangarh has the benefit of being on the Jaipur-Ajmer route, which can be used to enhance its tourism potential. Stakeholders Mining companies: Large marble mining companies in Kishangarh area can be involved in and development projects in the region. Community Trusts: The Meera Bai Trust in Merta, the Dargah Sharif Trust in Ajmer and the Brahma Temple Trust in Pushkar can be involved in heritage management and development projects in the respective towns. High Medium Low 96 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES The key findings and strategic recommendations for the historic towns and cities have guided the formation of a Strategy for Inclusive Revitalisation of Historic Towns and Cities in Rajasthan. It can be used to guide future documents produced in towns and cities such as Heritage Management Plans and Project Reports. The following section details out the key strategies and their respective actions. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 97 Key Strategies STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 99 I n order to drive the inclusive revitalisation process towards C. Draft—Inclusive Urban Heritage Revitalisation: achieving the desired objective, it is important to adopt a strategic Guidelines for Indian Cities approach that enhances and builds on the existing strengths of The strategies are based on the draft guidelines drafted by World each city, and works around their existing weakness. These strategies Bank along with Cities Alliance and UNESCO in 2014. The Guidelines are based on the following methodology: draw upon a large body of work by urban planners and heritage conservationists worldwide and in India, produced in particular A. Evidence Based Planning over the past decade. It outlines a five step approach to Inclusive Reconnaissance visits to the towns and cities has formed the basis Revitalisation of Indian Cities, starting from building a heritage cell in of the strategic recommendations for the state. Each of the historic each city to review and monitor the proposed work. towns has been visited and assessed on parameters mentioned in the previous chapters. Visits have included detailed discussions with all ULBs and other departments, key stakeholders in the towns, main public and private institutions, NGOs, PSUs along with conditional assessment of tangible and intangible heritage assets in the towns. Primary data has been collected from the visits on various aspects, including the essence of heritage assets, heritage based economy, quality of basic services and quality of life. Assessment of occupational diversities, existing and potential investments, mapping of heritage, creative economies, and tourist flows has led to identification of prevalent issues in these historic towns and cities. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats pertaining to each of the towns have been analysed in order to frame the strategies. B. Multi Stakeholder Consultations The process involved a series of detailed stakeholder consultations at multiple levels–city, district, administrative division and state, STEPS FOR INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF INDIAN CITIES Source: Draft Guidelines by World Bank-Cities Alliance-UNESCO, 2014 both in the public and private sectors. These included concerned ULBs other government departments, NGOs, PSUs, private and public institutions, royal families, business houses, trusts and foundations amongst others. Generating investment for the State Heritage Programme is a key step in the strategies, for which all ongoing and proposed schemes and projects, as well as existing private funding in the sector have been assessed to develop convergence mechanisms. 100 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 101 Key Strategies Central Findings Five central findings emerged from the assessment of the state and visits to each of the identified historic towns and cities. Recognising the key findings and concerns that will be addressed through the strategies, emphasis is placed on: the need for heritage-led revitalisation, stakeholder collaboration, convergence of investments and their facilitation, capacity building and strengthening of institutional framework. 102 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 103 C entral Findings • Tourism alone in Rajasthan contributes to 15% of the state’s 1. There is an increasing need for heritage led revitalisation economy. Most of this tourism is linked with heritage assets, at city/town and regional level, considering the scale and particularly tangible, which need constant management and concentration of heritage assets and their past and future potential, preservation. and contribution to social and economic development through • Intangible heritage influences the number of livelihoods and tourism and the craft economy. nurtures cultural aspects of the communities, more than • Tangible heritage has the potential to influence ‘economic influencing economic growth (UNESCO). This, by means of skill development’ because of the activities that take place in and development, promotion of informal household activities through around the asset, both involving locals and tourists. Assets market linkages and connection to commercial activity will themselves have the potential for revenue generation in the state improve livelihoods and attract back more practitioners, who are through multiple ways. There is a need to identify their ideal otherwise moving to other forms of income generation. potential and the mechanisms for management. 104 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES 2. The issue of urban and economic development with heritage hygiene, and market connections. There is a need to strengthen management transcends the administrative, legislative and these existing industries and attract investments to help them geographical boundaries within the state and involves the consensus sustain and flourish. {Every 1% in cultural industries = 0.6% rise in of a range of stakeholders – from the owners, managers, policy GDP. (Source: UNESCO-IT) makers, administrators, investors and civil society, thus establishing the need for stakeholder collaboration. 4. Strengthen the existing legislative framework and facilitate • There is a lack of awareness on ‘heritage management’ within the mechanisms for investment in and maintenance of heritage assets. communities. Built heritage is considered a financial liability in • The existing institutional framework for heritage management most cases and not as a source of revenue generation. in a city or town is weak and lacks a dedicated structure that • It has been realised that multiple actors need to collaborate in would allow for heritage-based planning. Built heritage assets order to achieve the desired outcomes. This includes various are currently managed in isolation through the established departments of the government, multi-disciplinary technical mechanisms of the Archaeological Survey of India and State expertise, public and private investors, and civil society. Department of Archaeology. However, a gap in asset management • Heritage management needs to be ingrained within the in the historic core, which constitutes the urban realm has been development systems of various stakeholders of the city and its observed. It is also observed that an ensemble of heritage communities (precedents: Udaipur, Pondicherry, Ahmedabad). The structures, craft clusters and communities needs to be regarded elected representatives as well as the predominant institutions beyond just the individual asset itself. in each city have a role to play in the dissemination of heritage • At present, the regulatory framework exists only for centrally sensitivity and planning. and state protected monuments. There is an immense need for recognising the importance of other non-protected assets, which 3. Direct and indirect investments and strengthening of capacities in can be achieved through the inventorying, mapping and valuation the field of heritage management are required. process, to understand the kind of intervention and investment • There is a lack of dedicated investments from the state and required. municipal administration for heritage management. Currently the funds available for heritage management are used through 5. Facilitate mechanisms for investments in heritage management infrastructure augmentation projects under various national and and long-term sustenance of heritage assets. state schemes. • It is observed that there is a shortfall in funding in the sector • Execution of heritage management requires awareness, expertise of heritage management. The state government and the city and mechanisms with strengthened capacities beyond the administration do not have allocated funds for projects related approach adopted so far. Need for capacity building within the to tangible or intangible heritage assets. Thus, facilitation of local municipalities for sensitive development around heritage investments can be achieved through convergence with various assets is an immediate concern that needs to be addressed. schemes launched by the State or the Central Government and • The condition of the existing heritage based industries is poor by inviting potential external private investments. This shall also in terms of access to services, work environment, health and ensure long-term sustainability of efforts. