SFG1692 V16


Draft Final Report
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)



 UMUDA ISINGWU/UMUAGU IBEKU GULLY EROSION
COMPLEX IN UMUAHIA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT
               OF ABIA STATE




Abia State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed
          Management Project

                         October, 2017
                                        1
                                                     Table of Contents
List of Plates ..................................................................................................................... 5
List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 8
LIST OF ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................ 14
1     CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 14
    1.1       Background ................................................................................................................. 17
    1.1       Environmental and Social Safeguard Concerns ............................................................. 18
    1.2       Purpose of the ESMP ................................................................................................... 19
    1.3       Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan ..................................... 19
    1.4       Technical Approach and Methodology to the ESMP...................................................... 20

2 CHAPTER TWO: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT............................................................................................................... 21
    2.1    Introduction ................................................................................................................ 21
    2.2    The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the NEWMAP ........ 21
    2.3    Relevant Nigeria Acts and Legislations ......................................................................... 21
      2.3.1     National Policy on Environment ................................................................................... 21
      2.3.2     The Federal Ministry of Environment ........................................................................... 22
      2.3.3     National Legal Instruments on the Environment .......................................................... 22
    2.4    State Legislations ........................................................................................................ 23
    2.5    World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards ........................................................ 24
    2.6    International Guidelines .............................................................................................. 26
    2.7    Nigeria EIA Guidelines and World Bank EA Guidelines .................................................. 26

3     CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE STUDY AREA ... 28
    3.1    Abia State ................................................................................................................... 28
      3.1.1     2.1.1 Physical Environment of Abia State ..................................................................... 29
      3.1.2     Physical Environment .................................................................................................... 30
    3.2    Overview of Umuahia.................................................................................................. 30
    3.3    Overview of the Project Area ....................................................................................... 30
    3.4    Baseline Information ................................................................................................... 33
      3.4.1     Physical Environment .................................................................................................... 33
      3.4.2     Biological Environment ................................................................................................. 35
    3.5    Objective and Scope of the Consultancy ....................................................................... 38
    3.6    Rational for the ESMP ................................................................................................. 38
    3.7    Specific Task................................................................................................................ 39
    3.8    Technical Approach and Methodology to the Reconnaissance Exercise ......................... 40
      3.8.1     Preliminary Site Visit/Scoping and Reconnaissance Exercise ....................................... 40
    3.9    Impact Identification ................................................................................................... 41
      3.9.1     Impact Identification and Assessment Tool .................................................................. 41
    3.10 Environmental Baseline Survey .................................................................................... 42
    3.11 Sampling Methodology ............................................................................................... 42


                                                                                                                                           2
     3.11.1 Soil Sample Collection ................................................................................................... 43
     3.11.2 Water Sample Collection .............................................................................................. 44
     3.11.3 Air Quality Sample Collection ....................................................................................... 44
     3.11.4 Noise Level Measurement ............................................................................................ 45
   3.12 Discussion on Findings from Soil Sample Analysis ......................................................... 46
   3.13 Discussion of Results of Water Quality Analysis............................................................ 48

4 CHAPTER FOUR: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION WITH
STAKEHOLDERS .............................................................................................................. 54
   4.1    Introduction ................................................................................................................ 54
   4.2    Methodology for the Socio-economic survey ............................................................... 54
   4.3    Primary Data ............................................................................................................... 54
     4.3.1     Gender Distribution of Respondents ............................................................................ 55
     4.3.2     Age Distribution of Respondents .................................................................................. 55
     4.3.3     Marital status of Respondents ...................................................................................... 56
     4.3.4     Religious practice of Respondents ................................................................................ 57
     4.3.5     Literacy Level and Educational Infrastructure .............................................................. 57
     4.3.6     Water and Sanitation .................................................................................................... 58
     4.3.7     Household Waste Disposal, Cooking Fuel and Electricity ............................................. 59
     4.3.8     Average household size of Respondents ...................................................................... 60
     4.3.9     Occupation .................................................................................................................... 61
     4.3.10 Average Monthly Income status of Respondents ......................................................... 61
     4.3.11 Infrastructural Development ........................................................................................ 62
     4.3.12 Desirability of the Project ............................................................................................. 64
     4.3.13 Health Status Survey ..................................................................................................... 64
     4.3.14 Replacement Options.................................................................................................... 66
   4.4    Stakeholders Consultation ........................................................................................... 66
   4.5    Identification of Stakeholders ...................................................................................... 67
   4.6    Identified Stakeholder Groups ..................................................................................... 67
   4.7    Community Consultations ........................................................................................... 68
     4.7.1     Objective of Community Consultation .......................................................................... 69
     4.7.2     The Stakeholders Consulted and their Concerns .......................................................... 69
     4.7.3     Summary of Meetings with Stakeholders ..................................................................... 69
   4.8    Description of the Rehabilitation Project...................................................................... 71
   4.9    Hydrological data design return period ........................................................................ 72
   4.10 Geotechnical data and material property ..................................................................... 72
   4.11 Proposed gully protection concept design .................................................................... 72
     4.11.1 General Concept ........................................................................................................... 72
     4.11.2 Bio-remediation (Vetiver grass and bamboo) ............................................................... 73
   4.12 Project Options and Alternatives ................................................................................. 74
   4.13 No Project Option ....................................................................................................... 74
   4.14 Delayed Project Option ............................................................................................... 74
   4.15 Do project Option........................................................................................................ 75
   4.16 Gully Treatment Options ............................................................................................. 75
   4.17 Alternative Technologies/Designs ................................................................................ 76


                                                                                                                                               3
      4.17.1 Option One: Rock Lined Chute ...................................................................................... 76
      4.17.2 Option Two: Wood Drop Structure ............................................................................... 77
      4.17.3 Option Three: Do Nothing Option................................................................................. 77
    4.18 The Preferred Alternative ............................................................................................ 77

5 CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF
ALTERNATIVES................................................................................................................ 78
    5.1    Introduction ................................................................................................................ 78
    5.2    Impact Identification and Evaluation ........................................................................... 78
      5.2.1     Impact Identification ..................................................................................................... 78
      5.2.2     Impact Qualification ...................................................................................................... 78
      5.2.3     Impact Rating ................................................................................................................ 79
    5.3    Summary of Associated and Potential Impacts Determination ...................................... 82
    Identified Potential Impacts (by Project Phases) .......................................................... 84
    5.4    Mitigation Measures for Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully Erosion Complex......... 100
      5.4.1     Selection of Mitigation Measures ............................................................................... 100
    5.5    Risk and Danger Assessment/Management ............................................................... 101
      5.5.1     Assessing risks at the start of a project....................................................................... 102
      5.5.2     Assessing risks at the start of each phase ................................................................... 103
      5.5.3     Managing the risks ...................................................................................................... 106

6     CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................ 108
    6.1    Overview .................................................................................................................. 108
    6.2    Institutional Arrangement for ESMP and Monitoring Plan .......................................... 108
    6.3    ESMP and Monitoring Budget .................................................................................... 142
    6.4    Environmental and Social Management Monitoring Plan ........................................... 142
      6.4.1      Waste Management Plan............................................................................................ 142
      6.4.2      Recommended Measures for Waste Management .................................................... 143
    6.5    Emergency Response and Incidence Management ..................................................... 144
    6.6    Recommended Measures for Chance Find/Cultural Heritage Management ................. 145
    6.7    Reasons for Failure in Gully Rehabilitation ................................................................. 145
      6.7.1      Management of Rehabilitated Erosion Site ................................................................ 146
    6.8    Grievance Redress mechanism .................................................................................. 147
    6.9    Community Security, Health and Safety Management ................................................ 149
    6.10 Stakeholders Engagement Plan .................................................................................. 151
    6.11 Fundamentals of Stakeholder Engagement Approach ................................................. 151
    6.12 Social Investment Plan .............................................................................................. 154
    6.13 Project Coordination and Implementation Arrangements ........................................... 155
    6.14 NEWMAP Institutional Arrangement ......................................................................... 155
    6.15 Roles and Responsibilities ......................................................................................... 155
    6.16 Federal Level Institutions........................................................................................... 156
      6.16.1 Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) .................................................................. 156
      6.16.2 Department of Erosion, Flood and Costal Management ............................................ 156
      6.16.3 Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) ........................................................... 157
      6.16.4 Nigerian Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA).......................................................... 157
      6.16.5 Integrated Water Resources Commission .................................................................. 157

                                                                                                                                               4
      6.16.6 Federal Ministry of Works (FMW) .............................................................................. 157
      6.16.7 Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) ............................ 157
      6.16.8 National Environmental Standards and Regulatory Enforcement Agency (NESREA) . 157
    6.17 State Level Institutions .............................................................................................. 159
      6.17.1 Abia State Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA) ............................................... 160
      6.17.2 Abia State Ministry of Agriculture............................................................................... 160
      6.17.3 Abia State Ministry of Works ...................................................................................... 160
      6.17.4 Abia State Ministry of Land and Survey ...................................................................... 160
      6.17.5 Abia State Ministry of Information ............................................................................. 160
      6.17.6 Abia State Ministry of Youth Development ................................................................ 160
      6.17.7 Abia State Ministry of Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation ........................... 160
      6.17.8 State Project Management Unit (PMU) ...................................................................... 161
      SPMU Safeguard Units ................................................................................................................ 161
    6.18 Local Government Level Institutions .......................................................................... 162
      6.18.1 Community Level and other Institutions .................................................................... 163
      6.18.2 Community Based Organizations (CBO)...................................................................... 163
    6.19 World Bank ............................................................................................................... 163
    6.20 Consultants, Contractors and Site Engineers .............................................................. 163
    6.21 Safeguards Manual.................................................................................................... 163

7     CHAPTER SEVEN: RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................. 164
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 165
ANNEX ONE: ESMP TEMPLATE ...................................................................................... 166
ANNEX TWO: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE PREPARATION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND
SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ............................................................................ 168
ANNEX THREE: SAMPLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA COLLECTION FORM ........................... 176
ANNEX FOUR: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS MET .................................................................. 181
ANNEX FIVE: LIST OF ENUMERATORS ............................................................................ 190



LIST OF PLATES
PLATE 1 MAP OF ABIA STATE SHOWING THE PROJECT SITE ................................................................................ 28
PLATE 2 ELEVATION MAP OF THE PROJECT COMMUNITY ................................................................................... 29
PLATE 3 MAP SHOWING THE GULLY COMPLEX .................................................................................................... 31
PLATE 4 WATERSHED MAP OF THE COMMUNITY ................................................................................................ 32
PLATE 5: GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA ............................................................................................ 35
PLATE 6 A SECTION OF THE GULLY WITH A THREATENED BUILDING ................................................................... 40
PLATE 7 A SECTION OF THE GULLY ....................................................................................................................... 40
PLATE 8 THE TEAM WITH SOME COMMUNITY MEMBERS DURING GROUND TROTHING ................................... 41
PLATE 9 THE CONSULTANT AND SPMU AT THE EZE'S PALACE FOR ADVOCACY VISIT .......................................... 41
PLATE 10: MAP SHOWING SAMPLE LOCATION POINTS ....................................................................................... 42
PLATE 11: PARTICLES SIZE GRADING OF THE SOILS .............................................................................................. 44


                                                                                                                                                      5
PLATE 12: AIR QUALITY SAMPLE READINGS ......................................................................................................... 44
PLATE 13: NOISE LEVEL READINGS ....................................................................................................................... 45
PLATE 14: RESULTS FOR SOIL PH, OC, N AND P .................................................................................................... 47
PLATE 15: RESULTS FOR SOIL CA, MG, NA, K AND ECM ....................................................................................... 48
PLATE 16: RESULTS FOR SOIL HEAVY METALS ...................................................................................................... 48
FIGURE 17: PH, CONDUCTIVITY, TDS, SALINITY AND TURBITY OF WATER SAMPLES ........................................... 50
FIGURE 18: CHLORINE, NITRATE, SULPHATE AND PHOSPHATE LEVELS OF WATER SAMPLES ............................. 50
FIGURE 19: CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM LEVEL FOR WATER SAMPLES .......................... 51
FIGURE 20: TOTAL HARDNESS, DO, BOD AND COD LEVELS FOR WATER SAMPLES.............................................. 52
PLATE 21 SEX OF RESPONDENTS .......................................................................................................................... 55
PLATE 22 AGE OF RESPONDENTS ......................................................................................................................... 56
PLATE 23 MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS .................................................................................................... 56
PLATE 24 RELIGION OF RESPONDENTS ................................................................................................................. 57
PLATE 25 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF RESPONDENTS .............................................................................................. 57
PLATE 26 WATER SOURCE .................................................................................................................................... 58
PLATE 27 TYPE OF TOILET FACILITY ...................................................................................................................... 58
PLATE 28 METHOD OF REFUSE DISPOSAL ............................................................................................................ 59
PLATE 29 TYPE OF FUEL FOR COOKING ................................................................................................................ 59
PLATE 30 ELECTRICITY SOURCE ............................................................................................................................ 60
PLATE 31 RESPONDENTS FAMILY SIZE .................................................................................................................. 60
PLATE 32 MAIN OCCUPATION OF RESPONDENTS ................................................................................................ 61
PLATE 33 AVERAGE MONTHLY INCOME ............................................................................................................... 62
PLATE 34 ROADS WITHIN COMMUNITY ............................................................................................................... 63
PLATE 35 SCHOOLS WITHIN COMMUNITY ........................................................................................................... 63
PLATE 36 PERCEPTION ABOUT THE PROJECT ....................................................................................................... 64
PLATE 37 DISEASE CONDITIONS ........................................................................................................................... 65
PLATE 38 CONSULTATION MEETING AT THE PROJECT COMMUNITY ................................................................... 66
PLATE 39 ONE OF THE COMMUNITY MEMBERS MAKING A REMARK DURING THE CONSULTATION .................. 67
PLATE 40: GENERAL LAYOUT DESIGN OF CONTROL MEASURE, DYOKE, 2016 ..................................................... 73
PLATE 41: DESIGN PLAN FOR CHUTE AND STILLING BASIN, DYOKE, 2016 .......................................................... 74
PLATE 42 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A ROCK LINED CHUTE ................................................................................. 76
PLATE 43 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A WOOD DROP STRUCTURE ....................................................................... 77
PLATE 44: RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS .............................................................................................................. 102
PLATE 45: RISK MATRIX ...................................................................................................................................... 102




LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: MAJOR CROPS FOUND WITHIN THE PROJECT COMMUNITY ................................................................. 36
TABLE 4 SOIL, NOISE AND AIR QUALITY SAMPLE LOCATIONS .............................................................................. 42
TABLE 5 PARTICLES SIZE GRADING OF THE SOILS ................................................................................................. 43
TABLE 6 NOISE LEVELS AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS AROUND THE GULLY ............................................................. 45
TABLE 7 PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS ............................................................................................... 46
TABLE 8 PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER SOURCES ............................................................................. 48
TABLE 2: HEALTHCARE ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................... 65
TABLE 3: IDENTIFIED STAKEHOLDER GROUPS ...................................................................................................... 67
TABLE 9: PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE .............................................................................................................. 79
TABLE 10: CONSEQUENCES OF IMPACT ............................................................................................................... 80


                                                                                                                                                             6
TABLE 11: RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX .................................................................................................................. 80
TABLE 12: FREQUENCY RATING CRITERIA............................................................................................................. 81
TABLE 13: IMPORTANCE CRITERIA........................................................................................................................ 81
TABLE 14: PERCEPTION CRITERIA ......................................................................................................................... 82
TABLE 15: IMPACT VALUE AND RATING COLOUR CODE....................................................................................... 82
TABLE 16: SUMMARY OF BENEFICIAL AND ADVERSE IMPACTS ........................................................................... 83
TABLE 17 IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND RATING - PRE CONSTRUCTION PHASE ..................................... 94
TABLE 18 IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND RATING - CONSTRUCTION PHASE ............................................ 96
TABLE 19 IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND THEIR RATINGS - OPERATIONAL PHASE .................................. 99
TABLE 20: CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF CONTROL MEASURES FOR A CONTINUOUS GULLY............................. 101
TABLE 21: RISK SEVERITY PRIORITIZATION TABLE .............................................................................................. 104
TABLE 22: IDENTIFIED RISK, RATINGS AND RESPONSE TO RISK ......................................................................... 104
TABLE 23 ESMP - PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE ................................................................................................... 109
TABLE 24 ESMP - CONSTRUCTION PHASE .......................................................................................................... 119
TABLE 25 ESMP - OPERATIONAL PHASE ............................................................................................................. 136
TABLE 26: SUMMARY OF ESMP AND MONITORING BUDGET ............................................................................ 142
TABLE 27: SAFEGUARD RESPONSIBILITIES FOR NEWMAP .................................................................................. 158




                                                                                                                                                       7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed
Management Project (NEWMAP), financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the
Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. The Project Development
Objective (PDO) of the NEWMAP is to improve erosion management and gully rehabilitation;
increase incomes for rural households from improved agricultural and forest practices through
the use of conservation agriculture, agroforestry, natural regeneration, etc.; and gain efficiency in
public administration and public spending through improved knowledge base, analytical tools,
multi-sectoral coordination and stakeholder dialogue.
Various documents have been prepared in line with NEWMAP, and they include; Environmental
and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Resettlement Policy Frameworks (RPF), Project
Appraisal Document (PAD) prepared for the Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management
Project. This report focuses on the Environmental and Social management Plan (ESMP)
developed for the Rehabilitation of the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully Erosion Site,
Umuahia North LGA of Abia State Nigeria.
Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan
The objective of the ESMP is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation
measures will be implemented throughout the phases for the Rehabilitation of the Umuda
Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully Erosion Site. It has also been prepared to ensure the effective long-
term protection of the area and other biotic and abiotic components of the environment.
Description of the study area
Abia State is located in the south-eastern zone of Nigeria with a land mass of over 4902.24 sq.
km. The state has a population of 2,845,380 (2006 Census). Abia state lies within the riverine
part of Nigeria and shares boundaries with Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, Imo, Cross River, Akwa Ibom
and Rivers states. The state consist of 17 Local Government Areas and they include; Aba North,
Aba South, Arochukwu, Bende, Ikwuano, Isiala-Ngwa North, Isiala-Ngwa South, Isiukwuato, Obi
Ngwa, Ohafia, Osisioma Ngwa, Ugwunagbo, Ukwa East, Ukwa West, Umuahia North, Umuahia
South and Umu-Nneochi.
The Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku gully erosion complex lies between longitude 05o 32’ and 05o
34’ North, and latitude 07o 28’ and 07o 30’ East. The Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku gully
erosion complex consists of Umuagu main gully and its tributary Umuda/Okengwu gully, and
Isingwu main gully. They are located in Umuagu Ibeku and Umuda Isingwu communities in
Umuahia North local government area of Abia State. This site has three different gully heads at
Umuagu, Umuda and Isingwu villages. The Umuagu and Umuda/Okengwu gullies empty into Iyi
Doti (De Oti) stream while Isingwu gully empties into the Obohu stream. The confluence of Iyi Doti
and Obohu streams is at Nchi Isingwu Umuda Amafor and retains the name Obohu as it flows
downstream.
Project Environment
The climate of Umuahia North is characteristically of the Equatorial type found in South-Eastern
Nigeria, essentially warm and humid. This is a resultant effect of its prevailing seasonal wind,
nearness to the seacoast and the relatively flat topography of the environment. A humid Tropical
Maritime (mT) from across the Atlantic Ocean in the south dominates the region in the longer wet
season (April to October). A drier Tropical Continental (cT) air mass blowing from the northeast
direction controls the climate and meteorology of the area during the dry season (November to
March).




                                                                                                   8
The climate is tropical with two distinct seasons, the rainy season and the dry season. The rainy
season begins around the first of May and continues into September while the dry season runs
from November to April. Rainfall reaches its highest monthly maximum of 300 – 400mm during
the month of June through September and drops to 0.0-1.0mm in December and January.
Social Baseline Environment
The socio-economic assessment studies were aimed at examining the socioeconomic conditions
of the people living around the project site in Umuda Isingwu and Umuagu Ibeku both in Umuahia
North LGA of Abia State. This is to ensure that the potential impacts of the proposed
rehabilitation project is captured and described while proffering solutions to possible negative
impacts to human habitat, health and livelihoods.
The specific objectives of the study include:
    a. Describe the existing status of the sub watershed and gullies;
    b. Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions;
    c. Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff
       collected in the sub watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall);
    d. Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction
       and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government
       agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially
       significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;
    e. Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with
       the sub-watershed management in consultation with relevant public and government
       agencies; Identify feasible and cost effective measures that may reduce potentially
       significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;
    f. Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the
       impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above (as in a-e);
    g. Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for
       carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g. for operation, supervision,
       enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing reporting, and
       staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each
       implementing agency;
    h. Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management
       capability in the agencies responsible for implementation;
    i. Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the
       project showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and
    j. Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of the funds for
       implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these
       costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.

A random sampling survey was carried out within the community. Questionnaires were
administered to a total of 515 respondents.
Project Description
Proposed solution to ameliorate the erosion problem is proper management of prevailing flood
flow path to the gully and subsequently control the gully using adequate drainage systems such
as culverts, drains, chute channels and stilling basins, rip-rap resting on geotextile, then gabion
check dams placed along the gully bed to slow down the flow velocity, etc.
The principal components of the design works for the Erosion Complex are:


                                                                                                 9
ï‚·     Umuagu Ibeku gully - Design option 2: Conduct runoff safely through the gully to safely
      discharge into Iyi Doti stream using drainage channels, chute spillways, stilling basins and
      outlet protection works; install check dams and retaining walls accompanied by earthworks
      and vegetation. Estimated total cost is N 240,456,720.00
     Umuda Isingwu gully – Design option2: Conduct runoff safely through the gully to safely
      discharge into the main gully using drainage channels, chute spillways, stilling basins and
      outlet protection works; install check dams accompanied by earthworks and vegetation. The
      estimated total cost of this design alternative is N 41,995,987.50
Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Institutional Framework
The section on Policy examined the various regulation and legal documents as it concerns
Nigeria and Abia State. The World Bank Safeguards and other relevant International guidelines
applicable to the sub-project intervention were also examined. The various institutional
frameworks relevant to the NEWMAP were also evaluated in this section.
The Rehabilitation Project is rated a World Bank Category B (equivalent to Category II in the
Nigeria EIA Act) project in accordance with the Environmental Assessment Policy of the World
Bank, which will focus on mitigation and Environmental planning measures. The identified World
Bank safeguard policies triggered by the rehabilitation of the gully site include; Environmental
Assessment (OP 4.01); Natural Habitats (OP 4. 04) and Physical and Cultural Resources (OP 4.11
and Pest Management Safeguard Policy OP 4.09.
Summary of potential impacts for the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully Erosion site

S/N     Positive Impacts                                               Adverse Impacts


1       Rehabilitation of the erosion menace in the community          Increase in fugitive dust emission
                                                                       during       preconstruction    and
                                                                       construction     phases      of the
                                                                       rehabilitation.

2       Repair of the watershed gullies                                Waste      generation    especially
                                                                       construction wastes.

3       Connection and restoration of access to houses and villages    Possibility of seepage of fuel from
        already cut off by the erosion                                 machineries and effluent discharge
                                                                       into the watershed, thus impacting
                                                                       on the water quality.

4       Provision of employment opportunities for both skilled and     Site clearing will lead to loss of
        unskilled workers.                                             species diversity and abundance,
                                                                       including soil organisms, fungi,
                                                                       invertebrates, and bacteria.

5       Improved agricultural productivity within the community and    Noise and vibration from heavy-duty
        Abia state at large.                                           project vehicles and equipment
                                                                       resulting in nuisance.

6       Community development programs.                                The frequency and incidence of
                                                                       occupational hazards may rise
                                                                       during construction activities.

7       Reintegration of community and diversification of sources of   Loss of employment for labourers
        livelihood.                                                    after the completion of the
                                                                       rehabilitation works,


                                                                                                       10
8        Reduction of mortality rate.

9        Promotion of afforestation programs (with all its benefits)


10       Minimization of flooding and control of overflow.


11       Reduced fear perception of loss of property, inhabitation and
         ancestral origins of the communities.


12       Control and Reduction of water body sedimentation rates
         due to erosion.

13       Reduction in mortality/morbidity from landslides.


14       Initiation/ kick-off of rapid     production systems          and
         agricultural practices.

15       Increase in social interactions

16       Improved livelihood enhancing activities

17       Gender Issues: Construction activities will encourage
         economic activities, especially for women. Since there would
         be a large workforce, petty traders and food-spots owners
         will benefit immensely from the demand on site.




18       Promotion of goodwill and community appreciation of the
         NEWMAP intervention in Abia State and Nigeria at large.


This ESMP therefore will ensure that the adverse/negative impacts are reduced to the barest
minimum while the beneficial impacts are enhanced.
Project Alternatives
Various alternatives to the planned rehabilitation of the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully
Erosion Site were evaluated. These include:
     ï‚·    Do nothing approach
     ï‚·    Rock lined chute
     ï‚·    Wood drop structure
     ï‚·    Vegetated overall structure
Also several technological and design options were analyzed for the project. These include:
     ï‚·    Rock lined chute
     ï‚·    Wood drop structures
The preferred alternative would be to implement the current project proposal, however with a
combination of suitable alternatives to enable the project achieve its objectives. This is mainly
based on cost benefit analysis as well as sustainability.

                                                                                              11
Environmental and Social Management Plan and Monitoring Plan Budget
The ESMP included the various impacts discussed according to the respective phases during
project implementation. The impacts have been described, as they will impact on the different
environmental and social sensitivities. The mitigation measures, mitigation costs and institutional
responsibilities were also highlighted in the ESMP matrix table.

The total cost for Implementing the ESMP and Monitoring Plan for the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu
Ibeku Gully Erosion Site Rehabilitation Works is estimated at Forty One Million Nine Hundred and
Sixty-Eight Thousand Naira Only (N60, 014, 240); that correspond to One Hundred and Four
Thousand Nine Hundred and Twenty US. Dollars [USD150, 035.60]. The ESMP matrix for the
implementation of the Rehabilitation works is highlighted from Table 25-27. NB: $1 = N400.



 Item                  Responsibility for Cost Breakdown            Cost Estimate     Cost
                       implementation                               in                Estimate
                       and Monitoring                               Nigerian Naira    in
                                                                    (N)               Us    Dollars
                                                                                      (US$)

 Enhancement        Contractor, SPMU,                               41,968,000.00 104, 920.00
 ofPositive impacts SMENV, ASEPA,
 and Mitigation of FRSC
 Negative impacts

 Management     of ,SPMU          SMENV, 5% of         Mitigation 2,098,400           5,246.00
 ESMP              ASEPA                 Cost
 Implementation

 Monitoring,           SMENV, ASEPA, 25%of             Mitigation 10,496,000.00 26,230.00
 Evaluation & Audit    FERMA, SMW    Cost

 SUB- TOTAL                                                                           136,396.00

 Contingency                                10% of Sub-Total        5,455,600.00      13,639.60

 TOTAL                                                              60,014,240.00 150,035.60




Institutional Arrangement for ESMP and Monitoring Plan
It is envisaged that the environmental and social impacts and their designed enhancement and
mitigation measures shall be monitored during implementation of the construction/rehabilitation
works and operation phases. The roles and responsibilities for monitoring the environmental and
social impacts and the implementation of the ESMP are as follows.
Overall sub-project coordination will be housed in the State Project Management Unit (SPMU), of
Abia State NEWMAP Office. They will oversee the day-day project management and ensure that
environmental and socio-economic concerns and management as elucidated in the ESMP are
integrated into all aspects of project implementation. The Federal Ministry of Environment
(FMENV), The Abia State Ministry of Environment; herein referred to as State Ministry of

                                                                                                12
Environment (SMENV); National Environmental Standards Regulatory Enforcement Agency
(NESREA) at the state level, and Abia State Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA) will
monitor, evaluate and audit the implementation of the ESMP to ensure that the rehabilitation
works and project operations meet “best environmental practices�. The SPMU (i.e. ESO and M&E
Officers) will also be engaged in monitoring at the state level while the FPMU M&E unit will
oversee the M&E activities of the SPMU.
Awareness creation exercises on HIV/AIDS, environmental protection and personal hygiene and
sanitation shall also be undertaken for contactors personnel and all stakeholders involved in
project implementation.

Stakeholder Consultation
The public consultation strategy for the ESMP activities evolved around the provision of a full
opportunity for involvement for all stakeholders, especially the PAPs. Concerns raised by the
stakeholders are documented and incorporated in this report and used to develop mitigation
and/or enhancement measures.
The stakeholders were informed of the visits through the existing communication line between
the SPMU and the communities. The Community leaders through the use of town criers, church
announcements and phone calls, informed the rest of the community of the proposed meetings.
Consultation Method: A combination of various consultation methods were used to assess
knowledge, perception and attitude of the groups consulted concerning the project, and its
potential environmental and social impacts. An Advocacy Visit, Focal group meetings, Town hall
meeting and Feedback meetings were conducted.
The advocacy visit meeting was held on 5th April 2017 at the community and Town hall meeting
was carried out on the 10th April 2017. In attendance were the President General of Umuda
Development Association, Public Relation Officer of Umuda community, Chairmen of all villages
affected by the project, Women and Youth Groups , Other Stakeholders are individuals who own
properties that will be directly or indirectly affected by the project, Community Associations,
Business Owners etc.
At this general meeting, all the stakeholders and community members were given a general
overview of the project, the component and information regarding the ESMP and other relevant
information in the TOR.




