This report benefited from the comments and inputs of many individuals from many different agencies. Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana, Dr. Jiranun Hempoonsert and Ms. Noppan Trakuldit of the Pollution Control Department (PCD); and Dr. Kanawat Wasinsungworn of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) provided valuable inputs and comments on the CDP-E process and this document. Ms. Mingquan Wichayarangsaridh, Mr. Panya Warapetchrayut, Mr. Janejob Suksod, Ms. Siwaporn Rungsiyanon and Mr. Ekbordin Winijkul of PCD, Mr. Silpachai Jarukasemratana and Mr. Saitmate Thawanaphong at Department of Land Transport (LTD) made contributions to the component on Improving Air Quality in Bangkok. Dr. Kasemsun Chinnavaso, Mr. Santi Boonprakub, Mr. Somchai Tasingsa, Dr. Sethapan Krajangwongs, Dr. Raweewan Bhuridej, Ms. Warintorn Manosittisak, Ms. Jintana Luengwilai, and Mr. Anucha Jitnuyanond of the Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP); Dr. Arux Chaiyakul of Department of Livestock Depart- ment; Dr. Wijarn Simachaya, Dr. Wimalin Klaewtanong and Ms. Kanchalee Navickabhum of PCD provided background information for the Component on Improving Water Quality in Priority River Basins. ThecomponentonWasteManagementbenefitedfromtheinputsofMr.AdisakThongkaimook,Mr.Sopon Tatichotiphan, PaisarnPadungsirikul,TaweepornJung,SuntornUppamarnandNapawasBuasruangofPCD;Ms.SuwannaTiansuwan, Dr. Warangkana Punrattanasin, Ms. Worawan Prachakaseam of the Department of Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQP); Dr. Kitsiri Kaewpipat of the Department of Industrial Works (DIW); and Ms. Pornsri Kictham of the Municipal League of Thailand (MLT). Dr. Prasert Tapaneeyangkul, Ms. Bongkoch Kittisompun of DIW; and Mr. Anat Prapasawad of the Industrial Finance Corporation of Thailand (IFCT) contributed to the drafting of the component on Global Environmental Commitments. Ms. Nisakorn Kositrat, Dr. Chanin Thongtammachart, Mr. Sonthi Kochawat, Ms. Chintana Thaweema, Ms. Rosalind Amornpitakpan, Ms. Wanna Moonkham and Ms. Pariya Kluabtong of ONEP; and Dr. Pongpisit Viseshakul and Dr. Chamnong Poungpook of the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) provided valuable inputs to the component on Strengthening Institutions and Instruments. We would like to thank the international partners for their contributions to the CDP-E program including the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), the United States ­ Asia Environmental Partnership (US-AEP), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Mr. Norio Saito and Ms. Sumontha Wannaphongsai (JBIC), Mr. Winston Bowman and Ms. Watcharee Limanon (USAEP) and Mr. Apichai Sunchindah (UNDP) also provided comments on draft versions of this document. We would also like to thank Dr. Anuchat Poungsomlee at Mahidol University for organizing the civil society consultation workshops and Federation of Thai Industries (FTI) for organizing the private sector consultation workshop. I Finally, the overall guidance provided by H.E. Suwit Khunkitti, Minister, and Dr. Plodprasop Suraswadi, Permanent Secretary, MoNRE; and Mr. Ian C. Porter, Country Director, Thailand; Ms. Maria Teresa Serra, Sector Director and Ms. Magda Lovei, Sector Manager, of Environment and Social Development Unit of the East Asia and Pacific Region of the World Bank is acknowledged. This report was prepared by a World Bank team comprising of Nat Pinnoi, Anjali Acharya, Sirinun Maitrawattana, John Morton, Jitendra J. Shah, Paul Procee, Manida Unkulvasapaul, Sutthana Vichitrananda and Patchamuthu Illangovan (Team Leader). The peer reviewers were Messrs. Warren Evans, Acting Director, Environment, Department; Carter Brandon, Sector Leader, Environment and Social Development Unit, Latin America and Caribbean Region; and Mr. Sergio Margullis, Lead Environment Economist, Africa Region, all of the World Bank The views expressed in the report reflect those of the authors and not necessarily of those consulted in the preparation of thereport. II CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective 25/11/2003) Currency unit = baht (THB) 1 baht = US$0.03 US$1 = THB 39.9 GOVERNMENT FISCAL YEAR October 1 ­ September 30 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank MoNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment AusAID Australian Agency for International Development MRC Mekong River Commission ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting NESDB National Economic and Social Development Board ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations NET National Environment Target BMA Bangkok Metropolitan Administration NTFESSD Norwegian Trust Fund for Environmentally and BOB Bureau of Budget Socially Sustainable Development CAI Clean Air Initiative - Asia NGO Non-Governmental Organization CAS Country Assistance Strategy ODS Ozone Depleting Substances CDP Country Development Partnership OEPP Office of Environmental Policy and Planning CSO Civil Society Organizations ONEP Office of Natural Resources and Environmental DEDE Department of Alternative Energy Development Policy and Planning and Efficiency OTF Ozone Trust Fund DEQP Department of Environmental Quality and PM10 Particulate Matter less than 10 micron in size DIW Promotion PCD Pollution Control Department DLD Department of Industrial Works PCF Prototype Carbon Fund DOH Department of Livestock Development PPIAF Private-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility DOLA Department of Highways PFD Partnership for Development EF Department of Local Administration RTG Royal Thai Government EIA Environment Fund RTP Royal Thai Police ESMAP Environment Impact Assessment SME Small and Medium Size Enterprise ESCAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program TA Technical Assistance Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the THB Thai Baht Pacific TORs Terms of Reference FTI Federation of Thai Industry UN United Nations GEF Global Environment Facility UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework GDP Gross Domestic Product UNDP United Nations Development Program GEF Global Environment Facility UNEP United Nations Environment Program GMS Greater Mekong Subregion USAID United States Agency for International Development GSB Government Savings Bank USAEP United States ­Asia Environment Partnership GSEI Good Governance for Social Development and USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Environment Institute Foundation USTDA United States Trade and Development Agency GTZ German Technical Cooperation WMA Wastewater Management Authority IEAT Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand WBI World Bank Institute IFCT Industrial Finance Corporate of Thailand WTO World Trade Organization JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LTD Land Transport Department MLF Multilateral Fund MDGs Millennium Development Goals MOAC Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives MOIND Ministry of Industry III i. Background: As the Country Assistance Strategy (Partnership for Development Strategy, 2003-2005) explains, the nature of the relationship between Thailand and Bank has evolved from one of borrower-lender to that of facilitating knowledge sharing and providing policy advise on medium-term structural issues. This "new" partnership approach focuses on diagnostic and monitoring work with a limited amount of implementation support for selected critical issues in Thailand's overall national development agenda. This document provides a framework for a knowledge partnership between Thailand and the World Bank for improving environmental quality, which is one of the four pillars of the national development agenda. Since 2000, the Bank has been supporting diagnostic work through the Thailand Environment Monitor series, and together with the proposed Country Development Partnership for Environment provide a strategic and coordinated approach for addressing the medium-term environmental priorities. ii. Environmental Challenge: Management of natural resources and the environment, overlooked during the high growth years, has emerged as a higher priority. Consultations with stakeholders have consistently identified natural resources and the environment as requiring urgent attention. In particular the challenges are: · Improving environmental quality: Thailand's economic expansion has been accompanied by significant environmental costs. Rapid expansion of industry and increasing population, especially in urban areas, has rapidly increased the levels of pollution (solid and hazardous waste, air, noise, and water). Fine particles in Bangkok's air continue to exceed standards at major roads and intersection1, and 35 percent of surface water is classified as poor and very poor2. The resulting risks to human health are high. Thailand needs to focus on more effective enforcement of environmental laws; stronger institutional capacity, both national and local; and in creased investments in pollution prevention and control, with private sector participation; and · Sustaining natural resources: Land conversion, slash-and-burn agriculture, and intense exploitation of water have led to rapid deterioration of natural resources. Forest cover fell drastically from 53 percent in 1961 to 25 percent in 1998, and over-harvesting of marine fisheries has reduced fishing yields by 80 percent between 1963-19933. Of particular concern is water scarcity, which occurs against a backdrop of low availability, high pollution, and increasing per capita consumption. In 2000, Thailand ranks the lowest in ASEAN for annual per capita water availability4, but it ranks 14th in the world in industrial organic water pollution5. To better balance conservation and exploitation of natural resources, the country needs to ensure an integrated approach to sustainable resource management, eliminate harmful subsidies (such as excessive use of pesticides and over-fishing), and assist in the capacity building of local institutions and communities. iii. Recent Developments: A new Constitution was framed in 1997, which for the first time guarantees the right of communities to protect and manage the environment and natural resources and in October 2002, the Government established a new Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE), as part of the overall public sector restructuring. These developments plus the emergence of environment and natural resource issues on the national agenda; and a rapidly expanding civil society and community-level environmental movement, provide an opportune time for the proposed Country Development Partnership for Environment (CDP-E). 1 PCD, 2003, State of the Pollution Report 2002, Bangkok, Thailand, p. 17 2 PCD, 2003, State of the Pollution Report 2002, Bangkok, Thailand, p. 3 3 http://www.unepscs.org/ProjectComponent/Fishery/Problems/problems.htm 4 World Resources Institute , 2003, World Resources 2002-2004, Washington, DC, pp. 274-277 5 World Bank, 2003, World Development Indicators 03, Washington, DC, pp. 140-143. IV iv. CDP-E Priorities: Using a selectivity approach, the specific medium-term priorities for the CDP-E have been identified. Accordingly the CDP-E, will focus on improving environmental quality, and is organized around four specific themes -- air quality, water quality, and waste, global environment commitments and one cross-cutting theme -- institutions and instruments -- which are described below. · Air Quality: The focus is to support Government's continuing efforts to reduce fine particulate matter in Bangkok. · Water Quality: Integrated watershed management will be addressed by piloting the "area-function- participation" approach in priority watersheds. Ping River Basin in Northern Thailand has emerged as the priority. In addition, the CDP-E will selectively target point sources of pollution like enterprises (manufacturing and livestock) and municipal wastewater treatment facilities to control pollution from land-based sources to rivers and coastal waters. · Waste Management: The focus is to expand reuse and recycling efforts and improve disposal practices. · Global Environment Commitments: The thrust will be the continuing efforts to support the government and private sector to reduce ozone depleting substances and carbon dioxide and initiate new efforts to contain other selected harmful chemicals. · Institutions and Instruments: The Bank has previously supported the Government with analytical studies that contributed to the establishment of MoNRE. With this being achieved, the CDP-E will now focus on strengthening specific instruments for participation, compliance and financing. v. Results: The CDP-E is supported by a results-based monitoring system that will allow the progress to be monitored by stakeholders. The CDP-E activities, outputs and outcomes (intermediate and desired) are presented in a two part document, and summarized in the attached chart. · The Development Matrix begins with a definition of outcome-oriented objectives for each selected theme of the CDP-E. For each objective, the outputs to be realized are identified and benchmarked so that progress can be tracked during the three-year period. The supporting capacity building inputs are also identified in this matrix; and · The Partnership Matrix further elaborates the inputs and identifies funding opportunities for specific capacity building initiatives. These initiatives would be funded through both internal and external (international partners) sources. vi. Implementation