Doing Business 2018 Ghana Economy Pro le of Ghana Doing Business 2018 Indicators (in order of appearance in the document) Starting a business Procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital to start a limited liability company Dealing with construction Procedures, time and cost to complete all formalities to build a warehouse and the quality control and permits safety mechanisms in the construction permitting system Getting electricity Procedures, time and cost to get connected to the electrical grid, the reliability of the electricity supply and the transparency of tariffs Registering property Procedures, time and cost to transfer a property and the quality of the land administration system Getting credit Movable collateral laws and credit information systems Protecting minority investors Minority shareholders’ rights in related-party transactions and in corporate governance Paying taxes Payments, time and total tax rate for a firm to comply with all tax regulations as well as post-filing processes Trading across borders Time and cost to export the product of comparative advantage and import auto parts Enforcing contracts Time and cost to resolve a commercial dispute and the quality of judicial processes Resolving insolvency Time, cost, outcome and recovery rate for a commercial insolvency and the strength of the legal framework for insolvency Labor market regulation Flexibility in employment regulation and aspects of job quality About Doing Business The Doing Business project provides objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies and selected cities at the subnational and regional level. The Doing Business project, launched in 2002, looks at domestic small and medium-size companies and measures the regulations applying to them through their life cycle. Doing Business captures several important dimensions of the regulatory environment as it applies to local rms. It provides quantitative indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also measures features of labor market regulation. Although Doing Business does not present rankings of economies on the labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business, it does present the data for these indicators. By gathering and analyzing comprehensive quantitative data to compare business regulation environments across economies and over time, Doing Business encourages economies to compete towards more e cient regulation; o ers measurable benchmarks for reform; and serves as a resource for academics, journalists, private sector researchers and others interested in the business climate of each economy. In addition, Doing Business o ers detailed subnational reports, which exhaustively cover business regulation and reform in di erent cities and regions within a nation. These reports provide data on the ease of doing business, rank each location, and recommend reforms to improve performance in each of the indicator areas. Selected cities can compare their business regulations with other cities in the economy or region and with the 190 economies that Doing Business has ranked. The rst Doing Business report, published in 2003, covered 5 indicator sets and 133 economies. This year’s report covers 11 indicator sets and 190 economies. Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of each economy, except for 11 economies that have a population of more than 100 million as of 2013 (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation and the United States) where Doing Business, also collected data for the second largest business city. The data for these 11 economies are a population-weighted average for the 2 largest business cities. The project has bene ted from feedback from governments, academics, practitioners and reviewers. The initial goal remains: to provide an objective basis for understanding and improving the regulatory environment for business around the world. Page 2   for insolvency Doing Business Labor market 2018 regulation Ghana Flexibility in employment regulation and aspects of job quality About Doing Business The Doing Business project provides objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies and selected cities at the subnational and regional level. The Doing Business project, launched in 2002, looks at domestic small and medium-size companies and measures the regulations applying to them through their life cycle. Doing Business captures several important dimensions of the regulatory environment as it applies to local rms. It provides quantitative indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also measures features of labor market regulation. Although Doing Business does not present rankings of economies on the labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business, it does present the data for these indicators. By gathering and analyzing comprehensive quantitative data to compare business regulation environments across economies and over time, Doing Business encourages economies to compete towards more e cient regulation; o ers measurable benchmarks for reform; and serves as a resource for academics, journalists, private sector researchers and others interested in the business climate of each economy. In addition, Doing Business o ers detailed subnational reports, which exhaustively cover business regulation and reform in di erent cities and regions within a nation. These reports provide data on the ease of doing business, rank each location, and recommend reforms to improve performance in each of the indicator areas. Selected cities can compare their business regulations with other cities in the economy or region and with the 190 economies that Doing Business has ranked. The rst Doing Business report, published in 2003, covered 5 indicator sets and 133 economies. This year’s report covers 11 indicator sets and 190 economies. Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of each economy, except for 11 economies that have a population of more than 100 million as of 2013 (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation and the United States) where Doing Business, also collected data for the second largest business city. The data for these 11 economies are a population-weighted average for the 2 largest business cities. The project has bene ted from feedback from governments, academics, practitioners and reviewers. The initial goal remains: to provide an objective basis for understanding and improving the regulatory environment for business around the world. The distance to frontier (DTF) measure shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best performance observed on each of the indicators across all economies in the Doing Business sample since 2005. An economy’s distance to frontier is re ected on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the lowest performance and 100 represents the frontier. The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 190. The ranking of 190 economies is determined by sorting the aggregate distance to frontier scores, rounded to two decimals. More about Doing Business (PDF, 5MB) Ease of Doing Business in Region Sub-Saharan Africa DB 2018 Rank 190 1 Ghana Income Category Lower middle income 120 Population 28,206,728 DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) GNI Per Capita (US$) 1,380 0 100 57.24 City Covered Accra DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 82.22: United Kingdom (Rank: 7) 65.15: Kenya (Rank: 80) 57.24: Ghana (Rank: 120) 53.71: Côte d'Ivoire (Rank: 139) 52.92: Mali (Rank: 143) Page 3   50.43: Regional Average (Sub­Saharan Africa) aggregate distance to frontier scores, rounded to two decimals. More Doingabout 2018 (PDF, Doing Business Business 5MB) Ghana Ease of Doing Business in Region Sub-Saharan Africa DB 2018 Rank 190 1 Ghana Income Category Lower middle income 120 Population 28,206,728 DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) GNI Per Capita (US$) 1,380 0 100 57.24 City Covered Accra DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 82.22: United Kingdom (Rank: 7) 65.15: Kenya (Rank: 80) 57.24: Ghana (Rank: 120) 53.71: Côte d'Ivoire (Rank: 139) 52.92: Mali (Rank: 143) 50.43: Regional Average (Sub­Saharan Africa) Note: The distance to frontier (DTF) measure shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best performance observed on each of the indicators across all economies in the Doing Business sample since 2005. An economy’s distance to frontier is re ected on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the lowest performance and 100 represents the frontier. The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 190. Rankings on Doing Business topics - Ghana 1 28 55 55 82 96 Rank 110 109 119 116 116 131 136 136 158 158 163 190 Starting Dealing Getting Registering Getting Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Resolving a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency Business Construction Investors Borders Permits Distance to Frontier (DTF) on Doing Business topics - Ghana 100 84.02 80 65.00 66.47 61.90 60 56.81 55.50 54.00 DTF 51.67 52.32 40 24.77 20 0 Starting Dealing Getting Registering Getting Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Resolving a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency Business Construction Change:+0.68 Change:+0.05 Change:0.00 Investors Change:+0.24 Borders Change:0.00 Change:-0.50 Change:+0.29 Permits Change:0.00 Change:0.00 Change:+2.66 Starting a Business Page 4   This topic measures the paid-in minimum capital requirement, number of procedures, time and cost for a small- to medium-sized a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency Business Construction Change:+0.68 Change:+0.05 Change:0.00 Investors Change:+0.24 Borders Change:0.00 Change:-0.50 Change:+0.29 Permits Change:0.00 Change:0.00 Doing Business 2018 Ghana Change:+2.66 Starting a Business This topic measures the paid-in minimum capital requirement, number of procedures, time and cost for a small- to medium-sized limited liability company to start up and formally operate in economy’s largest business city. To make the data comparable across 190 economies, Doing Business uses a standardized business that is 100% domestically owned, has start-up capital equivalent to 10 times income per capita, engages in general industrial or commercial activities and employs between 10 and 50 people one month after the commencement of operations, all of whom are domestic nationals. Starting a Business considers two types of local limited liability companies that are identical in all aspects, except that one company is owned by 5 married women and the other by 5 married men. The distance to frontier score for each indicator is the average of the scores obtained for each of the component indicators. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally start and operate a To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions company (number) about the business and the procedures are used. It is assumed that any required information is readily available and that the entrepreneur will pay Pre-registration (for example, name verification no bribes. or reservation, notarization) Registration in economy’s largest business city The business: - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent). If there is more than Post-registration (for example, social security one type of limited liability company in the economy, the most common registration, company seal) among domestic rms is chosen. Information on the most common form is Obtaining approval from spouse to start business obtained from incorporation lawyers or the statistical o ce. or leave home to register company - Operates in the economy’s largest business city and the entire o ce Obtaining any gender-specific permission that space is approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet). For 11 can impact company registration, company economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. operations and process of getting national - Is 100% domestically owned and has ve owners, none of whom is a legal identity card entity; and has a start-up capital of 10 times income per capita and has a Time required to complete each procedure turnover of at least 100 times income per capita. (calendar days) - Performs general industrial or commercial activities, such as the production or sale of goods or services to the public. The business does Does not include time spent gathering not perform foreign trade activities and does not handle products subject information to a special tax regime, for example, liquor or tobacco. It does not use Each procedure starts on a separate day (2 heavily polluting production processes. procedures cannot start on the same day) - Leases the commercial plant or o ces and is not a proprietor of real Procedures fully completed online are recorded estate and the amount of the annual lease for the o ce space is equivalent as ½ day to 1 times income per capita. Procedure is considered completed once final - Does not qualify for investment incentives or any special bene ts. document is received - Has at least 10 and up to 50 employees one month after the commencement of operations, all of whom are domestic nationals. No prior contact with officials - Has a company deed 10 pages long. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of The owners: income per capita) - Have reached the legal age of majority. If there is no legal age of majority, Official costs only, no bribes they are assumed to be 30 years old. No professional fees unless services required by - Are sane, competent, in good health and have no criminal record. law or commonly used in practice - Are married and the marriage is monogamous and registered with the authorities. Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) - Where the answer di ers according to the legal system applicable to the Funds deposited in a bank or with third party woman or man in question (as may be the case in economies where there before registration or up to 3 months after is legal plurality), the answer used will be the one that applies to the incorporation majority of the population. Standardized Company Page 5   before registration or up to 3 months after is legal plurality), the answer used will be the one that applies to the incorporation majority of the population. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Standardized Company Legal form Private Limited Liability Company Paid-in minimum capital requirement GHS 100 City Covered Accra Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Procedure – Men (number) 8 7.6 4.9 1.00 (New Zealand) Time – Men (days) 14 24.0 8.5 0.50 (New Zealand) Cost – Men (% of income per capita) 17.5 49.9 3.1 0.00 (United Kingdom) Procedure – Women (number) 8 7.7 4.9 1.00 (New Zealand) Time – Women (days) 14 24.1 8.5 0.50 (New Zealand) Cost – Women (% of income per capita) 17.5 49.9 3.1 0.00 (United Kingdom) Paid-in min. capital (% of income per capita) 1.7 25.6 8.7 0.00 (113 Economies) Figure – Starting a Business in Ghana and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 94.58: United Kingdom (Rank: 14) 91.72: Côte d'Ivoire (Rank: 44) 84.46: Mali (Rank: 104) 84.02: Ghana (Rank: 110) 83.20: Kenya (Rank: 117) 76.82: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of starting a business is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for starting a business. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Starting a Business in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 14 8 12 7 ost (% of income per capita) 6 10 5 Time (days) 8 4 6 3 4 Page 6   2 starting a business. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Figure – Starting a Business in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 14 8 12 7 Cost (% of income per capita) 6 10 5 Time (days) 8 4 6 3 4 2 2 1 0 0 1 2 *3 *4 5 6 *7 8 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Details – Starting a Business in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Acquire a Tax Identi cation Number 2 days on average no charge Agency : Registrar-General Department or Ghana Revenue Authority As of 2012, the applicant needs to acquire a TIN before proceeding to company registration. The applicant needs to complete a Ghana Revenue Authority Taxpayer Registration Form-Organisation. The Ghana Revenue Authority(GRA) o cers after processing the TIN, sends a text message to the applicant to collect the TIN. This applies to both forms of application submission, whether online or physical ling in person. 2 Check for availability of company name and submit company 1 day see comments documents to obtain the certi cate of incorporation Agency : Customers Service O ce of the Registrar General's Department The promoter/applicant shall request for a search to be conducted at the Companies Registry (customer service o ce ) to ascertain the availability and acceptance of the proposed name of the company, and submit the company documents for registration. The Registrar may, on a written application and on payment of the prescribed fee, reserve a name pending registration of a company: section 15(13) of the Companies Act 1963 (Act 179) Applicant may pick up a prescribed Form A from the in-house bank, and submit lled forms at the bank. The Registrar examines and issues business registration certi cate as well as certi ed true copy of the form to be submitted as attachment. Page 7   Fees are the following: (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Starting a Business in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Acquire a Tax Identi cation Number 2 days on average no charge Agency : Registrar-General Department or Ghana Revenue Authority As of 2012, the applicant needs to acquire a TIN before proceeding to company registration. The applicant needs to complete a Ghana Revenue Authority Taxpayer Registration Form-Organisation. The Ghana Revenue Authority(GRA) o cers after processing the TIN, sends a text message to the applicant to collect the TIN. This applies to both forms of application submission, whether online or physical ling in person. 2 Check for availability of company name and submit company 1 day see comments documents to obtain the certi cate of incorporation Agency : Customers Service O ce of the Registrar General's Department The promoter/applicant shall request for a search to be conducted at the Companies Registry (customer service o ce ) to ascertain the availability and acceptance of the proposed name of the company, and submit the company documents for registration. The Registrar may, on a written application and on payment of the prescribed fee, reserve a name pending registration of a company: section 15(13) of the Companies Act 1963 (Act 179) Applicant may pick up a prescribed Form A from the in-house bank, and submit lled forms at the bank. The Registrar examines and issues business registration certi cate as well as certi ed true copy of the form to be submitted as attachment. Fees are the following: - Name search GHC 25 - Name reservation GHC 50 - Complete set of Incorporation forms GHC 15 - Registration fees GHC 230 - GHC 5 per certi cation of regulations (assuming 3 certi cates) The incorporation documents and forms can be downloaded online at http://www.rgd.gov.gh. They include: • Company regulations (four copies) • Tax identi cation number form (one copy) The forms require the following information: • Nature of the business that subscribers intend to engage in • Full names of subscribers and shareholders, their addresses, percentage shareholdings, occupation, and any directorships in any other company • Full name and address of company secretary and auditors (a letter of consent to act as auditor is attached) • An attestation that the minimum nominal capital complies with the requirement that a company 100% Ghanaian-owned have minimum nominal capital of at least GHC 500 The tax identi cation number (certi cate) is usually obtained by the Registrar General's Department on behalf of the incorporated company. A letter from an auditing rm must also be presented at the moment of document Page 8   applicant to collect the TIN. This applies to both forms of application Doing submission, online or physical ling in person. whether Ghana Business 2018 2 Check for availability of company name and submit company 1 day see comments documents to obtain the certi cate of incorporation Agency : Customers Service O ce of the Registrar General's Department The promoter/applicant shall request for a search to be conducted at the Companies Registry (customer service o ce ) to ascertain the availability and acceptance of the proposed name of the company, and submit the company documents for registration. The Registrar may, on a written application and on payment of the prescribed fee, reserve a name pending registration of a company: section 15(13) of the Companies Act 1963 (Act 179) Applicant may pick up a prescribed Form A from the in-house bank, and submit lled forms at the bank. The Registrar examines and issues business registration certi cate as well as certi ed true copy of the form to be submitted as attachment. Fees are the following: - Name search GHC 25 - Name reservation GHC 50 - Complete set of Incorporation forms GHC 15 - Registration fees GHC 230 - GHC 5 per certi cation of regulations (assuming 3 certi cates) The incorporation documents and forms can be downloaded online at http://www.rgd.gov.gh. They include: • Company regulations (four copies) • Tax identi cation number form (one copy) The forms require the following information: • Nature of the business that subscribers intend to engage in • Full names of subscribers and shareholders, their addresses, percentage shareholdings, occupation, and any directorships in any other company • Full name and address of company secretary and auditors (a letter of consent to act as auditor is attached) • An attestation that the minimum nominal capital complies with the requirement that a company 100% Ghanaian-owned have minimum nominal capital of at least GHC 500 The tax identi cation number (certi cate) is usually obtained by the Registrar General's Department on behalf of the incorporated company. A letter from an auditing rm must also be presented at the moment of document submission. 