THE WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 15 / NO 6 MAY 2017 INSIDE Strengthening engineering education in India 1-6 Pathways to Prosperity – College of Engineering, World Bank series 7-9 Development Dialogue: Rethinking Development Pune: Taking reforms Finance 10-12 Recent Project Approvals & Signings 13-15 to a new height ICR Update: Third Tamil “TEQIP has come as a shot of oxygen, helping us unleash our latent Nadu Urban Development potential,” says Prof Chaudhuri, the institute’s Deputy Director. “Now, we Project 16-17 are ready to do our part and mentor another 50 institutions on the path New Additions to the Public towards excellence.” Information Center 18-27 Contact Information 28 About the photograph: B eneath the vaulted halls of the grand old College of Engineering in Pune (COEP), undergraduate students have begun sending satellites into space. The institute, which dates back to 1854 and produced India’s Racing car designed by COEP students first civil engineer and statesman – Bharat Ratna Sir M. Visvesvaraya – has, Photo courtesy: COEP, Pune after a lull of many years, reemerged as a center of excellence. Engineering Education in India – a snapshot l 3,500 engineering colleges in India, both public and private l Sanctioned student intake 17,61,976 students l 91% engineering colleges are private l Enrollment in private colleges is nearly 5 times that in government colleges From 2003 onwards, when the college was The institute’s decade-and-a-half long effort chosen – through a nationally competitive is reflected in the latest rankings. In 2016, process – to be one of the 127 engineering COEP ranked 21st out of the top 100 and technical institutes supported by the engineering colleges in the country, even Government of India and World Bank’s higher than some IITs and NITs. The rankings Technical/Engineering Education Quality were carried out by the Ministry of Human Improvement Project (TEQIP), the institute has Resource Development (MHRD) – the first undergone a major upgrade. time the MHRD had done so. “Now our aim is to be among the top ten in the country,” Since then, it has revamped its curriculum, said a proud Prof. B.B. Ahuja, the institute’s introduced new courses, enabled faculty director. “And, we have begun to look at to update their knowledge, installed the the world’s best universities to reach their latest lab equipment, and boosted research. standards.” Collaborations with industry and foreign universities have helped bring in the latest The scale and diversity of India’s technical knowledge, and an incubator has been and engineering education is huge. But while established to promote entrepreneurship. India is said to produce the largest number of engineers in the world, only a few of its “Today, some of the most sought-after engineering institutes rank among the best employers – Amazon, Microsoft, Google, internationally. As a result, even though Yahoo and others who recruit primarily from there is an abundance of raw talent in the the IITs – line up at the COEP campus for country, and the demand for engineering placement,” explained Dr. Sandeep Meshram, education is huge, most students end up the institute’s corporate relations officer who is studying at secondary level institutes. “It is also incharge of campus placement. at these institutes where the need to improve 12 2 The World Bank in India • May 2017 is the greatest,” said Mr. R Subrahmanyam, step was to pin down where it needed to Additional Secretary, MHRD. “And the improve by formulating its Institutional Government of India is committed to making Development Proposal, a feature introduced this happen.” under TEQIP, whereby institutes undertake a thorough SWOT analysis, outline their The importance of autonomy reform priorities and present an action plan to achieve results. So, what made the difference? In one word – autonomy from the state. Autonomy not Using IIT Mumbai as the role model, the just on academic issues, but also in financial, institute realized that it must begin by administrative and managerial matters. revamping the curriculum. In a bold decision, therefore, the college’s Board of Governors, “Autonomy is essential for promising headed by the visionary Dr. F.C. Kohli, institutes to reach their full potential,” said abandoned the curriculum being followed Francisco Marmolejo, the World Bank’s global and replaced it with one on the lines of IIT lead in tertiary education. “Unless institutes Mumbai. have the autonomy to determine their goals and priorities, curriculum and student Next, to equip the faculty to deliver the evaluation methodologies, they are unlikely to new curriculum, nineteen faculty members succeed in preparing India’s young people for were sent to IIT Mumbai to undergo intense the jobs of tomorrow, encourage innovation, training. “They left Pune at 5 every morning and lay the foundations for lifelong learning.” and, after completing one semester at IIT Mumbai, sat for exams along with other Revamping the curriculum students,” explained Prof Ahuja. “Dr. Kohli had envisioned this move as a precedent At the College of Engineering in Pune, change for other institutes to follow.” began to happen when the Government of Maharashtra granted it complete autonomy After this, IIT Mumbai beamed their lectures in 2003 as a precondition for participating live into Pune classrooms. This immensely in TEQIP. TEQIP, one of the World Bank’s successful exercise allowed Pune’s faculty longest standing projects worldwide, saw and students to interact with IIT professors, autonomy as the cornerstone for institutions resulting in a quantum leap in the standard of to progress and create a culture of academics at the Pune institute. accountability. “An important feature of TEQIP has been to For the newly autonomous COEP, the first build bridges between institutes. The project The World Bank in India • May 2017 12 3 has leveraged the expertise of the best in the by giving them a strong foundation that can country – the IITs and IIMs – to improve the be put to use in applied as well as social academic rigor in TEQIP colleges while also sciences. strengthening leadership practices,” said Tara Moreover, in an intrepid move towards Béteille, TEQIP’s project leader. This kind of transparency, the institute has started resource-sharing and leveraging is especially showing its students all their answer papers. important, given that India has nearly 40,000 “At first we used to get a lot of questions higher education institutes spread across about marking. But now students see the the country. Compare this with China where fairness of the process, and these numbers tertiary education is not so fragmented – have come down,” Prof Ahuja explained. China has under 3,000 such institutes in all – even though enrollment at the tertiary level is higher in China than in India. Empowering the faculty While all this has meant more work for the Today, COEP frames its curriculum faculty, the institute’s autonomy has enabled independently – with feedback from faculty, it to open up new opportunities for their students, the college placement cell, and professional development. TEQIP funding industry – and revises it regularly. “Our has helped the college pay for faculty to earn curriculum changes by around 25 percent their PhDs from some of the best research each year, making a big difference to the institutes in the country. “Today, 55 percent relevance of what we teach,” said Prof of COEP’s faculty hold doctoral degrees, Ahuja. “For instance, given the importance compared to just 5 percent earlier,” explained of bio-medical engineering for the world of Dr. V.N. Pande from the electrical engineering tomorrow, Dr. Kohli helped COEP introduce department. a new course in biology for all its students way back in 2007. Now, IIT Mumbai has Autonomy has also enabled the institute to introduced a similar course.” A variety of recruit its own faculty. In 2003, the college multi-disciplinary courses have also been had just 99 faculty members; now their introduced and the institute has plans to number is 220. And vacancies, which used introduce many more. to be a high 50 percent at any given time, are now down to 10 percent. Importantly, COEP is also one of the few institutes in no transfers have taken place for 14 years – the country to teach mathematics in all 8 again as a result of administrative autonomy semesters of its undergraduate programs, – enabling faculty to settle down and grooming its students to be life-long learners concentrate on their research. 