and Partnership Arrangements: The CDP-E will be implemented over a three year period between 2004 and 2007. MoNRE will be the main counterpart agency and the Pollution Control Department will function as the technical secretariat. For each theme or component, the mandated agency will lead the work. Permanent Secretary of MoNRE will chair a Steering Committee to provide guidance and oversight for the overall program, while specific working groups will assist individual components to build consensus. An important aspect of identifying CDP-E priorities, included consultation with civil society organizations and the private sector, and some have expressed strong interest to collaborate in the implementation of the CDP-E, which is already evident from their role in the preparation of Environment Monitors. The international partners include the Japan Bank for International Cooperation, United States- Asia Environment Partnership and the United Nations Development Program. The private sector participation will be facilitated through the Federation of Thai Industries. Resource mobilization will be a continuous process, and the funds needed for the first year for some of the components have already been mobilized. The Government and the Bank will exchange letters at the launch of the CDP-E which will outline the respective commitments for the successful implementation of the program. V in and line the the by of in EIA per water waste in of with year levels tons / waste reduced levels particulate areas usage emissions surface volumes municipal fund improved fine of ODS Committee 18,800 CO2 of reduced output; Outcome pollution target agreement equivalent pollution in recycled the areas least is Reduced with Executive multilateral Reduced at carbon Reduced ambient Bangkok Improved quality Increased percentages that - - Indicators procedures; industrial ambient hotspot to to to to in and high and the reduce diesel in dissemi manage- users selected strategy plan to with instrument Fund database from options of incentive strategy chillers judiciary recycling facilities environmental governments options and action Out chillers CFC tools of the development watershed and participation of emission matters information stakeholders of management and local facilities CFC economic non of of Phase 17 of Outputs and micro-watershed management performance reuse role of technical public diesel regulatory disclosure Environmental expenditure the wastewater waste plan sustainable ODS codification the and plans behavior and options disposal waste capacity efficiency and particulate model capacity plan action public process City-level Policy fine emission Action nation Participatory ment Build Strengthen modify Policy improve municipal Livestock and Policy expand Build improve National action Replacement energy Implementation and Strengthen improve budget ystematizeS EIA Enhance promoting - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LTD, BMA PCD Local WB) OTF WB PCD DOH, million* private DEDE sector, available ESMAP) million* MoNRE- (ASEM) million PPIAF, million USAID, million* million 4 1 EF, and 2.5 PCD, 2.1 DLD, BNWWP) 50 MoNRE,- ­ WB 1.5 - DIW, (GEF, BOB, ­ (GEF, ONEP, USAEP, USD USD PCD, Administration JBIC - private funding USD US-AEP, USD private, ­ WB - WB - USD USD ­ MOF, JBIC, Inputs (CAI-Asia ­ ­ seed Government Others WB USAEP, Others Government Government Others Basins Government Others Others Government NESDB, Others indicates * sector, Government River to its to of from Basin man- qual- qual- facili- live- and CO2 and Instruments buses Bangkok Priority selected fulfill improved regulatory in River water municipal in basins to regulatory, Bangkok of phasingout and international in emissions environmental (a) recycling, of Ping improved management to by reducing technical, effectiveness private quality Commitments policy, instruments the environment river participatory surface wastewater (b) diesel reuse, the Objectives Quality Management Thailand and and air in other waste waste Quality improve through and disposal in Institutions develop environmental Air Water To quality through agement Improved ity Improved ity performance municipal ties stock Waste Expand safe solid Enable obligations protocols ODS emission To judiciary, financial improve the system Reducing public improve - - - - - - Environment and Man- Basin Improving Chemical Reduction Improving Improving Global Strengthening 1: 2: River 3: 4: and 5: Institutions Watershed Bangkok Ping Management Component Activity Pollution for for Management Phase-Out Component Component Component Component Component CDP-E . . A Diesel Strategy .B Participatory agement Wastewater .C Waste D ODS Management .E Environmental Development VI 1. Thailand has made significant progress since the economic and financial crisis in 1997-98. Macroeconomic stability has been restored, the government has been reorganized, access to international capital markets have been reestablished, inflation remains low, and GDP growth in 2003 was 6.7 percent6, the highest since 1997. Prior to 1997, Thailand enjoyed a three-decade long rapid economic growth that not only generated more income for millions of Thais, but also caused significant adverse environmental effects. The 1997 crisis revealed numerous weaknesses of fundamental economic, social, environmental, and governance structures. Thailand's new constitution in 1997 was a landmark in the country's history. It sets out an ambitious vision for Thailand's future, driving fundamental changes in the country's political, economic and social fabric, and for the first time guarantees the right of communities to protect and manage the environment and natural resources. 2. To realize the vision laid down by the constitution and address the challenges of growth and poverty reduction, a comprehensive national development agenda has been formulated around four pillars: Human and Social Capital, Competitiveness, Poverty and Inequality, and Natural Resources and the Environment. In response to this, the Thai government and the World Bank have launched several "Country Development Partnerships" (CDPs)7, which are knowledge-based partnershipsthatsetoutmedium-termintegratedframeworksforreformprogramsinpriorityareas.TheCDPsareledby the Government, with the Bank and other partners supporting the development of the overall reform framework, analytical work, capacity building, and provision of technical assistance. The CDP structure is further elaborated below. Box 1. The Country Development Partnership (CDP) What is the CDP? The Country Development Partnership (CDP), launched in 2000, is a knowledge-based partnership. The CDP is a three-year integrated framework for actions in key areas of the country's development agenda. Each CDP is led by the Government with support from other stakeholders, including the Bank and other donors. The CDP also serves as a vehicle for engaging civil society, the private sector, and other partners in the policy design, implementation, and monitoring process. Depending on where support is needed, the Bank's engagement in a CDP can take the form of analytical and advisory activities, technical assistance, donor coordination, and/or partnerships. In addition, as appropriate, investment projects can selectively support implementation. How does the CDP work ? Step I · The Government selects key priority areas for the CDP · An outcomes-oriented action plan with a clear timeline, milestones, and accountabilities is formulated, based on strong analytic work--as laid out in a Development Matrix which describes the CDP objectives, output benchmarks, and capacity building inputs · Division of labor and support from other partners is agreed--as laid out in a Partnership Matrix which details the inputs of partners and identifies potential resources to be tapped as well as any funding gap · Arrangements for specific AAA, TA, and capacity building support are determined Step II · Progress is monitored through public workshops with stakeholders annually or biannually · Specific action plans are fine-tuned and adjusted based on the progress review meeting · Interim implementation reports are completed and disseminated to stakeholders Step III · CDP progress is integrated in a comprehensive progress review on the national agenda Source: Thailand Country Assistance Strategy, December 2002 (Report 25077-TH) 6 NESDB 7 The current CDPs are: (i) Government and Public Sector Reforms; (ii) Social Protection; (iii) Poverty Analysis and Monitoring; and (iv) Financial and Corporate Competitiveness. A CDP for education is also currently under discussion. 1 3. The creation of the new Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE); the emergence of environment and natural resource issues on the national agenda; recent accomplishments in air quality management; and a rapidly expanding civil society and community-level environmental movement; provide an opportune time for the proposed Country Development Partnership on Environment (CDP-E). 4. This document presents the CDP-E program, which aims at assisting the Government and stakeholders to formulate and implement a medium-term reform agenda that responds to the growing environmental challenges of the country. Specifically,theprogram'sobjectiveistoimproveenvironmentalqualitybysupportingtheimplementationofthereform agendawiththecorrespondingcapacitybuilding,technicalassistance,analyticaladvisoryandinvestmentneedsthrough a coordinated approach. The expansion of the CDP-E to include natural resources conservation will be considered later, once more diagnostic work is completed. 5. This document includes text and matrices. It begins with an Introduction of CDP-E, then provides an historical evolution of environmental policies and followed by an assessment of the State of the Environment and the main Challenges that need to be addressed to improve environmental quality. The next part of the document describes the CDP-E Framework, Strategy and Components along with Development and Partnership Matrices. This is followed by a description of the Results Measurement and Management, which provides an approach to measure outcomes with a matrix summarizing the anticipated results. The Institutional and Partnership Arrangements and Budget and Resource Mobilization sections outline the approach to implementing the CDP-E. This document concludes with an analysis of the Development Impact and Risks 6. Even though environmental problems have been mounting in Thailand, it is not until after the economic crisis that environmental issues began receiving the much deserved attention, beginning with the 1997 Constitution. Subsequently, the momentum has been strengthened by the completion of a long range plan for Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality, the Ninth National Economic and Social Development Plan, and the Public Sector Reform Program which created the new Ministry. Earlier efforts included the enactment of the National Environmental Quality Act in 1992 and establishment of the supporting institutions; phasing out leaded gasoline; improving energy efficiency; investing in water pollution abatement; containing deforestation; and increasing the number of protected areas. 7. On issues of environment and natural resources, the 1997 Constitution guarantees public participation in environmental management and conservation more than any previous constitution. The public and local communities are ensured the right to conserve and use their environment and natural resources in a sustainable manner, such as through community forestry management. However, the specific application and constraints on these rights will be subject to laws and regulations governing specific resources, such as water and land resources, forests, and wildlife. 8. The Policy and Prospective Plan for Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality: 1997-2016, developed by OEPP, provides the long-term vision for environmental protection, as a "blueprint" for sustainable economic growth. Six policy areas are addressed: (i) natural resources; (ii) pollution prevention and abatement; (iii) natural and cultural heritage; (iv) community involvement; (v) environmental education and promotion; and (vi) environmental technology. In accordance with national economic development plans, the Prospective Plan promotes greater involvement of local organizations in environmental protection, increasing the role for communities, and improving enforcement and monitoring capacity to better implement the law. 2 9. The Ninth National Economic and Social Development Plan focuses on three main strategies: (a) strengthening Social FoundationandEnvironment,(b)AdjustmenttotheNewEconomyandSufficiencyEconomy,and(c)GoodGovernance. A Natural Resources and Environmental Management strategy, included under the first strategy, sets specific targets aimed at: (i) sustainable utilization of natural resources, in line with conservation and rehabilitation, and (ii) cooperation of all parties in reducing harmful environmental impacts, through local level participation. 