ARMENIA’S HIGH FREQUENCY PHONE SURVEY Wave 2, Survey III: Key Findings Context of COVID-19 in Armenia • Armenia has confirmed 229,603 cases of COVID-19 by late-July 2021– approximately 7.7% of its total population (WHO). According to the AHFS – 2, around 32% of all households had had at least one member tested positive for COVID-19 or had similar symptoms since March 2020. • On March 29, 2021, Armenia received its first batch of 24 thousand doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine (RFE/RL). As of August 1, 2021, 173,017 vaccine doses have been administered and approximately 2% of the population has received at least one dose (WHO) . • In response to the economic shock of the pandemic (combined with the added instability resulting from the military confrontation with Azerbaijan in late 2020), Armenia’s economy contracted by 7.4 percent in 2020 (World Bank, Armenia Overview). The economy has started to recover growing by 5% in the first half of 2021. • Following the twin shocks of the pandemic and conflict, it is estimated that Armenia’s poverty rate (measured at the upper-middle-income economy poverty line of USD 5.5) increased to more than 51 percent in 2020, a 7-percentage point rise (World Bank). • By the end of 2020, the Government of Armenia had adopted 25 support packages and allocated AMD 192.3 billion AMD ($367 million) in support for families in need, micro-businesses, and who suffered from job and income losses (IMF Policy Tracker as of February 1, 2021) . Sources: https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/am https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/armenia/overview#3 https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-covid-vaccine-astrazeneca-covax/31175978.html https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19#A Timeline of COVID-19 Outbreak and Survey (Waves 1 and 2) Armenia High Frequency, Armenia High Frequency Wave 1, Survey I & II Survey, Wave 2, III & IV collected in Jul-Sep 2020 collected in May-Jul 2021* Mar 19 *Survey III: May-June 2021 Survey IV: June-July 2021 Sources: Reuters, WHO, Eurasianet; Google News, 3 Tracing COVID-19 Impact on Households with High Frequency Phone Surveys in Armenia and Georgia (1) Results from Armenia High Frequency Survey (AHFS) May 2021 and Georgia High Frequency Survey (GHFS) June 2021 To support the Government of Armenia and Georgia in managing the impacts of the pandemic and protect its people and economy, the World Bank South Caucasus Poverty and Equity team has collaborated with various partners (UNICEF, Caucasus Research Resource Centers, EU, WB-SPJ team) to collect a series of high-frequency phone surveys (HFPSs) that can be used widely to monitor the evolution of the crisis and its impacts on households. Key Findings from the Latest Rounds of AHFS and GHFS Even as the restrictions are gradually being lifted, job loss continues in 2021. In Armenia, 24% of adults who were employed in March 2020 were still not working as of May 2021. The rate was equivalent in Georgian at 22% in June 2021. Despite some positive signs of recovery, households are still struggling with their financial situation. In Armenia, 33% of households reported having decreased income compared to pre-COVID level in April 2021. In Georgia, the rate was again comparable at 32% of households in June 2021. Moreover, in Georgia, over 50% of households report facing some degree of food insecurity over the past month in June 2021. The rate in Armenia will be estimated based on AHFS W2SIV. Tracing COVID-19 Impact on Households with High Frequency Phone Surveys in Armenia and Georgia (2) Results from Armenia High Frequency Survey (AHFS) May 2021 and Georgia High Frequency Survey (GHFS) June 2021 Key Findings: Digital divide persists between rural and urban, with rural households having significantly lower ownerships in ICTs and access to internet. This could have affected the likelihood of job loss. In Armenia, while 82% of all households had access to internet connection at home, only 74% had connection in rural areas. The rates were again equivalent in Georgia, with national average of 85% and 73% among the rural households. Ownership of ICTs may have affected the ability to work remotely. In Armenia, respondents from households without smartphones and computers were associated with higher job loss in May 2021. Remittances were hit hard by the pandemic, affecting income drop for many households in the region. According to the responses from the HFS, in Armenia, 35% of households receiving remittances in March 