12 4 The World Bank in India • May 2017 The college’s Board of Governors has also made it easier for faculty to attend Satellite Club conferences both in India and abroad, I t all began in late 2008 when an IIT explore new partnerships with other Mumbai student asked a friend at COEP universities, and bring back new ideas. In to build a ground station for the satellite they addition, they receive financial support to file were creating. Why not build a satellite of patents and commercialize the products our own, the Pune student thought. From they create. then on, a small group of COEP students worked relentlessly and, barely eight years later, successfully launched Swayam – their Focus on research satellite – even before their counterparts Financial autonomy has also given the at IIT Mumbai could do so. Swayam, launched by ISRO on 22nd June 2016, college the flexibility to invest in new lab became the 4th student satellite from India equipment. “Earlier, our equipment was so to enter space. “Our seniors’ efforts were old, we used to be known as the museum a great example of ‘jugaad’ – or making do of engineering,” said Prof M.J. Rathod, with whatever was available,” explained Professor of Metallurgy and Materials Umer, a fourth year student of computer Science, with a smile. “Now with upgraded engineering at COEP, who now leads the infrastructure, many labs are open beyond college’s satellite club. “Given their limited regular hours, many a times 24 X 7. This budget, they used things that were low-cost and effective. They even used a strip of has enabled a number of PhD students normal measuring tape as the antenna.” from across Maharashtra to complete their Still, they managed to fit the entire avionics theses, and many other students to receive and structure into a tiny 10 cm X 10 cm accolades for their work.” Furthermore, since X 11.35 cm cube weighing less than 1 researchers from industry and elsewhere pay kilogram which could withstand the extreme to use COEP’s equipment, the college is able conditions in space and function reliably with to pay for its maintenance. little power. They also devised an innovative passive stabilization system for the satellite, The new lab equipment has led to a dramatic pioneering the use of such a system in India. increase in the number of publications in Since that time, they have presented their various conferences and journals. These work in numerous international conferences, earning recognition the world over. The have shot up from just 500 in 2003-04 to over current team aims to launch the world’s first 1,600 today. In addition, 42 patents have satellite that uses solar sails. been applied for so far, of which seven have been granted. The World Bank in India • May 2017 12 5 Collaboration with industry older brother in Marathi – has begun to help young start-ups turn their ideas into viable and foreign universities businesses; over the past four years, 393 start-ups have been helped to take off. Since Pune is a major hub for high-end manufacturing, the college has taken full advantage of its strategic location to make The critical role of the student learning relevant for the real world. Board of Governors “In every department, two labs have been set up by industry. In addition, each department All said and done, both COEP’s director has an industry advisory board that charts and faculty agree that none of this would out students’ future learning needs, and have been possible without the visionary numerous opportunities have opened up leadership of the college’s Board of for collaborative research,” explained Dr. Governors, especially its Chairman Dr. F.C Meshram, the institute’s corporate relations Kohli. “Every board member has led from the officer. “Moreover, some 10-12 industries front, giving a minimum of 100 hours of their provide scholarships totaling over Rs 1 crore.” time each year with passion and energy,” said Prof. Ahuja. “They have been receptive To broaden the students’ learning experience, to new ideas from the bottom-up, and given collaborations with foreign universities quick decisions with transparency and such as Nanyang Technical University in openness.” Singapore and the University of Westphalia in Germany, have also been initiated. “We “TEQIP too has come as a shot of oxygen, started collaborating with Israel on cyber helping us unleash our latent potential,” security some years ago, and now we run a added Prof Chaudhuri, the institute’s Deputy full-fledged master’s program in the subject,” Director. “Now, we are ready to do our part added Dr. Mukul Sutaone, Dean of Academic and mentor another 50 institutions on the Affairs. path towards excellence.” There is no reason why, given autonomy, A new incubator, a hand- other colleges too cannot deliver education holding initiative by alumni to the same high standards. And, perhaps be the next to launch a satellite into space. Given the importance of innovation in today’s world, ‘entrepreneurship’ has been a buzz Next steps word at the institute since 2009, thanks in large part to the efforts of alumni and donors. TEQIP III, which started recently, will carry Alumni have been delivering courses on the forward the quality-oriented reforms initiated subject for some time now and, recently, under TEQIP II. The focus of TEQIP III will be have contributed to the setting up of an on strengthening the engineering education incubator – the Bhau Institute of Innovation, system in India’s low-income states. Entrepreneurship and leadership (BIEL). Approximately 100 government engineering The aptly named institute – ‘Bhau’ means colleges from these states will be paired with well-performing colleges from previous phases of TEQIP, such that each can leverage the other’s strengths. TEQIP III will also work closely with Affiliating Technical Universities in these states to ensure that reforms pertaining to faculty development, curriculum, research and student employability reach all engineering colleges in the state regardless of whether they are government or private. Finally, using internationally comparable (Change background colour as needed) tests, TEQIP III will track how well students are doing in terms of content knowledge and critical thinking as they go through their college years. 12 6 The World Bank in India • May 2017 Pathways to Prosperity India, the driver of growth for Bharat How has India’s recent growth impacted poverty in the country? We look at how India’s rapid structural transformation over the past three decades – the shift from agriculture to industry and services, and from rural to urban areas – is changing the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction, say Gaurav Datt, Martin Ravallion and Rinku Murgai. I ndia’s economic take-off during the 1990s and the early 2000s is now part of the country’s economic folklore. This remarkable poverty also picked up pace. But was the faster pace of poverty reduction after 1991 simply a reflection of faster growth, or did upturn has also come with faster poverty poverty indeed become more responsive reduction. After 1991, per capita income grew to growth? What’s more, did the changing nearly two-and-a-half times faster in real pattern of India’s growth matter to the pace terms compared to the preceding three-and- of poverty decline and, if so, in what way? a-half decades. During this time, the fall in We examine these issues in some detail. The World Bank in India • May 2017 7 Growth has become more Rapid urbanisation is now pro-poor driving economy-wide gains First, has India’s growth become more pro- to poor people poor or not? One measure of the pro-poorness Then, did the changing pattern of India’s of growth is the elasticity of poverty reduction growth matter to the pace of poverty decline to growth – in other words, by how much did and, if so, in what way? Our research shows poverty decline for every 1 per cent increase that during the past two decades the rural in per capita income or consumption? Thus, poor gained more from urban growth than the question of whether poverty became more from rural growth, altering the relationship responsive to growth can be rephrased as between the pattern of growth and poverty whether the elasticity of poverty reduction to reduction that had prevailed in India until growth has increased or not. then. For instance, in the early 1950s, about 85 per cent of the poor lived in rural areas It turns out the answer depends to some and depended on the rural economy for extent on how growth is measured. If by sustenance. It is thus not surprising that growth we mean changes in per capita before 1991, rural growth largely determined consumption derived from household poverty reduction in the country. While urban surveys, there is strong evidence that not growth did indeed reduce urban poverty, only is the post-1991 period one of faster it contributed little or nothing to poverty growth, it is also one of more pro-poor reduction as a whole. This reflected the weak growth; the elasticity of the headcount index linkages between urban growth and the rural to growth increased from 1.5 (pre-1991) economy. to 2.7 (post-1991). On the other hand, if growth is measured by per capita income or Since the early 1990s, however, this pattern consumption from the national accounts, the has undergone a striking change. Urban evidence still points to a higher elasticity for growth has now emerged as a major driver of the headcount index post-1991. For poverty national poverty reduction. Since 1991, urban measures that take the depth or severity growth was responsible for about 80 per cent of poverty into account, the evidence is of the total fall in poverty. This happened both mixed: higher elasticity of poverty reduction directly, through urban growth having a larger post-1991 only holds if growth is measured impact on urban poverty, but even more using the surveys, but not if it uses national importantly indirectly, through urban growth accounts. having a substantial impact on rural poverty. 