10. The Public Sector Reform Program has been intensified after the 1997 financial crisis and demonstrated the need for the Government to provide more effective leadership and efficient management in guiding the economy towards recovery.Modernizingthepublicsectorandcivilservicebecameanimmediateandurgentpriority.InMay2000,theCivil Service Commission announced a plan for reorganization of economic ministries in order to strengthen economic development and international competitiveness. Finally, in October 2002, a new Ministry for Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) was established with both environment and natural resources management functions (see Box 2). Box 2: MoNRE ­ Functions and Departments Cluster Department and/or Agency Policy and Management · Office of the Permanent Secretary · Office of Natural Resources and Environment Policy and Planning Environment · Pollution Control Department · Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Natural Resources · National Park, Wildlife, and Plant Conservation Department · Royal Forestry Department · Department of Mineral Resources · Department of Marine and Coastal Resources Water Resources · Department of Water Resources · Department of Groundwater Resources 11. In sum, the Thai government, through recent pronouncements and actions, has begun according high priority to addressing the country's environment and natural resource issues which were overlooked during the high growth years. The country is once again returning to a robust growth phase, and the challenge is to simultaneously improve its quality and sustainability. 3 12. Thailand's economic expansion has been accompanied by significant environmental costs. Rapid expansion of industry and increasing population, especially in urban areas, has rapidly increased the levels of pollution (solid and hazardous waste, air, noise, and water). It has been estimated that air and water pollution cost anywhere between 1.6 and 2.6 percent of the GDP. Land conversion, slash-and-burn agriculture, and intense exploitation of water have led to rapid deterioration of natural resources. Trends and Responses 13. The Environment Monitor Series, launched in 2000 and now in its fifth year, has emerged as a key diagnostic tool to assess current environmental trends in the country, primarily in the brown agenda. The first Monitor in 2000 summarized the general environmental trends; the Monitor in 2001 examined the causes of water pollution; the third issue in 2002 assessed the sources, causes and impacts of air pollution; and the fourth Monitor in 2003, focuses on the state of solid and hazardous waste management. The fifth Monitor, to be published later this year, analyzes the causes and impacts of degradation of forests, coasts and biodiversity, and thus foraying into the green agenda. A summary of the environmental trends and country responses follow. Air Quality 14. Thailand has made remarkable progress over the past decade in combating air pollution. While overall air quality has improved, it remains a problem in traffic corridors and urban centers like Bangkok. Levels of lead and carbon monoxide in Bangkok and other urban centers have fallen dramatically in the 1990s. Additionally, particulate matter has reduced in the last five years. As a result, visibility in Bangkok has increased and the health costs associated with air pollution have decreased. 15. These improvements are due to public and private sector Chart 1. Annual Ambient PM10 Concentrations in actions that reduced emissions from a variety of sectors Bangkok, 1996 - 2000 (µg/m3) including transport (less polluting fuel and vehicles), power (shift to natural gas and low-sulfur coal; energy efficiency and demand-side management), industry (cleanerproductionfromlargeindustries),aswellasother sourcessuchascrematoriumsandopenburning.Among the many commendable initiatives are: completing the phase-out of leaded gasoline by 1994; improving fuel quality and engine specification; curbing pollution from power plants; moving enterprises to cleaner production practices; tightening construction standards; improving public transport; and substantially reducing the use of ozone depleting substances. Source: PCD, 2002. Data came from 8 sites. 4 16. While monitoring data indicate the air quality complies with the country's air quality standards for most types of pollutants, ozone and particulate matter still commonly exceed standards in many locations. Of greatest concern to public health is particulate matter, which exceeds standards along the traffic corridors in urban areas. These emissions come from a variety of sources including diesel-powered buses and trucks, older 2 stroke motorcycles, agriculture and domestic waste burning and forest fires. The total cost of exposure to PM10 six cities of Thailand for excess deaths and bronchitis is estimated at US$ 644 million, annually which is a lower bound of the health damage. Water Quality 17. All major rivers in Thailand have been degraded relative to their natural state8 . Pollution is most severe in Bangkok and the Central and Eastern Regions where major rivers are polluted to the point where large sections are only suitable for transport. In other regions, serious water pollution is more dispersed, occurring only in areas with major pollution sources or at certain times, such as the dry season when a river's assimilative capacity is low. In many areas, river water quality deterioration has put severe restraints on commercial and subsistence fisheries, limiting the quantity and quality of the fish catch and preventing aquaculture development. In addition to surface waters, coastal and groundwater quality is also being adversely affected by increasing pollution and external pressures. Agricultural run-off, pesticide residues, coastal aquaculture, industrial effluent and domestic sewage, as well as saltwater intrusion from over- extraction are responsible for the pollution of groundwater in Thailand. The coastal and marine waters in the Gulf of Thailand are under threat from both land-based and maritime pollutants 18. Most of the wastewater in Thailand goes untreated. Currently, Thailand has the capacity to treat only 30 percent of the wastewater produced by households in municipal areas9. The actual quantity treated is much lower as approximately a third of the plants do not operate and another third are poorly operated10 for a variety of operational reasons. This despite the government having invested more than USD 1.7 billion in 87 wastewater treatment facilities, over the last decade. Additionally, only a small fraction of industries treat their wastewater, with the remainder contributing organic and toxic pollution to the nations waterways and coastal areas. 19. The Thai Government has put into place policies, Chart 2: Condition of Water Quality plans and water quality standards in an effort to reduce water pollution. Five­year plans -- which emphasize the Government's commitment to the rehabilitation of natural resources -- have included improving water quality as an important goal. However, the Thai regulatory system for water resources management and pollution control remains centralized and fragmented. Also, while numerous wastewater treatment plants have been constructed to address water pollution, budgetary shortfalls, especially at the local level, are affecting the operations and maintenance of these plants. Source: Pollution Control Department, 1999 8 PCD data indicates that none of the major rivers in Thailand can be classified as natural. 9 Based on PCD 2000-2001 data on treatment plants and World Bank estimates of municipal population covered. 10 Based on PCD 2000-2001 data on treatment plants and World Bank estimates of municipal population covered. Operational data from survey of REOs, April 2001. 5 20. Water pollution causes damage to human health, fisheries, and agriculture, and results in associated health and economic costs. Diseases relating to contaminated water range from diarrhea to birth defects. Preliminary health cost estimates from reported cases of diarrhea, dysentery and typhoid amounted to US$23 million in 1999. In addition, the unchecked discharge of solid waste and wastewater is beginning to adversely impact major tourist destinations like Phuket, Phi Phi, Samui, Chang, and Samed islands, and Chiang Mai. Waste Management 21. Thailand currently produces nearly 22 million tons of waste from residences, industries, businesses, and hospitals. This is likely to increase in the coming years as the country is recovering from the financial crisis, and once again returning to a period of high growth, fueled by consumer spending and exports. For example, if current trends hold and recycling rates remain low, it is likely that by the end of the decade municipal waste generation would grow 25 percent and industrial hazardous waste would grow 35 percent. Thus solid and hazardous waste is fast emerging as an acute urban environmental problem. Although much progress has been made, collection, treatment and disposal systems have not kept up with the growth in production of residential solid waste, industrial waste and infectious waste, while most of the hazardous waste is not disposed or treated properly, which is increasing the risks associated with the release of toxins including human exposure and the contamination of groundwater. 22. Collection has vastly improved but disposal facilities are inadequate. Bangkok Metropolitan Authority (BMA) collects nearly all of the municipal solid waste generated by its population of eight million, in other cities and smaller urban areas it averages between 75 and 86 percent. However, the user fees only covers a small fraction of the operating costs of municipalities. Over a 100 disposal sites have been newly constructed, but only 6 percent of these operate as sanitary landfills according to acceptable environmental standards11. Many of the sites are dumps and the engineered landfills that are operated without the proper environmental controls are posing health and environmental risks to the surrounding communities, waste workers and communities. As a result, confidence in disposal facility operation is low with nearly half of the proposed sites in provincial capitals having experienced opposition from the local community. Of those, a third had to abandon or postpone plans to establish a new landfill due to strong resistance from people living near the proposed site. 23. Hazardous waste disposal is a major problem. Only 24 Chart 3: Percentage of materials with recyclable potential in Municipal Areas of Thailand percent of the hazardous waste produced in Bangkok and vicinity is treated by licensed centralized treatment facilities and as a result only a portion of the capacity of these facilities are being utilized. The remainder is managed using a combination of lower cost and often times less regulated practices. Approximately 14 percent of the waste is managed off-site through disposal by otherunlicensedtreatmentanddisposaloperators,waste buyers and private recycling firms. In addition, 56 percent of hazardous waste is managed on the factory site which, due to the large numbers of factories, is difficult to regularly monitor. These practices are poorly- or un-regulated and have resulted in many reported and unreported cases of illegal dumping in open fields, Source: PCD (Recycling) Study; 2001 watercourses and underground well12. 11 World Bank, 2003, Thailand Environment Monitor 2003, Bangkok, Thailand 12 JICA 2002, Burt, 2001 and Bangkok Post, various issues 6 24. Only 11 percent of the waste in the country is currently recycled, annually more than 4.5 million tons of recyclables valued at Thai Baht (THB) 16 billion (nearly US$400 million) are thrown away by households and businesses13. With improved recycling, a portion of this potential market could be tapped while significantly reducing disposal costs. Despite an active group of approximately 25,000 informal recyclers in the country who profitably collect and trade this waste the limited number of formal recycling programs and low levels of public participation have kept recycling rates low in Thailand. Taking advantage of this opportunity will hinge upon developing effective incentives and awareness of the people to separate and recycle waste in their homes; and developing private sector and community-led recycling programs while protecting the welfare of the informal recyclers who depend upon recycling for a living. Over the past decade, Thailand has made strides in addressing the massive task of managing this waste, including the establishment of solid and hazardous waste disposal facilities, improving municipal management of waste nationwide and cleaning up a littered Bangkok. These successful experiences and the current interest among government, the general public and private sector, positions Thailand to take decisive steps to address the unfinished agenda, with an increased focus on: reducing and recycling waste, improving treatment and safe disposal of solid and hazardous wastes, and enhancing the supporting institutional, regulatory and financing framework. Global Environment Commitments 25. Thailand is a signatory to many international conventions to protect the environment. Thailand is ahead of its target to phase-out Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS), and is set to meet its 2010 obligations under the Montreal Protocol. Between 1996 and 2001, there was a 60 percent reduction in consumption. It still has some distance to travel to adequately address and contain persistent organic pollutants and other harmful chemicals such as halons and methyl bromide. 26. Recently, Thailand ratified the Kyoto Protocol. As a developing country, no emission reduction obligation is re- quired. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other innovative carbon financing schemes, such as Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF), Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF), and BioCarbon Fund are available to Thailand. Main challenges for addressing environmental quality 27. A summary of key challenges identified in the Environment Monitor series is summarized in Box 3. Moving forward, the Thai Government needs to build on its recent successes in improving air and water quality, and waste, chemicals and toxics management. The establishment of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE), fills an important void, in creating an unified institutional structure for environmental protection. The challenges for the young Ministry are many, and most importantly it needs to weave together an integrated policy and legal framework that was previously administered by several ministries, and also harmonize different organizational processes to protect air and water. · In air quality, Thailand needs to focus on reducing PM10 emissions and containing ozone levels in Bangkok and other rapidly growing secondary cities, while at the same time ensuring that the other pollutants remain under check. In addition, attention needs to be directed towards strengthening the analytical capability in emissions inventory and health impact assessment, stepping up enforcement, and expanding monitoring and modeling; · To improve water quality, Thailand needs to aggressively implement its articulated position of area-based integrated water resources management that recognizes both quality and quantity, demand and supply, with the participation of all stakeholders. It needs to target a few watersheds or river basins to be able to demonstrate this 13 World Bank, 2003, Thailand Environment Monitor 2003, Bangkok, Thailand 7 integrated and participatory approach, before embarking on a broader national program. It also needs to make a concerted effort to control pollution from enterprises, households, farms and municipal facilities; and · Addressing waste management is important in the context of reducing public health and environmental risks. The Government needs to significantly step-up efforts to substantially expand reuse and recycling of waste, while at the same time ensuring that treatment and disposal of waste is both safe and cost effective. · Responding to global environment commitments requires Government and other stakeholders to act collectively to solve problems at the local and regional levels. While good progress is being made in phasing out ODS, priority should be given to containing persistent organic pollutants and other harmful chemicals like methyl bromide. Thailand could also explore opportunities to tap global resources under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other carbon financing instruments. Box 3: Thailand Environment Monitor 2000-2003 Challenges 2000 ­ General Environment (also Sector Strategy Note) 2002 ­ Air Quality · Restructuring institutions · Targeting PM10 reduction in Bangkok · Enforcing environmental regulations · Improving monitoring and enforcement · Managing water resources and improving water quality · Improving public transport and traffic management · Improving air quality in Bangkok · Strengthening institutional effectiveness · Improving the management of protected areas and · Broadening public participation accelerating reforestation efforts · Harnessing global opportunities for local good · Arresting soil erosion · Improving coastal zone management 2003 ­ Solid and Hazardous Waste · Managing solid and hazardous waste · Reducing and recycling waste · Planning the development of secondary cities · Making disposal of solid waste safer · Plugging the regulatory gaps in hazardous waste 2001 ­ Water Quality · Promoting the application of user fees · Fostering local participation · Confronting capacity constraints, especially at the local · Harmonizing laws and functions by addressing overlaps government-level in institutions and jurisdiction · Strengthening compliance by providing incentives for pollution control · Improving efficiency of budget allocation and rationalizing investments in wastewater · Promoting opportunities for private sector participation · Increasing public awareness 8 28. At the core of tackling these challenges lie some significant institutional issues, particularly, decentralization, partici- pation, compliance and financing. The presence of MoNRE creates an unique opportunity for defining an integrated approach to identifying the appropriate instruments for addressing these issues. · As mentioned previously, participation by communities in managing the environment and natural resources is now mandated by the Constitution. Tools to give intent to this provision are in fledgling stage of development, with emphasis given to incorporating consultation and participation techniques in the country's Environmental Impact Assessment process; · Supplementing the traditional command-and-control enforcement measures, with flexible economic instruments and voluntary performance disclosure tools could provide the needed incentives for polluters to improve their compliance with regulations. Previous studies have led to the design of plans and pilot programs for pollution charges and public disclosure, which now need to be implemented; and · The financing framework for funding environmental improvement is inadequate, with a large invest-ment back log both in the public and private sector. As explained, municipal wastewater facilities in many instances are proving to be inefficient investments. Similarly, the Environmental Fund (EF) is yet to achieve its founding objectivesofbecomingarevolvingmechanism.Thereisaneedtodevelopanintegratedframeworkthatcoversthe reformstotheEnvironmentFund,budgetallocation,trackingexpenditures,managingrevenuesfromchargesand taxes and levying fees for environmental services. · Following the decentralization law in 1997, the Government expedited the transfer of functions to elected local governments including increased allocation of the revenue budget. The local govern-ments have a major role in protecting, improving and managing the local environment. However, they are reluctant to take over environmental responsibilities for lack of interest and capacity, which they perceive as a national responsibility. The Government recently introduced the "CEO-Governor" program, on a pilot basis, as a means to deconcentrate central functions to the provinces and expediting service delivery. MoNRE is yet to finalize its decentralization policy. In the meantime, it is using the erstwhile Regional Offices (of the former Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment) and recently appointed Provincial NRE Officers as the pathway to build capacity of local governments and provide services. 29. Link to World Bank Country Assistance Strategy (CAS). The Bank's Board endorsed the Thailand CAS 2003-2005 in December 2002. The CAS underscores the changing nature of relationship between Thailand and the Bank Group, which has progressed from borrower-lender relationship toward a true development partnership. The Bank's role has evolvedmoretowardfacilitatingknowledgesharingandprovidingpolicyadviceonmedium-termstructuralissues.The CAS for Thailand is also known as the Partnership for Development (PFD). The partnership focuses on diagnostic and monitoring work and limited amount of implementation support for selected critical issues in Thailand's overall national development agenda. The CAS or PFD recognizes CDPs as partnerships ­ with costs financed by the Govern- ment, the Bank, and other donors ­ that will be the cornerstone of the Bank's implementation support to Thailand. The PFD also acknowledges that, with the emergence of environment and natural resources as a key pillar of the national agenda and creation of a new Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, an opportunity exists to deepen the Bank's policy dialogue with the Government. 9 30. Approach: The CDP-E process is outlined in Box 4. The design has benefited from (i) consultation with stakeholders; (ii) Bank's on-going dialogue with Government, and national and international partners; and (iii) previous analytical studies undertaken in the country. Three consultation workshops were held to discuss strategies for Thailand's environmental management between March and May 200214. Two of the workshops involved civil society, and included participants from the media, environmental NGOs, community organizations and project groups. A third workshop for the private sector, organized and moderated by the Federation of Thai Industries, was attended by participants from different industry sectors. Box 4: CDP-E Process 1. Identification: The CDP-E concept was initiated through dialogue among partners in the public and private sectors, international and bilateral agencies, civil society organizations, academia, and the World Bank. The Environment Monitor series has played an important role in identifying priorities and defining key challenges, which form the basis of CDP-E. Additionally, background studies undertaken by partners on topics such as Decentralization, Environmental Fund, Environmental Impact Assessment, Economic Instruments, and Public Disclosure are available to assist the policy reform agenda of MoNRE. 2. Preparation and Appraisal: The CDP-E concept emerged through series of discussion with MoNRE and extensive consultation with partners. 3. Coalition Building: MoNRE will lead workshops to disseminate the draft CDP-E concept paper, where comments from various stakeholders will be sought. The CDP-E lays out a process of involving stakeholders at various stages of implementation. 4. Results and Outcome: Trust Fund and resources from international partners will be identified. The implementation of CDP-E will rely primarily on the partnership approach where the government is taking the lead with active participation from civil society organizations, local communities, and NGOs. Monitoring and evaluation framework is central to CDP-E. Periodic reviews will be hosted by partners to moni-tor the progress of the implementation of CDP-E. Implementation constraints will be identified though a participatory process. Remedial measures will be formulated. Lessons learned will be shared with both national and international audience. 5. Policy Reform and Evaluation: The effectiveness of CDP-E interventions will be evaluated overtime through the Environment Monitor Series 31. Selectivity Criteria: A selectivity framework (annex 1) examines the priority issues recognized by MoNRE; civil society and private sector; and those identified through the Environment Monitor Series. The CDP-E aims to support environmental activities by the Bank and other international partners that meet three criteria: · Relevance to National Development Agenda implies consistency with the Constitution of 1997, National Environmental Quality Act, National Agenda, 9th National Economic and Social Development Plan and 20-year Environment and Conservation Plan. · Country Ownership and Implementation Experience, which includes the commitment of the RTG, past experience in implementing reforms and projects, leadership demonstrated by MoNRE and other agencies, and the participation and involvement of other stakeholders. · Bank's Group Comparative Advantage involves an examination of whether it has been identified as a priority in the CAS, availability to assign specialists on a timely basis, ability to mobilize funding for TA activities and country and sector knowledge 14 A. Poungsomlee, S. Dilokwanich, and I. Grange, 2003, Civil Society Partnership: Thailand Country Development Partnership for the Environment (CDP-E), Faculty of Environment and Resources Studies, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand 10 32. CDP-E Strategy: The objective is to improve environmental quality by supporting the implementation of a medium- term reform agenda with the corresponding capacity building, technical assistance, analytical advisory and investment needs to address the challenges identified above. In response to this objective, the CDP-E is organized around four specific themes --air quality, water quality, waste, global environment commitments, and one cross-cutting theme --institutions and instruments ­ which are described below. · Air Quality: The focus is to support Government's continuing efforts to reduce fine particulate matter in Bangkok and other rapidly growing secondary cities · Water Quality: Integrated watershed management will be addressed by piloting the "area-function-participation" approach in priority watersheds. The Cabinet recently approved a rehabilitation framework for the Ping River Basin in Northern Thailand, and thus has emerged as the CDP-E priority. Ping River is among priority river basins showing signs of rapid deterioration in water quality. In addition, the CDP-E will selectively target point sources of pollution like enterprises (manufacturing and livestock) and municipal wastewater facilities to control pollution by improving their compliance and operational performance; · Waste Management: Priority will be given to assist Government, private sector and civil society to expand reuse and recycling efforts for solid waste and improve disposal practices; · Global Environment Commitments: The thrust of the CDP-E will be the continuing efforts to support the government and private sector to reduce ozone depleting substances and carbon dioxide and initiate new efforts to contain other selected harmful chemicals. · Institutions and Instruments: The Bank has previously supported the Government with analytical studies that contributed to the establishment of MoNRE. With this being achieved, the CDP-E will now focus on specific instruments and the broader decentralization agenda, namely: (i) modernizing the EIA process; (ii) advancing the application of economic instruments and public disclosure tools for strengthening compliance and enforcement; (iii) establishing an integrated framework that will include the Environment Fund, pollution charges, budget allocation, expenditure tracking and cost-recovery for services; (iv) enhancing role of the judiciary in promoting sustainable development (v) assisting in the capacity building of selected local governments through activities supported under the above four specific themes; and · In addition, the CDP-E will serve as a vehicle to "broker" Thai knowledge and expertise to other countries in the region. 