3 A Commissioner of Oaths authenticates forms required for the 1 day GHC 10 certi cate to commence business (simultaneous with Agency : Commissioner of Oaths previous procedure) Form 4 must be completed for the issuance of the certi cate to commence business, which requires authentication before a Commissioner of Oaths. The Commissioner for Oaths, located in the Registrar General Department, usually swears the oath within 1 day so that the company can obtain the certi cate to commence business. 4 Obtain from the Registrar-General Department the certi cate to 2 days 0.5% of the stated commence business and the certi cate of incorporation (simultaneous with capital as Page 9   Agency : Registrar-General Department previous commencement tax usually swears the oath within 1 day so that the company can obtain the Doing certi commence cate to2018 Business business. Ghana 4 Obtain from the Registrar-General Department the certi cate to 2 days 0.5% of the stated commence business and the certi cate of incorporation (simultaneous with capital as Agency : Registrar-General Department previous commencement tax procedure) + GHC 10 After incorporating the company, the founder must complete Forms 3 and 4 (registration fee with within 28 days, indicating, among other information, the names, addresses, Ghana Revenue businesses, and occupations of the company’s secretary and directors; Authority) + GHC 100 name and address of the company’s quali ed auditor; the address of its registered o ce; its register of members; the amount of stated capital; and form fees the number of issued and unissued company shares. Forms 3 and 4 must be signed by all company directors and the secretary. As the company's commencement tax, 0.5% of the stated capital is collected by the Registrar- General’s Department on behalf of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). There is also a 100 GHC fee for forms 3 and 4. Four or ve copies of the company regulations and Forms 3 and 4 are required (auditors, banks, solicitors, company secretaries may each require a copy). The Registrar of Companies now automatically registers new companies with the IRS. VAT is charged at 15% including a national health insurance levy (NHIL) of 2.5%. 5 Deposit paid-in capital in an account 1 day no charge Agency : Bank The following documents must be presented to deposit paid-in capital in a bank account: copies of company regulations; the certi cate of incorporation and the certi cate to commence business; and signatures of the authorized company representatives. As part of the KYC (Know Your Customer) procedures, most banks require introductory letters from the company's solicitors in order to open the account. Additionally, some banks conduct a physical inspection of the company address. 6 Apply for business licenses at the Metropolitan Authority 7 days GHC 270 Agency : Metropolitan Authority The cost to apply for a Business Operating Permit (BOP) at the Metropolitan Authority depends on the type of business and the category in which it falls. Documents to be submitted depend on the type of enterprise (for example, restaurants must have permits from the re department and the Town and Country Planning Authority—and, among other documents, an inspection certi cate from the Ghana Tourist Board). Fees are subject to charge by the Metropolitan Assembly, according to law. According to the Accra Metropolitan Assembly Fee-Fixing Resolution 2015, the fee for a commercial retail/wholesale standardized shop "Cat. E" is GHC 270. 7 Inspection of work premises by the Metropolitan Authority 1 day no charge Agency : Metropolitan Authority (simultaneous with previous An o cer visits the business premises and reports to the Revenue procedure) Accountant of the Metropolitan Assembly, who then submits a report to the Revenue Mobilization Subcommittee of the Metropolitan Assembly. The subcommittee meets to deliberate on the report and then recommend to the Executive Committee of the Metropolitan Authority, whether any adjustment is required. Page 10   the fee for a commercial retail/wholesale standardized shop "Cat. E" is GHC Doing 270. Business 2018 Ghana 7 Inspection of work premises by the Metropolitan Authority 1 day no charge Agency : Metropolitan Authority (simultaneous with previous An o cer visits the business premises and reports to the Revenue procedure) Accountant of the Metropolitan Assembly, who then submits a report to the Revenue Mobilization Subcommittee of the Metropolitan Assembly. The subcommittee meets to deliberate on the report and then recommend to the Executive Committee of the Metropolitan Authority, whether any adjustment is required. 8 Apply for social security 1 day no charge Agency : Social Security and National Insurance Trust O ce To apply for social security, the company must attach the list of employees, their respective salaries and social security numbers, and the company’s certi cate of incorporation and certi cate to commence business. Applies to women only. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Dealing with Construction Permits This topic tracks the procedures, time and cost to build a warehouse—including obtaining necessary the licenses and permits, submitting all required noti cations, requesting and receiving all necessary inspections and obtaining utility connections. In addition, the Dealing with Construction Permits indicator measures the building quality control index, evaluating the quality of building regulations, the strength of quality control and safety mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes, and professional certi cation requirements. The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally build a warehouse (number) To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the construction company, the warehouse project and the utility Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining connections are used. all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and certificates The construction company (BuildCo): Submitting all required notifications and - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent) and operates in the receiving all necessary inspections economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. Obtaining utility connections for water and - Is 100% domestically and privately owned; has ve owners, none of whom sewerage is a legal entity. Has a licensed architect and a licensed engineer, both Registering and selling the warehouse after its registered with the local association of architects or engineers. BuildCo is completion not assumed to have any other employees who are technical or licensed Time required to complete each procedure experts, such as geological or topographical experts. (calendar days) - Owns the land on which the warehouse will be built and will sell the warehouse upon its completion. Does not include time spent gathering information The warehouse: Each procedure starts on a separate day— - Will be used for general storage activities, such as storage of books or though procedures that can be fully completed stationery. online are an exception to this rule - Will have two stories, both above ground, with a total constructed area of Procedure is considered completed once final approximately 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square feet). Each oor will document is received be 3 meters (9 feet, 10 inches) high and will be located on a land plot of No prior contact with officials approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) that is 100% owned by BuildCo, and the warehouse is valued at 50 times income per capita. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of - Will have complete architectural and technical plans prepared by a warehouse value) licensed architect. If preparation of the plans requires such steps as Page 11   Official costs only, no bribes obtaining further documentation or getting prior approvals from external Applies to women only. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Dealing with Construction Permits This topic tracks the procedures, time and cost to build a warehouse—including obtaining necessary the licenses and permits, submitting all required noti cations, requesting and receiving all necessary inspections and obtaining utility connections. In addition, the Dealing with Construction Permits indicator measures the building quality control index, evaluating the quality of building regulations, the strength of quality control and safety mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes, and professional certi cation requirements. The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally build a warehouse (number) To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the construction company, the warehouse project and the utility Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining connections are used. all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and certificates The construction company (BuildCo): Submitting all required notifications and - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent) and operates in the receiving all necessary inspections economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. Obtaining utility connections for water and - Is 100% domestically and privately owned; has ve owners, none of whom sewerage is a legal entity. Has a licensed architect and a licensed engineer, both Registering and selling the warehouse after its registered with the local association of architects or engineers. BuildCo is completion not assumed to have any other employees who are technical or licensed Time required to complete each procedure experts, such as geological or topographical experts. (calendar days) - Owns the land on which the warehouse will be built and will sell the warehouse upon its completion. Does not include time spent gathering information The warehouse: Each procedure starts on a separate day— - Will be used for general storage activities, such as storage of books or though procedures that can be fully completed stationery. online are an exception to this rule - Will have two stories, both above ground, with a total constructed area of Procedure is considered completed once final approximately 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square feet). Each oor will document is received be 3 meters (9 feet, 10 inches) high and will be located on a land plot of No prior contact with officials approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) that is 100% owned by BuildCo, and the warehouse is valued at 50 times income per capita. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of - Will have complete architectural and technical plans prepared by a warehouse value) licensed architect. If preparation of the plans requires such steps as Official costs only, no bribes obtaining further documentation or getting prior approvals from external agencies, these are counted as procedures. Building quality control index (0-15) - Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding all delays due to administrative Sum of the scores of six component indices: and regulatory requirements). Quality of building regulations (0-2) The water and sewerage connections: Quality control before construction (0-1) - Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from the existing water source and sewer Quality control during construction (0-3) tap. If there is no water delivery infrastructure in the economy, a borehole Quality control after construction (0-3) will be dug. If there is no sewerage infrastructure, a septic tank in the smallest size available will be installed or built. Liability and insurance regimes (0-2) - Will have an average water use of 662 liters (175 gallons) a day and an Professional certifications (0-4) average wastewater ow of 568 liters (150 gallons) a day. Will have a peak water use of 1,325 liters (350 gallons) a day and a peak wastewater ow of 1,136 liters (300 gallons) a day. - Will have a constant level of water demand and wastewater ow throughout the year; will be 1 inch in diameter for the water connection and 4 inches in diameter for the sewerage connection. Standardized Warehouse Page 12   and 4 inches in diameter for the sewerage connection. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Standardized Warehouse Estimated value of warehouse GHS 289,848.10 City Covered Accra Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Procedures (number) 16 14.8 12.5 7.00 (Denmark) Time (days) 170 147.5 154.6 27.5 (Korea, Rep.) Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.4 9.9 1.6 0.10 (5 Economies) Building quality control index (0-15) 9.0 8.0 11.4 15.00 (3 Economies) Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Ghana and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 80.39: United Kingdom (Rank: 14) 63.16: Kenya (Rank: 124) 61.90: Ghana (Rank: 131) 61.36: Mali (Rank: 134) 57.50: Côte d'Ivoire (Rank: 152) 56.91: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of dealing with construction permits is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for dealing with construction permits. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 2.5 160 140 2 Cost (% of warehouse value) 120 Time (days) 100 1.5 80 1 60 40 0.5 20 0 0 1 *2 *3 *4 *5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 * 14 15 16 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Page 13   component indicators. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 2.5 160 140 2 Cost (% of warehouse value) 120 Time (days) 100 1.5 80 1 60 40 0.5 20 0 0 1 *2 *3 *4 *5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 * 14 15 16 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Ghana and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 10 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9 8.0 8 7 Index score 6 5.5 5 4 3 2 1 0 Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Conduct title search at the Land Commission 45 days GHS 125 Agency : Land Commission Before the approval process commences at the Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD), the department must con rm that the land where the warehouse will be built belongs to the applicant. In order to do so, the TCPD will provide the applicant with a letter to be submitted to the Land Title Registry/Land Commission along with the applicant’s site plan. The TCPD requires stamps from the Land Commission on its documents to prevent applicants from bringing in forged or outdated documents. 2 Obtain re protection opinion report 14 days GHS 100 Page 14   Agency : Fire Department Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Conduct title search at the Land Commission 45 days GHS 125 Agency : Land Commission Before the approval process commences at the Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD), the department must con rm that the land where the warehouse will be built belongs to the applicant. In order to do so, the TCPD will provide the applicant with a letter to be submitted to the Land Title Registry/Land Commission along with the applicant’s site plan. The TCPD requires stamps from the Land Commission on its documents to prevent applicants from bringing in forged or outdated documents. 2 Obtain re protection opinion report 14 days GHS 100 Agency : Fire Department The re safety drawings are presented to the Fire Service Authority. The cost of the permit depends on the drawing and the project. 3 Obtain geo-technical study / soil test 14 days GHS 6,100 Agency : Private rms BuildCo will request a soil test for the structural calculations for the foundation. For the warehouse, as described in the case study, the standard penetration test is what would most likely be done, which is a simpli ed procedure for this type of study, since the warehouse is not a very complex project. Soil testing helps to determine the properties of the soil, which can vary from place to place. The soil investigation helps to determine the bearing capacity of the land, which in turn helps to determine the load capability, the type and depth of foundation, in order to make sure to select a suitable construction technique. 4 Obtain a topographical / geodetic survey of the land 7 days GHS 2,000 Agency : Private rms Topographic Surveys are used to identify and map the contours of the land plot. Its purpose is to serve as a base map for the design of a building. It also shows the boundary lines and is used by designers to accurately show the required setbacks. It is used for the site plan, which is a mandatory requirement for all construction. 5 Obtain an environmental impact approval certi cate 7 days GHS 2,634 Agency : Environmental Protection Agency Depending how complex the building is, an environmental impact assessment report, a hydro report and a tra c management report may be required. In the Doing Business case study, an environmental impact assessment report and the tra c management report would be required. 6 Apply for building permit with the Town and Country Planning 45 days GHS 2,913 Department Agency : Town and Country Planning Department/ Works Department Once the preliminary approval has been obtained, the architect will submit Page 15   In the Doing Business case study, an environmental impact assessment Doing report and the Business management report would be required. tra c Ghana 2018 6 Apply for building permit with the Town and Country Planning 45 days GHS 2,913 Department Agency : Town and Country Planning Department/ Works Department Once the preliminary approval has been obtained, the architect will submit the following to the Town and Country Planning Department: - 4 sets of drawings, including the septic tank drawings - Fire permit - Soil report – not applicable for Doing Business case study - Structural Assessment for buildings that are 3 storeys or higher - not applicable for Doing Business case study - Copy of the title certi cate and the form from the Land Commission showing correct ownership - EPA clearance certi cate – for all developments - Tra c management report – when applicable (mainly for big developments in downtown Accra). - Approval of architectural and engineering design The TCPD has been decentralized and so the local level in Accra is part of the Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA). To start the approval process for the building permit, a technical committee is set up by the TCPD, including other o cials within the AMA. After the technical examination, a recommendation is made to the Statutory Planning Committee (SPC). The SPC is an intergovernmental committee made up of o cials from the TCPD, Works Department, Land Commission Survey Department, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Survey Department, the Fire Service, and utility companies who meet periodically to approve building permits. They are required by law to have reviewed the application within 3 months after it is submitted and to inform the applicant of their decision. The applicant will be informed of the amount of the processing fees and the time limit of 3 months starts as soon as the processing fees have been paid both for the development permit and the construction permit. There will be a joint inspection by TCPD and the Works Department and each department will issue their own recommendations. BuildCo does not need to be present at the inspection. The fee schedule for the building permit is as follows: 0.625% of construction cost processing fee of GHS 50 for the development permit GHS 84 30% of GHS 66 per gross oor area of 5000 square ft for the construction permit. 