8 The World Bank in India • May 2017 This indicates that the growth of cities, which other sectors to poverty reduction has risen have both bigger populations and higher substantially. While growth in the secondary productivity, has been good for poverty sector accounted for about 25 per cent of reduction as a whole in India. the fall in poverty after 1991, the tertiary sector alone contributed over 60 per cent to Growth and poverty its decline. Since 2000, India’s construction boom — which has intensively used low- reduction is increasingly skilled labour — has helped secondary sector driven by the secondary and growth to be more pro-poor. tertiary sectors In short, the Indian economy is changing and so is the relationship between economic Next, we examined which sectors had growth and poverty reduction. The process emerged as the primary drivers of India’s of structural transformation of the economy growth. Before 1991, rural growth, especially has intensified, and with it, the traditional in the farm sector, mattered most for poverty sources of both economic growth and reduction. But in recent times, it has become poverty reduction are getting displaced. As more difficult to attribute poverty reduction this process continues, the country can be to any specific sector. In fact, post-1991, all expected to increasingly turn to growth in its sectors have contributed to reducing poverty. urban and non-agricultural economy to drive Indeed, with the greater integration of the future poverty reduction. Indian economy, growth in one sector has (Change background colour as need begun to transmit its gains elsewhere to a Reference: Datt, Gaurav, Ravallion, greater extent than before, and the imbalance Martin, and Murgai, Rinku, 2016, “Growth, in the growth process has ceased to matter. Urbanization and Poverty Reduction in India,” NBER Working Paper 21983. Because the size of the primary sector has fallen, its overall contribution to the decline in Gaurav Datt is Associate Professor at poverty has also dwindled. Whereas before Monash University, Melbourne. Martin 1991 the primary sector accounted for about Ravallion holds the Edmond D. Villani Chair two-fifths of the total poverty decline, after of Economics at Georgetown University, this period its contribution fell to less than 10 Washington DC. Rinku Murgai is Lead per cent of the total — and larger — decline Economist at the World Bank, New Delhi. in poverty. This blog was originally published in the At the same time, the contribution of the Indian Express on 13 June, 2016 The World Bank in India • May 2017 9 Development Dialogue Rethinking development finance to meet rising aspirations At the World Bank Group, we are fundamentally rethinking development finance. Whenever possible, we need to work with countries to crowd in private capital. And we should combine this capital with our knowledge – technical expertise, knowledge about the countries and the economy – so that capital really works for poor countries and poor people, says Jim Yong Kim, World Bank Group President G o almost anywhere in the world, and you’ll see people on cell phones and computers. As the internet and social media aspirations, we fear that they could turn into anger, resentment, and possibly even extremism. We’re already seeing worrying connect more people, they know exactly how trends – 2 billion people live in countries everyone else lives. affected by fragility, conflict, and violence. Between 2012 and 2015, terrorism incidents Knowing how everyone else lives, in their increased by 74 percent, and the number of own countries and abroad, is leading to deaths from terrorism increased by almost a global convergence of aspirations. But 150 percent. these aspirations aren’t just for things that other people have; they’re demands for To meet these rising aspirations, we need opportunities that too many don’t have. trillions in investments of all kinds into emerging markets: public and private, Here’s the good news: aspirations, linked national and global. The only way we can to opportunity, can breed dynamism and spur that kind of investment is to find ways to inclusive, sustainable economic growth. create markets and bring private sector rigor Aspirations can lead to new markets and and innovation to developing countries. opportunities for investors. At the World Bank Group, we are But if there’s no path to meet those fundamentally rethinking development finance. 10 The World Bank in India • May 2017 Whenever possible, we need to work with The government contracted the airport’s countries to crowd in private capital. And operations to a French company, which we should combine this capital with our pays Jordan an annual fee. It’s a genuine knowledge – technical expertise, knowledge public-private partnership. Jordan receives about the countries and the economy – so 54 percent of the net revenue and they’re that capital really works for poor countries making money every year. and poor people. Over the last nine years, without any direct We believe that all development finance investments, Jordan has received more than institutions should be working to crowd in $1 billion in revenue – and they don’t have private capital through a set of principles project loans to pay back. that will maximize resources and benefits for the poor. We’re not there yet, but this is how We have to look everywhere for more we think we should proceed in order to get opportunities like the Queen Alia Airport. there. Second, we have to encourage upstream First, for every project, we have to ask, “Can reforms. the private sector finance this on commercial We saw this work in Turkey in the energy terms?” sector. Over a decade, with other partners, In 2006, the World Bank Group worked we supported the creation of power and gas with the Jordanian government to finance markets – with a focus on regulations and improvements to the Queen Alia International pricing structure. We used public finance for Airport in Amman. This could have been public-good investments like transmission financed solely by public money, but the expansion and advised on regulatory government was interested to see if they changes for energy efficiency. could bring in the private sector. As the market liberalized, IFC invested We worked with the government to lay the in renewable energy. And our Multilateral ground work for private investment. Our Investment Guarantee Agency, which private sector arm, the International Finance specializes in political risk insurance and Corporation (IFC), put an appropriate deal credit enhancement, provided coverage. structure in place, and invested $270 million With just $5 billion of public investment and of its own capital. We were able to attract policy loans, Turkey was able to attract more enough commercial financing to cover the than $55 billion in private power and gas rest of the project. investments. The World Bank in India • May 2017 11 Third, we have to use public or concessional For decades, the rich have used sophisticated finance in innovative ways to mitigate risk, tools – swaps, derivatives, debt – to get richer. and blended finance to support private We need to put those tools to work in creative investment. Here’s what we’re working on ways on behalf of the poor. At the World Bank now – a risk mitigation mechanism called Group, we think of ourselves as strategic the Managed Co-Lending Portfolio Program. advisors and honest brokers who link capital This platform allows institutional investors in looking for greater returns to countries looking OECD countries to invest in projects in the to achieve their highest aspirations. developing world and get a return on their We believe that everyone in the development investment. community can be an honest broker who IFC and the Swedish International helps find win-win outcomes – where owners Development Agency provide a first loss of capital get a reasonable return, and guarantee of 10 percent, creating an developing countries maximize sustainable investment grade risk profile on a loan investments. portfolio of emerging market infrastructure There’s never been a better time to find investments. This allows partners who have those win-win solutions. Right now, there’s relatively conservative risk appetites to invest $8.5 trillion sitting in negative interest rate in emerging markets. German insurer Allianz bonds, $24.4 trillion in low-yield government is providing $500 million to this platform, securities, and an estimated $8 trillion which we estimate can mobilize 8 to 10 in cash, waiting for better investment dollars for every dollar of public money. opportunities. We can mobilize this capital to Our goal, for example, is to find a way for a help meet the exploding aspirations of people (Change background colour as neede pension fund in the United States to be able all over the world. to invest in building roads in Dar es Salaam Aspirations are rising all around us; let’s see that allow people to get to their jobs in the if we can raise our own to meet them. morning and get home to their families at night. Investors can get a reasonable return This article was originally published in on that investment, and do a lot of good in LinkedIn on 01 May 2017 the process. 12 The World Bank in India • May 2017 Recent Project Approvals The Capacity Augmentation of National Waterway 1 (Jal Marg Vikas) Project T he World Bank will support India as it sustainably develops its first modern inland water transport fairway on a 1,360 km- place the state-of-the-art infrastructure and navigation services needed to develop the waterway – known as National Waterway 1 stretch of the Ganga river between Varanasi – as an efficient logistics artery for northern and the seaport of Haldia, bringing thousands India, while adopting the least intrusive of jobs in cargo logistics and transportation methods of making the river navigable. The to one of the most populous regions in the Capacity Augmentation of National Waterway country. 