33. As environment cuts across political and geographical jurisdictions, the implementation of the above strategy will be a shared responsibility among the different partners at three levels: (a) among the different stakeholders; (b) between the central government institutions and local governments; and (c) across central government ministries and agencies. The details are further explained in sections G and H. 11 34. The main components and their objectives are summarized below and the key outputs and outcomes are explained in the Development and Partnership Matrices (Matrix 2 and 3). · Component 1: Air Quality ­ Reducing fine particulate matter in Bangkok (US$ 2.5 million) The immediate objective of this component is to develop a comprehensive diesel pollution reduction management strategy and action plan for Bangkok. The main activities of this component are: (a) building a city-level database collecting data on ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), estimating diesel vehicle emissions, and assessing current policy regime for transport, energy and environment and identifying barriers and causes; (b) analyzing policy and technical options covering public transport, traffic and demand management, emission standards, enforcement, fiscal incentives and methods to identify gross polluters; and (c) developing action plans, assessing outcomes and disseminat- ing the findings. · Component 2: Water Quality ­ Promoting integrated watershed management in priority River Basins (US$ 2.25 million) The immediate objective of this component is to improve the environmental quality of the Ping River Basin. The specific activities are: (a) developing a participatory micro-watershed management model that provides access to all stakeholders (communities, local government agencies and private sector enterprises) in the decision making process, and demonstrating its implementation; (b) enhancing the capacity of stakeholders, especially community groups and local government, to participate in the planning, implementation and monitoring of interventions; (c) strengthening the regulatory and incentive mechanism to modify behavior of watershed users; (d) developing a results framework to monitor environment, health and livelihood outcomes; and (e) replicating the experiences to other river basins in the country. An associated objective is to reduce the discharge of organic waste from municipal wastewater facilities and livestock farms by improving their compliance and operational performance in selected provinces, some of them located in the watershed of the Ping River Basin or in other priority river basins. · Component 3: Improving Waste Management (US$ 1 million) The immediate objective is to support local governments to improve their waste management practices. The specific activities include: (a) assisting in the establishment of an incentive framework to expand reuse and recycling of munici- pal solid waste; and (b) building capacity of local governments to upgrade disposal facilities, including private sector participation. · Component 4: Global Environment Commitments (US$ 50 million) The immediate objective is to reduce the harmful effects of globally-significant pollutants. An existing US$45 million project financed by the Multilateral Fund (MLF) is providing technical and financial assistance to the private sector and government agencies to phase-out the use of ODS in the country by 2010. Through a complementary activity, supported by GEF and MLF, assistance (US$ 5million) is being provided to concurrently reduce carbon dioxide emissions and ODS from buildings using chillers. Assistance will also be provided to phase-out methyl bromide and also to develop a broader chemical program at the national and regional-level. Opportunities for assistance from the PCF will also be further explored. · Component 5: Strengthening Institutions and Instruments (US$ 1.5 million) The immediate objective is to assist in the development of policy, regulatory, technical and financial instruments to improve the effectiveness of institutions in support of the above four components. Specific activities include: (a) implementation of economic instruments and public disclosure tools (previously studied) in a pilot watershed or sectors; (b) continuing the reform agenda of transforming the Environment Fund to becoming a revolving mechanism and supporting efforts to improve the codification of budget and expenditure for environmental management as part of 12 national accounting; (c) assisting in incorporating participation in the EIA system by supporting modernization of the EIA process; and (d) enhancing the role of the judiciary in promoting sustainable development. In addition, this component will support additional activities that will emerge during the implementation of the CDP-E 35. It must be recognized that results measurement in the CDPs is particularly difficult, as outcomes and impact of this knowledge sharing partnership relies on many complementary contributions of partners, and their attribution is diffi- cult to establish. Also, the Bank's direct contribution is less pronounced than in traditional lending programs, limiting its ability to influence the final outcomes of the partnerships. In light of the above, the results framework must present a transparent system in which the contributions of all partners are captured and recognized. 36. The CDP-E is supported by a results-based monitoring system (see matrices 1-3) that will allow progress on the above strategy and components to be monitored by all the stakeholders. The approach proposed herein is consistent with the overall approach outlined in the Thailand CAS. The CDP-E activities, outputs and outcomes are presented as a two part document · The Development Matrix begins with a definition of outcome -oriented objectives for each selected theme of the CDP-E. For each objective, the outputs to be realized are identified and benchmarked so that progress can be tracked during the life of CDP-E. The supporting capacity building inputs are also identified in this matrix; and · The Partnership Matrix further elaborates the inputs and identifies funding opportunities for specific capacity building initiatives. These initiatives can be funded through both internal and external (donor) sources. It also lists potential external partners whose resources could be accessed. An indication of the funding gap is also provided in the matrix. 37. A consolidated Results Summary (Matrix 3) provides the linkages between the outputs (activities) of the CDP-E and the environmental outcomes and impact that are desired. The generic outputs will be analytical studies (e.g. reducing diesel pollution); options papers and pilot programs (e.g. participatory watershed management plan for Ping River Basin and Management models for rehabilitating wastewater treatment facilities); guidelines (e.g. to phase out ozone depleting substances); and training workshops (e.g. for provincial and regional MoNRE staff as well as other stakehold- ers). 38. Annual Results Monitoring (ARM) Workshops will be conducted to review progress, assess outputs, track outcomes and deepen accountability among CDP-E partners. The ARM workshops will be led by MoNRE, and include representatives from other government agencies, civil society and private sector. The ARM workshops will be one or two days events, organized around the five components of the CDP-E. Ahead of the workshops, the MoNRE and the Bank will update the development matrix, highlight progress, identify gaps, recommend improvements and suggest new opportunities. The workshops will have independent facilitators, who will summarize the findings which will be shared with the stakeholders. 39. Indicators - Links to National Environmental Target (NET)s and MDG 7: The Government is now moving from the traditional five-yearly national economic and social development plans, towards a more outcomes-focused design of the Ninth Plan for allocating resources and assessing progress. Under the 9th Plan, three main environmental targets have been set: (a) establishing a management structure and approach for environment and natural resource conservation that is effective, transparent, accountable and participatory; (b) preserving and rehabilitating natural resources for sustain- able use; and (c) maintaining environmental quality. Environmental indicators have also been set for the targets, which 13 serve as a benchmark to measure progress. Within this context, the Thai government is also reviewing how best to achieveand/orsurpasstheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs),includingtheMDG-7(environmentalsustainability). Collectively the NET and MDG7 indicators will be used to track CDP-E outcomes. Their current baseline status is provided in Annex 2. 40. Key Institutions: The CDP-E is a collaborative process led by MoNRE. Its Permanent Secretary will chair a multi- stakeholder (including representatives from other line agencies, academia, and civil society) steering committee. The PCD has been assigned to be the Technical Secretariat, which will also take the lead for air quality and waste manage- ment. The other Government partners are: (a) the Ministry of Industry/Department of Industrial Works, which has been working with the Bank to phase-out Ozone Depleting Substances; (b) Ministry of Transport/Land Transport Depart- ment, will partner with MoNRE in the implementation of the air quality component; (c) National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) which will be working on unified framework for environmental expenditure, taxes and charges; and (d) Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy Planning for water quality component and also for the EIA and EF reforms. To enhance inter-sectoral coordination among these institutions, the CDP-E will be discussed and endorsed by the apex inter-agency body for environment, the National Environment Board. The institutional partners are identified below. 14 41. Roles and Responsibilities of CDP-E Partners. As mentioned above, CDP-E will involve many Government institu- tions at the national level and some local governments. Private sector and civil societies have been actively participated in all components. Their roles and responsibilities in the implementation and monitoring of CDP-E are elaborated below: 15 42. Partnership Arrangements : The following arrangements are envisaged: · Internal: The CDP-E comes at a time where there is great opportunity and potential for partnerships on environmental issues. Through its constitutional reform, the Thai government is in the process of reaching out to other stakeholders by developing an environmental governance system that is more responsive to the people through local management that encourages public involvement in planning and implementation of environmental activities. At the same time, an expanding civil society and community environmental movement and a private sector that is increasingly proactive on environmental issues have developed into valuable contributors to environmental protection. · External: The CDP-E is structured to encourage the participation of bilateral and multilateral development agencies in activities identified to address Thailand's priority environmental problems. The US-Asia Environmental Partnership (US-AEP) of USAID, and Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) and United Nations Development Program (UNDP) have expressed interest in working together in this area. The USAID/ USAEP has entered into a formal memorandum of understanding with the Bank through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Dialogue is ongoing to identify potential areas for collaboration. The preparation of the CDP-E was also closely coordinated with the UNDP-led UN Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) for Thailand, which was published recently and there is on-going collaboration between the two agencies in providing support to the Government on MDGs. As a demonstration of the partnership arrangements, JBIC, USAID/USAEP and the Bank collaborated with the PCD to prepare the recently published Thailand Environment Monitor 2003. 