                                                                                            13
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AGO      Automotive Gas Oil
AIDS     Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ARAP     Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan
ASEPA    Abia State Environmental Protection Agency
BOD      Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CASHES   Community Affairs, Safety, Health, Environment and Security
CBA      Cost Benefit Analysis,
CBO      Community Based Organizations
CDA      Community Development Associations
CDD      Community Driven Development
CO       Carbon monoxide
COD      Chemical Oxygen Demand
CPMC     Community Project Management Committee
CSO      Civil Society Organizations
DO       Dissolved Oxygen
EA       Environmental Assessment
EC       Electrical conductivity
EIA      Environmental Impact Assessment
ERIM     Emergency Response and Incident Management
ESA      Environmental and Social Assessment
ESIA     Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESMF     Environmental and Social Management Framework
ESMP     Environmental and Social Management Plan
ESO      Environmental safeguards Officer
FBO      Fixed-Base Operator
FMARD    Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
FMW      Federal Ministry of Works
FEPA     Federal Environmental Protection Agency
FMENV    Federal Ministry of Environment
FMWR     Federal Ministry of Water Resources
FPMU     Federal Project Management Unit
FRSC     Federal Road Safety Corps
FSLC     First School Leaving Certificate
GDP      Gross Domestic Product
GEF      Global Environment Facility


                                                                       14
GHG      Green House Gas
GRC      Grievance Redress Committee
GRM      Grievance Redress Mechanism
GSM      Global System for Mobile
HAZCOM   Hazard Communication Program
HC       Hydro Carbon
HCF      Health Care Facility
HIV      Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IDA      International Development Association
IFR      Interim Financial Reports
ISO      International Organization for Standardization
IUCN     International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
JHA      Job Hazard Analysis
LGA      Local Government Area
LGDO     Local Government Desk Office
LGRC     Local Government Review Committee
M&E      Monitoring and Evaluation
MDA      Ministries, Departments and Agencies
MSDS     Material Safety Data Sheets
NESREA   National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency
NEWMAP   Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project
NGO      Non-Governmental Organizations
NIHSA    Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency
NIMET    Nigerian Meteorological Agency
OHRA     Occupational Health Risk Assessment
OHS      Occupational Health and Safety
OHSMPC   Occupational Health and Safety Management Plans
PAD      Project Appraisal Document
PAP      Project Affected Person
PDO      Project Development Objective
PHA      Process Hazard Analysis
PHC      Primary healthcare
PHCN     Power Holding Company of Nigeria
PHF      Primary Healthcare Facility
PIM      Product Information Management
PIU      Project Implementation Unit
PM       Particulate Matter
PMS      Purified Motor Spirit

                                                                                15
PPE      Personal protective equipment
RAP      Resettlement Action Plan
RFP      Resettlement Policy Framework
ROI      Return on Investment
RPF      Resettlement Policy Framework
SA       Social Assessment
SCCF     Special Climate Change Fund
SLM      Sustainable Land Management
SMEnv    State Ministry of Environment
SPMU     State Project Management Unit
SPSS     Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
STD      Sexually Transmitted Disease
STI      Sexually transmitted infections
TDS      Total Dissolved Solid
TOR      Terms of Reference
UV       Ultraviolet
VES      Vehicle Exhaust Screening
VET      Vehicle Emission Testing
WASSCE   West African Senior School Examinations
WHO      World Health Organization
WRPP     Workers Respiratory Protection Program




                                                       16
1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background

The ecological menace of erosion is a major disaster that continues to threaten landmass in
Nigeria. Some of these erosion have resulted due to natural and human causes. Over 6,000km2
of land are affected by erosion and about 3,400km2 are highly exposed. In some areas of
southern Nigeria, farmland degradation has caused yield reductions of between 30% and 90%,
and as much as a 5% drag on agricultural GDP. Erosion has a devastating effect on many
peoples’ lives and destroys infrastructure essential for economic development and poverty
alleviation (NEWMAP ESMF, 2012).
Gully erosion contributes to environmental problems and damage estimated at over $100 million
annually (mostly in South-Eastern Nigeria) (NEWMAP PIM, 2013). It creates channels of various
sizes through concentrated runoff on definite routes, which result in systematic removal of soil
particles, including plant nutrients, from one location to another, and even in worse cases
destruction of lives and properties. In view of this, the Government of Nigeria is implementing the
multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), financed by the
World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government
of Nigeria. The NEWMAP is aimed at reducing vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub-
catchments. The project is currently being implemented in 19 states namely Cross River, Abia,
Ebonyi, Imo, Enugu, Anambra, Edo, Gombe, Kogi, Kano, Katsina, Nasarawa, Akwa Ibom, Bauchi,
Borno, Plateau, Delta, Oyo and Sokoto, states. The NEWMAP finances activities implemented by
State and Federal Government.
The Project Development Objective (PDO) of the NEWMAP is to improve erosion management and
gully rehabilitation; increase incomes for rural households from improved agricultural and forest
practices through the use of conservation agriculture, agroforestry, natural regeneration, etc.;
and gain efficiency in public administration and public spending through improved knowledge
base, analytical tools, multi-sectoral coordination and stakeholder dialogue.
NEWMAP Components are divided into 4 viz;
Component 1: Erosion and Catchment Management investment
       Sub-component 1A Gully Rapid Action and Slope Stabilization
       Sub-component 1B Integrated Catchment Management
       Sub-component 1C Adaptive Livelihoods


Component 2: Erosion and Catchment Management Institutions and Information Services
       Sub-component 2A Federal MDA Effectiveness and Services
       Sub-component 2B State MDA Effectiveness and Services
        Sub-component 2C Local Government Capacity
       Sub-component 2D Private Sector Capacity
Component 3: Climate Change Agenda Support
       Sub-component 3A Policy and Institutional Framework
       Sub-component 3B Low Carbon Development
Component 4: Project Management
This program is financed through an 8-year Strategic Investment Loan (SIL) of $508.59M,
consisting of a $500M IDA concessional loan blended with GEF and SCCF grants totalling
$8.59M. The Government of Nigeria’s contribution will amount to approximately $150M. This

                                                                                                17
contribution only reflects the costs currently directly attributable to Project activities but will also
include the cost of liaison officers from each MDA which is yet to be reflected. The
calculated amount comprises (i) a federal contribution both cash and in-kind of $83.34 for
duties, taxes, staff and office costs and (ii) a cash and in-kind contribution by each state of
approximately $6M (for each of 11 states totalling approximately $67M) for resettlement, staff
and office costs and pre-feasibility designs of intervention sites. State contributions to project
financing are an agreed

1.1   Environmental and Social Safeguard Concerns
The environmental and social safeguards concerns for NEWMAP are addressed through two
national instruments already prepared under the project: an Environmental and Social
Management Framework (ESMF) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF).
1. Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF): In general, the ESMF specifies
   the procedures to be used for preparing, approving and implementing
   a) Environmental/Social Assessments (ESAs, or alternately both an SA or an EA) and/or
   b) Environmental/Social Management Plans (ESMPs, or alternately both an EMP and SMP)
       for individual civil works packages developed for each project. ESMPs are essential
       elements for Category B projects. The ESMF will serve as a guide for the preparation of
       this ESMP for Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku gully Erosion site since the World Bank
       OP/BP 4.01-Environmental Assessment is triggered as a result of the civil works.

2. Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF): The RPF applies when land acquisition leads to the
   temporary or permanent physical displacement of persons, and/or loss of shelter, and /or
   loss of livelihoods and/or loss, denial or restriction of access to economic resources due to
   project activities. It sets out the resettlement and compensation principles, organizational
   arrangements and design criteria to be applied to meet the needs of project-affected people,
   and specifies the contents of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for each package of
   investments. A Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), which serves as a practical tool during
   the programme formulation, design, implementation and monitoring, was prepared for
   NEWMAP, which serves as a guide for the present terms of reference. The activities of
   Component 1 will involve civil works in specific intervention sites – that is, construction of
   drainage works and/or rehabilitation of gullies. This could result in the acquisition of land or
   displacement of families, business or public infrastructure, thus triggering the World Bank
   OP/BP 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement.
Various documents have been prepared in line with the NEWMAP, and they include;
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Resettlement Policy Frameworks
(RPF), Project Appraisal Document (PAD) prepared for the Nigerian Erosion and Watershed
Management Project.
This report focuses on the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) prepared for the
Rehabilitation of the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully Erosion Complex in Umuahia North LGA
of Abia State.
The Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully Erosion Complex consists of Umuagu main gully and
its tributary Umuda/Okengwu gully, and Isingwu main gully. They are located in Umuagu
Ibeku and Umuda Isingwu communities in Umuahia North local government area of Abia
State.
The NEWMAP intends to rehabilitate the gully erosion site and reduce longer-tern erosion
vulnerability in the targeted areas. This activity will be employed through some civil works such as
construction of infrastructure and stabilization of the gully. An engineering design report has

                                                                                                     18
already been prepared for the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully Erosion Complex, which
highlights on the detailed civil works that will be carried out. This ESMP study will therefore, aim
to identify potential and significant adverse environmental and social impacts that will be
associated with the rehabilitation and to propose means of minimizing and/or mitigating them to
acceptable levels.




1.2   Purpose of the ESMP
The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is an instrument that details the
measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or offset
adverse environmental and social impacts or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and the
actions needed to implement these measures. The ESMP is an integral part of Category “A�
Environmental Assessments (EAs) (irrespective of other instruments used). EAs for Category “B�
projects may also result in an ESMP. However, the impacts of the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku
Gully Erosion Complex rehabilitation project are considered to be mainly site specific. The project
will concentrate mainly on the rehabilitation which will include the construction of a set of side
drains, filling and compaction of fill to reclaim part of the gully head and its finger gully,
construction of step-wise drop structure to dissipate a large part of the energy of flow, and re-
vegetation of the gully site with local grass and trees within the distance of the gully and its
finger. More on the project design is explained in Chapter 5 of this report.
The civil works will be concentrated at the areas closest to the erosion site and will ensure
negligible adverse impacts on livelihood. The adverse impacts will be largely reversible, indirect
and short term. Considering the aforementioned, the project falls suitably into the World Bank’s
category B; hence the most suitable safeguard instrument to address beneficial and adverse
impacts is an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).
The ESMP provides a set of procedures through which NEWMAP will develop and implement
environmental, social, health, and safety management systems, programs, processes and
procedures that will establish a foundation for sound mitigation of adverse impacts,
enhancement of positive impacts, institutional responsibilities, indicative costs for mitigation and
eventual monitoring of the ESMP.
The ESMP outlines Abia State NEWMAP Project Management Unit’s corporate commitment to
managing the project in a responsible, safe and sustainable manner whereby the protection of
the environment, safety of people and social concerns take priority above all other business
concerns.
The ESMP will also ensure compliance with applicable environmental standards all through the
life span of the project. The Bank will disclose the ESMP document publicly, in Nigeria and at the
World Bank Info-shop before project appraisal.

1.3   Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan

The objective of the ESMP is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation
measures will be implemented throughout the phases for the Rehabilitation of the Umuda
Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully Erosion Complex. It has also been prepared to ensure the effective
long-term protection of the area and other biotic and abiotic components of the environment.

Specific objectives of this ESMP include the following:

      ï‚·   To examine the project in terms of its major activities and identify the aspects
          associated with the project construction which generate environmental impacts,

                                                                                                 19
          ï‚·   Identify the environmental issues associated with the major activities,
          ï‚·   Develop mitigation measures for the aspects identified as having adverse
              environmental impacts,
          ï‚·   Incorporate environmental mitigation measures into activities and develop corrective
              actions and ensure monitoring.
          ï‚·   Define the specific actions required, roles and responsibilities for these actions, and
              associated costs and,
          ï‚·   Define a proposed institutional structure to govern the implementation of the ESMP
              and its monitoring.

1.4       Technical Approach and Methodology to the ESMP
The consultant carried out a reconnaissance exercise first to get a visual understanding of the
project area. Subsequently, a more detailed assessment was carried out which has been
integrated in this report. The environmental and social sensitivities of the project area and its
surrounding environs were ascertained. Advocacy Visits, Stakeholder/Public Consultations were
also carried out. The Advocacy visit was done with the major identified Focal Group Leaders in
the communities, which included (Traditional Rulers of communities, Members of the Town Union
executive council, Women and Youth Group leader of the Communities, etc.). A more detailed
Consultation with a greater number of people from the communities was carried out
subsequently as well as a feedback meeting. Information garnered from the exercise including
their concerns regarding the intervention is documented in Chapter 7 of this report.

The methodology used in the conduct of the Environmental and Social Management Plan is
based on guidelines as proposed by the following:
      ï‚·Federal Government of Nigeria EIA Law and subsequent Federal Ministry of Environment
       standard procedure for conducting EIA/ESIA in Nigeria
    ï‚· Guidelines documented under the World Bank Environmental Assessment Operational
       Policies OP 4.01.
The rehabilitation works will trigger some of the World Bank Safeguard Policies including
Environmental Assessment OP 4.01; Natural Habitats OP 4.04; Physical and Cultural Resources
OP 4.11 and Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 These guidelines collectively advise that
Environmental and Social Management Plan studies are essential to examine the potential
environmental and social threats and benefits (impacts) associated with rehabilitation works for
the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully Erosion Complex.
It is worthy to state at this point that the SPMU is not responsible for any property destroyed by the
contractor outside the scope of the approved design




                                                                                                   20
2 CHAPTER TWO: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR
  ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

2.1     Introduction

A number of national and international environmental guidelines are applicable to the operation
of the NEWMAP. The policy and regulatory frameworks discussed in this section guided the
preparation of this ESMP.

2.2     The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the
        NEWMAP

The ESMF was prepared as a guide to set out the general terms to achieve health, safety, and
environmental regulatory compliance objectives to comply with the World Bank Operational
Policy (OP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment). This will focus on specific steps to be taken,
policy, competence building, communication with the public, and monitoring.

It shall identify the entity or entities responsible for carrying out the mitigating measures, any
legal agreements required and a full budget for the capital and recurrent costs of mitigation. The
ESMP shall also contain a monitoring plan indicating the responsible parties and the frequency
of monitoring, key indicators.

The preparation of this ESMP is consistent with the guidelines and recommendations of the
ESMF of NEWMAP, which is also found to be in agreement with the guidelines of the World Bank
OP 4.01.

2.3     Relevant Nigeria Acts and Legislations

2.3.1    National Policy on Environment

Environmental consciousness and awareness regarding the adverse effects of development
projects, including agricultural projects, resulted in the articulation of a national framework for
environmental protection and national resources conservation. Decree No. 58 of 1988, as
amended by Decree No. 59 of 1992, established the Federal Environmental Protection Agency
(FEPA) as the main government structure for environmental matters in the country. The FEPA put
in place the 1989 National Policy on the Environment, revised in 1995, with sustainable
development as its goal. International agencies such as the World Bank, and other development
partners usually set environmental criteria for projects they are involved in. The stated goal of the
National Policy on the Environment is to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria, and in
particular to:
         ï‚·   Secure a quality of environment adequate for good health and well-being;
         ï‚·   Conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present
             and future generations;
         ï‚·   Restore, maintain and enhance the ecosystem and ecological processes essential for
             the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity, and the principle of
             optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems;


                                                                                                  21
        ï‚·   Raise public awareness and public understanding between the environment and
            development and encourage individual and community participation in environmental
            improvement efforts; and,
        ï‚·   Cooperate in good faith with other countries, international organizations and agencies
            to achieve optimum use of trans-boundary natural resources and the prevention or
            abatement of trans-boundary environmental degradation.

2.3.2   The Federal Ministry of Environment
The act establishing the Ministry places on it the responsibility of ensuring that all development
and industry activity, operations and emissions are within the limits prescribed in the National
Guidelines and Standards, and comply with relevant regulations for environmental pollution
management in Nigeria as may be released by the Ministry. To fulfil this mandate a number of
regulations/instruments are available (See section on National Legal Instruments on
Environment), however for the main instruments in ensuring that environmental and social
issues are mainstreamed into development projects is the Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992 See Annex 1. With this Act, the FMENV prohibits public and private
sectors from embarking on major prospects or activities without due consideration, at early
stages, of environmental and social impacts. The act makes an EIA mandatory for any
development project, and prescribes the procedures for conducting and reporting EIA studies.

As part of the effective utilization of the EIA tool, the Ministry has produced Sectoral guidelines
detailing the necessary requirements of the EIA process from each Sector. One of these Sectoral
Guidelines that apply to the proposed project is the ‘Sectoral Guidelines on Infrastructure
Development.’

Procedurally, in Nigeria, it is worthy to note that before commencement of an EIA, the FMENV
issues a letter of intent on notification by the proponent, approve the terms of reference, ensure
public participation, review and mediate.

The possible technical activities expected for a proposed project include screening, full or partial
EIA Study, Review, Decision-making, Monitoring Auditing and Decommissioning/Remediation
post-closure.

2.3.3   National Legal Instruments on the Environment

Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv)
This Act provides the guidelines for activities of development projects for which EIA is mandatory
in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the minimum content of an EIA and is intended to inform and
assist proponents in conducting EIA studies as well as a schedule of projects, which require
mandatory EIAs.
According to these guidelines:
        ï‚·   Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
        ï‚·   Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation and
            Environmental planning measures, unless the project is located near an
            environmentally sensitive area--in which case a full EIA is required.




                                                                                                 22
              Category III projects are considered to have “essentially beneficial impacts� on the
               environment, for which the Federal Ministry of the Environment will prepare an
               Environmental Impact Statement.
Other National Legal Instruments on Environment
           ï‚·   Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Amendment) Act No 59 of 1992
           ï‚·   The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria
           ï‚·   The National Effluents Limitations. Regulation 1991
           ï‚·   The National Environmental Policy (Pollution Abatement in Industries and
           ï‚·   Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations 1991
           ï‚·   The Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes. Regulations 1991
           ï‚·   National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (1999)
           ï‚·   National Guidelines for Environmental Audit
           ï‚·   National Policy on Flood and Erosion Control 2006 (FMEnv)
           ï‚·   National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 of 1991
           ï‚·   National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act 2007
               (NESREA Act)
           ï‚·   The Land Use Act of 2004, CAP L5.
           ï‚·   Water Resource Management Act, 2009
           ï‚·   The constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999

2.4       State Legislations
Some of the functions of the State Ministries of Environment include:
      ï‚·    Liaising with the Federal Ministry of Environment, FMENV to achieve a healthy or better
           management of the environment via development of National Policy on Environment
      ï‚·    Co-operating with FMENV and other National Directorates/Agencies in the performance
           of environmental functions including environmental education/awareness to the citizenry
      ï‚·    Responsibility for monitoring waste management standards,
      ï‚·    Responsibility for general environmental matters in the State, and
      ï‚·    Monitoring the implementation of ESIA studies and other environmental studies for all
           development projects in the State.
Some laws in the state include:
Abia State Basic Environmental Law No. 1of 2004 amended in 2013
This law establishes the basic environmental sanitation practice (regulation and enforcement) in
Abia State. The law spells out the Abia State Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA) as a
parastatal under the Office of the Governor, Government House Abia state, the individuals who
shall by appointment (by the Governor) see to its management, the agency as an authorization,
permission, registration and approval granting body as regards sitting of base stations and any
other associated operations as well as penalties for any who contravenes the provisions of the
same law which upholds basic environmental sanitation practice in Abia State.
Abia State Policy on Environment (2010)
This policy emphasizes state government efforts to sustainable management of the Abia
environment with regards to Erosion control. The state government commits to:
      ï‚·    Seek the intervention of the Federal Government of Nigeria and relevant partner
           agencies in the control of Erosion, to compliment the effort of the state.
      ï‚·    Sensitize communities on erosion control efforts.


                                                                                                23
      ï‚·    Procure necessary refuse disposal equipment like trucks, pay loaders, giant bins etc.
      ï‚·    Involve households, communities, local governments and states in the joint clearance of
           drainages.
      ï‚·    Sensitization of households on waste disposal practices and management.
      ï‚·    Sponsor relevant environmental bills to the state assembly for enactment.
      ï‚·    Involve LGAs, communities, and civil society organizations (CSOs) in the enforcement of
           environmental laws.
      ï‚·    Embark on aggressive afforestation programmes involving LGAs, communities and civil
           society organizations (CSOs) in the state.


Abia State Flood and Erosion Control and Soil Conservation (2010)
This policy is to promote sustainable land use management by minimizing soil erosion and
flooding hazards; achieving this through reducing soil exposure to rainstorms; reduction of
surface run-offs and paved surfaces and restoration of degraded land mass.
Abia State Flood Control and Water Conservation (2010)
This policy is to forecast, prevent, monitor and manage flooding. Optimal utilization of floodwater
for agricultural and other purposes as well as management of floodplains.
Abia Riverine Area Management Policy (2010)
This policy is to minimize riverine erosion and other forms of riverine degradation such as
riverbank failures, landslides and alluvial deposits.
Abia State Watershed Management Policy (2010)
This policy enables the commencement of co-ordinated/holistic/integrated management of
natural resources: Land, water, vegetation, etc. on a watershed basis to ensure resource
conservation through the minimization of land and soil degradation and maintenance of water
quality and yield for environmental sustainability.
Abia State Flood and Erosion Control Management Support System (2010)
This policy aims at supporting a reliable up-to-date database and integrated management system
as tools to support all erosion and control programs.
Abia State Basic Environmental Law No. 1 of 2004 amended in 2013
This law focuses on the regulation and enforcement of Environmental Sanitation Practice in the
state. It also spells out ASEPA as a parastatal under the office of the governor.

2.5       World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards
The World Bank has in place a number of operational and safeguards policies, which aim to
prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in any development initiative
involving the Bank. The Nigerian EIA Act and the World Bank safeguard policies are similar;
designed to help ensure that projects proposed for Bank financing are environmentally and
socially sustainable, and thus improve decision-making. The Bank has twelve safeguards
policies, however, this section focuses on the World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard
Policies applicable for to this sub-project.


Environmental Assessment (EA) (OP/BP 4.01)

Environmental Assessment is used in the World Bank to identify, avoid, and mitigate the potential
negative environmental and social impacts associated with Bank’s lending operations early on in


                                                                                                24
the project cycle. In World Bank operations, the purpose of Environmental Assessment is to
improve decision making, to ensure that project options under consideration are sound and
sustainable, and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted and their
concerns addressed. This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential adverse
environmental and social risks and impacts in its area of influence. The EA has various tools that
can be used, including amongst others Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) or
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).
Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)
Any project or sub-project with the potential to cause significant conversion (loss) or degradation
of natural habitats, whether directly (through construction) or indirectly (through human activities
induced by the project).
Forests (OP 4.36)
This operational policy aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of
forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development.
The policy recognizes the role forests play in poverty alleviation, economic development, and for
providing local as well as global environmental services. Success in establishing sustainable
forest conservation and management practices depends not only on changing the behaviour of
all critical stakeholders, but also on a wide range of partnerships to accomplish what no country,
government agency, donor, or interest group can do alone.

This policy applies to the following types of Bank financed investment projects:

   a) Projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests;
   b) Projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon
      or interaction with forests;
   c) Projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of
      natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned.


Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
This policy can be triggered if the project will involve involuntary taking of land and involuntary
restrictions of access to property, protected areas, etc. The policy aims to avoid involuntary
resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic
impacts. It promotes participation of displaced people in resettlement planning and
implementation. The main objective of this policy is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to
improve or at least restore their incomes and standards of living after displacement. The policy
prescribes compensation and other resettlement measures to achieve its objectives and requires
that borrowers prepare adequate resettlement planning instruments prior to Bank appraisal of
proposed projects.


Physical Cultural Heritage OP 4.11
This policy is to assist countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development projects on
physical cultural resources. For purposes of this policy, “physical cultural resources� are defined
as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural features and
landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious,
aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or

                                                                                                 25
rural settings, and may be above ground, underground, or underwater. The cultural interest may
be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community.

2.6       International Guidelines

International Development Partners/Agencies such as World Bank and other financial
organizations interested in development projects recognize this highly especially in development
that result in involuntary resettlement. It is against this background that policies and
guidelines have been set for managing such issues.
Nigeria is signatory to some international agreements and Protocols concerning the environment.
Those identified and stated in the ESMF developed for NEWMAP include:
      ï‚·    International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Guidelines
      ï‚·    Convention of Biological Diversity
      ï‚·    Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and National Heritage Sites
           (World Heritage Convention)
      ï‚·    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)

The World Bank’s policies on Environmental Assessment will be applied in any sub-project of
the NEWMAP that may impact on the integrity of the environment. Where there is conflict
between national legislation and World Bank Operational Policies, the latter policies shall
prevail.

2.7       Nigeria EIA Guidelines and World Bank EA Guidelines
The Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 (Decree No. 86) of 1992 requires that
developmental projects be screened for their potential impact. Guidelines issued in 1995 by the
former Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) direct the screening process.
According to these guidelines:
Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation and
Environmental planning measures, unless the project is located near an environmentally
sensitive area--in which case a full EIA is required.
Category III projects are considered to have “essentially beneficial impacts� on the environment,
for which the Federal Ministry of the Environment will prepare an Environmental Impact
Statement.
With regard to environmental assessment, the Bank has also categorized projects based on the
type of EA required, namely:
Category A - projects are those whose impacts are sensitive, diverse, unprecedented, felt beyond
the immediate project environment and are potentially irreversible over the long term. Such
projects require full EA.
Category B - projects involve site specific and immediate project environment interactions, do not
significantly affect human populations, do not significantly alter natural systems and resources,
do not consume much natural resources (e.g., ground water) and have adverse impacts that are
not sensitive, diverse, unprecedented and are mostly reversible. Category B projects will require
partial EA, and Environmental and Social Management Plans.
Category C - Projects are mostly benign and are likely to have minimal or no adverse
environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C
project, although some may require environmental and social action plans.

                                                                                               26
Category FI -     A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank
funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental
impacts.
This World Bank categorization (A, B, & C) corresponds in principle with the Nigeria EIA
requirements of Category I, II and III, which in actual practice is done with regard to the level of
impacts associated with a given project. However, in the event of divergence between the two,
the World Bank safeguard policy shall take precedence over Nigeria EA laws, guidelines and or
standards.
Thus for this ESMP, the Nigeria’s EIA requirements and World Bank operational procedures were
harmonized as far as possible, hence it is made responsive to the objectives of good practice. It
is especially made responsive with regard to the followings:
      ï‚·   Early consideration of environmental and social issues;
      ï‚·   Identification and early consultation with stakeholders;
      ï‚·   Prevention of adverse impacts through the consideration of feasible alternatives; and
      ï‚·   Incorporation of mitigation measures into planning and (engineering) design.

The World Bank provides a number of operational and safeguard policies, which aim to prevent
and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in any development initiative involving
the Bank. The Nigerian EIA Act and the World Bank safeguard policies are similar. OP.4.01 and
Nigerian EIA Act are also similar. World Bank EA Screening Category A is similar to Nigerian EIA
Act category I, World Bank EA Category B is equivalent to Nigeria EIA Act Category II, World Bank
EA Category C is equivalent Nigeria EIA Act Category III. However in the event of divergence
between World Bank safeguard policies and the Existing Environmental laws in Nigeria the more
stringent requirement will take precedence.




                                                                                                 27
3 CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF
  THE STUDY AREA

3.1   Abia State
Abia State is located in the south-eastern zone of Nigeria with a land mass of over 4902.24 sq.
km. The state has a population of 2,845,380 (2006 Census). Abia state lies within the riverine
part of Nigeria and shares boundaries with Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, Imo, Cross River, Akwa Ibom
and Rivers states. The state consist of 17 Local Government Areas and they include; Aba North,
Aba South, Arochukwu, Bende, Ikwuano, Isiala-Ngwa North, Isiala-Ngwa South, Isiukwuato, Obi
Ngwa, Ohafia, Osisioma Ngwa, Ugwunagbo, Ukwa East, Ukwa West, Umuahia North, Umuahia
South and Umu-Nneochi.
The Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku gully erosion complex lies between longitude 05o 32’ and 05o
34’ North, and latitude 07o 28’ and 07o 30’ East. The Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku gully
erosion complex consists of Umuagu main gully and its tributary Umuda/Okengwu gully, and
Isingwu main gully. They are located in Umuagu Ibeku and Umuda Isingwu communities in
Umuahia North local government area of Abia State. This site has three different gully heads at
Umuagu, Umuda and Isingwu villages. The Umuagu and Umuda/Okengwu gullies empty into Iyi
Doti (De Oti) stream while Isingwu gully empties into the Obohu stream. The confluence of Iyi Doti
and Obohu streams is at Nchi Isingwu Umuda Amafor and retains the name Obohu as it flows
downstream.




Plate 1 Map of Abia State showing the Project site




                                                                                               28
 3.1.1   2.1.1 Physical Environment of Abia State
 Geology
 Abia state has two principal geological formations in the state namely Bende-Ameki and the
 Coastal Plain Sands otherwise known as Benin Formation. The Bende-Ameki Formation of
 Eocene to Oligocene age consists of medium–coarse-grained white sand stones. The late Tetiary-
 Early Quaternary Benin Formation is the most predominant and completely overlies the Bende
 Ameki Formation with a southwestward dip. The Formation is about 200m thick. The lithology is
 unconsolidated fine-medium-coarse-grained cross-bedded sands occasionally pebbly with
 localized clay and shale.
 The two principal geological Formations have a comparative groundwater regime. They both have
 reliable groundwater that can sustain regional borehole production. The Bende-Ameki Formation
 has less groundwater when compared to the Benin Formation. The numerous lenticular sand
 bodies within the Bende- Ameki Formation are not extensive and constitute minor aquifer with
 narrow zones of sub-artesian condition. Specific capacities are in the range of 3 - 6 m3/hr. On the
 other hand, the high permeability of Benin Formation, the overlying lateritic earth, and the
 weathered top of this Formation as well as the underlying clay shale member of Bende-Ameki
 series provide the hydrogeological condition favouring the aquifer formation in the area.
 Landforms and Drainage
 The topography of Abia State dominated by flat and low-lying land, generally less than 120m
 above sea level. The low-lying plain is the inland extension of the coastal plain from the Bight of
 Benin. The central part of the state is characterized by undulating land with many hills. The
 highland areas are part of the Enugu - Nsukka - Okigwe cuesta. This area has an average height
 of between 120m and 180m above sea level. From Okigwe (Imo State), this escarpment extends
 in a west-east direction and, on getting to Afikpo (Ebonyi State), veers southeastwards to
 Arochukwu where it terminates.
 The principal rivers in Abia State are the Imo River and its tributary; the Aba River. Imo River
 originates from the northwestern part of the state and flows southwest through Abia and Imo
 states towards the Atlantic Ocean passing through the southern parts of Ukwa-West and Ukwa-
 East local government areas. Other important rivers include lgwu, Azumiri, Blue River an AKWA
 lbo River.




                                                                                                 29
Plate 2 Elevation Map of the Project Community
3.1.2    Physical Environment
Soils
The soils of Abia State fall within the broad group of ferrallitic soils of the coastal plain sand and
escarpment. Other soil types include alluvial soils found along the low terrace of the Cross River
and other rivers. The soils are not particularly fertile and are prone to leaching due to the heavy
rainfall experience in the region. This leads further to sheet and gully erosion.
Mineral Resources
Abia State falls under the Niger-Delta state in Nigeria, thus the state is an oil producing state.
Other minerals found in the state includes lead, iron ore, gypsum, limestone, kaolin, laterite, zinc
and copper.
Ecological Issues
Abia state is prone to flooding and erosion, which can be attributed to the soil types found in the
areas, the low-lying topography, increased rainfalls and poor sanitation, credited to behavioural
practices of the people. In place like Aba, drainages are not maintained properly as such, roads
are heavily flooded after the rains.

3.2     Overview of Umuahia
Umuahia comprises of two local government areas; Umuahia North and Umuahia South. These
local governments are also composed of clans such as the Umuopara, Ibeku, Olokoro, Ubakala
and Ohuhu communities. The Project area, Amuzukwu village falls under Umuahia North LGA.
Umuahia is the administrative headquarters of Abia State. Major occupation of the people
includes civil Servants, trading and farming. There are several institutions in Umuahia and they
include, Government College, Umuahia, National Root Crops Research Institute – Umudike as
well as Trinity College (theological).
Similar to other areas in the southeast, Umuahia experiences some ecological menace such as
flooding and erosion. Extensive forest clearing, often by bush burning, and continuous cropping
with little or no replenishment of soil nutrients, resulted in the disruption of the ecological
equilibrium of the natural forest ecosystem.
Many of the gullies are at the head streams of the rivers that flow down the cuestas. The head
streams carve their valleys deep into the deeply weathered red earth; developing dendritic
patterns of gullies.

3.3     Overview of the Project Area
Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku are located in Umuagu Ibeku and Umuda Isingwu communities in
Umuahia North local government area of Abia State. The Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku gully
erosion complex lies between longitude 05o 32’ and 05o 34’ North, and latitude 07o 28’ and 07o
30’ East.
The Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku gully erosion complex consists of Umuagu main gully and its
tributary Umuda/Okengwu gully, and Isingwu main gully. This site has three different gully heads
at Umuagu, Umuda and Isingwu villages. The Umuagu and Umuda/Okengwu gullies empty into Iyi
Doti (De Oti) stream while Isingwu gully empties into the Obohu stream. The confluence of Iyi Doti
and Obohu streams is at Nchi Isingwu Umuda Amafor and retains the name Obohu as it flows
downstream.



                                                                                                   30
Plate 3 Map showing the Gully Complex


        a. Umuagu Gully Erosion Site

    The gully may have started as a result of runoff from a collection of reinforced concrete drains on
    both sides of an asphalt paved road that stopped at a culvert and those from an earth road with
    concrete lined drain on one side. The 2.4 x 1.0 m culvert is located at the intersection of the
    asphalt road and the earth road leading to the house of the Pastor of Behold He Cometh
    Pentecostal Church and Theological Seminary, Umuagu, about 200m upstream of the gully head.
    Runoff from the three stretches of drains pass through the culvert and flow partly over farmland
    before encountering a sudden steep slope. The result is undercutting and the development of the
    gully head and subsequently the development of the Umuagu gully which is threatening the
    community primary school buildings. Other major cause of the gully includes additional runoff
    from the side of the earth road without drain, as the alignment of the earth road follows the route
    of the runoff that terminated at the gully head.
    The shape of the gully is trapezoidal and it has an estimated bottom width of 2m - 4m, top width
    of 30m – 40m and depth of 30m – 35m. The soil formation as observed is predominantly sandy
    soil and easily erodible. The distance from the gully head to Iyi Doti is about 850m.
        b. Umuda Isingwu Gully Erosion Site

    The gully may have been caused by poor and inadequate construction of drainage structures on
    the Umuda – Isingwu road that branched off from the Umuahia – Uzuakoli road. Runoff from


                                                                                                    31
600mm wide by 600mm deep reinforced concrete rectangular drains on both sides of the road is
drained by a 600mm diameter reinforced concrete pipe culvert along Umuda – Isingwu road
close to Chief Friday Okengwu’s compound. The discharge from the culvert flows directly over
open farm land without any protective measures.
   c. Isingwu Gully Erosion Site

The Isingwu gully may have been caused by the abrupt termination of the short length of
reinforced concrete roadside drainage channel which led to the development of the gully head
and subsequently expansion as gully fingers of different sizes, as one moved downwards along
the earth road, over a steep slope towards the Obuhu stream. The gully has cut the road surface
in many sections preventing the people of Isingwu from going to Obuhu to fetch water for
domestic use and from communicating with the communities across the stream. Other major
cause of the gully is the steep slope topography of the site and collection of runoff from the
higher elevation paved roads and residences flowing over the abandoned earth road and drains.




Plate 4 Watershed Map of the Community


The gully has various shapes and is still active and has its outlet at Obuhu stream, a distance of
about 950m. A section of the gullied road is currently being used as dumping ground for solid
waste.
Except for vegetation that covered the area on its own, no past efforts have been made to check
the propagation of the gullies; rather another road alignment that avoided the gullied sections
was set out and graded leading to Obuhu stream.


