35999 2007 2007 World Development Report 2007 Development and The Next Generation Copyright © 2006 by The Internation Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818H Street, N.W., Washington DC 20433, U.S.A. Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org 2007 2007© / 1818H Street, N.W., Washington DC 20433, U.S.A. . . Rock Creek Creative Inc. Chris Lester : . 19 .Paul Olaja : : « .» . . ./ .. . . This work was originally published by the World Bank in English as World Development Report 2007 Development and The Next Generation. This Arabic translation was arranged by Al Ahram Center for Translation and Publishing. Al Ahram Center for Translation and Publishing is responsible for the accuracy of the translation. In case of any discrepancies, the original language will govern. :2007 . . .. ISBN10-0-8213-6806-0 ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-6806-0 2007 : - - 5786833 : - 5786083 : xi xiii xv xvii 1 2 5 10 11 15: 19 21 25 26 1 27 31 33 36 39 43 : : 45 2 46 53 59 65 : i 67 : 68 3 68 71: 72 80 88 94 : : 96 4 96 103 106 111 115 : 120 122 5 123 124 129 135 137 142 : 144 6 144 147 151 153 156 160 7 161: 164 ii 167 172 178 185 : 187 : 188 8 188 200 209 : 211 : 9 212 214 215 219 221 225 : 227 229 243 271 283 285 285 285 286 286 305 iii 98 1-4 : 1 100 2-4 5 101 3-4 2 4-4 6 108 3 110 5-4 14 115 6-4 : 4 7-4 17 117 5 127 1-5 23 130 2-5 27 1-1 131 3-5 ! » « 2-1 4-5 29 135 3-1 137 5-5 30/ : 6-5 38 4-1 137 40 5-1 145 1-6 47 1-2 147 2-6 2-2 148: 3-6 502004 149 4-6 : 3-2 » « 5-6 155 51 6-6 4-2 157 53 161 1-7 : 5-2 2-7 54 166 6-2 168 3-7 57 169»«»« 4-7 ( 7-2 173 5-7 58) 180 6-7 60 8-2 181 7-7 61: 9-2 182 8-7 : 1-3 190.. 1-8 72 199 2-8 75 2-3 77 3-3 205 3-8 78: 4-3 : 4-8 79: 5-3 / 79: 6-3 206 88 7-3 215 1-9 89 8-3 2-9 9-3 216 90 ix : 7-9 3-9 221 217 222 8-9 4-9 9-9 218 223 219: 5-9 : 6-9 220 24-12 9-1 1 42 1-2 3 45 5 2 48 2-2 6 3 3-2 7 4 49 5 4-2 8 8 6 54 9 7 1-3 10 8 69 9 70 2-3 11 3-3 ) 5-1( 10 70 15-13( 4-3 12) 82 11 5-3 85 15 6-3 18 12 86 1-1 97 1-4 31 99 2-4 31 2-1 3-4 2-1 100 31 102 4-4 3-1 5-4 32 103 4-1 105 6-4 32 7-4 5-1 107)2001-1992( 33 1-5 6-1 40 35 123 7-1 2-5 37 -12 8-1 125 4124 x 6-6 19-15 3-5 150 7-6 127 127 4-5 156 1-7 5-5 128 162 163 2-7 24-18 6-5 129 7-5 3-7 12925-15 167 « 8-5 4-7 » 169 132 179 5-7 9-5 1-8 133 189 2-8 10-5 192 3-8 133 11-5 193 196 4-8 138 197 5-8 146 1-6 6-8 2-6 202 146 3-6 203 7-8 149 8-8 149 4-6 203 5-6 150 164 2-7 22 1 )29-18( 3-7 92 1-3 165 30-16( 2-4 2005 4-7 113) 171)( 2-4 184 5-7 118 191 1-8 1-5 200 2-8 134)( 201 3-8 2-5 202 4-8 141 204 5-8 158 1-6 208 6-8 1-7 163 1.3 24-12 . .: . . : . . . xi Jean Fares, Varun Gouri, Emmanuel Y. Jimenz Mattias K.A. Lunberg, David McKenzi, Mamta Murthi, Cristobal Ridao - Cano, and Nistha Sinha Amer Hasan, Sarojini Hirsheleifer, Natsuko Kiso, and Annette : Mehinet Ziya Gorpe, Cloudio Richter .E.Montenegro,andVictorSulla Jere Behrman, Robert Blum, David François Bourguignon and Jean - Louis Sarbib : ) ( Liam, and Cynthia Liloyd . . . . . Maya Brahmam, Stephen .Commins, Viviana Mangiaterra, Juan Felipe Sanchez, Gerold Thilo Vollmer, and Kavita Watsa 26 . . .:»« Jason Ofelia Valladolid Rebecca Sugui .EvangelineSantoDomingoVictor . Bruce Ross - Liarson Dana Vorisek, Susan Graham, Andrés Meneses, : and Randi Park. xiii www.worldbank.org/wdr2007 : . . . . . . . . Mangiaterra and Vollmer [2006] ( www.worldbank.org/consultations : .2005 / 3000 : 26 . . . 20062005InterMedia . / . 2006 / 2005 . .InterMedia 21 97 . . . . . . .ORCMacro x xii . . » « .» « 1000. . .1000 « )( .» . 2006 . . . . . . . . »« . : . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . : · . . : · . « . .. .» .) 1 ( . . 2006 . . . : . . « . .» 24-12 . . « . » . : : · 50 2000 88 1970 51 )3( .4065 . )5( . .)1 ( ... ...« )6(. 80 .. . . . .» 2005 2005 . . )4( 24 15 .) 5 1 ( . . . .)3( 29-15 . . )00( )00( 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 %20 %20 20 20 %40 %40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 .: .: 2007 . : . . . . . . . . . » « )8( . . . . 1.3 1.5 . . 40 »« . . .)2 ( . 40 . -1965 . 1990 . . . : )9( . . : .)2 ( 0 0 . . 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015 2025 2035 2045 .UnitedNations2005: .-: )10( . : . 2020 1.8 7 . .2040 « . .)1( . )11(.» . . .2030 . 0.9 Bell, Bruhns, and Gersbach (2006) : 2000 . . . . 85 2007 . 100 . . 50 . 12 18 24 . )12( . .: . ( · 8 7 6 4 3 ( .)3 1 .) . .)2( · . . ) . (condoms) . 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Un Techo Para mi Pais » . )/http://www.untechoparachile.cl( , ­,. , , , . , , ., , , . 1 1.3 ( 24 ­ 12 .) . ­ , , , , , ­ ­ ­ . . , , ( ,) , . , . . , . ( ­ ,) . , , . . , , , , . , . . , , , , ,/ , . , . . ­ ­ . , ­ , . 26 27 ,, , )1( . ­ ­ . , . . , , , . )2(, , . , , , . ,» « , ­ . ,, ­ , . , , « .)1-1(24 ­12 . , .» , ,, .)1­1( ) ( 2005/ , .) ( 1-1 .)(18)( . , , , , , , , ­, 26 15 14 . . 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( 2040 , . ,, ./ ,2040 1990 , , / . . . 152040 ,,, / . , , 500 140 450 . 400 130 350 120 300 110 , , 250 100 200 ./ 150 90 , 100 80 . 50 70 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 6019902000 2010 2020 2030 2040 . . Bell, Bruhns, and Gersbach (2006). : , , . 40 , ,202010 . )12(. 2.7 0.3)15( . , . )13( . , . , ,,, , , , . , . 29 ­ 17 . )14(. . )16( 1 40 , . 4 ,) 1 ( , , )17( . 50 31 ,, 2 ­ 1 ( .) )100=1990( 130 ( ,) 120 . , , 110 , 100 , , . 90 801990 1992 1994 1996 1998 . Behrman, Birdsall, and Szekely (2003).: : , 55 ­ 30 , ,1871, . .­ 7000 . , , , 2 ­ 1 , , , . , )100=1987( , 400 . )18( .)1-1 ( 300 , , 200 . 100 ,.)2-1( . 1987 1998 , . )100=1998( . 800 ., , 600 2­1( .) 1 ­ 1 400 / )100=1990(2003 200 180 ,)19( 1998 160 2002 . 140 Gian and others (2006); and Schultz : 120 (2003). . : , 100 .5435 80 . . 60 . 65 ­ 18 40 . )20( . 20 , , . , )UIS( , : ,, )2006( .)2006(, 2007 32 . 3 ­ 1 ­­ , 100 , 1975 10 4 75 .)3-1(2005 . . 50 . 25 . , ,)23( . 1975 2005 . , Freedom House 2006 : . : . . .) 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( .)2-2( -.) - . . . . 24-12 . . . - . . 7-2 . 9-2 - - )3( . . )2( . . . . . : . . . · : · - . · - . . · 2007 48 -2-2 ) ( 1995 6 2001 4 . 1990 100 80 . 60 40 . 20 .)2004(: : . ) ( . .5 .5 4 25 . Programme 5 . d'Analyse des Systemes Educatifs de la Confemen4 . « : » « . .. . ». 5 2 - 2 6-4 - . 8 .65 40 . 9.11 1410 . 6 10. . .) ( 9-6 2.4 2 7. 49 : ... « . . : . . 15 12 . 11. ... ». . - . 2006/ ( .)3-2 12. . ( . ) 60 - - 5 . . .)1 ( ­ . -3-2 . - - . . . 2004 13 20 40 60 80 100 .)2-2 ( ( )2005(: ) : .)( 2007 50 - 2-2 2004 3-2 ( :2004 .)7 - · . . . . - - .2004 . . .)653( . - 2004 . . - . - . ­ . . . :2004 - » « - · . . .)53( . - · .: : 2004 . . . .2-2 . . 3 « 15.6-4 . . . . ». . 20 14. 2005/ . . 1998-1997 - . 51 : . 29-15 16 : . . . . 17 . 18 . . . .)3-2( 24-15 . .)4 ( . . 20 . : 3-2 . . . . 19 . . 90 . . 57 . . . 90 . 43 . . 80 1995 . : 93 . . . 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( 10 10 . 36 3024 18126 : 36 30 24 18 12 6 : 24 20 16 12 8 4 : . .» « / . - . )( .- / . .)2003(: . 2007 62 . . 60 . . . .62 . . . « . . . . . 61 ».. )5( : . . 16 2006/ . ( .)9 )( . . ( ) ( .) .)3 ( . . : « » - .)( . 63. 63 : . . . . - 10 . - - ( 64 .1 .) . . . - . . . . . . . . . «3700 65». . . . 66 52 »« »« - .57 .7 ( .)7 - 1.03 . . . 67 . . . 62 - 1.68 .)5 ( » « . 2007 64 . . ­ . - : . ) ( . .69 .2 .-2.15 ­ . . . . - 446 11 . . - .5 24-20 19-15 . . . - 6 . . - . . . . . .1 . 7 . .2 29-15 . . 8 . )()( . . . 29-15 . - - / . 9 . 16-5 3. 10 12 . 4 . :»« . 14 . 2007 66 14. Oportunidades 2001 - 1997 . 40 ChileJoven. 30 . 20 10 . . 13 2 70 .)(Oporunidades 15 .Parker (2003) : . . . 1997 - Projoven 24-16 .13 . - 33 . . . - 45 . - 16.2.7 . Grupo Cultural AfroReggae . - . . . . » « : · · · · · ( . 12.) . .24 100 . . . 50 . . 12 18 24 3 . -- . . . . - . . . . . .)1 ( . . ) ( .)( . . - . - . . .)1-3 ( . 68 69 -1-3 )2002( )2001( 100)( 100)( 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 )2000( )2002( 100)( 100)( 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 %20 %20 %40 %40 Kaplan Meier.http://econ.worldbank.org/projects/edattain: . 40 20.19: 10 .7 )2 40 . . . . - 7. . 60 . 15 . - » « . 15 . 20 - . -3 ( 500 2007 70 2-3 15 ) ( 600 100 500 80 60 400 40 300 20 200 .PISA: .2003: 19-15 60- .)3-3 ( . 19-15 20 30 - 3 ­ 3-3 . .60 19 15 19 15 100)( 100)( : · 80 80 . 60 60 ( ) 40 40 ) ( 20 20 ( .) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 · )2002( )2003( )2001( )2001( )2003( . .»«http://econ.worldbank.org/projects/edattain: 71 1-3 ) ( .)( 4 . · ( ( ) . ) ) ( ( ( .) .) . 5 : - 1 . . 6. ( . ) . . 7 . . - 1-3 ( .) . - . ( . ) 2 .)1-3( 28 34 27 . 8 . . . . 3 . . 6 . 9 . 2007 72 : -1-3 . 24-14 Lion's Quest . . . . .)2-3( . . »« . . 10 - .- « 25 .» . . . » « . . 13 .) ( . . . . . . Bowles and Gintis (1976); Carneiro and Heckm : man (2003); Cunha and others (2005); Hahn (1999); . Hahn, Lanspery and Leavitt (2005); Heckman, Stixrud and Urzua (2006); Schweinhart, Barnes. And Weikart . (1993); Sternberg (1985); and Zins and others (2004). . · . . . .)( · . · . : ( · . ) 73 . . . - . ) 22( . . 11 . - . . )( ( . 16 .) 12 . 13 . . 17 . . 14 ( . ) .)( . 25()33( - .) 18 . . . . 21 15 . . 2007 74 )( . . ) ( ) ( 19. . ( . .) )( )( 22 . . . « ». . . 2005/ . . . . . .( ) ( . ) 20.)( . 23 . . . . - 5 . 21 .13 75 24 . 2000 1985 . 25 . . 30. .)8( . 31 . - . 26 . . 32 . 27 . 33 . - 2-3 . )5 ( . . 28 » « ) ( .2007 . .)2-3( . . . . »« .)7( (SPW) ( . UZmUCSF (http://www.uzmucsf.co.zw/research/: ) researchprojects/current/rds.html) . 29. 2007 76 34 . ( . .)4 . . . . . ) ( )( 38. ) ( ( . ) . . . - . 39 35 . ) 24( . 40. . .)3-3 ( ...« . . . . ». »«36. . 2006/ 41 . . . 37 ( . .)4 . 42 77 3-3 .. .» « . .. . )( 46 . . . . . . . 6 - Dreze and Gazdar (1997)P Human Rights : . 24 10 Watch (2001b)P Interagency Gender Working Group . (2005)P Lloyd, Mensch, and Clark (2000); Lloyd (2003); . - )2003()2005( 24-1025 - - - 45. .)( . . . 2004 . 43 .)2-2 ( 47 - . - - - 2006/ . . ( . ) 44 .) ( . ( . 2007 78 : -4-3 ( . . ) . « : . .» . . . 2005 . . . . .2005 / . . . .)2005(: . . .) . « » . 6 . 2005 . 49. 31 : 48 1411 . ( 47) ( ( 23 ) 8 ) - . . . .)5-3 ( . ( .)6-3 .)4-3( 79 : -5-3 . . . . . 42 2006 - 24-18 . 7 . . . . . . Bernasconi and Rojas (2004) and Thorn, Holmm : . . Nielsen and Jeppesen (2004) : - . . . . 50 : 6-3 . : . . 90 . 1974 . PISA . .(TIMSS) . 2.4- . - » «­ . . . 1968 . . . . 1999 7 . . .2003 ) ( 1971 . . . . . . ( . .) . . Gill and ChonmSun (2000) and Kim (2002): . . 2007 80 . 54 55 . .)( ( ( ) ) . 51 . - )( 56. ( . ( ( )52 57 .) .) - . Colegios en Concesion. . . . . - . 58 . ( . ) . . 53 ) ( . .)( . . . . . . . . PISA - . 81 -- . 60 . . . ( ( ) ) . ( 61 ) . . ( .)4-2 ( ) ­ 62 . . 63 . . - - . . . . . 64 . 65. . 66 . - . . )( . 59 . . 2007 82 : 67 . · . 68. · . · . . . · . - . . . .)4-3( « . . ». ( 2006/ .)1-3 . 69 . . 73 . ( .) 40 - 4-3 . 70 74 0.1 75 . )( 6 4.77 5.61 71 . 4 . . 2.48 2 76 ( . ( . 72 ) .Kremer,Miguel and Thornton (2004): .) . : 83 . . .) ( 77 . . ( ) . . 80 ( 78. ) . - . )(75 79. ( 81 ) . ( .) . ( .) . . ( . .) 82 « 2004 » . 30 . 83. .)2 ( . . . 2007 84 . . . . 12 . 86 . . . )AimHigher(»« 1913 ) ( . 87. . 88 . - . 84 - - ( .)7-3 . . . - - . 85 . . . .)5-3 ( . . . 11 13 - . .10 85 15-13- . 62 . 92 . . . ( 93 .)6-3 89 . . . 13-8 . 94 . - . 11 . 95 90 ( . . 96 .)4 -5-3 91 . 100 90 80 . 70 60 50 40 .)6-3 ( 30 20 10 . - )2000( )2002( )2002( )2002/2001( 43 . 12-10 http://econ.worldbank.org/projects/edattain :. 2007 86 -6-3 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 12-10 15-13 18-16 12-10 15-13 18-16 12-10 15-13 18-16 12-10 15-13 18-16 12-10 15-13 18-16 12-10 15-13 18-16 )2004( )2001( )2002( )2004( )2001( )2002( Fares, Montenegro and Orazem (2006a) : : - »« . 97. Bolsa Familia)Oportunidades( . 20 10 98 . : ][ « . 99 . ». ) ( . ( 2006/ .) . »« . 100 ( 8 ) 20 . 101 10 . . 103 . 102 . 104 . . 87 108 . . . ( .) . ) ( . .»« . . . ­ . 105 . 106 . . 109 ) ( . . )5-6 ( .)7-3 ( . . 107 . . . . . . . . - ) ( - .)( . . 2007 88 . . .)8-3( . Poupansa Escola 110 . Bola Escola »« . Jovenes con Oportunidades . . . . 111. JobCorps .22 -7-3 · . - . ) ( · . . . · . - · . . . - )( - . . . . . . 1989 . . . 2006 . . . . . . . . Barr (2004) and Chapman (forthcoming) : : 89 8-3 - . . . . . . Upper Bound Programme . . 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( . . .) . . . 2010 90-80 ActionAid . . . . 4 . . . . : . . . . . . . . . )1( . . . . . . . . . 96 97 1-4 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 ) ( ) ( : Fares and Raju (2006) : )14-7( 19 52 14 82 30-10 . . 70 . . . 10 )4( 11 2000 . )2(2182004 65 . 17 15 21 25 )1-4( . )5( . . )3( . )6( .35 29 14 7 .)3( .)1-4( . 182 . . . )7( . 52. 29 2007 98 . . 20 8 )8( . . )10( . )11( . 61 . 9.8 7.3 . )9( . .)1-4 ( . 1-4 . · . . . : . .)( ( .) . · . 91. . . . . . » « · . . : . . . · . . · . )2006(: 99 2-4 . )( 40 . 30 . 20 . . 10 60 1.4 )12( . 10 20 30 40 )( 1 : 1 : Fares, Montenegro, and Orazem (2006a) : . )1:3(1:2 . . ) (. . )13( )16(. . . 25 . . . 47 24 20 14.4 1933 11.7 40 40 .2003 7 )17( . 25 13.4 25)14( . . .)2-4 ( . . . . . 60 )15( 2007 100 3 ­ 4 . )2-4( )(/ 50 . 40 . 20 .)3-4 ( 30 10 . . . Fares, Montenegro, and Orazem (2006a) : 2000. . 60 )18( . 2-4 . . )19( . )( .)3-4( 80 . · .)( 60 ( . · . .)2-4 40 45 20 . 20 40 60 80 . . )( Faores, Montenegro, and orazem (2006a) : 45 : . . . . . . )21( . . 101 3-4 2002-2001 2001 . 77 24-15 .2004 ) ( 58 . . 3011 2002 2001 62 2004 . )20(.2004 20 37 1915 ( .2224 . ) ) ( 2004 - 2001 ) ( 2004 2004 2001 21 15 63 14 12 73 43 27 30 34 34 32 79 08 13 81 07 13 24-15 26 21 53 12 17 71 42 32 26 23 41 36 74 15 11 66 12 22 .: Fares and Tiongson (2006). : . . . . )22( . « . . .» . . 1989 1987 . 60 40 2005/ 2574 )23( . 57 74 . . . 2007 102 4-4 74 7 .)1( 6 . 5 4 )24( . 3 . 90 2 19 15 1993 1 80 . 15 80 20 30 40 19 1993 Fares, Montenegro, and Orazem (2006a) : . 40 . . .)4-4 ( . . 6 .3 . )26( . . )27( . . . . . 103 )28( . . . . . . . )30( . . . )31(. . 24 15 . . . 199819821974 . .)5-4( : . 5-4 .)1-4 ( )( 100 49-25 90 80 70 60 24-15 . 50 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 . . : Fares, Montenegro, and Orazem (2006) : . )29( . 2007 104 · )35(. . · . · .)3 ( . · . . . ( . .)1 . . ( .)4 . 32 10 6 )32( )36(. .2000 1980 9.9 6.4 . )33( )6-4 ( . . . )34( . . . . . . 105 )40( . 6-4 )( 15 20 28 15 10 5 « )41( . 5- .» 10- 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 . ) ( Fares, Montenegro, and Orazem (2006b) : 9.9 » « : .6.4»« »«»« . .. . )42( . )43( . . . ( ) . )37( . . . )38( . )( 2005 . 2006 » « 24.5 . )44( . . 18 )39( . . )45(. )46(. . . . 39 2007 106 . 25 . 26 . . )47( . . . )48( . . . )51( . . . 2005 . )49(.128 . . . . . 1998 1998 . . . )50(. 47 11 20. 8 . .1541 74 . 107 )2001 - 1992( 7 ­ 4 120 120 49-40 100 100 49-40 80 29-18 80 60 60 29-18 40 40 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Vodopivec (2005) : : .100 . .5046 . . 30 20 . . . )54( )52( . . )55( . . 48 . )53( . .)4-7 ( 25 20 )56(. 70 19 18 1996 . 49 40 2006 2001 . . 2007 108 4-4 .1979 31983 20 1995 40 .200017 .2000 . . 20 : . 2006 . . . . .. . . 30 Blanchard (2006); Blanchard and Landier : . 24 (2001); Cahuc and Carcillo (2006); Kugler (2004); . and Kugler, Jimeno, and Henanz (2003). .1997 . . . )58( ( . .) . .)4-4 ( )59( )57( . . . . . . .)4-4 ( 50 40-26 . )60(.20001980 1990 . 109 . . . )65( 30 38 . 35 2002 52 2003 .1998 )61( . . )62( . )63(. . . . . . »« . 25 17 . . 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( , ) . .)127( ,. , . . , . . . . 60 , 2415 ,. 2007 140 « , » , . 2-5 ­ . , , , , . .)128( ­ ­ . . , , ­ ­ . .)129( , 4 , . . .)130( , . .)131( ,2-5 . . , , , , .)132( . . »« ­ . , , , , ­ : , , .)133(, 141 2-5 ( ) )( )( ( .)( )( ) ( ) ( ( )( .) .) )(»« )( ( ) / » « )( . ( .) »« , -. - . . , , , .)134( , , . ., , . ., . 2005 , , , . , .11.5 . , ) : , , ) , . .)1( ),»« ,/ n 18 ­ 16 ,. )2415( .»« 410 , . ­ ,. , . , , , 20 . 