2020 suffered reductions in remittances inflows in May 2021. In Georgia, the rate was much higher, with 58% of households suffering reduction in remittances inflows in June 2021. These figures seem to be higher than the officially reported numbers in both Armenia and Georgia, and more data and analyses are needed to clarify the gap. Possible source of gap is the remittance transfers through informal channels that may not have been captured by the official statistics. Hesitancy to COVID-19 vaccine remains high in Georgia. Results for Armenia are forthcoming. As of June 2021, only 5% of Georgian adults have received the COVID-19 vaccine. Furthermore, among those who have not received vaccine yet, only 30% plan on having one. Vaccine acceptance rate seems to be lower among: (1) less educated, (2) those who reside outside Tbilisi, and (3) those who were skeptical of COVID-19 tests. Safety remains to be the major concern for many, much more than the efficacy of the vaccine. Statistics from AHFS are forthcoming with AHFS W2SIV. High Frequency Armenia Round Survey Structure Sampling frame Survey: Design Coverage Weight Factors Method Dates Representative of the national population ages 18+ Gender, age group, settlement type, AHFS Wave 1: Survey I at the national-, regional- , and Yerevan/other July-September 2020 HH size urban/rural-levels Representative of households with children at the Gender, age group, settlement type, AHFS Wave 1: Survey II national-, regional- , and Yerevan/other July-September 2020 HH size , children in HH urban/rural-levels Pooled cross-sectional Random dialing of CATI data cellphone numbers. Representative of the national population ages 18+ Gender, age group, settlement type, AHFS Wave 2: Survey III at the national-, regional- , and Yerevan/other May 18st -June 1st, 2021 HH size, migrants in the HH urban/rural-levels Representative of the national population ages 18+ Gender, age group, settlement type, June 30th 2021- July 12th AFHS Wave 2: Survey IV at the national-, regional- , and Yerevan/other HH size, children in HH 2021 urban/rural-levels Key Findings, Wave 2 Survey III COVID-19 Prevalence Internet Access Employment Household Incomes Remittances • COVID-19 cases are • Internet access in Armenia is • Job loss related to COVID- • 33% of households saw their • Remittances were hit hard by concentrated in urban relatively widespread, 19* has declined, but job household income decrease the pandemic, affecting income areas– Yerevan in particular. reaching 82% of households loss for all reasons (including between February 2020 and drop for many Armenian • By June 2021, 32% of • Among rural households, COVID-19) has risen April 2021- down from 54% households. households reported having though, this figure is only significantly since Wave 1. in Wave 1 (Jun-Sep 2020) • 35% of households receiving at least one case of COVID- 74% • Outside of Yerevan job loss • A greater proportion of remittances in March 2020 19 among family members • Certain groups have lower for any reason has households with children suffered reductions in (including themselves). Most levels of internet access, increased, suggesting that saw a decline in income remittances inflows, and 41% of reported cases had been including female-headed recovery in other urban and after February 2020 and these households stopped confirmed by a lab test. households rural areas is happening continued to see decline in receiving remittances • Households with children more slowly. May-June 2021. altogether.** are more likely to have • Unlike men who lost jobs • Decline in remittances • Non-Yerevan urban households, internet access. due to COVID-19, women closely linked to income households with female adults • Ownership of ICTs may have are not returning to work. loss; households with only, and households not affected the ability to work • Overall, women were much current or prospective receiving social benefits were remotely. Households more likely to cite the need migrants more likely to have most likely to be affected. without smartphones and to care for family members suffered income loss. • At the same time, household’s computers are associated (including homeschooling) income decline may have with higher job loss. as a reason for their job increased the desire to migrate loss. for work. Households that had prospective migrants were also more likely to have experienced income decline (45%) than households without prospective migrants (28%). * Job losses for reasons related to COVID-19 consist of those who cited "Lost job /No