Solar Resource Mapping in Pakistan SITE EVALUATION REPORT: KARACHI NED July 2015 This report was prepared by the consultants listed on the following pages, under contract to The World Bank. It is one of several outputs from the solar Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning Pakistan [Project ID: P146140]. This activity is funded and supported by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a multi-donor trust fund administered by The World Bank, under a global initiative on Renewable Energy Resource Mapping. Further details on the initiative can be obtained from the ESMAP website. This document is an interim output from the above-mentioned project. Users are strongly advised to exercise caution when utilizing the information and data contained, as this has not been subject to full peer review. The final, validated, peer reviewed output from this project will be the Pakistan Solar Atlas, which will be published once the project is completed. Copyright © 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the consultants listed, and not of World Bank staff. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1-202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Furthermore, the ESMAP Program Manager would appreciate receiving a copy of the publication that uses this publication for its source sent in care of the address above, or to esmap@worldbank.org. ESMAP – Renewable Energy Resource Mapping Initiative - Solar Resource Mapping for Pakistan – Site evaluation report: NED University Karachi Responsible Authors Birk Kraas (CSP Services) Christoph Schillings (DLR) Qazi Sabir (PITCO) DOC: SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 Author Contact Information: CSP Services GmbH Friedrich-Ebert-Ufer 30 51143 Köln/Cologne, Germany e-mail: b.kraas@cspservices.de 02 March 2015 CSP Services GmbH Birk Kraas Friedrich-Ebert-Ufer 30 51143 Cologne, Germany Phone: +49 2203 959003 6 Mob.: +49 162 9373484 b.kraas@cspservices.de DLR Dr. Christoph Schillings Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70563 Stuttgart, Germany Phone: +49 711 6862 784 christoph.schillings@dlr.de PITCO: Qazi Sabir, Mohammad Umer Kamal Phone: +92 (42) 36363751 qazi.sabir@pitcopk.com – ESMAP Pakistan – 2 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 Contents 1 Executive Summary .............................................................................. 4 2 Procedure and tasks of the site visit ..................................................... 4 3 Site visit results .................................................................................... 5 3.1 Overview, description of the site and surroundings .................................. 5 3.2 Local support, maintenance staff and future hardware use ....................... 6 3.3 Site evaluation .................................................................................... 7 Coordinates .................................................................................. 7 Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site ................... 8 Shadings and Reflections .............................................................. 10 4 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 13 – ESMAP Pakistan – 3 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 1 Executive Summary A team of AEDB and the solar vendor consortium for the ESMAP Pakistan Solar Resource Mapping Project visited the NED University of Engineering and Technology in Karachi on February 20, 2015. The goal was to evaluate if the location is suitable for the installation of a solar ground measurement station in the framework of the project. Two sites on the campus have been evaluated, one on the Telecom department building, the other one on the IM department building, have been examined on the campus. The site on the IM Department is recommended for the installation of a Tier2 meteorological station (CSP Services MDI automatic weather station). This site is replacing the formerly selected site of the Pakistan Meteorological Department in Karachi, where installation of the station proved to be unfeasible. 2 Procedure and tasks of the site visit The following tasks have been performed for the site visit, following the procedure from the site visit manual: 1. Recording of exact geographic coordinates of the site(s) and orientations 2. Photographic documentation of the site - Overview of site and location, - panoramic 360 degrees round view from the site for identification of potential obstacles blocking the sun path 3. Check of availability, strength and potential providers of GSM network at the site 4. Audit of local staff to clarify all relevant information (see checklist) 5. Information of local staff at the site about the project, its aim and required tasks for realization and clarification of availability and prospected quality of the required support from their side 6. In-office evaluation of results and compilation of this report – ESMAP Pakistan – 4 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 3 Site visit results The results of the site visit and its evaluation is presented in the following section. 3.1 Overview, description of the site and surroundings Figure 1: Location overview (Google Maps View) Figure 2: Aerial View (Google Earth View) – ESMAP Pakistan – 5 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 Karachi, the capital of Sindh province, is located on the northwestern border of the Indus delta on the Arabian Sea. 30 km to the north the Hub dam and artificial lake is located. The coastline of the sea lies in a distance of about 20 km to the south and 50 km to the west. To the north and east, the city is sheltered by hills. These are the last of the Kirthar mountains. To the east, the hills fall down into the Indus valley in a distance of about 100 km. The university campus is located in the northeastern part of town, about 15 km from city center. It is a large area of about 2.3x2 km, surrounded by densely populated housing areas with 1-2 storey buildings. To the northeast, there are apparent new town quarters which are explored for development, but not yet constructed. The campus itself maintains some vegetation such as gardens, a botanic garden and sports facilities. 