5010 » « .)8( , .)2( . , n , , 14 .»« . ,12( )24 18 ( .) , , .)5( .0.310 - , , 14 n , ­ - . .)3(17 . ,) ( , 7 , .)6( 14 ­ . . ,2001 . 2000 , 2004 , , , : )( ,)4( , .)7( . AddressingdisparitiesamongBrazil'syouth 143 . . , . : .)9(60 . ( » « : , ) n . , , ,« . .)10( . H , , , .)11( , . .)12( ,,)( n . . , ( , ,) , )13(»« ,2003 . . , , . , , H . .)14( 2004 205 .FUNDEB / n . . 25 , , . . , n 900 ,) ( . , . . 6 . , ­ . . . , , . , . , ,, , . ,, , . . , . . , . , . . , , . . . . . ­ 60.­ . . , , 144 145 1-6 , .)1(29 25 .)2( ,, ( . , .)1-6 ( ,) , . ,, , . , . , : . ,30 .)3( . , . -97 ./ , ,1998 . ,, 65-48 . ,, . . . . ,, . . , . , . 20 .)4(, ,)1998( ,)2004( : 60 ,)2000( ,)2004( , . ,)2000( ,)2003( , . )2002( , ,)1996( 36 , . - .)1996( . ­ . ,, , ,, . . , . ,, , .)6( . 1915 .)5( , , , 20 15 .)1-6( . 10 . 1915 .)1-6( 30, , 1915 , . . 2007 146 2-6 1-6 49-15 8 6 4 2 20 30 40 50 60 )()24-15( (MEASUREDHSSTAT.)2005 )2006(ORC: 2000 . , ,)9( . , , . ( 30.2 , -40 ( 28.7 )49-45 10 20 30 40 50 .)10()44 19-15 (MEASUREDHSSTAT.)2004 )2005(ORC: 2000 .)2-6 ( , 50-30 24 15 . , .)7( , , .)8( 50 24 15 , . 60 . , .2415 : , , : , , 147 2-6 . , , . . .)1 ( 2616 . , . , , , .)11( . . , . 35 ., . . , . , . , 0.52 . , . 0.87 ,,. 14 ) 18 ( . , .23 , .)2 ( , ,, , ,)2006( : ,)2005( , , . .)2005( , , .)13( . : .) ( .)14( , , . . , , . .)3-6 ( , . .)12( . , . , , . .)2-6 ( . . .)15( . 2007 148 , . : 3-6 . , »« , - »« . , .»« . . « : »« , . , »« , . . . , ,)2006( : «: ., )27-10 ( 23 ­ , , , , , , . .2006 .» ., , . ,: . , . , 510 .)16( , . . .)17( .)19( , , . ­ , .) 150-140( , -14, . 3,14524 / . 16 , . 24 20 , .)3-6(13 , .)18( 24 15 14 .145 15 .)5 ( , , 3 24 149 4-6 3-6 19-15 24-20 5 10 15 20 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 145 )(24-15 (MEASUREDHSSTAT.)2000 )2006(ORC: 1998 12 .20041998: : .) ( / .,, .)1998( ) ( , .2415 .)5( , .)24( . ,)25(2415 , , 2821 .)4-6( , , . ., . . , , .)20( 5 . -6 . 24-15 ,.)21()4 . 50 50 . 30, .)22(19-11 4-6 , .1217 . , . )9 ( , .12 , . . ­ , . ,)1989( : , . ,)1979( . , ,)1994(,)1989( , .)23( .)1994( . 2007 150 6-6 5-6 80 60 40 20 19-15 24-20 29-25 34-30 )2006(ORC: (MEASUREDHSSTAT.)20052000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 .)26( 2415 , .20031998 : : .)5-6 ( . 30 64 « , 34 , , , 19 15 .» .)28( , . / , , .2005 ( . ,), , . . . .)29( , . , , .)27( , 80 , , .)30( 100 . 151 . , . . , . , , ,, ­ .)6-6 ( . , » « . . , , )31( , . .)33( , . )34( . . , , ( , « .) , . , , , 80 , .» . , . 29-25 /,, 100 .2006 85 , .)35( 40 , . )( 15 60 24 .)36( )32( . .)37( , ( , . .) , , . , , 2007 152 ( . ,) . ­ . . ­ « , , .)42(, , , . , . .» - .)38( , , ­ 45 26 .)43(4526 , .2006/, .)39( , « » « » . . , .)40( , , . , . , .)44( « , , ,» . , , 50, ( , . .)45(,)4-6 . , , . .)41( . , .)46( . 153 , . , . , , , . , . , , , . . , ,«,. ,)»«(» 1994 . 16 500( . , ) , . 15 80( 2500 . ) 18, . ,1995 . » « , 30]800[25( 30. )] 960[ ,60 . .)47( .)51( » « .)48( , , , , . ,. .)49( , , 50. ., , 80 ,)50( 18 , 32 . . , 2007 154 . . . . . , ­ »«.)5-6( ­ ) ( . ,.)5( » « » « . ) ( , . . ,20021998 45 15 , « , , ( »« .») « . , ,22, » , .)52( , .2006/ , , « . »: .)53( , . , .)54( , , .)55( . , . . .)56( ­ . » « . ,) ( . . , .)5( , .)57( 155 5-6 . , . , . . ( .)58( « .) , .» ­ . . . . , .)1999(: ,24 .)62( . , 41, .)59( ) ( 46 ,.)63( , . . . , , .)64( , , . , , , , . , . ,.)60( , . . (, ) . .)65( .)61( , , . . )66( » « , » « .1987»« 2007 156 , 7-6 , , .)68( ­ , , . ­ 18 )6-6( , . , 20 40 60 80 100 - .)69( .)2001()CEDPA(: , .)70( , 20 12 , , . , . . , , ­ , . ( , .)7-6 . 21 14 . .,, ,)71( . .)67( . ,» « « , , » . 18 12 157 ,. 6-6 .)72( , , , ,1977 , . , . , . ,1994 . ,1999 . , » « . ,, . .460 . . : 75 , , . 45 , . ,. n . .)73( .)2002/( . , ,)2003( : . , .)2003(,)2003( ( .) , , , , . , . .)74( . . 24 18 , . ,1977 : , .)75( , , . . . .)1-6 ( . 16 12 . . . , , , . , , 2007 158 1-6 , , . ( ) ( . .n ) ( n .) n ( .)( ) n n )( . . ( .)»« : : .- .)(n .)»:«,( - ,»«(n , , , )( .)( .) ) ( n ., ( ) ( ) ( .) ( ­ ) . . ( .) 159 , . , . . , , ( ,) . .)6-6 ( . . 7 . : 2005 .)2(. 24 . 3500 22 18 . . . . 3200 )1( . . ( .) . . . . »« .)1-7( . . . . . 160 161 1 - 7 ) . . . )5( . . . . )6( . )4( .»« . . )7(. ( . )3( . . . . . . : . . : . . : . . . . . : . . « 2007 162 1-7 .» 24-18 1782 80 . 1990 60 2000 . 40 20 « . ** * * ** * . 2000 - 1990 : lnglehert and others (2004) 60 .5)*( . .» 20 50 1972 220 2006/ .1993 . 30 . )8( .40 )9( . . .)1-7 ( )10(. . . . )11( . . . » « .)2-7 ( . .)1-7 ( . 163 1-7 . +65 64­45 44­30 29­18 40.5 43.5 45.3 45.3 18.9 28.4 41.7 53.3 .)2-7 ( 53.9 47.5 50.3 54.9 2000 -- 58.5 54.4 45.7 80.7 82.0 79.4 76.9 25.3 33.7 30.3 31.6 . 44.0 47.6 44.3 26.1 25.8 19.9 19.4 13.0 51.7 44.6 39.7 29.3 ( 83.3 74.8 65.3 74.7 ) 32.1 45.5 57.4 61.9 -7 ( 71.4 60.3 47.2 38.5 .)3 41.5 53.2 37.4 30.6 39.8 47.8 37.8 28.8 ( 24.2 27.6 25.3 22.2 .) 55.5 56.7 46.2 34.9 32.8 35.1 21.5 22.1 . 42.6 40.5 34.7 27.2 62.9 53.4 53.3 36.8 84.1 75.7 48.9 43.7 83.5 71.6 59.3 58.5 World Values Survey 2000 (Inglehart and others (2004)). : ( . = -- : .) . 2-7 ) ( 80 1990 1995 2000 60 )12( . 40 20 . 2000-1990: (Inglehart and others (2004)) : . 2007 164 2-7 . +65 64­45 44­30 29­18 . 16.5 19.4 18.2 19.3 18.0 13.3 8.0 4.9 -- 41.5 40.1 39.4 10.0 11.6 14.3 15.0 30.0 43.2 34.9 33.8 »« 19.8 18.7 22.4 21.0 : 19.9 20.9 15.2 13.4 13.6 15.2 15.3 19.8 -- 4.8 8.1 10.5 3.7 8.0 10.3 8.6 11.1 14.3 9.4 7.0 4.6 9.6 9.1 12.1 5.6 6.0 8.4 14.9 : 23.0 25.0 21.0 17.0 )15(. 25.1 17.1 18.8 14.3 13.2 11.9 8.2 5.7 25.2 21.9 17.4 14.7 . 21.4 19.9 18.4 13.5 :)16(. 17.5 8.3 6.5 4.9 34.2 26.4 24.3 24.8 World Values Survey 2000 (Inglehart and others (2004)). : ..=--: . . )13( . . »« )17( .)( » « . )14( . 1920 )18( . 165 ) 29-18 ( :3-7 ( *40.4 76.0 60.3 ) **77.0 88.0 82.4 *66.0 82.9 74.7 . 72.4 73.6 73.0 *69.9 82.1 75.8 *30.9 58.6 44.0 *60.9 81.9 70.5 43.3 49.2 46.3 . *53.0 69.2 60.8 78.3 87.7 82.4 *73.5 79.7 76.7 )19( . 70.8 69.9 70.4 71.4 72.6 72.0 66.4 74.0 70.3 49.6 57.1 53.6 *51.0 64.4 57.9 60.8 64.2 62.7 . *42.5 62.9 52.0 72.5 60.9 66.3 *34.6 58.5 45.0 61.9 67.1 65.1 *59.2 69.7 64.4 .: World Values Survey 2000 (Inglehart and others (2004)). : . . .)4-2( )20(.)( )21(. . )22(. . . .)9 ( 2007 166 . . )23( ... .. )24( . : )26( . . . - )27(. . . .)2-7 ( 22 8 . . « . .» )25( . . . 1996 1984 13 2.8 1.6 . . 23 2-7 . . « . )29( . )34(.» : / )33( )30( . . . )2004( )35(. )31( . . / . . . )32( 167 3-7 U )28( . 100 24-18 90 ­25 80 70 . 60 : 50 . * * . 1990 - 2000 (lnglehart and others (2004) : .5)*( « » » « . )36( . .)( . . . )37( . ( . .)3-7 1919 4 1942 » « . 1976 .)3-7(20001998 . . 1988 2007 168 . 3-7 »«30 . . )( . . . . . )( . . . 2000 )40( . )39( .)4-7( La Cava and others (2006): . )38( . . . . » « 60 . . ) 193 121( 41( 1974 .) 150 )41( . . 121 107( 18 ( 15 ) . )42( .) . . . )43(. 1997 .)4-7 ( 2003 169 « » « 4-7 » . )( . » « . . 16 919 . . . . . . . . . 1968 .1999 1965 . 18 . . . 2004 . . )44( .)Vereadores( . .)( )45( . 1985-1984 . « . .» . .)( Periman and Anthony (2006): 4-7 . 80 . 16 20-18 » « 60 24-21 29-25 )46(. 40 20 )47( . 1997 2000 2003 « » : )2003-1997( 5 8.5 . 12 . 83 75 )48(. 20 - . )49( . 2007 170 )51(. . )52( . . 40 . 35 25 ( . . 18 .) . )53( ( 450 ) . )54( )9 ( . . . 25 .2005 . . . . . .2015 . ( ) . . )50( . . ( 171 ) ( 2005 4-7 * 90 75 76 38 54 84 77 25 84 59 69 46 44 84 51 24-15 79 55 67 44 44 86 43 89 64 72 48 43 82 60 83 60 70 46 43 88 53 92 58 69 46 44 82 50 86 54 93 21 -- 79 57 82 60 70 39 -- 86 48 * 90 81 88 43 54 86 89 25 85 69 84 54 46 90 70 24-15 79 61 85 48 43 91 60 91 78 83 60 49 90 81 91 63 85 56 42 94 71 84 70 84 52 49 89 70 89 61 93 60 -- 89 81 78 72 87 80 -- 92 85 WDR 2007 InterMedia surveys : =- .* ) 24-15 . .)4-7( 15 )55( . . . )57( . . : )56( . . )58( 15 . . ) ( 2007 172 . )59( . .)5-7( : ) ( . )61( . . . « . ] [ .)( )62( .» . . » « » « . » « .» « . . . . . . . .) ( . . . )60(. . « .» ) : ( 173 5-7 «: .. )63( .» . . . )65( . . . . )66( . ( ) . ) ( Hitlerjugend Verlan . . » « « . )64( .» . » )67( . (Kafoolu) 2006/ 2001 8 . . .)4 ( . : )8 ( »« . ( . )69(.)3 . 2007 174 . . . )74( . : . . )75( .» « .)3 ( « . .» « . . )70( . . . . . The Jesuit. Fey Alegria 14 28 . . )71( madrassas . )77( )72( . . . )73( 175 . )80( . )81( . . ( . .)6 » « . . ( )78( . .)9 . . .)4 ( . )82( )79( . . . . . . . )83( . « » 2007 176 » « )84( . . »The Bakassi Boys« . 1998 . . . . . 2002 . )85( . . « . ( 10 ) ) 7-6( ( . ( .) )86( .) . )90( 88. )91( . .92 . 73 . )87( .47 . . . . .2004 )92( . . )88( . . . . . 177 )93( ) ( . . . . . )97(. . . . . ) ( . )94(. . . )95( . . . . . )96( . )98( . 250 . . . . . 131995 . 2910 100 84 . )99( . 2007 178 . . . . . . ) ( : . . Weather Underground . . 80 70 «. . )100( .» » « . . . 1997 . 1800 « 500 . « .» » « . .» » « : )102( . )103( . 2006/ 60 82 19 . 25 )104( )101( . : . . . . . 179 5-7 11 2001 1996 8 2005 ( . .) )105( . . .)5-7 ( . . . . . . )( . )106( . . 4- 2- 2 4 6 . )2003(: . : . 110 . )107( . . 2007 180 . )110(. . . . )108( . "Scared Straight" . . . . )109( . 2006/ )111( . . )112( .(boot camps) ) ( . .)6-7 ( 30 . »« )113(. 80 . . 6-7 . . 40 . . 626 . . . . .160 . 70 120 . . . Giddings State . « School «» . . . 10 . .» 36 . : 74 Hubner (2005) . .)9-2(. 181 7-7 . « 2003 15 . ..«» .» . .50 . .23 . )116( . 100 . :34 35. 2004 . . . 22 . . » ... « Brandt (2005); de Cordoba (2004); and Gonzalez: . . and Marquez (2006). : . » « .)7-7( )114(. 300 10 . . ( .)24 5030 30 . 100 . . 100 75 . . 80-70 . . 500 50 )117( . . . . . : : )115( . . 2007 182 - 7 ( 60 .)8 : . . :. 15 )118( . . . 50 25 : . 70 . 60 80 . 8-7 2 1 . 90 . 750 1- 85 ( 2- 80 .) 3- 75 . 4- 70 1.5 15 20 25 30 15 20 25 30 660 . . 18-13 . . . . . . 10 ( 17 . . . ) . . . . . . . Annan, Blattman, and Horton (2006), available at: )1( www.sway-uganda.org. )2( . 183 . )123( )119( . . 10 : . « . . 124 » . - . . » « . )120( . . . . . . .)9 ( )121(. ( .)5-7 ) ( . . . )543( . )122( . 2007 184 5-7 ( 16 15 )() )( )( ( ) )( )( )( )( )( )( ( )( )( ) . ( ( ) ) . . )3( . . . . . . . . RebuildinglivesandinstitutionsinSierraLeone 185 . 1.5. . . . )5( . . . .2015 : 1.5 . 2001 )7( . . . . . 176. 177 . 70 . 422002)1(34 1990 . 110 . . .2004 ) 1.5( : 2001 2 3 )6( . . 40 . )2( 6324-12 . . 35-25 20 . .)3(35-25 22 28 . )4( . )8(. : 15 2001 3435 »« 150 . . 26 )9( 13 16 24 12 . 39 . 35 25 SpotlightTitle 2007 spotlight186 . . 100 )13( . » « 80 »« . 60 )10( . )14(.» « 40 20 . 24-18 25 24-18 25 . . . « )11( .» . Miguel, Glennerster, and Whiteside (2006) and Whiteside : and others (2006). . .) ( )15( . . 35 )12(. . . : . )16( . 2004 . . . . »« )17( . . . . . (http://www.studentitezasebe.org.mk/) : . . . »« . . 8 . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 2005 50.4 49.6 82 )1( 188 189 1 - 8 . )2( 4 6 .)1-8( 3 4 2 -8 ( 2 1 )1 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 . 4 4 . 3 3 )1-8 ( 2 2 1 1 . 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 20­ 17 50 .2412: McKenzie (2006a), : . . )3( . . . 25 20 25 « 29 » -32. .39 2005/ 4024-12 . )4( . . 2007 190 .. 1-8 1 . 1.5 )( )( 17 (30 ..)1 13.5 835 18.7 470 53281761 2.4 96 3.2 600 . 13.0 53 6.9 1222 28 2001 1997 12.2 125 8.5 157 20.2 20 8.7 84 . 35.1 178 0.5 457 28.9 79 . 31.1 102 32.0 71 1.0 210 23.8 106 . 38.5 47 0.8 293 17.5 161 ) ( 31.1 109 18.8 1313 )2 ( 45 18 McKenzie (2006b), : 82 . 2 . 25 71 21 68 . 50 43 100 39 43 64 11 . 25 7 7 7 . 100 31 : 17 22 12 11 22 . 11 39 17 . .: 130182418: . . .)2005(McKenzie(2006b): 191 1 - 8 57.3 65.3 9.6 8.4 41.9 31.7 2412 c 50.3 56.8 6.7 5.8 29.8 20.7 2410 c 49.2 51.1 14.3 15.9 20.0 19.7 2412 c 50.9 51.4 29.9 31.5 31.6 32.9 2410 c 50.0 53.6 34.5 34.6 49.4 50.1 2410 c 46.4 48.3 27.1 17.2 50.2 34.2 2412 c 42.4 -- 19.7 9.5 -- -- 2410 c -- 33.5 -- -- 16.7 18.7 2414 l 41.4 38.8 23.3 20.4 44.8 46.0 2412 c 48.1 47.9 45.5 46.7 26.9 26.7 2412 c 50.2 55.1 14.4 14.7 34.5 30.9 2412 c 45.4 41.6 16.6 19.5 31.1 36.7 2412 c McKenzie (2006a), : »«»«)(: .)(=c- )6( . . . . )7( . . . . . . . . 70 2007 192 . )8( . 167 )2-8( 2005 )10( . . )11( . . . . . »2006 « 3 11000 2025 356 . )12( . 1.8 )9( . . . . 2 - 8 5 4 . 3 2 . 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 . McKenzie (2006a), : . : 193 3 - 8 .)3-8 ( 100 100 24-12 80 80 17-15 24-18 60 60 . 40 40 20 20 . . 100 80 . 80 60 60 40 40 . 20 20 2.7 .2412: McKenzie (2006a), : .3.4 . . . )14( . . 35 18 . 5 . 25 7 )13( . )15(. 2007 194 . . . 20 )20( . 10 . » « . . 10 . )16(.4 . )21( . . . . . 87 76 . )17(. )22( 16 18 )23( . )18( . / . ./ . 41 59 / .2002 2000 32 25 195 « )24(.2004 . . .» 90 . 20 2005/ . . )25( . . . / . . . . )27( . . . . )28( . . . . )26( . . . . 43 1995 . 2007 196 . )29( . )35( . « . )30( 88 91 : . 80 7678 .» 5760 18 . 2006/ 23 .)5-8 ( ( / .)4-8 2005 . 4-8 10 . . )36( )31( 100 . / 90 ( .2005 80 ) 2005 . 70 460 75 60 20 30 40 50 1235 )32( .14 2005 43 80 19 2025 )33( 60 77 600 82 )34( . 800 40 93 20 211 . 292 10 20 30 40 50 )37( . 2005200181 25 14 71 the Mexican Encuesta : Nacional de la Dinámica Demográfica 1997 and . the Albanian Living Standards Measurement Survey 2005. 197 - 5 - 8 ) ( . . . 1913 1820 20 40 60 80 100 . 24-15: . . 1998-1971 344 29-15 1 11 0.11 )38( . . )40( 2.11.5 )39( .2025 . )41( . 2 . )42( . . 12 . 2007 198 . 83: . )43( .24 18 . )44( . . « 2004 15123 1.5 . . ... . .105 . .» .... .) ( . 2006/ . . )5-8 ( . . 18 31 65 24 )47(.5025 . . ( 30 17 ) 12 ) ( . )45( 18 . )48( 30 . »« )49( .28 . 199 . . ( « .)2-8 ( 6-5 .)2-8 .» )53( 20 . . )50( . . 2-8 )51(. « . . » « « . 20052000 » » . . . «: . ...«. .» )52( . . .... .... . )55( . ..« ( 60 ... ) 6550 .» . 30 20 .) ( 18 70 127 24 . . 10 « . . 1 .» » « . 0.75 Narayan and Petesch (2006): . . 2007 200 . 2005 . 31 24 18 15 . . )56( / .56 . . . . / . ... . ) ( )57(./ . . . 2 - 8 20032000. . )( )( )( 1-8 ( .)3-8 )( 1000 McKenzie (2005), : 201 5 1-8 . . ( ) ( . .)7-8 75 . 1 Neto and others (2005): . )58( . . 20052001 . .)6-8 ( 432005 15 .)7-8 ( 53 50 16.5 6160 70 3 - 8 . 160-13020032002 269 1000 15 2003 2000 .24 -- 55 44 12 59 -- 61 -- 60 425 344 137 198 112 273 410 447 287 393 177 32 11 39 133 170 228 161 362 319 78 63 81 205 290 408 314 . 279 117 16 20 10 46 106 161 68 152005 785 224 23 51 23 85 246 301 195 1 24 284 42 7 12 7 31 67 73 26 13 12 ) ( 2000 29 15 13 46 63 32 20 39 38 59 41 .53 17 43 83 42 87 52 27 48 51 12 20 24 11 27 9 17 18 28 .)4-8 ( 12 14 3 12 15 5 1 21 5 4 10 5 5 -- -- 10 .)1997( )2000( 2003 - 2002 : World Bank (2006h). :59. . 95 2007 202 .6.6 « . . . . .» 2006/ . )59( . . : 6 - 8 . 25 20 2005 15 . 10 2005 2001 5 . )60( 166 19-15 24-20 29-2534-30 39-3544-4049-4554-5059-55 64-60 65+ » « InterMedia national audience surveys. : : 4 - 8 . )61( ) ( ) ( ) ( 50 25 ) ( .)8-8( 24 26 5 12 2415 7444 2415 22 22 5 16 27 31 5 8 . 27 28 7 16 18 21 2 6 . 5 9 1 3 19 19 4 7 35 37 8 20 95 96 28 59 / 55 57 19 29 1.250.000 22 33 3 10 1.250.000600.000 )5-8 ( 7 7 0 5 600.000 56600.0001281.250.000: InterMedia national audience surveys. : 203 7 - 8 . . . 50 40 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 50 InterMedia national audience surveys. : . 8 - 8 . 80 . -2004 695000 60 11)62(.2005 40 160 )63( 2008 4.1 20 . . 24-15 50-25 24-15 50-25 24-15 50-25 24-15 50-25 23 . .: WDR 2007 InterMedia surveys. : . . . )65( . . 2007 204 5 - 8 25 - 16 .) ( )66(. : 72 » « . 70 69 1.2 560 )70( 61 16500 . 61 30000 53 50 35 31 )67( . 30 20 . 15 . 11 The Chinese Academy of Social : Sciences Internet Survey taken in five cities, January 2005. . . )68(. 90 .2003 )71( . . « . )69( . .» .)3-8( 2005/ . 60 205 « . 80 )72( . . .» 2005/ -8 ( .)4 )78( 21 . . : )79( . / . )74( 3-8 )73( . . . . . 24000 . . . )76( .1997 . . . . . 2001 1998 100 72 2002 . 100 6 7 . 3 2001 2 3 . 1 . )77( www.avuorg; Halewood and Kenny (2006); : International telecommunication Union (ITU) (2005); DVD CD-ROM and Prakesh (2003). . 2007 206 )80( . . . )( . . . )82( . . )83( 500 . 80 . )81( . . )84( : 4-8 / » . . / 2002 39 « « )85( . . 800 . 58 83 . / . / . )http://www.staying-alive-org/( . . . « Halewood and Kenny (2006): . 