Members of the community have carried out some palliative measure by the use bamboo) to
mitigate the impact of the gully at different sections. This gully if not checked will result to a
major disaster in the communities.
The NEWMAP intends to rehabilitate the erosion gully site and reduce longer-tern erosion
vulnerability in the targeted areas. This activity will be employed through some civil works such as
construction of infrastructure and stabilization of the gully. An engineering design report has


                                                                                                 32
already been prepared for the erosion gully intervention, which highlights the detailed civil works
that will be carried out.
The rehabilitation works will trigger some of the World Bank Safeguard Policies including
Environmental Assessment OP 4.01; Natural Habitats OP 4.04; Physical and Cultural Resources
OP 4.11 and Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12.

3.4     Baseline Information

This section gives a general description of the Physical, biological and socio-economic
environment of the project area.

3.4.1      Physical Environment

Climate
The climate is characteristically of the Equatorial type found in South-Eastern Nigeria, essentially
warm and humid. This is a resultant effect of its prevailing seasonal wind, nearness to the sea
coast and the relatively flat topography of the environment. A humid Tropical Maritime (mT) from
across the Atlantic Ocean in the south dominates the region in the longer wet season (April to
October). A drier Tropical Continental (cT) air mass blowing from the northeast direction controls
the climate and meteorology of the area during the dry season (November to March). Around
December, it culminates into a very hungry (i.e. dry) and foggy harmattan wind as it blows right
from across the continental region of the West African sub-region.
Most of the original Rain forest in the project community has been lost due to clearing for farming
and human settlement.

Temperature
Air temperature has seasonal and diurnal variations. On the average, the ambient maximum air
temperature in the area varies from 28.00C to 37.50C while the minimum temperature varies
from about 220C to 270C. Lowest values are recorded in the month of July through August. This
coincides with the peak of the rainy season. The diurnal range is kept at a low 4 0C. The
temperature of the area is influenced primarily by the apparent movement of the sun, wind
direction and speed as well as land configuration (NIMET).

Rainfall
The climate is tropical with two distinct seasons, the rainy season and the dry season. The rainy
season begins around the first of May and continues into September while the dry season runs
from November to April. Rainfall reaches its highest monthly maximum of 300 – 400mm during
the month of June through September and drops to 0.0-1.0mm in December and January. During
the rainy season, a marked interruption in the rains occurs during August, resulting in a short dry
season often referred to as the “August break�, though for years now this has not been
consistent in August due to climate change.


The dry season is characterized by the cold dry “Harmattan� from the Sahara Desert. During this
period, which begins in November and runs through January a dry and dust laden wind blows
from the Sahara Desert. This sometimes makes the hills obscure due to the poor visibility. The
sun is also obscured during this period by the prevailing dust haze.




                                                                                                 33
Relative humidity
Relative humidity is high both day and night. It is greater than 85% at night, above 81% in the
mornings and between 60% and 75% in the evenings. Generally the drier months (December to
February) have lower values.

Wind Speed
Wind speed is generally low and usually less than 3 m/s under calm conditions most of the year.
Relatively higher wind speeds may occur mainly in the afternoons inducing convective activities
and creating diffusion characteristics. Incidences of these are often associated with thunder and
lightning especially during changing seasons. Atmospheric disturbances such as line squalls and
disturbance lines often induce the variability that results in speeds higher than 5 m/s. Such
increases characterize the beginning of rainy season (March-April) and end of heavy rains
(September-October), during which storms are more frequent. The harmattan season (December
to February) can give rise to occasional high wind regimes.

Wind Direction
Wind directions are quite variable over the region. Data shows that about 60% of the winds are
south-westerlies and westerlies during the day in the wet season (NIMET). Southerlies, south
easterlies and south westerlies prevail more in the night during the period. This implies that
directions are usually more variable in the nights than in the mornings.
The winds are mostly northerlies, north easterlies and north westerlies in the dry season
particularly in the mornings. They are more of southerlies, south easterlies and/or westerlies
during the evenings, indicating the fairly strong influences of the adjoining maritime oceanic air
masses, contrasting land and sea breezes as well as appreciable degree of differential heating of
the two surfaces.

Geology
Abia state has two principal geological formations in the state namely Bende-Ameki and the
Coastal Plain Sands otherwise known as Benin Formation. The Bende-Ameki Formation of
Eocene to Oligocene age consists of medium–coarse-grained white sand stones. The late Tetiary-
Early Quaternary Benin Formation is the most predominant and completely overlies the Bende
Ameki Formation with a southwestward dip. The Formation is about 200m thick. The lithology is
unconsolidated fine-medium-coarse-grained cross-bedded sands occasionally pebbly with
localized clay and shale.
The two principal geological Formations have a comparative groundwater regime. They both have
reliable groundwater that can sustain regional borehole production. The Bende-Ameki Formation
has less groundwater when compared to the Benin Formation. The numerous lenticular sand
bodies within the Bende- Ameki Formation are not extensive and constitute minor aquifer with
narrow zones of sub-artesian condition. Specific capacities are in the range of 3 - 6 m3/hr. On the
other hand, the high permeability of Benin Formation, the overlying lateritic earth, and the
weathered top of this Formation as well as the underlying clay shale member of Bende-Ameki
series provide the hydrogeological condition favouring the aquifer formation in the area.




                                                                                                34
Plate 5: Geological map of the project area

3.4.2   Biological Environment

Flora

The project area belongs to the tropical rain forest belt covering a zone of unconsolidated
sedimentary rock and soil structures easily prone to massive sheet and gully erosion. Until quite
recently, the dominant features of the local vegetation were such deciduous plant species as the
oil bean tree, the silk-cotton and the Iroko timber trees, the oil palms and the raffia palms, and
the coconut trees.

However, population pressure drastically reducing land space for farming and forest cover has
caused the decimation of most plant species generally, not least these dominant ones.
The vegetation types encountered within the Study Area are as follows:
    -   Areas of fallow bush of varying ages
    -   Fields used for rotational subsistence farming
    -   Degraded secondary rainforest as well as statutory and communal forests




                                                                                               35
Economic trees found within the community include avocado pear, oranges, mangos, guava,
pawpaw, plaintain, banana coconut, kola nut, raphire palms, palen trees, local pear, mahogany,
Melina etc. Also some cash crops include mainly Cassava, yams cocoyam, maize, pepper, sweet
potatoes, melon, pumkin, and okra.The table below gives some of these major crops found within
the project area

Table 1: Major crops found within the project community

S/NO     COMMON NAME                             BOTANICAL NAME

1.       Maize /corn                             Zeamays

2.       Cassava                                 Manihot esculenta

3.       Banana                                  Musa sapientum

4.       Water leaf                              Talinum triangulare

5.       Okro                                    Abelmoschusesculentus

6.       Pineapple                               Ananascomosus

7.       Guava                                   Psidiumguajava

8.       Cocoyam                                 Colocasiaesculenta

9.       Pumpkin                                 Cocurbitapepo

10.      Melon                                   Citrullusvulgaris

11.      Pepper (small)                          Capsicumannuum

12.      Mango                                   Magniferaindica

13.      Pawpaw                                  Caricapapaya

14.      Bitter leaf                             Vernoniaamygdalina

15       Oil Palm                                Elaeisguineensis

16       Mango                                   Mangiferaindica

17       Avocado Pear                            Perseaamericana

18       Plantain                                Musaparadisiaca

19       Coconut                                 Cocosnucifera



Fauna
An intensive interview was held with the project beneficiaries and also an in depth forest survey
was also conducted as well as focus group discussion with some hunters, elders, women farmers
and the young people. Some wildlife found in the project area include Antelope, rabbit, mgbada,

                                                                                              36
wild pigs, glasscutters, Guinea fowls, (ogazi), etc. Most of these have long been chased out by
ever-growing human activity on a much limited land space. Furthermore, Sheep, goats, chicken,
turkey, pigs, dogs, cats were some of the livestock sited within the project area.




Demographics
The study intends to identify and document the demographic data of the project communities
such as population, literacy level, occupation, dependency level, housing and social amenities.
These data will be useful not only in establishing the importance of the rehabilitation of the
Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku gully erosion site but equally in quantifying the environmental and
social impacts of the planned works which will help determine the management plans for the
said project.
More importantly, the baseline data will be useful for monitoring and evaluating the post
implementation condition of the community and by implication the success of the project. Umuda
Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku, the primary project area, is mostly semi-urban with some rural
communities.


Local Economy
The primary engagement of the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku people is agriculture and trading.
The diverse vegetation and soil types in the project state encourage the practice of a variety of
agricultural activities like crop farming, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry. Some of the crops
include maize, cassava, yam, palm produce and vegetables. Some few others are into palm oil
and Artisanship. Commercial activities vary and include mainly trading which can be found in all
nooks and cranny in the project area.


Land Use/Tenure
While majority of the land use is for agricultural purposes others are for residential settlement,
market places and public reserve for future development uses. The farm lands are quite some
distance from the homestead. Some of farmlands are however very close the homestead; these
ones are called Egbere Uhu. A combination of traditional land ownership system and government
ownership of land is observed in the area. However, the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku
community practices the traditional land ownership system. Those who do not have land in any
area the community approved for farming in a given year will resort to buying land in the
approved location to farm for that year only. It is known as ‘’Akwukwo ohia. It can also be by
temporarily pledging a piece of land for a fee Igbaibe). Such arrangement reverts to the original
owner as soon as he refunds the amount.


Historic and Cultural Resources
Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku, as a historical city, has many cultural events and places adorned
with festivities and cultural monuments.
In the average home of any Umuahia citizen, they usually keep kola nuts, garden egg and peanut
butter in their refrigerator in case any stranger or visitor should visit their home. Every visitation
to their home begins with the offering of the kola nuts to the visitor. The kola nut is indicating that
the visitor is very much welcomed. The ritual of the offering of kola nut is inspired with the giving
in prayers and blessing or lobby to the supreme God and other deities, for the protection of the
visitor and the host. It seems to be a custom to the people of the community in any of their
traditional ceremonies.



                                                                                                    37
The age grade system is very strong in the project area and have over the year’s engendered
healthy competition among both the male and female age grades. The celebration of new yam is
the most outstanding cultural heritage but this is now dying down as a result of the present
thinking that it is a fetish ceremony.
Traditional marriage is considered important and involve introduction/acceptance by the
immediate family, the kindred and family the whole village. Incest is a taboo in the community
and it is considered an abomination.
The extended family relationship is quite strong as the families in the kindred lines are closely
knit.
Burials and funeral ceremonies are observed strictly throughout the community irrespective of
the particular village directly affected. Again the age grades and the development union play vital
roles here.
Christianity has almost entirely wiped our shrines as those still have anything to do with shrines
are very few.
The traditional leader of the community is referred to as the Eze. Each of the component villages
have village heads that represent the village in the cabinet of the traditional ruler (EZE).
Representatives of women are also members of the cabinet as well as some notable persons
conserved by the Eze as for and proper persons, all make up the Eze’s cabinet which is the
highest policy making body. The cabinet as adjudicate in cases and dispute between individuals.


HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Apart from the Umuaha North Local Government owned health center at Emede Nkpuru Ikeaha
people go to Umuaha town which is less than one kilometer away to attend to or seek for
treatment in private or government owned hospitals as well as medical laboratories.



3.5   Objective and Scope of the Consultancy
The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an Environmental and Social Management
Plan (ESMP) for Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku gully erosion sites in Abia State.
The ESMP will consist of a well-documented set of mitigation, monitoring and institutional actions
to be taken before and during implementation to eliminate adverse environmental and social
impacts, offset them or reduce them to acceptable levels. It should also include the measures
needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional
arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the intervention site.
The above stated is in line with the requirements for projects that may Impact on the
Environment thereby triggering OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) of The World Bank polices.

3.6   Rational for the ESMP
The destructive effects of this Gully erosion is not only the annual washing away of the soil and
nutrients which decreases the productivity of the soil and yields from agricultural crops, but
extends to lives and properties of people around this community. They gully erosion problem is
critically studied and appropriate erosion control structures sited at right places within the study
area. Umuagu primary school will be saved from gully threat Umuagu primary school will reclaim
the school playground and pupils resume their games’ programme several residential buildings,
valuable residential plots of land and economic trees will be secured. As the Isingwu – Ossah
road will be motorable; there will be improved transport and communication system between the
villagers and neighbouring communities. Health benefits will include reduction of malaria and



                                                                                                 38
other diseases as the stagnant pools of water on the gullies which have been breeding grounds
for mosquitoes and other disease vectors would disappear.
The following socio-economic issues shall be addressed in the ESMP:
     ï‚· A summary of the impacted communities for the project: location, access, population
         (number, demographic and social characteristics); economy (employment rate, income
         distribution); services (types, capacity, and adequacy) and housing. Concern is the
         ability to provide work force, service new development and absorb and adjust to growth
         (worker/family).
     ï‚· A summary of the views of the population including vulnerable groups, determined
         through documented discussions with local communities. These meetings and
         discussions must be documented and should show how issues and problems raised are
         or will be resolved (note that an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) could be
         developed for the Site, and this is covered under separate TORs).
     ï‚· Cultural: Summarize the possible effects of the project on historical/archaeological
         sites, heritage/artefacts, native religious or harvest sites of the affected communities
         and identification or development of mechanisms for handling chance findings.
Other tasks:
The consultant shall assist the SPMU to: (i) Register the ESMP with the environmental
assessment (EA) departments at Federal and State levels; and (ii) Disclose the finalized ESMP at
National, State, LGA and Community levels.

3.7       Specific Task
Tasks of the consultant include the following:
      ï‚·    Describe the existing status of the sub-watershed and gullies;
      ï‚·    Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions;
      ï‚·    Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff
           collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall);
      ï‚·    Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction
           and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government
           agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially
           significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;
      ï‚·    Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with
           sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government
           agencies;
      ï‚·    Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the
           impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above (in a-e);
      ï‚·    Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for
           carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g for operation, supervision,
           enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and
           staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each
           implementation agency;
      ï‚·    Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management
           capacity in the agencies responsible for implementation;
      ï‚·    Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the
           project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and
      ï‚·    Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for
           implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these
           costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.



                                                                                                   39
3.8       Technical Approach and Methodology to the Reconnaissance Exercise
The methodology used in the conduct of the Reconnaissance exercise for the sub-project is
based on guidelines as proposed by the following:
      ï‚·    Federal Government of Nigeria EIA Law and subsequent Federal Ministry of Environment
           standard procedure for conducting EIA/ESIA in Nigeria
      ï‚·    Guidelines documented under the World Bank Environmental Assessment Operational
           Policies OP 4.01.

3.8.1      Preliminary Site Visit/Scoping and Reconnaissance Exercise
A preliminary site visit/scoping will enable an understanding of the project area and its environs
and identification of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) as well as Vulnerable groups at risk of
involuntary resettlement. This visit created an opportunity for the consultants to have a first-hand
view of the erosion site.
The methodology used in the conduct of the Reconnaissance exercise for the sub-project is
based on guidelines documented under the World Bank Operational Policies OP 4.01.
The reconnaissance exercise for this project has been approached as a communication,
disclosure and consultation process, in which the project proponents, and different stakeholders
including Project Affected Persons (PAPs) exchange information with the aim of mutual
understanding and setting up of the RAP process as consultation is a critical key to the
actualization of the NEWMAP.
The Community leaders (The Eze, Site committee members and community leaders for the
Community,,Women and Youth Leaders etc.) were engaged in a public forum during the
reconnaissance visit. This served as the first point of entry as Stakeholder engagement and
consultation is highly critical for the success of the rehabilitation of the erosion. Stakeholder
consultation will be a continuous exercise for the successful achievement of the ESMP process.




 Plate 7 A section of the gully with a threatened     Plate 6 A Section of the gully
 building




                                                                                                 40
Plate 8 The team with some community members       Plate 9 The Consultant and SPMU at the Eze's
during ground trothing                             Palace for Advocacy Visit


The consultant also performed some ground trothing with site committee leaders as some
identified PAPs so as to have a better understanding of the extent of the proposed works for the
intervention.

During the reconnaissance visit effort was made in highlighting envisaged impacts associated
with the sub-project. Also a date was agreed upon by the community and the consultant to
conduct a large stakeholder’s consultation where the full details of the project will be discussed
with the community especially the PAPs.

The details of these are presented in Chapter 7 of this report.

3.9     Impact Identification
The proposed Rehabilitation of the UMUDA ISINGWU/UMUAGU IBEKU GULLY EROSION COMPLEX
will lead to several changes in the environment and socio-economic aspect of the project area. A
good number of these changes will be beneficial, especially the impacts of rehabilitating
degraded land and reducing longer-term erosion vulnerability in the community.

3.9.1    Impact Identification and Assessment Tool

For the identification of these potential impacts, the most useful tools in identifying, assessing,
and managing the impacts will be fully engaged so that critical social and environmental issues
associated with the rehabilitation project will be fully identified, and ensure that all positive
impacts are optimized and negative impacts mitigated.
During the reconnaissance visit to the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku gully site, a number of
potential and associated impacts were revealed and carefully noted by the use of a Checklist as
enumerated in Annex 1. The use of checklist adopted for the evaluation of the potential impacts


                                                                                                  41
posed by the project was based on its comprehensiveness, selectivity, mutual exclusivity,
objectivity, confidence limit and ability to deduce and predict interactions.
Identified impacts are further discussed in Chapter 9 of this report.

3.10 Environmental Baseline Survey
Baseline data were acquired during field visits within the project area and affected communities.

3.11 Sampling Methodology
Soil and water samples were collected. A total number of Twelve (12) samples from six (6) soil-
sampling points were collected. Two (2) samples (topsoil and sub-soil) were taken at each point.
The list of sampling points and their GPS coordinates are presented in Table 3 below. Ground
and Surface water samples were collected from randomly selected locations of boreholes and Iyi
Dioti respectively within the project area. Noise level (6 nos.) and Air quality (6 Nos.) samples
were collected at the same location as the soil samples. All samples were and analysed at Coslab
Laboratory Services, in Umuahia.




Plate 10: Map showing sample location points

Table 2 Soil, Noise and Air quality sample locations

COORDINATES                            SAMPLE CODE

                                       Soil                Noise               Air quality

5033’2’’N                              UM1                 NL1                 AQ1
7028’59’’E


                                                                                               42
5032’57’’N                            UM2                NL2                    AQ2
7029’4’’E

5033’2’’N                             UM3                NL3                    AQ3
7028’49’’E

5032’57’’N                            UM4                NL4                    AQ4
7028’52’’E

5032’59’’N                            UM5                NL5                    AQ5
7029’5’’E

5033’2’’N                             UM6                NL6                    AQ6
7028’31’’E



3.11.1 Soil Sample Collection
A total number of Twelve (12) samples from six (6) soil-sampling points were collected. Two (2)
samples (topsoil and sub-soil) were taken at each point. Surface soil samples were collected
within a soil depth of 0-15cm, while sub-soil samples were collected within a soil depth of 15-
30cm. Samples for physico-chemical analysis were collected into coded plastic bags after being
wrapped in aluminium foil to help reduce water transfer as well as inhibition of oxidation in the
presence of Nitrogen.
Table 3 Particles size grading of the soils

COORDINATES               SAMPLE          DEPTH (cm)    CLAY (%)     SILT (%)         SAND (%)
                          POINT

5033’2’’N                 UM1             0-15          19.30        7.00             73.70
7028’59’’E
                                          15-30         12.10        2.90             85.00

5032’57’’N                UM2             0-15          14.60        3.30             82.10
7029’4’’E
                                          15-30         10.30        3.70             86.00

5033’2’’N                 UM3             0-15          6.60         2.00             91.40
7028’49’’E
                                          15-30         6.10         3.00             90.90

5032’57’’N                UM4             0-15          15.10        6.10             78.80
7028’52’’E
                                          15-30         6.70         4.10             89.20

5032’59’’N                UM5             0-15          13.20        2.50             84.30
7029’5’’E
                                          15-30         10.00        2.90             87.10

5033’2’’N                 UM6             0-15          17.10        2.90             80.00


                                                                                                 43
7028’31’’E
                                                                 15-30                    5.50            1.00        93.50




                                     Particles size grading of the soils

       100
        90
        80
        70
        60
        50                                                                                                 CLAY (%)
        40                                                                                                 SILT (%)
        30
        20                                                                                                 SAND (%)
        10
         0
                                                                                         0-15
             0-15

                    15-30

                            0-15

                                   15-30

                                           0-15

                                                  15-30

                                                          0-15

                                                                  15-30

                                                                          0-15

                                                                                 15-30



                                                                                                15-30


               UM1            UM2            UM3            UM4             UM5            UM6

  Plate 11: Particles size grading of the soils


3.11.2 Water Sample Collection
Surface and Groundwater samples were collected using sterile 100 ml bijou bottles (made of
high UV resistant material) and 75 cl plastic bottles. Surface water was collected from Iyi Dioti as
it was the only surface water within the project community. Fast changing physicochemical
parameters such as pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) were
measured in-situ using an in-situ water analyzer. Samples for physicochemical studies were
stored in cooler boxes with ice and later transferred to the laboratory and preserved in
refrigerators at 4oC prior to analyses. A total of three (3) water samples were collected for
laboratory analyses of various parameters (1 surface water and 2 borehole). Hanna HI 991300
PH/EC/TDS Meter was used for water sample analysis.

3.11.3 Air Quality Sample Collection
Air quality analysis was carried out using a Testo 350 XL. Measurements were taken at different
locations around the project area with the same coordinates as stated above.

                                   Air Quality Sample Readings

  70

  60

  50
                                                                                                        VOC
  40
                                                                                                        SPM 2.5
  30                                                                                                    SPM 10

  20                                                                                                    SPM Total             44

  10

   0
3.11.4 Noise Level Measurement
Noise levels were measured using a Testo 815 Noise meter. Noise samples were collected at the
locations around and near the gull with the corresponding Coordinates mentioned in the table
below.
Table 4 Noise levels at different locations around the gully

CODE             Max           Min       GPS

NL1.             51.7          45.2      5033’2’’N
                                         7028’59’’E

NL2.             57.6          50.1      5032’57’’N
                                         7029’4’’E

NL3.             57.7          49.7      5033’2’’N
                                         7028’49’’E

NL4              55.7          54.1      5032’57’’N
                                         7028’52’’E

NL5              57.6          51.1      5032’59’’N
                                         7029’5’’E

NL6              51.6          44.7      5033’2’’N
                                         7028’31’’E




                               Noise level sample readings

  60

  50

  40
                                                                  Max (dB)
  30
                                                                  Min (dB)
  20

  10

   0
          NL1.          NL2.          NL3.     NL4    NL5   NL6
                                                                                          45
Plate 13: Noise level readings
3.12 Discussion on Findings from Soil Sample Analysis
Summary of soil sample result is presented in Table 9 below.
Table 5 Physiochemical properties of soils

Sample    Depth       pH     OC     N        P         Ca       Mg         Na         K          Copper   Iron   Chronium EC
No
          (cm)               %      %        Mg/kg     Meq/100g Meq/100g   Meq/100g   Meq/100g                            Ug/cm

UM1       0-15        5.3    0.8    0.13     23.80     3.0      0.70       0.15       0.048      0.20     0.09   0.034    19

          15-30       5.6    0.63 0.09       25.70     2.60     0.60       0.16       0.045      0.26     0.07   0.047    23

UM2       0-15        6.01   1.15 0.14       28.68     5.7      2.8        0.35       0.17       0.47     0.10   0.082    12

          15-30       6.14   0.89 0.11       28.68     2.6      1.86       0.35       0.08       0.54     0.14   0.093    18

UM3       0-15        5.4    0.69 0.084 19.80          2.40     0.68       0.19       0.051      0.24     0.03   0.049    16

          15-30       5.72   0.70 0.076 24.50          2.0      1.04       0.23       0.043      0.31     0.01   0.053    7

UM4       0-15        5.5    1.06 0.10       24.50     2.0      1.20       0.22       0.087      0.21     0.09   0.065    13

          15-30       5.8    0.86 0.064 25.73          3.40     0.75       0.21       0.056      0.25     0.06   0.043    10

UM5       0-15        6.00   0.88 0.07       26.50     6.3      2.2        0.15       0.039      0.62     0.12   0.074    36

          15-30       6.12   0.75 0.067 25.60          5.7      1.85       0.14       0.033      0.62     0.12   0.088    37

UM6       0-15        4.63   0.89 0.098 20.83          2.8      1.60       0.20       0.067      0.13     0.01   0.021    11

          15-30       4.88   0.80 0.080 20.76          2.55     1.60       0.17       0.055      0.18     0.02   0.018    9

FME                   6-9           <1       0.1       100                 200        -          1000     -      -
Limit


                                                                                                                               46
pH
The physico-chemical properties of soils from the sample locations revealed that the pH of the
surface soil ranged from 4.63 - 6.01 while the sub surface soil ranged from 4.88 - 6.14. The
lowest pH value of 4.63 was found at the brink of the gully erosion floor while the maximum pH
value of 6.14 was at a farmland 10 meters away from the major gully. The Low value of the soil
pH is a strong indication that the soil is acidic. Thus, revealing intensive leaching and low
microbial activity.


Color
The color of the surface soil ranged from grayish brown to dark reddish brown while the
subsurface soil ranged from reddish brown to yellowish gray.


Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) values were slightly above the limits and this can be attributed
to the use of agrochemicals and could be associated with the use of pesticide in the farms.
Fixation reactions in the soils may allow only a small fraction (10 to 15%) of the P and K in
fertilizers and manures to be taken up by plants in the year of application. Consequently, most
farmers apply two to four times the amount of P and K as is removed in the crop harvest.
Repeated over many years, such practices may have saturated the phosphorus fixation capacity
and built up the level of available phosphorus and potassium in the soil, hence the high
concentration.
The level of chloride, total nitrogen, calcium and sodium were all within the FMEnv prescribed
limits.


Heavy Metals
The heavy metals concentrations in soils from sampling locations were also assessed. The values
of some of the heavy metals (Copper, Iron and Chronium) were all within the FMEnv limits. These
metals often form soluble compounds in the soil and contribute in various amounts to the fertility
of soil and growth of plants.
Electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of the amount of soluble salts present in the soil; The EC
varied from 7-36 μS/cm, which is within acceptable FMEnv limits.

  30

  25

  20
                                                                             pH
  15                                                                         OC
                                                                             N
  10
                                                                             P
     5

     0
         0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30
           UM1        UM2        UM3        UM4        UM5        UM6

Plate 14: Results for Soil pH, OC, N and P

                                                                                                 47
     40

     35

     30

     25                                                                                                                 Ca
                                                                                                                        Mg
     20
                                                                                                                        Na
     15
                                                                                                                        K
     10
                                                                                                                        EC
      5

      0
           0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30
                  UM1             UM2            UM3              UM4                  UM5             UM6

 Plate 15: Results for Soil Ca, Mg, Na, K and ECM



                                                 Heavy Metals
    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
                                                                                                               Copper
    0.3
                                                                                                               Iron
    0.2
                                                                                                               Chronium
    0.1
      0
           0-15

                   15-30

                           0-15

                                  15-30

                                          0-15

                                                 15-30

                                                         0-15

                                                                15-30

                                                                        0-15

                                                                               15-30

                                                                                        0-15

                                                                                               15-30




             UM1             UM2            UM3            UM4            UM5             UM6

Plate 16: Results for Soil Heavy metals



3.13 Discussion of Results of Water Quality Analysis
This section seeks to discuss the results from the water samples analyse. Table 10 shows
samples collected as well as physiochemical properties analysed.
Table 6 Physiochemical properties of water sources

S/N       PARAMETERS                             SW1                             GW1                         GW2             FMEnv LIMIT

1         pH                                     6.3                             6.83                        6.83            6-9

2         Conductivity                           120                             160                         179             1000
          (ug/cm)


                                                                                                                                           48
S/N   PARAMETERS              SW1    GW1    GW2    FMEnv LIMIT

3     TDS (mg/l)              35.7   60.6   61.6   1000

5     Chlorine (mg/l)         16.5   344    357    250

6     Salinity (mg/l)         0.06   0      0      0.1

7     Nitrate (mg/l)          0.3    0.06   0.08   20

8     Sulphate (mg/l)         183    291    300    500

9     Calcium (mg/l)          29.6   50.0   51.7   150

10    Magnesium (mg/l)        11.4   5.32   5.19   50

11    Sodium (mg/l)           0.25   3.2    3.2    200

12    Potassium (mg/l)        1.9    1.35   1.35   <1

13    Total        Hardness 18.3     73     70     200
      (mg/l)

14    Dissolved     Oxygen 4.1       1.4    1.7    >2
      (mg/l)

15    BOD5 (mg/l)             12.8   0.15   0.15   30

16    COD (mg/l)              27.5   1.6    1.8    80

17    Phosphate (mg/l)        0.02   1.6    1.8    5

18    Turbidity (NTU)         18.6   1.6    1.6    100

19    Yeast and         Mould Nil    Nil    Nil
      (cfu/ml)

20    Coliform (cfu/ml)       374    Nil    Nil

21    Salmonella (cfu/ml)     Nil    Nil    Nil

22    E.coli (cfu/ml)         150    Nil    Nil

23    Faecal                  Nil    Nil    Nil
      Streptococcus
      (cfu/ml)




                                                                 49
   180
   160
   140
   120
   100
    80
    60
    40
    20
     0
                pH            Conductivity     TDS (mg/l)    Salinity (mg/l)   Turbidity
                                (ug/cm)                                         (NTU)

                                         SW1       GW1      GW2

Figure 17: ph, Conductivity, TDS, Salinity and Turbity of Water Samples




   400
   350
   300
   250
   200
   150
   100
    50
     0
            Chlorine (mg/l)       Nitrate (mg/l)     Sulphate (mg/l)     Phosphate (mg/l)

                                         SW1       GW1      GW2

Figure 18: Chlorine, Nitrate, Sulphate and Phosphate levels of Water Samples




Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved oxygen is the oxygen molecule present in water. The samples collected had a range
from 1.7mg/l – 4.1mg/l. These findings entail that aquatic organisms can survive and strife in
the environment


Turbidity
Turbidity is the measure of relative clarity of a liquid. It is an optical characteristic of water and is
an expression of the amount of light that is scattered by material which include clay, silt, and
finely divided inorganic and organic matter, algae, soluble colored organic compounds, and

                                                                                                      50
plankton and other microscopic organisms in the water when a light is shined through the water
sample. The measured turbidity value for the surface water ranged from 3.6 to 15.6NTU and 1.6
NTU for ground water. The turbidities are all within the FMEnv limits, but the downstream surface
water is not permissible under WHO limits.


Salinity
Salinity is the total concentration of all dissolved salts in water, the salinity values were low and
within range the FMEnv in all the sampling points for surface water and ground water.


Calcium and Magnesium
The levels of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions are within the FMEnv limits, However the levels Ca2+ in the
ground water sample is a bit high in concentration leading to hardness of water.


Sulphate and Chloride
The values for sulphate and chloride for the surface water where within the FMEnv limits. The
value of sulphate for the ground water was within the limits while the value of chloride (357mg/l)
for the ground water was way above the prescribed FMEnv limits this could be attributed to the
high chlorinated solvents as a result of regular discharge of dry-cleaning fluids in the vicinity
where the sample was gotten.


     60

     50

     40

     30

     20

     10

     0
           Calcium (mg/l)   Magnesium     Sodium (mg/l)   Potassium (mg/l)
                              (mg/l)

                                SW1     GW1   GW2

Figure 19: Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium level for water samples




pH
The pH for the surface water was 6.3 and the ground water was 6.83 were both within the FMEnv
limits. The pH values indicated that the surface water is slightly acidic and the ground water fairly
neutral. A pH value above or below this is a warning than an abnormal situation exists and needs
either further evaluation or immediate remedial measures.


Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)


                                                                                                  51
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) usually refers to the mineral content and dissolved organic material
contained in liquid in molecular, ionized or micro-granular suspended form in the water. The TDS
concentration of both the surface and groundwater were found to be below the FMEnv limit of
1,000mg/l. A TDS concentration over the recommended limit of 1,000mg/l may cause
gastrointestinal problems in humans and animals.


Conductivity
Conductivity is a measure of water’s capability to pass electrical flow. This ability is directly
related to the concentration of ions in the water. High level of conductivity values of the waters is
a reflection of the chemical richness of the water body of the study areas. The conductivity value
for the Iyi Dioti and the ground water are within the FMEnv limits. The ground water had a higher
conductivity value of 61.6mg/l, this could be attributed to the minerals present in the substratum
of project area.


Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand is a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic
biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water
sample at certain temperature over a specific time period (usually for 5 days) and also the
oxygen utilized to oxidize inorganic material such as sulphate and ferrous ion. The ground water
sample BOD value of 0.15 and the Iyi Dioti BOD value of 7.8 and 12.8mg/l all fell within the
FMEnv range.


Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
The COD measures the number of organic compounds present in a water sample. The COD
values of the surface water were very moderate ranging from 28.7 – 37.5 mg/l and 1.8mg/L at
the ground water. This can be attributed to the increase in human activities such as washing, and
possible movement of fertilizer into the water.