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 105 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 107 Key Strategies Strategies The strategies for revitalisation of historic towns and cities in the state of Rajasthan are recommended on a multi-pronged approach and proposed at various scales addressing the findings in the previous section. Each strategy has a set of actions and implications that emerge from it. 108 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 109 F ollowing are the broad strategies proposed for Inclusive activities, i.e. documentation, partnership building, capacity building, Revitalisation of Historic Towns and Cities of Rajasthan under investment and facilitation of other relevant initiatives. As the State the State Heritage Programme: Heritage Programme for Rajasthan is driven by the Department of Local Self Government, a centre was proposed to be established in the Directorate of Local Bodies (DLB), with assistance from World Incorporate heritage management in legislative and Bank–Cities Alliance–NIUA as a first step in this direction. The same 1. institutional framework of the state was successfully established with the Senior Town Planner, DLB as the nodal officer in charge of the program. Develop communication and knowledge sharing platforms to 2. build ownership and facilitate heritage management The centre will carry out the following key actions: • Documentation, knowledge capture and sharing 3. Strategise and plan for historic cities and regions • Partnership building • Drafting guidelines and monitoring projects around heritage assets in historic towns 4. Support, sustain and enhance livelihoods in cultural • Single window for heritage management facilitation and attracting investments 5. Promote and empower civil society In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-clause (iii) of clause (g) of section 46 and section 337 of the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009, the Department of Local Self Government has proposed the 6. Finance heritage management and attract investments establishment of a State Heritage Council to spearhead the actions to be undertaken as a part of the ambitious State Heritage Programme; to provide identification, documentation, conservation and regulation Each of the above strategies is detailed out in the following sub of heritage assets situated in jurisdiction of the state municipalities. sections, along with specific actions that materialise from them. The council shall primarily facilitate the heritage management agenda at the State level. The main role of the Council will be to Strategy 1: Incorporate heritage management in the facilitate, approve, and sanction on behalf of the State Government. legislative and institutional framework of the state The proposed composition for the State Heritage Council is as This strategy is proposed to strengthen the institutional system in below: the state and build a database for promotion, funding and initiation of improvement works. By incorporating this activity in the legislative 1. Principal Secretary, LSG - Chairperson framework, it will be easier to identify relevant projects around 2. Principal Secretary Tourism or his nominee (not below the rank of tangible heritage assets and intangible heritage economies prevalent Commissioner) - Member in the towns, cities and regions in the state. 3. Principal Secretary Finance or his nominee (not below the rank of Joint secretary) - Member Action 1: Develop Heritage Centre at 4. Principal Secretary UDH or his nominee (not be low the rank of Department of Local Self Government (DoLSG) Joint secretary) - Member The objective is to build a centre in the institutional system of the state 5. Principal Secretary Planning department or his nominee (not that will drive the core activities related to all heritage management below the rank of Joint Secretary) - Member 110 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES 6. Principal Secretary PWD or his nominee (not below the rank of by the state government - Member Joint secretary) - Member Commissioner/ Executive Officer of concerned Urban Local Body 15. 7. Principal Secretary PHED or his nominee (not below the rank of - (Special Invitee) Joint secretary) - Member 8. Principal Secretary Energy or his nominee (not below the rank of It is recommended as a part of this strategy that the Council be Joint secretary) - Member principally constituted of an Apex Committee and an Executive 9. Director cum Joint Secretary Local Bodies, Rajasthan - Member Committee. The Apex Committee will primarily oversee the Secretary implementation of this agenda in the state and play a role in approval Chief Town Planner, Rajasthan - Member 10. and sanctions on behalf of the state government. On the other hand, Director State Archaeology Department - Member 11. the Executive Committee, comprising of a technical team and a team Chief Engineer, DLB - Member 12. of domain experts shall facilitate activities pertaining to establishing Director Law, DLB - Member 13. partnerships, attracting investments, collating the town and city Heritage conservation expert of National level (to be nominated 14. level data from listing and mapping activities, document and manage Heritage Management in the United Kingdom English Heritage, a registered charity that manages the National Heritage Collection of England comprises over 400 historic buildings, monuments and sites spanning more than 5,000 years of history. This includes Stonehenge, Dover Castle, Tintagel Castle, the Hadrian's Wall amongst others. English Heritage also manages the London Blue Plaques scheme, which links influential historical figures to particular buildings. When originally formed in 1983, English Heritage was the operating name of an executive non-departmental public body of the British Government, officially titled the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, that ran the national system of heritage protection and managed a range of historic properties. It was created to combine the roles of existing bodies that had emerged from a long period of state involvement in heritage protection. In 1999 the organisation merged with the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England and the National Monuments Record, bringing together resources for the identification and survey of England's historic environment. English Heritage has administered the Blue Plaque scheme in London since 1986. These recognised places are important to people of significance in the capital and remain the responsibility of English Heritage following its transfer to the voluntary sector in 2015. The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, known as the National Trust, is a conservation organisation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and the largest membership organisation in the United Kingdom. The trust, which is "a charity that works to preserve and protect historic places and spaces—forever, for everyone.", was founded in 1895 and given statutory powers, starting with the National Trust Act 1907. Historically, the trust tended to focus on English country houses, which still make up the largest part of its holdings, but it also protects historic landscapes such as in the Lake District, historic urban properties, and nature reserves. The purpose of the National Trust is “The preservation for the benefit of the Nation of lands and tenements (including buildings) of beauty or historic interest and, as regards lands, for the preservation of their natural aspect, features and animal and plant life. Also the preservation of furniture, pictures and chattels of any description having national and historic or artistic interest.” STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 111 the same for the Heritage Databank. The technical team shall be supported by a team of domain experts in their functions. In addition, formation of a divisional level Heritage Committee is also proposed by the DoLSG, which under the chairmanship of Divisional Commissioner will channelise the communication between the district and state government. The DC shall invite, review and approve the projects/activities proposed in his jurisdiction and forward the same to the State for approval. The proposed composition for the Division Heritage Committee is as below: a. Divisional Commissioner – Chairperson b. Deputy Director Regional – Member Secretary c. Commissioner UIT /Development Authorities – Member d. Chief Engg/ Addl. Chief Engg/ Superintending Engg. of concerned ULBs – Member e. Managing Director PWD – Member MEETING WITH ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES IN THE CITY f. Managing Director PHED – Member g. Managing Director Energy – Member The cell shall engage in several functions with close consultation and h. Senior Town Planner – Member support from the respective ULBs, and primarily identify and prepare list and databank of heritage assets in the city, prepare town/city- Action 2: Establish City Heritage Cells in specific heritage byelaws, if required, prepare and implement City/ all Historic Towns and Cities of Rajasthan Regional Heritage Management Plans, identify projects, initiate and Establishment of Heritage Cells in each of the identified towns or guide the Project Development Proposal (PDP) preparation process. cities is recommended, which will lead the State Heritage Programme The details shall be mentioned in the State Heritage Council Rules through related projects. notification. The recommended composition of a City Heritage Cell is as below: Along with the formation of the City Heritage Cell, it is recommended a. Mayor/Chairperson of the concerned ULB to form a City Stakeholder