207 « . . . ..... . ][ .» . 2005/ . . )88( . . )86( . . 2005 / . 68 . 200 )89( : ) ( . . 100 . 2004 4000 1998 . . )87( . . . 2007 208 . . . . . 6-8 . . . . . . 6-8 ( )( )( ) )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( OKN )( )( )( / )( )( ( ) DDD( ) Whatdonorscando 209 . : . . 40 . . . .)( . . »« . .) ( . . .)( . . · 1997 42 . ( 30 18 . . .)/ . . ) ( 2003. : · . . · : . . 2007 210 . . )2(. . » « . )1(. : . . . . ( ) . « ) ( » ( ) ( « : .) »:2004 . . . : ( · .) · 24-15 100 .)( . · 80 60 .)( . · 40 20 .)( .)( · . 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.00010.000 12.000 14.000 .)( Fares, Montenegro, and : · Orazem (2006a) and World Bank (2006n). 64 - 92 : . . .)( . : 9 . . . . . : . . « . » . ( . . ) . / . . . . . . . )1( . . . . . 211 2007 212 . )( . . . . . . . . . .) ( . : .)( . )2( . .»« : . 8-3 . .)( ) ( . .) ( : )( )3( .)( . . . »« 213 . . . « . .» ( . . .) . / 2006 ( . .) . . . . . . ( . . ( ) ( ) ) ( . .) ( .) Agetip ( .) ( .) . . « ( .»« « ( )» .)« ( 2006/ .) » « . . (. . 2007 214 . .) . ...« . . .» ( .) . « .) ( .»2006/ . . »« .)6 3 ( . . .)54( . . . )3( . . . ( .)3 : · ( . .)2 · . . · .)1-9( . 215 1-9 . . . . . ) ( . ( .) . . ( .)() .)2006(: . . )4( . »« . )5( . 2006/ )8-3( ( « .) .» ( . ) . .) ( . )6(.)2-2( »« ( )5 ( ... ... )( ) . .)3 ( . . . 2006/ . )7( . . . . 2007 216 . ( . .) . . . ) ( . 2-9 ( ..) . .» « 1995 . . 82 2001 89 60 )( . . 70 . ( .) . . )9( . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . .)2-9( )10( . . . )2005( : )2005( . . )2005( )2002( 2002 .)2005( . 217 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 . . . . 2003 )24( . . 2006 ( .)2 31 . . 2003 .)2003()2006(: ) 14( . . :1 31 7 6 12 6 ) 6 ( . 100 23 19 39 19 ) 12( ) 6( :2 ( .)1 31 7 7 17 . 100 23 23 55 . 2007 218 . .)3-9( . »« ( . )4-9 . )11(. . . . . . . )12( . 4-9 ) ( . .»« . .50 . . .. . . »« . . . » « . 2004 . . . . 25 13 . . .21: . 219 : 5-9 . . . ( . . ) . . . . . . .)5-9 ( . . . . . Instituto Mexicano de la Juventud (IM)J),: .)2-9( Organización Iberoamericana de la Juventud (OIJ) . (2006) and authors. « . .» . 21 2006/ . . . . 3.5 1.7 . . )13( .)3-9 ( ( 13.3 8.9 .)6-9 . . 2007 220 : 6-9 . )2( )1( 3-1 . . .1990 . . . 0.9 2020 1.8 2000 .2020 2040 . . 50 . 4 .)( . 2020 .)( . 0.8 1.8 2000 24 15 . .2020 2030 . 2 1 )( )100=1990( 80 125 2.9 3.5 60 115 11.7 13.3 105 40 . 95 20 85 )2006(: 4: 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 7519902000 2010 2020 2030 2040 . . « . . .» . 2003 . 2005/ . .)7-9 ( 221 : 7-9 . . )16( . » « . . . ( 300 ) . . ( . )( .) « ... . . ) ( . )15( .»« » « . : . . . ( ) ( 8-3 . ( )8-9 )17( .) )14(. . . » « ( .) . . . . 2007 222 8-9 )18(. . )1( *)2( *)3( )4( )5( )6( )7( )8( *)9( *)10( )11( )12( 15)13( )14( )15( )16( *)17( )18( *)19( * 100)20( *)21( * )22( *10)23( *)24( .8-3: .-* .) ( . .) ( . . . . ) ( ) ( . .) 223 ( .) . . . .)( ( () )19( . . ) . . . . 9-9 . ) ( . . . » « 1997 . 25 )21( . » « . 0.36 .2005 . . . . ) ( . . . . . . . ..... . . . . )2001( )2004( : . )2004( )2004( . .)2000( . 2007 224 .. . . . . . . )20( . . . ( . .) . »« . . . ( . .)9-9 ) ( 6-9 : . It'suptoyou--Howyoungpeoplecantakeactionfordevelopment 225 . . .. »« . : ) 19( . . .)7 ( .. » « ) 25 16 ( . . « ) 22( . .» 2004 50 . : . .. « : .)2005( .» . . . .) ( . ( ) . . ) ( . . . « ) 18( )97( : . .» . . : ) 15-12( )2( . . 2000 : . . » « )1( . )4-2 ( . .)3( 2007 226 . . . . . : ».... « · « .... . » . « · . » « ... .». » « )5(.... · : : . : « « . ... · . . . )3( . . . . . . « » « · » 2005 «.)8( » « » : . *. . · ... umsobomun . ) ( . ) ( . *.)3 (»« )4( . · . » « . « . » . « « .» *. *.» . . . *SeethefollowingWebsites:DevelopmentGateway:www.developmentgateway.org/youth,GYCA:www.youthaidscoalition.org,TakingITGlobal: www.takingitglobal.org,UmsobomvuYouthFund:www.uyf.org.za,UN:www.un.org/youth,WorldBank:www.worldbank.org/childrenandyouth, www.youthink.org,YouthEmploymentSummitCampaign:www.yesweb.org. Peter Buckland, Don Bundy, Danielle Carbonneau, Nadereh Chamlou, Nazmul Chaudhury, Samantha M. Constant, Luis . Constantino, Richard Curtain, Anis Dani, Amit Dar, Jishnu Arvil Van Adams, Pablo Angelelli, Sarah E. Anthony, Kaushik Das, Maitreyi Das, Monica Das Gupta, Joanna de Berry, Jai-n Basu, Clive Bell, Eric Bettinger, Ramona Bruhns, Pedro Carn kishan Desai, Shantayanan Devarajan, Karen Dillard, Sophia neiro, Esther Duflo, Pascaline Dupas, Tanja El-Cherkeh, Drewnowski, Antonio Estache, Shahrokh Fardoust, Tazeen Elizabeth Fussell, Sebastian Galiani, Elena Galliano, Hans Fasih, Manuela Ferro,Armin Fidler,Ariel Fiszbein, Constance Gersbach, Elizabeth Gomart, Juan Pablo Gutierrez, Naomi A. Flanagan, Shubashis Gangopadhyay, Marito H. Garcia, Halewood, Hugo Kantis, Charles Kenny, Michael Kremer, Ines Garcia-Thoumi, Alan Gelb, Tina George, Maninder Hyejin Ku, Gloria La Cava, David Lam, Juan José Llisterri, Gill, Elena Glinskaya, Rachel Glennerster, Peter Gluckman, Minna Mattero, Sarah Michael, Edward Miguel, Alexis Murn Daniela Gressani, Karen Gross, Jon Gruber, Sarath K. Gutn phy, Zeynep Ozbil, Janice E. Perlman, Agnes Quisumbing, tikunda, Andrew Hahn, Minna Hahn, Keith Hansen, Inaam Dhushyanth Raju, Usha Ramakrishna, Martin Rossi, Juan Haq, Karla Hoff, Leif Holmberg, Camilla Holmemo, Robert E. Saavedra, Ernesto Schargrodsky, Samuel Simei, Elena Holzmann, Macartan Humphreys, Ingo Imhoff, Farrukh Iqbal, Stirbu, Mio Takada, Luis Tejerina, Erwin Tiongson, Andrea Shweta Jain, Evangeline Javier, Malathi S. Jayawickrama, Tolciu, Gerold Thilo Vollmer, Kathyrn Young, and Homa Rajendra Dhoj Joshi, Ursila Jung, Jan Kasprzycki-Rosikon, Zarghamee. Omer M. Karasapan, Mats Karlsson, Iqbal Kaur, Kei Kaw-n abata, Homi Kharas, Douglas Kirby, Robert Krech, Angela Langenkamp, Frannie Léautier, Danny M. Leipziger, Peter www.worldbank.org/wdr2007 Levine, Santiago Levy, Jeffrey D. Lewis, Samuel Lieberman, . David Lindauer, Rick Little, Benjamin Loevinsohn, Elizabeth . Laura Lule, Ante Lundberg, Shelly Lundberg, Akiko Maeda, Sam Maimbo, Gift Manase, Viviana Mangiaterra, Ali M. Man-n Ragui » « soor, Katherine Marshall, John May, Linda McGinnis, John Assaad, Nicholas Barr, Mayra Buvinic, Le Thi Minh Chau, McIntire, Rekha Menon, Pradeep Mitra, Nancy Murray, Mus-n Ernesto Cuadra, Wendy Cunningham, Carmen De Paz tapha Kamel Nabli, Ambar Narayan, Claudia Nassif, Sophie Nieves, Ana Cristina Torres Garcia, Andrea Guedes, Juan Naudeau, Kenneth J. Newcombe, Akihiko Nishio, Tara Carlos Guzman, Richard R. Hopper, Sandra Huang, Peter O'Connell, Eric Olson, Patrick Osewe, Egbe Osifo, Mead F. Lanjouw, Kathy Lindert, Cynthia Lloyd, Daniel Mont, Juan Over, Pierella Paci, John Page, Guillermo Perry, Djordjija Pet-n Manuel Moreno, Andrew Morrison, Deepa Narayan, Harry koski, Susana Pezzullo, Lant Pritchett, Christine Zhen-Wei Patrinos, Pia Peeters, Patti Petesch, Jenny Petrow, Susana Qiang, G N V Ramana, William Reese, Ana Revenga, Linda Puerto, Martin Rama, Jamil Salmi, Noala Skinner, Kristian Richter, Pia Rockhold, Ernesto Rodriguez, Halsey Rogers, Thorn, Carolyn Turk, Dorte Verner, Zeze Weiss and Yesim Khama Rogo, James Rosen, David Rosenblatt, David Ross, .Yilmaz James Sackey, Junko Saito, Hussain Samad, Stefano Scar-n petta, Norbert Schady, Julian Schweitzer, Shekhar Shah, Charlie Abeln William Shaw, Carlos SilvanJauregui, Bachir Souhlal, David mann, Daron Acemoglu, Ahmad Ahsan, Harold Alderman, Steel, Miguel Szekely, Kaleb Tamiru, Stephanie Tam, Thaisa Santiago Levy Algazi, Caridad Araujo, Ana Arjona, Jef-n Tiglao, P. Zafiris Tzannatos, Bernice Van Bronkhorst, Domi-n frey Jensen Arnett, Tamar Manuelyan Atinc, Arup Banerji, nique van der Mensbrugghe, Willem Van Eeghen, Tara Vish-n Sergio Bautista, Kathleen Beegle, Jane Bertrand, Myra L. wanath, Milan Vodopivec, Hermann von Gersdorff, Adam Betron, Mohini Bhatia, Nancy Birdsall, Andreas Blom, John Wagstaff, Mike Walker, Michel J. Welmond, L. Alan Winters, D. Blomquist, Anthony Bloom, David Bloom, Daniel Kwan Katherine Whiteside, Jorge WongnValle, David Woollcombe, bena Boakye, Christian Bodewig, Jan Bojö, Gillian Brown, 227 2007 228 Fares, Jean, and Dhushyanth Raju. "Child Labor across the Ruslan Yemtsov, Deji Young, Tanju Yurukoglu, and Hassan Developing World: Patterns, Correlations and Determi-n Zaman. nants." Fares, Jean, and Erwin Tiongson. "Entering the Labor Mar-n Nazanine Atabaki, Phil Hay, and Christopher Neal. ket and Early Mobility of Youth: Evidence from Panel Esti-n Madhur mates in Bosnia and Herzegovina." 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Kessler and others (1995) -73 )2005( .Jacob and Lefgren (2002):-41 de Long and others (2001) -74 )2004( : -42 Blum and Libbey (2004) -75 )2005( )2004( -76 .)2005( Vegas : -43 .and Umansky (2005) Dreze and Gazdar (1997) Hoff and Pandey (2004) -77 Banerjee and Duflo (2006) andVegas and Umansky (2005)-44 National Research council and Institute of . Akerlof and Kran- Medcine (2005)) .ton (2002) ) ( Lloyd, Mensch and Clark (2000) -78 . Lavy (2002) -45 233 Behrman and others (2006) -99 Rawlings and Rubio (2005) -100 . and Morley and Coady (2003) Hoff and Pandey (2004) -79 Skoufias and Parker (2001); Schultx (2004) and Skoufias,-101 Davies,WilliamsandYamashita(2006)-80 Davis and de la Vega (2001) 12 Todd and Wolpin (2003) -102 .(Hannam (2002) Coady (2000) -103 Davies, Williams and Yamashita (2006) -81 Sadoulet and de Janvry (2006) -104 Brett and Specht (2004) -82 Pro-Rector for Student Affairs at the Plekhanov Academy -83 of Moscow, Professor Oleg Cherkov, March 13th, 2006 seminar. . www.aimhigher.ac.uk : -84 .Skoufias and Parker (2001) -105 (http://www.aim- » « 16-14 13-12 .higher.ac.uk/dontstop/home/) Raallion and Wodon (2000) .(Maluccio (forthcoming)) (Emmerson and others 16 ..(2005)) de Janvry and oth- . 25 .Carneiro and Ridao-Cano (2005) -85 .ers (2006) Aakvik, Salvanes, and Vagge (2003) . Yap, Sedlacek and Orazem (2001) -106 . Arends-Kuenning and Amin (2000) -107 Carneiro and Lee (2005) ( Angrist and others (2002); Angrist, Bettinger and Kremer -108 .(2004) Fleisher and others (forthcoming) .(Jensen (2006))-86 -109 -87 (Sparrow (2004)) . . -110 .(Dohmen and others (2005) .Lavinas, Barbosa andTourinho (2001). Carneiro and Keckman (2003) -111 . .-112 -88 . . . Bray (2004) -113 .Carneiro and Heckman (2002) -89 Lavy and Schlosser (2005) -114 . Banerjee and others (2005) -115 . -116 : )2006(Blum and Libbey (2004): . .GRECE (2005) Lillard and Willis (1994) -90 Abadzi (2003) -117 Berhrman and Heckman, LaLonde, and Smith (1999( and Betcherman, -118 Knowles(1999) Olivas and Dar (2004) BehrmanandKnowles(1999).17-6 Heckman, Smith and Clements (1997) -119 .2142 Betcherman, Olivas and Dar (2004) -120 . -121 Sawada and Jacoby and Skoufias (2002) -91 .2007 .Lokshin (2001) -92 .)2005(-1 )( .)2006( -2 .)( . Levison, Moe and Knaul (2001) -93 Beegle, Dehejia and Gatti (2004) -94 . Canals-Cerda and Ridao-Cano (2004) -95 . Gunnarson, Orazem and Sanchez (2006) -96 . Greene and Merrick (2005); Singh (1998); and National -97 Duryea and others (forthcoming). -3 Research Council and Institute of Medicine (2005) Fares and Raju (2006). -4 Eloundou-Enyegue (2004) -98 2007 234 Heckman and Parges (2000). Jimeno and Rodriguez- -41 Yap, Sedlacek, and Orazem (2001) and Emerson and Souza -5 Palenzuela (2002) (2002). ( Kaushik and Tzannatos (2003) and Betcherman and others -6 ) (2001). . Gunnarson, Orazem, and Sanchez (2006)-7 Cunningham and Siga (2006) for Brazil; Montenegro and -42 Pagés (2004) for Chile; and Neumark and Wascher (1999) for .Heady (2003)Rosati and Rossi (2003) cross-country comparison for OECD. Ilahi, Orazem, and Sedlacek (2005), Emerson and Souza -8 Maloney and Nuñez Mendez (2004). -43 (2006). -44 -9 (Fares, Montenegro, and Orazem (2006b). 61 )2003(-45 Emerson and Souza (2003). -10 Serneels (2004). -46 Kassouf, McKee, and Mossialos (2001). -11 Gorpe, Fares, and Montenegro (2006). -47 Fares, Montenegro, and Orazem (2006a). -12 Paniza (2000)-48 Borgarello and Others (2005) -13 Filmer and . Hindauer (2001) .)2004( -14 . . Tzannatos (1999). -49 Kabbani and Kothari (2005). -15 Ragui and Arntz (2005). -50 )2005(-16 O'Higgins (2003) for cross-country comparison; Fares and -51 )2003(-17 Montenegro (2006) for Brazil and Chile; Rosati (forthcoming). O'Higgins (2003). -18 -52 Fares and Montenegro (2006). -19 . Fares and Tiongson (2006). -20 Noorkôiv and others (1998). -53 Mroz and Savage (2001) and Card and Lemieux (2000b) -21 -54 Freeman (2000) and Fougère, Kramarz, and Pouget -22 . (2006). )2006(-55 Hettige, Mayer, and Salih (2004) -23 Gruben and McLeod (2006). -56 Topel and Ward (1992). -24 )2004(-57 Parent (2006). -25 Kugler (2004). -58 Hemmer and Mannel (1989). -26 Cahuc and Carcillo (2006) and Blanchard (2006). -59 Borgarello and others (2005). -27 )2004(-60 Audas, Berde, and Dolton (2005) -28 :.-61 Guarcello, Mealli, and Rosati (2003) and Parent (2006). -29 .» O'Higgins (2003) and Korenman and Neumark (2000) -30 Neumark and Wascher (1999). -62 Fares and Montenegro (2006). -31 )2005(-63 O'Higgins (2003). Also Korenman and Neumark (2000) -32 OECD (2005a). -64 for developed countries Kluve (2006). -65 Rosati (forthcoming) -33 Fretwell, Benus, and O'Leary (1999) and Kluve (2006). -66 )2005(-34 Cockx and Göbel (2004). -67 Mammen and Paxson (2000); Huffman and Orazem -35 Hazell and Haggblade (1993). -68 (2004); and Greenwood, Seshadri, and Vandenbroucke (2005). Huffman and Orazem (2004). -69 -36 Haggblade, Hazell, and Reardon (forthcoming). -70 Köbrich and Dirven (2006). -71 Ferreira and Lanjouw (2001) and Kijima and Lanjouw -72 ( )2004 ( )1995( -37 (2004). )2005 Haggblade, Hazell, and Reardon (forthcoming). -73 4-38 Otsuka (forthcoming). -74 Hopenhayn and Rogerson (1993). -39 Kijima and Lanjouw (2004), Ferreira and Lanjouw -75 Pagés and Montenegro (1999) and Montenegro and Pagés -40 (2001). (2004). 235 -76 : . Korenman and Neumark (2000). ­ 1 . 24-15 Ryan (2001). ­ 2 . Buress and others (2003). ­ 3 .29 Card and Lemieux (2000a). ­ 4 World Bank (2005n). -77 Blanco and Kluve (2002). ­ 5 .)(Au and Herderson-78 Gould, Weinberg, and Mustard (1998); Grogger (1998); ­ 6 12 2000 -79 and Machin and Meghir (2004). . Fougere, Kramarz, and Pouget (2006). ­ 7 Blanchard and Wolfers (2000); Nickell and Layard (1999); ­ 8 State council policy paper, "Opinion of the state council on -80 the issue of rural migrant workers." Beijing (2006). and Blau and Kahn (1999) . Pritchett (2006). -81 Jimeno and Rodriguez-Palenzuela (2002). ­ 9 Ryan (2001). -82 Neumark andWascher (1999) ­10 Johanson and Adams (2004). -83 . van Eekelen, de Luca, and Ismail (2001). -84 Bertola, Blau, and Kahn (2002). ­ 11 Adams (2006). -85 Ryan (2001). ­ 12 Atchoarena and Delluc (2001). -86 Kluve (2006) and Martin and Grubb (2001). ­ 13 Haan and Serriere (2002). -87 Johanson and Adams (2004). -88 Riley and Steel (1999). -89 .)2005(­1 Tan (2005). -90 ­)2002(­2 Tan and Batra (1995). -91 . Johanson and Adams (2004). -92 López and others (2006). ­ 3 )2006(-93 Lule and others (2005). ­ 4 Johanson and Adams (2004) and Cinterfor/ILO (2001) -94 See Mullahy and Sindelar (1991), DeSimone (2002). ­ 5 Llisterri and others (2006). -95 Rodríguez Ospina, Duque Ramirez, and Rodríguez García ­ 6 » « -96 (1993). )2005(­7 Reynolds and others (2002) Hibbell and others (2000) and Bloomfield and others ­ 8 (2003). . )2005(­9 -97 Lundberg, Over, and Mujinja (2003) and Yamano and -10 Jayne (2004). . Kalemli-Ozcan (2001); Kalemli-Ozcan (2005). -11 Witoelar, Rukumnuaykit, and Strauss (2005). -12 )2006( Ezzati and Lopez (2004). -13 Kantis (2003). -98 Ebbeling, Pawlak, and Ludwig (2002) and Koplan, -14 Betcherman, Olivas, and Dar (2004). -99 Liverman, and Kraak (2005). Elway (1999). -100 Slaymaker and others (2004). -15 Betcherman and others (2002) -101 )1999(-16 )1993(-17 . )1999(-18 Ravallion and others (2005). -102 Russell (2000). -19 Galasso, Ravallion, and Salvia (2001). -103 )2000(-20 Pound and Knight (2006). http://www.usnews.com/ -104 )1999(-21 usnews/biztech/articles/060403/3worldbank.htm Bateman (2001); Chandra, Jairam, and Jacob (2004); and -22 Galasso, Ravallion, and Salvia (2001). -105 Visinntini and others (1996). 