business because of COVID-19" and "don't want to be exposed to the virus" as reasons for job loss in Wave 2 Survey I. Increase in job loss from AHFS may not be consistent with official numbers on employment. Discrepancies may be due to several factors such as: (1) survey respondents not representative of all workers in Armenia by sector and thus the results should be interpreted with caution; (2) ambiguity in what is captured in the official employment-related figures (for example, those in informal sector), and (3) the new jobs created in 2021 are only partially benefitting those that were previously employed. ** According to the official data reported by the Central Bank of Armenia, money transfers of individuals from abroad through banks and non-bank in Q1 of 2021 was higher than the same period in 2020. More data and analysis are needed to clarify this gap. 1) Prevalence of COVID-19 Positive COVID-19 tests have increased; urban-rural divide widens Since March 2020, 32% of households in Armenia reported having at least 1 member who was tested positive for COVID-19 or who has similar symptoms to COVID-19. There is a large divide in COVID-19 prevalence between urban and rural areas, and this gap has increased substantially in the past year. The regions in Armenia with the highest percentage of households reporting positive COVID-19 tests and/or COVID-19 symptoms are Yerevan (44%), Lori (31%) and Armavir (30%) Percent of Households where at least one member tested positive for COVID-19 40 36.2 35 30 24.5 25 20 14.1 15 10 6.5 4.9 4.2 5 0 Yerevan Other Urban Rural Wave 1 (July-Sep 2020) Wave 2 (May-June 2021) Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (AHFS), Waves 1 & 2. Notes: Respondents weighted by post-stratification weights for the national adult population. 8 2) Household’s internet access Rural households have lowest levels of ICT access • Access to internet is relatively widespread in Armenia. 82% of households have access to some type of internet connection (limited or unlimited) at home. • There are differences, however, in internet and technology access based on location. While in Yerevan 88% of households have access to the internet, in rural households this figure drops to 74%. Rural households are more likely to report having limited or impermanent internet access compared to Yerevan and other urban areas. • The pattern of households who have internet access closely mirrors the pattern of households with computer and smartphone ownership, showing higher rates in Yerevan, followed by other urban areas and lowest in rural. Type of Internet Access by Location ICT Assets by Location 100 95 95 94 95 100 90 12.0 15.5 83 81 7.6 25.6 77 80 11.2 80 67 % of households % of Households 11.6 60 60 57 55 46 40 80.4 73.3 40 62.8 20 20 0 Yerevan Other Urban Rural 0 Armenia Yerevan Other Urban Rural Yes, Permanent and Unlimited Yes, Limited No Internet TV Computer Smartphone 9 Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Wave 2. 2) Household’s internet access Ownership of ICTs may have affected the ability to work remotely. Households without smartphones and computers are associated with higher job loss. • Respondents from households without smartphones and from those without computers experienced significantly higher job loss compared to those that owns these assets – 31% versus 22% in case of smartphones and 31% versus 20% for computers. • Interestingly, internet access does not seem to be correlated with job loss – only marginally so in other urban and rural. • Ownership of computers also appears to have correlation with decrease in household income, with larger share of households without computers experiencing drop compared to those that have the asset (35% versus 32%). % of Adults Who Lost Jobs, % of Households with Decrease in Income, by ICT Ownership by ICT Ownership 35 31.7 33.0 40 30.6 34.4 35.1 34.4 % among adults who were employed 29.6 35 31.9 30 26.0 25.1 24.5 25.0 23.4 30 % of Households 25 25.7 25.7 19.5 25 20 before COVID-19 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No 0 Yes No Yes No Yes No Smartphones Computers Yerevan Other Urban Rural Smartphones Computers Yerevan Internet access 10 Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Wave 2. 2) Household’s internet access Internet access is highest in Yerevan and neighboring regions • The region with the highest percentage of households with internet access is Aragatsotn (93%) followed by Yerevan (87%). The two regions with the lowest percentage of households with internet access are Tavush (73%) and Lori (74%). 