1 (Jal Marg Vikas) Project will help save (Change background colour as needed) more than 150,000 tons of CO2 equivalent The World Bank’s Board has approved in greenhouse gas emissions annually a $375 million loan to help the Inland by moving cargo away from fossil fuel- Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) put in consuming road and rail networks. Shared Infrastructure for Solar Parks Project T he World Bank Board has approved $100 million to help India increase its power generation capacity through cleaner, provide sub-loans to select states to invest in various solar parks that are included in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy’s renewable energy sources. (MNRE) Solar Park Scheme. The Shared Infrastructure for Solar Parks The first two solar parks to be supported Project will establish large scale solar parks under the project are in the Rewa and in the country and support the Government Mandsaur districts of Madhya Pradesh, with of India’s plans to install 100 gigawatts (GW) targeted installed capacities of 750 MW (Change background colour as needed) of solar power out of a total renewable- and 250 MW, respectively. In addition, other energy target of 175 GW by 2022. The project states where potential solar parks could be will finance the Indian Renewable Energy supported under this project are in Odisha, Development Agency Limited (IREDA), to Chhattisgarh, and Haryana. The World Bank in India • May 2017 13 Madhya Pradesh Urban Development Project T he World Bank Board has approved a $116.20 million loan for the Madhya Pradesh Urban Development Project to GoMP prepare a plan for developing the Bhopal Indore Super Corridor (BISCO) region. The project will support urban policy reforms strengthen the financial and administrative in the state as identified under the Atal Mission capacity of the Madhya Pradesh Urban Development Company Ltd (MPUDC). for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation MPUDC will serve as a nodal implementing (AMRUT), a mission aimed at transforming agency for the state and support Urban 500 cities and towns into efficient urban living Local Bodies (ULBs) to implement citywide spaces. At least 51 ULBs have been selected infrastructure improvement projects. to implement these reforms. Based on the World Bank’s previous Over 850,000 urban residents, of which at engagement with similar state municipal least 45 percent will be women, are expected finance agencies in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, to benefit directly through access to improved as well as its international experience urban services across a range of urban in developing and strengthening similar sectors, mostly water and sanitation. With institutions, the Government of Madhya the consolidation of MPUDC as a nodal Pradesh (GoMP) has now sought World Bank implementing agency of the state, many (Change background colour as needed) support for the institutional development of the more residents are expected to be benefited MPUDC to help improve key urban services through a series of investments undertaken provided by ULBs, mainly in the areas of water by other development agencies and central and sanitation. MPUDC will also support government schemes. Recent Project Signings National Hydrology Project T he Government of India and the World Bank have signed the $175 million loan agreement for the National Hydrology Project. an accurate picture of the water situation in their region. As a result, the time available for early warnings on flood and preparation for The project will strengthen the capacity of flood management improved from hours to institutions to assess the water situation in days, which led to saving hundreds of lives their regions and reduce their vulnerability to and avoided flood damages ranging from $17 recurring flood and droughts, saving hundreds million to $65 million in a year. of lives and livelihoods. (Change background colour a This project will now scale up the successes The loan agreement for the project was achieved under HP-I and HP-II to cover the signed by Raj Kumar, Joint Secretary, entire country, including the states in the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Ganga, and Brahmaputra-Barak basins. Finance, on behalf of the Government of India and Genevieve Connors, Program Leader and Acting Country Director, on behalf of the World Bank. The Project will build on the success of the Hydrology Project-I and Hydrology Project-II, under which, for the first time, real-time flood forecast systems were integrated with weather forecasts in two large river systems (Krishna and Satluj-Beas), giving reservoir managers 14 The World Bank in India • May 2017 West Bengal Support to Institutional Strengthening of Gram Panchayat Program – Phase II (ISGPP-II) T he Government of India, the Government of West Bengal and the World Bank have signed a $210 million loan agreement of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, on behalf of the Government of India; Soumya Purkait, Special Secretary, Panchayat to strengthen Gram Panchayats (GPs) – the and Rural Development Department and lowest tier of rural local governments – to Project Director ISGPP-II, on behalf of the better utilize the untied/discretionary funds Government of West Bengal; and Hisham that are now available to them. Abdo, Operations Manager and Acting Country Director, World Bank India, on behalf The agreement for the Project was signed of the World Bank. by Raj Kumar, Joint Secretary, Department During the first phase of this Program (ISGPP-I), performance-based block grants (PBG) were given to 1,000 better performing GPs within nine districts for investing in priority local infrastructure and service delivery projects. Out of the 92,000 activities carried out by the GPs using ISGPP grants, 54 percent were on transport, 23 percent on water and sanitation, and 20 percent on public buildings. Similar activities are (Change background colour as needed) envisioned under ISGPP-II for all 3,342 GPs, with expected economic benefits including employment generation and increased efficiency in spending. Uttarakhand Health Systems Development Project T he Government of India, the Government of Uttarakhand and the World Bank have signed a credit agreement for the $100 million Uttarakhand Health Systems Development Project to improve access to and quality of health care services in all 13 districts of Uttarakhand, a mountain state richly endowed with natural resources. The agreement for the Project was signed by Raj Kumar, Joint Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, on behalf of the Government of India; Neeraj Kharwal, Additional Secretary, Health and Project Director for the Uttarakhand Health Systems Development Project, on behalf of (Change background colour as needed) the Government of Uttarakhand; and Hisham Abdo Kahin, Operations Manager and Acting Country Director, World Bank India, on behalf of the World Bank. The World Bank in India • May 2017 15 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Third Tamil Nadu Urban Development Project Context Third Tamil Nadu Urban Development In 2005, with nearly 300 million urban Project residents, India’s cities contributed over 60 Approval Date: 5 July, 2005 percent of GDP and accounted for more than 90 percent of government revenues. Closing Date: 31 March, 2014 Their efficiency had a significant and direct Total Project Cost US$ 410.55 million bearing on the country’s overall economy. Yet, few cities were able to provide the kind Bank Financing: US$ 290.87 million of urban services required on a regular and sustainable basis. Implementing Tamil Nadu Agency: Infrastructure Project Development Objectives Financing Services Ltd. (TNUIFSL), Government The objective of the Third Tamil Nadu Urban of Tamil Nadu Development Project was to Outcome: Satisfactory ● strengthen the managerial, financial and technical capabilities of Urban Local Risk to Development Moderate Bodies (ULBs); Outcome: ● mobilize resources and secure sustainable Overall Bank Moderately Satisfactory funding sources for urban infrastructure Performance: through the Tamil Nadu Urban Overall Borrower Satisfactory Development Fund (TNUDF); and Performance: ● provide incentives for investments in low- 12 16 The World Bank in India • May 2017 income neighborhoods through the use of a target of US$40 million) – for urban capital grants. infrastructure through non budgetary sources which included bonds and PPPs. Achievement of Project Development Objectives Lessons Learnt Overall the project directly benefited about The concept of a state level urban 2.3 million people and about 1.7 million agency such as TNUDF was a good indirectly through improved urban services. design concept. Through the series of This included improved access to water Tamil Nadu Urban Development Projects, supply to about 1.9 million people across TNUDF was able to provide both capacity 17 ULBs. The per capita supply of water to building as well as financial support to city residents also increased from 63 liters ULBs. However, evolution of such a fund on an average to about 115 liters, and the is very much dependent on the process of frequency of supply increased to daily as decentralization. against once in 4 to 5 days earlier. Calibrating loan period to project New sewer connections were constructed in complexity/project design. At appraisal, nearly 290,000 households benefitting nearly the project period should be calibrated, 400,000 city residents. Over 440,000 people taking into account project complexity rather in low income neighborhoods benefited than it being standardized to around five from access to improved water supply and years. In this Project, a period of about 5-6 sewerage services. years was clearly an underestimate given the complexity of sewerage sub-projects, About 1,500 km of city roads were upgraded land acquisition related issues and ambitious across 24 ULBs that benefited city residents scope that included both a metro city and