11-4)2000( -106 Montoya Díaz (2002). -23 See http://www.jobsnet.lk/. -107 - MEASVRE -24 Lasida and Rodríguez (2006). -108 Devia (2003) and Santiago Consultores Asociados -109 .20042000 (1999). 2007 236 See Muirhead, Kumaranayake, and Watts (2001). -65 McCauley and Salter (1995). -25 -66 Mensch, Singh, and Casterline (2006). -26 .2006)( -27 James-Traore and others (2002). -67 Clark (2004). -28 Cohen (2004). -68 Konde-Lule, Sewankambo, and Morris (1997). -29 -69 )2005(-30 .. 0.0014 0.0001 )2005(-31 . 0.004 0.0001 0.002 Dunkle and others (2004). -32 )0.10 ( Jejeebhay and Bott (2003) -33 (Gray and others 2001). . Moore and Jha and Chaloupka (2000) -70 Aarts Panlussen, and Schaalma (1997) Cook (1995) . .Shafii and others (2004) Knowles and Behrman (2005). -71 (kaufman and Starrou (2004)). James-Traore and others (2002). -72 Luke (2003). -34 Dupas (2006). -73 Human Rights Watch (2002b). -35 74. Kirby, Laris, and Rolleri (2005). -74 )2004(-36 De Walque (2004). -75 Hibbell and others (2000). -37 Kirby (2001). -76 Singleton, Lee, and Meltzer (2001) and Institute of Alcohol -38 Brückner and Bearman (2005); Bearman and Brückner -77 Studies (2006). (2001); and Fortenberry (2005). Peden and others (2000). -39 )2003(-78 )1999(-40 -79 Parry and others (2000). -41 )2002( Coakley Gajakashmi and others (2000). -42 . 7 ­ Jha and Chaloupka (2000). -43 Brady (1998). -80 Witdelar, Rukumnuaykit, and Strauss (2005) -44 Smith, Bogin, and Bishai (2005). -81 2000-1993 Erulkar and others (2004). -82 )2005(-45 .2)2005(-83 )2001(-46 Cáceres and others (1994); Eggleston and others (2000); -84 -47 and Boyer and Shafer (1997). )2002(/ Eggleston, Leitch, and Jackson (2000). -85 Osmond and Barker (2000); Martorell and others (1998); -48 James-Traore and others (2002). -86 Ramakrishnan (2004). Alford, Cheetham, and Hauser (2005). -87 Gluckman and others (2005) and Sawaya and others -49 Mensch, Hewett, and Erulkar (2001); Erulkar and Mensch -88 (2003). (1997); and James-Traore and others (2002). )2006(-50 Berer (2003). -89 Popkin (1994); Popkin (2002); and Popkin and Gordon- -51 Dupas (2006). -90 Larsen (2004). Gutierrez (2006). -91 Fernald and others (2004). -52 )1999(-92 Gertler and others (2006). -53 Witoelar, Rukumnuaykit, and Strauss (2005). -93 )2002( Reddy; )1993 ( -54 Grossman (2005b). -94 .)2006()2002( )1999(-95 Hubley (2000) and Gatawa (1995). -55 Townserd, Roderick, -96 Cohen (2004) and Gregson and others (2006). -56 and Cooper (1994) Bloom (2005a) and Blum and Ireland (2004). -57 )1999(Rehm (2003)-97 Kenkel (2000). -58 Nelson (2003) and Fichtenberg and Glantz (2002). -98 Lansdown and others (2002). -59 )1999(-99 Cáceres and others (1994); Eggleston and others (2000); -60 )1999(-100 and Boyer and Shafer (1997). Jha and others (2005). -101 Knowles and Behrman (2005). -61 Fiore and others (2000) )1999(-102 James-Traore and others (2002). -62 )1999(-103 Agha (2002). -63 )2003(-104 Abaunza (2002). -64 237 2002-10 Drucker and others (1998) and WHO (2005a). -105 Hurley, Jolley, and Kaldor (1997) and MacDonald and -106 ( others (2003). 14 16 ) -107 .))2003(( )2002(/ World Bank (2006a). ­ 11 Grosskurth and others (1995) -108 25 14 ­ 12 Okonofua and others (2003). -109 .17 Stanback and Twum-Baah (2001). -110 ­13 Dickson-Tetteh, Pettifor, and Moleko (2001). -111 « Temin and others (1999). -112 .» Knowles and Behrman (2005). -113 .)2003(-14 .)2005(-114 Salomon and others (2005). -115 Over and others (2004). -116 National Research Council and Institute of Medicine ­ 1 Health and Treasury Task Team (2003). -117 (2005). Teixeira, Vitória, and Barcarolo (2003). -118 »« ­ 2 -119 . (Liucas and others (2001). .)2005( ­ 3 / -120 ( )2000(UNODCCP )2420 Celentano and others (2001). -121 .2004 1998 Shah and Ahman (2004a) and Shah and Ahman -122 .1.5 (2004b). Assaad and Zouari (2003). -4 )1998( -123 )1998(­5 Ellertson and others (1995). -124 .)2006( Aziken, Okonta, and Ande (2003). -125 Conde-Aguledo, Rosas-Bermúdez, and Kafury-Goeta ­ 6 )1993(-126 (2006); Hediger and others (1997); Makinson (1985); Miller Berer (2003). -127 (1991); Scholl and others (1989); Scholl and others (1992); and Pauly (1968). -128 Zabin and Kiragu (1998). Population Council (2002). -129 Gertler, Levine, and Martinez (2003). ­ 7 Rowlands and others (2000). -130 Bhargava (2005). ­ 8 )2004(Over-131 National Research Council and Institute of Medicine ­ 9 Marseille (2003). -132 (2005). Jha and others (2001). -133 International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and -10 Dupas (2006). -134 ORC Macro (2000). .2004-11 : Jowett (2000) and Berman and Rose (1996). -12 ­1 Fafchamps and Quisumbing (2005). -13 )2006( Lundberg and Rose (2002). -14 . Galloway and Anderson (1994). -15 Bonelli and Veiga (2004). ­ 2 Alderman and Behrman (2006). -16 World Bank (2006i). ­ 3 Strauss and Thomas (1995) and Behrman and Deolalikar -17 Bourguignon, Ferreira, and Menendez (2005). ­ 4 (1988). Verner, Blom, and Holm-Nielsen (2001). ­ 5 Clark (2004). -18 ­6 Galloway and Anderson (1994). -19 .)2001( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1998) and Yip -20 ­ 7 and Dallman (1996). .-21 . El-Zanaty and Way (2001). -22 World Bank (2006i). ­ 8 International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group -23 ­ 9 (1989). . 2007 238 Grantham-Mcgregor and others (1991) and Paxson and -62 Li and others (1994). -24 Schady (forthcoming). Oyediran, Ishola, and Adewuyi (2002). -25 Hallman and others (2005). -63 Mensch, Bruce, and Greene (1998). -26 Ruel and others (2002). -64 )2006( ORC MACRO BPS -27 Committee for Population and ORC Macro (2003). -65 Lokshin, Glinskaya, and Garcia (2004). -66 .2003­2002 Nanda (1999). -67 Centre for Development and Population Activities -68 Siddiqua and Kabir (2002). -28 Senderowitz (1995). -29 (CEDPA) (2001). Mathur, Mehta, and Malhotra (2004). -69 Akin and others (1984); Hodgkin (1996); Nanda (1999); -30 and Wong and others (1987). Institute for Health Management-Pachod (IHMP) and -70 Khan (1998); Mumtaz and Salway (2005); and World -31 International Center for Research On Women (ICRW) (2003). Bank (2005a). Arends-Kuenning and Amin (2000). -71 Amin and others (1998). -72 National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (2005). -32 Singh and Darroch (2000). -73 DHS-33 Geronimus and Bound (1990); Geronimus and Korenman -74 . -34 (1992); Hoffman (1998); and Klepinger, Lundberg, and Plotnick (1997). Hofferth and Reid (2001). -75 .2003 Kaufman, de Wet, and Stadler (2001) and National -76 Senderowitz and Paxman (1985). -35 Research Council and Institute of Medicine (2005). Senderowitz (1999). -36 .)2003(-77 World Bank (2005a). -37 WHO (2003c). -78 Joshi and Schultz (2005). -38 World Bank (2005m). -39 . -1 See Rosen (2000). -40 www.risepak.com National Research Council and Institute of Medicine (2005). :-41 Walzer (1989). -2 Berer (2003). -42 Marshall (1950). -3 See Caldwell and Caldwell (2002) andAskew and Maggwa -43 Mamdani (1996). -4 (2002). Benhabib (2005) and Bauböck (2005). -5 World Bank (2006f). -44 Kymlicka (2001). -6 Knowles and Behrman (2003). -45 Harrington (2005). -7 Delisle, Chandra-Mouli, and de Benoist (2000) and World -46 Hooghe, Stolle, and Stouthuysen (2004). -8 Bank (2005m). Jennings and Stoker (2002). -9 .)2006(-47 Wattenberg (2006). -10 Delisle, Chandra-Mouli, and de Benoist (2000). -48 Norris (2005). -11 Gertler (2000) and Skoufias (2001). -49 Miguel, Glennerster, and Whiteside (2006). -12 Rawlings and Rubio (2005). -50 Schmitter and Treschel (2005). -13 Behrman and others (2005b). -51 Stolle and Hooghe (2004). -14 Lloyd and Grant (2004). -52 Macedo and others (2005) p. 48. -15 King (2005). -53 Gerber, Green, and Shachar (2003). -16 Dupas (2006). -54 Plutzer (2002). -17 Alford, Cheetham, and Hauser (2005). -55 Firebaugh and Chen (1995). -18 FOCUS (1998) and Graft, Haberland, and Goldberg -56 Alwain and Krosnick (1991); Jennings and Stoker (2002); -19 (2003). and McAdam (1988). )2005( -57 Chattopadhyay and Duflo (2003); Dhakal and Misbah -20 http://www.Comminit.com/experiences/pds62004/experi- (1997); and Pande (2005). ences-1983.html. Stern, Dethier, and Rogers (2005). -21 )20045(JHPIEGO Besley and others (2004); Jimenez and Sawada (1999); -22 . Narayan (1995); and Venkatraman and Falconer (1998). http://www.jhpiego.org/media/releases/nr20040505.htm. Przeworski and others (2000). -23 Delisle, Chandra-Mouli, and de Benoist (2000). -58 Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001). -24 White (2005). -59 Isham, Kaufmann, and Pritchett (1995); Lindert (2003); -25 Loevinsohn (1990). -60 Rivera-Batiz (2002); and Sen (1999). .)2006(SCN-61 239 Edmunds, Forster, and Cottey (2002); Hirsch and Mehay -55 Arunatilake, Jayasuriya, and Kelegama (2001); Barrera -26 (2003); and WDR 2007 InterMedia surveys. and Ibáñez (2004); and Kutan and Drakos (2003). -56 .Entesab-27 http://www.junoon.com. Junoon . Fearon and Laitin (2003) and Hegre (2003). -28 Angrist (1990); Galiani, Rossi, and Schargrodsky (2006); -57 Steinberger (2001). -29 Imbens and Van Der Klaauw (1995); Lokshin and Yemtsov Stocheard and G'Brien (2002) -30 (2005). )29-15( -58 .)65-30 ( 35 30 Sadler, Booth, and Deebbeling 1500 (2005). 1954 1950 .19441940 71 Pampel and Peters -31 (Murdoch and others (2004)). (1995), pp.164-169. Bedard and Deschênes (2006). -59 Stocheard and G'Brien (2002)-32 Abt Associates (2004); Gal and Eberly (2006); Obadare -60 . (2005); and Viva Rio (2005). SusanE.Stroud-61 Sacobson (2004) . .2006. Erikson (1994) p. 245. -62 Jacobson (2004) and Hevitt (1999) . Akerlof and Kranton (2005a) pp. 10­11; Cole (2004b) p. -63 896; Pals and Tuma (2004); and Titma and Tuma (2005). . Erikson (1994); Roy (2004); and Sciolino, Wingfield, and -64 . Povoledo (2005) p. A8. Cincotta, Engleman, and Anastasion (2003) -33 Neuhaus (2005). -65 Mesquida and Wiener . Kriger (2005) and Moscow Human Rights Bureau (2005). -66 (1999) UNICEF (2005c). -67 . Duryea, Olgiati, and Stone (2006). -68 Cincotta, Engleman, and Anastasion (2003) p. 77. -34 Solinger (1999). -69 Hudson and den Boer (2004) -35 Balcells i Ventura (2005); Cogan, Morris, and Print (2002) -70 . p. 6; and Kymlicka (2001). Mannheim (1972) p. 294, as cited in Cole (2004b). -36 Torney-Purta and others (2001). -71 Cole (2004a). -37 Hahn (2005) p. 835. -72 Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001); Gauri and -38 Finkel and Strumbas (2000). -73 Lieberman (2004); Mamdani (1996); and Steinmo, Thelen, and Finkel and Strumbas (2000) p. 105. -74 Longstreth (1992). Hahn, Dilworth, and Hughes (1998) in Gibson (2001) p. -75 Chiclet (2001). -39 7. La Cava and others (2006). -40 Billig (2006). -76 Diamond (2003), citing Freedom House data. -41 Dalrymple (2005). -77 Rodríguez-Pose and Gill (2003). -42 Bay and Blekesaune (2002); Durham (forthcoming); -78 -43 Fougère, Kramarz, and Pouget (2006); and Reiss and Roth (1993). Pintor and Gratschew (2002) and Franklin (2004). National Research Council and Institute of Medicine -79 Franklin (2004). -44 (2005) p. 405 Wattenberg (2006). -45 Furlong and others (1997). -80 Wintour (2006). -46 Hahn, Leavitt, and Aaron (1994). -81 Franklin (2004). -47 Elliot and Tolan (2005). -82 Green and Gerber (2001). -48 The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention-83 Navarro and Hasan (2003). -49 (OJJDP) (1998). Verba, Schlozman, and Brady (1995). -50 Maclure and Sotelo (2004). -84 Zeldin and others (2000). -51 Levine (1999). -85 Matthews (2003). -52 Thornberry (1998). -86 Rajbhandary, Hart, and Khatiwada (2001). -53 Rubio (2005). -87 In Thorup and Kinkade (2005) p. 77. -54 2007 240 -124 Dowdney (2005). -88 .1998 Smith (2004). -89 Shaw (2001). -90 : Decker and Van Winkle (1996). -91 Government of Sierra Leon (2005a). Government of Sierra -1 Howell (1998); Thornberry (1998); and UNICEF (2005a). -92 Leone (2005b). Sherman and others (1998) and Rodgers (1999). For -93 The Global Fund for AIDS (2005); and UNICEF (2005b). -2 example, Krug and others (2002). Government of Sierra Leon (2002), p 1. Cited in Ginifer -3 Authors' observations from the Ecuador Law and Justice -94 (2003). Based on Sierra Leone Integrated Household Survey, for the Poor Program. 2004. Women,s Commission for Refugee Women and Children -4 Mocan and Rees (1999). -95 Grogger (1998). -96 (2002). Based on Sierra Leone Integrated Household Survey, 2004. -5 Krug and others (2002); Llorente and Rivas (2005); Sheley -97 and Wright (1993); and Villaveces and others (2000). Glennerster, Imran, and Whiteside (2006). -6 World Bank (forthcoming) Education Sector Review. -7 Rashid (2000); Sageman (2004); and Taylor (1988). -98 Simon (2003). -8 Berrebi (2003); Post (1998); and Sageman (2004). -99 ENCISS and World Bank (2006). -9 Berman and Laitin (2005); Bloom (2005b); Levine -100 Goovaerts, Gasser, and Belman Inbal (2005). -10 (1999) p. 342; Paxson (2002); Post (1998); Sageman (2004); Turniski (2004). -11 Sprinzak (1998); and Stern (2004). Miguel, Glennerster, and Whiteside (2006). -12 Erikson (1994) p. 196. -101 Richards, Bah, and Vincent (2004). -13 Human Rights Watch (1997a); Human Rights Watch -102 ENCISS and World Bank (2006). -14 (2003); and UNICEF (2005a), Innocenti Brief 3e. Bellows and Miguel (2006). -15 Greenwood and others (1998). -103 Hart (2004). -16 Matthews, Griggs, and Caine (1999). -104 Bannon, Holland, and Rahim (2005). -17 Human Rights Watch (2001a). -105 Akpokodje, Bowles, and Tigere (2002); Chen and -106 Shapiro (2004); and Levitt (1998). -1 Bayer, Pintoff, and Pozen (2005) and Woolard and others -107 The 2005 Revision http:// (2005). esa.un.org/migration, April 7, 2006. WHO (2005b). -108 World Bank staff calculation from Global Trade Analysis -2 Beyer (1997). -109 Project (GTAP) database of Parsons and others (2005). Department of Corrections (2003). -110 (UNHCR -3 Petrosino, Turpin-Petrosino, and Buehler (2005). -111 17 5 34 (2005)) Wilson, Mackenzie, and Mitchell (2005). -112 . 59 18 47 Van Ness (2005). -113 38322415 Miers (2001). -114 (Heath and Jeffries (2005)). Latimer, Dowden, and Muise (2001); Akpokodje, -115 Sjaastad (1962). -4 Bowles, and Tigere (2002); and Roche (2006). World Bank staff calculations from the 2000 United States -5 Brandt (2005). -116 Census public use sample. AFP (2001); Arjona (2006); BBC (2001); Brown (1990); -117 Massey and others (1998) p. 47. -6 Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2000) in Singer (2005); See McKenzie, Gibson, and Stillman (2006) for recent -7 Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2002); Coalition to evidence of how large the gain in income can be, based on a Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2003); Coalition to Stop the Use migration lottery of Child Soldiers (2004); Human Rights Watch (2002a); Leopold See Dustmann (2001) for a review of these older studies and -8 (2001); McGirk (2001); Seyboldt (2000); and Singer (2005). Reyes (1997) for Mexico. Arjona (2006); Humphreys and Richards (2005); -118 World Bank (2005i). -9 Humphreys and Weinstein (2003); and Singer (2005). World Bank (2005i). -10 Human Rights Watch (1997b); ILO (2003); World Bank -119 Black (2003). -11 (2005t). Hagopian and others (2005). -12 Humphreys and Richards (2005). -120 McKenzie (2006a). -13 Humphreys and Richards (2005). -121 Mattoo, Neagu, and özden (2005). -14 Benus, Rude, and Patrabansh (2001). -122 Kleiner (2000). -15 Humphreys and Weinstein (2005) and Utas (2004). -123 241 / -45 Mishra (forthcoming). -16 .2006 World Bank Staff calculations from the Pacific Island­New-17 Maclellan and Mares (2005) nicely summarize this -46 Zealand Migration Survey 2005. program and the lessons for other countries. Yang (2004) for the Philippines and Cox Edwards and -18 Data calculated byAnna Paulson from the Survey of Income-47 Ureta (2003) for El Salvador. and Program Participation (SIPP) 1996­2000 for immigrants who World Bank Staff calculations from OECD (2005c) and -19 came to the United States between 1990 and 1996. OECD (2003). See World Bank (2005i) for a thorough discussion and -48 Davis (2003). -20 examples. Lucas (2004). -21 Gibson, McKenzie, and Rohorua (2006). -49 Kandel and Kao (2001). -22 See Mesnard (2004) for Tunisia; Yang (2005) for the -50 McKenzie and Rapoport (2006). -23 Philippines. International Oranization for Migration (IOM) 2005)b); -24 250-51 Simonet (2004); and Surveiliance Unit of the NSACP, Sri Lanka. 