7 Receive inspection after foundation has been laid 1 day no charge Agency : Building Inspectorate Inspections are to be carried out by the building inspectors at the end of each phase of the building: foundation, oor level, lintel, roo ng, and nishing. Special coupons are provided when the building permit is granted, and the builder is supposed to send the appropriate coupon to the authorities informing them of the completion of that phase so that an inspection can be conducted. In practice this is rarely done. However, building inspectors are regularly sent to inspect buildings under construction. 8 Receive inspection after oor level has been nished 1 day no charge Agency : Building Inspectorate Inspections are to be carried out by the building inspectors at the end of Page 16   each phase of the building: foundation, oor level, lintel, roo ng, and building inspectors are regularly sent to inspect buildings under Doing construction. Business 2018 Ghana 8 Receive inspection after oor level has been nished 1 day no charge Agency : Building Inspectorate Inspections are to be carried out by the building inspectors at the end of each phase of the building: foundation, oor level, lintel, roo ng, and nishing. Special coupons are provided when the building permit is granted, and the builder is supposed to send the appropriate coupon to the authorities informing them of the completion of that phase so that an inspection can be conducted. In practice this is rarely done. However, building inspectors are regularly sent to inspect buildings under construction. 9 Receive inspection after lintel has been nished 1 day no charge Agency : Building Inspectorate Inspections are to be carried out by the building inspectors at the end of each phase of the building: foundation, oor level, lintel, roo ng, and nishing. Special coupons are provided when the building permit is granted, and the builder is supposed to send the appropriate coupon to the authorities informing them of the completion of that phase so that an inspection can be conducted. In practice this is rarely done. However, building inspectors are regularly sent to inspect buildings under construction. 10 Receive inspection after roo ng has been nished 1 day no charge Agency : Building Inspectorate Inspections are to be carried out by the building inspectors at the end of each phase of the building: foundation, oor level, lintel, roo ng, and nishing. Special coupons are provided when the building permit is granted, and the builder is supposed to send the appropriate coupon to the authorities informing them of the completion of that phase so that an inspection can be conducted. In practice this is rarely done. However, building inspectors are regularly sent to inspect buildings under construction. 11 Request and receive nal inspection from Fire Services and obtain 14 days no charge certi cate Agency : Ghana Fire Services Ghana Fire Services carries out a detailed inspection of the building. If the building is in compliance with approved re safety drawings/plans, a certi cate is issued within 2 weeks. This certi cate is needed in order to request a nal inspection from the municipal authorities. 12 Receive nal inspection from Accra Metropolitan Assembly 1 day no charge Agency : Accra Metropolitan Assembly The Accra Metropolitan Assembly carries out a nal inspection. 13 Obtain certi cate of habitation/occupancy 30 days GHS 728 Agency : Building Inspectorate This request is not mandatory and most owners do not request this inspection. BuildCo will inform the Building Inspectorate upon completion of construction and a joint committee will inspect the building to determine if it was constructed according to the approved plans. If this is not the case, then the architect will have to re- le the plans of the building as it has been constructed. Request water connection 1 day no charge Page 17   Agency : Accra Metropolitan Assembly Doing The Accra Metropolitan Business 2018 Ghana Assembly carries out a nal inspection. 13 Obtain certi cate of habitation/occupancy 30 days GHS 728 Agency : Building Inspectorate This request is not mandatory and most owners do not request this inspection. BuildCo will inform the Building Inspectorate upon completion of construction and a joint committee will inspect the building to determine if it was constructed according to the approved plans. If this is not the case, then the architect will have to re- le the plans of the building as it has been constructed. Request water connection 1 day no charge 14 Agency : Ghana Water Company Ltd. 15 Obtain inspection from Ghana Water Company 1 day no charge Agency : Ghana Water Company Ltd. An inspection of the construction site to determine the cost is conducted and an estimate is providing to the applicant. Water will be connected only after payment has been made. 16 Obtain water connection 30 days GHS 1,000 Agency : Ghana Water Company Ltd. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Ghana – Measure of Quality Answer Score Building quality control index (0-15) 9.0 Quality of building regulations index (0-2) 2.0 How accessible are building laws and regulations in your economy? (0-1) Available online; 1.0 Free of charge. Which requirements for obtaining a building permit are clearly speci ed in the building List of required 1.0 regulations or on any accessible website, brochure or pamphlet? (0-1) documents; Fees to be paid; Required preapprovals. Quality control before construction index (0-1) 1.0 Which third-party entities are required by law to verify that the building plans are in Licensed 1.0 compliance with existing building regulations? (0-1) architect; Licensed engineer. Quality control during construction index (0-3) 2.0 What types of inspections (if any) are required by law to be carried out during Inspections by 1.0 construction? (0-2) in-house engineer; Inspections at various phases. Page 18   Do legally mandated inspections occur in practice during construction? (0-1) Mandatory 1.0 Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Ghana – Measure of Quality Answer Score Building quality control index (0-15) 9.0 Quality of building regulations index (0-2) 2.0 How accessible are building laws and regulations in your economy? (0-1) Available online; 1.0 Free of charge. Which requirements for obtaining a building permit are clearly speci ed in the building List of required 1.0 regulations or on any accessible website, brochure or pamphlet? (0-1) documents; Fees to be paid; Required preapprovals. Quality control before construction index (0-1) 1.0 Which third-party entities are required by law to verify that the building plans are in Licensed 1.0 compliance with existing building regulations? (0-1) architect; Licensed engineer. Quality control during construction index (0-3) 2.0 What types of inspections (if any) are required by law to be carried out during Inspections by 1.0 construction? (0-2) in-house engineer; Inspections at various phases. Do legally mandated inspections occur in practice during construction? (0-1) Mandatory 1.0 inspections are always done in practice. Quality control after construction index (0-3) 2.0 Is there a nal inspection required by law to verify that the building was built in Yes, nal 2.0 accordance with the approved plans and regulations? (0-2) inspection is done by government agency. Do legally mandated nal inspections occur in practice? (0-1) Final inspection 0.0 does not always occur in practice; Final inspection occurs most of the time. Liability and insurance regimes index (0-2) 1.0 Which parties (if any) are held liable by law for structural aws or problems in the Architect or 1.0 building once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability or Decennial Liability)? (0-1) engineer; Professional in charge of the supervision; Page 19   Construction Liability Doing 2018 regimes and insurance Business Ghanaindex (0-2) 1.0 Which parties (if any) are held liable by law for structural aws or problems in the Architect or 1.0 building once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability or Decennial Liability)? (0-1) engineer; Professional in charge of the supervision; Construction company; Owner or investor. Which parties (if any) are required by law to obtain an insurance policy to cover No party is 0.0 possible structural aws or problems in the building once it is in use (Latent Defect required by law Liability Insurance or Decennial Insurance)? (0-1) to obtain insurance . Professional certi cations index (0-4) 1.0 What are the quali cation requirements for the professional responsible for verifying University 1.0 that the architectural plans or drawings are in compliance with existing building degree in regulations? (0-2) architecture or engineering; Being a registered architect or engineer; Passing a certi cation exam. What are the quali cation requirements for the professional who supervises the Being a 0.0 construction on the ground? (0-2) registered architect or engineer. Getting Electricity This topic measures the procedures, time and cost required for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection for a newly constructed warehouse. Additionally, the reliability of supply and transparency of tari s index measures reliability of supply, transparency of tari s and the price of electricity. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to obtain an electricity connection To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions are (number) used. Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining The warehouse: all necessary clearances and permits - Is owned by a local entrepreneur and is used for storage of goods. Completing all required notifications and - Is located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the receiving all necessary inspections data are also collected for the second largest business city. Obtaining external installation works and possibly - Is located in an area where similar warehouses are typically located and is purchasing material for these works in an area with no physical constraints. For example, the property is not Concluding any necessary supply contract and near a railway. obtaining final supply - Is a new construction and is being connected to electricity for the rst time. Time required to complete each procedure - Has two stories with a total surface area of approximately 1,300.6 square (calendar days) is 929 meters (14,000 square feet). The plot of land on which it is builtPage 20   Is at least 1 calendar day square meters (10,000 square feet). architect or engineer. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Getting Electricity This topic measures the procedures, time and cost required for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection for a newly constructed warehouse. Additionally, the reliability of supply and transparency of tari s index measures reliability of supply, transparency of tari s and the price of electricity. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to obtain an electricity connection To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions are (number) used. Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining The warehouse: all necessary clearances and permits - Is owned by a local entrepreneur and is used for storage of goods. Completing all required notifications and - Is located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the receiving all necessary inspections data are also collected for the second largest business city. Obtaining external installation works and possibly - Is located in an area where similar warehouses are typically located and is purchasing material for these works in an area with no physical constraints. For example, the property is not Concluding any necessary supply contract and near a railway. obtaining final supply - Is a new construction and is being connected to electricity for the rst time. Time required to complete each procedure - Has two stories with a total surface area of approximately 1,300.6 square (calendar days) meters (14,000 square feet). The plot of land on which it is built is 929 Is at least 1 calendar day square meters (10,000 square feet). Each procedure starts on a separate day Does not include time spent gathering The electricity connection: information - Is a permanent one with a three-phase, four-wire Y connection with a subscribed capacity of 140-kilo-volt-ampere (kVA) with a power factor of 1, Reflects the time spent in practice, with little when 1 kVA = 1 kilowatt (kW). follow-up and no prior contact with officials - Has a length of 150 meters. The connection is to either the low- or Cost required to complete each procedure (% of medium-voltage distribution network and is either overhead or income per capita) underground, whichever is more common in the area where the warehouse is located and requires works that involve the crossing of a 10- Official costs only, no bribes meter road (such as by excavation or overhead lines) but are all carried out Value added tax excluded on public land. There is no crossing of other owners’ private property The reliability of supply and transparency of because the warehouse has access to a road. tari s index (0-8) - Does not require work to install the internal wiring of the warehouse. This has already been completed up to and including the customer’s service Duration and frequency of power outages (0–3) panel or switchboard and the meter base. Tools to monitor power outages (0–1) Tools to restore power supply (0–1) The monthly consumption: Regulatory monitoring of utilities’ performance - It is assumed that the warehouse operates 30 days a month from 9:00 (0–1) a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (8 hours a day), with equipment utilized at 80% of capacity Financial deterrents limiting outages (0–1) on average and that there are no electricity cuts (assumed for simplicity reasons) and the monthly energy consumption is 26,880 kilowatt-hours Transparency and accessibility of tariffs (0–1) (kWh); hourly consumption is 112 kWh. Price of electricity (cents per kilowatt-hour)* - If multiple electricity suppliers exist, the warehouse is served by the Price based on monthly bill for commercial cheapest supplier. warehouse in case study - Tari s e ective in March of the current year are used for calculation of the price of electricity for the warehouse. Although March has 31 days, for * N o t e : Doing Business m e a s u r e s t h e p r i c e o f calculation purposes only 30 days are used. electricity, but it is not included in the distance to frontier score nor the ranking on the ease of getting electricity. Page 21   Standardized Connection frontier score nor the ranking on the ease of getting electricity. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Standardized Connection Price of electricity (US cents per kWh) 24.5 Name of utility Electricity Company of Ghana City Covered Accra Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Procedures (number) 5 5.3 4.7 2 (United Arab Emirates) Time (days) 78 115.3 79.1 10 (United Arab Emirates) Cost (% of income per capita) 1080.5 3737.0 63.0 0.00 (Japan) Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff 0 0.9 7.4 8.00 (28 Economies) index (0-8) Figure – Getting Electricity in Ghana and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 93.29: United Kingdom (Rank: 9) 76.68: Kenya (Rank: 71) 58.73: Côte d'Ivoire (Rank: 129) 56.81: Ghana (Rank: 136) 51.12: Mali (Rank: 154) 45.91: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of getting electricity is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for getting electricity. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Getting Electricity in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 1200 70 1000 Cost (% of income per capita) 60 800 50 Time (days) 40 600 30 400 20 200 10 Page 22   getting electricity. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Figure – Getting Electricity in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 1200 70 1000 Cost (% of income per capita) 60 800 50 Time (days) 40 600 30 400 20 200 10 0 0 1 2 3 *4 5 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Figure – Getting Electricity in Ghana and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 9 8 8 7 6 Index score 5 5 4 4 3 2 0.9 1 0 0 0 Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Getting Electricity in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Hire registered electrical contractor 1 calendar day GHS 400 Agency : Certi ed Electrical Wiring Professionals Only electrical contractors registered with utility can conduct business with the utility. This registered electrical contractor will also be able to provide a signed installation inspection and testing certi cate. 2 Submit application to Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) and await 14 calendar days GHS 10 estimate Agency : Electricity Company of Ghana Any prospective customer who requires electricity supply should contact the Customer Relations Assistant (CRA) at any Electricity Company of Ghana Page 23   Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Getting Electricity in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Hire registered electrical contractor 1 calendar day GHS 400 Agency : Certi ed Electrical Wiring Professionals Only electrical contractors registered with utility can conduct business with the utility. This registered electrical contractor will also be able to provide a signed installation inspection and testing certi cate. 2 Submit application to Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) and await 14 calendar days GHS 10 estimate Agency : Electricity Company of Ghana Any prospective customer who requires electricity supply should contact the Customer Relations Assistant (CRA) at any Electricity Company of Ghana O ce. Customers’ electrical installation and maintenance should be carried out by licensed electricians in accordance with the prevailing wiring regulations. The prospective customer will be required to submit to the Customer Relations Assistant (CRA) the following documents: -A completed ECG Supply Application Form. -An Installation Completion Certi cate duly completed and signed by the licensed electrician who undertook the wiring of the customer’s house or premises. -The original and photocopy of applicants identi cation (National ID / Passport / Voters ID /Driver’s License). -The original and photocopy of applicant’s site plan. -For non-residential customers: a proof of business is required. 3 Receive site inspection and internal wiring inspection by ECG and await 10 calendar days GHS 0 estimate Agency : Electricity Company of Ghana Estimator visits the site to verify load requirements, and prepares estimate. 4 Obtain right-of-way permit 2 calendar days GHS 15 Agency : Accra Metropolitan Assembly The client obtains a right of way permit at the Accra MEtropolitan Assembly. This permit can be obtained while the application is evaluated by the utility. 5 Receive external works, meter installation and electricity ow 53 calendar days GHS 62,209.41 Agency : Electricity Company of Ghana Payment has to be made as a demand draft/cheque at bank on utility premises. The costs taken are for Pole Mounted Transformer (PMT).The wait time for the utility to commence external connection works is usually one week. The rest is the actual time taken to conduct external connection works, which includes Pole planting, dressing & stringing and/or substation construction. There is no meter insurance deposit but rather applicant pays meter maintenance fee which is not refundable. The fee is charged along with the monthly bill, and is a built in into the tari charged. Utility conducts a nal check of installation and wirings, and then installs meter and electricity is turned on. Page 24   The client obtains a right of way permit at the Accra MEtropolitan Assembly. Doing This permit can Business Ghanawhile the application is evaluated by the utility. be obtained 2018 5 Receive external works, meter installation and electricity ow 53 calendar days GHS 62,209.41 Agency : Electricity Company of Ghana Payment has to be made as a demand draft/cheque at bank on utility premises. The costs taken are for Pole Mounted Transformer (PMT).The wait time for the utility to commence external connection works is usually one week. The rest is the actual time taken to conduct external connection works, which includes Pole planting, dressing & stringing and/or substation construction. There is no meter insurance deposit but rather applicant pays meter maintenance fee which is not refundable. The fee is charged along with the monthly bill, and is a built in into the tari charged. Utility conducts a nal check of installation and wirings, and then installs meter and electricity is turned on. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Details – Getting Electricity in Ghana – Measure of Quality Answer Reliability of supply and transparency of tari index (0-8) 0 Total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year (0-3) 0 System average interruption duration index (SAIDI) 129.8 System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) 59.8 What is the minimum outage time (in minutes) that the utility considers for the calculation of SAIDI/SAIFI N/A Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1) 1 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to monitor outages? Yes Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1) 1 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to restore service? Yes Regulatory monitoring (0-1) 1 Does a regulator—that is, an entity separate from the utility—monitor the utility’s performance on Yes reliability of supply? Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages (0-1) 0 Does the utility either pay compensation to customers or face nes by the regulator (or both) if outages No exceed a certain cap? Communication of tari s and tari changes (0-1) 1 Are e ective tari s available online? Yes Link to the website, if available online http://www.ecgonlin e.info/index.php/cus tomer- care/services/tari Are customers noti ed of a change in tari ahead of the billing cycle? Yes Page 25   Note: Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Getting Electricity in Ghana – Measure of Quality Answer Reliability of supply and transparency of tari index (0-8) 0 Total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year (0-3) 0 System average interruption duration index (SAIDI) 129.8 System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) 59.8 What is the minimum outage time (in minutes) that the utility considers for the calculation of SAIDI/SAIFI N/A Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1) 1 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to monitor outages? Yes Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1) 1 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to restore service? Yes Regulatory monitoring (0-1) 1 Does a regulator—that is, an entity separate from the utility—monitor the utility’s performance on Yes reliability of supply? Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages (0-1) 0 Does the utility either pay compensation to customers or face nes by the regulator (or both) if outages No exceed a certain cap? Communication of tari s and tari changes (0-1) 1 Are e ective tari s available online? Yes Link to the website, if available online http://www.ecgonlin e.info/index.php/cus tomer- care/services/tari Are customers noti ed of a change in tari ahead of the billing cycle? Yes Note: If the duration and frequency of outages is 100 or less, the economy is eligible to score on the Reliability of supply and transparency of tari index. If the duration and frequency of outages is not available, or is over 100, the economy is not eligible to score on the index. If the minimum outage time considered for SAIDI/SAIFI is over 5 minutes, the economy is not eligible to score on the index. Registering Property This topic examines the steps, time and cost involved in registering property, assuming a standardized case of an entrepreneur who wants to purchase land and a building that is already registered and free of title dispute. In addition, the topic also measures the quality of the land administration system in each economy. The quality of land administration index has ve dimensions: reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution, and equal access to property rights. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. Page 26   If the minimum outage time considered for SAIDI/SAIFI is over 5 minutes, the economy is not eligible to score on the index. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Registering Property This topic examines the steps, time and cost involved in registering property, assuming a standardized case of an entrepreneur who wants to purchase land and a building that is already registered and free of title dispute. In addition, the topic also measures the quality of the land administration system in each economy. The quality of land administration index has ve dimensions: reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution, and equal access to property rights. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally transfer title on immovable To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions property (number) about the parties to the transaction, the property and the procedures are used. Preregistration procedures (for example, checking for liens, notarizing sales agreement, The parties (buyer and seller): paying property transfer taxes) - Are limited liability companies (or the legal equivalent). Registration procedures in the economy's largest - Are located in the periurban area of the economy’s largest business city. business citya. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest Postregistration procedures (for example, filling business city. title with municipality) - Are 100% domestically and privately owned. Time required to complete each procedure - Have 50 employees each, all of whom are nationals. (calendar days) - Perform general commercial activities. Does not include time spent gathering information The property (fully owned by the seller): - Has a value of 50 times income per capita, which equals the sale price. Each procedure starts on a separate day - though - Is fully owned by the seller. procedures that can be fully completed online - Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for are an exception to this rule the past 10 years. Procedure is considered completed once final - Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title document is received disputes. No prior contact with officials - Is located in a periurban commercial zone, and no rezoning is required. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of - Consists of land and a building. The land area is 557.4 square meters property value) (6,000 square feet). A two-story warehouse of 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) is located on the land. The warehouse is 10 years old, is in Official costs only (such as administrative fees, good condition, has no heating system and complies with all safety duties and taxes). standards, building codes and legal requirements. The property, Value Added Tax, Capital Gains Tax and illicit consisting of land and building, will be transferred in its entirety. payments are excluded - Will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the Quality of land administration index (0-30) purchase. - Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) monuments of any kind. Transparency of information index (0–6) - Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits, such as for Geographic coverage index (0–8) residential use, industrial plants, waste storage or certain types of agricultural activities, are required. Land dispute resolution index (0–8) - Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it. Equal access to property rights index (-2–0) Standard Property Transfer Property value GHS 289,848.10 City Covered Accra Page 27   Sub-Saharan OECD high Doing Business 2018 Ghana Standard Property Transfer Property value GHS 289,848.10 City Covered Accra Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Procedures (number) 6 6.2 4.6 1.00 (4 Economies) Time (days) 47 59.3 22.3 1.00 (3 Economies) Cost (% of property value) 6.2 7.8 4.2 0.00 (5 Economies) Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 8.0 8.6 22.7 29.00 (Singapore) Figure – Registering Property in Ghana and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 74.51: United Kingdom (Rank: 47) 57.56: Côte d'Ivoire (Rank: 113) 55.50: Ghana (Rank: 119) 54.49: Kenya (Rank: 125) 51.71: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 51.43: Mali (Rank: 137) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of registering property is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for registering property. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Registering Property in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 6 45 40 5 Cost (% of property value) 35 4 30 Time (days) 25 3 20 15 2 10 1 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Page 28   Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for registering property. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Figure – Registering Property in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 6 45 40 5 Cost (% of property value) 35 4 30 Time (days) 25 3 20 15 2 10 1 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Figure – Registering Property in Ghana and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 30 24.5 25 20 Index score 16.0 15 10.5 10 8.0 8.0 8.6 5 0 Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Registering Property in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Seller conducts the title search and obtains the Title transfer form at the Approximately two GHC 100 - 150 Land Title Registry and half weeks Agency : Client Service Access Unit of the Lands Commission (Land Registration Division is responsible for this task) A search at the Land Registry is conducted to con rm rightful ownership and if the property is subject to a land dispute. An attorney prepares the transfer document (transfer deed) which is signed by both the vendor and the purchaser and their witnesses. The Title Transfer form is duly executed and presented at the Land Registry. 2 Lawyer drafts sale and purchase agreement 1 day 5% of the property Page 29   Agency : Lawyer value Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Registering Property in Ghana – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Seller conducts the title search and obtains the Title transfer form at the Approximately two GHC 100 - 150 Land Title Registry and half weeks Agency : Client Service Access Unit of the Lands Commission (Land Registration Division is responsible for this task) A search at the Land Registry is conducted to con rm rightful ownership and if the property is subject to a land dispute. An attorney prepares the transfer document (transfer deed) which is signed by both the vendor and the purchaser and their witnesses. The Title Transfer form is duly executed and presented at the Land Registry. 2 Lawyer drafts sale and purchase agreement 1 day 5% of the property Agency : Lawyer value Once the lawyer has obtained all the necessary information regarding the title, the lawyer drafts the sale and purchase agreement. Both buyer and seller sign the agreement. The cost is based on the Bar Association Guidelines, however the suggested fees for conveyancing are maximum rates and can be negotiated down. The maximum cost for a property transfer for the case study would be 10% for rst GHS 200,000 and the remaining balance of property value at 7.5%. However, it is common for lawyers to negotiate down this cost around 5% of the property value. 3 Assessment of the property value and payment of Stamp duty 8 calendar days GHC 55 (Processing Agency : Land Valuation Division of the Lands Commission fee) + 1% of property value (stamp duty) Stamp Duty is assessed and paid at the Land Valuation Division. The buyer presents the deed of assignment to the Land Valuation Division. The property is inspected to ascertain its current open market value. The buyer pays Stamp Duty to the Land Valuation Division of the Lands Commission. The Stamp Duty Act of 2005 (Act 689) established a new duty schedule for property transfers. This Act states that for the conveyance or transfer on the sale of a property, the stamp duty is 0.25% where the property value is less than GHC 10000. For properties valued between GHC 10000 and 50000, stamp duty is 0.5%, and for properties valued above GHC 50000, stamp duty is 1%. 4 Submit application for title certi cate at Land Title Registry 1 day GHC 45 (Processing Agency : Client Service Access Unit of the Lands Commission (Land fee of GHC 40 plus Registration Division is responsible for this task) form fee of GHC 5) Submission of the application form for a Title Certi cate and payment of processing fee at the Client Service Access Unit of the Lands Commission. The documentation shall include: (i) Application form (ii) Original and one copy of the deed of assignment, duly completed (iii) Land Certi cate (iv) Company’s certi cate of incorporation 5 Publication of transaction in national weekly newspaper 14 calendar days GHC 80 for normal Agency : Land Registration Division of the Lands Commission publication. For urgent publications The transaction must be published in the national weekly newspaper in GHC 360 order to issue Land Title Certi cate. The fee for publication is GHC 80 for land the size of 5 acres or less. Where the Land Certi cate is urgently required, the applicant has the option to choose what is known as “special publication”. In that case, the amount payable is GHC 360. However, if the Page 30   size of the land plot is above 5 acres (but less than 4 acres), the amount copy of the deed of assignment, duly completed (iii) Land Certi cate (iv) Businesscerti Doing Company’s of incorporation 2018cateGhana 5 Publication of transaction in national weekly newspaper 14 calendar days GHC 80 for normal Agency : Land Registration Division of the Lands Commission publication. For urgent publications The transaction must be published in the national weekly newspaper in GHC 360 order to issue Land Title Certi cate. The fee for publication is GHC 80 for land the size of 5 acres or less. Where the Land Certi cate is urgently required, the applicant has the option to choose what is known as “special publication”. In that case, the amount payable is GHC 360. However, if the size of the land plot is above 5 acres (but less than 4 acres), the amount payable is GHC 360. 6 Issuance of title certi cate 7 calendar days GHC 130 (GHC 100 as Agency : Land Registration Division of the Lands Commission registration fees, GHC 30 for the The title Certi cate is issued by the Land Registration Division. The issuance of a new transaction is recorded on the Land Certi cate, which is returned to the Title Certificate) owner. The original of the deed of assignment, having been stamped to show that it has been registered, is also returned to the applicant. The Registry keeps a duplicate. The folio of the Register is led and the transaction document is placed in the land parcel le. The owner will use the property after the title is issued by Land Title (in areas covered by Land Title Registration) or when the Deed has been registered under the Deeds Registration Act and Development Permit granted by the Assembly. Most often property owners do not wait to go through these processes before making use of the land. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Details – Registering Property in Ghana – Measure of Quality Answer Score Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 8.0 Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) 1.0 What is the institution in charge of immovable property registration? Ghana Lands Comission In what format are the majority of title or deed records kept in the largest business city Paper 0.0 —in a paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? Is there an electronic database for checking for encumbrances (liens, mortgages, No 0.0 restrictions and the like)? Institution in charge of the plans showing legal boundaries in the largest business city: Survey and Mapping Division of the Lands Commission In what format are the majority of maps of land plots kept in the largest business city— Paper 0.0 in a paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? Is there an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing No 0.0 cadastral information (geographic information system)? Is the information recorded by the immovable property registration agency and the Separate 0.0 cadastral or mapping agency kept in a single database, in di erent but linked databases databases Page 31   or in separate databases? Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Registering Property in Ghana – Measure of Quality Answer Score Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 8.0 Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) 1.0 What is the institution in charge of immovable property registration? Ghana Lands Comission In what format are the majority of title or deed records kept in the largest business city Paper 0.0 —in a paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? Is there an electronic database for checking for encumbrances (liens, mortgages, No 0.0 restrictions and the like)? Institution in charge of the plans showing legal boundaries in the largest business city: Survey and Mapping Division of the Lands Commission In what format are the majority of maps of land plots kept in the largest business city— Paper 0.0 in a paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? Is there an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing No 0.0 cadastral information (geographic information system)? Is the information recorded by the immovable property registration agency and the Separate 0.0 cadastral or mapping agency kept in a single database, in di erent but linked databases databases or in separate databases? Do the immovable property registration agency and cadastral or mapping agency use Yes 1.0 the same identi cation number for properties? Transparency of information index (0–6) 3.0 Who is able to obtain information on land ownership at the agency in charge of Anyone who 1.0 immovable property registration in the largest business city? pays the o cial fee Is the list of documents that are required to complete any type of property transaction Yes, online 0.5 made publicly available–and if so, how? Link for online access: http://www.ghan alap.gov.gh/inde x.php/fees-and- charges Is the applicable fee schedule for any property transaction at the agency in charge of Yes, online 0.5 immovable property registration in the largest business city made publicly available– and if so, how? Link for online access: http://www.ghan alap.gov.gh/ les/ Fees-and- Charges-LR.pdf and http://www.ghan Page 32   alap.gov.gh/inde immovable property registration in the largest business city made publicly available– and if Doing so, how? 2018 Business Ghana Link for online access: http://www.ghan alap.gov.gh/ les/ Fees-and- Charges-LR.pdf and http://www.ghan alap.gov.gh/inde x.php/service- schedule-of-fees Does the agency in charge of immovable property registration commit to delivering a Yes, in person 0.0 legally binding document that proves property ownership within a speci c time frame– and if so, how does it communicate the service standard? Link for online access: Is there a speci c and separate mechanism for ling complaints about a problem that No 0.0 occurred at the agency in charge of immovable property registration? Contact information: Are there publicly available o cial statistics tracking the number of transactions at the No 0.0 immovable property registration agency? Number of property transfers in the largest business city in 2015: Who is able to consult maps of land plots in the largest business city? Anyone who 0.5 pays the o cial fee Is the applicable fee schedule for accessing maps of land plots made publicly available Yes, online 0.5 —and if so, how? Link for online access: http://www.ghan alap.gov.gh/ les/ Fees-and- Charges-LR.pdf http://www.ghan alap.gov.gh/inde x.php/services- schedule-of-fees Does the cadastral or mapping agency commit to delivering an updated map within a Yes, in person 0.0 speci c time frame—and if so, how does it communicate the service standard? Link for online access: Is there a speci c and separate mechanism for ling complaints about a problem that No 0.0 occurred at the cadastral or mapping agency? Contact information: Geographic coverage index (0–8) 0.0 Are all privately held land plots in the economy formally registered at the immovable No 0.0 property registry? Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city formally registered at the No 0.0 immovable property registry? Page 33   Are all privately held land plots in the economy formally registered at the immovable No 0.0 property Doing registry? Business 2018 Ghana Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city formally registered at the No 0.0 immovable property registry? Are all privately held land plots in the economy mapped? No 0.0 Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city mapped? No 0.0 Land dispute resolution index (0–8) 4.0 Does the law require that all property sale transactions be registered at the immovable Yes 1.5 property registry to make them opposable to third parties? Is the system of immovable property registration subject to a state or private Yes 0.5 guarantee? Is there a speci c compensation mechanism to cover for losses incurred by parties who No 0.0 engaged in good faith in a property transaction based on erroneous information certi ed by the immovable property registry? Does the legal system require a control of legality of the documents necessary for a Yes 0.5 property transaction (e.g., checking the compliance of contracts with requirements of the law)? If yes, who is responsible for checking the legality of the documents? Registrar. Does the legal system require veri cation of the identity of the parties to a property Yes 0.5 transaction? If yes, who is responsible for verifying the identity of the parties? Registrar. Is there a national database to verify the accuracy of identity documents? No 0.0 For a standard land dispute between two local businesses over tenure rights of a Land Court property worth 50 times gross national income (GNI) per capita and located in the Division of the largest business city, what court would be in charge of the case in the rst instance? High Court How long does it take on average to obtain a decision from the rst-instance court for Between 2 and 3 1.0 such a case (without appeal)? years Are there any statistics on the number of land disputes in the rst instance? No 0.0 Number of land disputes in the largest business city in 2015: Equal access to property rights index (-2–0) 0.0 Do unmarried men and unmarried women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes 0.0 Do married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes 0.0 Getting Credit This topic explores two sets of issues—the strength of credit reporting systems and the e ectiveness of collateral and bankruptcy laws in facilitating lending. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Strength of legal rights index (0–12) Doing Business assesses the sharing of credit information and the legal Page 34   rights of borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions Do married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes 0.0 Doing Business 2018 Ghana Getting Credit This topic explores two sets of issues—the strength of credit reporting systems and the e ectiveness of collateral and bankruptcy laws in facilitating lending. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Strength of legal rights index (0–12) Doing Business assesses the sharing of credit information and the legal rights of borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions Rights of borrowers and lenders through through 2 sets of indicators. The depth of credit information index collateral laws (0-10) measures rules and practices a ecting the coverage, scope and Protection of secured creditors’ rights through accessibility of credit information available through a credit registry or a bankruptcy laws (0-2) credit bureau. The strength of legal rights index measures the degree to Depth of credit information index (0–8) which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending. For each economy it is first determined Scope and accessibility of credit information whether a unitary secured transactions system exists. Then two case distributed by credit bureaus and credit scenarios, case A and case B, are used to determine how a nonpossessory registries (0-8) security interest is created, publicized and enforced according to the law. Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) Special emphasis is given to how the collateral registry operates (if Number of individuals and firms listed in largest registration of security interests is possible). The case scenarios involve a credit bureau as a percentage of adult population secured borrower, company ABC, and a secured lender, BizBank. Credit registry coverage (% of adults) In some economies the legal framework for secured transactions will allow Number of individuals and firms listed in credit only case A or case B (not both) to apply. Both cases examine the same set registry as a percentage of adult population of legal provisions relating to the use of movable collateral. Several assumptions about the secured borrower (ABC) and lender (BizBank) are used: - ABC is a domestic limited liability company (or its legal equivalent). - ABC has up to 50 employees. - ABC has its headquarters and only base of operations in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. - Both ABC and BizBank are 100% domestically owned. The case scenarios also involve assumptions. In case A, as collateral for the loan, ABC grants BizBank a nonpossessory security interest in one category of movable assets, for example, its machinery or its inventory. ABC wants to keep both possession and ownership of the collateral. In economies where the law does not allow nonpossessory security interests in movable property, ABC and BizBank use a fiduciary transfer-of-title arrangement (or a similar substitute for nonpossessory security interests). In case B, ABC grants BizBank a business charge, enterprise charge, floating charge or any charge that gives BizBank a security interest over ABC’s combined movable assets (or as much of ABC’s movable assets as possible). ABC keeps ownership and possession of the assets. Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 7 5.1 6.0 12.00 (4 Economies) Depth of credit information index (0-8) 6 3.0 6.6 8.00 (34 Economies) Page 35   Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 6.3 18.3 100.00 (3 Economies) possible). ABC keeps ownership and possession of the assets. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 7 5.1 6.0 12.00 (4 Economies) Depth of credit information index (0-8) 6 3.0 6.6 8.00 (34 Economies) Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 6.3 18.3 100.00 (3 Economies) Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 16.5 8.2 63.7 100.00 (23 Economies) Figure – Getting Credit in Ghana and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 75.00: United Kingdom (Rank: 29) 75.00: Kenya (Rank: 29) 65.00: Ghana (Rank: 55) 40.73: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 30.00: Côte d'Ivoire (Rank: 142) 30.00: Mali (Rank: 142) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of getting credit is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for getting credit. These scores are the distance to frontier score for the sum of the strength of legal rights index and the depth of credit information index. Figure – Legal Rights in Ghana and comparator economies 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5.1 Index score 5 4 3 2 1 0 Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Legal Rights in Ghana Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 7 Does an integrated or uni ed legal framework for secured transactions that extends to the creation, publicity and No enforcement of functional equivalents to security interests in movable assets exist in the economy? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in a single category of movable assets, without Yes requiring a speci c description of collateral? Page 36   Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Legal Rights in Ghana Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 7 Does an integrated or uni ed legal framework for secured transactions that extends to the creation, publicity and No enforcement of functional equivalents to security interests in movable assets exist in the economy? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in a single category of movable assets, without Yes requiring a speci c description of collateral? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in substantially all of its assets, without requiring Yes a speci c description of collateral? May a security right extend to future or after-acquired assets, and does it extend automatically to the products, proceeds Yes or replacements of the original assets? Is a general description of debts and obligations permitted in collateral agreements; can all types of debts and Yes obligations be secured between parties; and can the collateral agreement include a maximum amount for which the assets are encumbered? Is a collateral registry in operation for both incorporated and non-incorporated entities, that is uni ed geographically Yes and by asset type, with an electronic database indexed by debtor's name? Does a notice-based collateral registry exist in which all functional equivalents can be registered? No Does a modern collateral registry exist in which registrations, amendments, cancellations and searches can be Yes performed online by any interested third party? Are secured creditors paid rst (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a debtor defaults outside an insolvency No procedure? Are secured creditors paid rst (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a business is liquidated? No Are secured creditors subject to an automatic stay on enforcement when a debtor enters a court-supervised No reorganization procedure? Does the law protect secured creditors’ rights by providing clear grounds for relief from the stay and/or sets a time limit for it? Does the law allow parties to agree on out of court enforcement at the time a security interest is created? Does the law Yes allow the secured creditor to sell the collateral through public auction or private tender, as well as, for the secured creditor to keep the asset in satisfaction of the debt? Figure – Credit Information in Ghana and comparator economies 10 8 8 8 Index score 6 6 4 3.0 2 0 0 0 Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Credit Information in Ghana Page 37   0 0 0 Ghana Doing Business 2018 Côte d'Ivoire Ghana Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Credit Information in Ghana Credit Credit Depth of credit information index (0-8) bureau registry Score Are data on both firms and individuals distributed? Yes No 1 Are both positive and negative credit data distributed? Yes No 1 Are data from retailers or utility companies - in addition to data from banks and financial institutions - No No 0 distributed? Are at least 2 years of historical data distributed? (Credit bureaus and registries that distribute more Yes No 1 than 10 years of negative data or erase data on defaults as soon as they are repaid obtain a score of 0 for this component.) Are data on loan amounts below 1% of income per capita distributed? Yes No 1 By law, do borrowers have the right to access their data in the credit bureau or credit registry? Yes No 1 Can banks and financial institutions access borrowers’ credit information online (for example, Yes No 1 through an online platform, a system-to-system connection or both)? Are bureau or registry credit scores offered as a value-added service to help banks and financial No No 0 institutions assess the creditworthiness of borrowers? Score ("yes" to either public bureau or private registry) 6 Note: An economy receives a score of 1 if there is a "yes" to either bureau or registry. If the credit bureau or registry is not operational or covers less than 5% of the adult population, the total score on the depth of credit information index is 0. Coverage Credit bureau Credit registry Number of individuals 2,571,684 0 Number of firms 125,924 0 Total 2,697,608 0 Percentage of adult population 16.5 0.0 Protecting Minority Investors This topic measures the strength of minority shareholder protections against misuse of corporate assets by directors for their personal gain as well as shareholder rights, governance safeguards and corporate transparency requirements that reduce the risk of abuse. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Extent of disclosure index (0–10): Review and To make the data comparable across economies, a case study uses several approval requirements for related-party assumptions about the business and the transaction. transactions; Disclosure requirements for related-party transactions The business (Buyer): Extent of director liability index (0–10): Ability of - Is a publicly traded corporation listed on the economy’s most important minority shareholders to sue and hold interested stock exchange. If the number of publicly traded companies listed on that directors liable for prejudicial related-party exchange is less than 10, or if there is no stock exchange in the economy, it is assumed that Buyer is a large private company with multiple Page 38   transactions; Available legal remedies (damages, Percentage of adult population 16.5 0.0 Doing Business 2018 Ghana Protecting Minority Investors This topic measures the strength of minority shareholder protections against misuse of corporate assets by directors for their personal gain as well as shareholder rights, governance safeguards and corporate transparency requirements that reduce the risk of abuse. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Extent of disclosure index (0–10): Review and To make the data comparable across economies, a case study uses several approval requirements for related-party assumptions about the business and the transaction. transactions; Disclosure requirements for related-party transactions The business (Buyer): Extent of director liability index (0–10): Ability of - Is a publicly traded corporation listed on the economy’s most important minority shareholders to sue and hold interested stock exchange. If the number of publicly traded companies listed on that directors liable for prejudicial related-party exchange is less than 10, or if there is no stock exchange in the economy, it transactions; Available legal remedies (damages, is assumed that Buyer is a large private company with multiple disgorgement of profits, fines, imprisonment, shareholders. rescission of the transaction) - Has a board of directors and a chief executive o cer (CEO) who may legally act on behalf of Buyer where permitted, even if this is not speci cally Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10): Access to required by law. internal corporate documents; Evidence - Has a supervisory board (applicable to economies with a two-tier board obtainable during trial and allocation of legal system) on which 60% of the shareholder-elected members have been expenses appointed by Mr. James, who is Buyer’s controlling shareholder and a Extent of conflict of interest regulation index member of Buyer’s board of directors. (0–10): Simple average of the extent of disclosure, - Has not adopted any bylaws or articles of association that di er from extent of director liability and ease of default minimum standards and does not follow any nonmandatory codes, shareholder indices principles, recommendations or guidelines relating to corporate Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10): governance. Shareholders’ rights and role in major corporate - Is a manufacturing company with its own distribution network. decisions Extent of ownership and control index (0-10): The transaction involves the following details: Governance safeguards protecting shareholders - Mr. James owns 60% of Buyer and elected two directors to Buyer’s ve- from undue board control and entrenchment member board. Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10): - Mr. James also owns 90% of Seller, a company that operates a chain of Corporate transparency on ownership stakes, retail hardware stores. Seller recently closed a large number of its stores. compensation, audits and financial prospects - Mr. James proposes that Buyer purchase Seller’s unused eet of trucks to expand Buyer’s distribution of its food products, a proposal to which Buyer Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10): agrees. The price is equal to 10% of Buyer’s assets and is higher than the Simple average of the extent of shareholders market value. rights, extent of ownership and control and - The proposed transaction is part of the company’s ordinary course of extent of corporate transparency indices business and is not outside the authority of the company. Strength of minority investor protection index - Buyer enters into the transaction. All required approvals are obtained, (0–10): Simple average of the extent of conflict of and all required disclosures made (that is, the transaction is not interest regulation and extent of shareholder fraudulent). governance indices - The transaction causes damages to Buyer. Shareholders sue Mr. James and the other parties that approved the transaction. Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0- 6.3 4.8 6.4 9.3 (New Zealand) 10) Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 4 4.0 6.4 Page 39   9.00 (Kazakhstan) and the other parties that approved the transaction. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0- 6.3 4.8 6.4 9.3 (New Zealand) 10) Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 4 4.0 6.4 9.00 (Kazakhstan) Figure – Protecting Minority Investors in Ghana and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 75.00: United Kingdom (Rank: 10) 58.33: Kenya (Rank: 62) 51.67: Ghana (Rank: 96) 43.72: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 40.00: Côte d'Ivoire (Rank: 146) 40.00: Mali (Rank: 146) Note: The ranking of economies on the strength of minority investor protections is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for protecting minority investors. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the extent of con ict of interest regulation index and the extent of shareholder governance index. Figure – Protecting Minority Investors in Ghana and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Ghana 3 5 7 3 6 7 Côte d'Ivoire 4 1 7 3 4 5 Kenya 4 5 6 6 5 9 Mali 4 1 7 3 4 5 United Kingdom 8 7 10 5 7 8 OECD high income 7.3 5.6 6.5 5.2 6.3 7.4 Sub-Saharan Africa 4.2 3.5 5.5 3.3 4.6 5.6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Sub-Indicator Score Extent of corporate transparency index (0­10) Extent of director liability index (0­10) Extent of disclosure index (0­10) Extent of ownership and control index (0­10) Extent of shareholder rights index (0­10) Ease of shareholder suits index (0­10) Details – Protecting Minority Investors in Ghana – Measure of Quality Answer Score Page 40   Extent of ownership and control index (0­10) Extent of shareholder rights index (0­10) Ease of shareholder suits index (0­10) Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Protecting Minority Investors in Ghana – Measure of Quality Answer Score Extent of con ict of interest regulation index (0-10) 6.3 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Which corporate body is legally su cient to approve the Buyer-Seller transaction? (0-3) Shareholders 3.0 excluding interested parties Must an external body review the terms of the transaction before it takes place? (0-1) No 0.0 Must Mr. James disclose his con ict of interest to the board of directors? (0-2) Full disclosure of 2.0 all material facts Must Buyer disclose the transaction in published periodic lings (annual reports)? (0-2) Disclosure on 2.0 the transaction and on the con ict of interest Must Buyer immediately disclose the transaction to the public and/or shareholders? (0- No disclosure 0.0 2) obligation Extent of director liability index (0-10) 5 Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital sue directly or derivatively Yes 1.0 for the damage the transaction caused to Buyer? (0-1) Can shareholders hold the interested director liable for the damage the transaction Not liable 0.0 caused to Buyer? (0-2) Can shareholders hold the other directors liable for the damage the transaction caused Liable if negligent 1.0 to Buyer (0-2) Must Mr. James pay damages for the harm caused to Buyer upon a successful claim by Yes 1.0 shareholders? (0-1) Must Mr. James repay pro ts made from the transaction upon a successful claim by Yes 1.0 shareholders? (0-1) Is Mr. James disquali ed or ned and imprisoned upon a successful claim by No 0.0 shareholders? (0-1) Can a court void the transaction upon a successful claim by shareholders? (0-2) Voidable if 1.0 negligently concluded Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 7 Before suing can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital inspect the Yes 1.0 transaction documents? (0-1) Can the plainti obtain any documents from the defendant and witnesses at trial? (0-3) Any relevant 3.0 document Can the plainti request categories of documents from the defendant without No 0.0 Page 41   Before suing can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital inspect the Yes 1.0 transaction Doing 2018 (0-1) documents? Business Ghana Can the plainti obtain any documents from the defendant and witnesses at trial? (0-3) Any relevant 3.0 document Can the plainti request categories of documents from the defendant without No 0.0 identifying speci c ones? (0-1) Can the plainti directly question the defendant and witnesses at trial? (0-2) Yes 2.0 Is the level of proof required for civil suits lower than that of criminal cases? (0-1) Yes 1.0 Can shareholder plainti s recover their legal expenses from the company? (0-2) At the discretion 0.0 of the court Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 4 Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10) 6 Does the sale of 51% of Buyer's assets require shareholder approval? No 0.0 Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital call for a meeting of Yes 1.0 shareholders? Must Buyer obtain its shareholders’ approval every time it issues new shares? Yes 1.0 Do shareholders automatically receive preemption rights every time Buyer issues new Yes 1.0 shares? Must shareholders approve the election and dismissal of the external auditor? Yes 1.0 Are changes to the rights of a class of shares only possible if the holders of the a ected Yes 1.0 shares approve? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, does the sale of 51% of its assets require No 0.0 member approval? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can members representing 10% call for a Yes 1.0 meeting of members? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must all members consent to add a new No 0.0 member? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a member rst o er to sell their No 0.0 interest to the existing members before they can sell to non-members? Extent of ownership and control index (0-10) 3 Is it forbidden to appoint the same individual as CEO and chair of the board of No 0.0 directors? Must the board of directors include independent and nonexecutive board members? Yes 1.0 Can shareholders remove members of the board of directors without cause before the Yes 1.0 end of their term? Must the board of directors include a separate audit committee exclusively comprising No 0.0 board members? Must a potential acquirer make a tender o er to all shareholders upon acquiring 50% Yes 1.0 of Buyer? Page 42   Must Buyer pay declared dividends within a maximum period set by law? No 0.0 Must the board of directors include a separate audit committee exclusively comprising No 0.0 board Doing members? Business 2018 Ghana Must a potential acquirer make a tender o er to all shareholders upon acquiring 50% Yes 1.0 of Buyer? Must Buyer pay declared dividends within a maximum period set by law? No 0.0 Is a subsidiary prohibited from acquiring shares issued by its parent company? No 0.0 Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer have a mechanism to resolve No 0.0 disagreements among members? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a potential acquirer make a tender No 0.0 o er to all shareholders upon acquiring 50% of Buyer? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer distribute pro ts within a No 0.0 maximum period set by law? Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10) 3 Must Buyer disclose direct and indirect bene cial ownership stakes representing 5%? No 0.0 Must Buyer disclose information about board members’ primary employment and Yes 1.0 directorships in other companies? Must Buyer disclose the compensation of individual managers? No 0.0 Must a detailed notice of general meeting be sent 21 days before the meeting? Yes 1.0 Can shareholders representing 5% of Buyer’s share capital put items on the general No 0.0 meeting agenda? Must Buyer's annual nancial statements be audited by an external auditor? Yes 1.0 Must Buyer disclose its audit reports to the public? No 0.0 Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must members meet at least once a year? No 0.0 Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can members representing 5% put items on No 0.0 the meeting agenda? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer's annual nancial statements be No 0.0 audited by an external auditor? Paying Taxes This topic records the taxes and mandatory contributions that a medium-size company must pay or withhold in a given year, as well as measures the administrative burden in paying taxes and contributions. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed on June 30, 2017 covering for the Paying Taxes indicator calendar year 2016 (January 1, 2016 – December 31, 2016). Last year (Doing Business 2017) the scope of data collection was expanded to better understand the overall tax environment in an economy. The questionnaire was expanded to include new questions on post- ling processes: VAT refund and tax audit. The data shows where post ling processes and practices work e ciently and what drives the di erences in the overall tax compliance cost across economies. The new section covers both the legal framework and the administrative burden on businesses to comply with post ling processes. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Page 43   Tax payments for a manufacturing company in Using a case scenario, Doing Business records taxes and mandatory Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer's annual nancial statements be No 0.0 audited by an external auditor? Doing Business 2018 Ghana Paying Taxes This topic records the taxes and mandatory contributions that a medium-size company must pay or withhold in a given year, as well as measures the administrative burden in paying taxes and contributions. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed on June 30, 2017 covering for the Paying Taxes indicator calendar year 2016 (January 1, 2016 – December 31, 2016). Last year (Doing Business 2017) the scope of data collection was expanded to better understand the overall tax environment in an economy. The questionnaire was expanded to include new questions on post- ling processes: VAT refund and tax audit. The data shows where post ling processes and practices work e ciently and what drives the di erences in the overall tax compliance cost across economies. The new section covers both the legal framework and the administrative burden on businesses to comply with post ling processes. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Tax payments for a manufacturing company in Using a case scenario, Doing Business records taxes and mandatory 2016 (number per year adjusted for electronic and contributions a medium size company must pay in a year, and measures joint ling and payment) the administrative burden of paying taxes, contributions and dealing with post ling processes. Information is also compiled on frequency of ling Total number of taxes and contributions paid, and payments, time taken to comply with tax laws, time taken to comply including consumption taxes (value added tax, with the requirements of post ling processes and time waiting. sales tax or goods and service tax) Method and frequency of filing and payment To make data comparable across economies, several assumptions are used: Time required to comply with 3 major taxes - TaxpayerCo is a medium-size business that started operations on January (hours per year) 1, 2015. It produces ceramic flowerpots and sells them at retail. All taxes Collecting information, computing tax payable and contributions recorded are paid in the second year of operation Completing tax return, filing with agencies (calendar year 2016). Taxes and mandatory contributions are measured at all levels of government. Arranging payment or withholding Preparing separate tax accounting books, if The VAT refund process: required - In June 2016, TaxpayerCo. makes a large capital purchase: the value of the Total tax and contribution rate (% of pro t before machine is 65 times income per capita of the economy. Sales are equally all taxes) spread per month (1,050 times income per capita divided by 12) and cost of goods sold are equally expensed per month (875 times income per Profit or corporate income tax capita divided by 12). The machinery seller is registered for VAT and excess Social contributions, labor taxes paid by input VAT incurred in June will be fully recovered after four consecutive employer months if the VAT rate is the same for inputs, sales and the machine and Property and property transfer taxes the tax reporting period is every month. Input VAT will exceed Output VAT Dividend, capital gains, financial transactions in June 2016. taxes The corporate income tax audit process: Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes - An error in calculation of income tax liability (for example, use of incorrect Post ling Index tax depreciation rates, or incorrectly treating an expense as tax deductible) leads to an incorrect income tax return and a corporate income Time to comply with a VAT refund tax underpayment. TaxpayerCo. discovered the error and voluntarily Time to receive a VAT refund noti ed the tax authority. The value of the underpaid income tax liability is Time to comply with a corporate income tax audit 5% of the corporate income tax liability due. TaxpayerCo. submits corrected information after the deadline for submitting the annual tax Time to complete a corporate income tax audit return, but within the tax assessment period. Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Payments (number per year) 31 37.2 10.9 3 (Hong Kong SAR, China) Page 44   return, but within the tax assessment period. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Payments (number per year) 31 37.2 10.9 3 (Hong Kong SAR, China) Time (hours per year) 224 280.8 160.7 55 (Luxembourg) Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 33.2 46.8 40.1 18.47% (32 Economies) Postfiling index (0-100) 49.54 54.39 83.45 99.38 (Estonia) Figure – Paying Taxes in Ghana and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 86.70: United Kingdom (Rank: 23) 71.67: Kenya (Rank: 92) 66.47: Ghana (Rank: 116) 57.49: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 51.55: Mali (Rank: 166) 43.88: Côte d'Ivoire (Rank: 175) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of paying taxes is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores on the ease of paying taxes. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the four component indicators – number of tax payments. time, total tax rate and post ling index – with a threshold and a nonlinear transformation applied to one of the component indicators, the total tax rate. The nonlinear distance to frontier for the total tax rate is equal to the distance to frontier for the total tax rate to the power of 0.8. The threshold is de ned as the total tax rate at the 15th percentile of the overall distribution for all years included in the analysis up to and including Doing Business 2015, which is 26.1%. All economies with a total tax rate below this threshold receive the same score as the economy at the threshold. Figure – Paying Taxes in Ghana and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 80 71.00 70 62.03 60 54.39 49.54 Index score 50 44.50 40 30 25.71 20 10 0 Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Paying Taxes in Ghana Total tax and contribution Tax or mandatory Payments Time Statutory rate (% of Notes Page 45   contribution (number) Notes on Payments (hours) tax rate Tax base profit) on TTR Doing Business 2018 Ghana Figure – Paying Taxes in Ghana and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 80 71.00 70 62.03 60 54.39 49.54 Index score 50 44.50 40 30 25.71 20 10 0 Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Paying Taxes in Ghana Total tax and contribution Tax or mandatory Payments Time Statutory rate (% of Notes contribution (number) Notes on Payments (hours) tax rate Tax base profit) on TTR Corporate income 5 Please note that this should be 5 40 25% taxable 18.52 tax representing 4 quarterly profit instalment plus a final tax payment (if applicable). "Correction" Social security 12 88 13% gross 14.66 contributions salaries Tax on interest 0 8% taxable 0.20 included interest in other taxes Municipal tax 0 jointly various property 0.03 rates value Property tax 1 various property 0.00 rates value Fuel tax 1 Correction - this should be 0 as it varies included 0.00 small is included in the price of fuel and in the amount hence not paid separately price of fuel Social security 0 jointly 5.5% gross 0.00 withheld contributions on salaries employees Value added tax 12 96 15% VAT value 0.00 not (VAT) and National and 2.5% added included Health Insurance NHIL Levy (NHIL) Totals 31 224 33.2 Page 46   Health Insurance NHIL Levy (NHIL) Doing Business 2018 Ghana Totals 31 224 33.2 Details – Paying Taxes in Ghana – Tax by Type Taxes by type Answer Profit tax (% of profit) 18.5 Labor tax and contributions (% of profit) 14.7 Other taxes (% of profit) 0.0 Details – Paying Taxes in Ghana – Measure of Quality Answer Score Post ling index (0-100) 49.54 VAT refunds Does VAT exist? Yes Does a VAT refund process exist per the case study? No Restrictions on VAT refund process Restricted to international traders Percentage of cases exposed to a VAT audit (%) Not applicable Is there a mandatory carry forward period? No Time to comply with VAT refund (hours) No VAT refund 0 per case study scenario Time to obtain a VAT refund (weeks) No VAT refund 0 per case study scenario Corporate income tax audits Does corporate income tax exist? Yes Percentage of cases exposed to a corporate income tax audit (%) 0% - 24% Time to comply with a corporate income tax audit (hours) 2.5 98.17 Time to complete a corporate income tax audit (weeks) No tax audit per 100 case study scenario Notes: Names of taxes have been standardized. For instance income tax, pro t tax, tax on company's income are all named corporate income tax in this table. The hours for VAT include all the VAT and sales taxes applicable. The hours for Social Security include all the hours for labor taxes and mandatory contributions in general. The post ling index is the average of the scores on time to comply with VAT refund, time to obtain a VAT refund, time to comply with Page 47   a corporate income tax audit and time to complete a corporate income tax audit. Notes: Names of taxes have been standardized. For instance income tax, pro t tax, tax on company's income are all named corporate income tax in this table. Doing The Business hours 2018 all Ghana for VAT include the VAT and sales taxes applicable. The hours for Social Security include all the hours for labor taxes and mandatory contributions in general. The post ling index is the average of the scores on time to comply with VAT refund, time to obtain a VAT refund, time to comply with a corporate income tax audit and time to complete a corporate income tax audit. N/A = Not applicable. Trading across Borders Doing Business records the time and cost associated with the logistical process of exporting and importing goods. Doing Business measures the time and cost (excluding tari s) associated with three sets of procedures—documentary compliance, border compliance and domestic transport—within the overall process of exporting or importing a shipment of goods. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. Given the importance of trade digitalization, in Doing Business 2018, the Trading across Borders questionnaire included research questions on the availability and status of implementation of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Single Window (SW) systems. With this information, Doing Business built a comprehensive dataset on the adoption and level of sophistication of electronic platforms in 190 economies. These data are not used to compute the distance to frontier score or ranking of the ease of doing business. The new dataset on EDI and SW systems is available here. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Documentary compliance To make the data comparable across economies, a few assumptions are made about the traded goods and the transactions: Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents during transport, clearance, inspections and port Time: Time is measured in hours, and 1 day is 24 hours (for example, 22 or border handling in origin economy days are recorded as 22×24=528 hours). If customs clearance takes 7.5 Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents hours, the data are recorded as is. Alternatively, suppose documents are required by destination economy and any transit submitted to a customs agency at 8:00a.m., are processed overnight and economies can be picked up at 8:00a.m. the next day. The time for customs clearance Covers all documents required by law and in would be recorded as 24 hours because the actual procedure took 24 practice, including electronic submissions of hours. information Border compliance Cost: Insurance cost and informal payments for which no receipt is issued are excluded from the costs recorded. Costs are reported in U.S. dollars. Customs clearance and inspections Contributors are asked to convert local currency into U.S. dollars based on Inspections by other agencies (if applied to more the exchange rate prevailing on the day they answer the questionnaire. than 20% of shipments) Contributors are private sector experts in international trade logistics and Handling and inspections that take place at the are informed about exchange rates. economy’s port or border Assumptions of the case study: - For all 190 economies covered by Doing Domestic transport Business, it is assumed a shipment is in a warehouse in the largest Loading or unloading of the shipment at the business city of the exporting economy and travels to a warehouse in the warehouse or port/border largest business city of the importing economy. - It is assumed each Transport between warehouse and port/border economy imports 15 metric tons of containerized auto parts (HS 8708) from its natural import partner—the economy from which it imports the Traffic delays and road police checks while largest value (price times quantity) of auto parts. It is assumed each shipment is en route economy exports the product of its comparative advantage (de ned by the largest export value) to its natural export partner—the economy that is the largest purchaser of this product. Shipment value is assumed to be $50,000. - The mode of transport is the one most widely used for the chosen export or import product and the trading partner, as is the seaport, or land border crossing. - All electronic information submissions requested by any government agency in connection with the shipment are considered to be documents obtained, prepared and submitted during the export or import process. - A port or border is a place (seaport, airport or land border crossing) where merchandise can enter or leave an economy. - Relevant government agencies include customs, port authorities, road Page 48   police, border guards, standardization agencies, ministries or departments a corporate income tax audit and time to complete a corporate income tax audit. N/A = Not applicable. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Trading across Borders Doing Business records the time and cost associated with the logistical process of exporting and importing goods. Doing Business measures the time and cost (excluding tari s) associated with three sets of procedures—documentary compliance, border compliance and domestic transport—within the overall process of exporting or importing a shipment of goods. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. Given the importance of trade digitalization, in Doing Business 2018, the Trading across Borders questionnaire included research questions on the availability and status of implementation of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Single Window (SW) systems. With this information, Doing Business built a comprehensive dataset on the adoption and level of sophistication of electronic platforms in 190 economies. These data are not used to compute the distance to frontier score or ranking of the ease of doing business. The new dataset on EDI and SW systems is available here. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Documentary compliance To make the data comparable across economies, a few assumptions are made about the traded goods and the transactions: Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents during transport, clearance, inspections and port Time: Time is measured in hours, and 1 day is 24 hours (for example, 22 or border handling in origin economy days are recorded as 22×24=528 hours). If customs clearance takes 7.5 Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents hours, the data are recorded as is. Alternatively, suppose documents are required by destination economy and any transit submitted to a customs agency at 8:00a.m., are processed overnight and economies can be picked up at 8:00a.m. the next day. The time for customs clearance Covers all documents required by law and in would be recorded as 24 hours because the actual procedure took 24 practice, including electronic submissions of hours. information Border compliance Cost: Insurance cost and informal payments for which no receipt is issued are excluded from the costs recorded. Costs are reported in U.S. dollars. Customs clearance and inspections Contributors are asked to convert local currency into U.S. dollars based on Inspections by other agencies (if applied to more the exchange rate prevailing on the day they answer the questionnaire. than 20% of shipments) Contributors are private sector experts in international trade logistics and Handling and inspections that take place at the are informed about exchange rates. economy’s port or border Assumptions of the case study: - For all 190 economies covered by Doing Domestic transport Business, it is assumed a shipment is in a warehouse in the largest Loading or unloading of the shipment at the business city of the exporting economy and travels to a warehouse in the warehouse or port/border largest business city of the importing economy. - It is assumed each Transport between warehouse and port/border economy imports 15 metric tons of containerized auto parts (HS 8708) from its natural import partner—the economy from which it imports the Traffic delays and road police checks while largest value (price times quantity) of auto parts. It is assumed each shipment is en route economy exports the product of its comparative advantage (de ned by the largest export value) to its natural export partner—the economy that is the largest purchaser of this product. Shipment value is assumed to be $50,000. - The mode of transport is the one most widely used for the chosen export or import product and the trading partner, as is the seaport, or land border crossing. - All electronic information submissions requested by any government agency in connection with the shipment are considered to be documents obtained, prepared and submitted during the export or import process. - A port or border is a place (seaport, airport or land border crossing) where merchandise can enter or leave an economy. - Relevant government agencies include customs, port authorities, road police, border guards, standardization agencies, ministries or departments of agriculture or industry, national security agencies and any other government authorities. Page 49   of agriculture or industry, national security agencies and any other Doing Business 2018 Ghana government authorities. Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Time to export: Border compliance (hours) 108 100.1 12.7 0 (17 Economies) Cost to export: Border compliance (USD) 490 592.1 149.9 0.00 (19 Economies) Time to export: Documentary compliance 89 87.8 2.4 1.0 (25 Economies) (hours) Cost to export: Documentary compliance (USD) 155 215.1 35.4 0.00 (19 Economies) Time to import: Border compliance (hours) 89 136.4 8.7 0.00 (21 Economies) Cost to import: Border compliance (USD) 553 686.8 111.6 0.00 (27 Economies) Time to import: Documentary compliance 76 103.0 3.5 1.0 (30 Economies) (hours) Cost to import: Documentary compliance (USD) 474 300.1 25.6 0.00 (30 Economies) Figure – Trading across Borders in Ghana and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 93.76: United Kingdom (Rank: 28) 73.30: Mali (Rank: 85) 67.63: Kenya (Rank: 106) 54.15: Côte d'Ivoire (Rank: 155) 52.56: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 52.32: Ghana (Rank: 158) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of trading across borders is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for trading across borders. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the time and cost for documentary compliance and border compliance to export and import (domestic transport is not used for calculating the ranking). Figure – Trading across Borders in Ghana – Time and Cost Time Cost 120 553 600 108 490 474 100 500 89 89 80 76 400 Time (hours) Cost (USD) 60 300 40 155 200 20 100 0 0 Export - Border Compliance Export - Documentary Compliance Import - Border Compliance Import - Documentary CompliancePage 50   Doing Business 2018 Ghana Figure – Trading across Borders in Ghana – Time and Cost Time Cost 120 553 600 108 490 474 100 500 89 89 80 76 400 Time (hours) Cost (USD) 60 300 40 155 200 20 100 0 0 Export - Border Compliance Export - Documentary Compliance Import - Border Compliance Import - Documentary Compliance Details – Trading across Borders in Ghana Characteristics Export Import Product HS 08: Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or HS 8708: Parts and accessories of motor melons vehicles Trade partner India Belgium Border Tema port Tema port Distance (km) 36 36 Domestic transport time 3 4 (hours) Domestic transport cost 487 480 (USD) Details – Trading across Borders in Ghana – Components of Border Compliance Time to Complete Associated Costs (hours) (USD) Export: Clearance and inspections required by customs authorities 28.0 183.3 Export: Clearance and inspections required by agencies other than customs 44.0 166.7 Export: Port or border handling 60.0 140.0 Import: Clearance and inspections required by customs authorities 39.4 385.0 Import: Clearance and inspections required by agencies other than customs 0.0 0.0 Import: Port or border handling 60.0 167.9 Details – Trading across Borders in Ghana – Trade Documents Export Import Page 51   (USD) Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Trading across Borders in Ghana – Components of Border Compliance Time to Complete Associated Costs (hours) (USD) Export: Clearance and inspections required by customs authorities 28.0 183.3 Export: Clearance and inspections required by agencies other than customs 44.0 166.7 Export: Port or border handling 60.0 140.0 Import: Clearance and inspections required by customs authorities 39.4 385.0 Import: Clearance and inspections required by agencies other than customs 0.0 0.0 Import: Port or border handling 60.0 167.9 Details – Trading across Borders in Ghana – Trade Documents Export Import Bill of lading Bill of lading Cargo Release Order Cargo Release Order Quality Control Certificate Delivery order Commercial invoice Commercial Invoice Non-traditional export form Final classification and valuation report Export License Import Declaration form Export declaration Import License Packing list Packing List Terminal handling receipt Technical Standard Certificate SOLAS certificate Terminal Handling Receipts SOLAS certificate Enforcing Contracts The enforcing contracts indicator measures the time and cost for resolving a commercial dispute through a local rst-instance court, and the quality of judicial processes index, evaluating whether each economy has adopted a series of good practices that promote quality and e ciency in the court system. The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to enforce a contract through the The dispute in the case study involves the breach of a sales contract courts (calendar days) between 2 domestic businesses. The case study assumes that the court hears an expert on the quality of the goods in dispute. This distinguishes Time to file and serve the case Page 52   the case from simple debt enforcement. Time for trial and to obtain the judgment SOLAS certificate Doing Business 2018 Ghana Enforcing Contracts The enforcing contracts indicator measures the time and cost for resolving a commercial dispute through a local rst-instance court, and the quality of judicial processes index, evaluating whether each economy has adopted a series of good practices that promote quality and e ciency in the court system. The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to enforce a contract through the The dispute in the case study involves the breach of a sales contract courts (calendar days) between 2 domestic businesses. The case study assumes that the court hears an expert on the quality of the goods in dispute. This distinguishes Time to file and serve the case the case from simple debt enforcement. Time for trial and to obtain the judgment To make the data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses Time to enforce the judgment several assumptions about the case: Cost required to enforce a contract through the - The dispute concerns a lawful transaction between two businesses (Seller courts (% of claim) and Buyer), both located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 Attorney fees economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. - The buyer orders custom-made goods, then fails to pay. Court fees - The value of the dispute is 200% of the income per capita or the Enforcement fees equivalent in local currency of USD 5,000, whichever is greater. Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) - The seller sues the buyer before the court with jurisdiction over commercial cases worth 200% of income per capita or $5,000. Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) - The seller requests a pretrial attachment to secure the claim. Case management (0-6) - The dispute on the quality of the goods requires an expert opinion. Court automation (0-4) - The judge decides in favor of the seller; there is no appeal. Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) - The seller enforces the judgment through a public sale of the buyer’s movable assets. Standardized Case Claim value GHS 16,712.00 Court name Accra District Court City Covered Accra Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Time (days) 710 656.8 577.8 164.00 (Singapore) Cost (% of claim value) 23.0 44.0 21.5 9.00 (Iceland) Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 6.5 6.5 11.0 15.50 (Australia) Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Ghana and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 68.69: United Kingdom (Rank: 31) 58.27: Kenya (Rank: 90) 55.74: Côte d'Ivoire (Rank: 101) Page 53   of judicial processes Quality Business Doing index (0-18) 2018 Ghana 6.5 6.5 11.0 15.50 (Australia) Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Ghana and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 68.69: United Kingdom (Rank: 31) 58.27: Kenya (Rank: 90) 55.74: Côte d'Ivoire (Rank: 101) 54.00: Ghana (Rank: 116) 48.14: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 42.80: Mali (Rank: 159) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of enforcing contracts is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for enforcing contracts. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Ghana – Time and Cost Time Cost 800 60 710 52.0 700 656.8 620 45.7 50 Cost (% of claim value) 577.8 44.0 600 41.7 41.8 525 465 40 Time (days) 500 437 400 30 23.0 21.5 300 20 200 10 100 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Ghana Kenya Mali OECD high income Sub-Saharan Africa United Kingdom Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Ghana and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Ghana 2.5 1 0 3 Côte d'Ivoire 2.5 1.5 0 4.5 Kenya 2 2 0.5 4.5 Mali 2 0 3 United Kingdom 2 5 3.5 4.5 OECD high income 2.5 2.9 2 3.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 2 1.1 0.3 3.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Page 54   16 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Ghana Kenya Mali OECD high income Sub-Saharan Africa United Kingdom Doing Business 2018 Ghana Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Ghana and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Ghana 2.5 1 0 3 Côte d'Ivoire 2.5 1.5 0 4.5 Kenya 2 2 0.5 4.5 Mali 2 0 3 United Kingdom 2 5 3.5 4.5 OECD high income 2.5 2.9 2 3.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 2 1.1 0.3 3.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Sub-Indicator Score Alternative dispute resolution (0­3) Case management (0­6) Court automation (0­4) Court structure and proceedings (­1­5) Details – Enforcing Contracts in Ghana Indicator Time (days) 710 Filing and service 15 Trial and judgment 365 Enforcement of judgment 330 Cost (% of claim value) 23.0 Attorney fees 10 Court fees 3 Enforcement fees 10 Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 6.5 Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) 3.0 Case management (0-6) 1.0 Court automation (0-4) 0.0 Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 2.5 Details – Enforcing Contracts in Ghana – Measure of Quality Page 55   Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 2.5 Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Enforcing Contracts in Ghana – Measure of Quality Answer Score Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 6.5 Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) 3.0 1. Is there a court or division of a court dedicated solely to hearing commercial cases? Yes 1.5 2. Small claims court 0.0 2.a. Is there a small claims court or a fast-track procedure for small claims? No 2.b. If yes, is self-representation allowed? n.a. 3. Is pretrial attachment available? Yes 1.0 4. Are new cases assigned randomly to judges? Yes, but manual 0.5 5. Does a woman's testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man's? Yes 0.0 Case management (0-6) 1.0 1. Time standards 1.0 1.a. Are there laws setting overall time standards for key court events in a civil case? Yes 1.b. If yes, are the time standards set for at least three court events? Yes 1.c. Are these time standards respected in more than 50% of cases? Yes 2. Adjournments 0.0 2.a. Does the law regulate the maximum number of adjournments that can be No granted? 2.b. Are adjournments limited to unforeseen and exceptional circumstances? No 2.c. If rules on adjournments exist, are they respected in more than 50% of cases? n.a. 3. Can two of the following four reports be generated about the competent court: (i) No 0.0 time to disposition report; (ii) clearance rate report; (iii) age of pending cases report; and (iv) single case progress report? 4. Is a pretrial conference among the case management techniques used before the No 0.0 competent court? 5. Are there any electronic case management tools in place within the competent court No 0.0 for use by judges? 6. Are there any electronic case management tools in place within the competent court No 0.0 for use by lawyers? Court automation (0-4) 0.0 1. Can the initial complaint be led electronically through a dedicated platform within No 0.0 the competent court? 2. Is it possible to carry out service of process electronically for claims led before the No 0.0 competent court? Page 56   1. Can the initial complaint be led electronically through a dedicated platform within No 0.0 Businesscourt? the competent Doing 2018 Ghana 2. Is it possible to carry out service of process electronically for claims led before the No 0.0 competent court? 3. Can court fees be paid electronically within the competent court? No 0.0 4. Publication of judgments 0.0 4.a Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at all levels made available to the No general public through publication in o cial gazettes, in newspapers or on the internet or court website? 4.b. Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at the appellate and supreme No court level made available to the general public through publication in o cial gazettes, in newspapers or on the internet or court website? Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 2.5 1. Arbitration 1.5 1.a. Is domestic commercial arbitration governed by a consolidated law or Yes consolidated chapter or section of the applicable code of civil procedure encompassing substantially all its aspects? 1.b. Are there any commercial disputes—aside from those that deal with public No order or public policy—that cannot be submitted to arbitration? 1.c. Are valid arbitration clauses or agreements usually enforced by the courts? Yes 2. Mediation/Conciliation 1.0 2.a. Is voluntary mediation or conciliation available? Yes 2.b. Are mediation, conciliation or both governed by a consolidated law or Yes consolidated chapter or section of the applicable code of civil procedure encompassing substantially all their aspects? 2.c. Are there nancial incentives for parties to attempt mediation or conciliation (i.e., No if mediation or conciliation is successful, a refund of court ling fees, income tax credits or the like)? Resolving Insolvency Doing Business studies the time, cost and outcome of insolvency proceedings involving domestic legal entities. These variables are used to calculate the recovery rate, which is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through reorganization, liquidation or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings. To determine the present value of the amount recovered by creditors, Doing Business uses the lending rates from the International Monetary Fund, supplemented with data from central banks and the Economist Intelligence Unit. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to recover debt (years) To make the data on the time, cost and outcome comparable across economies, several assumptions about the business and the case are Measured in calendar years used: Appeals and requests for extension are included - A hotel located in the largest city (or cities) has 201 employees and 50 Cost required to recover debt (% of debtor’s estate) suppliers. The hotel experiences nancial di culties. Page 57   Measured as percentage of estate value - The value of the hotel is 100% of the income per capita or the equivalent if mediation or conciliation is successful, a refund of court ling fees, income tax credits or the like)? Doing Business 2018 Ghana Resolving Insolvency Doing Business studies the time, cost and outcome of insolvency proceedings involving domestic legal entities. These variables are used to calculate the recovery rate, which is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through reorganization, liquidation or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings. To determine the present value of the amount recovered by creditors, Doing Business uses the lending rates from the International Monetary Fund, supplemented with data from central banks and the Economist Intelligence Unit. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to recover debt (years) To make the data on the time, cost and outcome comparable across economies, several assumptions about the business and the case are Measured in calendar years used: Appeals and requests for extension are included - A hotel located in the largest city (or cities) has 201 employees and 50 Cost required to recover debt (% of debtor’s estate) suppliers. The hotel experiences nancial di culties. Measured as percentage of estate value - The value of the hotel is 100% of the income per capita or the equivalent Court fees in local currency of USD 200,000, whichever is greater. - The hotel has a loan from a domestic bank, secured by a mortgage over Fees of insolvency administrators the hotel’s real estate. The hotel cannot pay back the loan, but makes Lawyers’ fees enough money to operate otherwise. Assessors’ and auctioneers’ fees In addition, Doing Business evaluates the adequacy and integrity of the Other related fees existing legal framework applicable to liquidation and reorganization Outcome proceedings through the strength of insolvency framework index. The index tests whether economies adopted internationally accepted good Whether business continues operating as a going practices in four areas: commencement of proceedings, management of concern or business assets are sold piecemeal debtor’s assets, reorganization proceedings and creditor participation. Recovery rate for creditors Measures the cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors Outcome for the business (survival or not) determines the maximum value that can be recovered Official costs of the insolvency proceedings are deducted Depreciation of furniture is taken into account Present value of debt recovered Strength of insolvency framework index (0- 16) Sum of the scores of four component indices: Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) Management of debtor’s assets index (0-6) Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) Creditor participation index (0-4) Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 22.8 20.3 71.2 93.1 (Norway) Time (years) 1.9 2.9 1.7 0.4 (Ireland) Page 58   Cost (% of estate) 22.0 22.7 9.1 1.00 (Norway) Creditor participation index (0-4) Doing Business 2018 Ghana Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Ghana Africa income Overall Best Performer Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 22.8 20.3 71.2 93.1 (Norway) Time (years) 1.9 2.9 1.7 0.4 (Ireland) Cost (% of estate) 22.0 22.7 9.1 1.00 (Norway) Outcome (0 as piecemeal sale and 1 as going 0 .. .. .. concern) Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 4.0 6.2 12.1 15.00 (6 Economies) Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Ghana and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 80.24: United Kingdom (Rank: 14) 47.81: Côte d'Ivoire (Rank: 77) 43.22: Mali (Rank: 94) 43.11: Kenya (Rank: 95) 30.28: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 24.77: Ghana (Rank: 158) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of resolving insolvency is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for resolving insolvency. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the recovery rate and the strength of insolvency framework index. Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Ghana – Time and Cost Time Cost 5 25 22.0 4.5 22.0 22.7 4 18.0 3.6 18.0 20 Cost (% of estate) Time (years) 2.9 3 15 2.2 1.9 9.1 2 1.7 10 6.0 1.0 1 5 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Ghana Kenya Mali OECD high income Sub-Saharan Africa United Kingdom Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Ghana and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Ghana 2 2 0 Page 59   Côte d'Ivoire 5.5 2 1 0.5 0 0 Côte d'Ivoire Ghana Kenya Mali OECD high income Sub-Saharan Africa United Kingdom Doing Business 2018 Ghana Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Ghana and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Ghana 2 2 0 Côte d'Ivoire 5.5 2 1 0.5 Kenya 3 3 1 2 Mali 5.5 2 1 0.5 United Kingdom 5 3 2 1 OECD high income 5.4 2.8 2.3 1.9 Sub-Saharan Africa 4.1 2.3 1 0.4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Sub-Indicator Score Management of debtor's assets index (0­6) Commencement of proceedings index (0­3) Creditor participation index (0­4) Reorganization proceedings index (0­3) Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Ghana and comparator economies – Recovery Rate Recovery Rate (cents on the dollar) 90 85.2 80 70 60 50 40 36.6 27.9 28.0 30 22.8 20.3 20 10 0 Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Resolving Insolvency in Ghana Indicator Answer Explanation Proceeding liquidation After Mirage's default on payment, BizBank would initiate liquidation by filing a petition at the High Court of Ghana. The High Court will then review the case, hold hearing and appoint liquidator to proceed to the liquidation process. Outcome piecemeal sale The hotel will stop operating and Mirage assets will be sold piecemeal after the liquidation procedure as the assets will be sold in a public or private auction by the liquidator. After distribution of money owed to the secured and unsecured creditors, the company will no longer be a going concern. Time (in years) 1.9 The liquidation procedure takes approximate 1.9 years in total until BizBank is repaid some or all of the money owed to it. The delay is largely due to the time for Court to review the case and make a decision on BizBank's petition (up to 6 months), and to the time for the court-appointed liquidator to finalize the creditors' claims (1 year or more). Page 60   Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Kenya Mali United Kingdom Sub-Saharan Africa Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Resolving Insolvency in Ghana Indicator Answer Explanation Proceeding liquidation After Mirage's default on payment, BizBank would initiate liquidation by filing a petition at the High Court of Ghana. The High Court will then review the case, hold hearing and appoint liquidator to proceed to the liquidation process. Outcome piecemeal sale The hotel will stop operating and Mirage assets will be sold piecemeal after the liquidation procedure as the assets will be sold in a public or private auction by the liquidator. After distribution of money owed to the secured and unsecured creditors, the company will no longer be a going concern. Time (in years) 1.9 The liquidation procedure takes approximate 1.9 years in total until BizBank is repaid some or all of the money owed to it. The delay is largely due to the time for Court to review the case and make a decision on BizBank's petition (up to 6 months), and to the time for the court-appointed liquidator to finalize the creditors' claims (1 year or more). Cost (% of 22.0 The costs associated with the case would amount to approximately 22% of the value of the estate) debtor's estate. The main components of this total cost would be the attorneys' fees (3-10%), insolvency administrator's fees (5-10%), auctioneer's fees (7-10%), and other fees. Recovery rate (cents on the 22.8 dollar) Details – Resolving Insolvency in Ghana – Measure of Quality Answer Score Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 4.0 Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) 2.0 What procedures are available to a DEBTOR when commencing insolvency (b) Debtor may 0.5 proceedings? le for liquidation only Does the insolvency framework allow a CREDITOR to le for insolvency of the debtor? (b) Yes, but a 0.5 creditor may le for liquidation only What basis for commencement of the insolvency proceedings is allowed under the (a) Debtor is 1.0 insolvency framework? generally unable to pay its debts as they mature Management of debtor's assets index (0-6) 2.0 Does the insolvency framework allow the continuation of contracts supplying essential No 0.0 goods and services to the debtor? Does the insolvency framework allow the rejection by the debtor of overly burdensome No 0.0 contracts? Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of preferential transactions? Yes 1.0 Page 61   Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of undervalued transactions? Yes 1.0 dollar) Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Resolving Insolvency in Ghana – Measure of Quality Answer Score Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 4.0 Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) 2.0 What procedures are available to a DEBTOR when commencing insolvency (b) Debtor may 0.5 proceedings? le for liquidation only Does the insolvency framework allow a CREDITOR to le for insolvency of the debtor? (b) Yes, but a 0.5 creditor may le for liquidation only What basis for commencement of the insolvency proceedings is allowed under the (a) Debtor is 1.0 insolvency framework? generally unable to pay its debts as they mature Management of debtor's assets index (0-6) 2.0 Does the insolvency framework allow the continuation of contracts supplying essential No 0.0 goods and services to the debtor? Does the insolvency framework allow the rejection by the debtor of overly burdensome No 0.0 contracts? Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of preferential transactions? Yes 1.0 Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of undervalued transactions? Yes 1.0 Does the insolvency framework provide for the possibility of the debtor obtaining credit No 0.0 after commencement of insolvency proceedings? Does the insolvency framework assign priority to post-commencement credit? (c) No priority is 0.0 assigned to post- commencement creditors Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) 0.0 Which creditors vote on the proposed reorganization plan? N/A 0.0 Does the insolvency framework require that dissenting creditors in reorganization No 0.0 receive at least as much as what they would obtain in a liquidation? Are the creditors devided into classes for the purposes of voting on the reorganization No 0.0 plan, does each class vote separately and are creditors in the same class treated equally? Creditor participation index (0-4) 0.0 Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for selection or No 0.0 appointment of the insolvency representative? Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for sale of substantial No 0.0 assets of the debtor? Page 62   Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for selection or No 0.0 appointment Doing Businessof the 2018insolvency Ghana representative? Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for sale of substantial No 0.0 assets of the debtor? Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor has the right to request No 0.0 information from the insolvency representative? Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor has the right to object to No 0.0 decisions accepting or rejecting creditors' claims? Note: Even if the economy’s legal framework includes provisions related to insolvency proceedings (liquidation or reorganization), the economy receives 0 points for the strength of insolvency framework index, if time, cost and outcome indicators are recorded as “no practice”. Labor Market Regulation Doing Business presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on these indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. Detailed data collected on labor market regulation are available on the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/labor-market-regulation). The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Hiring To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions (i) whether xed-term contracts are prohibited for about the worker and the business are used. permanent tasks; (ii) maximum cumulative duration of xed-term contracts; (iii) length of the The worker: probationary period; (iv) minimum wage. - Is a cashier in a supermarket or grocery store, age 19, with one year of work experience. Working hours - Is a full-time employee. (i) maximum number of working days allowed per - Is not a member of the labor union, unless membership is mandatory. week; (ii) premiums for work: at night, on a weekly rest day and overtime; (iii) whether there are The business: restrictions on work at night, work on a weekly rest - Is a limited liability company (or the equivalent in the economy). day and for overtime work; (iv) whether nonpregnant - Operates a supermarket or grocery store in the economy’s largest and nonnursing women can work same night hours business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second as men; (v) length of paid annual leave. largest business city. - Has 60 employees. Redundancy rules - Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if such agreements cover (i) whether redundancy can be basis for terminating more than 50% of the food retail sector and they apply even to rms that workers; (ii) whether employer needs to notify are not party to them. and/or get approval from third party to terminate 1 - Abides by every law and regulation but does not grant workers more redundant worker and a group of 9 redundant bene ts than those mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable) collective workers; (iii) whether law requires employer to bargaining agreements. reassign or retrain a worker before making worker redundant; (iv) whether priority rules apply for redundancies and reemployment. Redundancy cost (i) notice period for redundancy dismissal; (ii) severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker. Job quality (i) whether law mandates equal remuneration for work of equal value and nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring; (ii) whether law mandates paid or unpaid maternity leave; (iii) length of paid maternity Page 63   leave; (iv) whether employees on maternity leave the economy receives 0 points for the strength of insolvency framework index, if time, cost and outcome indicators are recorded as “no practice”. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Labor Market Regulation Doing Business presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on these indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. Detailed data collected on labor market regulation are available on the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/labor-market-regulation). The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Hiring To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions (i) whether xed-term contracts are prohibited for about the worker and the business are used. permanent tasks; (ii) maximum cumulative duration of xed-term contracts; (iii) length of the The worker: probationary period; (iv) minimum wage. - Is a cashier in a supermarket or grocery store, age 19, with one year of work experience. Working hours - Is a full-time employee. (i) maximum number of working days allowed per - Is not a member of the labor union, unless membership is mandatory. week; (ii) premiums for work: at night, on a weekly rest day and overtime; (iii) whether there are The business: restrictions on work at night, work on a weekly rest - Is a limited liability company (or the equivalent in the economy). day and for overtime work; (iv) whether nonpregnant - Operates a supermarket or grocery store in the economy’s largest and nonnursing women can work same night hours business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second as men; (v) length of paid annual leave. largest business city. - Has 60 employees. Redundancy rules - Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if such agreements cover (i) whether redundancy can be basis for terminating more than 50% of the food retail sector and they apply even to rms that workers; (ii) whether employer needs to notify are not party to them. and/or get approval from third party to terminate 1 - Abides by every law and regulation but does not grant workers more redundant worker and a group of 9 redundant bene ts than those mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable) collective workers; (iii) whether law requires employer to bargaining agreements. reassign or retrain a worker before making worker redundant; (iv) whether priority rules apply for redundancies and reemployment. Redundancy cost (i) notice period for redundancy dismissal; (ii) severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker. Job quality (i) whether law mandates equal remuneration for work of equal value and nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring; (ii) whether law mandates paid or unpaid maternity leave; (iii) length of paid maternity leave; (iv) whether employees on maternity leave receive 100% of wages; (v) availability of ve fully paid days of sick leave a year; (vi) eligibility requirements for unemployment protection. Details – Labor Market Regulation in Ghana Answer Hiring Page 64   Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No days of sick leave a year; (vi) eligibility requirements for unemployment protection. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Details – Labor Market Regulation in Ghana Answer Hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No Maximum length of a single xed-term contract (months) No Limit Maximum length of xed-term contracts, including renewals (months) No limit Minimum wage applicable to the worker assumed in the case study (US$/month) 45.4 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0.2 Maximum length of probationary period (months) N/A Working hours Standard workday 8.0 Maximum number of working days per week 5.0 Premium for night work (% of hourly pay) 0.0 Premium for work on weekly rest day (% of hourly pay) 0.0 Premium for overtime work (% of hourly pay) 0.0 Restrictions on night work? No Whether nonpregnant and nonnursing women can work the same night hours as men Yes Restrictions on weekly holiday? No Restrictions on overtime work? No Paid annual leave for a worker with 1 year of tenure (working days) 15.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (working days) 15.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 10 years of tenure (working days) 15.0 Paid annual leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure, in working days) 15.0 Redundancy rules Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Third-party noti cation if one worker is dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if one worker is dismissed? Yes Third-party noti cation if nine workers are dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if nine workers are dismissed? Yes Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No Page 65   Third-party Doing approval Business 2018 if nine workers are dismissed? Ghana Yes Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No Priority rules for redundancies? No Priority rules for reemployment? No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2.0 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 4.3 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 4.3 Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure) 3.6 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 8.7 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 43.3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 86.7 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure) 46.2 Job quality Equal remuneration for work of equal value? No Gender nondiscrimination in hiring? No Paid or unpaid maternity leave mandated by law? Yes Minimum length of maternity leave (calendar days)? 84.0 Receive 100% of wages on maternity leave? Yes Five fully paid days of sick leave a year? No Unemployment protection after one year of employment? No Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection (months)? n.a. Business Reforms in Ghana In the year ending June 1, 2017, 119 economies implemented 264 total reforms across the di erent areas measured by Doing Business. Doing Business has recorded more than 2,900 regulatory reforms making it easier to do business since 2004. Reforms inspired by Doing Business have been implemented by economies in all regions. The following are the reforms for Ghana implemented since Doing Business 2008. = Doing Business reform making it easier to do business. = Change making it more di cult to do business. DB2018 Dealing with Construction Permits: Ghana increased the transparency of dealing with construction permits by publishing regulations related to construction online free of charge. DB2017 Starting a Business: Ghana made starting a business more costly by increasing the registration and authentication fees. Dealing with Construction Permits: Ghana made dealing with construction permits more expensive by increasing the cost of Page 66   obtaining a building permit. Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection (months)? n.a. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Business Reforms in Ghana In the year ending June 1, 2017, 119 economies implemented 264 total reforms across the di erent areas measured by Doing Business. Doing Business has recorded more than 2,900 regulatory reforms making it easier to do business since 2004. Reforms inspired by Doing Business have been implemented by economies in all regions. The following are the reforms for Ghana implemented since Doing Business 2008. = Doing Business reform making it easier to do business. = Change making it more di cult to do business. DB2018 Dealing with Construction Permits: Ghana increased the transparency of dealing with construction permits by publishing regulations related to construction online free of charge. DB2017 Starting a Business: Ghana made starting a business more costly by increasing the registration and authentication fees. Dealing with Construction Permits: Ghana made dealing with construction permits more expensive by increasing the cost of obtaining a building permit. Trading across Borders: Ghana made trading across borders easier by removing the mandatory pre-arrival assessment inspection at origin for imported products. DB2016 Trading across Borders: Ghana reduced the documentary and border compliance time for importing by developing electronic channels for submitting and collecting the nal classi cation and valuation report. DB2015 Dealing with Construction Permits: Ghana made dealing with construction permits less time-consuming by streamlining the process to obtain a building permit. Trading across Borders: Ghana made trading across borders easier by upgrading infrastructure at the port of Tema. DB2014 Starting a Business: Ghana made starting a business more di cult by requiring entrepreneurs to obtain a tax identi cation number prior to company incorporation. DB2013 Trading across Borders: Ghana added to the time required to import by increasing its scanning of imports and changing its customs clearance system. DB2012 Starting a Business: Ghana increased the cost to start a business by 70%. DB2011 Getting Credit: Ghana strengthened access to credit by establishing a centralized collateral registry and by granting an operating license to a private credit bureau that began operations in April of 2010. DB2010 Starting a Business: Ghana simpli ed business start-up by further streamlining registration procedures through the creation of a customer service desk at the one-stop shop. DB2009 Starting a Business: Ghana made starting a business easier by eliminating the requirement to register employment vacancies and the requirement for a company seal. Page 67   Doing Business 2018 DB2009 Ghana Starting a Business: Ghana made starting a business easier by eliminating the requirement to register employment vacancies and the requirement for a company seal. DB2008 Starting a Business: Ghana reduced the time required for business registration through ongoing computerization at the company registry and improved operations at the Environmental Protection Agency. Registering Property: Ghana made property registration faster by eliminating the requirement to register the deed of sale at the Lands Commission. Getting Credit: Ghana strengthened its legal framework for secured transactions through a new insolvency act that includes no provision for automatic stay of enforcement during reorganization. Trading across Borders: Ghana made trading across borders easier by reducing congestion in the port area. Enforcing Contracts: Ghana introduced commercial courts in the capital, increasing the e ciency of commercial dispute resolution. Page 68   Enforcing Contracts: Ghana introduced commercial courts in the capital, increasing the e ciency of commercial dispute resolution. Doing Business 2018 Ghana Page 69