seven bus terminals were constructed (Chennai) as well as large number of (smaller) (with about 210 bus bays modernized) that participating ULBs. handled 4,140 buses per day. In Chennai, about 32.5 km of roads were upgraded that Land acquisition/availability will remain improved ridership and reduced travel time a key risk factor for urban projects. An by about 20 percent. approach that worked well in this context under the Chennai urban transport sub- New municipal e-governance systems were component was adopting a uniform made operational in 49 newly created ULBs, negotiated price for compensation. besides web portals across the rest of 102 This enhanced the acceptance of the ULBs. Training was provided to more than compensation payments among the affected 27,280 persons on urban management, solid land owners. waste management, financial accounting etc. Complex urban sub-sectors. As the project The Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund has demonstrated, sectors like sewerage (TNUDF) which came into existence under face key challenges. Amongst them is the TNUDP II has remained a viable institution availability of qualified contractors, timely land that enabled mobilization and raising of availability, uncertain site conditions, and the resources – around US$52 million (against capacity of ULBs to manage implementation – factors which often lead to delays. Therefore, their planning and implementation require proper assessments, addressing them in designs, costing and making provisions in the bidding documents, and building the capacity of ULBs among others. Willingness to pay. Users pay when service is assured. The project has demonstrated (Change background colour as needed) that users have contributed for a portion of capital through their contribution, and they are ready to connect to the network and pay for the operation and maintenance. 12 The World Bank in India • May 2017 17 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org South Asia Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: South Asia Economic Focus, Spring 2017: The World Bank PIC Globalization Backlash The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) By The World Bank 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Available On-line New Delhi – 110 001, India Published: April 2017 Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 Pages: 254 Website: www.worldbank.org ISBN (electronic): 978-1- Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia Email: indiapic@worldbank.org 4648-1095-4 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648- 1095-4 PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR South Asia remains the Viva Books Pvt Ltd fastest growing region in 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj the world. With a strong performance in the eastern part New Delhi – 110 002 of the region – in particular in Bhutan, Bangladesh and Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 India – the region defied disappointing world growth in Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 2016. Inflation slowed down in the second half of 2016, Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net mainly due to lower food prices, but appears to be turning up again. Other Preferred Stockist in India Anand Associates Despite recent real exchange rate appreciation, current 1219 Stock Exchange Tower account balances are mostly in order throughout 12th Floor, Dalal Street the region. After a sharp decline triggered by lower Mumbai – 400 023 oil prices, remittance inflows are stabilizing in most Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 countries and international reserves are mostly at Email: thrupti@vsnl.com comfortable levels. Progress on fiscal consolidation has Website: www.myown.org been more gradual and public debt levels remain high. Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) South Asia’s performance will maintain momentum, with Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) the gap between its growth rate and that of East Asia slightly widening over time. Regional growth is expected Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd to surpass 7 percent from 2018 onwards. Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com Website: www.alliedpublishers.com India: Policy Research Working Papers Bookwell WPS 8025 24/4800 Ansari Road, Sustainability of demand responsive approaches to Daryaganj New Delhi – 110 002 rural water supply: The case of Kerala Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 By Luis Alberto Andres, Saubhik Deb, Martin P. Gambrill, Email: bookwell@vsnl.net Elisa Giannone and et.al. This paper presents the findings of an impact evaluation to assess the performance and sustainability of the demand responsive community-based approach toward 18 The World Bank in India • May 2017 rural water supply in the state of Kerala. To achieve The findings of this paper suggest that conventional the study’s objectives, conceptual definitions of the approaches to increasing female labor force participation “performance” and “sustainability” of rural water supply (such as education and skills and legal provisions) will schemes were first developed, as were indicators for their be insufficient. Policies should center on promoting the systematic measurement. Performance and sustainability acceptability of female employment and investing in indicators for demand responsive approaches were growing economic sectors that are more attractive for compared with the more conventional supply-based female employment. approach to rural water supply. The study found that participatory community driven WPS 8021 water supply schemes were more successful in delivering Relief from usury: Impact of a community-based adequate, regular, and quality water supply, experienced microcredit program in rural India fewer breakdowns and water shortages, and enjoyed By Vivian Hoffmann, Vijayendra Rao, Vaishnavi Surendra higher consumer satisfaction with the quality of service and Upamanyu Datta delivery. The success of the community-based approach demonstrates that people are willing to contribute toward Households in rural Bihar were offered low-cost credit the capital costs of the schemes and pay for the water through a government-led self-help group program, the they use for a better service delivery. rollout of which was randomized at the panchayat level. The intervention led to a dramatic 14.5 percent decline The findings of this paper suggest that the community- in the use of informal credit, as households substituted based approach can be a superior alternative to to lower-cost self-help group loans. Due to the program, traditional supply driven models in expanding and the average rate paid on recent loans fell from 69 to 58 improving water service delivery in rural areas. percent per year overall. Rates on informal loans also declined slightly. Among landless households, informal WPS 8024 lending rates fell from 65.5 to 63.2 percent, decreasing Precarious drop: Reassessing patterns of female by 40 percent the gap in rates paid by landless versus labor force participation in India landowning households. By Luis Alberto Andres, Basab Dasgupta, George Two years after the initiation of the program, significant Joseph, Vinoj Abraham and Maria C. Correia positive impacts on asset ownership among landless This paper uses successive rounds of National Sample households were apparent. Impacts on various indicators Survey Organization data from 1993-94 to 2011-12, of women’s empowerment were mixed, and showed and draws from census data. It provides a description no clear direction when aggregated, nor was there any of nearly two decades of patterns and trends in female impact on consumption expenditures. labor force participation in India; estimates the extent of the recent decline in female labor force participation; and examines and assesses the contribution of various WPS 8017 demographic and socioeconomic factors in explaining Gender-neutral inheritance laws, family structure, and the female labor force participation decision and the women’s status in India recent drop. By Sulagna Mookerjee The analysis finds that female labor force participation This paper examines whether economic empowerment dropped by 19.6 million women from 2004–05 to 2011– of women improves their autonomy within their 12. Participation declined by 11.4 percent, from 42.6 to marital household, and investigates the mechanism, 31.2 percent during 1993–94 to 2011–12. Approximately by exploiting variation from a legal reform aimed at 53 percent of this drop occurred in rural India, among improving women’s inheritance rights in India. Results those ages 15 to 24 years. Factors such as educational suggest that the reform increased women’s participation attainment, socioeconomic status, and household in decision-making but at the expense of the older composition largely contributed to the drop, although generation of household members and not at the their effects were more pronounced in rural areas. expense of their husbands. Two channels are proposed Specifically, the analysis finds a U-shaped relationship to explain this phenomenon. First, this can be driven by between levels of educational attainment and female a shift in the family structure from traditional joint families labor force participation. to nuclear households. Such a change is consistent both with the increase in women’s decision-making authority, The decomposition of the contribution of these various which they can exert to move out of the joint household, determinants to the female labor force participation as well as with men’s incentives, since men have weaker decision suggests that stability in family income, as financial links with their parents’ post-reform. Second, indicated by the increasing share of regular wage earners even within joint families, the amendments empowered and declining share of casual labor in the composition young couples at the expense of the older generation of of family labor supply, has led female family members to household members. choose dropping out of the labor force. The World Bank in India • May 2017 19 WPS 8015 By Shareen Joshi and Vijayendra Rao An employment guarantee as risk insurance? It is widely acknowledged that top-down support is Assessing the effects of the NREGS on agricultural essential for bottom-up participatory projects to be production decisions effectively implemented at scale. However, which level By Esther Isabelle Gehrke of government, national or sub-national, should be given Evidence from representative panel data of Andhra the responsibility to implement such projects is an open Pradesh, India, suggests that the National Rural question, with wide variations in practice. Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) reduces This paper analyzes qualitative and quantitative data households’ uncertainty about future income streams from a natural experiment in the state of Rajasthan because it provides employment opportunities in in India, where a large national flagship project that rural areas independently of weather shocks and crop mobilized women into self-help groups for micro-credit failure. Because the NREGS makes an ex-post labor and created a women’s network for other development supply response to agricultural shocks more efficient, activities was implemented in two different ways. Some households with access to the NREGS can shift their sub-regions were given to the state government of production towards riskier but also more profitable Rajasthan to manage, while the Government of India crops. The observed shifts in agricultural production centrally managed other sub-regions. do considerably raise the profitability of agricultural production and hence the incomes of smallholder The study finds that the nature of top-down farmers. The findings are not driven by changes in the management had a large bearing on the nature and labor or cost intensity of those crops, which supports quality of local-level facilitation. Centrally and locally the idea that the causal mechanism underlying the managed facilitators formed several groups with similar observed changes is indeed an insurance effect. financial performance. But centrally managed facilitators formed groups that were less likely to engage in collective action, be politically active, and engage with WPS 8004 other civil society organizations. The motherhood penalty and female employment in These results raise important questions on how urban India responsibilities for participatory development projects By Maitreyi B Das and Ieva Zumbyte should be devolved, and how the nature of management Since the 1990s, India has seen robust economic affects the sustainability of bottom-up interventions. growth, rising wages, steady fertility decline, increased urbanization, and expanded educational attainment for males and females. But unlike other countries that WPS 7995 have undergone similar transitions, urban women’s Deliberative democracy in India employment has refused to budge, never crossing By Ramya Parthasarathy and Vijayendra Rao the 25 percent mark. The discussion is situated in the normative construction of motherhood and the gendered This paper traces the evolution of deliberative nature of caregiving in India. institutions in India to understand the role of deliberation in democratic life, as well as the ways in which The analysis uses pooled data from six rounds of the deliberative bodies influence, and are influenced by, National Sample Surveys to examine the effects of entrenched social inequality. having a young child on mothers’ employment in urban India over 1983-2011. The paper first unpacks the historical roots of Indian deliberation in the pre-colonial and colonial periods, The analysis also looks at household structure, and emphasizing the ways in which religious traditions analyzes the effects of other household members on fostered a culture of debate and dialogue. The paper women’s labor supply. The results show that although then explores the interplay between Western liberal the onus of childbearing may have reduced, that of philosophers, most notably Henry Maine, and Indian caregiving has increased. Having a young child in the political thinkers, including Gandhi and Ambedkar, on home depresses mothers’ employment, an inverse participatory democracy in India. The discussion then relationship that has intensified over time. Further, living highlights the continued dialogue between Indian and in a household with older children and women over Western ideas in the push for greater participatory the age of 50 is positively associated with women’s development. employment. Finally, the paper probes the current incarnation of state-sponsored deliberation in India – namely, WPS 7996 village assemblies known as gram sabhas under the Who should be at the top of bottom-up constitutionally mandated system of Indian village development? A case study of the national rural democracy or Panchayati Raj – and reviews the growing livelihoods mission in Rajasthan empirical scholarship about these village assemblies. 20 The World Bank in India • May 2017 WPS 7994 Available On-line For India’s rural poor, growing towns matter more Published: March 2017 than growing cities Pages: 305 By John Gibson, Gaurav Datt, Rinku Murgai and Martin ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648- Ravallion 0775-6 ISBN (electronic): 978-1- It is theoretically ambiguous whether growth of cities 4648-0776-3 matters more to the rural poor than growth of towns. This paper empirically examines whether growth of The gender module of India’s secondary towns or big cities mattered more the World Bank’s ADePT to recent rural poverty reduction, noting that data software platform produces deficiencies have made this a difficult question to a comprehensive set of tables and graphs using answer previously. Satellite observations of night lights household surveys to help diagnose and analyze the are used to measure urban growth on the extensive prevailing gender inequalities at the country level and and intensive margins in the context of a spatial Durbin over time. fixed-effects model of poverty measures for rural India, This book provides a step-by-step guide to the use of calibrated to a panel of 59 regions observed four times the ADePT software and an introduction to over 1993-2012. The expansion of lit area had greater its basic economic concepts and econometric methods. effect on the rural poverty measures than did intensive margin growth in the brightness of light from urban The module is organized around the framework areas. For India’s current stage of development, growth proposed by the World Development Report of secondary towns may do more to reduce rural poverty 2012: Gender Equality and Development. It covers than big city growth, although the theoretical model gender differences in outcomes in three primary suggests that cities may eventually take over from towns dimensions of gender equality: human capital (or as the drivers of rural poverty reduction. endowments), economic opportunities, and voice and agency. Particular focus is given to the analysis and decomposition techniques that allow for further Other Publications exploring of gender gaps in economic opportunities. Global Economic Prospects: Weak Investment in Uncertain Times An Investment Framework for Nutrition: Reaching the Global Targets for Stunting, Anemia, By The World Bank Breastfeeding, and Wasting Available On-line Published: January 2017 By Meera Shekar, Jakub Pages: 254 Kakietek, Julia Dayton ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648- Eberwein and Dylan Walters 1016-9 Available On-line ISBN (electronic): 978-1- Published: April 2017 4648-1017-6 Pages: 248 ISBN: 978-1-4648-1056-5 Stagnant global trade, e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-1057-2 subdued investment, and heightened policy uncertainty marked another difficult The report estimates the year for the world economy. A moderate recovery is costs, impacts and financing expected for 2017, with receding obstacles to activity in scenarios to achieve the commodity-exporting emerging market and developing World Health Assembly global nutrition targets for economies. Weak investment is weighing on medium- stunting, anemia in women, exclusive breastfeeding and term prospects across many emerging market and the scaling up of the treatment of severe wasting among developing economies. Although fiscal stimulus in major young children. To reach these four targets, the world economies, if implemented, may boost global growth needs $70 billion over 10 years to invest in high-impact above expectations, risks to growth forecasts remain nutrition-specific interventions. This investment would tilted to the downside. Important downside risks stem have enormous benefits: 65 million cases of stunting from heightened policy uncertainty in major economies. and 265 million cases of anemia in women would be prevented in 2025 as compared with the 2015 baseline. In addition, at least 91 million more children would be Measuring Gender Equality: Streamlined Analysis treated for severe wasting and 105 million additional with ADePT Software – A Handbook babies would be exclusively breastfed during