104 )( . ( .))2005( . El-Cherkeh, Stirbu, and Tolciv (2006) -52 International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2005a). -25 Hildebrandt and McKenzie (2005). -26 Stepick, Stepick, and Kretsedemas (2001). -27 . Martinez and Lee (2000). -28 Narayan and Petesch (2006). -53 Australia Immigration Visa Services (1998). -29 World Bank staff calculations from Spain 2001 Census -54 Fidrmuc and Doyle (2005) include measures of inequality -30 public use sample. and regional controls to try to isolate the political socialization McKenzie (2005) provides the analysis cited in this -55 effect of migration from the self-selection effect. paragraph. Donato and Patterson (2004). -31 Average over 1993­2000 based on the Survey on Overseas -56 See http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/2005/10/111331. -32 Filipinos of the National Statistics Office of the Philippines. Data shtml and the database of deaths at the Arizona border was kindly supplied by Dean Yang for this purpose. provided by the Coalición de Derechos Humanos at http://www. Gebrekristos and others (2005). -57 derechoshumanosaz.net/deaths.php4 [both accessed November 19, Enlaces Centro de Educación y Tecnología (2005) and -58 2005]. Halewood and Kenny (2006). « « -33 Mar Gadio (2001). -59 Internet World Statistics, http://www.internetworldstats. -60 com/stats.htm, November 21, 2005, update [accessed December 5, .)2000( 2005]. Dodds, Muhamad, and Watts (2003). -61 U.S. Department of State (2005a) -34 Halewood and Kenny (2006). -62 Omelaniuk (2005) for the IOM data; Clert and others -35 (2005) for the study in Southeastern Europe. McKinsey Global Institute (2005). -63 Special tabulations for youth provided by Guo Liang. See -64 U.S.Department of State (2005b). -36 Holzmann (2005), table A.2., based on UN medium variant -37 Liang (2005) for full details of the survey. projections. Curtain (2001). -65 Samuel, Shah, and Hadingham (2005). -66 Hatton and Williamson (2005). -38 Mungai (2005). -67 Hatton and Williamson (2003). -39 Longhi, Nijkamp, and Poot (2005). -40 ILO (2001). -68 Borjas (2003) finds a 0.3­0.4 reduction in wages from a 1 -41 http://www.digitaldividedata.com. [accessed December 3, -69 percent increase in immigration, while the more recent studies by 2005]. Card (2005) and Dustmann, Fabbri, and Preston (2005) find less Instituto Nacional para la Evaluación de la Educación de -70 effect. Mexico (2005). grist and Kugler (2003). -42 Perkinson (2005). -71 United Kingdom Home Office (2005). -43 World Links Impact Evaluation Series (2002). -72 Portes and French (2005). -44 2007 242 -7 Halewood and Kenny (2006) -73 .)2005()2005( . . Neto and others (2005). -74 Banerjee and others (2005). -75 See, for example, Vegas and Umansky (2005) on school -8 Gough and Grezo (2005). -76 management; Banerjee and others (2005) on remedial education; Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) (2005). -77 Miguel and Kremer (2004) on deworming; and Glewwe, Jacoby, Geary and others (2005). -78 and King (2001) on early childhood development. German Technical Cooperation and German Technical -9 Mar Gadio (2001). -79 Chewning and others (1996). -80 Cooperation and International Council on National Youth Policy (2005). -10 Parham (2004). -81 . See Jorgenson (forthcoming) for a recent review. -82 See World Bank (2006c) for an assessment of the growth -83 . impact. . Clarke and Wallsten (2004). -84 German Technical Cooperation and German Technical -11 Jensen (2006). -85 Cooperation and International Council on National Youth Policy Neto and others (2005). -86 (2005). Guermazi and Satola (2005). -87 Rao (1999). -88 . http://www.wordtracker.com unfiltered list of top 500 -89 Instituto Mexicano de la Juventud (IMJ) and Organización -12 search terms for December 6, 2005. Iberoamericana de la Juventud (OIJ) (2006). -90 German Technical Cooperation and German Technical -13 Cooperation and International Council on National Youth Policy . (2005). As mentioned previously, about two-thirds of countries . with national youth councils do not give voice to youth NGOs. Dulci (2005). -14 : Clementino (2006). -15 -1 World Bank (2006g). -16 1999 1989 -17 2000 http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/ : .2005 documents/youthindicatorsexist.pdf. .- - -2 http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/ documents/youthindicatorsexist.pdf. World Bank (2004d). . -18 Instituto Mexicano de la Juventud (IMJ) and Organización -1 . Iberoamericana de la Juventud (OIJ) (2006). See, for example, Summers (1992); Summers (1994); and -19 -2 Van der Gaag and Tan (1998). . Knowles and Behrman (2005). -20 6 -21 .3.5 . .)2005( -3 (WDR 2007 Inter Media Surveys) .4-2. )2006(-4 "Youth and the Millennium -1 Development Goals" (Ad Hoc Working Group for Youth and the . MDGs (2005)) and Kinkade and Macy (2005). German Technical Cooperation and German Technical -5 Peters (2006). -2 Cooperation and International Council on National Youth Policy Ogar (2005). -3 (2005). Ekehaug (2005). -4 World Bank (2003f). -6 The word "processed" describes informally reproduced works that may not be commonly available through libraries. Aedo, Cristián, and Marcelo Pizarro Valdivia. 2004. "Rentabilidad Aakvik, Arild, Kjell G. Salvanes, and Kjell Vaage. 2003. 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2003 2003 15 2003 15 15 477 480 479 463 474 468 456 428 442 485 479 482 481 490 485 500 461 480 533 527 530 522 527 524 545 506 526 517 511 513 499 508 503 513 471 492 520 490 505 523 508 515 522 464 493 365 358 361 359 362 360 394 370 382 409 412 411 416 428 422 453 414 434 498 499 498 495 510 503 530 501 516 471 467 469 457 475 466 495 455 475 368 374 371 348 365 357 419 384 402 470 470 470 460 472 466 495 459 477 527 522 525 525 533 529 526 489 508 487 486 487 488 493 490 516 477 497 431 418 425 419 415 417 439 396 418 343 346 345 353 365 359 387 362 374 406 408 408 415 430 423 459 426 443 513 520 516 509 524 516 504 473 489 546 554 550 528 552 540 547 526 536 488 495 492 489 507 498 486 453 470 514 519 517 506 523 514 505 479 492 514 504 509 506 512 509 533 496 514 424 416 420 436 438 437 433 390 412 523 520 521 518 535 526 518 482 500 520 519 519 507 515 511 514 476 495 553 543 548 541 548 544 565 521 543 532 533 529 530 541 535 546 514 530 484 481 483 482 485 483 509 470 490 382 387 384 380 391 385 410 389 399 494 486 490 492 498 495 525 475 500 508 505 506 502 509 506 514 467 491 534 531 533 516 531 524 535 508 522 550 545 548 548 552 550 525 494 510 503 499 501 486 494 490 498 467 483 518 522 520 535 540 538 524 503 513 478 477 477 480 486 483 511 479 495 548 546 547 530 539 534 509 487 498 448 450 448 436 455 445 490 453 472 273 3 - 24 - 15 24 - 15 / 24 - 15 24-15 49-25 24-15 .. .. .. 35.4 21.7 27.4 24.2 11.5 25.7 37.0 38.5 37.8 2002 .. .. .. 0.6 27.9 5.3 2.8 1.8 3.9 50.1 75.0 62.0 2000 31.9 19.2 25.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. 30.3 41.6 35.9 2002 19.4 6.8 13.1 .. 28.8 31.1 27.4 12.0 28.8 29.9 47.4 38.6 2001 35.6 3.0 18.9 48.7 40.4 58.8 37.6 17.0 42.2 15.1 51.2 33.6 2002 14.6 4.2 9.1 25.6 19.1 16.9 24.2 11.5 21.2 32.7 44.3 38.8 2000 26.9 6.7 16.6 3.8 17.5 15.6 10.1 4.7 12.2 38.3 62.9 50.8 2004 14.4 5.7 10.0 .. .. 44 33.5 13.4 38 45.3 59.8 52.6 2003 77.1 18 46.1 .. .. 12.8 6 3.9 7.5 17.3 60.8 39.9 2003 34.6 37.7 36.2 4.6 45.2 12.1 16.3 9.6 14.2 43.0 42 42.5 2002 32.6 9.2 21.0 16.8 28.1 24.1 20.6 3.3 22.0 39.4 60.1 49.7 2002 34.1 26.9 30.7 0.4 9.3 5.6 10.5 3.8 8 44.9 48.1 46.4 1999 11.3 5.5 8.6 2.5 23.2 7.2 4.2 1.8 6.0 60.1 49.1 55.0 2002 .. .. .. 51.4 33.3 40.9 37.8 18.2 39.1 27.6 36.8 32.4 2003 25.9 24.6 25.2 .. .. 10.4 9.5 3.4 9.9 25.8 29.0 27.5 2000 26.9 6.2 16.3 7.7 18.4 17.3 11.7 5.6 13.8 45.8 75.7 61.1 2001 62.1 13.1 37.9 8.6 14.9 16.5 8.0 4.4 10.4 24.9 65.1 44.7 2001 21.0 5.8 13.5 5.2 20.5 22.4 14.6 7.2 17.9 51.2 72.7 61.8 2001 20.4 17.6 19.0 40.7 37.4 40.1 37.2 12.7 38.6 38.4 40.9 39.7 1995 69.9 11.8 39.9 3.3 6.8 11.6 3.2 1.1 4.1 7.3 58.9 33.9 2000 26.8 5.4 15.9 11.3 27.3 27.4 18.4 7.8 21.4 31.5 60.2 46.1 2003 16.5 12.4 14.5 4.5 8.8 5.9 6.0 3.0 5.9 61.8 46.3 53.9 2003 15.4 7.2 11.6 0.8 5.1 1.5 1.1 0.5 1.4 59.3 51.8 55.8 2003 13.7 3.1 8.7 0.7 22.1 3.6 3.9 1.8 3.8 76.2 82.4 79.1 2003 3.9 3.8 3.9 .. 25.3 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.4 73.1 67.8 70.7 1998 .. .. .. .. .. 43.6 42.5 19.9 43.0 .. .. 46.0 2004 10.2 10.2 10.2 16.2 22.1 18.8 19.9 15.3 19.4 54.8 56.4 55.6 2002 10.4 7.7 9.0 5.5 20.0 18.4 9.9 7.0 13.7 51.3 66.9 58.9 2002 19.4 7.4 13.3 .. .. 14.2 13.0 6.9 13.5 50.3 64.3 57.4 2002 .. .. .. 21.3 21.9 20.7 22.9 6.3 21.8 30.3 30.5 30.4 2002 9.0 2.6 5.9 7.4 12.8 7.8 10.4 1.1 9.2 46.0 57.8 51.8 2002 48.7 11.8 31.9 23.7 12.5 13.6 21.5 5.5 18.2 34.1 58.8 45.3 2002 38.2 21.4 29.8 18.5 21.2 22.4 18.2 12.9 19.6 26.8 50.9 38.9 1992 17.5 6.8 12.7 1.1 10.9 1.4 4.6 0.8 2.8 65.2 69.1 66.9 2000 27.1 6.2 16.4 .. .. 27.0 31.9 8.7 30.2 29.7 53.9 42.1 1996 44.6 35.7 40.1 18.7 17.8 26.3 14.5 6.6 18.9 22.6 37.2 30.0 2002 48.6 39.4 44.0 16.9 24.2 28.9 16.4 5.7 21.2 .. .. .. 1999 27.0 14.5 20.7 .. .. 10.1 12.7 4.8 11.5 52.2 57.3 54.8 1999 65.0 32.5 48.7 17.6 22 28.2 16.6 8.8 20.6 35.0 67.5 51.3 2004 22.9 7.9 15.5 19.8 15.3 18.4 20.5 7.3 19.6 36.2 47.2 41.7 1992 15.4 13.6 14.5 10.5 37.8 14.5 18.4 3.9 16.7 30.9 39.3 35.1 2002 25.8 12.2 18.7 19.6 32.5 25.7 22.1 5.2 23.7 39.5 44.8 42.3 1998 .. .. .. 10.9 34.7 5.7 17.9 5.3 14.5 14.9 37.4 26.3 1998 21.8 8.2 15.1 21.1 30.5 28.3 24.5 8.7 26.1 43.1 58.7 50.8 2000 18.9 13.4 16.2 54.9 53.8 59.1 49.6 25.4 54.1 26.1 29.5 27.8 2000 6.1 5.6 5.9 8.0 27.6 9.2 10.1 9.1 9.6 74.1 71.5 72.9 1997 .. .. .. 22.4 26.3 24.4 24.0 17.9 24.2 63.1 63.6 63.3 2002 274 )( 3 - 24 - 15 24 - 15 / 24 - 15 24-15 49-25 24-15 31.2 21.0 26.2 4.2 46.2 21.8 28.4 6.1 25.0 35.8 33.8 34.8 2002 57.0 24.2 40.5 10.1 7.2 11.6 7.1 1.4 8.5 20.0 50.3 35.2 2000 .. .. .. 44.9 47.3 52.9 39.9 10.3 45.2 40.6 59.5 50.0 2002 36.6 7.8 22.5 11.1 11.7 8.4 13.1 4.9 11.5 31.4 60.8 45.7 2002 0.5 0.7 0.6 .. .. 34.6 27.4 10.9 30.3 32.8 43.4 38.4 1999 51.0 12.6 33.6 .. .. 6.0 12.3 9.0 10.1 24.2 53.1 37.5 1995 30.9 14.3 22.8 15.4 10.2 10.6 16.6 5.8 13.8 32.1 37.2 34.6 2000 1.2 1.1 1.2 34.4 29.6 30.4 33.3 6.1 32.0 53.6 57.9 55.8 2000 23.5 14.7 19.2 1.0 3.6 1.5 2.2 3.0 1.8 46.0 34.2 40.3 2003 21.1 7.8 14.4 14.0 22.3 26.1 17.8 8.3 21.2 30.3 41.7 36.1 2003 .. .. .. .. .. 56.5 64.3 26.0 61.0 31.9 41.1 36.6 2005 37.2 18.5 28.1 26.3 23.8 23.4 27.9 12.9 25.8 43.6 54.5 48.9 1999 38.4 30.7 34.6 2.9 26.6 6.4 12.9 3.4 9.2 40.2 32.4 36.4 1998 24.9 20.4 22.6 11.5 26.0 15.2 16.1 3.4 15.7 50.8 47.5 49.1 1998 44.7 17.6 30.9 14.9 18.1 24.2 12.9 4.3 16.2 21.2 49.7 35.7 1996 15.8 5.1 10.5 0.2 7.4 1.6 2.5 2.2 2.1 74.2 67.9 71.1 1994 30.1 10.7 20.2 .. .. 21.9 17.9 11.1 19.3 33.2 59.3 46.5 2004 6.3 3.7 5.0 3.6 14.6 5.0 5.8 1.1 5.4 64.0 63.7 63.9 2001 .. .. .. 24.3 17.6 23.4 19.0 7.3 20.8 37.9 48.3 43.3 2002 24.8 8.4 17.0 4.5 29.5 10.6 14.7 5.8 12.6 46.7 51.0 48.7 2001 6.2 7.8 7.1 35.5 36.7 41.1 32.2 13.5 36.0 31.5 37.6 34.7 2004 13.2 6.3 9.8 0.8 4.2 1.2 1.5 0.5 1.4 76.5 79.3 77.9 2004 4.2 4.3 4.2 .. .. 2.0 2.0 1.3 2.0 74.4 77.7 76.1 2000 7.3 6.7 7.0 .. .. 21.2 22.0 11.4 21.7 24.9 36.0 30.6 2004 39.0 16.5 28.4 1.3 12.9 3.8 6.0 3.9 5.0 44.3 53.0 48.4 2002 28.1 5.7 16.5 12.7 14.0 16.4 11.9 4.0 13.4 37.0 64.8 51.4 2001 22.4 5.6 14.2 20.1 36.0 39.3 23.1 13.6 30.2 48.6 66.1 57.1 2000 33.0 15.9 24.7 17.4 31.5 19.1 22.1 6.3 20.7 36.5 43.1 39.7 1997 .. .. .. 8.2 9.6 7.2 11.1 10.5 9.2 .. .. .. 2000 23.8 18.5 21.2 56.3 42.2 58.0 46.7 32.4 52.4 46.8 48.7 47.7 2002 .. .. .. 2.7 9.3 4.2 3.9 3.3 4.1 55.3 64.6 59.9 2001 35.2 5.3 20.3 5.3 7.2 4.9 7.6 1.9 6.7 33.6 64.8 49.0 2002 44.2 17.4 31.3 5.5 21.0 4.9 10.6 2.1 7.9 .. .. .. 1997 56.0 36.1 46.5 3.2 26.9 10.1 11.2 7.9 10.8 19.2 33.6 26.1 2000 19.6 13.8 16.9 0.3 7.2 0.2 2.4 0.6 1.1 68.8 59.2 64.2 1996 10.9 13.0 11.9 0.7 12.5 5.6 5.8 4.4 5.7 67.6 66.1 66.8 2002 19.1 9.9 14.7 22.8 49.0 37.7 32.6 18.2 35.1 33.1 37.8 35.3 1993 23.7 22.4 23.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 65.0 59.6 62.3 1995 45.7 22.6 35.3 .. .. 20.4 21.0 8.7 20.8 26.8 48.6 36.6 2002 40.1 30.9 35.4 3.5 10.2 5.3 5.9 1.1 5.6 .. .. .. 2003 38.5 9.6 24.0 2.6 7.3 7.0 4.4 3.3 5.2 30.1 70.2 50.2 2001 .. .. .. 39.5 70.6 61.7 48.8 22.5 54.6 35.2 42.9 39.0 2001 55.3 5.1 29.2 5.9 15.6 7.0 8.4 1.6 8.1 24.1 63.0 44.3 2000 56.6 8.5 31.6 4.2 12.0 12.1 6.1 4.7 7.9 31.5 73.5 52.2 2003 5.1 3.9 4.4 14.6 9.7 10.2 12.6 7.6 11.5 32.5 34.6 33.6 2002 31.6 25.2 28.3 .. .. 35.3 27.4 14.3 30.7 34.0 43.5 38.9 2000 2.3 1.5 1.9 .. .. 3.9 3.7 2.0 3.8 57.8 49.7 53.6 1999 275 4 - 14 - 7 14 - 7 36.5 63.5 45.9 67.9 57.1 2001 95.8 4.2 7.3 12.0 9.7 2000 91.4 8.6 16.0 25.4 20.7 1997 75.0 25.1 13.6 22.1 17.9 2001 56.9 43.1 31.8 41.1 36.6 2000 22.4 77.6 5.6 4.9 5.2 1995 95.9 4.1 14.0 22.0 18.1 2000 81.7 18.3 11.3 15.0 13.1 03/2002 75.7 24.2 4.4 11.7 8.1 1999 94.2 5.8 4.6 9.5 7.1 2003 96.4 3.6 2.6 4.6 3.6 2001 36.7 63.3 13.9 20.9 17.5 2003 62.5 37.5 1.4 6.4 4.0 2000 4.1 95.9 67.7 65.4 66.5 1998 )( 51.7 48.3 35.7 38.4 37.0 2000 96.0 4.0 17.6 22.8 20.2 2000 80.3 19.7 18.0 20.4 19.2 2000 92.7 7.3 15.2 20.4 17.7 1994 33.2 66.8 3.8 5.2 4.5 1999 87.2 12.8 2.8 5.2 3.9 2000 55.4 44.6 66.5 73.5 69.9 2000 60.0 40.0 39.2 41.5 40.4 2001 71.6 28.4 71.6 73.4 72.5 2000 45.1 54.9 67.6 66.5 67.0 2000 64.3 35.7 39.8 39.9 39.8 2000 92.8 7.2 8.1 16.7 12.5 2000 93.0 7.0 7.6 9.7 8.6 1998 39.1 60.9 8.9 4.0 6.4 1998 35.7 64.3 14.0 12.4 13.1 1999 94.9 5.1 26.4 29.0 27.7 1999 72.5 27.5 30.3 36.1 33.1 2000 27.2 72.8 13.9 15.0 14.4 1999 80.5 19.5 8.1 17.1 12.7 2003 43.8 56.2 27.7 43.2 35.4 2000 86.0 14.0 10.9 11.4 11.2 2000 44.1 55.9 16.8 21.5 19.1 2000 46.2 53.8 72.7 24.7 74.0 2000 96.0 4.0 6.9 10.5 8.8 2003 48.3 51.7 9.7 17.4 13.7 2000 58.4 41.6 25.3 25.4 25.3 2000 63.6 36.4 28.4 28.5 28.5 2000 61.5 38.5 13.9 25.9 20.1 2000 1.4 98.6 49.5 47.2 48.3 1994 36.3 63.7 67.5 67.4 67.5 2000 85.2 14.8 10.0 16.3 13.3 2001 82.4 17.6 6.6 11.4 9.1 2003 95.6 4.4 29.1 30.3 29.7 1996 )( 47.5 52.5 17.4 14.5 15.9 2001 83.5 16.5 52.1 52.4 52.3 2001 53.6 46.4 40.5 40.9 40.7 2000 79.2 20.8 3.5 9.7 6.7 2002 77.0 23.0 7.7 16.6 12.2 2001 55.2 44.8 6.4 6.9 6.7 1999 82.4 17.6 27.5 34.2 30.8 2000 31.3 68.7 18.6 32.3 25.3 2001 14.9 85.1 25.1 26.1 25.6 2001 6.8 93.2 12.8 13.5 13.2 99/1998 54.4 45.6 9.5 20.0 14.7 1996 )( 82.9 17.1 11.6 9.4 10.6 2000 71.8 28.2 20.6 23.5 22.0 2000 96.2 3.8 32.8 34.1 33.5 2000 90.5 9.5 14.7 16.2 15.4 1999 64.4 35.6 52.4 42.2 47.2 1999 66.7 33.3 6.5 17.5 12.1 2001 10.2 89.8 5.1 5.3 5.2 2000 58.1 41.9 6.1 16.5 11.4 2002 .14-10- .14-12- 276 5 - 15 2003 60 1000 15 - 13 15 - 13 480 182 41 29 2001 450 386 12 6 2003 220 120 .. .. 176 90 31 34 2000 189 120 28 12 2004 240 108 .. .. 359 301 .. .. 116 46 .. .. 89 51 .. .. 319 114 35 30 2002 92 51 .. .. 510 448 212 127 21 17 2001 167 92 16 9 2006 115 59 .. .. 168 121 30 13 2002 107 41 .. .. 193 122 16 11 2000 241 204 37 5 2000 584 488 .. .. 