43. World Bank: The CDP-E will be managed from the Bank Office in Bangkok and global technical resources will be obtained from Headquarters. Regular meetings will be held between the Steering Committee and Bank's team to facilitate discussions and coordination. There will be annual review meetings to take stock of the progress of the CDP-E, while more frequent working group discussions will be held for each component. The World Bank and MoNRE will exchange letters to formalize the implementation and partnership arrangements. 44. Timeline: The implementation period of the CDP-E will be for three years between June 2004 and June 2007. 45. The resource needs for the implementation of the CDP-E are estimated below. The funds will be sourced from the Government (contribution in kind to cover staff costs and office space), World Bank administered Trust Funds (e.g. ASEM, ESMAP, GEF, MLF/OTF etc), other partners like JBIC, USAID and USTDA. In addition, the Bank will provide annually US$ 100,000 from its administrative budget to cover management costs as well as acquire internal expertise from other regions in the Bank. Thus far funds needed for the implementation of first year activities have been mobilized. It should be noted that funds (US$45 million) earmarked for phasing out ODS has already been approved by the ExecutiveCommitteeofMLF/OTF. 16 * indicates seed funding available ** indicates funding already provided by MLF/OTF and GEF 46. The CDP-E provides a timely opportunity for the Bank and other donors to help the year-old Ministry for Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) in meeting the environmental targets set in the Ninth Plan and the MDG-7. The CDP-E is expected to have the highest impact in two fields. First, it aims to strengthen the functioning of the new institutional structure by providing assistance to refine or develop instruments such as EIA, economic instruments, public disclosure and Environment Fund, and other component specific institution building activities. Also, it will also target some of the geographical hotspots that face significant environmental problems. 47. Second, the CDP-E will promote a participatory approach to managing environment and natural resources. This will provide the Bank an opportunity to demonstrate its convening role. By reaching out to other donors, and strengthening partnerships, the CDP-E process will foster a new era of collaboration on environmental issues in Thailand, while at the same time ensuring that there is coordinated approach to supporting government efforts. 48. Link to other CDPs: The other CDPs are: Governance and Public Sector Reform (GPS), Social Protection (SP), Poverty Analysis and Monitoring (PAM), and Financial and Corporate competitiveness (FCC). The links between these CDPs and CDP-E are illustrated below. 17 49. There are a few risks that may affect the successful implementation of the CDP-E, and they need to be identified so that appropriate mitigation plans can be set in place. Some of these risks have emerged from the lessons learned from the implementation of the other CDPs. First, there is a potential risk of declining commitment on part of MoNRE. Associated with this is the possible coordination challenges among agencies under MoNRE, and between MoNRE and other ministries. As the decentralization and deconcentration processes continue, internal politics within and among ministries may impact the CDP-E process. Second, there may be delays in implementation due to coordination issues mentioned above, as well as delays in the recruitment of consultants and review of documents.Third, there is risk that the Bank may be unable to mobilize adequate resources (government budget, trust funds and other donor funds) to finance CDP-E activities 50. On the first risk can be mitigated by ensuring a continuous dialog with the new Ministry, through the Steering Committee. Through regular consultations with agencies under MoNRE, as well as meetings with representative from the line agencies, the Bank has a key role in facilitating better coordination and collaboration. The second risk of delays in implementation can be addressed by strengthening the working relationship between the Bank team and the Steering Committee to monitor progress in the CDP-E. The Bank team can help mitigate some of the delays by assisting in the preparation of guidelines and TORs for consultants, and establishing a prior review process for documents. On the third risk, the Bank has already mobilized $1.3 million for the first year of the CDP-E, and received early support from various international partners. Further support will be solicited in subsequent consultation meeting. 18 19 to and reform inated more e units minis the commit- onc Ministry Coordina coordina- resources of coord other implement- a RTG coordination agencies commitment in MoNRE in later, Risks of of stakeholders Risks of new among with commitment Lack ment Lack among other Lack from (MoNRE); tion within Problems tion tries Inadequate and implement Delays ation through · · · · · · implementation considered needs all the be and incre- of needs will society between the government- support investment of capacity supporting program government agenda) by and Reach/Partners Contribution sectors Reach/Partners Strong led Donors mental Partnership the CSO green · · · · agenda) advisory (the the the of for air of of baseline targets brown Priority improve society for 2 for disposal to (the analytical in resources improve pollution management to conservation beneficiaries safe annex quality changes the natural control and waste environmental (see on trucks framework to instruments assistance, the and and reuse, resources emission country outputs development of achieve buses Thailand) contributes CO2 financing the the rehabilitating to management recycle, general, environmental technical natural of and and in effects activity private quality Northern reducing improve include outcomes, regions term building, and in which watershed reduction, and to to the all CDP municipalities is of to Preserving in compliance, governance, the Basin 7 by public through capacity CDP-E (2006): Goal environmental integrated River selected from substances objective the consequence environment short-to-medium vicinity in Goal and hazard of of MDG supported its Ping participatory, and waste environmental and depleting specific maintaining emissions of Long-term economy Direct activities National The corresponding completed. Plan selected expansion is Achieving and participatory (especially, ozone particular. the 9th Outcomes: diesel Bangkok environmental hazardous use in out in The work the Basins (2015): Outcome: and Strategy: with in performance Impact out Reducing quality Developing River Reducing solid Phasing Strengthening the facilities, Outcome National information) Desired sustainable set Intermediate · · · · · CDP-E agenda approach. diagnostic 20 of the re- of fund gov- in proce budget Bank services consultants trust from appropri- of process internal counterpart the insufficient documents of procurement Risks of timeliness Risks in from lacking to skills consultant Discontinuation stakeholders process Timely view Quality and recruiting Inadequate resources Inadequate availability ernment and Staff ate Delays of due knowledge dures. · · · · · · · in of of gov- aca- best of society donors of on-go- of environ- tanks funding and planned review donors civil community sharing outputs preparation and and think local outputs other and the Reach/Partners nvolvementI ernment, and representatives shaping Participation in work draft Involvement demics mental Reach/Partners Additional from Regional knowledge practices Coordinating ing efforts · · · · · · on the the the be for be policy of areas will USAEP, (to million) - watershed paper role wastewater participation Fund UNDP 2.5 improve the implement provide for to to (FY04-FY07) USAID, funding and program USD sector options public stakeholders from: and MOF JICA, for participatory enhance Donors a practices to and Environmental Partners JBIC, US-EPA specific (expected Private determined) engines out prepare other Additional mobilized - - arrangements strengthen the to courts and in carry recycling programs workshops and NESDB, staff CDP diesel to farms. and out 3 the forums by from (pig) Supreme strengthen Bureau, training million) meetings, institutional phase formalize to Government about (FY04-FY07) governments the out 0.25 1.5 tbd tbd 0.12 to of for and and disposal investments (US$ contribution 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: ODS and MOF Budget Bank, facilities produced communities the livestock and carry time pollution local for the development and above by air local and Staff years Office Logistics workshops Others results and form guidelines addition, financing locations MoNRE, enhance Government Counterpart Component Component Component Component Component In kind: - - - - and Basin to support EIA waste MoNRE expenditure identified toolkits provided the immediate reducing Administrative MoNRE sustainable River selected of with between ENV, on MoNRE 47.5 to including in MoNRE reduce the Most to (Bangkok Ping to to to building Resources components (approx.) plan in million) (additional Fund= WBI study implementation promoting revision dialogue dialogue (FY04-07) 2.5 environmental facilities 0.4 = support support the 2.5 EASES and support support support in the the of capacity Bank (USD, = Trust = Fund requested) from Washington), Input Output Undertake recommendations Provide management Provide rehabilitation treatment Provide Provide Continuous Provide judiciary Facilitate Facilitate Facilitate tracking Provide World Budget Trust Ozone GEF 0.85 Staff and DECRG, Consultants · · · · · · · · · · · Resources - - - - Expertise - - 21 out the the TISI, PCD, vehicle vehicle scientific of DLT, Reduction different NGOs laboratory training workshops; standard matter diesel for through staff diesel (i) and and out the implement Recent - experts, establish 2006 Emission affects for national Techniques Plan to carry and locations forum. Most that survey sectors, particulate estimate emission and including: Assistance and Diesel on to sector within fine program sector various sector. develop private Tools international Reduction guidelines vehicle based to program develop framework model develop models private in to private Technical and to ambient plan private ­ and of policy diesel (iii) local Emission Pilots vehicles experts enhancement some institutes, sector Enhancement experts and Regulations, DLT and at Inputs scientific with and procedures dissemination current Diesel financing management implementation with - diesel Skills with skill BMA, database with estimate 1990 Plans, private of and and Current to education works testing and and works RTP, works standards NTFESSD) Build Review emissions Develop emissions Prepare Develop Develop Prepare works publication; - - - - - - - PCD Pilot Bangkok PCD trainers DLT, PCD outreach (ii) higher Strategies, - BMA, Plan Demonstration PCD models categories testing. - Training - Outreach - Exceed locations ESMAP, the to Bangkok the of in policy imple- of the ambient paper. the of replication communities, (CAI-Asia, of Bangkok from to countries WB Quality matter symposium in options findings Year3 implementation report other Air database programs substances) leading to US-EPA, Bangkok levels toxic technical particulate concessionaires, for stakeholders and RTP Continued recommendations and Updated fine Evaluation mentation International disseminate program potential bus USAEP, with Improving - - - - pollution TISI, 1: Strategy of way the for This and LTD,, BMTA, USAID, public ambient the techni- of policy incen- mecha- inspec- (particulates stricter emission the ambient consultation PCD ADB, and and paper. BMA, vehicles in Reduction consensus pave maintenance concession of quality Component 2 to from standards vehicle following: Benchmarks reduce reflect matter air built policy options diesel appropriate enforceable standards particulate to the Year to vehicles BMTA to maintenance old routine developed Pollution workshops implementation stricter preventive database fine Urban Output of diesel the and for N/A stakeholders technical include and/or and implement options particulate 7: being Diesel Series campaign key to cal from Begin recommendations and may Issued- new Established- tive nism tion Revised- contracts emission preventive Updated fine are 1.1 Reduced - - - National: MDG National Local International Plan key for and bus indicators ambi- matter frame- vehicle policy draft reduce of estimate private of to from Emission stakehold- RTP to MoNRE shops, 1 policy diesel review disseminate program and Reduction to monitoring emissions options to to gather TISI, database analysis repair Year particulate models affects Diesel Indicator Plan current and building detail vehicle DLT, and fine that emissions Emission participation technical evaluation more Completed ent (PM2.5) Construct diesel Review work emissions Completed and diesel Workshops Diesel with stakeholders. Provide Reduction Workshop findings ers' Capacity PCD, participated concessionaires, sector Component Outcome - - - - - - - - Target Partners *Note: 22 na- River Model, toolkits reports commu- and mg/l trainers 2 Ping NGOs Recent management the local local 80 media 2006 than and in by Associations educational from extension Most Assessment more Techniques Management or within and Assistance and programs support become institutes, Boards Poverty micro-watershed print/non-print (not in Tools of products performance and with later via BOD for Technical organizational incentive Workshops season programs trained