Group/City Core Group, which will comprise b. Nominee of District Collector community leaders and organisations that live, work, manage, use, c. Commissioner/Executive Officer of ULB or have other interests in the conservation and adaptation of the d. Executive Engineer, PWD/PHED/JVVNL historic area, neighbourhood, city and region and other groups, e. Deputy Town Planner, Town Planning Department entities and officials that may potentially represent the urban f. Experts (maximum 2) from Heritage Conservation, Architecture, community. Archaeology, Art and Craft to be nominated by ULB g. Executive Engineer, ULB. Action 3. Make necessary recommendations to the state legislative framework Apart from the core members in the cell, there can be special invitees This action recommends inputs to the legislative framework to make such as the representatives of royal families, schools, universities, it more owner centric and facilitative in nature with respect to adaptive philanthropists, foundations, developers and real estate dealers, reuse, incentivising heritage management, and attracting private neighborhood groups, community groups, amongst others. sector investment for heritage management. It is also recommended 112 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES that any guidelines drafted for heritage sensitive development, • its present condition and the scope for significant improvement shall include context specific building and urban design guidelines, and enhancement. toolkit and signage design and colour palettes, specific to regions if required. d) The Council recognises that conservation areas are living environments that will continue to adapt and develop. Guidelines for development / redevelopment/ repairs etc. and Designation of a conservation area does not mean a prohibition Incentive mechanisms on development. The Council will carefully manage change to ensure that the character and appearance of conservation areas A. Demarcation of a Conservation Area and Guidelines are safeguarded and enhanced. Physical and land use change in a) Every area wherein a heritage asset is situated and such area conservation areas will be based on a detailed understanding of adjoining the protected heritage asset as may be specified, on the historic and urban design context. the recommendation of the Council, by the bye-laws made in this behalf shall be the Conservation Area in respect of such heritage e) There will be a focus in conservation areas on the careful asset. maintenance of public space, and the use of appropriate signage and materials for traffic management and street furniture. b) It is the character or historic interest of an area created by individual buildings and open spaces and their relationship f) Rules for new construction, re-construction or renovation in with each other that the conservation areas seek to preserve. Conservation Area will be as per the State Heritage Council The overall layout and pattern of development may be just as Rules. important to the character as individual buildings. The principles of selection for designation as a conservation area are broadly g) The development within the precinct/ conservation area or in as follows: the vicinity of heritage sites shall be in accordance with the • areas of significant architectural or historic interest in terms of following guidelines: specific listed buildings and/or ancient monuments; • Urban structure - New development should seek to understand, • areas of significant architectural or historic interest in terms acknowledge and make a positive contribution to the existing of building groupings, which may or may not include listed urban structure. A new intervention which responds well buildings and/or ancient monuments, and open spaces which to urban structure would sit well within a group rather than they abut; associate itself with a particular building. • areas with features of architectural or historic interest such as • Urban grain- New developments should respect urban street pattern, planned towns and villages and historic gardens grain – the pattern of streets and spaces – rather than of and designed landscapes; buildings. Urban grain tends to be influenced by the rhythm • other areas of distinctive architectural or historic character of architectural composition and the prevailing relationship of solid-to-void in buildings. c) In designating a conservation area, consideration will also be • Building Height - New design should consider the surrounding given to the reasons why it is felt that it should be protected. scale, hierarchy and massing of the existing built form. These may include: Buildings within heritage precincts/conservation area or in • its special architectural and historic importance; the vicinity of heritage sites shall maintain the skyline in the • its distinct character; precinct and follow the architectural style (without any high- • its value as a good example of local or regional style; rise or multi-storeyed development) as may be existing in the • its value within the wider context of the village or town; surrounding area, so as not to diminish or destroy the value STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 113 and beauty of or the view from the said heritage sites. Prohibition of advertising signs and outdoor display (ii) New developments outside the conservation area should not structures in certain cases: no advertising sign or be more than two floors on 40ft wide road and not more than outdoor display structure shall be permitted on building of three floors on roads more than 40ft wide. architectural, aesthetic, historical or heritage importance as • Parking - Parking provisions in relation to the heritage may be decided by the Authority with previous approval of properties located on the narrow roads and converted to the Government on the advice of the Heritage Conservation commercial use, the parking provision for the same would be Committee or on Government buildings, save that in the done through park and ride facility provided by the property case of Government buildings only advertising signs or owner. outdoor display structures may be permitted if they relate to • Ground coverage and set back - Ground coverage and set back the activities for the said buildings' own purposes or related would be provided as per the site in consideration. programs. • Materials and detailing - Sensitive use of appropriate colour, texture and pattern of materials, whether traditional or B. Incentive Mechanisms contemporary, is also important. Their use and detailing, As a part of strategic framework, various incentive mechanisms have particularly close to open landscapes, is crucial in making a been proposed which on one hand will facilitate conservation and development stand out or blend in. protection of the built heritage and on the other will play a catalyst in • Landscape - New development should aspire to blend and elevating the status of heritage linked economy. coalesce with the existing built form without simply replicating it. Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings • Views and Landmarks - New design should consider ways In cases of buildings located in non-commercial use zones included to enhance or protect their function as landmarks. In some in the Heritage Conservation List, if the owner / owners agree to instances new designs might provide the opportunity to create maintain the listed heritage building as it is in the existing state and new vistas towards landmarks, restore older views that have to preserve its heritage state with allowed internal changes & due been lost or compromised, or create dynamic juxtapositions of repairs and the owner / owners / lessees give a written undertaking old and new, so adding texture and variety to the townscape. to that effect, the owner / owners /lessees may be allowed with the • Historical development - New design should consider and approval of the Local authority to convert part or whole thereof of the respond to these layers of history – the ‘narrative’ of the non-commercial area within such a heritage building to commercial place. Analysis of historical maps along with archive material use/uses. Following activities will be allowed primarily in Grade II and and published sources are very useful analytical tools to Grade III building subject to strict scrutiny: understand the historical development of a place. • Heritage Haveli/Heritage House/Guest House, • Signage design and controls • Art Gallery, Museum, Art & Craft center, cultural center, (i) In order to recognize places of significance an effective • traditional food centre, means of information dissemination through installation of • Dance & Music center, signage in historic towns and cities would be incorporated. • and other community facilitating activities Information plaques as uniform panels outside all important heritage structures (including privately owned Other incentives assets) which will provide details of historic importance, State may consider other incentives such as Heritage TDR wherever architectural style, and ownership of the structure can be applicable, Tax rebates (Property tax, UD tax & other taxes as installed in all historic towns and cities as an initiative of applicable). the ULB. 114 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES The State will consider all projects proposed in selected heritage As an initiating step of this strategy, a multi stakeholder workshop properties, that wish to provide tourism related infrastructure, to was organised on 21 July, 