   80
   70
   60
   50
   40
   30
   20
   10
    0
         Total Hardness   Dissolved Oxygen     BOD5 (mg/l)   COD (mg/l)
             (mg/l)             (mg/l)

                                  SW1        GW1   GW2

Figure 20: Total hardness, DO, BOD and COD levels for water Samples




                                                                                                  52
Microbial Contamination
Bacteriological results for Surface Water sources presented above may be due to increased
anthropogenic and socio-cultural activities. Rapid development of town ships and industries in
the surrounding vicinity, nearby lands and or in water bodies as experienced in some sampling
points degrades water quality and may also have added strains in the water bodies to an extent
resulting in the degradation of its water quality.
Total coliform count used as indicator to measure the degree of pollution and sanitary quality of
the water sources was tested. Total coliform bacteria are not likely to cause illness, but their
presence especially in the Surface water indicates that the water in the area may be vulnerable
to contamination by more harmful microorganisms. The total coliform presence in samples
confirms microbial contamination of the Iyi Dioti.
Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, (Salmonella, Shigella), and Enterobacter aerogenes
(Enterococcus) were equally present. They are facultative aerobic, gram- negative, non-sporing,
rod shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with gas formation within 48 hours at 35 ºC.
Incidentally, the coliforms include a wide range of bacteria whose primary source may not be the
intestinal tract. Escherichia coli are most commonly used as indicators of fecal pollution but this
was absent from the borehole samples that is widely consumed.




                                                                                                53
4 CHAPTER FOUR: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND
  CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS

4.1   Introduction
The socio-economic assessment studies were aimed at examining the socioeconomic conditions
of the people living around the project environment. This is to ensure that the potential impacts
of the proposed rehabilitation of the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Erosion Site project is
captured and described while proffering solutions to possible negative impacts to human habitat,
health and livelihoods.
The specific objectives of the study include:
        ï‚·   To elicit information about the existing socioeconomic and demographic
            characteristics of the inhabitants living within the community
        ï‚·   To document the distributional characteristics of the socioeconomic components in
            the project area
        ï‚·   To analyse the patterns of the relationships of the socioeconomic components
        ï‚·   To discuss and deduce the effect of the patterns on the environment of the proposed
            Project through the perceptions of the respondents
        ï‚·   To provide a baseline data for the assessment of the environmental and
            socioeconomic impacts of the proposed project
        ï‚·   Suggest mitigation measures and environmental management plan for the proposed
            project.

4.2   Methodology for the Socio-economic survey
The general methodology used for the socio-economic impact assessment employed the
collection of primary and secondary source data. The primary sources data gathering comprised
of questionnaire administration, group interviews Ground trothing/Reconnaissance survey for
identification and Disclosure (awareness creation), discussions and direct observations.
Secondary data was obtained from the National Population Commission and desktop literature
review. Structured questionnaire was designed and uploaded in an open source data collection
application. This was administered to people living around the project area. The population of the
study area was estimated to ba over ten thousand based on the study by the feasibility/design
engineers (Diyokes, 2016). Data collected was analysed using SPSS.

4.3   Primary Data

A random sampling survey was carried out within the project community. Questionnaires were
administered to a total of 515 respondents. This survey was designed to have an understanding
of the socio-economic attributes of the people within the community and not specifically for
information regarding the gully. However, those living within the gully corridor were part of the
population sampled. The population of the project community is estimated at over 10,000 people
(Diyokes, 2016).




                                                                                               54
4.3.1   Gender Distribution of Respondents

It was gathered from the field survey that majority of the Respondents (about 53.26%) are
females while males are 46.74% as depicted in plate 21 below. Secondary data of population
within the local government shows a different picture. This may be attributed to the willingness of
the respondents to fill the questionnaires. Most of the women in this community were
housewives, and were found mostly at home.




Plate 21 Sex of Respondents

4.3.2   Age Distribution of Respondents
As shown in Plate 6 below, respondents range from 1 to above 61 years. The chart shows that
those between ages 46-60 years and those above 61 years constitute the dominant population
of Respondents with a combined proportion of about 70.66%. The least age group among
Respondents belongs to those from 0-15 with a population of 0.35%. The highest population of
Respondents (39.86%) were within 60years and above.            The younger population are
predominant around the residential areas or schools while the more elderly are visible in the
around the Market and centre of the town.




                                                                                                55
  Plate 22 Age of Respondents




4.3.3   Marital status of Respondents
Respondents are predominantly married people (about 89.86%) as depicted in plate 23 below.
Singles are the other marital status that featured among the Respondents. The significance of
this result is that Respondents are majorly men and women who are the breadwinners and help
mates in their respective households. Sampling was performed within the project environment
and not the entire Umuahia. This is due to the fact that the area selected is the area of envisaged
impact. Though the data collected and reviewed shows that there is no widow among the
respondents, this does not mean that the entire community does not have widows/widowers as
observed among the vulnerable groups.




Plate 23 Marital Status of Respondents



                                                                                                56
4.3.4   Religious practice of Respondents
All but very few of the respondents are Christians. No Muslim was among the Respondents. The
only none Christians that responded to the questionnaires practice African Traditional Religion. It
goes to show that cultural heritage is an integral part of some of the Respondents even though
Christianity is practiced in the community.




Plate 24 Religion of Respondents

4.3.5   Literacy Level and Educational Infrastructure
Most people or Respondents have some form of education (95.68%). The highest number of
Respondents (38.95%) Indicated that their highest level of academic qualification is FSLC (Plate
25). About 6.32% of the Respondents don’t have any form of formal education. This shows that
majority of Respondents have the minimum level of education that might help them in making
informed decision, or participate meaningfully during discussions as it affects the project
implementation.




Plate 25 Educational Level of Respondents


                                                                                                57
4.3.6   Water and Sanitation

28.62% of respondents get domestic water from privately owned boreholes while 55.43% of the
respondents from the project community get their water from Rivers (Plate 26 below). About
15.94% of respondents use water from other sources which include a combination of
commercial boreholes and public pipe borne water.




Plate 26 Water Source

It was also deduced from the field work that about 86.23% of the respondents use Pit latrines
while 13.41% make use of water closet as seen in the plate below.




  Plate 27 Type of Toilet Facility

                                                                                          58
4.3.7   Household Waste Disposal, Cooking Fuel and Electricity

Majority (53.62%) of the respondents in the area dispose their household waste in the bush.
27.90% dispose their refuse in private open dumps which while 15.58% bury their refuse. About
95.65% of the respondents make use of firewood for cooking while the rest use either kerosene
or Gas as shown in plate below. The survey also showed that electricity is obtained from the
national grid within the project communities, of which 97.10% of respondents are connected to
it. However, their services are epileptic. As an alternative source of electricity, few people
alternate with generator and hurricane lamps.




Plate 28 Method of refuse disposal




Plate 29 Type of Fuel for cooking
                                                                                           59
  Plate 30 Electricity Source



4.3.8   Average household size of Respondents
The survey shows that most of the Respondents (53.99%) run small sized households (Plate 31
below). 30.43% of the Respondents have medium sized households while 15.58% have large
families. This goes to show that the level of dependent on the Head of Household won’t be much
and there will not be a heavy burden on the family if involuntary displacement occurs.




Plate 31 Respondents Family size


                                                                                           60
4.3.9   Occupation

Plate 32 below shows that majority (80.44%) of the Respondents in this community are self-
employed with 8.70% engaged in all sort of business and trading, 61.96% are farmers, while
9.78% of the respondents are artisans. 5.07% of the Respondents are public servants, 5.80%
are private sector workers, then the remaining (8.70%) are unemployed.




Plate 32 Main Occupation of Respondents




4.3.10 Average Monthly Income status of Respondents

Field survey (depicted in Plate 33 below) shows that dominant income groups amongst
Respondents fall within ₦0-17,900 per Month. The survey also shows that about 19.93% fall
within the income of ₦18,000-₦30,000 per month while about 9.42% of Respondents earn
₦31,000 to ₦60,000 per month.

Average income of Respondents in the project area were measured at two levels; the overall
average which indicates an aggregation of middle and low level income earning Respondents
and the low income groups with lowest limit of N500 per day. The outcome is that on the overall
aggregation, Respondents mean income is ₦4,000 or $10 per day (for middle and low income
combined) and ₦1200 or $3 per day for lower income group using an exchange rate of
₦400/1$.
Based on the later statistic, Respondents in the project area earn on the average, about $2,640
per annum. This Plate puts Respondents in the class of middle-income economy group according
to World Bank development indicators (World Bank, 2016) Lower-middle-income and upper-
middle-income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of $4,125.



                                                                                            61
Plate 33 Average Monthly Income


Although these results imply that Respondents can maintain reasonably, good standard of living,
it is however, not inconceivable that impacts on their sources of livelihood may have adverse
impacts on their income sustenance and standard of living, especially with the dependence on
trading, farming as well as low rate of saving culture in the less developed countries.

4.3.11 Infrastructural Development
Most of the roads leading to the project community are tarred through state and LGA efforts.
However, most of the roads within the community have been washed off by flood. There is GSM
telecommunication facilities of various networks available in the area. However, 40.58% of
community respondents believe it’s just fair, while 10.51% believe it’s poor. Umuahia have over
many Nursery and Primary Schools. There are also some Secondary schools within the
community. About 30.80% believe that these institutions are in fair conditions while 68.48% of
respondents believe the institutions are in Poor conditions.




                                                                                            62
Plate 34 Roads within Community




Plate 35 Schools within Community




                                    63
4.3.12 Desirability of the Project

All the respondents showed high level of acceptance of the project stating that the gully erosion
site poses high risk for the members of the community. They also indicated that the gully has
denied them several social amenities and access into neighbouring Villages.




Plate 36 Perception about the project

4.3.13 Health Status Survey
For the purpose of this ESMP, a Rapid appraisal was adopted as the health impact is envisaged
to be minimal. A Rapid Health Impact Assessment checklist designed in consideration of the
environmental and social determinants of health as it affects the sub-project was used for the
assessment.

Consultations with the members of the project community and the health centres revealed that
all wards in the LGAs within the project area have at least a PHF. This was confirmed from the
Federal Ministry of Health Directory of Health Facilities (2011). Some of the PHC visited showed
some level of under staffing. They all lacked medical doctors on call however, some consultants
come in once in a while. The PHC have mainly community health workers and midwives.

Services provided at the PHC in the project community include but are not limited to child health
and antenatal services, vaccination, anti-malarial treatment, antibacterial intervention services,
etc. More serious ailments are referred to the General hospitals or the Federal Medical Center,
Umuahia. The Table below shows responses received from households on awareness and use of
healthcare facilities.




                                                                                               64
Table 7: Healthcare Assessment

                        ITEMS                               RESPONSES (%)

                                                   Yes         No           Indifferent

Awareness / existence of HCFs                      100         0            0

Satisfaction   with      proximity   of   HCF   to 80          10           10
household

Adequacy of HCF personnel                          10          90           0

Availability of drugs                              40          60           0

Affordability of drugs                             30          50           20

Households that attend antenatal                   100         0            0

The Table above shows that All of the households are aware of the availability of HCFs in their
community, although adequate staffing, cost/availability of drugs may be a challenge to many.

Malaria is prevalent in the area. This may be as a result of the presence of breeding sites for the
vector within the project areas (potholes on access roads etc.). Other diseases reported include
Typhoid, Cough, Eye infections and Pneumonia. Arthritis is a common condition found among the
older members of the community.




Plate 37 Disease conditions




                                                                                                65
4.3.14 Replacement Options
Most project affected persons interviewed preferred cash assistance as replacements options.
While some of the PAPs prefer not to be compensated less than 1% of the PAPs would prefer
Land for Land replacement or House for House replacement as the case may be.

4.4    Stakeholders Consultation
The stakeholder engagement and consultation process adopted in this consultancy was keen
towards identifying and working with the Project Affected Persons (PAPs), project affected
communities and other stakeholders who may be directly or indirectly affected during the
rehabilitation works for the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Erosion Site. These include:
       i.    Individuals or group of persons living in close proximity to the project area
      ii.    Individuals or group of persons who may have cumulative impacts during
             development
      iii.   Individuals or group of persons who may be temporarily relocated as a result of the
             project
      iv.    Individuals or group of persons who occasionally utilize the land on which the project
             is located
       v.    Traditional and Administrative classes involved in developmental activities or policy
             changes in the project area
The consultation process was necessary in order to encourage active and sustained participation
of the community members and residents through which the erosion menace traverses. The
consultation promoted community ownership of the project and in addition enhanced
sustainability. Involved in the consultation process were the administration of pre-defined socio-
economic questionnaires at the household level for the PAPs particularly residents living along
the gully corridor.
Stakeholder involvement in the project is expected to continue in a manner that gives the
communities and the project affected persons (PAPs) the opportunity to make contributions
aimed at strengthening the development project while avoiding negative impacts as well as
reducing possible conflicts. In addition, the consultations will remain active (i.e. on-going
exercise) throughout the duration of the entire project. Issues relating to project displacements
and compensations to PAPs and any vulnerable groups will be handled efficiently in the RAP
report to minimize chances of possible conflicts.




Plate 38 Consultation Meeting at the project community
                                                                                                66
Plate 39 One of the community members making a remark during the consultation


4.5        Identification of Stakeholders


Generally, five (5) broad categories of stakeholders were identified for this project based on the
degree to which the project activities may affect or involve such persons or group of persons.
These stakeholders are grouped as shown in Table 3 below. The identification followed the
following considerations:
      i)    Any persons or parties whose line of duties whether officially, socially, economically or
            culturally has direct or indirect bearing on any aspects of project activities. These parties
            may include individuals, groups, institutions or organizations that may be affected by the
            gully rehabilitation activities; and,
      ii) Any persons or parties whose specific interests in the project results from: (a) the
          project's benefit(s) to such persons; (b) potential changes that may occur to the routine
          activities of the persons due to the project; and, (c) the project activities that may cause
          damage or conflict for the persons. The identified persons or group of persons in this
          category will ultimately represent the project Affected Persons (PAPs) or Households
          (PAHs)

4.6        Identified Stakeholder Groups
Several groups of stakeholders were identified and are summarised in the table below.
Table 8: Identified Stakeholder Groups

Group             Description                                        Role(s) In Community Process

Group-1           Individuals or group of persons whose day-to-day   This category of persons served as
                  traditional or administrative functions include    mobilization points around which the
                  oversight of developmental activities within the   Consultant reached out to the other members



                                                                                                      67
               project areas.                                         of the community




Group-2        Individuals or group of persons whose day-to-day       The identified persons or group of persons in
               lives/livelihoods may be directly affected by          this category will ultimately represent the
               project activities. These people either reside or      Project Affected      Persons (PAPs) or
               carry out their daily livelihood activities within     Households (PAHs)
               50m of the erosion gully edge.


Group-3        Individuals or group of persons whose daily            The category of persons may or may not be
               activities (including farming) bring them in close     affected by the project but may be significant
               proximity to the project area. These people may        contributors to the long-term sustainability of
               either reside or carry out their daily livelihood      the project.
               activities outside of the erosion gully but within
               the communities in which the project is located.

Group-4        CBOs, FBOs and NGOs who provided frequent              This group of organizations essentially
               interface with the community members who may           contributes to and/or provide on a regular
               be directly or indirectly affected by the project      basis to the spiritual and physical welfare as
               activities.                                            well as environmental health of the
                                                                      community (Focal NGO engaged PMU was
                                                                      duly consulted).

Group-5        Individuals or group of persons who are political      This group of individuals is collectively
               office holders and have significant responsibilities   responsible for the political and general
               toward community members within the project            socio-economic       development of   the
               area.                                                  communities among others within their
                                                                      respective political zones.



The identified groups includes:
           ï‚·     Abia State NEWMAP SPMU
           ï‚·     Chiefs/Elders
           ï‚·     President General and Village Chairmen
           ï‚·     Youth group leaders
           ï‚·     Women group Leaders
           ï‚·     Town Associations/ Community Based Organization Leaders etc.

4.7   Community Consultations


All consultations in the period of the consultancy were initiated by the Consultant and established
by the SPMU. The direct involvement and active participation of relevant stakeholders and the
local level people in the planning and management processes of the project, guarantees that any
potential disharmonious issues will be resolved swiftly. Also, there will be maximization of
resource use, increased benefits and expanded opportunities for the communities in the project
area.
Community participation will certainly help improve understanding of the project and
communication between the SPMU, the contractors and the community. The decision making
process for the project will be enhanced by actively involving relevant stakeholders, especially the
project affected persons and organizations with stakes in the project.



                                                                                                          68
4.7.1   Objective of Community Consultation
The aims of the community consultation process are:
   ï‚·    Implore inputs, views and concerns within the project community as they relate to the
        project and obtain local and traditional knowledge that may be useful for decision
        making;
   ï‚·    Enable consideration of alternatives, modification measures and trade-offs and ensure
        that important impacts are not overlooked and benefits are maximized;
   ï‚·    Mitigate conflict through early identification of contentious issues and increase public
        confidence in the project.
   ï‚·    Provide an opportunity for the public to influence the designs and implementation in a
        positive manner and improve transparency and accountability in decision-making;

4.7.2   The Stakeholders Consulted and their Concerns
The consultations involved independent and frequent meetings between the Consultant team,
Traditional and Administrative leaderships of Umagu Ibeku and Umuda Isingwu which included
the President General and Village Chairmen.
The key stakeholders identified and consulted in the area include:
        ï‚·   President General of Umuda Community Associationi.
        ï‚·   Public Relation Officer of Umuda community
        ï‚·   Chairmen of all villages affected by the project
        ï‚·   Women and Youth Groups
        ï‚·   Other Stakeholders are individuals who own properties that will be directly or
            indirectly affected by the project, Community Associations, Business Owners etc.
During consultation meetings, the NEWMAP overview, the Proposed Project, World Bank
safeguard policies as they involved the rehabilitation works as well as the challenges that could
impede the implementation of the project were presented. The support needed from all
stakeholders to ensure effective project and successful implementation were also discussed.

4.7.3   Summary of Meetings with Stakeholders
The consultant warmly welcomed every stakeholder present. He explained the rationale behind
World Bank Operational Procedure 4.01 (Environmental Assessment), thus informed the
stakeholders that his assignments will focus on Environmental and Social Management Plan
(ESMP)
He stated that World Bank has in place a number of operational and safeguards policies, which
aim to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in any development
initiative involving the Bank. He told the stakeholders that the Nigerian EIA Act and the World
Bank safeguard policies are similar; designed to help ensure that projects proposed for Bank
financing are environmentally and socially sustainable, and thus improve decision-making. He
said although Bank has various safeguards policies but his assignment is limited to
Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies as applicable for to the Project.


 He informed the stakeholders that Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) is used in the World
Bank to identify, avoid, and mitigate the potential negative environmental and social impacts
associated with Bank’s lending operations early in the project cycle. In World Bank operations,
the purpose of Environmental Assessment is to improve decision making, to ensure that project
options under consideration are sound and sustainable, and that potentially affected people
have been properly consulted and their concerns addressed. This policy is triggered if a project is
likely to have potential adverse environmental and social risks and impacts in its area of

                                                                                                69
influence. The EA has various tools that can be used, including amongst others Environmental &
Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) or Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).


He described Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) as an instrument that details
the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or
offset adverse environmental and social impacts or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and the
actions needed to implement these measures. The ESMP is an integral part of Category “A�
Environmental Assessments (EAs) (irrespective of other instruments used). EAs for Category “B�
projects May also result in an ESMP. However, the impacts of the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku
Gully Erosion rehabilitation project are considered to be mainly site specific. He stated that the
paramount objective of his ESMP assignment is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that
the mitigation measures would be implemented throughout the phases for the Rehabilitation of
the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Gully Erosion site. He stated that the ESMP report will ensure the
effective long-term protection of the area and other biotic and abiotic components of the
environment.
 He stated that Stakeholder engagement and involvement is important in the Umuda
Isingwu/Umuagu Gully Erosion rehabilitation project and therefore expected to continue in a
manner that gives the communities and the project affected persons (PAPs) the opportunity to
make contributions aimed at strengthening the development project while avoiding negative
impacts as well as reducing possible conflicts. In addition, the consultations will remain active (i.e
on-going exercise) throughout the duration of the entire project.


The consultant called on the project community to take the ownership of the NEWMAP projects.
He also advised the community to protect the project equipment during construction works. He
pleaded with the community members to welcome and give attention to Enumerators who would
be coming to their various homes for data collection.
The consultant also enlightened the stakeholders on the NEWMAP livelihood restoration plans.
He reiterated that NEWMAP has livelihood activities projects that focused on alleviating the
sufferings impended on the PAPs and project communities by the lingering erosion menace.
Finally, the consultant urged the community members and stakeholders to participate fully in the
consultation exercise by answering questions and raising their concerns.
Comments, Concerns, Questions Raised at the Community Meetings and Consultations
Comments/Concerns/Questions Raised                         Consultant’s Responses to Issues Raised

The Stakeholders welcomed the proposed project and         The consultant acknowledged the residents
were very much delighted and positive with regards to      widespread support for the proposed project
the approach undertaken by the ABIA-NEWMAP and             and encouraged them to sustain it
World Bank to address the current problems of              throughout the project life cycle
watershed and erosion, which are currently affecting
their lives negatively.

Onuoha Nduka James sought to know if the entire ABIA-NEWMAP          ESO       informed    the
communities in Umuagu are affected by the project stakeholders that feasibility study has been
                                                  undertaken and captured all the affected
                                                  sites.

Hon. Ejike Ekwuribe pledged to give an unflinching Noted and endorsed.
support and to ensure that youth group will participate
immensely throughout the project cycle. He also
implored the ABIA-NEWMAP representatives to ensure
that PAPs should not be left worse off.


                                                                                                   70
Okailu Chinedu (Youth Leader) advised that those Endorsed.
appraised by the enumerators/ Consultant should be
the ones to answer the proposed questions to avoid
conflicting ideas.

Okwuchi Joy Obike ( Women Group)                       ABIA-NEWMAP          ESO     informed    the
                                                       stakeholders that World Bank projects
Pleaded that the project should               commence
                                                       involves processes and due diligence. She
immediately to avoid further damages.
                                                       maintained that ESMP is one of the integral
                                                       reports that must be submitted before
                                                       rehabilitation works. She stated the SPMU is
                                                       doing everything within its power to expedite
                                                       actions in all these processes.

Ifeanyi Okugo stated that the youth group will resist any Noted and endorsed
attempt by anyone who will be against the project. He
maintained that the youths are solidly behind the
project.

Nwachilam Nwaogu thanked the World Bank, NEWMAP Noted and endorsed
and Consultants for the rescue mission. He also
advised the youths of the project community to be
committed and shun violence throughout the exercise.

The ABIA-NEWMAP M&E Officer in his closing remarks Noted and endorsed
thanked everyone that has participated and expressed
hope that the project will see the light of the day.



4.8     Description of the Rehabilitation Project
Proposed solution to ameliorate the erosion problem is proper management of prevailing flood
flow path to the gully and subsequently control the gully using adequate drainage systems such
as culverts, drains, chute channels and stilling basins, rip-rap resting on geotextile, then gabion
check dams placed along the gully bed to slow down the flow velocity, etc.
The principal components of the design works for the Erosion Complex are:
ï‚·     Umuagu Ibeku gully - Design option 2: Conduct runoff safely through the gully to safely
      discharge into Iyi Doti stream using drainage channels, chute spillways, stilling basins and
      outlet protection works; install check dams and retaining walls accompanied by earthworks
      and vegetation. Estimated total cost is N 240,456,720.00
     Umuda Isingwu gully – Design option2: Conduct runoff safely through the gully to safely
      discharge into the main gully using drainage channels, chute spillways, stilling basins and
      outlet protection works; install check dams accompanied by earthworks and vegetation. The
      estimated total cost of this design alternative is N 41,995,987.50
Field investigation and literature showed that the Umuagu gully may have started as a result of
runoff from a collection of reinforced concrete drains on both sides of an asphalt paved road that
stopped at a culvert and those from an earth road with concrete lined drain on one side. The
result is undercutting and the development of the gully head and subsequently the development
of the Umuagu gully which is threatening the community primary school buildings.




                                                                                                71
The gully may have been caused by poor and inadequate construction of drainage structures on
the Umuda – Isingwu road that branched off from the Umuahia – Uzuakoli road. The discharge
from the culvert flows directly over open farm land without any protective measures.
The Isingwu gully may have been caused by the abrupt termination of the short length of
reinforced concrete roadside drainage channel which led to the development of the gully head
and subsequently expansion as gully fingers of different sizes, as one moved downwards along
the earth road, over a steep slope towards the Obuhu stream. The gully has cut the road surface
in many sections preventing the people of Isingwu from going to Obuhu to fetch water for
domestic use and from communicating with the communities across the stream.
The Abia State Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project through the World Bank
intervention has Proposed solution to ameliorate the erosion problem in Umuagu Ibeku/Umuda
Isingwu by proper management of prevailing flood flow path to the gully and subsequently
controlling the gully using adequate drainage systems such as culverts, drains, chute channels
and stilling basins to slow down the flow velocity, re-vegetation etc. After comparison and
evaluation of the design options, the following mitigation measures were recommended for the
three gully erosion sites:
      1. Umuagu Ibeku gully - Conduct runoff safely through the gully to safely discharge into Iyi
         Doti stream using drainage channels, chute spillways, stilling basins and outlet protection
         works; install check dams and retaining walls, with earthworks and vegetation.
      2. Umuda Isingwu gully – Conduct runoff safely through the gully to safely discharge into the
         main gully using drainage channels, chute spillways, stilling basins and outlet protection
         works; install check dams with earthworks and vegetation.

4.9     Hydrological data design return period
The hydrological conditions of the area are the main reasons explaining the erosion problem. The
area receives high and intensive rainfall. In addition, rainfall is often frequent creating wet
antecedent moisture conditions which favour low infiltration and high runoff. The catchment area
draining to the gully is largely dominated by residential areas and relatively steep slopes, as
shown in hydrology section.
The proposed hydraulic structures within each section were designed based on the design
discharge for that location. Based on discussion with NEWMAP personnel, the canals and other
hydraulic structures, including cross-drainage culverts, stilling basins (energy dissipaters), chutes
and detention ponds, cascade and check dams and retaining walls were designed for 50 year
return period and checked for 100 years return period.

4.10 Geotechnical data and material property
The geological parameters are other major factors affecting the erosion susceptibility of the area.
The geology of the area is predominantly sandy formation with low clay content. The material is
generally unstable and can easily be detached by external effect such as surface runoff, shear
stress, groundwater movement and structural loading. Some key geotechnical parameters are
summarized in the Geotechnical Section in the feasibility study report.

4.11 Proposed gully protection concept design

4.11.1 General Concept
The main objective of the project is to design gully erosion mitigation measures to stop the
erosion process and stabilize the actual eroded areas of the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku
complex gully erosion site. Three conceptual design proposals for the mitigation of Umuda
Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku complex gully erosion problem were considered and the accepted design
is summarized below.


                                                                                                  72
Umuagu Ibeku gully
The proposed gully mitigation works for the Umuagu Ibeku gully encompass the construction of
runoff conveyance facilities to conduct runoff safely through the gully; to safely discharge into Iyi
Doti stream, using drainage channels, chute spillways, stilling basins and outlet protection works;
as well as installing check dams and retaining walls accompanied by earthworks and vegetation.

Umuda Isingwu gully
The proposed gully mitigation works for Umuda Isingwu gully comprise the construction of runoff
conveyance facilities to conduct runoff safely through the gully; to safely discharge into the main
Umuagu gully, using drainage channels, chute spillways, stilling basins and outlet protection
works; as well as installing check dams and retaining walls accompanied by earthworks and
vegetation.

4.11.2 Bio-remediation (Vetiver grass and bamboo)
The non-vegetated slopes are prone to frequent and sometimes serious erosion process. Bio-
remediation measures can be used to protect gully bank walls and prevent erosion. They provide
important resistance to erosion forces and more aesthetic and environmentally friendly than
other structures. Terracing is also proposed to reduce bank slopes and provide more stability.
Vetiver grass was researched, tested, and developed throughout the tropical regions. Accordingly,
the main bio-remedial measure proposed is Vetiver grass and bamboo trees on the gully bank
slopes of less than 40o. Bamboos are also used as an efficient erosion protection work in the
local area, particularly when they are planted at the bottom of the slope. Specific design effort is
made to use the Vetiver and Bamboo combined on the slope and bottom of the gully bank
respectively.

All designs are based on the Engineering Design Report prepared by DYOKE, 2016.




Plate 40: General layout design of Control measure, Dyoke, 2016

                                                                                                  73
Plate 41: Design Plan for Chute and stilling basin, Dyoke, 2016


4.12 Project Options and Alternatives
In the context of this ESMP, analysis of project alternatives refers to the performance of the
natural and socio-economic resources with or without the project or with or without the
implementation of the measures of this ESMP and/or other safeguard instrument considered
appropriate.
For intervention work of this nature, there are usually a number of viable options that can be
considered. These alternatives include: the no project option; delayed project; alternative
site/location and project execution options. For this project, analysis of the various alternatives is
presented as follows:

4.13 No Project Option
The no project option implies that the intervention work shall not be executed; hence there is no
need to carry out this study. This implies the site will remain in its current state and perhaps
widen due to natural forces without even any interference from man. Nevertheless, this situation
will worsen and put the activities of man and the environment into further jeopardy since the
area is already exposed to the forces of erosion. The intervention work is designed to stop these
forces and mitigate any negative impacts that may arise.
Therefore, choosing the no project option will mean a loss of efforts made by all parties to ensure
the erosive forces do not continue to pose risk to lives and the environment and even loss of job
opportunity to Nigerians. The ‘no project option’ is therefore not considered a viable option.

4.14 Delayed Project Option
This option implies that the planned intervention be delayed until a much later date. Such option
is usually taken when conditions are unfavourable to project implementation such as in heavy


                                                                                                   74
rainfall, war situation, or where the host community is deeply resentful to it. Also, if the prevailing
economic climate is not quite favourable, then delayed option may be feasible. None of these
conditions is applicable at present.
Further delay will mean the onset of heavy rainfall that is not favourable for the proposed
treatment method. At present, both the economic and the political environment and natural
environmental phenomena are most favourably disposed towards it. Therefore, the implication of
delayed project option will mean that all the preliminary work and associated efforts/ costs
incurred would have come to nothing.
Also, because of inflationary trends, such a delay may result in unanticipated increase in project
costs, which may affect the final target from the project. These, and other related problems make
adopting the delayed option impracticable.

4.15 Do project Option
This option means going ahead to implement the intervention work. This also entails
incorporating professional advice on the most practicable option such as are spelt out in this
ESMP and other relevant safeguard instruments and/or best practices relating to the execution
of the intervention. This will definitely reassure the public of their safety and the environment. It
will also aid employment creation. The environmental threats from the gully erosion will be
reduced drastically, if not totally solved in that area. The devastation by erosion that has
rendered the existing road impassable will be addressed and solved.
This option is therefore considered the most viable and recommended for implementation.
However, in going ahead, appropriate measures for the gully treatment must be adopted and
applied.

4.16 Gully Treatment Options
Treatment of gullies depends on a range of factors including: the size of the gully, whether it is
actively eroding or not, the soil type, the size and frequency of water flow, the gradient of the area
and the desired use of the land after rehabilitation. The situation of the proposed intervention
area shows that the best option or combination of the following options should be employed:
    1. The do nothing
           a. Applicable when assets are not at risk from erosion.
           b. This option can result in downstream significant sedimentation problems.
           c. Generally the slowest option to achieve a stable gully.
    2. Backfilling the gully and forming a stable drainage state
           a. Generally only viable for small gullies.
           b. This option requires only cheap supplies of materials for gully/earth filling
           c. Generally the quickest Option to achieve a stable gully.
    3. Partially backfilling the gullies using natural sedimentation processes
           a. This is usually the cheapest option in the long run.
           b. This option relies on the on-going supply of sediments from the upstream gully
                erosion. If the upstream gully is stabilized as part of the overall gully
                rehabilitation, then there may be insufficient sediments to backfill the weirs.
           c. This option is often adopted, when the gully extends upstream of a given property.
    4. Partially backfilling using local or imported materials
           a. This option requires heavy machinery.
           b. High safety risks are often associated with such project and Earth works.
           c. Battering the gully bank to provide a source of fill usually accelerate the
                rehabilitation of the gully bank.
    5. Stabilization of gully without partial backfilling of the beds or battering of the banks
           a. This option can result in a long drawn-out process, requiring planting and
                replanting.
           b. Significant sediment loss can occur before the gully bank reaches a stable form

                                                                                                    75
4.17 Alternative Technologies/Designs
The stabilization of an active gully requires an understanding of the various erosion processes
that can occur within a gully, plus the ability to recognize the cause of the erosion and identify
appropriate treatment measures. Management options for the Umuagu Isingwu/Umuda Ibeku
gully erosion Complex may include the following:

4.17.1 Option One: Rock Lined Chute
The rock-lined chute as seen in Plate below is used to lower surface water into the open channel
where a gully has developed. The chute is sized according to drainage area and site factors.
Proper sizing of the rock to withstand the expected velocity of water in the chute is the key factor.
For the installation of this structure a good source of rock must be available in the area. Rock
lined chutes as seen in are an essential item in the stabilization of gullies. Wherever practical
erosion problems should be stabilized synthetic material should only be used in circumstances
where natural based solutions fail to achieve the required stability.