who application education Framework ­ assessment programs and standards micro-watershed micro-watershed and programs dry plan Pilots and participatory enterprises agencies Enhancement in Regulations, 71 higher Inputs establishment Environment technical, needs National Framework environmental exceed 1990 and of training 2mg/l) Basins selecting of of exchange dissemination Current the of Skills training of participant participants and basins Plans, Building regulatory for Measurement private of of of than and translation 4mg/l) river River Participatory and and government Criteria Basin The including Participatory Preparation Capacity Eco-labeling Disclosure Results Preparation Delivery Evaluation Number Number rovincialP (more the Report Community Information exceed communities, Strategies, - - - - - - - - Demonstration Implementation model nities tional Training - - - - - Outreach - - - - DO Priority to in the of of after The NESDB ASEM work result program funding services capacity planning "pollution regulatory the improved Basin governments, the year. the (through- an Quality the groups" for while the of aspects. Assistance MOIND, on regional to River options micro-watersheds performance one local implementation mg/l Year3 extension counterpart used Water of with the source of support and and Ping pilot be and disseminate access groups" 3 will to Technical rivers, MOAC,, for incentive component, monitoring areas the period this (ASEM) Provision dialogue source and Implementation in Assessing "pollution a Government would building this funds and National shops of major Provincial - - - - of sustainable MoNRE WB Improving target 1 2: in by kits the by and will each level with Management led at training training tool specific through in of Therefore, incentive commu- environ "pollution a (DO) quality micro-water component the of process directly program micro-water conventional partnership, monitored types programs of sources be public. population Component 2 agents. polluters oxygen Watershed water each relevant suite of Benchmarks specific three to the key monitoring will Year community the level, appropriate building of 20-25 for implement to interactive the above) training particular process to (percent) surface each implementing a of government performance an for extension made Dissolved Output (for in group the services Proportion for year) capacity community disclosed 7: source Participatory tailor combined the Identifying needs shed) through facilitators Developing material (mentioned Delivering community through the be issues shed. Identification a and Selection micro-watershed Adaptation mechanisms source nity-local where mental and 2.1 Improved - - - - - - National: out MDG water National Local International a the the will and their of stock- house- environ- environ- linkages poverty Boards exercise that commu- govern- guidance toolkits. process planning and done assess perception the and or operational of consultation operational, audience. and be to and Micro-water processes 1 information, detailed analysis, and of process in form action will A including national respective education the wider relevant Year the the a criteria facilitators, health determine participatory Indicator the and technical, and a the in of existing watershed livelihood status and to environment Boards, with analysis exercise surveys Associations planning by local agencies. e.g., and led selecting Using rapid entire health, mental taking mental hold surveys between Establishment shed through Action be nity-led with ment Detailing processes notes, awareness, Disseminating products process Developing for training Component Outcome - - - - - - Target Partners 23 up to and and out the work experts, Options Set Review survey; for society mg/l manage- (i) from carry (i) 2 NGOs the (ii) pay treatment watersheds communi- implement Recent to rehabilitation management MoNRE civil 80 and and programs 2006 watersheds waste waste and than communities program and, with and Most priority including: international develop more Techniques including: Prepare Develop framework raising to local the develop agencies, develop and priority (v) address work wastewater livestock in to Assistance and municipalities; willingness (vii) to to to the program (not in universities local select pilot enhancement Tools plan; plan of municipality awareness experts with Framework partners BOD priority Conduct interest; to to rehabilitation locations provided skill government and season Technical communities (iii) governments sector, ­ the (iii) action the with and and standards dry sector local with works and are financing for partners in guide-lines; and Pilots local partners selected Enhancement dissemination Regulations, in works mg/l) 71 private Inputs MWFs; and performance works education exceed 1990 Basins private with with trainers and 2 support Skills officials, publication; Current basins partners Rehabilitation Plans, criteria Develop strategy sector. implement the DLD the farmers DLD (iv) or status to and (ii) than 4mg/l) river and governments (vi) works works River Assess operational participating programs and and and NESDB outreach (more some PCD local Paper selection current (iv) plan; and DLD develop livestock The experts Technical monitor systems DLD ment PCD training government ties, PCD the shops; exchange; exceed communities, Strategies, - - Demonstration - - - Training - Outreach - DO MIND, Priority of of in the with for, FAO Inter- DPW, work- and progress local and learned improved by program community (throughout governments, an Quality management DOLA, JBIC to implement lessons review local plan organizations mg/l Year3 to implementation to National implementation DLD, Water waste Building dissemination out share access and PPAIF), government, to rivers, areas piloted stakeholders. farmers WMA,, (GEF, Workshops the key Continue rehabilitation Continue livestock pilots Capacity local and Carried national shops major - - - - - of sustainable PCD Provincial WB Improving target 2: in for to frame local local with with local from local level waste- for for interested perform- locations commu- treatment and (DO) quality waste DLD, governments criteria approach implementa- Environment the rehabilitation participatory and municipalities PCD population Component 2 local from water rehabilitate the the selected rehabilitation funds of program program of oxygen of Management Benchmarks MWFs facilities government manage and government discuss to of in Year governments monitor the with communities from to to to wastewater farmers, (percent) surface of round local central performance local local allocate building building the sector Dissolved Output by treatment demand-driven to first Proportion guidelines of by program participation 7: source Wastewater rehabilitating year) Adoption work Design selecting Use prequality in Workshops tion water Negotiations Fund Select Capacity governments, Capacity community ance systems Implementation plan participation community. Implementation pilot livestock with government, nities 2.2 Improved - - - - - - - - - - National: the MDG water National Local International of to of live the their and (or for from and civil domes- waste- of impacts. actions MWFs. techni- institu- private public different of and and waste financing results of (e.g., wastewater Paper and capacity willingness and social strategy (with 1 include agriculture, status systems Framework) play dissemination and present status manage Year sources and performance rehabilitate framework to program dissemination to to government and Indicator specific Options management should raising the municipal the (MWF) sector to operational government, etc.) treatment plan and arrangement involvement), and industrial, paper specifications, ability local national Review wastewater tic, stock, water environmental Assess existing facilities Develop action livestock Prepare Rehabilitation policy required The cal options, tional sector the and participation Undertake awareness Workshops the society. Publication rehabilitation Component Outcome - - - - - - - Target Partners 24 of and and the the the policy munici- 30 38 PCD the disposal collection, awareness training government (iii) Recent - monitor programs (i) than than NGOs practices 2006 safe with implementing to out implement local province waste more more Most develop and best and program. and sector, Techniques work carry for to incentive plan solid and including: legal and publication; Assistance and on priority (ii) the private recycling the action recycling program develop Tools of options communities for systems guidelines and develop to program and focusing interest governments to Technical stakeholders reuse, policy local governments preparing exchange ­ status workshops; key plan criteria to for reuse treatment sector options local local Pilots partners communities, waste Enhancement partners enhancement (ii) Regulations, expand the society 11 - Inputs with action to current and 1990 and waste communities. policy of skill with dissemination Current solid selection private implementation implement support support for Skills with civil Plans, and to and up and and works and campaign; and Set Review disposal, Assess Prepare Prepare participating works works - - - - - universities,, PCD options instruments municipal The partners Technical performance Technical guidelines PCD trainers agencies, PCD outreach raising pality Strategies, - Demonstration - - - Training - Outreach - of Eye recycled key for Inter- is work- reduc- and WB with Building learned. Magic and that progress and incentive administrations government support waste organizations Management of JBIC, lessons collection local waste review local NESDB, Year3 to capacity National for, dissemination share building recycling and out waste Waste to USAEP, implementation community and DOLA,, sound municipal (percent) Workshops the stakeholders. Continue program and Carried national shops Capacity implementation tion program. of - - - - PCD Provincial USAID, provinces) Improving for for the 3: from solid recycled of reuse policy selected impact improve implementing percentages in implemen- the campaign awareness waste the practices the program to program monitor increase (number and 2 of plan to integrated systems the raising and to solid participation provinces Component including the of Benchmarks with Year action review of of system with to building building volumes and facilities awareness government management campaign N/A Management progress community Output stakeholders recycling the Proportion.1 Number.2 disposal 7: Implementation options locations key Workshop tation of Capacity local disposal Capacity local performance waste Continuation raising and Waste Increased - - - - - National: MDG National Local International on to to safe safe the with pro- waste action needs practices and based Environ- develop plan and of selected programs improve findings and to best achieve community, to management participation results action the campaign 1 recycle, status to NGO building recycling incentive provinces Thailand 2003, and recycling, in options incentive with discuss of and review Year compare waste on to stakeholders. and reuse, to raising instruments Indicator government, and on from reuse, current policy above, capacity government facilities key reuse priorities Monitor option sector, and and solid focusing instruments local stakeholders. and local Review in focusing disposal Select findings ment policy increase disposal Identify management locations Develop plan and outcome from private Identify for disposal Workshops with Workshops PCD Awareness increase Dissemination grams Component Outcome - - - - - - - - - Target Partners 25 in to the and out (i) from action plans. ODS imple- building effective of and hazardous phase monitor, action implement, to activities and including: publication - Recent use and to 3.3 implement 2006 generated intermediary and ensure (ii) to the capacity to Most toxic develop Techniques strategies and on out of strategies building implement, substances. to program enforcement. in capacity s to Assistance and financial strategies sector, fund partners workshops; phase and develop used strategies with national capacity Tools to above partners partners (ii) to on with capacity hazardous MOAC management the those with s Technical with dissemination private plans closely ­ Government' enforce national and work monitoring multilateral partners Pilots work and and partners MOPH, work campaign; to effective work Enhancement toxic Regulations, the action to enforce to - Inputs with especially and to implement enhance with of 1990 1.9 of to LTD, and Skills institutions, including raising Current Plans, ensure to evaluate, Government' and outreach GSB, continue works to and continue continue works continue the WB year enterprises financial Committee / DIW strategies Thailand, DIW plans substances, industries. MOF, and Strategies, - - Demonstration DIW- DIW activities monitor, ODS. DIW enhance evaluate, management DIW ment awareness the Training - - Outreach - the for of to EEPO, Plan and the UNEP, of suppliers, Executive equivalent plan Out Bromide with strategy toxic the DEDE, the Commitments work to chiller UNIDO, carbon Strengthening Phase Methyl agreed with Project of the Year3 the national manage as MoNRE, the implementation CFC to implementation strategy substances tons the owners, UNDP, obligations targets IFCT,, MP, Environment agreement 18,800 Complete Continue National according CY06 Continue Institutional program Implement Phase-out Finalize effectively hazardous Fund capita) the - - - - - country DIW Building GEF, Management least all the ad phase-out the Global with at and and and the the of Plan (ton/per foam, of CY05 Insti- phase- to to sub- line by ODS meet Building in for of of Multilateral for to in learned Out program the the Chemical the Project plan approval. 