2017 in Jaipur by the Directorate of be equal to tourism projects and avail the same special incentives Local Bodies. The departments invited included Tourism, Culture, in taxes (as mentioned in the Tourism Policy). This includes tax- Museums and Archaeology, Urban Development and Housing, holidays in Electricity Duty, Luxury tax, Entertainment tax & Sales tax, Skill Development, Industries, Labour and Employment, and senior with exemptions in Stamp Duty & Land charge for rent/sale. officers managing various government schemes including AMRUT, HRIDAY, PRASAD, Smart City, Swachh Bharat Mission, National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM), Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), Strategy 2: Develop communication and knowledge Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project (RUIDP). sharing platforms to build ownership and facilitate heritage management Action 2. City-level statewide awareness campaigns The actions proposed under this strategy are envisaged with a view A statewide campaign to be organised regionally with senior to build partnerships, generate awareness and build ownership representatives that may be in the form of a “Heritage Yatra” across amongst the stakeholders. the state. This is proposed to be led by elected representatives where the objective would be to educate the community in the towns and Action 1. State level workshop engaging senior stakeholders cities in order to make them aware about: A multi stakeholder workshop is proposed under this strategy, i. the extensive heritage that exists in their towns and cities which shall be targeted towards senior officials from the concerned ii. the possible ways in which heritage can be managed, maintained departments of the Government of Rajasthan and officials from and promoted the ULBs. The objective of the workshop is to disseminate iii. the social, economic and environmental benefits of managing the approach of Inclusive Revitalisation and initiate strategic their heritage. partnerships for further development and execution of the State Heritage Programme. As this activity is recommended to be spearheaded by the elected representatives, it will also help in building ownership for the projects MULTI STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP AT HCM, RIPA, JAIPUR PRINCIPAL SECRETARY, SH. MANJIT SINGH AT THE FIRST STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION WORKSHOP IN JAIPUR STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 115 that are and will be planned in the future. Such awareness camps/ Action 4: Develop an information exchange meetings and heritage walks around the town may be led by the and dissemination system Mayors and elected ward representatives. A central inventory and databank of all heritage assets in all the historic towns and cities may be maintained at the State Other activities that the ULB can engage in with the citizens for Heritage Centre; documentation of past and ongoing work is also increased participation are events such as World Heritage Day, World recommended. Subsequent digitisation of all resources and data is Tourism Day, Environment Day. Print and social media may be used recommended to make it accessible to all stakeholders and potential for this purpose as well. investors. Action 3. Capacity building of ULBs through Action 5: Statewide communication infrastructure workshops and exposure visits An effective means of communication and awareness building is Inventorying, mapping and valuation of heritage assets is considered the installation of signage in historic towns and cities. A statewide the first step in management of heritage assets. It is recommended uniform ‘plaque program’ for prioritised buildings primarily in the that this process be as participatory as possible. Involving the historic core areas is suggested for all towns. community in this will be helpful as participants can map assets based on the value they hold for the residing community, whether Information signage as uniform panels outside all important heritage historical or associative. structures (including privately owned assets), which will provide details of historic importance, architectural style, and ownership is The mapping workshops shall be organised by the concerned ULB recommended in all historic towns and cities. This may help build in association with the State Heritage Centre. The centre may help ownership amongst the citizens and generate a sense of pride for in identifying the potential partner agencies such as academic the town or city, apart from becoming a guiding tool for tourists and institutions or capacity-building organisations to support the ULBs visitors. for such a participatory mapping exercise. This initiative can be taken up individually with available funds Subsequent workshops to be undertaken by the State Heritage with the ULB or may be funded by other stakeholders in the town Centre for: or associated with the town. The design for these panels may be a. Planning and asset management standardised throughout the state for a uniform presentation. b. Intangible heritage based livelihoods c. Technological advancements in handicraft industry d. Digital marketing Strategy 3: Strategise and plan for historic cities and regions These workshops are envisaged to be held in all towns and cities For the towns and cities to manage their assets, both tangible and in a phased manner, with help from the ULB and the elected intangible in an enhanced way, it is recommended to have a tool representatives. through which certain actions can be initiated. Exposure visits for State Heritage Centre and City Heritage Cell The outcomes envisaged by strategising and planning for historic officials are suggested, both national and international, as part of cities and towns and subsequently the regions are as below: knowledge sharing and capacity building. • Local economic development of the town and cities and the respective regions • Safeguard the World Heritage Site status of heritage assets in 116 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES the state by better management of the assets and the premise HMPs shall include the following actions: around it a. Inventorying, mapping and valuation of heritage assets • Extend the tourism footprint beyond the few well represented b. Identification of heritage management zones towns on the tourist circuits to other unexplored areas and c. Strategy and guidelines for the identified heritage zones strengthen the existing linkages between historic towns in d. Preparing a prioritised list of projects for each zone various regions e. Mapping of investments • Overcome threats of mass tourism by distributing tourists in f. Prioritising investments and/or projects lesser visited towns and cities g. Implementation and monitoring mechanism Action 1: Prepare Heritage Management Plan The HMPs may be prepared for all the towns with specific focus for all historic towns and cities areas. However, certain towns and cities may be prioritised for the Heritage Management Plan (HMP) as a tool identifies assets and preparation of HMP. Such management plans are already prepared for zones with concentrated assets; provides action-oriented plan; and Jaipur, Ajmer, Bikaner, Dungarpur and Khetri. ULBs can alternatively prioritises the list of projects and investments. The Management collaborate with institutions such as architecture and planning Plan shall advise distribution of investments from various sector schools in the region for this purpose. schemes in the towns and cities and assist the ULB to manage and implement convergence. A list of towns is suggested here to be taken up on priority for SNo Historic Town/City Focus Area 1 Bundi Old Town: Historic core to be the focus for the Management Plan with socio-economic development, adaptive reuse of the heritage buildings for homestays as the desired outcomes. Cultural Landscape: Revival of the water management system of stepwells (baori) and lakes. 2 Udaipur Urban Mobility: A Comprehensive Mobility Plan for the Old City can be focused on in the management plan, which may include proposals for provision of e-rickshaws, parking spaces and multi modal transit system 3 Jodhpur Urban Revitalisation: It is observed that the bazaar area around the clock tower, which has a strong history and an associative value with citizens, needs attention in terms of overall organisation. Uniform signage and design guidelines, organisation of vendor kiosks and appropriate mobility plan for the surroundings is suggested. 4 Nawalgarh Reviving an art form through skill training and adaptive reuse: Authentic fresco restoration in heritage structures should be incorporated through proper training, in the process of restoring the mansions and adaptively reusing them. 5 Jhalarapatan Tangible Heritage Management: Fast deteriorating heritage assets and degenerating built spaces need immediate attention. 6 Churu, Mandawa, Tangible Heritage Management through adaptive reuse: The historic residential mansions and buildings in all the Fatehpur, Ramgarh towns in the Shekhawati region need sensitive restoration. Adaptively reusing these assets for economic development may be suggested. Public spaces in the historic core areas of towns need revitalisation. 7 Kishangarh Tangible Heritage Management: Dispersed assets in the town may be looked at holistically for better management. 