180 87 22 26 2001 226 142 .. .. 533 459 22 16 2002 384 142 46 35 1999 100 60 .. .. 81 53 .. .. 93 47 .. .. 309 246 .. .. 171 119 24 23 2003 225 199 .. .. 226 205 55 62 2001 117 81 34 12 2001 240 129 21 18 2002 189 106 16 13 2002 150 63 .. .. 114 86 .. .. 125 66 .. .. 216 91 33 42 2002 257 153 24 14 2003 251 258 .. .. 146 84 19 16 2002 393 332 24 10 2003 261 202 .. .. 850 839 17 12 2001 533 462 18 7 2001 654 525 .. .. 190 89 19 12 2003 202 81 33 24 1999 247 180 35 24 2000 193 133 24 16 2001 370 130 .. .. 267 153 .. .. 352 171 .. .. 176 111 .. .. 249 155 20 12 2000 513 444 .. .. 587 550 .. .. 448 377 20 10 2002 167 113 29 7 2001 165 123 24 15 2001 155 125 .. .. 257 146 23 14 2000 254 182 .. .. 333 280 .. .. 641 590 .. .. 201 125 14 5 2003 166 74 36 33 2002 250 147 .. .. 188 126 24 15 2002 339 160 .. .. 155 61 .. .. 434 381 .. .. 578 452 .. .. 335 303 18 4 2003 242 157 23 16 2001 202 86 12 8 2002 298 227 21 14 2002 642 579 38 27 2003 277 )( 5 - 15 2003 60 1000 15 - 13 15 - 13 376 311 .. .. 195 76 34 13 2002 121 73 .. .. 210 118 24 16 2000 213 129 .. .. 541 455 .. .. 239 107 27 20 2006 719 685 25 24 2002 830 819 19 14 2001 235 203 .. .. 295 244 .. .. 73 32 .. .. 233 192 27 20 2001 200 145 20 16 2002 224 131 19 10 2001 235 120 3 1 2006 248 138 25 15 2003 165 69 27 29 2003 87 51 11 8 2006 350 280 25 6 2002 894 790 21 10 2001 348 248 20 13 2001 79 50 .. .. 90 50 .. .. 597 517 .. .. 235 92 36 25 2002 133 66 33 42 2000 186 99 16 17 2003 164 103 14 6 2003 225 169 .. .. 466 205 .. .. 163 91 27 9 2003 397 323 .. .. 332 262 .. .. 352 295 20 19 2000 258 220 18 14 2000 289 165 18 12 2002 290 255 15 5 2004 403 342 .. .. 479 405 .. .. 132 59 .. .. 271 149 21 8 2003 181 97 15 12 2003 134 57 .. .. 275 173 24 13 1999 99 47 .. .. 93 76 .. .. 419 187 .. .. 503 461 .. .. 173 70 19 15 2002 441 285 11 3 2003 137 87 17 18 2001 93 57 .. .. 558 450 .. .. 129 76 20 19 2002 231 97 30 29 2001 73 53 33 18 2001 304 191 .. .. 495 521 21 14 2003 306 120 41 33 2002 199 138 46 40 2001 115 63 .. .. 590 484 .. .. 172 101 19 9 2003 302 106 40 32 2001 912 781 32 20 2002 84 49 .. .. 486 427 45 13 2001 195 108 .. .. 337 260 .. .. 159 103 17 9 2001 166 95 24 20 2002 652 615 20 15 2001 196 119 5 .. 2006 103 64 .. .. 310 179 .. .. 408 312 34 23 2001 218 115 .. .. 621 543 11 10 2002 110 47 .. .. 278 )( 5 - 15 2003 60 1000 15 - 13 15 - 13 206 172 .. .. 337 222 37 5 2001 619 529 .. .. 448 303 .. .. 96 58 .. .. 115 59 .. .. 290 284 15 6 2001 508 477 27 14 2001 511 470 24 17 2001 209 138 .. .. 98 65 .. .. 450 385 18 18 2001 283 213 29 20 2001 248 181 27 19 2003 257 111 34 33 2002 93 66 .. .. 139 82 26 20 2000 206 172 .. .. 96 45 .. .. 118 48 .. .. .- 279 6 - 24-15 24-15 24-20 19-15 24-20 19-15 .. .. 3.4 1.6 0.7 0.3 2000 .. 9 2000 .. .. .. .. 52 37 2000 .. .. 4.0 0.2 2000 .. 58 2002 .. .. 0.4 0.4 2002 .. 39 2000 .. .. .. .. 32 21 03/2002 .. .. .. .. .. 71 2000 .. .. .. .. 40 25 2002 .. .. .. .. 77 66 01/2000 .. .. 4.9 5.7 01/2000 45 40 2001 27.0 16.8 4.5 3.6 2001 54 45 2003 36.7 11.2 8.9 6.3 2003 .. 52 2000 .. .. 4.3 1.2 2003 .. .. .. .. 3.3 0.9 2000 .. 15 2000 .. .. 0.4 0.1 2000 .. 48 2000 .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.0 4.6 0.9 0.4 2004 65 61 04/2003 20.9 10.6 6.0 3.7 1999 .. 58 2000 30.4 12.8 6.7 6.9 1998 .. 42 2000 .. .. .. .. .. 74 1998 .. .. 3.5 2.0 1998 63 52 2000 .. .. 0.8 0.3 2000 .. .. .. .. 5.2 4.0 02/2001 69 64 1999 27.7 9.4 2.8 1.8 1999 .. 20 2000 .. .. .. .. .. 46 2000 .. .. .. .. .. 27 2000 .. .. .. .. .. 4 2000 .. .. .. .. .. .. 48.4 40.8 13.0 10.9 2000 .. 45 2000 .. .. .. .. 75 72 2003 .. .. 7.7 5.2 2003 .. .. .. .. 1.1 0.8 99/1998 .. 60 2000 .. .. .. .. .. .. 27.8 14.4 2.7 2.3 1999 .. 24 2000 .. .. .. .. .. 46 2000 .. .. 1.0 0.1 2003 .. 52 1997 .. .. .. .. .. .. 35.1 20.7 5.1 2.2 1999 73 64 2004 .. .. 16.0 11.3 2004 .. 59 2000 .. .. 9.6 6.1 2000 .. 46 2000 30.8 21.6 7.7 6.0 99/1998 .. .. 2000 .. .. 0.6 0.1 2000 65 55 2003 .. .. 1.6 1.8 2003 .. 47 2000 .. .. .. .. 43 33 2001 17.6 5.0 1.1 1.0 2001 .. 32 2000 6.4 5.4 1.7 1.1 04/2003 .. 36 04/2003 .. .. 0.4 0.0 04/2003 65 57 2000 .. .. 2.9 2.8 2000 .. .. 3.4 1.2 0.4 0.0 01/2000 .. 71 2000 .. .. .. .. 63 47 2003 .. .. 5.8 9.2 2003 .. 47 2000 .. .. .. .. 81 65 2000 .. .. 11.0 10.8 2000 75 38 2001 .. .. .. .. .. 28 2000 8.9 2.6 0.2 0.0 1998 58 40 2003 .. .. 6.0 2.6 2003 .. .. .. .. 2.6 1.0 2001 69 44 2000 .. .. 4.9 2.0 2000 .- .- .- .- 280 7 - 18 1000 24-15 % 24-15 24.2 2000 335 2000 7.0 2006 .. .. 5.0 2002 178 2002 8.0 2000 199 2000 25.4 2002 262 2002 18.0 .. .. .. .. 2006 .. .. 4.0 2006 .. .. 42.0 01/2000 509 01/2000 13.0 2006 .. .. 45.5 2004 328 2004 23.8 2001 370 2001 27.1 2003 384 2003 19.0 2003 267 2003 14.2 2000 206 2000 1.8 2000 214 2000 8.0 2006 .. .. 48.0 2004 .. .. 26.0 2006 406 1999 19.0 2006 .. .. 25.0 2002 306 2002 .. .. .. .. 9.5 2000 247 2000 .. .. .. .. 24.0 2006 .. .. 11.9 2006 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2006 .. .. 9.2 2000 292 2000 5.0 2006 .. .. 34.6 02/2001 426 02/2001 20.0 2006 311 1999 24.0 2006 .. .. 27.0 2006 .. .. 35.4 2000 338 2000 14.9 2003 250 2003 24.0 2006 393 99/1998 47.0 2006 406 1999 6.9 2003 231 2003 3.9 2002 163 2002 6.0 2006 207 1999 33.0 2004 374 2004 12.1 2000 222 2000 .. 2006 .. .. 19.5 2005 227 2000 22.7 2003 357 2003 45.0 2001 475 2001 31.3 04/2003 395 04/2003 7.5 04/2003 136 04/2003 30.3 2000 477 2000 25.0 2006 246 01/2000 42.0 2006 424.2 2003 20.5 2000 254 2000 26.0 2001 358 2001 47.0 2006 .. .. 28.0 2003 355 2003 28.1 2001 297 2001 15.2 2000 269 2000 28.0 2006 317 99/1998 28.0 2006 .. .. 281 8 - 24 - 15 % 24 -%15 20.4 2000 74.7 2000 50.4 2000 7.0 2000 28.6 03/2002 7.5 03/2002 15.8 2001 4.8 2001 50.1 2004 38.1 2004 17.3 2001 9.3 2001 15.1 2003 23.7 2003 62.9 2003 16.5 2003 81.2 2004 5.0 2004 .. 28.0 1998 14.1 2004 52.0 2004 60.2 2002 1.0 2002 41.1 2000 .. 5.7 2000 7.1 2000 .. 4.2 2001 43.8 1999 7.2 1999 .. 3.1 2000 57.3 2003 5.1 2003 .. 11.7 99/1998 .. 18.8 1999 46.9 2003 5.3 2003 .. 20.2 2002 .. 4.5 1999 36.5 2004 16.8 2004 .. 10.4 1998 80.8 2000 10.1 2000 34.2 2003 8.9 2003 23.6 2001 40.5 2001 37.3 04/2003 35.2 04/2003 69.5 2002 4.1 2002 51.6 2003 12.0 2003 46.5 2000 5.0 2000 52.0 2001 42.1 2001 76.1 2001 11.6 2001 29.0 2000 18.6 2000 .. 30.3 99/1998 .- .- 282 283 . 1- . 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VA20172-0960,USA. 2004 2007 LIC UMC LMC LIC LMC LIC LIC UMC UMC LIC UMC LMC LMC LMC LIC LMC LMC LMC LIC UMC LIC LIC UMC LMC UMC UMC LMC LIC LMC LIC LIC UMC LMC LIC LMC UMC LMC LMC LMC LIC UMC LMC LIC UMC LMC UMC UMC LMC LIC UMC LIC LIC UMC LIC LIC LMC LMC LIC LMC UMC LIC UMC LIC LIC UMC LIC LIC LMC LMC LIC UMC LIC LMC UMC UMC LMC LMC UMC LIC UMC LMC LIC LIC LMC LIC LIC UMC LIC LMC LMC LIC LIC LMC LMC LIC LMC LIC LMC LMC UMC LMC UMC LIC LMC LMC UMC LMC LMC LIC LMC UMC LIC LMC UMC LIC LIC UMC UMC LMC LIC LIC - LMC LMC LIC LMC LMC LIC UMC LMC LIC UMC LMC LIC UMC LIC LIC LMC LMC LIC UMC UMC UMC LIC UMC LIC LIC LIC UMC UMC LIC LMC LIC LIC .: .30: 876)LMC(875)LIC(:.2005 10726107253466)UMC(3465 287 1 )( )( 15 14 - 2002 2004-2000 2004 2004 2005-2004 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005-2000 2005 9.8 99 72 59 6.9 10,640 1,523 4,460 639.1 15 9 0.4­ 143 0.1 .. 43 42 6.8 1,000 71 160 11.1 45 71 2.1 71 3.4 99 75 70 25.0 4,890 41 1,240 10.4 26 102 0.8 8 3.5 97 79 71 8.2 13,920 539 4,470 173.0 26 14 1.0 39 3.3 90 73 70 4.5 5,280 29 2,500 13.5 37 61 2.6 5 1.0 99 75 68 14.4 5,060 15 1,470 4.4 21 107 0.4­ 3 0.2 .. 56 53 0.8 1,010 4 220 1.0 45 44 4.4 4 7.4 .. 84 77 1.7 25,820 1,120 25,360 1,100.1 14 87 1.4 43 18.1 .. 83 77 1.5 30,610 622 32,220 654.6 20 3 1.2 20 10.6 97 81 77 3.5 25,280 175 18,620 128.7 28 318 1.9 7 2.0 91 78 72 2.5 4,070 54 2,630 34.8 32 48 1.5 13 0.8 99 77 71 4.9 5,420 17 2,580 8.1 27 114 0.5 3 10.3 .. 81 76 0.9 29,210 2,409 34,580 2,852.30 14 236 0.1 82 1.4 90 69 66 4.2 3,720 820 1,280 282.2 28 122 1.3 221 0.5 67 43 40 11.5 2,210 35 1,350 21.5 46 13 2.9 16 1.2 .. 79 72 5.8 9,810 34 4,360 15.1 24 20 0.7 3 4.8 .. 70 64 5.5 2,020 54 510 13.5 33 63 1.5 27 0.1 67 50 48 1.9 1,500 43 280 7.9 50 146 3.5 29 6.4 99 74 63 3.3 6,720 317 1,520 71.4 15 81 0.9­ 47 11 .. 81 76 2.6 34,720 144 40,150 166.6 20 60 1.7 4 7.5 98 83 77 0.2 28,840 1,657 30,010 1,724.90 14 195 0.1­ 57 0.4 57 57 55 1.0 660 3.9 40 13 2.1 6 0.7 .. 74 69 0.4 2,370 4,970 14 31 1,280 7.9 38 16 2.4 6 0.7 50 66 64 5.2 2,350 366 690 107.3 38 202 2.4 156 1.8 89 75 67 0.9 8,230 1,534 3,460 644.1 28 22 1.4 186 6.0 .. 81 74 0.2­ 19,730 208 16,170 170.7 16 115 0.6 11 8.9 .. 82 76 0.7 32,640 342 35,700 373.8 17 319 0.4 10 5.3 98 76 69 5.8 8,630 67 3,450 26.7 14 70 0.8­ 8 0.3 .. 64 63 3.5 2,090 296 470 66.2 35 1,090 1.9 142 2.0 92 78 73 4.5 7,310 24 4,630 15.0 30 43 1.8 3 0.3 35 55 54 0.7 1,110 9 510 4.3 44 76 3.2 8 0.1 22 49 47 1.6 1,220 16 400 5.2 47 48 3.2 13 0.0 59 45 43 2.6­ 640 5 100 0.7 45 294 3.1 8 4.7 97 77 72 5.4 7,790 30 2,440 9.5 17 76 0.2 4 7.7 .. 79 70 3.3 13,490 515 7,110 271.4 16 125 0.2­ 38 1.2 87 67 62 2.1 2,740 25 1,010 9.3 38 9 2.0 9 1.0 88 73 68 5.1 5,830 163 2,610 73.0 32 22 1.5 28 6.0 100 74 63 9.8 7,890 77 2,760 27.0 15 47 0.5­ 10 3.7 93 74 67 3.6 8,440 542 2,750 176.9 24 126 0.9 64 9.1 99 67 59 .. .. .. .. .. 32 10 1.4 5 3.0 87 71 69 6.0 8,420 612 4,710 342.2 29 94 1.5 73 0.0 26 45 43 2.3 1,470 14 400 3.9 47 8 3.5 10 0.1 69 47 46 5.0 730 28 340 12.7 43 43 2 38 0.3 53 57 53 0.2 1,550 10 350 2.2 43 113 2.7 6 2.3 74 75 71 3.3 7,900 79 2,890 29.0 26 65 0.9 10 4.1 80 73 69 1.3 4,110 11 3,400 9 31 245 0.5 3 2.9 70 73 70 3.7 6,770 222 2,730 89.6 30 14 1.5 33 0.1 49 40 39 0.9 1,140 5 350 1.4 43 7 1.3 4 5.5 77 72 69 4.9 8,050 545 2,770 187.4 29 41 1.2 68 0.6 .. 54 51 6.0 810 3 950 3.8 47 12 3.1 4 0.0 67 45 43 3.5 720 41c 120 6.9 47 25 2.8 58 11.2 .. 79 73 6.2 20,140 205 10,710 109.2 15 132 0.1­ 10 2.5 87 71 64 3.0 7,150 64 2,370 21.1 33 184 1.5 9 6.8 100 78 70 5.9 15,760 85 7,950 42.8 17 112 0.0 5 2.8 80 75 72 1.7 3,740 71 1,380 26.3 37 104 2.5 19 4.3 93 77 71 7.5 6,440 171 4,810 127.8 31 30 1.8 27 1.0 99 72 64 1.8­ 1,870 10 440 2.3 31 27 0.9 5 9.4 .. 81 74 3.5 21,850 1,055 15,830 764.7 19 489 0.5 48 0.2 69 57 54 4.6 2,020 12 440 2.6 41 26 2.3 6 2.1 71 73 68 2.9 4,440 329 1,250 92.9 34 74 1.9 74 5.1 96 76 71 3.8 7,080 14 2,830 5.8 20 80 0.2 2 0.7 .. 63 60 1.0 920 19 600 12.7 46 40 3.2 21 7.6 82 45 44 5.6 12,120 548 4,960 224.1 33 37 0.5 45 0.7 .. 75 67 10.4 3,270 15 1,350 6 19 64 1.1­ 4 8.8 .. 80 75 2.8 33,570 182 47,390 256.8 19 128 0.3 5 0.1 65 46 42 3.2 1,320 12 230 2.1 43 366 2.3 9 4.0 97 75 68 4.4 8,940 193 3,830 82.9 15 94 0.7­ 22 0.2 68 38 39 3.4 950 11 490 5.7 46 16 1.7 12 1.0 .. 37 38 7.6­ 1,940 25 340 4.5 40 34 0.6 13 0.5 91 77 72 4.4 4,520 89 1,160 22.8 24 303 0.5 20 1.0 .. 74 68 1.0 5,120 35 2,450 16.8 34 332 1.8 7 7.7 .. 81 73 3.8 22,160 44 17,350 34.7 14 99 0.1 2 13.7 93 81 77 3.7 29,780 130 27,490 119.6 20 6,495 1.4 4 0.4 39 57 55 3.7 1,770 21 710 8.2 43 61 2.4 12 0.3 61 58 55 5.9 2,000 72 640 23.3 39 15 1.9 36 ..: 288 )( 1 )( )( 15 14 - 2002 2004-2000 2004 2004 2005-2004 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005-2000 2005 5.8 .. 83 78 2.3 31,420 284 41,060 370.5 17 22 0.4 9 5.6 .. 84 79 1.2 37,080 276 54,930 408.7 16 186 0.7 7 0.1 35 43 40 3.8 780 4 220 1.2 43 77 4.2 6 3.6 96 81 75 5.2 11,470 187 5,870 95.7 25 22 1.1 16 .. 96 76 71 5.7 .. .. 3,280 26.8 18 80 0.1 8 2.7 91 73 70 9.2 6,600 8,610 1,740 2,263.80 21 140 0.6 1,305 5.2 .. 85 79 6.3 34,670 241 27,670 192.1 14 .. 0.8 7 .. 92 75 71 .. .. .. 1,120 3.8 45 .. 4.1 4 0.7 99 67 61 6.2 1,260 8 330 2.2 39 47 1.1 7 12.1 81 76 73 .. 14,680 37 9,070 23 35 8 1.0 3 0.4 58 58 57 3.7 450 10 39 97 2.2 22 0.9 69 71 64 0.8 2,370 4,410 52 56 2,400 30.3 43 116 2.4 13 0.1 29 54 54 0.8 2,240 21 370 3.5 44 38 2.2 9 6.2 .. 84 77 0.9 30,540 1,855 34,810 2,177.7 18 110 0.6 61 0.9 93 73 69 3.3 5,300 440 1,300 108.3 35 279 1.9 83 12.0 .. 82 75 1.8 31,170 163 37,460 196.5 17 17 0.3 5 0.8 90 73 68 7.4 3,010 250 620 51.7 30 255 1.1 83 9.9 100 71 60 8.4 7,730 117 2,930 44.4 23 6 0.3 15 0.2 68 47 45 0.8 2,150 35 1,010 16.5 41 35 1.9 16 4.7 98 79 72 4.2 12,750 57 8,060 35.8 16 80 0.2 4 0.0 74 60 53 5.0 2,490 35 380 5.3 37 80 2 14 16.5 .. 83 77 2.0 32,220 1,040 32,600 1,051.90 18 4 1 32 0.4 49 47 45 1.9­ 1,490 27 840 15.3 42 57 1.6 18 1.4 95 81 76 2.3 42 4,590 19.9 28 85 1.9 4 1.3 93 76 70 3.6 9,680 7,420 338 2,290 104.5 31 44 1.6 46 25.6 93 80 75 5.3 24,010 59 24,040 59.1 24 142 2.9 3 0.2 74 48 49 0.4 1,170 40 530 18.0 43 60 2.2 34 2.7 100 78 66 10.8 13,480 31 6,760 15.5 15 37 0.6­ 2 4.7 .. 75 70 0.0­ 5,740 21 6,180 22.1 29 350 1.0 4 3.6 100 78 66 8.0 14,220 49 7,050 24.1 17 55 0.5­ 3 0.0 19 49 48 2.3 1,000 14 380 5.1 48 11 3.0 14 6.3 89 76 71 3.4 10,320 262 4,960 125.8 32 77 2.0 25 0.1 71 57 54 1.8 880 16 290 5.4 44 32 2.8 19 1.5 52 72 68 0.4 4,360 132 1,730 52.3 31 68 1.7 30 3.8 91 78 73 1.9 10,030 1,034 7,310 753.4 31 54 1.0 103 0.1 64 40 40 0.4 650 8 160 2.1 47 137 2.3 13 15.0 79 74 70 3.9 14,740 362 11,770 289.2 37 11 2.7 25 9.2 .. 81 76 1.2 32,690 1,968 37,600 2,263.70 18 249 0.2 60 3.4 98 68 62 4.6 2,190 690 1.8 30 2 1.3 3 2,150 6 1.1 51 55 52 2.3 560 1.7 43 3 3.0 3 1,270 7 0.1 .. 42 41 5.7 25 310 44 25 2.0 20 880 6.1 1.6 98 72 65 7.3 2,150 9 3.2 18 128 0.3­ 4 1.1 85 48 47 2.4 7,910 16 2,990 6.1 42 3 1.4 2 13.9 .. 82 78 1.7 40,420 187 59,590 275.2 20 15 0.6 5 7.9 .. 82 76 1.4 33,140 272 36,980 303.6 16 100 0.5 8 0.2 49 63 62 0.3 1,530 42 270 7.3 39 190 2.1 27 0.1 29 45 45 1.1 800 11 240 3.3 49 11 3.4 14 0.4 .. 44 43 4.7 1,040 137 560 74.2 44 144 2.3 132 0.7 77 73 68 1.9 3,650 20 910 5.0 39 45 2 5 8.6 .. 82 77 0.7 23,030 95 25,960 106.7 21 15 1.4 4 0.2 .. 53 51 0.5 16 450 3.9 37 309 1.4 9 1.2 61 64 63 7.1 1,840 3,787 720 793.0 32 368 1.5 1,095 0.9 80 70 66 2.3 3,460 2,900 21 1,190 8.6 39 64 2.3 7 5.6 .. 77 69 4.3 16,940 171 10,030 101.2 16 110 0.2­ 10 9.3 .. 81 76 0.8 32,480 530 36,620 598 18 482 0.5 16 20.2 .. 80 75 2.5 41,950 12,438 43,740 12,969.6 21 32 1.0 296 9.4 .. 85 78 2.6 31,410 4,019 38,980 4,988.2 14 351 0.2 128 8.5 96 81 3.4 23,620 262 19,670 218.1 14 86 0.3 11 3.9 80 69 77 65 2.4 9,420 60,644t 6,987 44,983.3t 28 50 1.2 6,438s 0.8 62 60 58 5.6 2,486 5,849 580 1,363.9 36 83 1.9 2,353 3.3 90 73 68 5.4 7,195 22,115 2,640 8,113.1 26 45 0.9 3,073 2.6 89 73 68 5.9 6,313 15,622 1,918 4,746.5 25 63 1.0 2,475 6.2 94 73 66 5.0 10,924 6,541 5,625 3,367.9 24 21 0.6 599 2.2 80 67 63 5.2 5,151 27,954 1,746 9,476.8 30 56 1.3 5,426 2.4 91 72 68 7.8 5,914 11,149 1,627 3,067.4 24 119 0.9 1,885 6.7 97 73 64 5.9 9,142 4,324 4,113 1,945.0 20 20 0.0 473 2.4 90 75 69 3.1 8,111 4,472 4,008 2,209.7 30 28 1.4 551 3.2 72 71 68 2.8 6,076 1,856 2,241 684.6 33 34 1.9 305 1 60 64 63 6.4 3,142 4,618 684 1,005.3 33 308 1.7 1,470 0.7 .. 47 46 3.1 1,981 1,469 745 552.2 44 31 2.3 741 12.8 .. 82 76 2.1 32,524 32,893 35,131 35,528.80 18 31 0.7 1,011 )()()(.)(: )(..)1995(1986 ..)3465-876()(.)()(.)(. 289 2 % % % % % % % % % % 3.1 12.1 0.5< 2< 2002 .. .. .. 30.9 .. .. 1994 29.6 77.8 4.8 23 00­1999 44.2 37 45 00­1999 45.5 33.3 47 96­1995 9.1 33.4 0.6 3.7 2001 49 55 42 2001 68.1 .. .. 1995 8.4 23 2 7 2003 .. 29.9 .. 1998 .. 28.4 .. 1995 1.5 7 0.5< 2< 03­2002 11.7 .. .. 1997 15 .. .. 1991 7.1 31.1 0.5< 2< 2003 50.9 51.9 48.7 2001 55.1 58.3 50.8 99­1998 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53 .. .. 94­1993 1.9 7.5 0.5< 2< 2003 .. .. .. 8.9 6.8 14.7 1995 15.8 37.2 6.3 15.8 46 30 69 1998 34 19 56 1995 2 11.8 0.5< 2< 1998 2002 .. .. .. 25.4 19.8 29.6 2002 15.7 52.4 0.9 7.5 2002 27.1 16.1 34.4 1999 15.7 .. .. 1996 1.6 5.7 0.5< 2< 2003 .. 24.7 .. 1998 .. 20.2 .. 1994 .. .. .. 27.5 22.5 30.5 2000 .. .. .. .. 37.7 12.2 41.7 03­2002 33.8 9.6 37.4 00­1999 0.9 4.9 0.5< 2< 2003 19.5 28.4 2003 31.5 34.9 2000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 37.5 16.1 41.3 1996 16.2 33.2 7.4 16.4 .. .. .. 