the first six months of life over 10 years. Altogether, achieving these By Josefina Posadas, Pierella Paci, Zurab Sajaia and targets would avert at least 3.7 million child deaths. Michael Lokshin The World Bank in India • May 2017 21 Every dollar invested in this package of interventions The Political Economy of Energy Subsidy Reform would yield between $4 and $35 in economic returns, By Gabriela Inchauste and making investing in early nutrition one of the best value- David G. Victor for-money development actions. Available On-line Published: March 2017 Pages: 270 Practical Guidance for Defining a Smart Grid ISBN: 978-1-4648-1007-7 Modernization Strategy: The Case of Distribution e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-1008-4 (Revised Edition) This book proposes a By Marcelino Madrigal, framework for understanding Robert Uluski and Kwawu the political economy of Mensan Gaba subsidy reform and applies Available On-line it to four in-depth country studies covering more than Published: March 2017 30 distinct episodes of reform. Among the key lessons Pages: 176 that emerge, energy subsidies often follow a life cycle, ISBN: 978-1-4648-1054-1 beginning as a way to stabilize prices and reduce e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-1055-8 exposure to price volatility for low-income consumers. Practical Guidance for However, as they grow in size and political power, they Defining a Smart Grid become entrenched. Modernization Strategy: The Subsidy reform strategies vary because the underlying Case of Distribution guides stakeholders on how utilities political economy problems vary. When benefits are can define their own smart grid vision, identify priorities, concentrated, satisfying or isolating interest groups with and structure investment plans. While most of these alternative policies is an important condition for effective strategic aspects apply to any area of the electricity grid, reform. When benefits are diffuse, it can be much harder the book focuses on distribution. The guidance includes to identify and manage the political coalition needed for key building blocks for modernizing the distribution grid reform. Governments also vary in their administrative and provides examples of grid modernization projects. and political capacities to implement difficult energy subsidy reforms and improvements in social protection systems are often critical to the success of reforms Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2017 because they make it possible to target assistance to By World Bank those most in need. Available On-line Published: March 2017 Pages: 292 Urban Land Acquisition and Involuntary ISBN: 978-1-4648-1021-3 Resettlement: Linking Innovation and Local Benefits Enabling the Business By Vincent Roquet, Luciano of Agriculture 2017, the Bornholdt, Karen Sirker, and third report in the series, Jelena Lukic offers insights into how Available On-line laws and regulations Published: March 2017; affect private sector development for agribusinesses, Pages: 116 including producer organizations and other agricultural ISBN: 978-1-4648-0980-4 entrepreneurs. Globally comparable data and scored e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0981-1 indicators encourage regulations that ensure the safety SKU: 210980 and quality of agricultural inputs, goods and services The report illustrates how but are not too costly or burdensome. urban resettlement can The goal is to facilitate the operation of agribusinesses become a development opportunity. The Mumbai and allow them to thrive in a socially and example shows how the private sector can play a key environmentally responsible way, enabling them to role, to unleash the potential created by high-value provide essential agricultural inputs and services to land to provide sustainable housing solutions to those farmers that could increase their productivity and profits. adversely affected, at no cost to the government or the Regional, income-group and country-specific trends resettlers. and data observations are presented for 62 countries Examples from Morocco and Pakistan show how well and across 12 topics: seed, fertilizer, machinery, designed and implemented, citizen-driven resettlement finance, markets, transport, water, ICT, land, livestock, can result in enhanced skills and livelihoods, and can environmental sustainability and gender. promote overall sustainable urban development. The 22 The World Bank in India • May 2017 Mauritania example demonstrates how collective This report explores the dynamics between water approaches with strong community participation can insecurity and fragility. It suggests that water security help address difficult challenges related to housing. is more difficult to achieve in fragile contexts because The Brazil case shows how resettlement practices of a range of factors, including weak institutions and with demonstrated, strongly positive outcomes and information systems, strained human and financial contributions to urban development can influence resources, and degraded infrastructure. governments to incorporate them into their own laws and regulations, helping millions of affected people to benefit from them. Water, Well-Being, and the Prosperity of Future Generations By Claire Chase and Turbulent Waters: Pursuing Water Security in Fragile Richard Damania Contexts Published: March 2017 By Claudia W. Sadoff Water-related diseases Edoardo Borgomeo and are a major health burden Dominick de Waal for populations, especially Published: March 2017 the poor. Meeting global Water insecurity—ranging aspirations for poverty from chronic water scarcity reduction will require to lack of access to safe addressing the global drinking water and sanitation water and sanitation challenge. This discussion paper services, to hydrological provides an overview of the poverty-related impacts of uncertainty and extremes inadequate water supply and sanitation services, and (floods and droughts)—can cause severe disruptions highlights the new policy challenges that have emerged and compound fragilities in social, economic, and in a more populated, polluted, and urbanized world with environmental systems. Untangling the role of water finite water resources. New approaches that assure insecurity in contributing to fragility is difficult, yet it sustained changes in individual behavior, more equitable is becoming a fundamental question for water policy access to services, and incentives for improved water worldwide given the scale of the fragility challenge. resource stewardship are needed. India Project Documents 24x7 – Power for all in Andhra Pradesh Project ID P157929 Date 17 March 2017 Report No. STEP1531 (Procurement Plan) Project ID P155038 Capacity Augmentation of the National Waterway – I Report No. STEP 1262, 1171, 1144 (Procurement Plan) Date 07 April 2017 Project ID P148775 2nd Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Report No. STEP1494 (Procurement Plan) Date 10 April 2017 PAD1915 (Project Appraisal Document) Project ID P121774 Himachal Pradesh Horticulture Development Project Report No. STEP1509, 1177 (Procurement Plan) Date 07 April 2017 Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Municipal Project ID P151744 Development Project Report No. STEP1497 (Procurement Plan) Date 30 March 2017 Project ID P071250 Ecosystems Service Improvement Project Report No. STEP1398, 1033 (Procurement Plan) Date 15 February 2017 Project ID P133803 Assam Inland Water Transport Project Report No. ISDSA 21401(Integrated Safeguards Date 11 April 2017 Data Sheet) The World Bank in India • May 2017 23 Energy Efficiency Scale-Up Program for Results Karnataka Watershed Development Project II Date 02 March 2017 Date 24 April 2017 Project ID P162849 Project ID P122486 Report No. 113843 (Program Information Report No. STEP1671, 1541, 1476, 1255, 1066, Document) 952 (Procurement Plan) Orissa State Roads Project Madhya Pradesh Urban Development Project Date 17 February 2017 Date 21 March 2017 Project ID P096023 Project ID P149811 Report No. ICR3903 (Implementation Completion Report No. PAD 1529(Project Appraisal and Results Report) Document) STEP1529, 1261, 1235 Tamil Nadu Health Systems Project (Procurement Plan) Date 27 March 2017 National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project II Project ID P075058 Date 24 April 2017 Report No. ICRR0020395 (Implementation Completion Report Review) Project ID P144726 Report No. STEP1666, 1550, 1549, 1148, 1121, Accelerating Discovery Research to Early 1103, 1105 (Procurement Plan) Development for Biopharmaceuticals Innovate in India Project National Ganga River Basin Project Date 10 April 2017 Date 31 March 2017 Project ID P156241 Project ID P119085 Report No. SFG3134 (Environmental Assessment) Report No. STEP1410, 1019, 1021 (Procurement Plan) Jharkhand Opportunities for Harnessing Rural Growth Project National Groundwater Management Improvement Date 28 February 2017 Program Project Project ID P158798 Date 01 March 2017 Report No. SFG3026 (Environmental Assessment) Project ID P158119 SFG3017 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) Report No. 106660 (Environmental Assessment) STEP1016 (Procurement Plan) National Hydrology Project Jhelum and Tawi Flood Recovery Project Date 21 March 2017 Date 30 March 2017 Project ID P152698 Project ID P154990 Report No. PAD 1429 (Project Appraisal Report No. STEP1401, 1402, 1204, 1179, 1101, Document) 1102, 945, 942 (Procurement Plan) STEP1226, 1290 (Procurement Plan) Karnataka Multisectoral Nutrition Pilot Project Karnataka Watershed Development Project II Date 10 April 2017 Date 24 April 2017 Project ID P149811 Project