Plate 42 Schematic diagram of a rock lined chute

Most rock chute fail as a result of poor construction practices and from water passing around the
chute or the use of inadequately sized rock (as a result of either a design or construction
problems).
The critical components of the rock chute design are:

    ï‚·   Control of flow entry into the chute;
    ï‚·   Determination of an appropriate rock size; and
    ï‚·   The design of energy dissipation measures at the base of the chute to prevent
        undermining of the chute and damage to the gully banks.
The upper surface of the rock chute must blend with the surrounding land to allow water to freely
enter the chute without being diverted along the edge of the rock lining.




                                                                                                  76
The rock size must be based on the flow conditions down the chute, the slope of the chute, the
shape of the rocks (i.e. round or angular), and the degree of variability in rock size. The
recommended mean rock size for long, straight chutes may be determined.

Constraints

   ï‚·   The non-availability of rocks in the area could be step back in the use of this alternative

4.17.2 Option Two: Wood Drop Structure
Wood has been used in various ways to control soil erosion. Over the past few years, the wood
drop structure has been used with much success. The wood must be adequately treated to
withstand contact with the soil in a wet condition and adequate drainage around this structure
required.




          Plate 43 Schematic diagram of a wood Drop structure

Constraints

   ï‚·   As the gully is deep and very wide its encroachment would be continuous with the use of
       this alternative. Since trapping of sand would be a dependent factor.

4.17.3 Option Three: Do Nothing Option
The “do-nothing� option would involve maintaining the status quo. This would mean that no
further rehabilitation of the erosion site will be done. This would actually lead to degradation of
un-eroded areas thereby causing more harm than good to the immediate environment.

4.18 The Preferred Alternative

The preferred alternative would be to implement the current project proposal. This involves civil
works as well as revegetation using deep rooted crops (eg vetiverr grass) to stabilize the gully.
Also the design will help control run-off and prevent washing off of soil thereby preventing further
occurrence of erosion on the site.




                                                                                                 77
5 CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS
  AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.1       Introduction
The proposed Rehabilitation of the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully Erosion Complex will
lead to several changes in the environment and socio-economic aspect of the project area. A
good number of these changes will be beneficial, especially the impacts of rehabilitating
degraded land and reducing longer-term erosion vulnerability in the project community.
There are a number of approaches for the prediction and evaluation of impacts. The ISO 14001
method is simple to apply and provides a high level of details and also relies on limited data,
unlike the other methods that require the availability of large historical data. The ISO 14001
method, therefore, is selected for the identification and evaluation of impacts for the proposed
gully rehabilitation project.

5.2       Impact Identification and Evaluation
In line with general guidelines for an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, the
following were the basic steps adopted for identification and evaluation of impacts:

      ï‚·    Impact identification
      ï‚·    Impact qualification
      ï‚·    Impact rating
      ï‚·    Impact description

5.2.1      Impact Identification
The aim of impact identification is to account for the entire potential and associated bio-physical,
social and health impacts making sure that both significant and insignificant impacts are
accounted for. The anticipated impacts were determined based on the interaction between
project activities and environmental sensitivities. The identified potential impacts during the
different phases of the proposed project are listed in tables 18-20.

5.2.2      Impact Qualification
The identified impacts of the project were qualified based on the following four criteria:

      ï‚·    Positive or negative
      ï‚·    Short-term or long-term
      ï‚·    Reversible or irreversible
      ï‚·    Direct or indirect

Negative impacts are those that adversely affect the biophysical, health, and social
environments, while positive impacts are those, which enhance the quality of the environment.
For this study, short-term means a period of time less than three months while any period greater
than three months is considered long-term. By reversible/irreversible, is meant whether the
environment can either revert to previous conditions or remain permanent when the activity
causing the impact is terminated.


                                                                                                 78
5.2.3      Impact Rating
This stage involves evaluation of the impact to determine whether or not it is significant. The
quantification scale of 0, 3 and 5 was used. The system of rating employed was adapted from
The International Organization for Standardization ISO 14001– Environmental Management
System Approach. The criteria and weighting scale used in evaluating significance are as follows:

    ï‚·      Legal/regulatory requirements (L)
    ï‚·      Risk factor (R)
    ï‚·      Frequency of occurrence of impact (F)
    ï‚·      Importance of impact on an affected environmental components (I)
    ï‚·      Public perception/interest (P)

Legal /Regulatory Requirements (L)
This seeks to address the question ‘if there is a legal/regulatory requirement or a permit
required?’ The scoring is as follows:
    0= There is no legal/regulatory requirement
    3= There is legal/regulatory requirement
    5= There is a legal/regulatory requirement and permit required

The legal/regulatory requirements were identified based on national laws/guidelines/standards
(FMEnv) relating to the project activity.

Risk (R)
This uses a matrix based on the interaction of the probability of occurrence of the impact (Table
9) against consequences of the impact (Table 10). The matrix (Table 11) is referred to as the Risk
Assessment Matrix (RAM). Five probability categories are interacted against four groups of
consequences. The resultant outcomes are given scores with colour-coding. High-risk categories
are red; intermediate risks, yellow and low risks, green as follows:
    1=Low risk (green)
    3=Intermediate risk (yellow)
    5=High risk (red)
Table 9: Probability of Occurrence

Probability Category                 Definition


A                                    Possibility of Repeated Incidents

B                                    Possibility of Isolated Incidents

C                                    Possibility of Occurring Sometime

D                                    Not Likely to Occur

E                                    Practically Impossible



                                                                                               79
Table 10: Consequences of Impact

Consequence      Considerations
Category
                 Safety / Health                  Public            Environmental           Financial
                                                  Disruption        Aspects                 Implications

I                Fatalities / Serious Impact on   Large             Major/Extended          High
                 Public                           Community         Duration/Full Scale
                                                                    Response

II               Serious Injury to Personnel /    Small             Serious / Significant   Medium
                 Limited Impact on Public         Community         Resource
                                                                    Commitment

III              Medical    Treatment  for        Minor             Moderate / Limited      Low
                 Personnel / No Impact on                           Response of Short
                 Public                                             Duration

IV               Minor Impact on Personnel        Minimal      to   Minor / Little or No    None
                                                  None              Response Needed



Table 11: Risk Assessment Matrix


                              A              B                 C                D              E

I


II


III


IV




Key to Colours

Low

Medium

High

Positive


                                                                                                           80
 Frequency of Impact (F)
 Frequency of impact refers to the number of occurrence of impact. The frequency of impact was
 determined using historical records of occurrence of impacts, and consultation with experts and
 local communities. The criteria for rating the frequency of impacts are outlined in Table 12.
 Table 12: Frequency rating Criteria

Frequency       Rating           Criteria

Low             1                Rare, not likely to happen within project lifespan

Medium          3                Likely to happen ≥ 5 years

High            5                Very likely to happen throughout the project lifespan



 Importance of Affected Environmental Component and Impact (I)
 The importance of the affected environmental components was determined through consultation
 and consensus of opinions. This was also further facilitated by information on experiences on the
 impacts of already existing facilities in the proposed project area. The rating of the importance of
 impacts is shown in Table 13.
 Table 13: Importance Criteria

Importance      Rating                                            Criteria

                           ï‚· Imperceptible outcome
Low
                           ï‚· Insignificant alteration in value, function or service of impacted resource
                    1
                           ï‚· Within compliance, no controls required

                           ï‚· Negative outcome
Medium
                           ï‚· Measurable reduction or disruption in value, function or service of impacted
                    3        resource
                           ï‚· Potential for non-compliance

                           ï‚· Highly undesirable outcome (e.g., impairment of endangered species and
High
                             protected habitat)
                           ï‚· Detrimental, extended animal behavioural change (breeding, spawning,
                             moulting)
                    5      ï‚· Major reduction or disruption in value, function or service of impacted
                             valued ecosystem resource
                           ï‚· Impact during environmentally sensitive period
                           ï‚· Continuous non-compliance with existing statutes


 Public Perception (P)
 The consensus of opinions among the project stakeholders were used to determine the public
 perception on the potential impacts and the following criteria were applied (Table 16)
 The combination of the five impact rating weights forms the basis for judging the level of
 significance of each impact. A matrix displaying the combination based on the ISO 14001 tool is
 shown in Table 17.

                                                                                                           81
 The final ratings of the identified impacts are presented in Tables 17 - 19. In this report, medium
 and high significant negative impacts were judged to require mitigation, and all positive impacts
 required enhancement.
 Table 14: Perception Criteria

    Public         Rating                                           Criteria
  Perception

                                 ï‚· No risk to human health, acute and/or chronic
Low                   1
                                 ï‚· No possibility of life endangerment for residents, associated
                                   communities
                                 ï‚· Minor reduction in social, cultural, economic values
                                 ï‚· Unlikely adverse perception among population

                                 ï‚·   Limited incremental risk to human health, acute and/or chronic
Medium                3
                                 ï‚·   Unlikely life endangerment for residents, abutting communities
                                 ï‚·   Some reduction in social, cultural, economic value
                                 ï‚·   Possibility of adverse perception among population
                                 ï‚·   Potential for non-compliance

                                 ï‚·   Elevated incremental risk to human health, acute and/or chronic
High                  5
                                 ï‚·   Possibility of life endangerment for residents, abutting communities
                                 ï‚·   Major reduction in social, cultural, economic value
                                 ï‚·   Continuous non-compliance with statute
                                 ï‚·   Any major public concern among population in study area




 Table 15: Impact Value and Rating Colour Code

  Impact Value                                Cut off Values                   Impact Rating

  L+R+F+I+P                                   <8                               Low

  L+R+F+I+P                                   ≥8 but <15                       Medium

  L+R+F+I+P                                   ≥15

  F+I                                         >6                               High

  P                                           =5

  Positive                                                                     Positive




 5.3    Summary of Associated and Potential Impacts Determination
 The results of the evaluation of the interactions between the proposed activities and their
 impacts on environmental and social sensitivities are shown in subsequent pages of this chapter.
 The identified negative impacts were rated as minor, moderate and major. Beneficial impacts


                                                                                                            82
arising from the project were rated as positive. Hence, no further classifications were made on
the beneficial impacts.
The project is envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts. Some of
these are a function of the objectives of the project, while others are a function of the way in
which the project is designed to meet its objectives.
Some adverse impacts that may be associated with the rehabilitation of the gully site are
highlighted in this subsection (Table 16). Notwithstanding, the ESMP will be prepared to ensure
that these impacts are reduced to the barest minimum.
Table 16: Summary of Beneficial and Adverse Impacts

S/N    Positive Impacts                               Adverse Impacts

1      Community development programs.                The frequency and incidence of occupational
                                                      hazards may rise with during construction
                                                      activities.

2      Connection and restoration of access to Possibility of seepage of fuel from
       houses and villages already cut off by the machineries and effluent discharge into the
       erosion                                    watershed, thus impacting on the water
                                                  quality.

3      Control and Reduction of water body Contaminated (with human waste) water run-
       sedimentation rates due to erosion. off into surface water, etc.


4      Gender Issues: Construction activities will Soil destabilization due to vibrations from
       encourage economic activities, especially construction equipment use.
       for women. Since there would be a large
       workforce, petty traders and food-spots
       owners will benefit immensely from the
       demand on site.

5      Improved agricultural productivity within Noise and vibration from heavy-duty project
       the community and Abia state at large.    vehicles and equipment resulting in
                                                 nuisance.

6      Improved livelihood enhancing activities.      Disruptions to resident activities within the
                                                      project area.

7      Increase in social interactions                Delayed travel time due to movement of
                                                      construction equipment or vehicles

8      Initiation/ kick-off of rapid production Increase in sexual activities leading to
       systems and agricultural practices.      possible spread of STIs.

9      Minimization of flooding and control of Grievance and resistance from communities
       overflow.

10     Promotion of afforestation programs Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from
       (with all its benefits)             vehicular and construction equipment would
                                           be generated during the pre-construction,
                                           construction and subsequently, operational

                                                                                                83
S/N      Positive Impacts                           Adverse Impacts

                                                    phases of the project


11       Promotion of goodwill and community Increased generation of solid and liquid
         appreciation of the NEWMAP intervention wastes.
         in Abia State and Nigeria at large.

12       Provision of employment opportunities Site clearing will lead to loss of species
         for both skilled and unskilled workers. diversity and abundance, including soil
                                                 organisms, fungi, invertebrates, and bacteria.

13       Reduced fear perception of loss of Injuries, falls, accidents, explosions, fires,
         property, inhabitation and ancestral leakages, accidents etc.
         origins of the communities.

14       Reduction in mortality/morbidity from Occurrence of social vices (e.g. theft, drug
         landslides.                           use, etc.).

15       Reduction of mortality rate.               Increase in turbidity of river waters from
                                                    storm water/ runoff during preconstruction
                                                    and construction phase.

16       Rehabilitation of the erosion menace in Increase in fugitive dust emission during
         the community                           preconstruction and construction phases of
                                                 the rehabilitation.

17       Reintegration      of   community       and Loss of employment for labourers after the
         diversification of sources of livelihood.   completion of the rehabilitation works,




18       Repair of the watershed gullies            Waste generation especially construction
                                                    wastes.



Identified Potential Impacts (by Project Phases)
Pre-Construction Phase
     A. Environmental Impacts
Positive
     ï‚·   Prior to the commencement of rehabilitation works, a feasibility study and environmental
         assessment are required to describe the proposed project needs, aid project design, and
         ensure environmental and socio-economic sustainability of the project and the project
         community.
     ï‚·   The project will undertake a stakeholders/public consultation exercise to sensitize the
         stakeholders in the project command area and beyond on the environmental safeguards
         components of the project. The public consultation process is seen to be a positive
         impact, as it will form a basis for project design and implementation of decision-making.

                                                                                               84
Negative
   a. Air Quality
       ï‚·     The pre-construction phase will give rise to fugitive dusts and frequent exhaust
             emissions into the atmosphere as equipment is delivered to the Site and along
             access roads where the proposed rehabilitation works will take place.
   b. Soil
       ï‚·     Leakages may occur from stacked equipment containing oil such as engine oil. This
             could result in the seeping-through of oil into the soil, thereby leading to possible
             contamination of soil, surface water and ground water.
       ï‚·     Soil compaction and soil structure changes may occur due to influx and stationary
             positioning of heavy duty equipment and vehicles
Surface Water
       ï‚·     Leakages may occur from stacked equipment containing oil such as engine oil. This
             could result in surface water contamination by run-off.


   c. Noise and Vibration
       ï‚·     During the pre-construction activities the WHO/FMEnv permissible noise level (90dB)
             may be exceeded due to mobilization of heavy machinery to the rehabilitation site.
   B. Social Impacts
Positive
       ï‚·     The project will undertake a stakeholders/public consultation exercise to sensitize
             stakeholders in the project command area and beyond on the social safeguards to
             ensure project sustainability. The public consultation process is seen to be a positive
             impact, as it will form a basis for project concept decision-making and
             implementation.


Negative
   a. Land Acquisition
       ï‚·     Possible unresolved issues during land acquisition process from members of the
             community which may result in conflict between contractors and land owners.
       ï‚·     Hostile and unfriendly community attitudes during land acquisition process.
       ï‚·     Decrease in accruable income from land


   b. Noise
       ï‚·     Noise from heavy-duty project vehicles and equipment may exceed the WHO/FMEnv
             acceptable noise level limits, resulting in nuisance.


   c. Others
       ï‚·     Possible disruptions of movement of residents within the project area to places of
             work, and businesses, as a result of movement of equipment and materials along
             access roads, resulting in loss of man-hours and negative perception of the project
             amongst road users and residents.


                                                                                                 85
       ï‚·   Properties particularly farmlands may be accidentally damaged or destroyed during
           the movement of heavy duty vehicles and equipment.
       ï‚·   Accidents involving vehicles or pedestrians may occur during vehicle and equipment
           movement to site.
   C. Occupational Health and Safety


Positive
       ï‚·   During the pre-construction phase, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) awareness
           programs will be conducted. Awareness programs and interactive sessions will
           benefit primarily the contractors’ personnel, schools, residents and businesses.
           Guidelines on safe practices and safe behaviours will be made available to these
           groups in order to minimize the occurrence of occupational incidents or accidents in
           the course of implementing project activities


Negative
       ï‚·   During the pre-construction phase air pollution from exhaust fumes of vehicles and
           release of fugitive dust as a result of equipment moving to the work area may occur.
           This will pose an occupational health risk (respiratory infections and diseases),
           especially for people residing in and carrying out activities around the project
           rehabilitation area and also, contractor personnel, and personnel conveying
           equipment.
       ï‚·   Exposure to noise pollution, injuries and accidents during movement of equipment to
           the work areas.


Construction Phase


   A. Environmental Impacts


Positive
           ï‚·   Channelization of flood waters: Drainage channels will be constructed, to channel
               storm water to collector drains at the gully head.
           ï‚·   Construction of suitable sized and aligned collector drains at the gully head to
               collect and lead the storm water/runoff from the roads into drop structures.
           ï‚·   A chute will be constructed to channel water into the stilling basin. This will
               enable the controlled flow of water from the collector drain to the stilling basin.
           ï‚·   The phase will allow for recovery works for land located within the gully, so as to
               safeguard residential properties at risk of erosion.
           ï‚·   Re-vegetation activities will be carried out, to provide cover for the eased out
               slopes, channels, chute and the stilling basin. The structured vegetation to be
               applied include sand bags, erosion resistance trees, plants and grasses in other
               to make the area environmental friendly and to improve the aesthetic of the
               project area.
           ï‚·   Stabilization (even out/ uniformity) of the slopes, where feasible to prevent
               further collapse of the slopes


                                                                                               86
Negative
   a. Climate Change
             ï‚·   Climate change impacts need to be assessed from two perspectives. Firstly the
                 impact of the project on climate change and secondly the impact of climatic
                 change on the project scheme and its infrastructure.
             ï‚·   Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from vehicular and construction equipment
                 would be generated during the pre-construction, construction and subsequently,
                 operational phases of the project. These emissions would be the primary impact
                 of the project on climate change. GHG emissions are considered based on three
                 “scopes� – Scope 1 (direct emissions), Scope 2 (indirect emissions) from the
                 consumption of purchased energy [Purified Motor Spirit {PMS}, diesel] and Scope
                 3 (other indirect emissions)


   b. Air Quality
             ï‚·   Emission of Green House Gases, Dust and Particulates: Emissions from exhaust
                 fumes will originate from mobile sources including vehicles, trucks and heavy
                 equipment during construction works.
             ï‚·   Excavation and other civil works will lead to the increase in fugitive dust.
             ï‚·   Civil works will cause changes in the air and atmospheric conditions of the project
                 area and surrounding environment. Fugitive dusts, machinery exhaust fumes
                 [nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur oxides (SOx),
                 hydrocarbons       and     suspended       particulates],  and     dusts      from
                 rehabilitation/construction activities will impact negatively on air quality. Air
                 pollution from machineries will be short-termed, moderate and localized.


   c. Soil
       ï‚·     Construction machinery stationed and moving around the area can create soil
             compaction, which may harm the soil’s future potential as farmland, impair drainage
             and increase the risk of flooding.
       ï‚·     Excavation and compaction activities through construction works will alter the soil
             properties including loss of valuable top soils.
       ï‚·     Accidental spillage of chemicals and fuels from the operation and maintenance of
             construction vehicles and equipment will pose negative impacts to surface and future
             groundwater quality.


   d. Water Quality and Hydrology
       ï‚·     Increased pressure on water resources during construction works
       ï‚·     During construction works, seepage of fuel from machineries and effluent discharge
             into the watershed may occur, thus impacting on the water quality
       ï‚·     During the rehabilitation works, there may be potential for sediment/contaminant
             laden water runoff to impact on water quality. The contaminants in water runoff may
             have the potential to enter existing drainage channels and into local watercourses,
             affecting downstream users and aquatic life.


                                                                                                 87
        ï‚·   Flood draining activities may introduce chemicals into water bodies leading to
            possible changes in water colour and pH levels, pollution and eutrophication in
            surface water.


   e. Noise and Vibration
        ï‚·   The project area is a built-up area with residential houses, schools, market and a
            hotel. The civil works will generate noise and vibrations on site and surrounding
            environment. Most activities associated with road project starting from the pre-
            construction phase to the construction phase would generate relatively high levels of
            noise and would be mainly from heavy equipment. The noise levels generated by
            construction equipment would vary significantly, depending on such factors as type,
            model, size, and condition of the equipment, operation schedule, and condition of the
            area being worked. Accordingly, potential impacts of site monitoring and testing
            activities on ambient noise level would be expected to be temporary and intermittent
            in nature.
        ï‚·   Vibrations resulting from construction equipment may cause further soil
            destabilization and consequent erosion.


   f.   Waste
        ï‚·   Construction activities will lead to the production of solid wastes - soil excavated
            debris, metal scraps, plastics, wood, waste concrete, papers and cartons, etc.
           Increased generation of liquid waste – concrete washings, canal watering, etc.
        ï‚·   Construction crews may generate solid and liquid wastes (sewages). Uncontrolled and
            untreated, these wastes are major sources of pollution, disrupting the ecosystem and
            contributing to local (and sometimes much broader) health problems.


   g. Flora and Fauna
        ï‚·   Alteration of habitat and biodiversity may occur, due to human activities and
            disturbance on the natural habitat. Site clearing will lead to loss of species diversity
            and abundance, including soil organisms, fungi, invertebrates, and bacteria. It will
            also lead to loss of food sources, fauna habitat, breeding grounds and nesting sites.
        ï‚·   Reduction in the number of native wildlife
        ï‚·   During mobilization of equipment, construction activities such as grading, dredging,
            filling, excavation etc., Weed invasion/proliferation of opportunist species (weeds &
            pests) may occur.


   h. Topography
   ï‚·    Scarification of natural landscape of the project site.


   B. Social Impacts
Positive
   a. Employment



                                                                                                 88
           ï‚·   Employment of skilled and unskilled labour will be promoted. Artisans and
               professionals from the project area will be provided contractual employment
               during this phase. This will help promote community goodwill.
   b. Economic Benefits
           ï‚·   This phase will encourage economic activities within and around work areas.
               Petty traders, food vendors and other small businesses will benefit from the
               demands at the work site.
   c. Waste Management
           ï‚·   The construction phase will see to the implementation of a viable waste
               management plan for project activities.
   d. Occupational, Health and Safety
           ï‚·   Occupational health and safety efforts will be intensified during the construction
               phase as signage, warning and hazard signs will be put up to inform residents
               and others, about the on-going rehabilitation works in sensitive areas.
           ï‚·   The phase will encourage the conduct of Occupational Health Risk Assessment
               (OHRA), Job Hazard Analysis (JHA), Hazard Communication Program (HAZCOM),
               OHS trainings and other proactive safety strategies (fulfilling the social and fiscal
               imperatives) which will help reduce the occurrence of on-site incidents/accidents
               and the resultant burden of direct or indirect compensation costs.
Negative
   a. Impact on Livelihood/Community Activities/Social Stress


       ï‚·   During the rehabilitation works there are bound to be restriction in movement, which
           will affect residents and business owners in the project area.
       ï‚·   Gully rehabilitation activities may disrupt use of access roads by other users including
           travellers. There may be occurrences of traffic congestion on access roads as a result
           of intermittent movement of equipment and materials into and from the rehabilitation
           work area. There is high likelihood that when moving these equipment and personnel
           along these roads, the transport activities of the community could be disrupted and
           this could have impact on the socio-economic activities of the community.
       ï‚·   Flooding in other areas may occur during construction activities (construction of
           drainage), which can lead to destruction of lands, and properties.
       ï‚·   Human Displacement: Civil, re-vegetative, and watershed management may require
           the relocation of surrounding residents and their sources of livelihood.
       ï‚·   Social unrest as a result of non-participation/hiring of locals in the construction/
           rehabilitation project.
   b. Social Vices
   ï‚·   The project will attract a significant workforce. Associations between workers and local
       residents may lead to casual sexual relationships, thereby increasing the risks of sexually
       transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV
   ï‚·   Vices such as theft, drug use, casual sex (with minors, prostitutes, etc.), small scale
       gambling, rape, etc., may arise due to the influx of project workforce into the area.


   c. Health and Safety

                                                                                                 89
   ï‚·    Incidences of respiratory conditions and respiratory diseases (silicosis, asthma,
        bronchitis, upper respiratory infections may occur due to air contamination by exhaust
        fumes and dust resulting from civil works.
   ï‚·    Possible spread of water borne diseases (e.g. Cholera, Dysentery, Amoebiasis,
        Salmonellosis etc.) may occur.
   ï‚·    Possible outbreak of HIV/AIDS and other STDs.
   ï‚·    During construction activity through creation of pools of stagnant water there may be an
        increase in malaria cases
   ï‚·    Exposure of workforce to attack by poisonous insects, reptiles and other dangerous wild
        animals. These attacks could result in injuries, poisoning or even death.
   ï‚·    The frequency and incidence of occupational hazards may rise with during construction
        activities.
   ï‚·    Accidents may occur during the construction phase as a result of increased vehicular
        movements


   d. Noise and Vibrations
           ï‚·     This phase will cause noise and vibration nuisance


   e. Waste
           ï‚·     The construction phase will give rise to increased generation of waste from
                 construction activities


   f.   Archaeological and Cultural Loss
           ï‚·     Construction works may impact on sensitive sites such as shrines, graves etc.


   g. Conflict
           ï‚·     Conflict may arise between community members and contractor. This may hinder
                 or slow down project implementation activities.


   h. Traffic
   ï‚·    Existing travel patterns will be negatively impacted during the construction phase of the
        project.


   C. Occupational Health and Safety
Negative
   ï‚·    In the course of rehabilitation works, there would be a moderate to severe likelihood of
        the occurrence of workplace hazards. Activities using heavy and light equipment such as
        graders and bulldozers could predispose personnel to hazards. “Unsafe behaviours� and
        “unsafe conditions� will pose serious occupational health and safety risks.
   ï‚·    Contact with natural hazards such as animals, insects, poisonous plants and reptiles.


                                                                                                 90
Operational Phase
   A. Environmental Impacts
Positive
   ï‚·   Repair of watershed gullies and rehabilitation of erosion menace. Proper erosion and
       watershed management as flood waters and run-off will be efficiently controlled.
   ï‚·   Improved access road for between villages in the communities. This will immensely
       benefit community residents and other road users.
   ï‚·   Stabilization of the gully erosion, this preventing further erosion from occurring.
   ï‚·   Aesthetic modifications will promote good ambience within the gully erosion.
   ï‚·   Availability of water (in the stilling basin) for agricultural use.
   ï‚·   Control and reduction of water body sedimentation rates due to erosion.
   ï‚·   Promotion of afforestation programs


Negative
   a. Water Quality
   ï‚·   Roadway runoff, wastes (municipal solid wastes, agricultural wastes, effluent, hazardous
       wastes etc.) may cause turbidity, changes in water colour and in pH levels.
   b. Odour
   ï‚·   Release of foul smell from the collector drains, chute and stilling basin as a result of
       runoff/storm water containing decaying matter.
   c. Blocked Drains
   ï‚·   There may be sediment laden run-off/storm water which may block the collector drains
       whereby affecting water flow.


   B. Social Impacts
Positive
   a. Livelihood
   ï‚·   Proper erosion and watershed management as flood waters and run-off will be controlled.
   ï‚·   With the rehabilitation of the gully, the risk of land and properties being carried away will
       be significantly reduced. Reduced fear perception of loss of property, inhabitation and
       ancestral origins of the communities.
   ï‚·   Increase in project area development and business opportunities
   ï‚·   Improved access between villages and communities thus increasing social interactions.
       Reintegration of community and diversification of sources of livelihood.
   ï‚·   Improved agricultural productivity within the community and Abia state at large.
   ï‚·   Initiation/ kick-off of rapid production systems and agricultural practices.
   ï‚·   Reduction in mortality/morbidity from landslides.
   b. Education


                                                                                                 91
   ï‚·   The rehabilitation in the gully area will lead to educational and social tourism to the
       project (for example university students studying various the fields of erosion and
       watershed management and engineering), and Industrial Training and those requiring
       hands-on experience.
   ï‚·   Increase in community development programs
   c. Traffic
   ï‚·   Increase in traffic within the roads and access roads of the project


   d. Control
   ï‚·   Control and monitoring of human activity e.g. farming, building etc. within the recovered
       areas and eased out side slopes


Negative
   a. Loss of Employment
           ï‚·     At the end of the project lifetime the project workforce will be demobilized. This
                 will bring about loss of jobs for the project workers. This will translate to loss in
                 income and business opportunities. Most of the small scale businesses that
                 provided goods and services to the road crew members will either windup or
                 experience significant reduction in the volume of business with the
                 demobilization of the project and this too will translate to loss of income
   b. Air Quality
           ï‚·     Increase vehicular emissions from road users
   c. Waste
           ï‚·     Indiscriminate dumping of waste may lead to blocking of drainage channels and
                 sanitation issues.


   d. Conflict
           ï‚·     There may be land use conflict in managing the erosion site e.g. ecological,
                 grazing and farming
   e. Health and Safety
   ï‚·   The stilling basin could become a breeding site for disease vectors e.g. flies and
       mosquitoes. Possible spread of water borne diseases (e.g. Cholera, Dysentery,
       Amoebiasis, Salmonellosis etc.) may occur.
   ï‚·   Increase in respiratory problems amongst local residents as a result of increase in road
       users.
   ï‚·   Increase in vehicular accidents along constructed/rehabilitated access roads.


   C. Occupational Health and Safety
Positive
   ï‚·   Implementation of site-specific occupational health and safety management plans
       (OHSMPs)


                                                                                                   92
   ï‚·   Monitoring for occupational health and safety risk assessment (OHSRA) report data.
   ï‚·   Continuous job hazard analysis and process hazard analysis (JHA and PHA)
   ï‚·   Implementation of a hazard communication program (HazCom)
   ï‚·   Reduced direct and indirect costs as a result of pro-active safety strategies.
   ï‚·   OHS Training
   ï‚·   PPE availability


Negative
   ï‚·   There may be flood risk associated with the stilling basin. This is likely to occur when the
       impoundment level of the stilling basin exceeds the safety level.
   ï‚·   Injury of workers and the public during the operation and maintenance activities.