21.8 19.7 28.5 1991 26.1 73.6 3.1 17 2002 2002 32.6 24.2 35.9 99­1998 28.6 17.2 33.4 1993 8.5 21.2 3.4 7.5 22 14.7 51.4 1998 23.9 15.4 54 1996 0.5< 2< 0.5< 2< 2003 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.5 6.1 0.5< 2< 1994 2003 12.8 .. .. 2001 36 .. .. 1997 36.3 82.8 8.1 36 2000 49.8 36.6 53 2000 51 29.4 55.2 96­1995 6.9 17.1 2.3 6.5 2002b .. .. .. 37.3 15.3 64.9 1997 31.7 73.7 8.2 30.9 2003 29 23.3 33 1999 26.5 28.5 25.2 1995 22.8 50.1 7.7 23.5 1993 .. .. .. .. .. .. 30.4 71.8 7.3 27.2 2003 46.4 19.2 52.4 2003 54.6 22.4 61.1 1998 48.9 87.6 22.7 54.6 1998 .. .. .. 36.4 43 36 1990 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19.5 13.8 19.9 02­2001 0.5< 2< 0.5< 2< 2002 .. .. .. 23.8 .. .. 1993 23.2 42.2 13.6 23.2 62.7 50.6 81.7 1999 63.2 53.8 77.3 1997 13.4 31.8 4.4 12.5 2002 49 40.4 64.7 1997 53.5 46.1 67 1994 0.5< 2< 0.5< 2< 2002 2002 .. .. .. 41.9 .. .. 2000 6.2 25.1 0.5< 2< 2002 13.1 10.2 15.5 1992 18 .. .. 1990 5.7 18.7 0.8 3.4 2003 27 21.9 34.5 2002 28.3 .. .. 1994 6.3 20 1 4 1992 21 24 20 1992 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64 63 67 96­1995 49.3 89.9 20.7 57.8 01­2000 35.7 29.5 38.7 01­2000 38.6 31.2 40.8 1991 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32.3 .. .. 89­1987 1.3 6.6 0.5< 2< 2000 7.6 3.6 13.9 1995 7.4 3.5 13.1 1990 2.7 13.3 0.5< 2< 2000 18.7 12.8 25.1 2000 27.5 18.7 37 1995 3.8 15.1 0.5< 2< 1995 22.6 14.7 30.3 1995 12.2 7.3 16.6 1988 58.4 84 38.1 66.6 1993 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.5 7.3 0.5< 2< 1998 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.5< 2< 0.5< 2< 1996 .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.6 11 0.8 2.5 28.6 20.5 42.1 1998 33.9 19.3 49 1992 0.8 2.9 0.5< 2< 2003 .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.4 21.4 0.5< 2< 1996 2003 47.6 41.2 51 2001 52 43.9 56.4 2000 0.5< 2< 0.5< 2< .. .. .. .. .. .. 30.2 74.1 6.1 27 1998 2002 38.6 26.9 41 98­1997 45 33.1 48.7 1993 11.3 43.9 0.5< 3.1 00­1999 16.7 .. .. 00­1999 22.9 22.5 23.3 96­1995 0.5< 2< 0.5< 2< 2003 .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 45.2 2.3 10.2 1998 .. .. .. 41.8 30.8 45 1998 12.6 34.1 1.7 10.7 2000 .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.6 25.3 2.1 6.5 2003 54.5 56.2 52.7 2003 52.1 48.5 55.4 2002 45.5 83.7 20 51.7 00­1999 60.3 14.3 65.7 00­1999 51.2 .. .. 1993 ..: 290 )( 2 % % % % % % % % % % 3 12.9 0.5 2< 2003 .. .. .. 21.5 20.4 27.9 1994 62.2 94.1 36.4 75.8 03­2002 72.9 56 83.1 1998 69.2 46 82.8 1996 48.2 83 24.2 56.1 96­1995 34.9 7.9 48 96­1995 25.8 3.4 35.8 91­1990 11.9 41.6 0.8 5.6 2002 25 15 27 96­1995 20 15 22 91­1990 17.7 40.5 9.3 19 .. .. .. 48.3 43.1 55.7 1992 0.5< 2< 0.5< 2< 2002 1998 .. .. .. .. .. .. 25.2 63 5.7 22.3 1995 .. .. .. 33.4 23.7 40.4 1992 51.8 74.5 39.5 57 1989 70.2 56.4 79 04­2003 82.8 .. .. 1989 2.5 9.6 0.5< 2< 17 .. .. 1998 19.9 .. .. 1996 18.4 46.7 3.9 16.6 2000 2001 4.6 2< 4.6 1998 6 2< 7.9 1996 13 42.8 1.3 7.4 2003 .. .. .. .. .. .. 25.2 54.3 8.8 26.5 1998 57.6 48 61 1998 64 .. .. 1992 40.8 78.5 17.3 44.8 99­1998 39.5 18.6 49.9 99­1998 50 .. .. 1992 13.8 31.9 5.5 13.5 2002 56.2 27.1 74.5 2000 57.9 33.7 71.9 1989 .. .. .. 40 .. .. 1994 17.8 47.5 3 15.5 2000 36.8 21.5 50.7 1997 40.6 28 53.1 1994 10.2 27.6 2.8 8.3 2000 .. .. .. 31.3 .. .. 1989 28.9 6.6 35.6 2002 37.4 9.2 45.5 1998 3.8 16 0.5< 2< 2003 .. .. .. 34.6 30 39 1996 19.3 50.6 4.1 17.1 2001 40.2 22.1 49.9 2001 53.3 41.4 59.6 1996 0.5< 2< 0.5< 2< 2001 .. .. .. .. .. .. 34.5 77.7 9.7 34.1 1997 35.9 13.9 40.1 1999 36.1 21.1 40.1 1997 18.4 48.8 4.1 14.8 2002 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.8 7.5 0.8 2.2 2001 .. .. .. 22 19.2 25.5 1992 7.7 17.8 3.1 7 2003 64 55 79 1999 60 48 79 1995 23.9 58.3 5.9 22.8 1997a 52 49 53 1997 40 29 47 1994 1.2 4.7 0.5< 2< 2003 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.8 7.8 0.5< 2< 2003 .. .. .. .. .. .. 33.1 56.1 19 36.4 1995 .. .. .. .. .. .. 60.5 90.6 37.4 72.3 1994 .. .. .. 63.8 30.1 75.9 1998 2 9.3 0.5< 2< .. .. .. 15.5 .. .. 1989 51.8 85.1 27.9 61 1997 2001 71.3 52.1 76.7 1999 73.3 63.2 76 1997 3.1 14.3 0.5< 2< 1999 19 12 27.2 99­1998 13.1 7.6 18 91­1990 6.5 20.4 1.2 4.5 2002 20.3 11.4 34.8 2002 37.1 26.5 52.4 1996 38.3 76.1 14.8 41.7 98­1997 65.3 54.9 66.5 98­1997 54 .. .. 91­1990 30.6 74.9 8.1 27 1998 35.6 39.4 32.6 1998 36.3 38.5 33.1 1995 26.8 63.1 7.6 25.9 2000 46.3 25.4 61.2 2000 50 30.1 65.5 1996 36.8 78.4 12 37.9 1996 .. .. .. 69.4 62 71.3 97­1996 25.1 63.7 5.8 22 2001 48.5 42.6 67.2 2002 62.4 58 64.1 2001 30.4 55.8 14 34.9 1993 .. .. .. .. .. .. 26.8 68.5 5.4 24.1 04­2003 30.9 9.6 34.6 04­2003 41.8 21.6 43.3 96­1995 54.6 85.8 34 60.6 1995 .. .. .. 63 52 66 93­1989 59.5 92.4 34.5 70.8 2003 34.1 30.4 36.4 93­1992 43 31.7 49.5 1985 41.2 79.9 16.7 45.1 2001 47.9 30.5 68.5 1998 50.3 31.9 76.1 1993 47.4 78 26.6 53.9 2001 .. .. 66 1995 65 .. .. 1987 35.3 79.9 8.2 34.7 00­1999 28.6 24.7 30.2 00­1999 36 32.4 37.3 94­1993 20.2 44 7.5 20.7 48 37 58 1999 47 35 58 1997 0.5< 2< 0.5< 2< 1999 2002 17.3 .. .. 1997 14.5 .. .. 1993 .-.- 291 3 100 % % 49-15 % )%( ­2000 ­1990 ­2000 ­1989 2005 04 94 2000 2004 1990 2004 1991 2004 1991 04 94 1.1 99 .. 67 21 29 99 104 .. .. 6 4 6.1 2002 .. 6 .. 850 166 204 73 68 55 .. 47 48 9.1 2000­1999 0.1 84 .. 94 90 105 97 100 96 .. 7 .. 12.2 2002 0.6 99 96 82 18 29 103 .. 100 .. .. 2 3.2 2003 .. 100 87 41 27 40 101 101 97 73 4 6 6.7 03­2002 0.1 97 .. 55 32 60 103 .. 107 .. 3 .. 8.5 2003 2.4 28 .. 630 82 147 71 .. 43 .. 40 41 .. 0.6 .. .. 4 5 9 102 104 .. .. .. .. 7.0 2000 0.1 .. 100 8 6 10 98 101 98 .. .. .. 5.9 1994 .. .. .. 17 6 12 100 105 104 .. .. .. 5.7 2001 0.3 .. .. 130 26 57 100 .. 101 .. 12 .. 3.3 1998 .. 98 .. 55 19 45 97 96 99 .. 14 .. 9.1 2002 0.1 .. .. 8 5 9 99 .. 96 .. .. .. 8.5 2000 0.1 72 37 230 38 91 99 93 101 91 28 .. 8.4 2002 3.7 45 .. 1,700 260 260 .. .. .. 35 31 20 .. 0.5 .. .. 27 17 25 106 .. 91 94 .. 4 5 2003 0.2 96 .. 24 69 79 98 94 97 .. 8 .. 9.2 2000 6.7 39 38 880 138 160 97 82 57 .. 23 23 5.9 1999 1.4 100 .. 35 18 26 99 .. 100 92 1 .. 9.2 2003 0.2 100 .. 5 6 9 102 104 101 .. .. .. 7.4 2000 0.5 .. .. 5 5 9 99 100 101 104 .. .. 6.5 2000 1.8 41 .. 300 93 101 87 80 54 47 .. .. 4.5 1996 0.4 77 67 170 24 41 98 99 91 71 5 4 2.2 2002 0.1 23 19 500 101 130 73 .. .. .. 38 40 9.3 2002 0.5 96 72 260 34 60 103 .. 109 .. .. 7 2.6 2003 0.4 100 98 5 5 14 102 103 .. 95 .. .. 5.8 1997 0.3 .. .. 10 5 10 98 101 .. 79 .. .. 8.5 2000 0.1< 99 .. 32 15 19 96 99 98 85 .. .. 8.7 2003 0.1< 13 10 380 77 149 106 .. 76 .. 48 68 9 2000 0.9 93 86 160 24 34 101 .. 97 .. .. 6 2.5 2002 1.8 66 .. 850 152 185 71 50 49 21 23 .. 7.4 2003 2.0 38 42 1,000 192 210 76 62 29 21 38 33 6.9 2003 3.3 25 .. 1,000 190 190 82 82 33 46 45 .. 5.1 1998 0.1< 100 97 31 15 22 .. .. .. .. 4 .. 9.5 2001 0.1 100 .. 13 8 18 100 101 100 98 .. .. 7.5 2002 0.1 67 47 420 69 125 98 .. 100 .. 8 15 1.5 2002 0.6 59 .. 410 29 80 100 96 100 .. 7 11 3.2 2002 0.3 100 .. 35 11 17 100 .. 101 95 .. .. 8.5 2002 1.4 99 .. 44 21 37 98 95 .. .. .. 19 6.3 2002 0.1< 97 .. 31 103 97 .. .. .. .. 12 .. 6.1 1998 .. 83 76 70 32 82 86 81 88 90 4 10 5.3 2003 3.5 14 .. 1,100 200 203 58 41 29 18 37 .. .. 6.5 46 44 1,500 126 161 .. 97 54 61 .. 29 7.3 01­2000 3.2 61 .. 570 140 152 73 59 66 35 .. .. .. 0.1 90 .. 120 25 52 102 86 97 74 4 .. 6 2000 1.5 97 79 87 20 20 101 102 84 90 4 5 6.7 2000 0.1 96 77 140 40 69 99 83 94 79 10 9 7 1995 10.7 44 .. 1,100 193 168 .. 60 .. 27 24 .. 2 1993 0.2 90 .. 76 38 72 100 85 95 91 .. .. 5.1 1998 5.3 .. .. 510 108 110 90 85 66 54 .. .. .. 3.2 61 .. 990 205 205 .. .. .. 46 31 .. .. 0.1 100 .. 9 4 13 100 98 104 .. .. 1 10.3 1996 1.1 98 93 150 32 65 105 .. 91 .. 5 10 3.9 2003 0.1< 99 .. 3 9 14 101 .. 99 .. .. .. 8.8 1996 .. .. 77 160 16 44 94 85 107 89 7 12 .. 0.7 94 .. 96 19 27 103 105 89 43 4 5 4.7 2000 0.1 99 .. 110 68 80 101 .. 93 .. 7 .. 8.9 2003 0.1< .. 98 20 6 9 100 99 105 98 .. .. 7.9 1998 0.1 19 .. 650 83 163 84 75 74 .. 40 40 8.1 2002 0.1< 69 41 84 36 104 95 81 95 .. 9 10 8.6 2000­1999 0.1< 99 .. 23 14 38 99 99 96 .. .. .. 6.1 2003 .. 27 16 570 111 142 63 .. 62 .. 46 39 7.4 1998 18.8 .. .. 230 67 60 101 104 96 75 .. .. 3.5 2000 0.2 .. .. 32 45 47 99 98 91 .. .. .. 5.6 2003 0.2 .. .. 5 5 9 102 101 99 98 .. .. 8.3 1997 3.1 31 26 1,400 203 173 100 96 37 33 24 29 .. 85­1983 0.1< 99 99 49 20 31 100 99 93 .. 3 6 8.1 2003 17.0 43 51 750 182 180 93 .. 66 .. 23 25 6.1 03­2002 20.1 .. 69 1,100 129 80 96 92 80 99 .. 16 4.6 1995 0.1< 96 94 92 14 32 102 102 .. 97 30 38 8.3 2000­1999 0.9 92 51 150 28 60 98 102 86 41 10 11 2.7 2002 0.1< 100 100 17 4 10 100 .. 114 .. .. .. 9.1 99­1998 0.3 .. .. 30 3 8 .. 95 .. .. 3 .. 5.0 1998 0.9 58 47 690 137 148 90 69 45 .. 23 22 6.4 1995 1.6 87 86 590 91 120 88 78 49 41 41 34 .. ..: 292 )( 3 100 % % 49-15 % )%( ­2000 ­1990 ­2000 ­1989 2005 04 94 2000 2004 1990 2004 1991 2004 1991 04 94 0.2 .. .. 2 4 7 102 102 .. 96 .. .. 9.1 2000 0.4 .. .. 7 5 9 96 97 97 53 .. .. 7.6 2000 1.6 42 .. 2,000 283 302 74 67 .. .. 27 29 .. 1989 0.3 100 100 31 8 21 98 100 95 .. 1 1 3.3 2000 0.2 93 .. 11 15 28 101 .. 96 .. 2 .. .. 0.1 96 .. 56 31 49 100 87 .. 103 8 17 4.7 2001 .. .. .. .. .. .. 95 103 111 102 .. .. 5.3 1996 .. 97 .. .. .. .. 103 .. 98 .. .. .. .. 0.1 71 .. 100 93 119 89 .. 92 .. .. .. 7.9 2003 .. 95 .. 87 13 32 98 89 91 .. .. 24 .. 2.3 47 44 540 112 122 91 79 72 63 22 27 5.6 99­1998 0.9 41 .. 240 45 82 91 .. 70 .. 23 .. 2.9 2002 1.5 56 31 740 155 240 72 46 49 17 33 27 6.4 1994 0.4 .. 99 17 5 9 100 102 99 104 .. .. 7.2 1995 0.1< 60 53 200 34 62 102 100 97 .. 28 30 5.4 2000 0.1 100 100 6 4 7 102 109 100 97 .. .. 9.6 2000 0.5 90 .. 130 23 53 94 .. 101 .. 28 45 7.5 2002 0.1 .. .. 210 73 63 98 102 110 .. .. .. 7.4 2003 5.4 62 58 730 149 139 81 83 63 56 18 15 5.6 2001 0.1< 100 .. 8 7 12 101 102 91 .. .. 1 8.3 2001 1.6 32 .. 450 141 115 87 73 82 .. 45 .. 6.9 1997 0.3 98 .. 6 6 8 100 99 .. .. .. .. 7.2 2000 7.1 68 45 690 194 157 68 65 43 43 17 24 5.2 2002 0.3 98 98 43 13 18 102 101 92 79 .. 2 3.9 2001 0.6 86 82 130 21 36 104 108 94 70 7 10 2.5 2003 .. .. .. 5 12 16 104 97 91 .. .. .. .. 6.1 42 45 1,000 120 97 94 94 91 .. 20 23 6 1997 0.8 .. .. 42 12 18 99 100 92 .. .. .. 6.6 2003 0.1 .. .. 150 31 37 102 .. 94 .. .. .. .. 0.2 100 .. 13 8 13 99 .. 98 .. .. .. 6.8 2003 1.7 41 .. 1,200 219 250 74 59 44 11 33 .. 4.6 1994 0.5 97 .. 41 12 22 106 101 91 91 11 22 4.4 1997 0.5 51 57 550 123 168 .. 98 45 33 42 45 4.9 2001 0.1 63 31 220 43 89 88 70 75 47 10 10 6.5 99­1998 0.3 95 .. 83 28 46 102 98 99 86 .. 17 4.3 2002 14.1 61 55 1,800 175 241 99 81 59 28 22 28 4.9 1997 .. .. .. 23 27 44 92 84 62 56 .. 15 .. .. .. .. 13 6 10 102 98 .. .. .. .. 6.1 1999 0.1< 99 .. 110 52 108 108 109 96 .. 13 12 5.6 1998 0.7 57 40 1,000 125 133 96 67 43 33 32 48 6.2 2000 16.1 48 .. 1,000 152 235 82 72 30 .. 24 .. 6.5 97­1996 1.1 .. .. 36 28 40 102 105 91 .. .. .. 7.8 2003 19.6 76 68 300 63 86 104 108 81 .. 24 26 1.4 1993 0.1 .. .. 16 4 9 101 102 101 100 .. .. 9.6 2000 0.3 .. 100 4 5 10 96 95 .. .. .. .. 8.6 2000 0.5 15 7 740 76 145 85 59 75 .. 48 .. 6 04­2003 1.1 16 15 1,600 259 320 71 57 25 17 40 43 2.6 1995 3.9 35 31 800 197 230 84 79 75 .. 29 39 5.1 2003 0.2 67 .. 230 38 68 103 109 73 44 10 11 5.6 2001 0.1 .. 95 7 7 11 105 101 .. 100 .. .. 6.4 1997 3.8 24 23 680 117 150 .. 95 .. 27 17 27 2.4 2001 0.9 43 34 540 85 123 88 70 89 .. .. 53 8.9 2000­1999 1.5 56 45 110 41 59 107 108 79 65 17 18 3.4 2003 0.1 100 .. 16 8 17 99 100 95 93 .. .. 9.5 2002 0.2 .. .. 16 6 9 98 97 100 .. .. .. 7.6 1999 0.6 .. 99 17 8 11 99 100 .. .. 2 1 5.4 2000 0.1< .. 100 10 4 6 100 101 .. 101 .. .. 10.6 1993 0.2 .. .. 9 5 11 100 99 .. 6.7 2000 25,e .. .. 1.0 62 43 410 79 95 93 86 .. .. .. .. 1.7 41 32 684 122 147 85 73 78 64 39 .. 0.6 87 .. 150 39 58 99 91 96 91 11 .. 0.3 86 .. 163 42 62 99 89 97 93 12 .. 2.2 95 .. 91 28 41 98 98 95 87 7 .. 1.1 60 40 450 86 103 92 84 87 80 26 .. 0.2 86 .. 117 37 59 99 89 98 97 15 19 0.7 94 .. 58 34 49 96 97 94 92 5 .. 0.6 88 77 194 31 54 102 .. 96 84 7 .. 0.1 72 46 183 55 81 92 82 88 75 13 .. 0.7 37 30 564 92 129 85 70 87 73 45 53 6.2 42 43 921 168 185 83 80 61 51 29 .. 0.4 99 .. 14 7 11 99 100 .. .. 3 .. ......2005... -2000..1994-1989..2004-1995. 293 4 2000 05­2000 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 04­2002 94­1992 05­2000 2005 16.8 14 21 16 50 56 38 6 2,297 1,746 6.2 763,720 4.2 23­ 26 14 82 39 13 48 144 147 4.2 11,174 6.0 24­ 53 11 59 32 55 12 1,061 922 12.7 12,561 12.5 7 19 11 63 54 36 10 9,311 7,335 2.2 183,309 2.6 34­ 27 16 91 69 29 2 1,192 1,810 5.9 12,861 4.2 13­ 30 11 73 35 44 21 2,722 1,464 12.3 4,903 15.1 48­ 20 45 82 55 23 23 56 91 3.6 986 4.2 4­ 28 18 58 67 29 3 19,132 12,611 3.1 1,123,691 3.2 3­ 25 18 60 71 26 3 27,058 20,693 3.3 700,672 1.3 5­ 19 28 59 .. .. .. .. .. 1.9 123,434 11.7 2­ 26 8 68 66 28 6 1,478 1,027 5.0 36,244 4.0 23­ 25 9 88 55 20 25 1,469 916 5.3 8,379 0.9 5 17 19 59 70 29 1 23,616 13,908 0.7 2,781,900 8.2 5 23 8 64 45 41 14 564 498 4.7 287,217 80.0 15 13 a.. 73 26 66 8 168 99 9.1 28,038 11.4 2 13 11 74 60 29 11 7,102 6,213 1.0 16,792 29.0 8 25 16 51 43 29 28 1,567 1,263 5.3 13,667 5.1 13­ 23 14 77 46 21 34 231 192 5.4 8,712 10.7 8 19 18 55 55 34 11 1,442 1,235 8.0 81,664 3.5 16 25 15 44 56 41 3 .. .. 5.0 196,388 2.8 1 20 19 60 70 28 3 21,553 13,672 0.7 1,723,044 9.4 .. .. .. .. 30 45 26 482 451 1.3 4,731 12.3 3­ 24 7 72 49 24 27 2,453 2,165 1.8 8,152 6.0 5­ 17 8 80 53 25 22 688 603 4.8 110,732 10.1 8 19 15 58 52 38 10 3,111 1,839 2.2 794,098 3.3 8­ 23 21 63 70 27 4 5,735 4,414 0.3 173,085 2.0 3 20 23 54 73 25 1 41,536 27,442 1.5 364,735 4.0 17­ 28 17 72 60 30 9 6,635 2,152 5.0 26,648 4.3 7­ 24 6 77 52 28 21 309 251 5.3 59,958 1.6 2­ 20 13 69 75 18 8 3,570 2,450 4.3 15,467 2.9 13­ 20 15 78 54 13 32 591 391 4.0 4,287 2.7 15­ 19 13 83 50 20 31 166 157 5.1 5,171 8.3 28­ 12 28 87 45 20 35 79 104 2.2 800 3.5 29­ 21 23 85 61 28 12 5,709 3,028 5.1 9,369 2.3 0­ 19 19 63 65 31 5 2,003 1,510 3.1 299,151 4.8 4 12 15 69 53 31 16 749 678 3.0 9,334 2.7 5 19 10 66 58 33 9 1,764 1,169 4.2 78,431 35.8 1 30 20 50 49 41 10 2,612 1,964 7.6 29,566 2.3 2­ 31 10 61 44 47 10 599 481 5.4 176,602 .. 9 25 14 52 34 45 21 .. 1,179 .. 6,774 25.5 7­ 25 13 69 65 24 12 1,793 1,772 5.2 363,300 7.6 20 17 5 58 26 51 23 225 191 14.5 5,469 6.3 9­ 19 14 77 38 18 45 287 242 6.9 12,111 1.2 13­ 18 10 86 35 23 42 409 360 2.7 2,203 2.3 3­ 25 14 63 59 28 13 2,415 2,365 4.5 28,683 10.7 17­ 31 14 72 62 33 5 1,916 2,162 1.5 9,696 7.8 22 32 7 39 29 62 8 1,983 1,743 5.1 102,257 2.0 .. .. .. .. 25 21 54 415 292 1.4­ 1,369 18.8 5 32 14 51 46 44 10 2,438 2,042 5.8 196,343 0.6­ 28 24 14 34 48 46 6 337 295 3.9 5,091 43.7 8­ 14 7 87 29 25 46 153 183 4.4 6,974 2.8 0 28 22 50 58 39 3 4,543 3,531 3.5 122,345 20.4 2­ 19 7 76 60 27 13 4,169 2,482 2.1 28,303 4.1 4­ 29 20 56 67 29 3 .. .. 4.9 46,412 4.7 1 20 13 65 53 26 21 2,977 2,356 4.0 26,320 28.6 16 21 13 50 44 52 5 5,899 4,781 1.3 138,857 4.7 20­ 20 18 82 45 21 34 942 625 4.0 2,441 2.4 4 30 13 52 55 41 4 9,996 6,257 4.6 787,624 11.0 4­ 17 .. .. 26 28 46 461 376 6.2 2,855 5.6 0­ 17 13 70 47 39 14 2,007 1,575 3.7 89,336 2.1 18­ 21 20 77 59 29 12 3,034 2,104 1.7 5,762 6.9 10­ 17 13 80 52 35 13 511 383 5.9 14,452 6.6 4 18 20 59 66 31 3 2,463 1,764 3.7 240,152 6.0 10­ 27 18 65 56 27 17 1,442 2,127 7.4 6,395 1.9 5 20 27 48 73 25 2 37,443 22,271 1.5 254,401 5.9 22­ 21 13 88 38 20 42 229 183 4.9 2,131 21.8 10­ 24 12 74 55 35 10 3,519 2,312 5.8 98,559 20.4 9­ 26 13 70 56 25 19 206 160 4.7 7,257 223.4 35­ 38 29 68 50 28 22 242 238 6.1­ 3,364 8.7 12­ 26 9 77 57 26 17 743 713 4.2 23,479 2.9 18­ 15 11 92 60 30 11 1,618 1,639 2.2 16,974 5.4 0­ 25 20 55 62 35 3 34,447 12,339 3.4 34,030 0.5 30 19 11 41 66 34 0 32,267 28,729 4.2 116,764 2.0 14­ 23 13 76 63 20 17 235 236 4.9 8,318 9.8 4­ 22 17 65 37 30 34 728 384 6.1 27,699 ..: 294 )( 4 2000 05­2000 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 04­2002 94­1992 05­2000 2005 1.6 8 16 28 48 69 29 2 31,716 21,654 2.2 354,115 0.9 7 20 12 61 .. .. .. 22,190 21,565 0.9 365,937 6.8 19­ 15 13 90 30 24 46 .. .. 