11 Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Wave 2. 2) Household’s internet access Households without children and households with only female adults have lower levels of internet and ICT access. • In Armenia, households with children are more likely to have internet (15pp higher) and smartphone access (12pp higher) than households without children. • Households with only female adults*, on the other hand, have lower access to internet and ICT assets (TV, computers, and smartphones) than mixed-gender or male-only adult households. Only 65% of households with female adults have internet access, 20 pp lower than mixed-gender or male-only adult households. Household Composition and ICT Access, % Households with Children and ICT Access, % of of households households 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 TV Computer Smartphone Internet 0 TV Computer Smartphone Internet Household with Mixed- or Male Only Adults No Children HH with Children Households with Only Female Adults* Note: *“Households with only female adults� are defined as households whose adult members are all females, regardless of the existence and gender of the children in the household. Households with only female adults are associated with the following characteristics: higher average per capita income, but smaller in household size and significantly higher share of single-member households who are recipients of social benefits. For more, see Annex. 12 Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Wave 2. 3) Employment Those who lost jobs due to COVID-19 are returning to work. However, job loss continues in 2021. Prevalence of job losses for any reason have increased dramatically especially in rural and urban areas outside Yerevan. 24% of Armenian adults who were employed in March 2020 were still not working as of May 2021. The “loss of job or business because of COVID-19� was given as the main reason for job loss, accounting for 25% of employment losses. Job losses for reasons related to COVID-19* have declined nationally, indicating that those who lost their jobs due to COVID-19 are returning to work– Nationally, 7% of Armenians are still unemployed for reasons related to COVID-19, a decline from 9% in June-Sep 2020. Yerevan, which had the highest rate of COVID-19 related job loss in Wave 1 experienced the largest drop in COVID-19 related job loss (5 pp from 11% to 6%). At the same time, job loss for any reason has increased. Other Urban and Rural areas have significantly higher rates of job loss than they did in Wave 1, suggesting that economic recovery in these areas is happening more slowly. Among all adults who were employed before % of those employed in March 2020 who had lost March 2020, % who lost jobs job for reasons related to COVID-19* % ogf adults who were employed % of adults employed in March 2020 40 11 12 30.5 before March 2020 30 10 9 9 23.3 24.1 25.1 8 7 17.7 6 6 20 5 13.1 6 10 4 3 2 0 0 Yerevan Other Urban Rural Armenia National Yerevan Other Urban Rural Wave 1 (Jul-Sep 2020) Wave 2 (May-June 2021) Wave 1 (June-September 2020) Wave 2 (May-June 2021) Note: Survey sample is not representative of all workers in Armenia by sector. Results should be interpreted with caution. * Job losses for reasons related to COVID-19 consist of those who cited "Lost job /No business because of COVID- 19" and "don't want to be exposed to the virus" as reasons for job loss in Wave 2 Survey I. 13 Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS), Wave 1 & 2. 3) Employment Income decline has slowed among job-losers and non-job-losers alike. But income losses are sill more prevalent among those who lost jobs since the COVID-19 outbreak. •57% of adults who were working in March 2020 and were not by May-June 2021 reported that their household income had decreased during this time. This is a significant improvement in the past year, when 87% of adults who had lost their jobs during the pandemic reported decreased household income. •Among those adults who did not lose their job (or who had found new employment) in Wave 2, 29% still reported a decrease in income during the COVID-19 pandemic– but this also was an improvement from Wave 1, when 51% of adults who had not lost their jobs still reported a decrease in household income. •Nonetheless, there is still a strong correlation between job loss and income loss. Share of Houeholds Reporting Decline in Household Income since Feb 2020 Lost Job 87 Wave 1 Did Not Lose Job 51 Lost Job 57 Wave 2 Did Not Lose Job 29 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 % of Households Note: Survey sample is not representative of all workers in Armenia by sector. Results should be interpreted with caution. 