8 Jobner Intangible Heritage Management: Better use of existing public spaces for cultural activities such as the annual Jobner Jwala Mata Fair. PRIORITISED TOWNS FOR HMP PREPARATION ALONG WITH FOCUS AREAS STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 117 SNo Historic Town/City Focus Area 1 Kota Integration of heritage management within the larger vision of the city, with respect to tourism and Smart City investments. 2 Bharatpur Tourism in Bharatpur town, which is limited to the bird sanctuary at present, can be enhanced by integrating it into the existing circuit. This may be achieved through various activities and events planned in the city for the visitors. 3 Alwar Tourism in Alwar town, which is limited to the Sariska Tiger Reserve at present, can be enhanced by integrating it into the existing circuit. This may be achieved through various activities and events planned in the city for the visitors. 4 Sawai Madhopur Tourism in Sawai Madhopur town, which is limited to the Ranthambore National Park at present, can be enhanced by integrating it into the existing circuit. This may be achieved through various activities and events planned in the city for the visitors. 5 Barmer Integration of pause points in Barmer district that have strong cultural economies in the established desert circuit to attract tourists to these remote areas. 6 Phalodi Towns like Phalodi and Nagaur that are in close vicinity of the popular Jodhpur-Bikaner tourist route do not receive as much tourist footfall as the two dominant destinations. An established link between these may help in achieving the same. 7 Chittorgarh To propose tourist centric and public space projects in the town may drive the economic development that is presently limited to the Chittorgarh fort. 8 Sikar Dispersed assets in the region may be looked at holistically to form a network/circuit for increased tourist footfall. TOWNS ENVISIONED WITH FOCUS ON TOURISM LED DEVELOPMENT THROUGH HMP preparation of HMP. Respective focus areas with respect to the vision of inclusive revitalisation is also suggested. A regional strategy for certain towns and cities is required to be formulated, where strategic projects with importance for tourism led development may be included in the Heritage Management Plans of such towns and cities. Action 2: Strategic planning of towns and cities within historic regions Towns and cities within historic regions need to planned strategically in order to have holistic overall development of the region. Functionally, they may be looked at as centres for certain activities supporting each other within a larger geographic region. PLANNING STRATEGY IN SHEKHAWATI REGION 1. Shekhawati region The Churu-Sikar-Jaipur corridor connects the Shekhawati region to Sikar is an upcoming educational hub. Churu and Sikar have a strong Jaipur. Churu as a destination attracts many international tourists, cultural economy based on tie and dye work; and Jaipur as the capital 118 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES is a magnet city, attracting a large number of creative industries. It is products in Uttar Pradesh. Better connectivity in this region which recommended that art and cultural institutions be invited to set up further connects to Madhya Pradesh, will attract cultural institutions units in this corridor to support and boost the cultural economy of enhancing the economy of the artisans involved in the Kota doria this region. craft. Linking them with the tourist circuit around Bundi will also develop the area. 2. Udaipur—Kumbhalgarh—Chittorgarh—Dungarpur region (Tri-directional) There are existing villages in the Mewar region where the crafts sector is predominant, such as Molela where terracotta work is being undertaken, and Sompura, where there is a community of immensely skilled stone artisans. Moreover, the Baneshwar Tribal Fair is an important intangible asset of the region, attracting large numbers of regional and international tourists. The corridor from Udaipur— Kumbhalgarh (UNESCO WHS)—Chittorgarh (UNESCO WHS)— Dungarpur will attract investments and will help enhance the market reach of these artisans. It can also be developed for tourism beyond the World Heritage Sites and into the craft villages. PLANNING STRATEGY IN HADOTI REGION 4. Jodhpur-Nagaur-Bikaner; Jodhpur-Phalodi-Bikaner corridor Connecting Bikaner and Jodhpur via north-south connections through the development of towns like Nagaur and Phalodi which are rich in heritage, will boost tourism in the region and in turn lead to economic development of towns falling outside the usual tourist route. 5. Jaisalmer-Barmer Creative corridor The corridor and surrounding region between Jaisalmer and Barmer is rich in cultural economy such as hand embroidery, patchwork as well as music groups such as Manganiyars, which once connected, will enhance livelihoods as well as potential craft- related tourism. PLANNING STRATEGY IN MEWAR REGION 6. Deeg-Bharatpur-Sawai Madhopur corridor 3. Bundi-Kota-Jhalarpatan region Bharatpur and Sawai Madhopur attract both domestic and The Hadoti region, though predominantly rich in natural heritage, also international tourists to this region due to their proximity to natural has craft clusters in Kaithoon and Mangrol near Kota that are known heritage. There is also a substantial number of religious tourists for Kota doria sarees. This is a traditional handloom industry facing who visit towns in this region as a part of the Braj Parikrama. Part of difficulty because of the powerloom industry producing similar this region falls under the NCR which will facilitate investments for STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 119 PLANNING STRATEGY IN MARWAR REGION infrastructure upgradation. Developing these towns regionally would result in new investment flow and opportunities. PLANNING STRATEGY IN BRAJ REGION Strategy 4: Support, sustain and • enhance livelihoods in cultural economies designing a mechanism to fulfil the aspirations of the whole Action 1: Framework for intangible heritage management artist community of the nation, and It is recommended that the State Heritage Centre along with the • preserving the rich cultural heritage of this country in the form of concerned City Heritage Cells, acts as a facilitator for establishing a cultural repository of artists and art forms. a comprehensive framework for intangible heritage management. The programme with the objective of enhancing cultural economies Action 2: Formation of stakeholder network in the state focuses on building partnerships between artisan communities A stakeholder network for the cultural economies in the state is and concerned departments and institutions for accessing funds, recommended that will bring together artisans with their inherited innovation and skill development, and also providing direct market skills and other technical and creative institutions such as IICD and linkages through various public and private mechanisms and Jaipur Virasat Foundation amongst others on a single platform. This e-commerce portals. The following model is recommended for the network can identify the depleting skills in the identified heritage same: towns and cities under the programme and converge them with other ongoing programs such as the National and State Urban Livelihood The objectives can be subsequently converged under the National Missions. Mission on Cultural Mapping. This initiative aims at: • converting the vast and widespread cultural canvas of India into Such institutional partnerships an objective cultural map, • Link communities, clusters and relevant institutions together to 120 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES MODEL FOR SUPPORTING CULTURAL ECONOMIES THROUGH THE STATE HERITAGE CENTRE AND CITY HERITAGE CELL build partnerships with artisans • Educate the artisans regarding the health and safety concerns • Help institutions to conduct training workshops in the state for related to certain crafts such as tie and dye through seminars. the ULB and the communities to identify and map the existing intangible heritage. • Enable artisans to enhance their output through innovative Strategy 5: Promote and empower civil society techniques by means of skill enhancement workshops and This strategy is envisioned with the outcome of making the State trainings. Heritage Programme self-sustainable. Establishing connections • Educate the artisans on the benefits of knowledge dissemination of the ULB with existing civil society organisations and NGOs that through various mediums to increase livelihood opportunities. are working in the sector of heritage management will ensure • Identify donor funding, prepare proposals and tie-ups with private long-term sustainability, ownership amongst stakeholders and investors and government schemes like NULM. success of the program. This may be achieved through community • Publish research findings in the form of articles/catalogues/ outreach, participatory planning, vision formulation and beneficiary books/photo-essays bilingually, for better outreach. engagement activities. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 121 Molela Terracotta Art An example of a self-developed cultural economy can be seen in the terracotta village of Molela in Rajsamand district where a family run craft of sculpture and mural making has been taken forward by the preceding generations, to create designs adapted to needs, and self-create market linkages. This craft now has reached national and international markets with the help of promotion through simple communication tools. Other crafts such as textile making, embroidery and block printing, which are highly impacted by the presence of middlemen, can learn from the example of Molela. Mr Jagdish, who is a terracotta artist from Molela village in Rajsamand, presented his experience at the first Stakeholder Consultation Workshop in July 2017 in Jaipur. His family has been practising the art in the state for generations. He spoke about how innovation has been brought in to cater to the demands of the market, government has supported with workshops in schools and other institutions, market size has increased with display at government exhibitions, railway stations etc, linkages have been formed with big artists such as Rajeev Sethi which has helped Molela art reach larger audiences such as at Mumbai International Airport, and motivation has been given by various awards received from the government. The case of Molela is an inspiring one for other crafts in the state, which are dying due to dwindling number of artisans and thus reducing demand in the market. Action 1: State Heritage Centre and City Heritage Cell to Other cities with existing CBOs: Bikaner, Jodhpur, Kota, Bharatpur, identify community initiatives and civil society initiatives Churu and Mandawa have existing CBOs that can be involved during There are some dominant CBOs/NGOs in the state working in the the course of the programme at various stages for regional and town field of skill development, rural management, livelihood generation, activities. heritage management through conservation and restoration, etc. These can be the potential drivers for initiating Heritage Management Action 2: Integrate and empower in several towns and cities across the state. Once the community initiatives are identified, steps should be taken to integrate them in the management plan preparation process Lighthouse cities: and project formulation. Further, build partnerships to accomplish Udaipur and Jaipur have several existing NGOs such as Virasat and sustain projects, advance city vision, and empower them by Foundation (in Jaipur) and Sewa Mandir/MMCF (in Udaipur) facilitating a legislative framework. working towards heritage management, which can act as drivers for community engagement and other collaborations in the region. Information, Education and Communication (IEC) activities may be Training programs may be conducted along with such participating carried out in collaboration with such NGOs/CBOs. Furthermore, organisations. tourism related activities such as heritage walks, food trails can also 122 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES LePrince Foundation Shruti Foundation Morarka Foundation RamKrishna Mission URMUL Lupin Lokayat NGO Foundation Citizens group Jaipur Virasat Foundation Anokhi Mehrangarh Museum Trust INTACH, DRONAH, CATTS INTACH Barefoot College Maharaja JDH Regeneration Project Hoteliers/Foundation Raghvendra Rathore Foundation Sewa Mandir Maharana Mewar Charitable Foundation Heritage comittee MAP OF THE EXISTING NGO'S DOMINANT IN THE STATE be organised and conducted by them, which will further empower the that would lay out the vision for the town and identify projects. A community to value their cultural heritage, not only as an asset, but focus area should be identified for each of the towns and cities that also as a means of economic development. the HMP will focus on. A preliminary focus area identification for prioritised towns can be referred to in Strategy 3 of this document. Action 3: Formation of stakeholder network in the state The preparation of these HMPs may be supported through the funds A network of civil society organisations across the state is of the ULB or through engaging external investment. recommended to be established, which can collaborate and carry out actions towards heritage management. This network shall allow them Action 2: Identify gaps in funding to gain access to the technical knowhow from subject experts and and convergence of investments the State Heritage Centre and gather funds from potential investors. Apart from generating funds for the preparation of HMPs, additional funds will be necessary for implementing the projects and site works identified in the HMP. These may be generated through Strategy 6: Finance heritage convergence amidst existing investments. A preliminary assessment management and attract investments of existing and potential investments in heritage management and Action 1: Trigger investments for Heritage Management Plans infrastructure upgradation has been performed as a part of this The first step in the process of Inclusive Revitalisation is the strategic framework. A table in this section determines the possible preparation of Heritage Management Plans for towns and cities convergence amongst existing schemes, and identifies potential STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 123 investment for funding new projects that may be proposed in the the state, it would also accept contributions, aids or donations from Heritage Management Plans. the Central Government, National or International agencies, NGOs, trusts, societies interested in heritage management. The fund may Action 3: Attract investment for be initiated with a corpus amount from the state government. strategic demonstration projects Potential investors have been identified in the reconnaissance A Heritage Fund at city level may be built through municipal revenue visits in most towns and cities, which includes local and regional generation, donations, philanthropy, CSR funds amongst others. stakeholders, corporate sector, business and royal families, amongst Municipal revenue generation and improvement in municipal finance others. These can be partnered with for initiating urban revitalisation can help in generating funds for asset management as well as projects identified in the HMPs prepared for the towns and cities. The augmenting the surrounding infrastructure. ULB owned heritage State Heritage Centre as recommended will act as a single-window assets such as historic buildings (now used as public buildings), investment facilitation centre for this activity, providing an enabling stepwells, tanks and parks form an asset bank for the respective mechanism for investing in heritage management in the state. town or city. These assets may be capitalised on for revenue generation through appropriate mechanisms such as entry fees, Action 4: Build Heritage Fund at state and city level ticketing, rentals, license fee, parking charges, advertisement tax, A Heritage Development Fund at state level may be administered by and surcharge on service provision. the State Heritage Council. In addition to the grants received from 124 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES The multi pronged strategy recommended for Inclusive Revitalisation of Historic Towns and Cities forms the foundation for the State Heritage Programme. The framework shall guide the state in heritage management, awareness generation, investment attraction and long term sustainabiliy of the initiatives undertaken. It shall be used to guide all future documents produced in towns and cities under the programme and define the approach to be followed during revitalisation projects. The following section outlines the way forward for the strategies with an implementation plan. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 125 Way Forward STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 127 R ajasthan’s history dates back to 2600 BC (Harappa phase Role of Stakeholders of Indus valley civilisation). The state has come a long way Current global practices in the sector of tangible and intangible since 1969, when the Rajasthan State Industrial and Mining heritage management suggest a shift from the traditional urban Development Corporation (RSIMDC) was established for controlled renewal approach to an inclusive revitalisation approach1 as industrial and service sector growth. The prevailing industries then elucidated in the adjoining table. were handicrafts and textiles. Today, the Government of Rajasthan has initiated an ambitious action for planning and development of over 40 historic cities and towns with an aim to manage and revitalise State Heritage Centre their exceptional cultural heritage. In order to achieve the broad objectives of enhancing capacities for planning, outreach, and promoting models for leveraging investments This section lays out the way forward for the Rajasthan State for heritage management, the State Heritage Centre was established Heritage Programme, which is recommended based on the prevailing within the Department of Local Self Government, Government of stakeholder ecosystem in the state. Key aspects include a shift in the Rajasthan. It started its functions from 27 June, 2017 with two roles of various stakeholders, establishment of a State Heritage Centre domain professionals from the National Institute of Urban Affairs, and City Heritage Cells, extensive knowledge sharing and awareness New Delhi and support of Senior Town Planner, Department of Local building activities, with a focus on community engagement, planning Self Government, who is the nodal officer for the program. The centre for the towns and cities, and establishing sustainable partnerships has been initiated under the WB-CA Technical Assistance. for developing the cultural economy. Further, in order to sustain and expand this good effort, town planners and other professionals are required to be included in the centre. In addition, the Department of Local Self Government has ambitious Government/ Instead of being a sole financer and responsible for plans to establish an Urban Development Centre at Jaipur. The centre Administrators