3.2 Local support, maintenance staff and future hardware use The availability of qualified staff for the regular local maintenance (cleaning of sensors and other parts, visual inspection, surveillance of equipment) and the institutional support of the involved stakeholder are directly relevant for the success of the ESMAP project measurement campaign. Future use of the equipment after the ESMAP project termination is another issue to be considered in order to provide maximum sustainability of the project. Local support and maintenance staff Local staff is available and confirmed to be willing to perform maintenance tasks throughout the 24 months of the measurement campaign. A short briefing about the required tasks and their frequency of occurrence has been given to the University representatives. Qualification of local staff for the task is assumed to be given, since NED University has dedicated engineers and technicians available for the task. Contact Information The local contact for the site is  Professor Anjum Khalid +92-331-2104776 – ESMAP Pakistan – 6 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 3.3 Site 1 – Telecom Department Building Coordinates N 24.9339° E 67.1134°, altitude 40 m above mean sea level The site is located on the roof of the Telecom Department building of the university complex. Figure 3: View from Site to the North Figure 4: View from Site to the South – ESMAP Pakistan – 7 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site The following checklist has been filled at the site visit and is completed by interviewing stakeholders on site. Table 1: Site 1 checklist Criteria/Measure Yes / No Notes Dimensions1 Minimum area 10 × 10 m² Yes Firm natural ground2 Rooftop Ground type3 RCC Horizontally levelled4 Yes Excavation for foundations - Casting blocks Surface preferred possible5 Fencing of the site possible6 Yes No drifting sand/snow7 No No flooding possible8 No Obstructions See Pictures Reflections or light sources10 No Industrial areas or power No plants11 Sources of smoke or vapor12 No Quarry or mine13 No Main road, dirt road, track14 Yes Airports15 No Surroundings Settlements, towns, city16 Yes Urban Area Agricultural area17 No Swamp, lake, river, ocean18 No Around 20km Sand dunes19 No Animal populations20 No Occurrence of snowfall21 No Temperatures below freezing No point22 Other23 - – ESMAP Pakistan – 8 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 Accessible by car24 Yes Accessibility 2G network available25 All Five GSM coverage Permit available26 Yes Land use rights 27 Yes Operation permit Permit available No underground or overhead Yes electrical lines, pipelines or Security similar 28 Measures against theft or Fencing is vandalism required?29 preferable Take 360° photographs or Yes The tripod bag 360° panoramic photo, indicate represents the photographs North direction30 north direction Regarding the aspects covered by the checklist, the site is well suited for the installation of a ground measurement station. The installation on a roof-top is a good option since it elevates the station above many obstacles; the stakeholder representatives recommend installation of a fence for protecting the equipment from theft or vandalism, even though it is on a guarded campus. The direct surroundings lack any industrial facility thus no negative impacts on irradiation and measurement conditions is stated. All roads in the surroundings are paved and therefore not heavily dust-emitting; large water bodies are at least several kilometres distant. No special permits are required and permission to use the site can be given by the University. – ESMAP Pakistan – 9 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 Shadings and Reflections Panoramic View The picture in Figure 5 shows a panoramic view with a centered south view, North is on the left and right edge of the picture. Blue markers show the North, South, East and West direction as well as horizon height. The sun paths throughout the year are displayed in the picture, revealing if any objects on the horizon are imposing an obstruction to the direct solar irradiance. Figure 5: Panoramic View with North, South, horizon line and monthly sun paths with the corresponding position at full hours marked From the panoramic view, it is visible that a few obstacles such as trees or communication towers, on the horizon are blocking the sun especially at sunrise, but these obstacles are not very high or wide. The impact is further analyzed in the following paragraphs. Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 6: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° – ESMAP Pakistan – 10 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 Figure 6 shows the shading table throughout the year. It becomes clear that throughout the year, only a few shadings are obstructing the sensor in the morning. In the evening, only some shading of about 10-20 minutes duration is present in the months of November to February. Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 7: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 7 shows the shading table after excluding Sun Elevations smaller than 5° above horizon. At these low angles, measurement uncertainty of satellite and ground measurement is elevated due to the large cosine error, and the data from these periods is therefore excluded from the satellite data adjustment and validation. Also from the view of any solar power installation (PV or CSP), sun elevation smaller than 5° is usually not contributing to electricity or heat generation due to shading, unfavorable incidence angles and low irradiance intensity. Subsequently, all further graphs and evaluations refer to sun elevations larger than 5°, as the main aim of the measurements on ground is the adjustment of the long-term satellite data. From the graph, it is visible that practically no shading is present after exclusion of sun elevations smaller than 5°. Only the impact of the telecommunication tower in the southeast is visible in March and September. – ESMAP Pakistan – 11 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 Direct Shading Impact Figure 8 shows the impact of shading on direct normal irradiation (DNI). DNI is modeled according to Bird (Bird et al., 1991) as a theoretical clear-sky DNI throughout the year and can be interpreted as the maximum solar resource. The impact of shading on this figure is therefore the maximum quantitative impact shading could have on solar resource. Figure 8: Shading Impact on BirdDNI for Sun Elevations >5° From the figure, it is obvious that shadings have little impact on the sensor except for the small period influenced by the telecommunication tower. Diffuse Shading and Reflections Diffuse shading and reflections of any mentionable quantity are not to be expected since no large obstacles close to the site and no highly reflective surface above sensor height can be identified. – ESMAP Pakistan – 12 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 3.4 Site 2 – IM Department Building Coordinates N 24.9334° E 67.1116°, altitude 40 m above mean sea level The site is located on the roof of the IM Department building of the university complex. Figure 9: View from Site to the North Figure 10: View from Site to the South – ESMAP Pakistan – 13 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site The checklist is identical to that of site 1. Shadings and Reflections Panoramic View The picture in Figure 11 shows a panoramic view with a centered south view, North is on the left and right edge of the picture. Blue markers show the North, South, East and West direction as well as horizon height. The sun paths throughout the year are displayed in the picture, revealing if any objects on the horizon are imposing an obstruction to the direct solar irradiance. Figure 11: Panoramic View with North, South, horizon line and monthly sun paths with the corresponding position at full hours marked From the panoramic view, it is visible that a few obstacles such as communication towers or the buildings staircase on the horizon are blocking the sun at low elevations, but these obstacles are not very high or wide. The impact is further analyzed in the following paragraphs. – ESMAP Pakistan – 14 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 12: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 12 shows the shading table throughout the year. It becomes clear that throughout the year, only a few shadings are obstructing the sensor in the morning. In the evening, some shading of about 20-30 minutes duration is present in the months of April to August, caused by the buildings staircase. – ESMAP Pakistan – 15 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 13: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 13 shows the shading table after excluding Sun Elevations smaller than 5° above horizon. At these low angles, measurement uncertainty of satellite and ground measurement is elevated due to the large cosine error, and the data from these periods is therefore excluded from the satellite data adjustment and validation. Also from the view of any solar power installation (PV or CSP), sun elevation smaller than 5° is usually not contributing to electricity or heat generation due to shading, unfavorable incidence angles and low irradiance intensity. Subsequently, all further graphs and evaluations refer to sun elevations larger than 5°, as the main aim of the measurements on ground is the adjustment of the long-term satellite data. From the graph, it is visible that no shading is present after exclusion of sun elevations smaller than 5°. – ESMAP Pakistan – 16 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 Direct Shading Impact Figure 14 shows the impact of shading on direct normal irradiation (DNI). DNI is modeled according to Bird (Bird et al., 1991) as a theoretical clear-sky DNI throughout the year and can be interpreted as the maximum solar resource. The impact of shading on this figure is therefore the maximum quantitative impact shading could have on solar resource. Figure 14: Shading Impact on BirdDNI for Sun Elevations >5° From the figure, it is obvious that shadings have no impact on the sensor, as expected from the occurrence table in Figure 13. Diffuse Shading and Reflections Diffuse shading and reflections of any mentionable quantity are not to be expected since no large obstacles close to the site and no highly reflective surface above sensor height can be identified. – ESMAP Pakistan – 17 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02 4 Conclusion The surroundings of the location are acceptable for the installation of a ground measurement station. No significant single external influence from surrounding facilities on the overall meteorological and atmospheric conditions could be stated during the site visit, although the location of the site in a densely populated town is slightly reducing the representativeness for non-urban sites. The local stakeholder confirmed his support and smooth operation and proper maintenance of the station is expected with high probability. Future use of the equipment by the local stakeholder after the two years measurement campaign is also probable, since the University representatives expressed a keen interest in collecting solar data. Site 2, the rooftop of the IM Department building, is recommended for the installation of a Tier 2 meteorological station – ESMAP Pakistan – 18 SiteEvalReport_Karachi_2015-02