14 Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Wave 2 3) Employment Women who lost jobs to COVID-19 are not returning to work •In Armenia, more men than women had lost jobs for reasons related to COVID-19 in both the periods of March 2020-Sep 2020 and March 2020-June 2021 •While the proportion of men who had lost jobs due to COVID-19 declined by May-June 2021, the proportion of women remained static, suggesting that women who lost jobs for reasons related to COVID-19 were not returning to employment at the same rate as men. •Overall, women were much more likely to cite the need to care for family members (including homeschooling) as a reason for their job loss. Reasons for Job Loss by Gender (Wave 2) Job Loss due to COVID-19 by Gender Female Male 10 9 % of adults employed in March 2020 8 8 Other Don’t want to be exposed to the virus Lack of transportation 5 Need to care for children or elderly 5 Need to care for ill family Ill Temporarily on leave Lost job /No business because of COVID-19 0 Contract ended / fired for reason unrelated to COVID-19 Male Female Casual or informal worker Wave 1 (June-September 2020) Wave 2 (May-June 2021) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 % of those who lost jobs Note: Survey sample is not representative of all workers in Armenia by sector. Results should be interpreted with caution. July 2021 Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (AHFS). Waves 1 & 2. 15 3) Employment Job loss varies greatly by sector, with some sectors recovering much more slowly Job Loss by Sector of Employment in March 2020 Job Loss due to COVID-19 Job Loss for Any Reason Real estate • Sectors with the highest Transportation proportions of job losers due to Administrative COVID-19 who were not working as Other service Arts, entertainment of May-June 2021 were Arts and Construction Entertainment (18%) Wholesale Manufacturing and Retail (14%) and Real Estate Agriculture (13%) Wholesale, retail • Job losses for any reason since Health, social work March 2020 were highest in Real Mining and quarrying Accommodation, food Estate (54%), Transportation (39%), Public administration and Other Services (36%), Electricity, gas suggesting that these sectors were Professional, science among those still struggling to Education recover the most almost 1.5 years Financial, insurance after the onset of the pandemic. ICT 0 10 20 30 40 50 % of adults working in each sector who lost jobs Note: Survey sample is not representative of all workers in Armenia by sector. Results should be interpreted with caution. 16 Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS) Wave 2. Employment in Water supply, sewerage, waste management not shown due to low incidence of job losses. 3) Employment Among those not working, majority are not seeking new employment. Lack of jobs in the area are also one of the major obstacles in finding jobs. Obstacles to finding a job among job-seekers and others All others out of work Lost Job after March 2020 Have not tried to find a job Didn't try to search, don't want to work • Among those who stopped working after March 2020 and had not yet returned to work, the majority (54%) claimed Lack of jobs in the area that they had not tried to look for a job in the past month (38%) or that they do not want to work (17%). Low pay for available vacancies • Lack of jobs in the area were also common obstacle to Health restrictions, disability fining jobs among those who lost jobs after March 2020 (16%). Discrimination by gender, age, religion Difficulties to combine work and family • Those who stopped working after March 2020 and were not working as of May-June 2021 were less likely than Lack of jobs corresponding to qualification others not working to say that they had not tried to find a job. Going abroad or just returned Lack of relevant skills 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 % of those out of work Note: Survey sample is not representative of all workers in Armenia by sector. Results should be interpreted with caution. July 2021 Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (AHFS) Wave 2 17 3) Employment Obstacles to employment differ by gender and levels of education. • Order of the obstacles to finding jobs is similar across gender, except for those reporting “difficulties to combine work and family� as the main reason. •Men were slightly more likely than women to cite lack of jobs