the rehabilitation and maintenance of heritage assets, should be incorporated within the upcoming Urban Development would perform the role of facilitator for stakeholder participation, regulator for incentives and provider of Centre to be established with an initial corpus of INR 10 Cr. at the essential public services and goods. Officers Training School (OTS) facility, Jaipur. Community/ Rather than being a passive beneficiary, would residents actively participate in identifying, valuing and The State Heritage Centre would act as a Single-Window Facilitation mapping the cultural heritage and would sensitively Centre to enable the implementation process of Inclusive preserve/conserve /reuse it with incentives and Revitalisation in the state through documentation, partnership support from the government. building and capacity building amongst other activities. It would also Private sector Rather than being opportunistic riders, the private serve as a knowledge database for the state and facilitator for project sector would become an active investor and management, capacity building, partnership building, attracting collaborate with the government and community investments and developing a required legislative framework. for the conservation and reuse of public and private assets. Experts Instead of carrying out a detached approach towards Heritage Cells in Towns and Cities heritage, experts would advise the government, It is essential to establish heritage cells in all historic cities and communities, the private sector, and philanthropic organisations to provide knowledge and information towns to initiate and facilitate focused heritage management at city and advocate effective management of heritage assets. Inclusive Urban Revitalisation Draft Guidelines for Indian Cities, World Bank and Cities Alliance, 2014 1 128 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES level. They will also build strong linkages with the State Heritage Cultural Economy Centre. The heritage cells will form important functions including Supporting and strengthening Local Economic Development (LED) is documentation, mapping, capacity building, building partnerships, one of the fundamental objectives of the State Heritage Programme. facilitating investments, amongst others. In addition, the cell will The State Heritage Centre and the City/Town Heritage Cells have facilitate development of heritage sensitive byelaws for the cities/ an important role in this. They will initiate and develop networks towns. and partnerships with institutions, individuals, and the civil society. They will also facilitate periodic workshops to bring together relevant stakeholders to support, sustain and enhance livelihoods in the Awareness and Knowledge cultural economy. Sharing for Heritage Management Initiating heritage management at a large scale may generate an environment of panic amongst the citizens due to lack of information Financing Heritage Management on the benefits of heritage management. Hence, sustained actions DoLSG, with support from the World Bank Technical Assistance (INR towards Education, Communication and Knowledge Sharing are a 0.8 Cr.) has already initiated the planning activities for the State prerequisite for the State Heritage Programme. These will include Heritage Programme. The State Heritage Centre, which is currently workshops, heritage assets mapping activity with the communities, at the DoLSG should be subsequently integrated into the State Urban heritage walks, statewide campaign, communication through print Development Centre (which is being developed with a corpus of INR and social media and a plaque program. 10 Cr. from the state government fund).2 The overall financing strategy recommended for the SHP rests on three important principles and mechanisms: Heritage Management Plans & Project prioritisation • Convergence of government and multilateral investments for It is essential to develop Heritage Management Plans (HMP) for heritage management all the historic towns and cities. The planning activity is proposed • Building a state and city Heritage Fund to be taken up in a phased manner based on five criteria: coverage • Initial investment on soft infrastructure to trigger and facilitate under RUIDP (IV), immediate action required due to status of heritage investments from various sources including the local, regional assets, UNESCO/WH site, tourism potential, already identified priority and other private sector organisations. projects. A common guideline (action oriented) for HMP is also necessary so that they do not end up as mere reports; rather generate Key actions under the financing strategy include: actions and embed sustainable processes in the cities for heritage Basic infrastructure upgradation to be converged under large-scale management. It is important to adopt a convergence mechanism investments through mainly RUIDP, AMRUT, Tourism Department. while the projects are identified in the HMPs. Convergence opportunities exist under various ongoing and proposed investments Dedicated projects to be developed through HMP tool. This will give by the Department of Tourism, Urban Development Department, a clear picture on required further dedicated/gap investments in the RUIDP (Phase IV), amongst others. towns and cities. Announced by Shri Manjit Singh, PS LSG during the Stakeholder Consultation Workshop on 21 July, 2017 at 2 HCM RIPA, Jaipur. STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 129 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME Expected result and actions Implementation strategy and Stakeholder's role Status till Feb 2018 and Timeline (from the commencement of the programme) STRATEGY 1: Incorporate heritage management in state framework and legislations Strengthened institutional framework for heritage management 1. Initiation of State Heritage Centre in DLB Government of Rajasthan’s initiative with multi- Completed 2. Formulation of the framework and guidelines for the department collaborative approach, with Directorate of Completed SHP Local Bodies as the anchor department for facilitation 3. Formation of City Heritage Cells in all identified historic and strengthening of institutional mechanisms. 8-12 months (along with cities/towns initiation of HMP preparation activity) Strengthened legislations for heritage management 1. Formulation of Heritage Council Rules Government of Rajasthan’s initiative of formation of a 8-12 months 2. Incorporation of heritage sensitive regulation in the State Heritage Council. byelaws with thrust on incentivisation for heritage property owners STRATEGY 1: Incorporate heritage management in state framework and legislations Increased awareness and sense of ownership amongst various stakeholders 1. State level workshop engaging senior stakeholders • Anchored by the State (Directorate of Local Bodies) Completed 2. Awareness building and knowledge sharing (benefits • Part of the HMP process Completed of heritage management) through ‘mapping’ activity in pilot cities (Jodhpur and Nawalgarh) 3. Central documentation and information exchange • Setting up of web portal for the programme that 12 months facility at the State Heritage Center will act as a single-window facilitation system 4. Mapping of tangible and intangible heritage • Organisation of first mapping workshop at pilot 10 months cities of Jodhpur and Nawalgarh under the Technical Assistance. • Stakeholder consultation workshops in pilot cities 12 months (Jodhpur and Nawalgarh) 130 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES Expected result and actions Implementation strategy and Stakeholder's role Status till Feb 2018 and Timeline (from the commencement of the programme) 5. Heritage walks, state wide campaign, celebrate • Mapping in other towns and cities to be done and 12 months and further for the associated events like World Heritage Day regularly updated by the City Heritage Cell as a duration of the program part of the HMP 6. Awareness through print media and social media • Facilitated by the Directorate of Local Bodies, the 10 months and beyond 7. Plaque Programme City Heritage Cell to take initiative and support activities led by elected representatives and community leaders • Directorate of Local Bodies along with the State 12-15 months Archaeological Department to finalise on a common design for all the listed buildings of importance at state level • City Heritage Cell to finalise on a design for listed buildings of importance at city level • Promotion of local fairs and festivals STRATEGY 3: Strategise and plan for historic cities and regions Heritage Management plan (HMP) for all identified historic cities/towns (Key aspects: Zone demarcation, Strategies for development, List of prioritised projects, Action plan) 1. HMPs and project development proposal for • Plans for pilot cities of Jodhpur and Nawalgarh to 9-12 months demonstration projects and guidelines for HMP be prepared under the Technical Assistance 2. Completion of HMP for Phase 1 towns (Udaipur, • Educational institutes and other organisations 15-30 months Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur, Churu, Chittorgarh, in the sector may be involved for the preparation (Phase I, II and III) Bandikui, Kaman, Pilibanga, Jobner, Mandawa, based on guidelines developed by the State Sambhar, Jaisalmer, Bundi, Jhalwar-Jhalrapatan) Heritage Centre 3. Completion of HMP for Phase 2 towns (Sikar, Banswara, Karauli, Chomu, Deeg, Merta city, Nathwada, Ramgarh, Kishangarh, Fatehpur, Khetri) 4. Completion of HMP for Phase 3 towns (Kota, Alwar, Mount Abu, Shahpura, Rajgarh, Dhaulpur, Weir, Hanumangarh, Jhunjhunu, Sujangarh, Lakshmangarh, Tijara, Kumher, Bissau, Mukundgarh, Baggar, Pilani, Chirawa) STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 131 Expected result and actions Implementation strategy and Stakeholder's role Status till Feb 2018 and Timeline (from the commencement of the programme) Convergence of proposals, projects and implementation under other existing and proposed investments 1. Inclusion and Revitalisation of: • Strategic meeting with tourism department for In line with deadlines of • Deeg - Bharatpur-Sawai Madhopur under spiritual convergence Tourism dept. (12-24 months) circuit • Preparation of HMPs for towns falling in tourist • Churu - Sikar under heritage circuit circuits • Nagaur and Phalodi under desert circuit 2. Convergence of project development proposals and • Strategic meetings with programs such as RUIDP, In line with deadlines of the implementation under RUIDP Phase IV and other MJSY, AHVY, NULM various programs schemes/programs STRATEGY 4: Support, sustain and enhance livelihoods in cultural economies Local economic development (LED) through job creation and skill development 1. Formation of stakeholder network (institutions, • Strategic meetings and outreach activities (e.g. 11 months professionals) at the State level for LED (Main roles: with organisations like IICD, NULM ) outreach, partnerships, technical, research and innovation) 2. Linking the state stakeholder network with the heritage cells at cities and expanding it at local level 3. Workshops and training programs in pilot cities • Skill enhancement workshop in Jodhpur and 11 months Shekhawati region and meeting with SHG's under NULM 4. Contractors workshop in all cities • Workshop on know-how of traditional techniques in all identified town and cities; starting with MJSY funded towns and cities STRATEGY 5: Promote and Empower the Civil society Empowered civil society 1. Identify community and civil society initiatives • Envisaged to be implemented through the State 10 months Heritage Centre and City Heritage Cells Promotion of civil society through state and city networks 1. Formation of stakeholder network (non-government • Strategic meetings and outreach activities with 11 months institutions, community initiatives) at the state level NGOs/CBOs and individuals 2. Link the state stakeholder network with the heritage Immediate after the previous cells in cities and expand it at local level action 132 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES Expected result and actions Implementation strategy and Stakeholder's role Status till Feb 2018 and Timeline (from the commencement of the programme) STRATEGY 6: Finance heritage management and attract investments Improved basic service provision and Infrastructure development in historic towns and cities 1. Convergence for heritage towns under RUIDP Phase IV • Gaps (water supply) in towns - Chomu, Sambhar 8 months (Investment sectors are water supply and sewerage) - Phulera, Jobner, Bandikui, Nawalgarh, Fatehpur, Kaman, Deeg, Dungarpur 2. Project development proposals and execution works for • With Nawalgarh covered under RUIDP (IV) and 11 months pilot cities to be converged under RUIDP (IV) preparation of its HMP is on priority as a pilot city, projects to be identified within the RUIDP timeline and submitted for DPR level • For other towns covered under RUIDP (IV), 11 months facilitation from Directorate of Local Bodies needed for convergence 3. Identify gaps in towns and cities with AMRUT funding • Gaps (water supply) in towns -Jhunjhunu, Jaipur, 10 months (Investment sectors are water supply, drainage, sewerage, Kishangarh, Hanumangarh public space) • Gaps (drainage) in towns - Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, Bikaner, Ajmer, Alwar, Bharatpur, Sikar, Kishangarh, Hanumangarh, Dhaulpur, Sawai Madhopur, Chittorgarh, Bundi, Jhalawar • Gaps (sewerage) in towns - Jhalawar, Jhunjhunu, Kota • Gaps (public space) in towns - Jhalawar, Dhaulpur 10 months and beyond 4. Identify gaps and potential projects under MJSY (23 • Meeting for identification of shelf of projects in the towns covered) identified 23 towns 5. Identify gaps in the proposed IPDS (39 heritage towns) • Strategic meetings with concerned departments 10 months and beyond and HUDCO (23 heritage towns) schemes Sustainable state and city financial reserve • Strategic consultations 11 months and beyond 1. Establish a Heritage Fund anchored at the State Heritage Centre 2. Develop a transparent mechanism to facilitate funding Investments in Heritage Management 1. Strategic workshop to attract investments; initial one • Share opportunities through the strategic 12 months and subsequently at Jaipur and periodic meetings / workshops in other workshop with government and non-government/ on preparation of HMPs for cities based on the identified projects as a part of the private agencies other towns and cities HMP STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 133 The State Heritage Programme for Rajasthan is a pioneer initiative in the country owing to its state-wide coverage and unique approach. It is envisioned as a sustainable initiative to engage stakeholders, manage heritage, facilitate investment in heritage management and promote a knowledge database. Enabling mechanisms to facilitate heritage management in addition to convergence of existing investments for infrastructure augmentation are the key tools identified for effective implementation of the State Heritage Programme. A timely and well-organised implementation of the programme shall ensure the desired economic benefits through successful Inclusive Revitalisation of the historic towns and cities of Rajasthan. 134 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAMME - 2018 Bibliography • Ambedker Hastashilp Vikas Yojana website- Ministry of Textiles • Human Development Report 2011 and Economic survey, 2011 • Annual Progress Report, 2015-16, Department of Tourism, • Inclusive Heritage-based City Development Programme in India, Government of Rajasthan World Bank-Cities Alliance-UNESCO, 2012 • Asia- Europe Network of Urban Heritage for Sustainable Creative • International Guidelines for Urban and Territorial Planning, 2015 Economics, INTACH heritage Academy, 2015 • JNNURM Toolkit available at http//jnnurm.nic.in/wpcontent/ • Census of India, 2011 uplods/2011/01/JNNURM_Toolkit_DPRs.pdf • City HRIDAY Plan template by Ministry of Urban Development, • Leveraging heritage public-private and third sector partnerships GoI, 2015. for the conservation of the historic urban environment, ICOMOS, • Colourful Rajasthan for all seasons, Department of Tourism, 2011 (Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, USA) Government of Rajasthan • Monitoring and Evaluation in Cultural Heritage Projects at the • Colours of Desert Lands Rajasthan, Dr. Surendra Sahai, Brijbasi World Bank, 2011 Art Press Ltd, 2002 • NMA Regulation http;//www.nma.gov.in/nma/downloads/Rules/ • Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan, NIUA CA_Final_bu_PMO_24-12-2010.pdf. list of state competent authorities at http;//www.nma.gov.in/nma/contacthhead.jsp • Creative Economy Reports 2013: Widening Local Development Pathways, UNESCO, UNDP • Rajasthan a many splendored state, Department of Tourism, Government of Rajasthan • Discover Rajasthan Get carried away, Department of Tourism, Government of Rajasthan • Rajasthan State Development Report, Planning Commission, Government of India, 2006 • District Human Development Profiles, Institute of Development Studies, 2008 • Rajasthan Tourism Unit Policy 2015, Department of Tourism, Government of Rajasthan • Economic Review 2016-17, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Rajasthan • Rajasthan Tourism Website –www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in • ESRI, "India: A Vision for National GIS' ArchNews, Fall 2013, vol. • Rajasthan: Closing the Development Gap (2006), World Bank 35 no 3;1, 16-21" • Smart City: Mission Statement and Guidelines, Ministry of Urban • FICCI Report on Tourism Infrastructure, The role that state's play Development, GoI, 2015. • Habitat III Draft New Urban Agenda, pt. 38,97,124,125 & Issue • The Constitution (Seventy-Fourth Amendment) Act, 1992 http;// paper 4 on Urban Culture and Heritage: 2016 indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend74.htm) • Historic Districts for All India; Manual for city professionals, • The Marwari Heritage, D. K. Taknet, IIME 2015 UNESCO –UN-Habitat, 2010. • Tourism Unit Policy, 2015 Department of Tourism, Government • Historic Districts for all, India, a social and human approach for of Rajasthan sustainable revitalization, 2010 • UNESCO World Heritage Operational Guidelines, 2012, Attributes • Historic Districts for All-India, Brochure for Local Authorities, of authenticity, section 82. UNESCO, March, 2010 • UNESCO World Heritage Operational Guidelines, 2012, • Hotel Association Website, Accessed from http;//www/ Outstanding University Value criteria, Sections 77-78 hotelassciationofindia.co/on 29-12-16 136 INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES National Institute of Urban Affairs National Institute of Urban Affairs 1st and 2nd Floors, Core 4B, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003, INDIA (+91 11) 24643284/24617517, (+91 11) 24617513 www.niua.org INCLUSIVE REVITALISATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS AND CITIES STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK 2018 FOR RAJASTHAN STATE HERITAGE PROGRAM