ID P122486 Report No. ISDSR 21611(Integrated Safeguards Report No. STEP1671, 1541, 1476, 1255, 1066, Data Sheet) 952 (Procurement Plan) 24 The World Bank in India • May 2017 Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Modernization Enhancement Operation Project Project Date 08 February 2017 Date 21 April 2017 Project ID P156867 Project ID P158522 Report No. 108103 (Project Appraisal Document) Report No. STEP1641, 1343 (Procurement Plan) SFG 3183 (Environmental Assessment) Shared Infrastructure for Solar Parks Project Date 16 March 2017 Uttar Pradesh Pro-poor Tourism Development Project Project ID P154283 Date 21 April 2017 Report No. PID 113214 (Project Information Document) Project ID P158522 PAD 1659 (Project Appraisal Report No. SFG 3098 (Resettlement Plan) Document) SFG 3101 (Environmental Assessment) 113387 (Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) West Bengal Institutional Strengthening of Gram Panchayats Project Date 23 February 2017 Project ID P159427 Report No. 109424 (Project Appraisal Document) World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 8032 WPS 8026 Can public works programs reduce youth crime? The contribution of increased equity to the estimated Evidence from Papua New Guinea’s urban youth social benefits from a transfer program: an illustration employment project from PROGRESA/oportunidades By Oleksiy Ivaschenko, Darian Naidoo, David Locke By Harold H. Alderman, Jere R. Behrman and Afia Newhouse and Sonya M. Sultan Tasneem WPS 8031 WPS 8025 Leveraging the potential of the services sector to Sustainability of demand responsive approaches to support accelerated growth in Senegal rural water supply: The case of Kerala By Matthias Cinyabuguma, Djibril Ndoye and Olumide By Luis Alberto Andres, Saubhik Deb, Martin P. Gambrill, Olusola Taiwo Elisa Giannone and et.al. WPS 8030 WPS 8024 Implications of minimum wage increases on labor Precarious drop: reassessing patterns of female labor market dynamics lessons for emerging economies force participation in India By Ximena Vanessa Del Carpio and Laura M. Pabon By Luis Alberto Andres, Basab Dasgupta, George Joseph, Vinoj Abraham and Maria C. Correia WPS 8029 Arithmetics and politics of domestic resource WPS 8023 mobilization Entry and exit, multi-product firms, and allocative By Kimberly Blair Bolch, Lidia Ceriani and Luis-Felipe distortions Lopez-Calva By Roberto N. Fattal Jaef WPS 8028 WPS 8022 Re-evaluating microfinance: Evidence from propensity Neighborhood effects in integrated social policies score matching By Matteo Bobba and Jeremie D. Gignoux By Inna Cintina and Inessa Love WPS 8021 WPS 8027 Relief from usury: Impact of a community-based Heterogeneous technology diffusion and Ricardian microcredit program in rural India trade patterns By Vivian Hoffmann, Vijayendra Rao, Vaishnavi Surendra By William Robert Kerr and Upamanyu Datta The World Bank in India • May 2017 25 WPS 8020 By Fabrice Fernand Defever, Jose Daniel Reyes, Savings, financial development, and economic growth Alejandro Riano, Gonzalo J. Varela in the Arab Republic of Egypt revisited WPS 8008 By Khaled Hussein, Mahmoud Mohieldin and Ahmed Challenges in assessing the costs of household Mohamed Tawfick Rostom cooking energy in lower-income countries WPS 8019 By Michael A. Toman and Randall Bluffstone Urbanization and development: Is Latin America and WPS 8007 the Caribbean different from the rest of the world? Economic upgrading through global value chain By Mark Roberts, Brian Blankespoor, Chandan Deuskar, participation: Which policies increase the value added and Benjamin P. Stewart gains? WPS 8018 By Victor Kummritz, Daria Taglioni and Deborah Ageing poorly: Accounting for the decline in earnings Elisabeth Winkler inequality in Brazil, 1995-2012 WPS 8006 By Francisco H. G. Ferreira, Sergio P. Firpo and Julian Assessing the role of international organizations in the Messina development of the social enterprise sector WPS 8017 By Angela Hoyos and Diego Angel-Urdinola Gender-neutral inheritance laws, family structure, and WPS 8005 women’s status in India Trade policy and redistribution when preferences are By Sulagna Mookerjee non-homothetic WPS 8016 By Quy-Toan Do and Andrei A. Levchenko The distributive impact of terms of trade shocks WPS 8004 By Maurizio Bussolo and Patrizia Luongo The motherhood penalty and female employment in WPS 8015 urban India An employment guarantee as risk insurance? By Maitreyi B Das and Ieva Zumbyte Assessing the effects of the NREGS on agricultural WPS 8003 production decisions Is there enough redistribution? By Esther Isabelle Gehrke By Maya Eden WPS 8014 WPS 8002 Can parental migration reduce petty corruption in Do foreign investors underperform? An empirical education? decomposition into style and flows By Lisa Sofie Hockel, Manuel Santos Silva and Tobias By Alvaro Enrique Pedraza Morales, Fredy Pulga and Stohr Jose Vasquez WPS 8013 WPS 8001 Improving the resilience of Peru’s road network to Are poor individuals mainly found in poor households? climate events Evidence using nutrition data for Africa By Julie Rozenberg, Cecilia M. Briceno-Garmendia, Xijie By Caitlin Susan Brown, Martin Ravallion and Lu, Laura Bonzanigo and Harry Edmund Moroz Dominique Van De Walle WPS 8012 WPS 8000 Leaving, staying, or coming back? Migration decisions Measuring skills in developing countries during the northern Mali conflict By Rachid Laajaj and Karen Macours By Johannes G. Hoogeveen, Mariacristina Rossi and Dario Sansone WPS 7999 Effects of public policy on child labor: Current WPS 8011 knowledge, gaps, and implications for program How effective are active labor market policies in design developing countries? A critical review of recent By Ana C. Dammert, Jacobus Joost De Hoop, Eric evidence Mvukiyehe and Furio Camillo Rosati By David J. Mckenzie WPS 7998 WPS 8010 Financial information in Colombia Brexit: Trade governance and legal implications for By Xavier Gine, Nidia Garcia, Jose Gomez-Gonzalez third countries By Martin Molinuevo WPS 7997 Municipal asset management in China’s small cities WPS 8009 and towns All these worlds are yours, except India: The By Alessandra Campanaro and Joanna Mclean Masic effectiveness of export subsidies in Nepal 26 The World Bank in India • May 2017 WPS 7996 WPS 7985 Who should be at the top of bottom-up development? Stocktaking of global forced displacement data A case study of the national rural livelihoods mission in By Zara Inga Sarzin Rajasthan, India WPS 7984 By Shareen Joshi and Vijayendra Rao Agent banking in a highly under-developed financial WPS 7995 sector: Evidence from the Democratic Republic of Deliberative democracy in India Congo By Ramya Parthasarathy and Vijayendra Rao By Robert J. Cull, Xavier Gine, Sven Harten and Anca Bogdana Rusu WPS 7994 For India’s rural poor, growing towns matter more than WPS 7983 growing cities Special study on benchmarking the quality of project By John Gibson, Gaurav Datt, Rinku Murgai and Martin economic analysis for the South Asia Region Ravallion By Kenechukwu Maria Ezemenari and Xiao Ye WPS 7993 WPS 7982 Growing markets through business training for female The direct and indirect costs of tax treaty policy: entrepreneurs: A market-level randomized experiment Evidence from Ukraine in Kenya By Oleksii Balabushko, Sebastian Beer, Jan Loeprick By David J. Mckenzie and Susana Puerto and Felipe Pinto Vallada WPS 7992 WPS 7981 Antidiscrimination law and shared prosperity: An Horizontal depth: A new database on the content of analysis of the legal framework of six economies and preferential trade agreements their impact on the equality of opportunities of ethnic, By Claudia Hofmann, Alberto Osnago and Michele Ruta religious, and sexual minorities WPS 7980 By Elaine Rene Elizabeth Panter, Tanya Primiani, Tazeen Public mosquito abatement: A cluster randomized Hasan and Pontaza,Eduardo Calderon experiment WPS 7991 By Josselin Thuilliez and Yves Dumont Regional dimensions of recent weakness in WPS 7979 investment: Drivers, investment needs and policy Agriculture in Africa – telling myths from facts: A responses synthesis By Ekaterine T. Vashakmadze, Gerard Kambou, Derek By Luc Christiaensen Hung Chiat Chen and et.al. WPS 7978 WPS 7990 Does vertical specialization increase productivity? Weakness in investment growth: Causes, implications By Ileana Cristina Constantinescu, Aaditya Mattoo and and policy responses Michele Ruta By Ayhan Kose, Franziska Lieselotte Ohnsorge, Lei Sandy Ye and Ergys Islamaj WPS 7977 A firm of one’s own: Experimental evidence on credit WPS 7989 constraints and occupational choice Design of a multi-stage stratified sample for poverty By Andrew Peter Brudevold-Newman, Maddalena and welfare monitoring with multiple objectives: A Honorati, Pamela Jakiela and Owen Ozier Bangladesh case study By Faizuddin Ahmed, Dipankar Roy, Monica Yanez WPS 7976 Pagans and Nobuo Yoshida How is the internet changing labor market arrangements? Evidence from telecommunications WPS 7988 reforms in Europe Are tobacco taxes really regressive? Evidence from By Emmanuel Jose Vazquez and Hernan Jorge Winkler Chile By Alan Fuchs Tarlovsky and Francisco Jalles Meneses WPS 7975 Growth (but not only) is good for the poor: Some WPS 7987 cross-country evidence to promote growth and shared Rising incomes and inequality of access to prosperity in Haiti infrastructure among Latin American households By Kassia Belo Da Silva Antoine, Raju Singh and By Marianne Fay and Stephane Straub Konstantin M. Wacker WPS 7986 WPS 7974 Seasonality of rural finance Assessing the accuracy of electricity demand By Shahidur R. Khandker, Hussain A. 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