and low pay as obstacles to employment, while women were slightly more likely to cite health restrictions and difficulties combining work and family. Men were more likely to say that they had not tried to find a job, while women were more likely to say that they did not want to work. •Among those who stopped working after March 2020 and had not yet returned to work, those with lower levels of education were more likely to cite a disability and a lack of jobs in the area as obstacles to employment, while those with higher levels of education were more likely to say that they were not looking for a job. Obstacles to finding a job by gender Obstacles to finding a job by level of education Female Male Higher and Above Vocational Upper Secondary Lower Secondary and Below Have not tried to find a job Have not tried to find a job Didn't try to search, don't want to work Health restrictions, disability Didn't try to search, don't want to work Lack of jobs in the area Lack of jobs in the area Difficulties to combine work and family Discrimination by gender, age, religion Discrimination by gender, age, religion Low pay for available vacancies Low pay for available vacancies Lack of jobs corresponding to qualification Lack of relevant skills Health restrictions, disability Going abroad or just returned 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 % of those not working May-June 2021 % of those not working in May-June 2021 Note: Survey sample is not representative of all workers in Armenia by sector. Results should be interpreted with caution. Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (AHFS) Wave 2 4) Income shocks Incomes are recovering, along with job loss. • 33% of households reported that their income had decreased between February 2020 and April 2021. This was an improvement over Wave 1, when 54% of households had seen an income decrease since February 2020. Type of Household Income Change (compared to February 2020) Wave 1 (Jun-Sep 2020) 54.1 Wave 2 (May-Jun 2021) 33.3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Decreased Stayed the Same Increased 19 Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (AHFS). Wave 2 4) Income shocks Incomes are not recovering equally •As the country (and schools) have re-opened, the percentage of households with children reporting decline in income has dropped from over 60% (in Wave 1) to just over 40%. But this is still higher than the percentage among households without children (28 %). •There were no substantial differences in income recovery between urban and rural areas. Income Loss and Households with Children Percentage of Households Where Income Decreased 70 64.3 from April 2020 % of households who saw decline in income from Feb 60 60 50 50 45.2 41.2 40 40 30 2020 28.5 30 20 20 10 10 0 Armenia National Yerevan Other Urban Rural 0 No Children Children Wave 1 (Jun-Sep 2020) Wave 2 (May-Jun 2021) Wave 1 (Jun-Sep 2020) Wave 2 (May-Jun 2021) 20 Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (AHFS). Wave 2 4) Income shocks Remittances were hit hard by the pandemic, affecting income drop for many Armenian households. At the same time, household’s income decline may have increased the desire to migrate for work. • Changes in remittances are linked closely to changes in overall household income. 48% of households who experienced decreased remittances also experienced a decline in income, while only 16% of households who did not experience decreased remittances reported a decline in income. • A greater proportion of households with a member currently abroad for work had experienced a decline in income (44%) following the COVID-19 pandemic compared to households without migrants abroad (33%). • Households that had prospective migrants were also more likely to have experienced income decline than households without prospective migrants, suggesting that income decline related to the COVID-19 pandemic may be encouraging people to go abroad for work. Migration and Income Decrease 50 Change in Remittances and Income Decrease % of households whose income had decreased 43.7 44.8 45 40 35 32.6 Remittances Decreased 48.0 30 27.6 25 20 Remittances did not Decrease 16.4 15 10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 % of households where income decreased No Yes No Yes Household with current migrant Household with prospective migrant Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (AHFS). Wave 2 21 5) Remittances Remittance inflows declined in wake of pandemic, among some groups more than others • 35% of households that received remittances before COVID-19 saw reductions in remittances inflows, and 43% of households who received remittances before COVID-19 were no longer receiving any remittances at all in May-June 2021. • Non-Yerevan Urban households, households not receiving social benefits, and households with only female adults were among those the most affected. (See Annex) • 61% of households that experienced a decline in income reported a decrease in remittances. Among households receiving remittances, how Change in Income and Decrease in Remittances has the amount changed since March 2020? 