13.7 1,193 5.3 8 23 12 57 48 47 6 3,222 4,235 3 115,250 25.3 22­ 17 18 88 52 32 16 1,446 .. 5.3 27,059 3.2 3 39 10 49 41 46 13 373 273 9.6 2,228,862 3.6­ 12 21 9 59 90 10 0 .. .. 4.3 177,722 10.9 39­ 3 53 84 82 12 6 .. .. 13.3­ 3,454 21.3 19­ 14 9 95 42 36 22 401 367 9.7 2,326 1.8 14 18 23 45 42 56 2 1,128 1,000 3.0 24,284 22.6 19­ 30 15 74 37 25 39 341 301 5.1 10,695 7.2 13­ 18 6 89 58 19 23 2,275 2,178 2.5 31,683 9.4 3­ 12 6 85 37 38 26 229 175 2.9 2,689 1.7 0 20 24 56 76 22 2 40,521 24,724 1.5 2,110,185 5.1 1­ 16 10 75 53 33 14 1,021 901 4.5 98,306 1.1 6 19 22 53 66 31 3 31,339 17,815 2.4 193,176 5.9 7­ 36 6 65 38 40 22 294 225 7.5 52,408 11.7 9 28 11 52 54 40 7 1,420 1,585 10.1 56,088 2.2 0­ 20 10 70 45 14 41 1,111 720 3.8 16,985 3.3 5­ 28 19 57 64 28 8 9,237 5,189 4.4 37,412 2.7 11­ 26 5 80 38 29 33 289 276 6.6 5,391 2.3 4 20 20 56 .. .. .. 38,509 29,378 2.6 1,115,192 2.9 10 10 8 71 57 21 22 757 608 0.5­ 16,055 9.5 3­ 21 5 77 63 29 8 4,285 3,364 4.0 19,432 6.6 0 19 19 61 53 34 13 2,971 3,208 3.5 122,309 6.4 27 14 21 38 47 53 0 13,898 .. 7.3 74,658 4.3 6­ 25 11 70 55 18 27 317 301 2.8 17,977 4.8 8­ 27 17 64 73 23 4 2,505 1,624 7.9 15,771 2.5 22­ 20 15 87 72 21 7 .. .. 4.1 22,210 1.1 5­ 25 17 62 63 31 6 4,363 .. 7.8 25,495 3.5 13­ 24 10 79 40 24 36 229 205 5.8 5,098 3.4 21 23 13 43 40 50 9 4,690 3,918 4.8 130,143 11.0 15­ 22 8 84 56 16 28 174 183 2.0 5,040 1.0 9­ 26 20 63 56 31 13 1,582 1,275 4.2 51,745 7.1 2­ 22 12 68 70 26 4 2,727 2,295 1.9 768,438 14.7 26­ 15 17 95 46 19 35 131 73 3.4 2,072 6.3 34 16 23 26 37 59 4 14,284 8,905 4.2 309,778 2.7 3­ 17 21 65 73 26 1 26,897 23,089 2.3 2,192,553 11.5 11­ 37 17 57 51 27 22 661 811 5.8 1,880 8.5 .. .. .. .. 51 32 17 282 283 5.0 1,888 11.4 10­ 22 11 77 47 30 23 142 98 8.6 6,630 10.6 32­ 20 15 97 55 24 21 732 902 7.0 2,906 5.3 1 26 23 50 58 32 10 1,097 845 4.6 6,126 2.4 14 19 22 45 59 39 2 32,779 23,252 1.7 283,920 1.7 5 22 18 56 67 31 2 21,083 12,881 1.3 304,527 4.1 13­ 26 11 76 38 21 40 208 191 2.6 7,346 2.4 9­ 19 12 79 43 17 40 172 165 3.7 3,405 17.4 18 21 21 41 20 56 24 863 610 5.9 98,951 6.9 28­ 29 11 88 52 30 19 1,916 1,221 3.0 4,911 2.4 0 23 18 60 .. .. .. 27,660 20,319 3.8 109,041 18.0 29­ 30 8 91 55 17 28 421 672 0.5­ 4,245 3.8 2­ 30 11 61 54 28 19 382 353 6.9 785,468 7.3 15­ 29 14 72 56 31 13 1,163 992 3.6 7,976 6.3 1­ 23 10 68 65 31 4 3,986 2,825 4.0 109,154 2.7 5 20 25 49 72 26 2 39,358 27,857 0.6 594,755 2.2 5­ 18 16 71 77 22 1 36,863 22,868 2.8 12,455,068 1.8­ 2 24 18 57 68 31 1 26,557 19,958 1.3 4,505,912 3.1 9­ 26 17 66 70 23 7 9,303 8,315 4.2 213,698 0 21 17 62 68 28 4 863 772 2.8 44,384,871t 2­ 27 11 65 50 28 22 364 327 6.0 1,391,362 2 26 14 58 53 37 10 726 581 5.1 8,535,129 2 29 13 56 46 41 13 587 451 6.3 4,869,491 1 22 14 63 62 32 7 2,733 2,279 3.5 3,665,404 2 26 13 59 52 36 12 567 477 5.3 9,926,393 3 34 10 52 42 45 13 .. .. 8.3 3,032,573 1 23 16 61 60 32 8 1,971 1,652 5.4 2,190,933 3 20 13 64 60 32 8 2,831 2,233 2.3 2,455,621 1 26 13 60 48 41 11 1,978 1,589 4.1 632,570 2­ 28 10 64 54 27 19 394 357 6.4 995,809 0 20 17 63 51 32 17 334 293 4.2 615,216 0 20 18 62 72 26 2 .. .. 2.2 34,466,198 .. ... 295 5 )a( 2005-2000 2005 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2004 2004 2005 2005 400 24.2 46 197,335 9 12,479 84,249 9 21 125,123 245,255 150­ 48.9 30 6,574 26 545 668­ 0 11 4,160 860 100­ 9.7 23 1,986 21 3,556 167 2 11 4,202 4,346 100­ 45.4 159 169,247 2 4,084 3,281 8 29 28,692 40,044 100 74 73 8,175 110 620 18­ 5 72 10,455 4,284 100­ 7.2 50 1,224 84 219 204­ 1 62 1,768 950 280 32.7 53 681 61 30 .. .. .. 495 9 2,025 125.4 .. .. 16,594 83,136­ 7 77 277,597 186,099 500 102.4 .. .. 42,469 42,084­ 14 25 125,280 105,825 158 92.2 .. .. 70 1,664 2,385 19 94 46,910 42,588 250­ 22 70 16,868 12 1,160 157­ 7 9 9,609 9,821 100­ 10 17 1,549 117 426 572­ 1 82 2,650 654 1,100 112.3 .. .. 34,903­ 115,519 17 84 774,069 970,688 1,000­ 24 61 140,649 0 1,023 3,108 16 56 68,736 86,285 145 5.4 69 9,521 74 1,444 686 .. .. 8,150 23,120 10­ 30.4 108 12,376 6 311 103­ 2 32 3,425 3,422 300­ .. 46 5,007 9 140 .. .. .. 3,640 4,706 15­ 6.8 33c 4,822 42 222 267­ 13 15 1,810 870 700­ 25 42 21,652 8 1,715 2,531 5 67 36,141 34,287 194 136.9 .. .. 11,040 3,946­ 34 86 66,356 109,525 600 87.7 .. .. 16,772 26,814­ 8 88 379,696 366,797 0 10.1 66 2,149 46 25 .. 39 6 1,710 3,070 25­ 17.9 52 3,433 0 93 20 7 13 2,880 1,495 1,810­ 29.3 35 35,687 9 1,118 817­ 1 85 25,335 15,942 130­ 81 47 222,026 2 18,166 14,199 12 54 77,576 118,308 250 150.3 .. .. 825 17,007­ 9 85 60,175 37,858 67 73.1 .. .. 40,080 6,563 8 81 320,363 329,650 50­ 36.8 83 15,661 80 2,005 3,133­ 4 62 18,181 11,725 350­ 30.1 26 20,344 10 449 279­ 0 90 13,868 9,190 8 88.2 94 9,469 12 1,012 818­ 2 10 4,180 1,080 99 14.6 24 1,916 46 60 331­ 2 9 960 620 100 14.9 23 1,967 48 35 .. 10 8 1,230 440 192 40.5 15 1,385 48 3 25­ 6 5 280 110 40 43.6 34 3,202 172 613 2,087­ .. .. 7,199 2,440 80­ 26.6 45 99,190 40 12,613 4,364­ 3 81 100,487 88,940 100­ 52.5 38 6,096 85 117 285 9 14 2,200 2,671 300­ 17.4 57 31,296 18 1,816 1,030 2 20 12,502 17,206 10­ 13.9 20 3,717 5 169 469 3 60 16,699 15,992 50­ 103.7 35 51,307 0­ 1,412 3,719­ 30 75 118,191 110,110 10­ .. .. .. 8 .. .. .. .. 3,588 4,935 250­ 54.6 70 161,595 4 2,733 15,543­ 2 85 116,352 73,275 271 3.2 33 1,701 34 478 .. .. .. 850 3,230 100­ 11 32 21,987 10 882 .. 1 2 20,040 44,390 345­ 8.6 22 . 7,800 46 249 437­ 2 20 2,659 1,482 4­ 16 83 1,812 10 60 162­ 0 47 1,050 755 20­ 71.1 79 18,700 33 593 555­ 5 78 13,177 10,494 100­ 28.3 89 6,399 29 602 509­ 0 65 4,560 1,487 45­ 7.2 75 1,078 26 13­ .. 0 37 165 140 1,379­ 38.6 9 13,622 3 500 .. 2 9 41,561 58,400 14­ 3.2 331 5,829 30 0 3­ .. .. 1,980 5,000 322­ 1.5 36 11,841 33 0 .. .. .. 2,270 2,190 50 33.2 51 45,561 27 4,454 5,595­ 13 90 76,863 78,474 140­ 36.7 39 6,965 10 645 1,399 .. .. 9,210 5,854 5 31.2 67 22,068 44 1,122 282­ 5 86 35,301 31,973 30­ 11.8 101 21,521 6 275 210 1 11 7,754 6,001 40 10.8 45 35,570 2 1,518 25,359 3 12 24,933 56,200 75­ 7.1 82 2,100 51 77 75­ 2 43 1,108 672 80­ 98.2 .. .. 1­ 8,189 27,613 33 92 261,028 284,742 7­ 6.3 76 2,056 47 17 .. .. .. 605 435 450­ 110.8 32 30,292 20 1,253 3,922 1 31 16,552 10,344 10­ 23.2 39 2,044 122 157 415­ 1 77 3,228 2,041 100­ 7.7 37 5,488 12 144 1,215 13 3 4,328 4,883 50 156.4 17 28,500 14 585 10,079­ 6 58 66,500 51,874 248­ 9.8 37 2,082 70 499 689­ 38 37 2,491 867 61 160.3 .. .. 8,804­ 5,941 20 66 76,539 85,708 45 10.7 15 1,656 53 8 6­ 25 10 410 120 150­ 9.7 51 30,034 42 5,440 6,382­ 3 82 40,463 27,730 65­ 8 36 7,279 94 334 .. 1 10 2,750 1,720 50­ 49.6 33 4,798 14 60 .. 1 29 2,220 1,490 160­ 31.5 50 10,887 27 233 648­ 2 74 8,985 6,275 38­ 41.9 54 7,250 31 466 612­ 4 60 6,712 3,383 10 45.9 .. .. 31 827 362­ 6 90 20,141 18,698 200 106.2 .. .. 2 16,032 27,897 59 84 200,030 229,620 100­ 21.2 22 3,938 92 70 437­ 7 39 3,330 1,600 519­ 7.6 151 19,332 25 1,511 2,768­ 0 2 6,100 5,150 ..: 296 )( 5 )a( 2005-2000 2005 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2004 2004 2005 2005 157 105.9 .. .. 588­ 27,485 17 81 110,645 129,922 40 161.2 .. .. 797­ 49,710 22 93 121,156 125,898 438 4.7 37c 1,723 67 26 74­ 31 7 350 150 30 62.5 57 44,058 3 7,603 703 5 13 32,542 39,536 100­ .. 77 15,882 144 966 .. .. 57 11,558 5,142 1,950­ 120.1 15 248,934 1 54,937 68,659 30 91 660,118 761,999 300 147.6 .. .. 1 34,035 19,706 32 97 300,635 292,328 40­ .. .. .. 324 .. .. .. .. .. .. 345­ 17.4 41 896 38 272 19­ .. .. 1,330 909 160­ 34.9 18 3,872 22 17­ 443 1 12 9,000 17,119 12 13.1 32c 7,035 63 139 236­ 4 14 5,090 2,520 300­ 15.2 23 5,532 18 155 1,188­ 7 42 8,810 3,477 299­ 3.7 45 3,538 30 100 162­ 0 25 845 910 300 90.8 .. .. 24,521 38,781­ 19 83 495,796 459,246 900­ 34.3 73 60,550 6 469 2,080 64 55 46,257 41,224 41 68.7 .. .. 3,075 9,698 21 83 58,737 65,998 200­ 58.9 39 17,825 22 1,610 926­ 6 53 36,881 32,233 600­ 26.7 101 32,310 18 4,104 486­ 2 16 17,353 27,849 13 9.1 20c 9,496 48 0 .. 1 5 2,450 2,500 100 57.5 110 31,548 27 1,243 2,541­ 13 73 18,547 8,809 10­ 9.3 68 3,377 35 131 217­ 0 97 3,700 3,100 1,050 97 .. .. 6,284 25,268 14 60 320,105 359,578 371­ 14.4 90 11,739 9 175 303 8 20 4,690 7,180 84 32.3 36 5,700 3 620 832­ 37 63 9,798 7,039 200­ 34.4 49 37,732 11 3,052 1,930­ 6 38 21,204 21,187 240 71.6 .. .. 1 20­ 18,884 .. .. 17,422 44,016 212­ 40.2 34 6,826 19 46 379­ 3 21 6,360 3,450 12­ 44.3 110 12,661 71 699 1,959­ 5 61 8,625 5,122 35­ 75.6 121 22,177 75 288 4,805­ 2 68 9,340 1,880 20­ 25.7 54 9,475 73 773 1,771­ 5 58 15,453 11,815 134­ 20 33c 3,316 43 180 271­ .. .. 1,500 1,150 150 133.7 53 52,145 12 4,624 14,872 55 76 114,607 140,948 0 10 38c 3,462 68 45 309­ 1 23 1,550 750 400­ 56.7 39 17,672 24 769 970 10 69 20,124 10,463 2,000­ 34.6 24 138,689 1 17,377 5,708­ 21 80 231,670 213,711 20­ 22.1 60c 3,418 38 16 .. 2 16 1,035 460 250 56 .. .. 1 .. 87,132 2 12 56,092 178,755 686 156.3 .. .. 72,561 57,616­ 24 77 501,223 377,856 50­ 32 86 1,517 104 93 63 0 38 1,145 1,045 30 25.9 57c 2,297 60 300 .. .. .. 740 410 20­ 2.1 17c 4,651 63 245 607­ 9 3 2,420 1,790 40­ 21.3 75 1,868 28 81 286­ 4 36 2,312 1,091 6­ 53.2 .. .. 89 .. 634 3 41 2,450 1,990 58 11.1 .. .. 502 49,488 18 19 54,907 103,256 100 105.6 .. .. 4,022 3,848 12 84 124,749 123,317 100­ .. 37 3,354 16 0 197 0 74 1,860 830 10­ 6.3 26 1,950 40 0 219­ 3 8 920 410 170­ 15.6 71 35,890 5 1,875 12,264 2 2 15,200 43,500 100­ 85.6 35 5,145 229 250 772­ 6 11 2,595 858 79 121.1 .. .. 2,271 6,456­ 14 31 26,224 21,731 105­ 14.9 29 1,225 29 7 13­ .. .. 1,471 473 1,400­ 36.9 18 122,723 1 5,335 6,853 5 73 131,648 89,843 30­ 37.4 38 6,332 91 293 413­ 2 27 4,484 1,694 50 46.4 76 63,159 30 4,608 7,962­ 29 88 65,711 62,194 150 166.3 .. .. 377 40,187 29 70 357,869 401,333 5,800 269.4 .. .. 106,831 804,961­ 32 82 1,732,706 904,289 270 99.5 .. .. 7,805 165,783 24 93 516,075 595,750 179 78.6 .. .. 1,355 17,879­ 11 59 54,031 17,192 wg.. 145.5 s.. 14 664,877s 20 77 10,652,542t 10,392,567t 4,000­ 32 426,945 15 16,576 4 51 310,841 256,379 11,987­ 68.4 2,328,780 11 194,808 20 64 2,551,288 2,785,199 10,086­ 84.8 1,140,272 10 106,037 23 68 1,375,639 1,512,592 1,901­ 47 1,188,508 12 88,771 16 61 1,175,649 1,272,607 15,987­ 63.3 2,755,725 16 211,385 19 64 2,862,091 3,041,588 3,939­ 105.7 588,888 4 64,563 34 80 1,059,945 1,185,932 2,665­ 32 794,943 25 62,212 9 57 746,370 759,841 4,012­ 48.9 778,970 13 60,843 13 56 517,073 561,873 2,374­ 47.3 163,935 35 5,340 3 20 182,440 221,252 1,680­ 35.5 193,933 5 7,151 4 76 186,039 123,050 1,318­ 74.4 235,056 36 11,276 4 31 170,236 189,636 15,970 166.6 .. 453,492 20 81 7,790,420 7,351,037 ...... (..... ....) . 297 6 )( )( 14 - 15 2002 2004-2000 2004 2004 2005-2004 2005 2005 2005 )( 2005 2005 2005 2005-2000 2005 11.7 100 77 66 10.1 15,420 20,740 9,100 12,244 15 32 0.4­ 1,345 .. 28 .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,957 .. .. .. .. 25 .. 81 77 .. 24,090 104,069 23,770 102,693 22 54 6.7 4,533 4.7 .. .. .. 2.6 11,700 948 10,920 885 .. 184 1 81 .. 97 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 529 0.8 101 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 141 0.2 66 7.7 .. 82 78 4.5 34,760 10,258 46,320 13,671 22 3 1 295 .. .. .. .. 4.5 .. .. 7,630 154 .. 43 1.3 20 30.6 87 76 73 5.3 21,290 15,470 14,370 10,288 27 1,023 1.6 727 4.6 .. 78 73 .. .. .. .. .. 19 627 0.3 270 17.7 93 79 75 .. .. .. .. .. 30 71 2.3 374 3 .. 74 69 0.2­ 6,740 1,967 3,500 1,021 37 13 3.1 292 0.5 .. 65 62 3.3 .. .. 870 799 38 20 2.6 918 2.3 81 35 36 4 10,250 18,090 5,180 9,145 38 3 0.1 1,765 31.8 .. 73 67 6.4 13,170 17,190 10,440 13,632 22 254 0.3 1,305 6.7 .. 74 67 .. .. .. .. .. 28 32 1.4 323 0.4 .. 63 62 1.8 1,880 898 590 282 41 17 2.6 478 0.1 .. 65 61 0.7 2,000 1,201 640 387 42 269 2.1 600 .. .. .. .. 0.2 .. .. 2,930 185 .. 352 3.6 63 6.5 .. 67 61 .. .. .. .. .. 25 187 0.6 22,488 0.5 .. 54 52 1.4 2,240 1,776 1,020 807 42 34 2.1 793 1.7 .. .. .. 2.3 5,560 400 3,790 273 .. 96 0.2 72 0.3 .. 74 67 3 6,000 3,041 1,870 947 40 126 2.4 507 0.8 .. 73 67 4.8 6,480 1,199 2,090 387 41 65 0.8 185 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 292 1.1 58 0.6 .. 64 62 0.7 .. .. 390 60 39 163 2.3 157 1.6 .. 74 69 4.4 6,460 769 3,590 427 29 305 0.5 119 2.4 .. .. .. 2.7 12,500 600 8,210 394 .. 133 1.6 48 2.4 .. 75 72 3.9 5,980 990 4,800 794 29 271 1.2 166 0.9 80 42 43 0.8 5,190 5,870 2,280 2,579 41 66 1.6 1,131 5.1 90 73 66 4.5 .. .. 2,540 1,140 30 3 0.7 449 6.4 92 .. .. 3.3­ 15,940 1,347 8,290 701 .. 184 0.8 84 .. .. 48 46 .. .. .. .. .. 44 13 3.2 8,228 .. 74 .. .. .. .. .. h.. .. .. .. .. .. 2.6 .. 55 54 0.6 5,890 8,151 5,010 6,930 40 5 1.7 1,384 0.2 .. 58 55 2.2 1,920 2,913 290 442 40 152 2.8 1,517 2.2 .. .. .. 0.2 7,260 773 3,920 418 .. 313 1 107 2.2 .. 67 61 2.9­ 4,230 3,178 1,010 759 29 4 0.2 751 0.4 87 43 42 .. 7,580 3,731 .. .. 44 18 2.3 504 0.2 .. 46 44 0.5 700 1,110 180 283 48 56 3 1,586 0.4 74 71 67 4.8 3,170 670 1,600 338 40 17 2 211 1.6 .. 70 66 0.9 5,960 5,052 3,280 2,784 32 46 0.9 848 8.3 97 81 77 .. 22,230 18,360 16,510 13,633 20 90 1.2 835 53 89 76 72 .. .. .. .. .. 22 74 6.2 813 0.3 .. .. .. 0.9­ .. .. 1,390 137 .. 136 1.8 99 21.3 .. 81 75 3.2 65,340 29,841 65,630 29,976 19 174 0.8 457 0.1 .. 43 42 3.9 .. .. 130 436 47 34 1.4 3,283 9.1 .. 77 72 1.5 .. .. 5,530 32,354 30 3 2 5,854 .. 82 37 35 1.4 3,410 6,120 960 1,718 39 59 0.1 1,795 7.4 88 81 77 1.8 18,960 7,662 13,590 5,491 18 1,263 0.7 404 3.4 96 67 68 6.0­ .. .. 2,390 787 41 1,097 2.5 329 2.6 84 76 69 3.4 12,450 15,538 5,260 6,560 25 615 1 1,248 0.2 90 64 58 .. .. .. .. .. 29 77 1.1 50,519 .. .. 69 67 0.4­ .. .. 2,300 254 39 158 0.6 111 7.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,293 0.2 65 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 173 2.3 45 .. .. 83 76 .. .. .. .. .. 16 745 0.4 149 2.1 100 79 75 .. .. .. .. .. 19 103 0.3 11,269 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 0.2 48 2.9 .. 76 71 .. .. .. .. .. 28 70 1.7 257 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 0.3 57 25.4 .. 77 73 .. .. .. .. .. 30 308 1.8 170 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27,770 2,138 .. 135 0.3 77 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 215 0.6 34 4 91 82 78 .. .. .. .. .. 16 .. 0.7 460 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 430 4.0 180 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 159 0.6 33 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 161 1.5 79 27.8 .. 79 73 .. .. .. .. .. 23 228 0.8 183 8.2 96 78 72 .. .. .. .. .. 28 13 1.9 234 3.5 .. 82 74 .. .. .. .. .. 22 441 0.5 3,911 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 473 0.7 28 .. .. .. .. 3.5­ .. .. 750 729 41 66 4.4 976 1 99 74 71 2 8,040 823 2,190 224 36 142 0.4 102 92.8 .. 81 76 .. .. .. .. .. 24 329 1.1 115 )( ..)107253466..)875(.2005-2003. : ..... .)10726( .)3465876(... 298 299 . .2006(CD-Rom) . .) ( .1993 2006 . . .2005 . . . .2000 . . . .»2006«/ )( . . .2000 ) ( . . . :1 . . .2006(CD-Rom) . 2007 300 . . .)( . . . . . 14( . )14 . . . » « ( .) »« « . . « » .» 1950 . . 2 . 1990 .)1991 ( 22 « 100440 . 118 » 1.1 . . 93 1993 1996 1999 )1996 ( . . . . . 1979 . . .1999 1997 100 1981 1979 13 199941 . . . .4828 http://ifesearch.worldbank.org/povcainet/ 15 301 . . . .. . 1993 1993 .1.08 1985 .. . . .. . . (. . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . : PovcalNet . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 .31.5 1990 ( . . . . http://iresearch.worldbank.org/povcalnet/ 2007 302 2002 . . . . . . . . . 1.08 . . 1993 2.15 . 100 . ( .)( . ) . . . : 3 . . . . 59 . 1983 . . . .49-15 . . . . . . . )()( -4 . .) ( . . . . .- 2005. . . . . . 303 -5 ) ( »« . . ( »« .2000 .) . . . ( 7 ) ( 6 ) ( 5 .68)(8) .51 .)45-10( . .9950 . ( . ) 10( . ) . . . . « . .«. ) ( . ( . : ) .25 . » « 1 . 1993 . . . . . 25 . . . (Paassche) . . . . . 2007 304 . (Pn - Pn - 1)/ Pn -1. . . .»« . . 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