2 of Bromide strategy of emissions for and monitoring refrigeration, submit hazardous usage emissions lessons Phase work Achieve expected Component4: Benchmarks Year the the Protocol implementation subprojects the and Committee Fund and is dioxide ODS CO2 of implementation CFC Methyl national to implementation Replacement Strengthening the a target: Committee commercial sectors toxic Phase-Out Output performance strategy 7: Thailand Montreal Carbon · · ODS Reduced- Reduced- Complete evaluation key Chiller Complete individual MAC, halon Continue National according Continue tutional Finalize out Executive Multilateral Develop dress stances - - - - - - National Executive MDG National Local International of of the and the Plan of foam, CY04 of non-CFC chillers in for program Out phase-out Replacement new plan 1 implementation 17 refrigeration, the efficiency Phase Chiller evaluation all work Bromide Year of of implementation subprojects the implementation Strengthening Indicator implementation CFC to Methyl and Building commercial sectors high-energy the Continuation of Project Semi-annual performance and Continue individual MAC, halon Continue National according Continue Institutional Develop strategy Component Outcome Target - - - - - - Partners 26 of and areas policy Social areas (1996) training staff includ- building and and and practices options disclosure (2000) project out the plan hotspot environment develop government, best for to private in policy public the - Recent carry capacity program strategy and local 2006 Agenda communities. Techniques Economic the out selected and the experts Most levels on on program and (iii) perspective out Administrative Assistance and develop and studies implement carry with institutes, National include: to EF, based plan to to develop carry dissemination Tools to exchange 20-year NSO, pollution may guideline agencies, to works EIA, previous and publication; Technical education ­ partners partners locations partners DOH, exercise EIA enhancement experts (ii) society ambient strategy budgeting Pilots the agencies update arrangement Enhancement skill partners Regulations, with with with with government outreach civil Inputs The and higher and NESDB, strengthen and selected tracking and with other options Skills the and - - 1990 reduced Plans, works to works in works works local and workshops; Current BOB, implements and works Review Policy Institutional Financing trainers (i) - - - - output; MoNRE options Instruments. MoNRE program MoNRE expenditure DOH MoNRE the MoNRE, DOH program MoNRE implement ing: community MOF, communities, WB Strategies, - Demonstration - - - Training - - Outreach - and Instruments of in a the for in to DEQP, on and and instru- Inter- JBIC, industrial strategy agreed action evalu- EF and exercise and into PCD, government, per the sources workshops and program government the program countries capacity of stakeholders. of implement economic learned. and/or environmental environmental US-EPA, waste EIA implemented other key environment of ONEP,, local Year3 to National the tracking DOH NGOs Institutions priority locations be Building a and disclosure priority and and (especially lessons policy, monitoring the development Coutrs to losses basis dissemination out of issues. and USAEP, reduced modernize share the MoNRE mplementationI to Identify pollution public selection Identify ments pilot Capacity MoNRE officials Organize national GMS) to Carry expenditure mplementationI strategy, plan. Continue ation address social - - - - - - - - NEB, Supreme Provincial sectors, USAID, sustainable to a reverse of Strengthening of and Development procedures; policy develop discuss option Disclo- policy issues. evalua- economic strategic address pollution, EIA options and and to policy and sustainable and social EF Public Instruments A/ principles programs 2 studies, various program. and and N the various Institutions policy and control EF, review and Component5: Benchmarks implementation capacity improved Year to EIA to promote EIA, strategy of existing and strategy apply the Economic to to monitoring targets: Integrate on disclosure strategies DOH policies considers i.e., Output and of 7: environmental Based strategy modernize Develop options instruments including public Workshops various paper NEB paper sure, Develop options development. Continue tion the National MDG country resources Environmental Indicators - - - - - - National Local International to of to of on to in and and and and move move public social to to control MoNRE, budgets, capabi- promote building MoNRE MoNRE to and courts develop- track NESDB projects Administra- judiciary building with to DOH monitor, 1 with needs EF building with needs initiative modernization investment that the the to implementation with to of capacity Year the BOB, Supreme the and highway Indicator instruments environmental policy development enhance role sustainable dialogue capacity assistant dialogue the with reforms dialogue capacity assistant the with disclosure MOF, dialog to environmental implement, from support the and and private to and Continue identify technical forward EIA Continue identify technical forward public economic pollution Establish NESDB, and expenditures, Initiate national sustainable Establish program lity evaluate impacts Provide tive enhance promoting ment Component Outcome - - - - - - Target Partners 27 sec- Local DOH, WB PPIAF, ESMAP) PCD EF, USAID, DEDE MoNRE, private WB sector, - BOB, MoNRE- MoNRE- (ASEM) DLD, (GEF, PCD, USAEP, - and DIW, - - private, Sources WB OTF) US-AEP, (CAI-Asia WB MOF, JBIC, - ­ ­ ­ JBIC private ­ PCD ­ WB (GEF, Government Others tor, Government Others Government Others BNWWP) Government Administration Others USAEP, Government Others WB Government NESDB, ONEP, Others 2.5 2.1 4.0 1.0 1.5 15.53 26.63 Fund- ing million) (proposed) (proposed) (proposed) Total (US$ 2.7 0.43 0.082 3.212 WB 3 & Year 0.16 0.40 0.075 0.635 Partners Government USD) 0.96 0.34 6.08 7.38 years) WB (million, 2 three & 0.7 Year 0.91 1.78 over 0.170 Amount Partners Basins million Government 0.4 0.3 Estimated 0.75 River 4.73 5.78 US$ WB Instruments of 1 Priority and & Bangkok in budget Year in 0.13 0.56 0.70 1.39 Commitments Management Partners Quality Quality Institutions Government Air Waste Water administrative River Environment Reduction Watershed Ping Chemical Institution Bank's Improving Improve Bangkok for Management Improving Global and Strengthening 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: for Activity Out Pollution Management Components excludes Phase All Diesel Strategy Participatory Management Basin Wastewater Waste Environmental Development (This Component 1.1 Component 1.2 2.2 Component 2.3 Component ODS Management Component 1.4 Total 28 29 for 21 one CDP-E as both Agenda 20 tegrating in Partners management of 15 International Comparative Advantage task and 19 the Criteria tion Country environmental begun CDP-E. Implementa- Experience Ownership has for Selectivity and to 18 priorities National Policy (MoNRE) Relevance resources the natural Series identify Environment to by is Thailand Environment and Monitor recognizes Identified 17 (RTG) framework Resources Society Private this Issues Sector of Civil and Natural Government of Priority 16 purpose Thai The MoNRE Ministry Royal of the line their local laws and and and of functions. parks) the functions of established enhancing participatory improvement rehabilitation eco-systems marine Agenda Issues resources and mechanism among Offices modernizing capacity management compliance and recently environmental and for environment The environmental and the environmental natural financing degraded National of Regional revising and awareness and of environmental implementing mangroves systems the education coordination MoNRE units and integrated community monitoring The: for Environmental existing incentives in public and restore areas, priorities. resources to resources Key strengthening regulations four Improving agencies management Decentralization and government Strengthening Streamlining and Promoting management environment Promoting natural Building environmental Reforming instruments Providing strengthening the .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 Preparing.01 plans (protected Background: of natural 30 for and 21 20-year Resources CDP-E Agenda and stakeholders country and and 20 Plan other of Partners activities 15 International Comparative Advantage Environment of TA Development volvement and 19 in for Criteria Faculty Social and tion Country and funding Implementa- Experience ze Ownership (CDP-E), Selectivity to participation mobili 18 Economic to National Policy Environment Relevance MoNRE, ability National the th by 9 for basis, MoNRE Series relevance. of Agenda, timely by a Thailand more Environment Partnership demonstrated on Monitor Generals Industry means National Thai Identified of Act, leadership specialists 17 Director Society Private Development Sector more, and Issues Quality assign Civil and projects, to of Country Federation and the Priority 16 Secretaries, number with Thailand reforms availability Environmental MoNRE the by Permanent workshop of to of National documents, solid and Partnership: other Deputy implementing likely systems of Ozone energy adapting represented 1997, in quality areas and out is Society of management toxic. and Assessment strategy consultation highly and Plan = Issues contamination Secretary, Civil responsiveness treatment urban other Bangkok Impact criteria and and management experience in phasing country watershed and in in and emission production each (2003), Constitution past of likely environmental wastes Permanent measures et.al. University the Conservation = destinations resources wastewater integrated quality RTG, the institutional Environment the priority Environmental integrated salinization of the centers Substances air carbon cleaner with and a rivers change relevancy as tourist areas with Key hazardous of Mahidol knowledge major municipalities unlikely Improving.11 major Promoting.21 of Improving.31 floods Controlling.41 groundwater Rehabilitating.51 in Promoting.61 and industrial Depleting Improving.71 urban Reducing.81 climate Promoting.91 efficiency Modernizing.02 process Poungsomlee, = Degree Dialogue A. Studies, Consistency Environment Commitment Identified sector 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 31 generated rai rai rai standards mil. 2006 >25 standard mil. mil. >2 <2 waste >38 >30 Recent 25 of 13.9 5.3 3.8 80 96 >5 >1.25 >10 national Within Most meet percent To >50 Phraya o rai Cha 23 mil. 27 28 25 24 11 28 4.9 1.9 71 86 25 1990 Lower Current 1.05 and 2002 river October Chin Tha NESDB; water Lower and programs million 2002-2006; natural year) and drinking 100 Plan: Middle and participatory the safe least DO and percent policies area) to at of use source of year) land access level the (throughout country water lives Development environment disposed, center total the Thailand of the for accountable 2000 sustainable mg/l into in Social 1998, rai for rai safely in (throughout percent sustainable improved and rivers, and (percent Bangkok, an Thailand 24 approach management to (urban/rural) data transparent, rai of contained, mg/l resources. efficiency) major without sanitation 2003, and resources improved, of waste average), development improvement (PCD) percentage is collected diversity access tenure Economic been substances) rivers, energy Statistic Monitor effective, natural has level sound for people structure forest, mangroves, toxic improved secure is quality forest of quality major (national by by properly to to National soil of (BOD) and sustainable by biological significant environmental proxy capita) sustainable a Department that erosion Sustainability of Forestry of (as Ninth soil level wastes recycled (per access access with covered covered where covered maintain use proportion 2000, Environment implementing The Ha Control management rehabilitating Demand (DO) losses to achieved with with - a area area where area waste environmental area the 26 (particulates principles 0.16 Targets/Indicators and the energy emissions conservation have = land land land land quality hazardous Oxygen solid the land Thailand of 2015 population people people Pollution of of of of of oxygen provinces of quality Environmental to of of protected by of of Thailand Department, water of reverse unit dwellers. air dioxide 2020 of land) the 2003, area of to National Establishing resources Preserving Maintaining Integrate and per Ensure Halve By slum Forestry Bank, 1: 2: Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion 3: Dissolved Biochemical Coastal Proportion Number Proportion Carbon 2: Proportion 3: Proportion Proportion (unit 2a. 2b. 2c. 2d. 3a. 3b. 3c. 3d. 3e. .f3 Urban.g3 7: 1: Proportion Land GDP 1a. 1b. 1c. 1d. 2a. 3a. 3b. rai Government Royal 1 Ibid. According World Ibid. Thailand Target Target Target MGD Target Target Target 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 32