11% Income Declined 61.7 35% Among Households Receiving Remittances before No Income Decline 22.9 54% COVID-19, % that stopped receiving remittances between March 2020 and May-June 2021 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Increased Stayed the Same Decreased % of households where remittances decreased 43% 57% Remittances Did Not Stop Remittances Stopped 22 Source: Armenia High-Frequency Survey (AHFS). Wave 2. . THANK YOU! Alan Fuchs Tarlovsky Natsuko Kiso Nozaki afuchs@worldbank.org nkiso@worldbank.org M Fernanda Gonzalez Icaza Margaret McClure mgonzalezicaza@worldbank.org mmm295@georgetown.edu Annex Annex: Descriptive Statistics (AHFS Wave 2, Survey I) Gender N % Weighted % Marz N % Weighted % Male 898 44.32% 45.36 Yerevan 711 35.09 37.11 Female 1128 55.68 54.64 Aragatsotn 77 3.8 3.87 Ararat 188 9.28 9.19 Age Range N % Weighted % Armavir 181 8.93 8.87 18-24 221 10.91 10.18 Gegharkunik 130 6.42 6.54 25-34 485 23.94 21.97 Kotayk 191 9.43 8.87 35-44 421 20.78 18.82 Lori 167 8.24 7.62 45-54 343 16.93 15.39 Shirak 173 8.54 8.08 55-64 313 15.45 18.69 Sjunik 91 4.49 4.17 65+ 243 11.99 14.95 Tavush 77 3.8 3.75 Vayots Dzor 40 1.97 1.93 Education N % Weighted % Lower Secondary and Below 88 4.35 4.52 Type N % Weighted % Upper Secondary 701 34.62 34.39 Yerevan 711 35.09 37.11 Vocational 486 24 24.12 Other Urban 670 33.07 27.07 Higher and Above 750 37.04 36.98 Rural 645 31.84 35.82 Annex: Survey Household Demographics Households with Households Receiving Children N % Weighted % Remittances N % Weighted % Not receiving No Children 918 46.04 61.92 remittances 1,650 82.42 85.75 Currently receiving Children 1,076 53.96 38.08 remittances 352 17.58 14.25 Households with Female-Only Someone Abroad for Households N % Weighted % Work N % Weighted % Male-Only or Mixed- Gender Adult 1,866 93.21 88.02 No Migrant 1,686 83.67 94.28 Female-Only Adults 136 6.79 11.98 Household with Migrant 329 16.33 5.72 Households Receiving Households with Family Benefits N % Weighted % Prospective Migrant N % Weighted % No Family Benefits 1,729 85.59 86.20 No Prospective Migrant 1,246 62.93 66.69 Receives Family Benefits 291 14.41 13.80 Prospective Migrant 734 37.07 33.31 Annex: Survey Individual Employment Demographics Did any work last week? N % Weighted % No 1,200 59.58 60.74 Yes 814 40.42 39.26 Lost Job (Stopped working between March 2020 and May- June 2021) (Not Retired) N % Weighted % Did not Lose Job 753 89.32 89.64 Lost Job 90 10.68 10.36 Lost Job due to COVID-19 N % Weighted % No 954 92.89 93.1 Yes 73 7.11 6.9 Annex: Characteristics of Households with Adult Female Only Associated with higher per capita household income….. Moreover, significantly larger share are single-member household….. Per capita monthly income Share of Single-Member HHs 120000 70 99,899 58.8 100000 89,216 60 % of Households 72,819 50 80000 67,903 40 AMD 60000 30 40000 20 20000 6.7 10 0 0 Female adult only HHs Other HHs Female adult only HHs Other HHs Pre-COVID Last Month …. and recipients of social benefits. ….. and smaller household size. Receiving Social Benefits Average HH Size 30 5 21.6 Number of Household Members % of Households 3.9 4 20 12.7 3 10 2 1.7 1 0 Female adult only HHs Other HHs 0 Female adult only HHs Other HHs Annex: Remittances Among households who were receiving remittances in March 2020, those that saw the largest comparative reductions in remittances since March 2020 include those in urban areas outside of Yerevan (50% of households), households not receiving Family Benefits (39% of households), and households that had only female adults (41% of households) – all of which saw reductions in remittances higher than the national average. Change in Remittance Inflows Remittance Decreased Remittance Same Remittance Increased 100 90 80 70 % of households 60 50 40 30 61.7 50.5 20 40.7 34.5 35.8 33.8 25.7 30.0 26.4 10 22.9 0 Armenia National Yerevan Other Urban Rural No Yes No Yes No Yes Location Receives Social Benefits Income Declined Household has Female Adults only