                                                                                                93
Table 17 Identified Potential Impacts and Rating - Pre Construction Phase

Project Phase   Component     Sub-          Potential Impact     Description               Likelihood   Consequence    Rating
                              component

                              Air           Fugitive dust and    Direct                    Medium       Considerable   Moderate
                                            exhaust     fumes
                                            from vehicles        Negative
                                                                 Short-term/long-term
                                                                 Local/widespread
                                                                 Reversible
                              Soil          Soil compaction      Direct                    Medium       Considerable   Moderate
                                            and soil structure                             Low
                                            changes due to       Negative
                                            influx        and    Short-term
                                            stationary
                                            positioning     of   Local
                                            heavy         duty
                                            equipment and        Reversible
                                            vehicles
                                            Leakages   from      Direct                                                Moderate
                                            stacked
Pre-                                        equipment and        Negative                  Medium       Considerable
construction    Environment                 subsequent           Short-term
Phase                                       seeping through
                                            of contaminated      Local
                                            oils        and
                                            chemicals            Reversible

                              Noise         Increase above       Direct                    Medium       Considerable   Moderate
                                            permissible noise
                                            level, (90dB) due    Negative
                                            to movement of       Short-term
                                            vehicles,
                                            equipment and        Local/widespread
                                            machines to the
                                            gully erosion site   Reversible

                              Vegetation    De-vegetation –      Direct                    Medium       Little         Minor
                                            Loss of flora and
                                            fauna                Negative
                                                                 Short-term
                                                                 Local/widespread
                                                                 Reversible/Irreversible
Project Phase   Component     Sub-          Potential Impact     Description               Likelihood   Consequence    Rating
                              component


                              Land          Conflict between     Direct                    Medium       Considerable   Moderate
                              Acquisition   contractor    and
                                            land owners, due     Negative
                                            to     unresolved    Short-term
                                            issues     during
                                            land acquisition     Local
                                            process
                                                                 Reversible
                                            Decrease       in    Direct                    Medium       Considerable   Moderate
                                            accruable income
Pre-                                                             Negative
                                            due to sale of
construction
                Social                      land                 Short-term/Long-term
Phase
                                                                 Local
                                                                 Reversible
                              Traffic       Traffic              Direct                    Medium       Considerable   Moderate
                                            congestion/travel
                                            delay                Negative
                                                                 Short-term
                                                                 Local/widespread

                                                                                                                            94
                                                                Reversible
                              Noise        Nuisance        to   Direct                  Medium   Considerable   Moderate
                                           surrounding
                                           residents/           Negative
                                           communities          Short-term
                                                                Local
                                                                Reversible
                              Others       Accidental           Direct                  Medium   Little         Minor
                                           destruction   of                             low
                                           property such as     Negative
                                           farmlands            Short-term
                                                                Local
                                                                Reversible
                                           Grievances           Direct/Indirect         Low      Little         Minor
                                                                Negative
                                                                Short-term
                                                                Local
                                                                Reversible
                                           Accidents            Direct/Indirect         Medium   Considerable   Minor
                                           involving vehicles                           Low
                                           or pedestrians       Negative
                                                                Short-term
                                                                Local
                                                                Reversible
                              Others       Blocked access       Direct/Indirect         Medium   Considerable   Minor
                                           route to places of                           Low
                                           work, residence      Negative
Pre-
construction                               and business         Short-term
Phase          Social
                                                                Local
                                                                Reversible
Pre-                          Air          Exposure        to   Direct                  Medium   Considerable   Moderate
Construction                               respiratory
                                           disease      risks   Negative
                                           from        dusts,   Short-term /long-term
                                           exhaust fumes of
                                           equipment and        Local/wide spread
                                           vehicles
                                                                Reversible
               Occupational
               Health and
               Safety
                              Health and   Exposure      to     Direct                  Medium   Great          Major
                              Safety       injuries    and
                                           accidents during     Negative
                                           movement      of     Short-term /long-term
                                           equipment
                                                                Local/wide spread
                                                                Reversible




                                                                                                                    95
Table 18 Identified Potential Impacts and Rating - Construction Phase

Project Phase   Component     Sub-component    Potential Impact   Description            Likelihood   Consequence    Rating


                                               GHG                Direct /indirect       Medium       Considerable   Minor
                                               Emissions                                 low
                                                                  Negative
                              Climate
                                                                  short-term/Long-term
                              Change
                                                                  Local/widespread
                                                                  Irreversible
                                               Cement dust,       Direct                 Moderate     Considerable   Moderate
                                               fugitive dust,
                                               welding            Negative
                                               fumes,             short-term/Long-term
                                               exhaust
                              Air
                                               fumes,             Local/widespread
                                               hazardous
                                               gases (NOx,        Irreversible
                                               CO, SOx, PM
                                               2.5, PM 10)


                                               Destabilizatio     Direct                 Medium       Considerable   Moderate
                                               n    of     soil
                                               structure/         Negative
                                               Increase     of    short-term
                                               erosion site
                                                                  Local
                                                                  Reversible
Construction                                   Compaction         Direct                 Medium-      Considerable   Moderate
Phase                                          of top soil due                           high
                                               to movement        Negative
                              Soil             of       heavy     short-term
                                               vehicles and
                                               equipment          Local
                Environment                                       Reversible
                                               Contamination      Direct                 Medium-      Considerable   Minor
                                               of soil by oil                            low
                                               spills,   fuel,    Negative
                                               etc.               short-term
                                                                  Local
                                                                  Reversible
                                                                  Direct/Indirect        Medium       Considerable   Moderate
                                               Discharge of       Negative
                                               sediment
                                               laden run-off      Short-term/Long-term
                                               into    water      Local/Widespread
                                               bodies
                              Water                               Reversible
                              quality/hydrol
                              ogy              Contamination      Direct/indirect        Medium       Considerable   Moderate
                                               from     (oils,
                                               fuel, chemical     Negative
                                               substances         short-term/long-term
                                               etc.)
                                                                  Local/widespread
                                                                  Reversible
                                               Contamination      Direct/indirect        Medium       Considerable   Moderate
                                               by      human
                                               faecal wastes      Negative
                              Water
Construction
                Environment   quality/hydrol                      short-term/long-term
Phase
                              ogy
                                                                  Local/widespread
                                                                  Reversible


                                                                                                                       96
                                            Noise              Direct                    Medium-      Considerable   Moderate
                                            pollution and                                high
                                            vibration          Negative
                                            nuisance as a      short-term
                                            result of on-
                                            going              Local
                                            rehabilitation
                                            works.             Reversible
                            Noise     and
                            Vibration       Soil               Direct                    Medium       Considerable   Minor
                                            destabilization                              low
                                            due           to   Negative
                                            vibrations         short-term
                                            from
                                            construction       Local
                                            equipment
                                            use                Reversible

                            Waste           Increased          Direct                    Medium       Considerable   Moderate
                                            generation of
                                            solid      and     Negative
                                            liquid wastes      short-term
                                                               Local
                                                               Reversible
                            Biodiversity    Loss of flora      Direct                    Medium       Considerable   Moderate
                                            and fauna                                    High
                                                               Negative
                                                               short-term /Long term
                                                               Local
                                                               Reversible/irreversibl
                                                               e
Project        Component   Sub-             Potential          Description              Likelihood   Consequence     Rating
Phase                      component        Impact
                           Socio-           Disruptions to     Direct                   Medium       Considerable    Moderate
                           economic         resident
                           activities       activities         Negative
                                            within     the     short-term
                                            project area
                                                               Local

Construction                                                   Reversible
               Social
Phase                                       Blocked            Direct                   Medium       Considerable    Moderate
                                            access
                                            route/Restrict     Negative
                                            ed access          short-term
                                                               Local
                                                               Reversible
                           Public           Negative           Direct                   Medium       Little          Minor
                                            perception
                                            among              Negative
                                            residents and      short-term
                                            commercial
                                            establishment      Local
                                            s etc. about
                                            the project.       Reversible
Construction
               Social
Phase
                                            Possible           Indirect                 Medium       Great           Moderate
                                            human
                                            displacement       Negative
                                                               short-term
                                                               Local
                                                               Reversible




                                                                                                                       97
                        Traffic           Delay in travel    Direct             Medium   Little         Minor
                                          time                                  low
                                                             Negative
                                                             short-term
                                                             Local
                                                             Reversible
                        Education         Noise              Direct             Medium   Considerable   Moderate
                                          disturbances
                                          to the serene      Negative
                                          learning           short-term
                                          environments.
                                          (name       of     Local
                                          school)
                                                             Reversible
                        Health      and   Increase      in   Indirect           Medium   Great          Major
                        Safety            sexual                                high
                                          activities         Negative
                                          leading      to    short-term
                                          possible
                                          spread       of    Local/widespread
                                          STDSI
                                                             Reversible
                                          Incidence of       Direct             Medium   Considerable   Moderate
                                          respiratory
                                          diseases due       Negative
                                          to           air   short-term
                                          contamination
                                          by     fugitive    Local
                                          dusts       and
                                          exhaust            Reversible
                                          fumes
                                          Residents and      Direct             Medium   Great          Moderate
                                          workforce
                                          exposed     to     Negative
                                          accidents and      short-term
                                          injuries
                                                             Local
                                                             Reversible
                                          Incidence of       Direct             Medium   Considerable   Moderate
                                          water borne
                                          diseases (e.g.,    Negative
                                          dysentery,         short-term
                                          typhoid,
                                          cholera)           Local
                                                             Reversible
                        Behaviour         Occurrence of      Indirect           Medium   Considerable   Moderate
                                          social   vices
                                          (e.g.    theft,    Negative
                                          drug use etc.)     short-term
                                                             Local
                                                             Reversible
                        Noise             Nuisance due       Direct             Medium   Little         Minor
                                          to increase in
                                          noise levels       Negative
Construction
               Social                                        short-term
Phase
                                                             Local
                                                             Reversible
                        Project           Conflict           Direct             Medium   Considerable   Moderate
                        Performance       between
                                          community          Negative
                                          members and        short-term
                                          contractor
                                                             Local
                                                             Reversible
                                                                                                          98
                                                Grievance and        Direct/Indirect           Medium       Considerable    Moderate
                                                resistance
                                                from                 Negative
                                                communities          Short-term/long-
                                                                     term
                                                                     Local
                                                                     Reversible
Construction   Occupational    Personnel        Injuries, falls,     Direct/Indirect           Medium       Considerable    Moderate
Phase          Health and      safety           accidents,                                     high
               Safety                           explosions,          Negative
                                                fires,               Short-term/Long-
                                                leakages,            term
                                                accidents etc.
                                                                     Local/widespread
                                                                     Reversible



Table 19 Identified Potential Impacts and their Ratings - Operational Phase

Project        Component      Sub-            Potential            Description          Likelihood      Consequence    Rating
Phase                         component       Impact

                              Air             Exhaust fumes        Indirect             Medium          Considerable   Moderate
                                              from      road
                                              users                Negative
                                                                   Short-term/long-
                                                                   term
                                                                   Local/widespread
                                                                   Irreversible
                              Noise           Nuisance due         Indirect             Medium          Considerable   Moderate
                                              to increase in
                                              noise levels         Negative
                                                                   Short-term/long-
                                                                   term
                                                                   Local

               Environment                                         Reversible
                              Water quality   Contaminated         Indirect             Medium          Considerable   Moderate
                              and             (with human
                              hydrology       waste) water         Negative
Operational
Phase                                         run-off   into       Short-term/long-
                                              surface water        term
                                              etc.
                                                                   Local/widespread
                                                                   Reversible
                              Water flow      Blocked drains       Indirect             Medium          Considerable   Moderate
                                              (with
                                              sediment)            Negative
                                              impeding             Short-term
                                              water flow
                                                                   Local
                                                                   Reversible
                              Employment      Loss         of      Indirect             High            Little         Moderate
                                              employment
                                              (engaged             Negative
               Social                         contract staff       short-term
                                              on the project)
                                                                   Local
                                                                   Reversible




                                                                                                                                99
                            Health      and   Increase      in   Indirect           Medium   Considerable   Moderate
                            Safety            water     borne
                                              diseases           Negative
                                              (malaria,          short-term
                                              typhoid,
                                              cholera)           Local
                                                                 Reversible
                                              Increase      in   Indirect           Medium   Considerable   Moderate
                                              vehicular
                                              related            Negative
                                              accidents          short-term
                                                                 Local
                                                                 Reversible
                                              Increase    in     Indirect           Medium   Considerable   Moderate
                                              respiratory
                                              problems           Negative
                                              amongst local      short-term
                                              residents due
                                              to increase of     Local
                                              road users
                                                                 Reversible
             Occupational   Personnel         Injury      of     Direct             Low      Considerable   Minor
             Health and     safety            workers during
             Safety                           operation and      Negative
                                              maintenance        short-term/Long-
                                              activities         term
                                                                 Local/widespread
                                                                 Reversible




5.4     Mitigation Measures for Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully Erosion
        Complex
Gully control is one of the most important restoration methods used in watershed management,
and timing is an essential element. The civil work in all structural and vegetative control
measures selected should be completed during the dry and early rainy season. Otherwise, the
incomplete structural work can easily be destroyed during the first rainy season. In addition,
vegetative measures such as the planting of tree seedlings and shrub and grass cuttings cannot
begin until structural work is complete. Each continuous gully in the gully system should be
regarded as a basic treatment unit, and all the control measures in that unit should be finished
before the rainy season. This is important because any continuous gully head that is left behind
is capable of affecting the watershed again.

5.4.1     Selection of Mitigation Measures
The duty of selection of Mitigation Measures is bound on the Client (SPMU/World Bank) as
recommended by the ESMP Consultant. The main criteria for selecting structural control
measures (See Table 20) should be based on:
      (a) The size of the gully catchment area,
      (b) The gradient and the length of the gully channel.
The various portions of the main gully channel and finger gullies should be stabilized either by
brush fills; earth plugs and brushwood, log, and loose-stone check dams. The lower parts are
treated with loose-stone or boulder check dams. At a stable point in the lowest section of the
main gully channel, for example, on a rock outcrop, a gabion check dam or cement masonry

                                                                                                                    100
check dam should be constructed. If there is no stable point, a counter-dam (gabion or cement
masonry) must be constructed in front of the first check dam. The points where the other check
dams will be constructed are determined according to the compensation gradient of the gully
channel and the effective height of the check dams.
Table 20: Criteria for Selection of Control Measures for a Continuous Gully

Length of main       Gradient of main      Catchment area of     Required structural measures for each
gully      channel   gully     channel     gully portions (ha)   portion of main gully channel
portions (m)         portions (%)

-                    -                     2 or less             Above gully heads: Diversion ditches or
                                                                 channels

100 or less (from    Various               2 or less             Maximum 100m from gully head: Brush
gully head)                                                      fills, earth plugs, woven-wire, brushwood,
                                                                 log and loose stone check dams. These
                                                                 measures can also be constructed in
                                                                 branch gullies.

900                  70 or less            2 - 20                Between 100m – 1000m: Boulder check
                                                                 dams, retaining walls between check dams
                                                                 if necessary, one gabion or cement-
                                                                 masonry check dam is usually constructed
                                                                 as a first check dam instead of a boulder
                                                                 one.

Note: All structural measures must be accompanied with vegetative/bio-remediation measures
(planting of tree seedlings, shrub and grass cuttings, and sowing of tree, shrub and grass seeds).

5.5   Risk and Danger Assessment/Management
Development projects of this magnitude often have associated risks or dangers. These could be
commonplace risks that are almost inevitable, such as the risk that a member of the team is sick
for part of the project. There may be some unlikely but high impact risks such as the risk that the
rehabilitation could cause the loss of source of livelihood. Therefore there is the need to
constantly assess the risks and take action as needed.
Three possible outcomes can be envisaged for the risk;
        (a) Take action now to avoid the risk, to reduce its likelihood, or to reduce its impact,
        (b) Make contingency plans so that the team is ready to deal with the impact and
            mitigate the risk should it occur,
        (c) Agree that it is an acceptable risk to take no action and hope that the risk does not
            occur.
Risks can then be managed as follows;
        (a) Identify all realistic risks
        (b) Analyse their probability and potential impact
        (c) Decide whether mitigating action should be taken now to avoid or reduce the risk and
            to reduce the impact if it does occur
        (d) Where appropriate, make plans now so that the proponent is prepared to deal with
            the risk should it occur
        (e) Constantly monitor the situation to watch for risks occurring, new risks emerging, or
            changes in the assessment of existing risks.
                                                                                            101
Plate 44: Risk Assessment Process


5.5.1   Assessing risks at the start of a project
It is expected that during the Project conception, the headline risks should be considered as part
of the overall benefit model. At this stage, one will not be dealing with a full catalogue of risks,
consequences and actions. You will focus on the main areas that affect either the justification of
the project or the manner in which it will be carried out.
Also it will be necessary to instigate some specific activities to examine risk, for example
additional interviews, workshops and brainstorming sessions. Where there is a specialist area
involved, you should consult with an appropriate expert.
A good technique for presenting these issues is to use a risk matrix showing the probability of
different headline risks in comparison with their relative impact on the project's goals.




Plate 45: Risk Matrix

                                                                                               102
This focuses attention on the areas where the project plan will need to address key issues and
where specific actions and techniques may be required. Note how this example suggests that the
biggest area of concern tends to be with the "people issues". The human element of a solution is
often the most overlooked aspect.
Sponsors and steering committee members are often very busy people and want the key risks
spelt out into maybe the top ten they should consider. You can use these to raise the most vital
points that need executive attention, but remember it is your job to make sure all significant risks
are considered and dealt with.
The other thing you should do early on is to decide upon the procedures and technology for
managing risk. In most cases you will use some form of technology, preferably as part of a set of
integrated Project Office tools. The procedures should make it easy for all participants to submit
their thoughts and concerns. Always capture the thought. You may dismiss it later if appropriate,
but you should always consider and assess the input.

5.5.2   Assessing risks at the start of each phase
When you prepare in detail for each phase of work you should look at the risks in detail. Try to
identify all realistic risks that should be considered. In most cases, it will be worth capturing the
information electronically in a risk register. It should include:
        (a) A reference code for the risk
        (b) A description of the risk;
        (c) Who owns this risk (i.e. who is accountable for monitoring it and taking action);
        (d) The probability of the risk occurring;
        (e) A description and quantification of the potential impact of the risk;
        (f) The likely cost to the project if that risk occurs;
        (g) Optionally, the proximity of the risk (i.e. how soon could it strike);
        (h) The severity of the risk and/or priority for dealing with it;
        (i) What actions should be taken now to reduce the probability and/or impact and by
            whom;
        (j) Optionally, a re-assessment of the probability, impact and priority of the risk after
            those planned mitigation actions have been taken;
        (k) What contingency plans should be formulated now so that NEWMAP is ready to act if
            the risk occurs;
        (l) Optionally, tracking information for the actions proposed above (who, when, status,
            etc.);
        (m) When the risk should next be assessed (timing or trigger).
In a quantitative risk assessment, considerable evidence is gathered to quantify the probability
and impact of the risk. This is a specialised area and uses specialised tools, but the simple logic
is
impact x probability = expected cost.


The purpose of qualitative risk management is to focus leadership attention on risks that merit
their attention. It is not helpful to present a high degree of precision since the risks have not
been thoroughly quantified and the point is not to calculate their precise expected impact. Often
the probability and impact are simplified to categories such as High, Medium and Low - or maybe
3, 2 and 1. Most people want to multiply qualitative probabilities with qualitative impacts to show

                                                                                                103
severity. Mathematically, this is not logical as we are not dealing with quantified values. Some
people prefer to add the scores or you could use a look-up table, but any way of focusing
attention can be used if it conveys the key points to the leadership. The example below shows a
risk severity prioritisation table used to identify Risk Level from Probability and Impact.

Table 21: Risk severity prioritization table




The table below shows some specific risks identified for the rehabilitation project
Table 22: Identified Risk, Ratings and Response to Risk

IDENTIFIED RISKS                PROBABILITY    IMPACT     RESPONSE

Team members leave or High                     Low        Ensure the plan has contingency built
become sick                                               into it to allow for less than expected
                                                          resource availability

Key   team      member Medium                  Medium     Ensure project procedures include
becomes available                                         good      knowledge sharing    and
                                                          documentation so that the thought
                                                          process, designs and decisions are
                                                          not lost.

Solution does not meet Low                     High       Ensure good participation and
the project needs                                         collaboration              involving
                                                          representatives and resources from
                                                          all stakeholders

Insufficient participation High                Medium     Ensure the Project Sponsor and
from stakeholders                                         supporting sponsors are aware of the
                                                          importance     of    promoting    and
                                                          rewarding participation. This message
                                                          should    be    conveyed      to  the
                                                          stakeholders.




                                                                                               104
IDENTIFIED RISKS            PROBABILITY   IMPACT     RESPONSE

Significant change in the Medium          High       Project needs may sometimes
project       and      its                           change, so plan the project so that it
consequent needs (eg                                 could adjust rapidly at relatively low
restructuring)                                       cost, for example, a number of short
                                                     incremental steps towards the goal
                                                     could be easier and cheaper to re-
                                                     direct than one enormously long
                                                     delivery project.

Technical solution     has Low            High       Invest in appropriate levels of testing.
major flaws                                          Consider a period of parallel running.
                                                     Have a fallback contingency plan to
                                                     revert to a previous system if
                                                     necessary

Technical solution     has High           Low        Put in place an "early care"
operational flaws                                    programme to deal with immediate
                                                     snags. Ensure processes, resources
                                                     and responsibilities for on-going
                                                     maintenance are established well
                                                     before live date

System failures             High          Medium     Invest now in fault tolerant
                                                     components and adequate redundant
                                                     contingency resources. Ensure the
                                                     plan includes appropriate backup,
                                                     recovery, and disaster recovery
                                                     procedures (and tests them).

PAPs fail to use the Medium               Medium     Plan for a detailed Training Needs
alternative     livelihood                           Analysis and put in place an
options effectively and                              appropriate training programme.
efficiently                                          Consider how to coach and support
                                                     users after live date

PAPs resist the changes     High          High       Use change management experts to
                                                     assess the issues and create a
                                                     change      programme.       Co-ordinate
                                                     communications and sponsorship
                                                     activities to convey the message.
                                                     Confront big issues early in the project
                                                     (not just before live operation).

Dependency with other Low                 Medium     Plan to accommodate other projects
systems and projects                                 with minimal or no negative impact on
                                                     the proposed sub project.

Degree    of      executive High          High       Ensure that the executive is carried
support        required to                           along from project conception all
succeed                                              through the life cycle of the project.

These risks and implications should be discussed with the relevant leaders and participants.
Planned responses to those risks should be agreed by the World Bank and NEWMAP.
                                                                                        105
5.5.3   Managing the risks
Risk management should be seen as a continuous process throughout the project. Once the
initial risk register and procedures have been established the PMU, and all project participants
should be alert for new, changing or occurring risks. Participants should be briefed on the
importance of this and the specific procedures. Procedures for reporting risk should be as easy
as possible. Feedback from all participants should be encouraged and rewarded.
The PMU should review the risk register proactively on a regular basis. They should check the
status of potential issues, for example, by calling the responsible party and checking if there has
been any change in status. The Project Coordinator should also review the register on a regular
basis and take action as required. Headline information on risks would be reported to the
leadership along with the other project performance data.
Where risks occur, they need to be managed therefore a contingency plan should be formulated
and the Project Coordinator should be able to take immediate action to mitigate the impact.
Some of these methods stated below can be employed also in the management of risk for the
rehabilitation project;
Transfer of risk
Contractual clauses are intended to transfer risks. When laying-off risks, weigh up the frequency
of occurrence against the level of premium paid for the transfer. It can be unwise to pass a risk
that is difficult to assess to the contractor as they may either increase their prices, or disregard it
when preparing their bid and then find they are in difficulty later.
Acceptance of risk
The client may carry highly unpredictable and poorly defined risks as the alternative might be to
unacceptably inflate tenders.
Avoidance of risk
Redefine the project goes a long way in helping avoid risk. Clarification of responsibilities,
remuneration, and expenditure at the beginning of the project will help avoid problems.
Insuring against risk
Most standard form contracts insist on certain types of insurance, such as; insurance against
fire, professional indemnity insurance and so on.
Doing nothing about risk
Either none of the project team considers the risk, or they consider the risk and decided that they
already lie with those who could best control them.
Allocating risk through methods of payment
One of these two ways can be used in allocating risk through payment method.
    (a) Fixed price: items paid for based on the contractor’s predetermined estimate
    (b) Cost reimbursement: items paid for based on what the contractor spends in executing
        the work.


However, there will be need to balance the envisaged risk. This can be achieved through one of
the following contractual approach
Design and build
There is a single point of responsibility with the contractor for both the design of the project and
operations on site. As such, most of the risk lies with the contractor, particularly where the
contract is let on a lump sum basis. However, risk is increasingly transferred back to the
employer as more preparatory design work is carried out before the contract is let.

                                                                                                  106
Traditional contract
With traditional lump-sum contracts, the intention is that there should be a fair balance of risk
between the parties. The employer is responsible for the design and the contractor for the
operations on site (although this is complicated when nominated sub-contractors and suppliers
are included). The balance can be adjusted as required, but the greater the risk assigned to the
contractor, the higher the tender Plate is likely to be. The risk to the employer is lessened by the
contract being let on a lump-sum basis, although in reality, no price is 'fixed'.
Management contracting
In management contracting the balance of risk lies with the employer. Separate works contracts
are let, and the employer may continue to develop the design during construction, hence there
may be little certainty about cost or time. However, the risk of delays and defects are associated
with the responsibility for the works contract. In some cases the management contractor may
absorb this risk and with a resulting increase in price, although this may compromise their
'impartiality'.




                                                                                               107
6     CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1    Overview
The range of environmental, social and occupational health and safety issues associated with the
rehabilitation works for the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully Erosion Complex will be
described in a matrix table format for the environmental and social management plan (ESMP).
The table (23-25) also includes columns for Monitoring Indicators, monitoring parameters,
monitoring instruments, monitoring locations, Monitoring Frequencies, monitoring responsibilities
and costs.
It outlines the corresponding mitigation measures for potential environmental and social impacts;
and occupational health and safety risks that are envisaged to occur during activities. Since the
project consists of civil rehabilitation works basically, majority of the environmental and social
impacts and occupational hazards will be expected to arise during the construction phase of the
project. The ESMP also covers potential impacts as perceived during the pre-construction and
operation phases.

6.2    Institutional Arrangement for ESMP and Monitoring Plan
It is envisaged that the environmental and social impacts and their designed enhancement and
mitigation measures shall be monitored during implementation of the construction/rehabilitation
works and operation phases. The roles and responsibilities for monitoring the environmental and
social impacts and the implementation of the ESMP are as follows.
Overall sub-project coordination will be housed in the State Project Management Unit (SPMU), of
Abia State NEWMAP Office. They will oversee the day-to-day project management and ensure that
environmental and socio-economic concerns and management as elucidated in the ESMP are
integrated into all aspects of project implementation. The Abia State Ministry of Environment;
herein referred to as State Ministry of Environment (SMEnv); National Environmental Standards
Regulatory Enforcement Agency (NESREA), and Abia State Environmental Protection Agency
(ASEPA) will monitor, evaluate and audit the implementation of the ESMP to ensure that the
rehabilitation works and project operations meet “best environmental practices�.
Awareness creation exercises on HIV/AIDS, environmental protection and personal hygiene and
sanitation shall also be undertaken for contactors personnel and all stakeholders involved in
project implementation.




                                                                                             108
Table 23 ESMP - Pre-Construction Phase

Component   Sub-        Activities   Potential        Mitigation         Monitoring         Where to How to Monitoring          Institutional    Institutional     Costs (USD)
            component                Impact           Measures           Indicators         Monitor monitor Frequency           Responsibility   Responsibility(
                                                                                                                                (Mitigation)     Monitoring)


                                                      Sprinkling of Air        quality      2-3km     Air       Twice monthly   Mitigation:      Monitoring:
                                                      water        via parameters           Radius    quality                                    FMENV,
                                                      spraying         are      within      of        test                      Contractor       SMENV, PMU,
                                                      devices to limit permissible          project                                              Contractor
                        Mobilizati                    dusts.           Limits               area
                        on      of
                                     Increase in
                        workers,
                                     amounts of
                        equipmen
                                     fugitive dusts   Ensure      that   Ensure      that   2-3km     Air       Every     two
                        t     and
                                     and exhaust      vehicles     are   vehicles are       Radius    quality   months
                        other
                                     fumes from       serviced;          serviced;          of        test
                        materials
Environment Air                      movement of      undergo            undergo            project                                                                4,500
                        into
                                     heavy-duty       vehicle            vehicle            area
                        Umuda
                                     vehicles and     emission           emission
                        Isingwu/U
                                     equipment        testing (VET)      testing (VET)
                        muagu
                                     into      work   and      vehicle   and     vehicle
                        Ibeku
                                     areas.           exhaust            exhaust
                        Erosion
                        Site                          screening          screening
                                                      (VES) as laid      (VES) as laid
                                                      down in the        down in the
                                                      NESREA             NESREA
                                                      guidelines.        guidelines.




                                                                                                                                                                             109
Component   Sub-        Activities   Potential      Mitigation         Monitoring          Where to How to Monitoring      Institutional     Institutional     Costs (USD)
            component                Impact         Measures           Indicators          Monitor monitor Frequency       Responsibility    Responsibility(
                                                                                                                           (Mitigation)      Monitoring)


                                   Loss of top      Limit zone of      Visible             Project     Visual     Weekly   Mitigation:
                                   soil and soil    vehicle    and     demarcation         camp        observat            PMU         and
                                   compaction       equipment          of      vehicles    sites and   ion,                Contractors
                                   due         to   weight impacts     and                 equipme
                                   movement of      (designate an      equipment           nt          Soil
                                   vehicles    to   area        for    limit zone          packing     Compact
                                   site       and   parking    and                         zones       ion test
                                                                       Warning signs,
                        Mobilizati stacking of      stacking
                                                                       flags will be
                        on      of heavy-duty       equipment)
                                                                       utilized to alert
                        workers,   equipment
                                                                       users, so as to
                        equipmen                                       reduce risks
                        t     and                                      associated
                        other                                          with         the
                        materials                                      rehabilitation
            Soil                                                                                                                                               8,000
                        into                                           of the project
                        Umuda
                        Isingwu/U
                        muagu      Leakages         Ensure             Installation of     Project   Soil         Weekly                     Monitoring:
                        Ibeku      from stacked     fastening    of    impermeable         camp      quality                                 SMENV,
                        Erosion    equipment        loose     parts    platform     at     sites and test                                    ASEPA, PMU
                        Site       and              (bolts,   nuts);   limit zone.         equipme
                                   subsequent       Install                                nt
                                   intrusion of     impermeable                            packing
                                   oil        and   surface at the                         zones
                                   chemical         limit zone to
                                   substances       contain
                                   into soil.       potential
                                                    leakages




                                                                                                                                                                         110
Component   Sub-        Activities   Potential         Mitigation         Monitoring       Where to How to Monitoring   Institutional    Institutional     Costs (USD)
            component                Impact            Measures           Indicators       Monitor monitor Frequency    Responsibility   Responsibility(
                                                                                                                        (Mitigation)     Monitoring)


                        Mobilizati   Increase          The effective      Options    for   2-3Km     Noise     Weekly   Mitigation:      Monitoring:       800
                        on      of   above             control       of   noise impact     Radius    level              PMU,             SMEnv, ASEPA
                        workers,     permissible       noise     from     mitigation are   of        testing            Contractor
                        equipmen     noise level,      vehicles and       being            project
                        t     and    (90dB)            equipment          implemented      site
                        other        during            during      this
                        materials    movement of       phase may be
                        into         vehicles,         achieved      by
                        Umuda        equipment         considering the
                        Isingwu/U    and               following
                        muagu        machines          techniques:
                        Ibeku        (site-specific
                        Erosion      and               ï‚·   Alternativ
                        Site         widespread).          e design
                                     A Logarithmic         options;
                                     scale        in
                                     decibels (ie      ï‚·   Mitigation
                                     Decibel               at the
Environment Noise                                          source;
                                     Sound
                                     Pressure
                                     Level)    was     ï‚·   Mitigation
                                     used.                 along the
                                                           path; and

                                                       ï‚·   Mitigation
                                                           at the
                                                           receiver

                                                       For     minimal
                                                       disturbance it
                                                       will be advised
                                                       that equipment
                                                       is transported
                                                       when it will
                                                       cause      least
                                                       disturbance



                                                                                                                                                                     111
Component     Sub-         Activities   Potential       Mitigation           Monitoring        Where to How to Monitoring      Institutional    Institutional     Costs (USD)
              component                 Impact          Measures             Indicators        Monitor monitor Frequency       Responsibility   Responsibility(
                                                                                                                               (Mitigation)     Monitoring)


                                        Displacement    Contractors          Vegetation        Project     For     a Monthly                    Monitoring:
                                        of soil fauna   should       limit   clearing     is   Commun      and                                  PMU
                                        and damage      vegetation           limited     to    ity         fauna
                                        to flora.       clearing        to   precise areas     especiall   studies             Mitigation:
                                                        minimum                                y access    in                  Contractors
                                                        areas required                         routes to   selected
                                                        particularly                           gully as    areas
                                                        areas        with                      well as
                                                        indigenous                             gully
                           Vegetatio
              Vegetation                                vegetation                             corridors                                                          2,000
                           n clearing

                                        Predisposing Cleared areas           Re-vegetation     Commun Ground        Monthly
                                        of soils to should be re-            is    ongoing     ity       trotting
                                        erosion      vegetated with          where             especiall
                                                     beneficial local        appropriate.      y access
                                                     species known                             routes to
                                                     to     mitigate                           gully
                                                     against erosion


SUB-TOTAL :




                                                                                                                                                                            112
Compone   Sub-       Activities       Potential         Mitigation     Monitoring      Where to How to Monitoring      Institutional       Institutional      Costs
nt        componen                    Impact            Measures       Indicators      Monitor  monitor Frequency      Responsibility      Responsibility     (USD)
          t                                                                                                            (Mitigation)        (Monitoring)


                     Mobilization     Traffic           Apply lane     Lane            Project     Site       Daily    Mitigation:        Monitoring: FRSC;   2,000
                     of    workers,   congestion/tra    configuratio   configuration   routes      visits              Contractors, FRSC
                     equipment        vel delay along   n changes to   changes are     within      and                 (Federal      Road
                     and      other   some      major   affected       being    made   communit    observa             Safety Corps)
          Traffic    materials into   roads             roads and      where           y           tion
                     Umuda                              streets.       applicable.
                     Isingwu/Umu
                     agu      Ibeku
                     Erosion Site
Social
                     Mobilization     Nuisance      to Retrofit with   Retrofitting     Project    Inspect    Daily    Mitigation:         Monitoring: SMENV, 2,000
                     of    workers,   nearby           suitable cost   with     vehicle communit   Contrac             Contractors         ASEPA
                     equipment        residential      effective       sound proof y               tors
                     and      other   areas            vehicle         materials     is            equipm
          Noise      materials into                    sound           being                       ent
                     Umuda                             proofing        performed
                     Isingwu/Umu                       materials/
                     agu      Ibeku                    technologies
                     Erosion Site                      .


                     Mobilization                       Provision of   Provision    of Project     Site                Mitigation: SMENV,
                                      Exposure    to
                     of    workers,                     facemasks      face    masks area          visits              PMU, Public Health
                                      health   risks
                     equipment                          to residents   and                         and                 depts.     Umuahia
                                      from fugitive
Social    Air        and      other                     and project    appropriate                 inspecti   Weekly   North LGA          Monitoring: ASEPA   2,000
                                      dusts     and
                     materials into                     personnel.     PPEs        are             ons
                                      exhausts
                     Umuda                                             being
                                      fumes.
                     Isingwu/Umu                                       provided.




                                                                                                                                                                113
Compone   Sub-       Activities      Potential         Mitigation       Monitoring      Where to How to Monitoring       Institutional     Institutional         Costs
nt        componen                   Impact            Measures         Indicators      Monitor  monitor Frequency       Responsibility    Responsibility        (USD)
          t                                                                                                              (Mitigation)      (Monitoring)

                     agu     Ibeku
                     Erosion Site                      Restrict         Restriction     Project   Site
                                                       access     of    barrier     are site      visits
                                                       non-project      being                     and
                                                       personnel to     installed.                inspecti
                                                       work areas                                 on
                                                       where dusts
                                                       and
                                                       emissions
                                                       exist/persist
                                                       from project
                                                       works.


          Land       Land            Conflict owing    The      PMU     Documented    Project     Examin     Monthly for Mitigation: PMU   Monitoring:      PMU, 2,000
                     Acquisition     to unresolved     will carry out   evidence   of communit    e          6months                       Independent
                                     land              an extensive     enlightenment y           grievan    before and                    Consultant,
                                     acquisition       enlightenme      carried   out             ce         during
                                     and involuntary   nt program       showing                   redress    constructio                   Contractors
                                     displacement      to     inform    method,                   reports    n/rehabilita
                                     during      the   farmers and      coverage and                         tion phase
                                     construction      communitie       dates      of
                                                       s on the         programs
                                                       aim, scope
                                                       and nature
                                                       of the work




                                                                                                                                                                   114
Compone   Sub-         Activities       Potential           Mitigation      Monitoring         Where to How to Monitoring          Institutional    Institutional      Costs
nt        componen                      Impact              Measures        Indicators         Monitor  monitor Frequency          Responsibility   Responsibility     (USD)
          t                                                                                                                        (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)


          Constructi   Transportatio Public Safety          Transportati    Evidence     of Project        Site       Weekly      Mitigation:       Monitoring: PMU,   -
          on           n         and and    Traffic         on of heavy     warning signal communit        visits     during pre- Contractor
          camping      movement of congestion               equipment                       ies and        and        constructio
                       heavy                                will      be                    transport      inspecti   n phase
                       equipment                            carried out     Log record of routes           ons                    PMU
                                                            during    off   time of lorry
                                                            pick hours      arrival/dischar
                                                            when it will    ge           of
                                                            not disturb     equipment
                                                            public
                                                            movement


                                                            Where
                                                            movement
                                                            cannot be
                                                            avoided
                                                            during work
                                                            hour,    the
                                                            contractor
                                                            must attach
                                                            a    warning
                                                            signal


                       Mobilization     Disruption of       Adequate        Adequate and       Project     Site                    Mitigation:      Monitoring: PMU    800
                       of    workers,   vehicle      and    and timely      timely             communit    visits                  Contractor,
                       equipment        pedestrian          sensitization   sensitization      ies and     and
                       and      other   access         to   of identified   program       is   transport   inspecti                PMU
                       materials into   where               Respondent      being              routes      ons
          Others       Umuda            rehabilitation      s;      Lane    conducted                                 Monthly
                       Isingwu/Umu      works will be       configuratio
                       agu      Ibeku   conducted           n               Lane
                       Erosion Site                                         configuration
                                                                            change have
                       .                                                    been made




                                                                                                                                                                           115
Compone      Sub-        Activities        Potential        Mitigation   Monitoring    Where to How to Monitoring        Institutional            Institutional           Costs
nt           componen                      Impact           Measures     Indicators    Monitor  monitor Frequency        Responsibility           Responsibility          (USD)
             t                                                                                                           (Mitigation)             (Monitoring)


                                                                        Sensitization Project     Examin                                          Monitoring: PMU
                                                                        exercise are communit     e
                                           Grievances     Adequate      conducted     ies and     Awaren                                                                  2,250
                                           and negative and timely                    transport   ess
                                           community      sensitization               routes      reports,
                                           perception     of identified                           site
                                           about      the Respondent                              visits
                                           project.       s                                       and
                                                                                                  consult
                                                                                                  ations


SUB TOTAL – 11,050


Compone      Sub-    Activities       Potential        Mitigation         Monitoring   Where     How     to Monitoring           Institutional           Institutional     Cost
nt           compone                  Impact           Measures           Indicators   to        monitor    Frequency            Responsibility          Responsibility    s
             nt                                                                        Monitor                                   (Mitigation)            (Monitoring)      (USD
                                                                                                                                                                           )


             Air        Mobilizati                    Institute   workers Institution of Contrac Examine    Weekly               Mitigation:             Monitoring:       4,00
                        on      of                    respiratory         WRPP           tors    contractor                      Independent             ASEPA, PMU        0
                                      Respiratory
                        workers,                      protection program                 project s WRPP                          Consultant,
                                      disease risks
                        equipme                       (WRPP)                             camp/o                                  Contractors
Occupatio                             from exposure
                        nt    and                                                        ffice
nal Health                            to      exhaust
                        other
and Safety                            fumes        of
                        materials
                                      equipment and
                        into gully
                                      vehicles
                        erosion
                        site




                                                                                                                                                                            116
Compone   Sub-        Activities       Potential        Mitigation     Monitoring     Where to How to Monitoring       Institutional         Institutional        Costs
nt        componen                     Impact           Measures       Indicators     Monitor  monitor Frequency       Responsibility        Responsibility       (USD)
          t                                                                                                            (Mitigation)          (Monitoring)


          Noise      Mobilizati                    Institute      noise Institution of Contrac   Examine   Weekly              Mitigation:          Monitoring:    1,20
                     on      of                    control plan         noise control tors       Contracto                     Independent          ASEPA, PMU     0
                     workers,                                           plan           project   rs Noise                      Consultant,
                     equipme                                                           camp/o    control                       Contractor
                     nt    and                                                         ffice     plan
                                Noise pollution
                     other
                     materials
                     into gully
                     erosion
                     site


                                                   Education     and Education        Contrac    Examine     One-off           PMU,    Contractor, PMU             800
                                                   training       of and training     tors       Contracto                     Independent
                                                   Respondents about has     been     project    rs                            Consultant
                                                   the project and conducted          camp/o     Accident
                                                   accident                           ffice      preventio
                                                   occurrence                                    n plan

                     Mobilizati
                                                   Contractor(s)       Training has   Contrac    Examine     One-off           PMU                  PMU            300
                     on      of Accidents
                                                   education      and been            tors       Contracto
                     workers, involving
                                                   training         on conducted      project    rs
                     equipme pedestrians
                                                   pedestrian safety                  camp/o     Accident
          Accident   nt    and
                                                                                      ffice      preventio
          s          other
                                                                                                 n plan
                     materials
                     into gully
                     erosion
                                                   Install        safety Safety       Project    Site visits Weekly            PMU, Contractor      PMU            800
                     site
                                                   signage               signage have site       and
                                                                         been                    inspection
                                                                         installed


                                   Collapse    of Conduct haulage Training has Contrac           Inspection One-off            Contractor           PMU            550
                                   heavy          safety training been         tors              and
                                   equipment etc.                 conducted    project           consultati


                                                                                                                                                                    117
Compone   Sub-        Activities         Potential         Mitigation    Monitoring     Where to How to Monitoring     Institutional        Institutional    Costs
nt        componen                       Impact            Measures      Indicators     Monitor  monitor Frequency     Responsibility       Responsibility   (USD)
          t                                                                                                            (Mitigation)         (Monitoring)

                                   being conveyed                                       camp/o on   with
                                   to rehabilitation                                    ffice  workers
                                   work area


                                                       Enhanced            Contractor(s) Contrac Site visits Weekly            Contractor          PMU        800
                                                       fastening        of Compliance tors       and
                                                       equipment        to               project inspection
                                                       carriage section of               camp/o
                                                       vehicles.                         ffice


                                   Attack     from Conduct safety and Training has      Contrac   Inspection One-off           Contractor          PMU        650
                                   dangerous       first aid training been              tors      and
          Personn
                                   animals during                     conducted         project   consultati
          el Safety
                                   de-vegetation                                        camp/o    on    with
                                   activities                                           ffice     workers


SUB-TOTAL –


PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE TOTAL -




                                                                                                                                                               118
Table 24 ESMP - Construction Phase

Component   Sub-      Activities    Potential   Mitigation             Monitoring   where to How    to Monitoring    Institutional    Institutional    Costs
            component               Impact      Measures               Indicators   monitor monitor    Frequency     Responsibility   Responsibility   (USD)
                                                                                                                     (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)


                                                Fuel     switching-                 2-3km     Air quality            Mitigation:      Monitoring:
                                                Fuel      switching                 Radius    test                   PMU,             ASEPA,
                                                from high- to low-                  of                               Contractors      PMU¸FMENV
                                                carbon      content                 project
                                                fuels        (where                 area
                                                available) can be
                                                a relatively cost
                                                effective means to                  Project   Site visits
                                                mitigate       GHG                  site      and
                                                emissions during                              inspection
                                                this phase.
                                                Transition       to
                                                renewable energy
                        Operation               sources i.e. solar
                        of                      energy      (where
                                                applicable)         Compliance
                        equipment
Environmen Climate                  GHG                             to proffered
                        used                                                                                Weekly
t          Change                   Emissions                       mitigation
                        during the
                                                                    measures.
                        constructio             Energy efficiency-
                        n phase                 Machines       e.g.
                                                generator plants
                                                could be turned
                                                off when not in
                                                use, in order to
                                                reduce      carbon
                                                emissions.


                                                Multiple       trips
                                                reduction: In order
                                                to          reduce
                                                vehicular
                                                movement        and                                                                                    1,750
                                                subsequent


                                                                                                                                                               119
Component   Sub-      Activities      Potential    Mitigation             Monitoring   where to How    to Monitoring   Institutional    Institutional     Costs
            component                 Impact       Measures               Indicators   monitor monitor    Frequency    Responsibility   Responsibility    (USD)
                                                                                                                       (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)

                                                   increased carbon
                                                   emissions.
                                                   Hire       vehicles,
                                                   plants          and
                                                   equipment       that
                                                   are     in    good
                                                   condition (current
                                                   models) generally
                                                   less than 3 yrs.
                                                   old.


                        Operation                                                      2-3km     Air quality           Mitigation:      Monitoring:
                        of                                                             Radius    test                  Contractors      ASEPA,      PMU
                        equipment                                                      of                                               (Especially the
                        used                                                           project                 Daily                    ESO)
                        during the                                                     area
                        constructio
                        n phase
                                                                                                                                                          -


                                     Fugitive and Routine watering                                                     Mitigation:      Monitoring:
                        Rehabilitati cement dusts of                   Contractors                                     Contractors      ASEPA,      PMU
            Air                                                    the
                        on works –                                     Compliance                                                       (Especially the
                                                  rehabilitation site
                        including                                                                                                       ESO)
                        filling and
                        compaction
                        activities,                                                                            Daily
                        constructio
                        n of side
                        drains,
                        culverts
                        and other
                        hydraulic
                        structures



                                                                                                                                                                  120
Component     Sub-        Activities   Potential        Mitigation              Monitoring Where to How     to Monitorin Institutional   Institutional      Costs (USD)
              component                Impact           Measures                Indicators monitor  monitor    g         Responsibili    Responsibility
                                                                                                               Frequency ty              (Monitoring)
                                                                                                                         (Mitigation)


                                                        Wet Right-of-Way to                                                Mitigation:   Monitoring:
                                                        reduce         dust QC and QA Project        Site Visit            PMU,
                                                        production          are      in              and        Monthly    Contractors   PMU (Especially
                                                                                        site                                             the        ESO),
                                                                            practice                 inspection
                                                                                                                                         Contractors      700


                                                        Test Procedures –                                                                Monitoring:
                                     Exhaust            Routine measuring                                                                PMU (Especially
                          Heavy      fumes,             of HC and CO                                                                     the        ESO),
                          equipment hazardous           concentrations                                                                   SMEnv
                          operations gases (NOx,        during rehabilitation
Environment   Air
                          during     CO,         SOx,   works should be
                          constructi SPM,), Oxides      employed for PMS        Contractor                       Monthly
                          on         from welding       powered vehicles.       s
                                     activities.        Diesel         (AGO)    Complianc
                                                        vehicles should be      e
                                                        tested for exhaust
                                                        opacity       during
                                                        unloaded     engine
                                                        free    acceleration
                                                        periods.
                                                                                                                                                            2,000




                                                                                                                                                                     121
Component   Sub-           Activities     Potential        Mitigation              Monitoring Where to How     to Monitorin Institutional      Institutional    Costs (USD)
            component                     Impact           Measures                Indicators monitor  monitor    g         Responsibili       Responsibility
                                                                                                                  Frequency ty                 (Monitoring)
                                                                                                                            (Mitigation)


                                                           Quality Control –                    Project   Site visits,           Mitigation:   Monitoring:
                                                           Routine equipment                    site      inspection             Contractors   PMU, SMEnv
                                                           efficiency audits                              and
                                                                                                          consultatio
                                                           Quality Assurance –     Contractor             n      with
                                                           Continuous training     s                      workers
                                                           of      contractor(s)                                       Monthly
                                                                                   Complianc
                                                           personnel on air        e
                                                           quality
                                                           management

                                                                                                                                                                -


                                                           Attempts to dispose                                                   Mitigation:   Monitoring:
                                          Contamination    of sediment-laden                                                     Contractors   PMU, SMEnv
                                          of     surface   run-off into surface
                                          water            water should be                      Surface
                                          (discharge of    discouraged      and Contractor
                           All                                                                  water
                                          sediment         prevented.            s                        Water
                           rehabilitati                                                         within                   Daily
                                          laden run-off                          Complianc                quality test
                           on works                        Implement       site- e              project
                                          into
                                                           specific      waste                  area
            Water                         drainages,
                                          waterways        management plans
            quality/Hydr
            ology                         etc)
                                                                                                                                                                -


                                      Generation of        Liaise with the                                Water                  Mitigation:   Monitoring:
                                      sewage               municipal sewage                     Surface   quality                              SMENV, ASEPA
                           Defecation overtime (from       collection         PMU                                                Contractor
                                                                                                water     test,
                           near gully use          of      authorities    for
                                                                              Complianc         within    consulatati Monthly
                           erosion    temporary            collection    and
                                                                              e                 project   on      with
                           site       mobile toilets       treatment of waste                   area      monitoring
                                      by personnel         with ASEPA                                     agency                                                800
                                      involved     in


                                                                                                                                                                         122
Component    Sub-          Activities   Potential      Mitigation             Monitoring Where to How     to Monitorin Institutional   Institutional     Costs (USD)
             component                  Impact         Measures               Indicators monitor  monitor    g         Responsibili    Responsibility
                                                                                                             Frequency ty              (Monitoring)
                                                                                                                       (Mitigation)


                                        civil works)


Component    Sub-          Activities     Potential    Mitigation            Monitoring     Where to How         to Monitoring Institutional    Institutional    Costs
             component                    Impact       Measures              Indicators     monitor  monitor        Frequency Responsibility    Responsibility   (USD)
                                                                                                                               (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)




                                                       Creation of limit                                                        PMU,            Monitoring:
                                                       zones                                                                    Contractors     SMENV, PMU
                                                     Minimize
                                                     compaction
                                                     during stockpiling
                                                     by working the
                           Movement                  soil in the dry
                           of      heavy             state.             PMU,         and Project  Site visits and
                           vehicles/Sta Surface soil
Environment Soil/geology                             Rip    compacted   Contractor’s     site and inspection,     Monthly
                           tionary       compaction
                           vehicles and              areas to reduce Compliance          routes   soil testing
                           equipment                 runoff and re-
                                                     vegetate   where
                                                     necessary
                                                       All topsoil and
                                                       other soil profiles
                                                       must be managed
                                                       strictly                                                                                                  450




                                                                                                                                                                   123
Component   Sub-        Activities       Potential          Mitigation           Monitoring Where to How     to Monitorin Institutional      Institutional     Costs (USD)
            component                    Impact             Measures             Indicators monitor  monitor    g         Responsibili       Responsibility
                                                                                                                Frequency ty                 (Monitoring)
                                                                                                                          (Mitigation)


                                                   All    oil     and                                                                 Mitigation:     Monitoring:
                                                   lubricants should
                                                   be sited on an                                                                     Contractor      SMENV, PMU
                                                   impervious base
                        Contaminati                and should have                                      Site visits and
                        on by oil
                                      Pollution of drip pans                                   Project  inspection,
                        spills,                                       Contractor                                        Periodicall
                                      soil     and                                             site and soil        and
                        lubricants                 The storage area Compliance                                          y
                                      groundwater                                              routes   groundwater
                        and     other              should be far from
                                                                                                        testing
                        chemicals                  water course
                                                            All     containers
                                                            should be clearly
                                                            labelled                                                                                                 900


                                                            Ensure excavation                                                         Contractor      Monitoring:
                                                            is    limited  to
                                                            desired areas                                                                             PMU
                        Filling and       Loss of top
                        Compaction        soil          ;
                        activities for    possible                                             Project
                        gully head        minor       to    Filling       and Contractor       site and
                                                                                                        Site visits and
                                                                                                                        Monthly
                        and finger        moderate          compaction      in Compliance      routes
                                                                                                        inspection
                        gullies           soil              layers must range
                        reclamation       instability       between      150-
                                                            200mm
                                                            thicknesses    as
                                                            recommended.                                                                                             1900


                                                    The     contractor                                                                Contractor      Monitoring:
                        Erosion           Erosion   must implement                             Project
                                                                       Contractor                       Site visits and                               SMENV, PMU
                        managemen         managemen appropriate                                site and                 Weekly
                        t                 t         erosion    control Compliance              routes
                                                                                                        inspection
                                                    measures to avoid                                                                                                3400
                                                    further erosion in



                                                                                                                                                                        124
Component   Sub-        Activities   Potential      Mitigation            Monitoring Where to How     to Monitorin Institutional    Institutional    Costs (USD)
            component                Impact         Measures              Indicators monitor  monitor    g         Responsibili     Responsibility
                                                                                                         Frequency ty               (Monitoring)
                                                                                                                   (Mitigation)


                                                    this watershed.
                                                    Construct    soil
                                                    conservation
                                                    measures      at
                                                    appropriate
                                                    locations


                                                    Execution        of
                                                    major works that
                                                    would impact on
                                                    soil      structure
                                                    should be carried
                                                    out during the dry
                                                    season. If done
                                                    during the wet
                                                    season, temporal
                                                    drain        should
                                                    precede         the
                                                    permanent drain
                                                    so that run-off
                                                    from rain can be
                                                    managed
                                                    properly.


Component   Sub-        Activities    Potential Impact   Mitigation          Monitoring    Where to How     to Monitoring Institutional    Institutional  Costs
            component                                    Measures            Indicators    monitor  monitor    Frequency Responsibility    Responsibility (USD)
                                                                                                                          (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)




Environment Noise       Construction Extensive noise Mitigation           at Contractors   Project  Site visits Weekly     Mitigation:     Monitoring:
                        of         all site-specific source (for          all Compliance   site and and                    PMU,            SMENV,        3,100



                                                                                                                                                                  125
Component   Sub-        Activities     Potential     Mitigation            Monitoring Where to How     to Monitorin Institutional    Institutional    Costs (USD)
            component                  Impact        Measures              Indicators monitor  monitor    g         Responsibili     Responsibility
                                                                                                          Frequency ty               (Monitoring)
                                                                                                                    (Mitigation)


                        hydraulic      pollution as a activities)                          routes     inspection,           Contractors
                        structures     result of on-going                                             of
                                       construction       A noise barrier or                          equipment
                                       works.             acoustic     shield
                                                          will reduce noise                                                                 Monitoring:
                                                          by interrupting the                                                               SMENV,
                        Rehabilitatio                     propagation      of
                        n          and                    sound waves.
                        stabilization
                        of gully



                                                           Implement site-                                                  Mitigation:     Monitoring:
                                                           specific  waste                            Site visits,          Contractor      SMENV,
                                                           management plan                            inspection,                           ASEPA,
                        All
                                                                                                      and
                        rehabilitation Increase in waste                     Contractors   Project
            Waste                                                                                     consultati Weekly
                        /construction generated          Liaise with ASEPA Compliance      site
                                                                                                      on     with
                        works                            for effective waste                          monitoring
                                                         management                                   agencies
                                                                                                                                                          1000


                                                        Provision of on-                                                    Mitigation:     Monitoring:
                        Increased                       site       sanitary                Project    Site visits
            Sanitary                    Increased human facilities          Contractors                                     Contractor      SMENV,
                        human                                                              communit   and         One-off                   ASEPA,
            Concerns                    faecal waste                        Compliance
                        faecal waste                                                       y          inspection
                                                                                                                                                          900




                                                                                                                                                                 126
Component   Sub-        Activities      Potential      Mitigation            Monitoring Where to How     to Monitorin Institutional    Institutional    Costs (USD)
            component                   Impact         Measures              Indicators monitor  monitor    g         Responsibili     Responsibility
                                                                                                            Frequency ty               (Monitoring)
                                                                                                                      (Mitigation)


                                                             The design shall                                                 Monitoring:     PMU           No
                                                             in no way propose                                                                              additional
                                                             to      implement                                                Contractor                    costs to
                                                             developments                                                                                   BOQ
                                                             that will hinder
                                                             drainage, change
                                                             the topography or
                                                             introduce physical
                                                             changes that are
                                                             not in harmony
                                                             with the physical
                                                             setting of the
                                                             Project area.
                                                            The structures to
                                                            be        developed
                        All              Interference with  should            be                          Site visit
                                                                                  Contractors   Project              During
            Design      Rehabilitatio    the       physical aesthetically                                 and
                                                            acceptable         to Compliance    site                 Design
                        n Works          setting                                                          inspection
                                                            blend in with the
                                                            surrounding.
                                                            These structures
                                                            should not form or
                                                            end up being
                                                            used       by    the
                                                            resident
                                                            population        as
                                                            access or bridges.
                                                            No        residential
                                                            facilities shall be
                                                            erected on site
                                                            and              the
                                                            proponent shall
                                                            as      much      as
                                                            possible complete
                                                            the works in such


                                                                                                                                                                 127
Component     Sub-        Activities   Potential   Mitigation            Monitoring Where to How     to Monitorin Institutional   Institutional    Costs (USD)
              component                Impact      Measures              Indicators monitor  monitor    g         Responsibili    Responsibility
                                                                                                        Frequency ty              (Monitoring)
                                                                                                                  (Mitigation)


                                                        a way that natural
                                                        aesthetics shall
                                                        be retained at the
                                                        locations.
                                                        Restoration shall
                                                        be undertaken to
                                                        ensure that the
                                                        original setting is
                                                        as     much     as
                                                        possible retained.


SUB-TOTAL –




                                                                                                                                                            128
Component   Sub-         Activities     Potential Impact     Mitigation      Monitoring     Where to How    to Monitoring    Institutional    Institutional     Costs
            component                                        Measures        Indicators     monitor monitor    Frequency     Responsibility   Responsibility    (USD)
                                                                                                                             (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)




                                        Disruptions     to   Conduct          Independent   Project   Examine    One-off     Mitigation:      Monitoring:
                                        residents            survey        to Consultants   commun    Community              PMU,             PMU
                                        activities – (e.g.   identify best Compliance       ity       Livelihood             Independent      (Especially the
                                        blocked access to    alternatives to                          enhanceme              Consultant       SLO)
                         Rehabilitati   residents)           prevent                                  nt plan
                         on/                                 disruptions to
                                                             livelihood
            Livelihood   Constructio                         within on &
            Impacts      n         of                        off-site work
                         drainage                            areas before
                         network                             commenceme
                                                             nt            of
                                                             rehabilitation
                                                             works.
                                                                                                                                                                2,000

Social
                                        Loss of travel time Lane             Contractors    Project   Site visits Weekly     Mitigation:      Monitoring:
                                        due to heavy configuration           Compliance     area      and                    FRSC             PMU,
                                        concentration of changes                                      inspection
                                        construction/proje
                                        ct vehicles on and
                                        off the project site
                         Mobilization
                         of
            Traffic      equipment                                             PMU          Project   Site   visit Monthly   Mitigation:      Mitigation:
                                                             Involve
                         and other Grievances        and                                    commun    and                    PMU,             PMU
                                                             Respondents       Compliance
                         materials    negative                                              ity       consultatio            Contractors
                                                             at       certain
                                      perception among                                                n      with
                                                             levels         of
                                      residents      and                                              community
                                                             decision
                                      commercial
                                                             making       and
                                      establishments
                                                             implementatio
                                      about the project
                                                             n of activities                                                                                    500



                                                                                                                                                                      129
Component   Sub-        Activities    Potential Impact     Mitigation       Monitoring   Where to How    to Monitoring          Institutional    Institutional    Costs
            component                                      Measures         Indicators   monitor monitor    Frequency           Responsibility   Responsibility   (USD)
                                                                                                                                (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)




                        Extensive     Noise                Mitigation   at Compliance    Academi      Visits       , Monthly    Mitigation:      Monitoring:
                        civil         disturbances   to    source                        c            inspevtyion               PMU,             Umuahia
                        work/rehabi   the        serene                                  institutio   and                       Contractors      North LGA
                        litation      environments for     Inform                        ns within    consultatio
            Education                                      residents
                        activities    the residence                                      project      n        with
                                                           prior       to                area         institutions
                                                           commenceme
                                                           nt of works                                                                                            2,000


                                      Increase in sexual   Awareness       Conduct   of Project       Consultatio   Quarterly   Mitigation:     Monitoring:
                        Continuous activities leading      campaign on awareness        commun        ns,                       MWR, Public SMH
                        civil    work to possible spread   sexual          campaigns    ity,                                    Health dept.
                        activities    of STIs              diseases, and                contract                                of          the
Social      Health
                        and steady                         distribution of              ors                                     Umuahia
                        influx     of                      male        and              camp                                    North LGA.
                        workforce                          female
                                                           condoms.                                                                                               900




                                                                                                                                                                        130
Component   Sub-          Activities   Potential      Mitigation        Monitoring   Where     to How     to Monitoring   Institutional    Institutional      Costs (USD)
            component                  Impact         Measures          Indicators   monitor      monitor    Frequency    Responsibility   Responsibility
                                                                                                                          (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)


                                        Incidence     Distribute      Facemasks    Project        Site visits Monthly     Mitigation:      Monitoring:
                                        of            facemasks to are       being community      and                     PMU,             SMH,      Public
                                        respiratory   residents as a distributed                  inspection                               Health dept. of
                                        diseases      means        to                                                     Contractors      the    Umuahia
                                        due to air    reduce allergic                                                                      North LGA,
                          Continuous contamina        reactions and
                          civil work tion        by   respiratory
                          activities    fugitive      disease
                          and steady dusts and        occurrence.
                          influx     of exhaust
                                        fumes         Regular
                          workforce
                                                      sprinkling of
            Health
                                                      water        in
                                                      during
                                                      construction
                                                      works.
                                                                                                                                                              2,100


Social                                 Possible       Creation   of Compliance       Project      Site visits             Mitigation:      Monitoring:
                          Blocked      spread of      temporary                      community    and                                      SMENV, SMH
                          drainage     water          channels   to                               inspection              Contractors
                          channel      borne          collect flood
                                       diseases       water


                          Waste        Increase       Ensure that all Contractors    Project      Site visits Weekly      Contractors      Monitoring:
                          manageme     in waste       construction    Compliance     community    and                                      SMENV, ASEPA
                          nt           generated      wastes     are                              inspection
                                       from           gathered on-
            Environmen                 constructi     site       and
            tal hygiene                on works       disposed off
            and                                       according
            aesthetics                                through    the
                                                      available
                                                      waste
                                                      disposal
                                                      operation in


                                                                                                                                                                            131
Component   Sub-         Activities    Potential     Mitigation        Monitoring   Where     to How     to Monitoring   Institutional    Institutional      Costs (USD)
            component                  Impact        Measures          Indicators   monitor      monitor    Frequency    Responsibility   Responsibility
                                                                                                                         (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)

                                                     the     project
                                                     area.




            Behaviour    Implement     Occurrenc     Enforce and Compliance         Project      Site visits Monthly     Contractors      PMU (Especially
                         ation    of   e of on-      ensure proper                  community    and                                      the SLO)
                         civil works   site/off-     orientation on                              inspection
                         and Rest      site social   acceptable                                  and
                         periods       vices         behaviours for                              consultati
                                       (Fights,      construction                                ons
                                       rape,         personnel
                                       harassme      on/off-site.
                                       nts, theft,
                                       vandalism,
                                       drug use
                                       etc.


                                                     Good    work                   Project      Site visits             Contractors      PMU(Especially
                                      Conflicts      enforcement                    community    and                                      the M&E officer)
                                      between        program                                     iconsultati                                                 1050
                                      contractor                                                 ons
                         Implement
                                      s,
            Project      ation of all
                                      communiti      Conflict
            performanc   constructio                                   Compliance                              Monthly
                                      es      etc.   resolution
            e            n     phase
                                      may
                         activities
                                      disrupt
                                      completio      Regular                                                                                                 4,300
                                      n of tasks.    stakeholders
                                                     meetings                                                                                                2,200



                                                                                                                                                                           132
Component     Sub-        Activities     Potential     Mitigation       Monitoring    Where     to How     to Monitoring   Institutional    Institutional    Costs (USD)
              component                  Impact        Measures         Indicators    monitor      monitor    Frequency    Responsibility   Responsibility
                                                                                                                           (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)


              Noise       Massive        Hearing       Operators of     Evidence of Project        Site visits Daily       Contractor       Monitoring:
                          use       of   impairmen     heavy    duty    procuremen community       and                                      SMENV, PMU
                          heavy          t       for   machines         t of ear                   inspection
                          machinery      machinery     must wear ear    muffs                      and
                          for     land   operators     muffs                                       consultati
                          clearing,                                     Evidence of                on
                          levelling                                     use of the
                          and                                           PPE
                                                       They must not
                          excavation                   exceed      8 Record      of
                          of soil                      working hours signing    out
                                                       per day       time                                                                                    320


Social                                   Noise         Mitigation   at Compliance     Project      Site visits Monthly     Mitigation:      Monitoring:
                                         nuisance      source                         community    and                     PMU,
                                         for                                                       inspection              Contractors      PMU
                                         Residents.    Inform                                      ,
                                                       residents                                   consultati
                                                       prior       to                              on
                                                       commenceme
                                                       nt of works                                                                                           1,200


              Loss     of Land           Disincentiv The                Minutes of Project         consultati   monthly    Mitigation:      Monitoring:      -
              occupation Acquisition     e to land pastoralist          meetings    community      on                      Contractor       PMU
                                         owners      must        be     with   land
                                                     carried along      owners
                                                     all through


SUB-TOTAL –




                                                                                                                                                                           133
Component    Sub-        Activities   Potential     Mitigation Measures Monitoring            Where     to How       to Monitoring Institutional   Institutional    Costs (USD)
             component                Impact                            Indicators            monitor      monitor      Frequency Responsibility   Responsibility
                                                                                                                                   (Mitigation)    (Monitoring)




                                      Fugitive      Develop            and                    Project      Inspection   Monthly    Independent     Monitoring:      3,000
                                      dust and      implement on-site                         community    and                     Consultant,     PMU
                                      fumes         occupational health                                    consultation            Contractors
                                      from          and              safety                                with
                                      grinding,     management plan;                                       contractor,
                                      welding,      Routine            OHS                                 examining
                                      cutting, or   training           and                                 contractors
                                      brazing       education; Conduct                                     health and
                                      surfaces      routine      JHA/PHA;                                  Safety
                                      coated        Use       of      PPE;                                 managemen
                                      with lead-    Establish electrical                                   t plan and
                                      based         safety        program;                                 consultants
                                      paint;        Establish           fall                               report
                                      Silica dust   protection program;
                                      from          Establish         fleet
                         All          cutting       safety management          Independent
Occupationa
             Personnel   constructi   concrete;     program; Establish         Consultants/
l Health and
             safety      on           solvent       and        implement       Contractors
Safety
                         activities   vapours       HazCom; Conduct            Compliance
                                      from          hazard
                                      adhesives     identification,
                                      , paints,     control and analysis;
                                      strippers,    Establish           fire
                                      cleaning      prevention program;
                                      solvents,     Use material safety
                                      and spray     data sheets (MSDS);
                                      coatings;     Employ hierarchy of
                                      and           controls procedure;
                                      isocyanat     Conduct        OHSRA,
                                      e vapours     Cost            Benefit
                                      from          Analysis(CBA),
                                      spray         Return               on
                                      foam          Investment(ROI)/pa
                                      insulation    y-back           period



                                                                                                                                                                            134
Component     Sub-        Activities   Potential   Mitigation Measures Monitoring   Where     to How       to Monitoring Institutional   Institutional    Costs (USD)
              component                Impact                          Indicators   monitor      monitor      Frequency Responsibility   Responsibility
                                                                                                                         (Mitigation)    (Monitoring)




                                       and       analysis
                                       certain
                                       spray
                                       paints or
                                       coatings.




                                                   Contractors should                                         Monthly    Contractors     Monitoring:
                                                   prepare         and                                                                   PMU
                                                   implement          a
                                                   Community Affairs,
                                                   Safety,      Health,
                                                   Environment     and
                                                   Security (CASHES)
                                                   manual,           to
                                                   coordinate      OHS
                                                   issues during the
                                                   construction phase.




SUB-TOTAL -


CONSTRUCTION PHASE TOTAL -




                                                                                                                                                                135
Table 25 ESMP - Operational Phase

 Component    Sub-        Activities    Potential        Mitigation   Monitoring   Where       to How        to Monitoring    Institutional    Institutional        Costs
              component                 Impact           Measures     Indicators   monitor        monitor       Frequency     Responsibility   Responsibility       (USD)
                                                                                                                              (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)


              Air         Increased     Increase of Air sampling Compliance        Project         Air    quality Monthly     Monitoring:      Monitoring:          -
                          Vehicle       road users and monitoring                  community       testing                    SMENV            SMENV,
                          movement      on    Access                                                                                           ASEPA
                                        Road


                          Change of                                                Project         Soil quality                                Monitoring:
                          topography Change       in                               community       testing                                     SMENV,
                                     soil profile                                                                                              ASEPA

                                                      Training    on
                                                      Sustainable                                                                              Monitoring:
                                                                     Trainings
                                        Increase in Land                                                                      Mitigation:      SMENV,
              Soil                                                   are                                          Monthly
                                        soil salinity Management                                                              PMU, SMENV       ASEPA
                                                                     conducted
                                                      (SLM)
 Environmen                                           practices
 t
                                                                                                                                               Monitoring:
                                        Change      in                                                                                         SMENV,
                                        land use                                                                                               ASEPA                3,000


              Noise       Increase of   Noise        Noise                         Project         Noise level One-off        Mitigation:      Monitoring:
                          road users    nuisance to sampling and                   community       testing                    PMU, SMENV       SMENV,           ,
                          on Access     local       monitoring                                                                                 ASEPA
                          Road          residents                                                                                                                   900


                          Roadway       Potential        Water        Compliance   Project         Water          Bi-Annual   Mitigation:      Monitoring:
              Water       runoff        surface          sampling and              community,      quality                    PMU, SMENV       SMENV,           ,
              Quality                   water            monitoring                surface water   testing                                     ASEPA
                                        pollution                                                                                                                   2,000




                                                                                                                                                                          136
Component     Sub-        Activities     Potential       Mitigation        Monitoring   Where       to How       to Monitoring   Institutional    Institutional    Costs
              component                  Impact          Measures          Indicators   monitor        monitor      Frequency    Responsibility   Responsibility   (USD)
                                                                                                                                 (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)


                                         Social and      Dispose waste             Project             Visits   and                               Monitoring:
                                         health          streams                   community           Inspections                                SMENV,
                                         concerns        through     the                                                                          ASEPA, ESO
                                         arising due     municipal                                                                                & SL
                                         to       poor   waste
                                         waste           management
                                         managemen       system in the Proper
                          Waste                          project area.   waste                                                   Mitigation:
              Waste                      t practices                                                                  Monthly
                          generation                                     managemen                                               PMU, SMENV
                                                                         t

                                         Blocked     Flooding         on                                                                          Monitoring:
                                         drainage    roads                                                                                        SMENV,      ,
                                         due to poor                                                                                              ASEPA, ESOs
                                         waste
                                         disposal                                                                                                                  1,300


              Others      Negligence     Negligence                        PMU          Project        Visits   and Monthly      PMU
                          of             of                                Compliance   community      Inspections
                          rehabilitate   rehabilitated   Regular
                          d Umuda        Umuda           maintenance
Environmen                                               and dredging                                                 Weekly
                          Isingwu/U      Isingwu/Um
t                                                        of sediments in
                          muagu          uagu Ibeku
                          Ibeku          Erosion Site    drainage
                                                         channels and                                                 Monthly
                          Erosion
                          Site                           chute                                                                                                     1,300


SUB-TOTAL –




                                                                                                                                                                       137
Component   Sub-         Activities   Potential       Mitigation         Monitoring    Where     to How          to Monitoring Institutional     Institutional    Costs
            component                 Impact          Measures           Indicators    monitor      monitor         Frequency Responsibility     Responsibility   (USD)
                                                                                                                               (Mitigation)      (Monitoring)




Social      Employment   Closure     Loss    of Inform personnel         Proper         Project     Consultations      One-off   Contractors     Monitoring:
                         of    civil employment that employment          engagement     community                                                PMU
                         works                  is     short-term        of     service
                                                prior to their           documentatio
                                                engagement.              n                                                                                        450


            Health       Operation Blocked            Regular            Compliance    Project      Visits      and              Independent     Monitoring:
                         of         drainage          maintenance   of                 community    Inspections                  consultant, PMU
                         rehabilita structure         drainage                                      and                                          SMH, ESOs
                         ted gully                    structures                                    consultation
                         site                                                                       with      health
                                    Breeding                                                        institutions
                                    site      for                                                   and
                                    disease                                                         community
                                    vectors                                                         members


                                      Possible
                                      increase of
                                      malaria
                                      cases due
                                      to stagnant
                                      water      in
                                      drainage
                                      structures                                                                                                                  -


                         Increase     Increase in Regular sampling Regular             Project      Visits    and                                Monitoring:
                         in           respiratory and monitoring   monitoring          community    Inspections
                         number       problems                                                      and tests                                    NESREA,
                         of           amongst                                                                                                    SMH,
                         vehicles     local                                                                                                      PMU(ESO)
                         using        residents                                                                                                                   -



                                                                                                                                                                      138
Component     Sub-         Activities   Potential      Mitigation      Monitoring    Where      to How          to Monitoring Institutional   Institutional    Costs
              component                 Impact         Measures        Indicators    monitor       monitor         Frequency Responsibility   Responsibility   (USD)
                                                                                                                              (Mitigation)    (Monitoring)




                           roads


              Land      use Land use Land      use Control land use Inspections      Project        Visits     and            Contractors     Monitoring:
              conflicts     conflicts conflict     conflicts through are conducted   community      Inspections                               PMU
                                                   Land           use                               and
                                                   planning      that                               consultations
                                                   should          be
                                                   participatory to
                                                   designate areas
                                                   for     ecological,
                                                   grazing       and
                                                   farming                                                                                                     500


              Safety       Increase Increase in Use     of   road Compliance         Project        Visits    and One-off                     Monitoring:
                           in       vehicular   safety signage                       community      Inspections                               FRSC, ESO
                           number   accidents
                           of road
                           users                                                                                                                               -


                           Operation Seepage or        Re-vegetation    Compliance   Project site   Visits    and One-off                     Monitoring:
                           of         flow     back    activities using                             Inspections                               PMU
                           rehabilita action           approved
                           ted gully                   plant/tree
                           site                        species       to
                                      Collapse of      establish green
                                      rehabilitate     belt along the
                                      d gully head     gully      as  a
                                      or      finger   stabilization
                                      gullies          measure                                                                                                 4,800


SUB-TOTAL –


                                                                                                                                                                   139
Component    Sub-        Activities      Potential   Mitigation         Monitoring     Where       to How       to Monitoring   Institutional    Institutional    Costs
             component                   Impact      Measures           Indicators     monitor        monitor      Frequency    Responsibility   Responsibility   (USD)
                                                                                                                                (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)




                                                     Implement on-                     Project        Site          Monthly     SMEnv            PMU              6,000
                                                     site                              community      Inspections
                                                     occupational
                                                     health       and   Independent
                                                     safety             Consultants,
                                                     management         Contractors
                                                     plan; Routine      Compliance.
                                                     OHS training
                                                     and education;
                                                     Conduct
                                                     routine
                                                     JHA/PHA; Use
Occupational             Tasks           Injuries,   of          PPE;
             Personnel                               Establish
Health and               implementatio   accidents
             safety                                  electrical
Safety                   n               , deaths
                                                     safety
                                                     program;
                                                     Implement fall
                                                     protection
                                                     program; fleet
                                                     safety
                                                     management
                                                     program;
                                                     Implement
                                                     HazCom;
                                                     Conduct
                                                     hazard
                                                     identification,


                                                                                                                                                                      140
Component   Sub-        Activities   Potential   Mitigation         Monitoring   Where     to How       to Monitoring   Institutional    Institutional    Costs
            component                Impact      Measures           Indicators   monitor      monitor      Frequency    Responsibility   Responsibility   (USD)
                                                                                                                        (Mitigation)     (Monitoring)



                                                 control     and
                                                 analysis;
                                                 Implement fire
                                                 prevention
                                                 program; Use
                                                 material safety
                                                 data      sheets
                                                 (MSDS);
                                                 Implement
                                                 hierarchy     of
                                                 controls
                                                 procedure;
                                                 Conduct
                                                 OHSRA, Cost
                                                 Benefit
                                                 Analysis(CBA),
                                                 Return       on
                                                 Investment
                                                 (ROI)/pay-back
                                                 period analysis



   SUB-TOTAL –


OPERATIONAL PHASE TOTAL –




                                                                                                                                                              141
6.3       ESMP and Monitoring Budget
Table 26: Summary of ESMP and Monitoring Budget


 Item                    Responsibility for Cost Breakdown        Cost Estimate     Cost
                         implementation                           in                Estimate
                         and Monitoring                           Nigerian Naira    in
                                                                  (N)               Us    Dollars
                                                                                    (US$)

 Enhancement of Contractor, PMU,                                  41,968,000.00 104, 920.00
 +ve impacts and SMEnvr, ASEPA,
 Mitigation of –ve FRSC
 impacts

 Management     of PMU,            SMEnvr, 5% of       Mitigation 2,098,400         5,246.00
 ESMP              ASEPA                   Cost
 Implementation

 Monitoring,             SMEnvr, ASEPA, 25%of          Mitigation 10,496,000.00 26,230.00
 Evaluation & Audit      FERMA, SMW     Cost

 SUB- TOTAL                                                                         136,396.00

 Contingency                                 10% of Sub-Total     5,455,600.00      13,639.60

 TOTAL                                                            60,014,240.00 150,035.60




The total cost for Implementing the ESMP and Monitoring Plan for the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu
Ibeku Erosion Site Rehabilitation Works is estimated at Forty One Million Nine Hundred and Sixty-
Eight Thousand Naira Only (N60, 014, 240); that correspond to One Hundred and Four Thousand
Nine Hundred and Twenty US. Dollars [USD150, 035.60]. The ESMP matrix for the
implementation of the Rehabilitation works for the Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Erosion Site is
highlighted from Table 25-27. NB: $1 = N400.

6.4       Environmental and Social Management Monitoring Plan
Some specific Management plans have been described in the sections below.

6.4.1      Waste Management Plan
The ESMP had provided detailed information on waste management including the amount and
type of waste to be generated, the sources and proffered mitigation measures, among other
measures to be considered include:

      ï‚·    Sensitization amongst the labourers on the need for effective waste management
           throughout the sub-project activity.
      ï‚·    Sensitization and mobilization on the adverse consequences of poor waste management.


                                                                                            142
    ï‚· It is important that the Abia State Ministry of Environment and ASEPA ensure that
        appropriate waste management control is employed.

6.4.2       Recommended Measures for Waste Management
The ESMP details how wastes that will be generated at the project sites will be managed in an
environmentally sustainable and socially acceptable manner. To be practical and effective in
handling of wastes, (Solid and liquid) the ESMP follows the fundamental principles of waste
management:

        ï‚·    Identify and classify the type of waste generated. Proper procedures must be taken
             regarding their storage, collection, transportation and disposal
        ï‚·    Identify and demarcate disposal areas clearly indicating the specific materials that can
             be deposited in each.
        ï‚·    Dispose all wastes in authorized areas, metals, used oils, etc.
        ï‚·    Identify and demarcate equipment maintenance areas (>15m from rivers, streams,
             lakes or wetlands).
        ï‚·    Identify, demarcate and enforce the use of within-site access routes to limit impact to
             farm.
        ï‚·    Erect erosion control barriers around perimeter of cuts, disposal pits, and roadways.
        ï‚·    Spray water on dirt roads and stockpiled soil to reduce wind-induced erosion and
             particulates dispersal, as needed.
        ï‚·    Establish and enforce daily site clean-up procedures, including maintenance of
             adequate disposal facilities for construction debris.

The management of other kinds of waste that will be generated from the rehabilitation works is
highlighted below:
    a. General Waste

    ï‚·     There should be adequate number of garbage bins and containers made available at
          strategic areas of the site. The use of plastic bin liners should be encouraged.
    ï‚·     All organic and inorganic materials will be placed and/or disposed of so as not to directly
          or indirectly impact any watercourse or groundwater. The placement and disposal of all
          such products and materials will be done in an environmentally acceptable manner.
    ï‚·   Solids, sludge and other pollutants generated as a result of construction or those removed
          during the course of treatment or control of wastewaters will be disposed of in a manner
          that prevents their direct or indirect re-entry into any watercourse or ground waters.
    ï‚·   Any waste material that is inadvertently disposed of in or adjacent to watercourses will be
          removed immediately in a manner that minimizes adverse impacts, and the original
          drainage pattern should be restored.
    ï‚·   Waste materials should be placed and stored in suitable containers. Storage areas and
          containers will be maintained in a sanitary condition and shall be covered to prevent
          spreading of wastes by water, wind or animals.
    ï‚·   All food wastes should be collected and stored in containers at appropriate locations and
          should be emptied at regular intervals and the collected waste should be transported to
          Government designated waste management facilities.

b. Oil waste

    ï‚· Ensure that all equipment maintenance activities, including oil changes, are conducted
       within demarcated maintenance areas designated for such.
    ï‚· Ensure that oil or other lubricants are never dumped on the ground, but only in designated
       areas.

                                                                                                143
e. Vegetative waste

      ï‚· The land clearing of the vegetation will be performed in accordance with stipulated
         standards in order to mitigate negative impact that maybe associated with the activity to
         the environments.

6.5       Emergency Response and Incidence Management

In the context of this sub-project, the purpose of Emergency Response and Incident Management
(ERIM) is to ensure that well developed and rehearsed emergency procedures assist Abia
NEWMAP and inhabitants of the project community to:

      ï‚·   Effectively respond to emergencies and critical incidents in the project area
      ï‚·   Reduce the risk of severe injuries.
      ï‚·   Limit potential harm to the environment & surrounding infrastructure.
      ï‚·   Minimise disruption to the community and surrounding businesses through the effective
            implementation of this ERIM procedures

As much as possible ERIM procedures should address:

      ï‚·   Community security and public safety actions to be taken in the case of an emergency
      ï‚·   Effective spill containment and management
      ï‚·   Effective fire-fighting
      ï‚·   Effective response to emergencies and critical incidents

Incident Prevention

Incident preparedness procedures for potential incidents and emergencies include:

      ï‚· Ongoing training for project personnel;

      ï‚·   Periodic Desktop and field exercises to uncover work place risks and hazards;
      ï‚·   Regular auditing of construction activities;
      ï‚·   Ongoing liaison with Emergency Services
      ï‚·   Identifying key roles and responsibilities and effective methods of communication;
      ï‚·   Monitoring of activities and documentation and ongoing compliance checks with statutory
            OHS and Environmental requirements.




                                                                                                 144
Stages of Activation
                                            Alert
                                    Abia NEWMAP informed of
                                     emergency or incident. •
                                    AAbiaa NEWMAP contacts
                                           Contractor




                        Call Out                             Stand By
                                                         Contractor contacts Abia
                   Emerrgency procedures are
                   declared and actions taken
                                                          NEWMAP who advises
                          adequacy                     community heads to standby
                                                       and await further instructions




6.6   Recommended               Measures        for    Chance          Find/Cultural       Heritage
      Management
In the event of chance finds of items of cultural significance, all forms of excavation in and
around the site will be stopped. Subsequently, experienced archaeologist and anthropologist
would be recruited to carry out an investigation and proposed plans for the preservation of such
cultural artefacts.
During the project site induction meeting, all contractors will be made aware of the presence of
an on-site archaeologist who will monitor earthmoving and excavation activities.
The following procedure is to be executed in the event that archaeological material is discovered:
      ï‚·   All construction activity in the vicinity of the find/feature/site will cease immediately.
      ï‚·   Delineate the discovered find/ feature/ site will be delineated.
      ï‚·   Record the find location, and all remains are to be left in place.
      ï‚·   Secure the area to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects.
      ï‚·   The on-site archaeologist will assess, record and photograph the find/feature/ site.
      ï‚·   The on-site archaeologist will undertake the inspection process in accordance with all
          project health and safety protocols under direction of the Health and Safety Officer.
In consultation with the statutory authorities the on-site and Project Archaeologist will determine
the appropriate course of action to take.



6.7   Reasons for Failure in Gully Rehabilitation
Gully control can be tedious where executed measures do not seem to work. Failure in control
brings losses of material, time, money and sometimes makes the gully erosion even worse.
Actually, failure can be avoided if appropriate measures are taken and proper techniques are


                                                                                                   145
applied. From experience, the following problems can be taken as the major reasons for the
failure of most of the gully rehabilitation schemes and they must be avoided in this project.
   ï‚·    Poor consideration for upper catchment treatment
   ï‚·    Poor installation of check-dams that is related to lack of keying the check-dam to the
        floor and sidewalls of the gully
   ï‚·    Lack of apron. If there is no apron, water falling from the check-dam spillway erodes the
        area below and undermines the structure. If the apron is not keyed or secured into the
        gully, it will be washed away.
   ï‚·    Lack of spillway. The check-dam tends to impede the flow of water. This leads to the
        water exerting pressure on the dam that can weaken it. A spillway will discharge the
        runoff thus protecting the check-dam.
   ï‚·    Poor maintenance. The life and effectiveness of control measures are extended by
        regular maintenance. Any shortcomings in the control structures should be corrected
        before they develop into serious problems. Any grass, shrub/bush and tree planted which
        dies should be replaced.
   ï‚·    Improper spacing of check-dams. Proper spacing is crucial if the check-dams are to serve
        their purpose. Inappropriate and irregular spacing of the check-dams may lead to their
        being washed away.
   ï‚·    Failure to complete the work. In some instances, the gully rehabilitation schemes may not
        be completed because of various reasons. Half measures do not offer the required
        protection and are a waste of time and resources.
   ï‚·    Structures are sometimes made too high and the water that ponds causes instability of
        the soil and piping underneath or around the structure.
   ï‚·    Poor integration between physical and biological measures.

6.7.1   Management of Rehabilitated Erosion Site
Management of gully control structures is a very important point worth to be emphasized.
Treated gullies should be checked regularly and the healing process monitored closely.
Structures built in the gully for stabilization purpose should be observed for damage especially
during rainy seasons and after heavy storms. Damaged check-dams should be repaired
immediately to avoid further damage and the eventual collapse.

The use of gully will depend on whether it has been established for a protected waterway or the
water has been diverted and the gully stabilized for other uses. Under the condition when the
water is discharged through the gully after the necessary stabilization activities have been
undertaken, the side of the gully can be used for growing of grass or fodder. But, in conditions
when the gully is not used as a waterway, it can be used for growing horticultural crops or plants
such as banana or other fruit trees. Wide gullies can have tree planted on the side slopes
provided they are not too steep.
The other important issue for sustainable gully rehabilitation scheme is the identification of users
and development of a use concept or management plan. In most cases, gullies are crossing
different land uses owned by many land users. Therefore, before treatment of gullies, the users
should be identified and the boundaries should be clearly demarcated, the gully rehabilitation
process should be objective oriented and responsibilities of owners in managing, maintaining
and utilizing the gully and its produces should be elaborated and agreed upon.



                                                                                               146
Experiences have shown that most of the gully rehabilitation efforts are made accidentally
without having clear purposes. As a result, it is common to see gullies with a huge biomass,
mostly of one species (Sesbania sesban or Elephant grass) but not harvested and after all
owners are not known. This has forced the community members into conflict and hence
destruction of the whole endeavour.
In view of this fact, the identification of land owners along gully areas and demarcation of their
boundary, development of a management plan and formulating user’s agreement (on
maintenance and proper utilization of the gully) should come before any treatment effort. It is
always crucial to remember that before deciding to undertake gully control measures one has to
plan first for what purpose the gully is intended to be used after treatment and then try to take
measures relevant to the future strategy.

6.8   Grievance Redress mechanism
To operationalise the GRM effectively, grievances have to be classified according to their
potential severity or complications. One of the most common ground for grievances is land
compensation entitlement and disbursement. This is likely going to generate grievances more
constantly than any other issues about the project.
More complicated matters like RAP and implementation issues that may involve private sector
entities and third party agencies are likely to require the attention of the PMU.
For the GRM to be effective as an all-inclusive engagement instrument that effectively handle the
grievances of women, there has to be a deliberate structuring to include Women in Grievance
Redress Committee, who will easily be approached by women for the purpose of presenting their
grievances.
Grievance Procedures
Registration
It may be less depending on the severity of the matter under consideration. The first step is the
presentation of a grievance at the uptake point at any level. The social contact person will receive
grievance from the complainant clarify primary information, register and acknowledge receipt of
it to the grievant within two days. The registration will capture the following data: Name of the
complainant, Date of the grievance, Category of the grievance, Persons involved, Impact on
complainant’s life, Proofs and witnesses. A registration form will have all these bits of
information.
Verification
The verification will determine among other things whether the matter has any relationship with
the Project and whether the level at which it is presented can handle it. This will mean a quick
referral of the case either to the next level or the traditional rulers or to law enforcement. Part of
investigation will also be assessing the cost of loss or risk involved in the grievance.
Processing
The processing step is when options for the approach to resolving the case are weighed and
determined. Parties involved in the case are brought together for a first attempt at resolution with
suggestion from the parties by the social contact personnel. The social personnel at a certain
level then decide where the case should go to for hearing and resolution if complainant decides
to pursue the matter further. This should happen within five days from investigation.


                                                                                                 147
Implementation and case closing
The social contact personnel then refer the case to the responding authority within the level for
GRM implementation. This authority may be the chairman of the GRC or the officers with direct
responsibility over the nature of the case within the PMU. Putting this in writing makes the appeal
process faster in case of dissatisfaction on the part of the complainant. And in the case of
satisfaction, it is an instrument to compel execution of decision. The outcome of the Grievance
Redress process is therefore communicated to the complainant and other concerned party. The
result of the process can vary. The request of the complainant may be turned down,
compensation may be recommended, or Management may simply apologise to the grievant.
Feedback
All responses to the complainant in a grievance redress process that moves beyond the unit level
must be communicated in writing and/or by verbal presentation to the complainant. This will
include a follow up on the corresponding authority where cases are referred to ascertain the
status of reported cases. Feedback on outcome of each case should get to the complainant
through the social contact person at all levels.
Guiding Principles
Having a grievance redress measure connotes readiness for plain fairness. This GRM has to be
based on the following universal principles that guide fairness in these matters:
Accessibility and social inclusion: The process has to be accessible to everybody that feels
aggrieved and affected by the project components in anyway regardless of their age, gender or
economic status within the communities. Vulnerable groups including women, children and the
physically challenged should have opportunities to present their complaints without
complications.
Simplicity: the filing of complaints and grievances will be kept simple and the process of redress
will be easy to understand by stakeholders. Suggestions complaints and queries may be
presented through different accessible channels
Transparency: The system will encourage feedback of any kind (negative or positive) as long as it
has bearing on the project. These feedbacks will be made available to all stakeholders to put
them abreast of issues that may stall or enhance the sustenance of the project. It is important
that representatives of the community be involved in the redress of grievances and everybody
kept informed on any progress made on them.
Due process and impartiality: Every grievant will have the right to be present and be heard
before a duly constituted body saddled with the responsibility of hearing and managing their
complaints or grievances. The system will view and analyse all issues with transparent objectivity.
This will enhance responsiveness of all parties concerned and build trust. The mechanism will be
independent so that it will be perceived as fair by all.
Quick action: Response to grievance and feedbacks will be prompt and direct to the grievant or
the feedback provider. Grievances will be acknowledged at the point of uptake and the ensuing
decisions will be communicated within 48 hours of reaching them.
People: It is important that all stakeholders, including project personnel be involved in the
process of grievance redress. Grievant lodgers or feedback providers will assume full
responsibility for their filings. Personnel that would be involved in grievance redress on the supply
side have to have basic communications skills. Key persons on the redress team will need to
acquire skills for mediation, conciliation and negotiation. Grievance redress policy will be

                                                                                                148
sustained by the commitment of persons involved both on the demand and supply side. There is
need for personnel who will be providing grievance redress services to have knowledge of the
already disclosed policies guiding resettlement for NEWMAP.
Process: This GRM will have a predictable process that will operate in all the intervention sites
and in all the components of the project. There will be specified grievance uptake points where
grievances/complaints will be lodged. The time frame for a response will be known to the
grievant. Investigation and deliberations on the complaint will be open and communicated
promptly.
Analysis: In grievance redress it is important for handlers to be clear on all the issues. A first step
is an honest appraisal of whether the feedback is proactive or reactive. Facts have to be
established against the interest and goal of grievant. Fact-finding is essential for meaningful and
sustainable grievance/conflict redress. Grievances spring from differences in expectations,
interests, knowledge or lack of it, needs and fears. Questions arise in the process that must be
taken into account. Are the complainants digging in or unforgiving or are they unwilling to accept
the outcomes?
The handlers of grievance redress also need to appraise the complaints against relevance to the
project and the project policies. This will need to be done with reference to the already prepared
RPF, ESMF and the RAP. This requires a thorough knowledge of various policies and guidelines of
NEWMAP.
Grievance handlers also need to know the category of grievance involved and treat accordingly.
Grievances need to be characterised both for the sake of proper redress and for evaluation
purpose.

6.9       Community Security, Health and Safety Management
Sub-project activities, equipment, and infrastructure can increase community exposure to risks
and impacts. While acknowledging the role of public authorities’ in promoting the health, safety,
and security of the public, Abia NEWMAP through the Contractor(s) will be directly responsible for
avoiding or minimizing the risks and impacts of community health, safety, and security that may
arise from project related-activities, with particular attention to vulnerable groups.
Major Objectives of Community Security, Health and Safety Management include:
      ï‚·    To anticipate and avoid adverse impacts on the health and safety of the Affected
           Community during the project life from both routine and non-routine circumstances.
      ï‚·    To ensure that the safeguarding of personnel and property is carried out in accordance
           with relevant human rights principles and in a manner that avoids or minimizes risks to
           the Affected Communities.
Community Security, Health and Safety Management should be established during the
environmental and social risks and impacts identification process. The implementation of the
actions necessary to meet the community security, health and safety should be managed by Abia
NEWMAP’s Environmental and Social safeguards officers.
It is necessary that trainings be delivered for the Community, Contractors and the SPMU with
regards to Health and Safety. The SPMU should procure a consultant that will carry out these
trainings before the contractors are mobilized to sight. This will help prepare the SPMU and
Communities in handling HSE issues that may arise during project implementation. Below is a
guide to some of the trainings and timeline for delivery;

                                                                                                  149
S/N Module                Topics                                Duration Participants

1   Construction Safety   Fall Protection                       2days     Contractor,   SPMU,
                                                                          Community,

                          Equipment safety and Handling         1day      Contractor,   SPMU,
                                                                          Community,

                          Excavation Waste management           3days     Contractor,   SPMU,
                                                                          Community,

                          Permit to work                        1day      Contractor, SPMU,

2   Fleet Safety          Vehicle Parking and Operations        2days     Contractor,   SPMU,
                                                                          Community,

                          Sight specific and Perimeter Safety 2days       Contractor,   SPMU,
                          Signage      communication      for             Community,
                          communities

                          Emissions Management                  1day      Contractor,   SPMU,
                                                                          Community,

3   Hazard                Effective hazard Communication for 1day         Contractor, SPMU
    Communication         contractor Personnel/Workers

                          Effective hazard Communication for 1day         Community,
                          Communities

4   Job Hazard Analysis   Job Hazard Analysis                   1 day     Contractor,   SPMU,
                                                                          Community,

5   Disaster              Hazard       Preparedness        and 1day       Contractor,   SPMU,
    management            Response                                        Community,

                          Emergency     Planning           and 1day       Contractor,   SPMU,
                          Communication                                   Community,

6   Accident              Accident Investigation                1day      Contractor, SPMU
    Investigation
                          Accident   Analysis      and   Report I day     Contractor, SPMU
                          Writing




                                                                                        150
6.10 Stakeholders Engagement Plan
Stakeholders’ engagement is essential in achieving the major objectives of any project
implementation and sustainable development. Participatory approaches in project planning and
implementation enhance project policy, ownership and sustainability and also empower targeted
beneficiaries.
The objectives for stakeholders’ engagement and sensitization includes but not limited to the
following;
   1. To create general public awareness and understanding of the project, and ensure its
      acceptance;
   2. To develop and maintain avenues of communication between the project proponent,
      stakeholders and PAPs in order to ensure that their views and concerns are incorporated
      into the project design and implementation with the objectives of reducing, mitigating or
      offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits from the project;
   3. To inform and discuss about the nature and scale of possible adverse impacts of the
      rehabilitation work and to identify and prioritize the mitigation measures for the impacts
      in a more transparent and direct manner;
   4. To document the concerns raised by stakeholders and PAPs so that their views and
      proposals are mainstreamed to formulate mitigation and benefit enhancement
      measures;
   5. To sensitize other MDAs, local authorities, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and
      Community Based Organizations (CBOs) about the project and solicit their views and
      discuss their share of responsibility for the smooth functioning of the overall project
      operations; and
   6. Reducing conflict between stakeholders, project proponents PAPs.
In summary, it goes to spell out the role of stakeholders in the project planning, implementation
and monitoring.
Envisaged Benefits
The envisaged benefits of the Stakeholders engagement and sensitization exercises includes;
   ï‚·   Provision of opportunities to foresee and/or resolve potential obstacles, constraints and
       conflicts;
   ï‚·   Means to identify and address potential negative social and environmental impacts as
       envisaged by stakeholders;
   ï‚·   Opportunities to generate social learning and innovations based on local field
       experiences;
   ï‚·   Means of ensuring that project benefits are distributed equitably, and;
   ï‚·   Strengthened working relations between stakeholders; Federal and State Governments,
       etc., and the World Bank.

6.11 Fundamentals of Stakeholder Engagement Approach
Consultations


                                                                                            151
Meaningful consultations can contribute to improved design, implementation, and sustainability
of development interventions. The objectives of consultations include receiving input for
improved decision-making about the design and implementation arrangements of a development
program or project, to contribute to improved results and sustainability. In this context,
consultations can potentially give voice to the needs of different population groups, including
vulnerable and marginalized groups; improve risk management by identifying opportunities and
risks from and to a project; and increase transparency, public understanding, and stakeholder
involvement in development decision-making.
Consultations with key stakeholders, including project-affected people and civil society, are
mandatory in development projects so as to satisfy “best practices�. Consultation methods
include public hearings or meetings, focus group discussions, household surveys and interviews,
electronic consultations, and advisory/expert groups. In addition, consultations can include
informal structures at the local level, such as village councils and women’s groups. Good practice
approaches to consultation, including closing the feedback loop, need to be applied more
systematically.
Collaboration
Collaboration with stakeholders in decision-making processes and events can make decisions
more responsive to stakeholder needs and improve the sustainability of program and project
outcomes through increased ownership by stakeholders. Mechanisms for collaboration include
stakeholder/user membership in decision-making bodies, integrity pacts, participatory planning
and budgeting, and stakeholders’ juries.
Collecting, Recording, and Reporting on Inputs from Stakeholders
Stakeholder feedback can be collected periodically on various dimensions of public services
provided, such as effectiveness, inclusiveness, quality, delivery time, transaction costs, and
targeting, as well as on resource utilization or engagement processes. Tools include satisfaction
surveys, focus group discussions, hotlines, community scorecards, stakeholder report cards, or
SMS/online feedback
Grievance Redress Mechanisms
Generally, Grievance Redress Mechanisms (GRM) succeed when the client and the task team are
both committed to using such a mechanism and follow good practice principles: providing
multiple channels for soliciting complaints; registering complaints in a log; publishing timely and
service standards for acknowledgement, response, and resolution; and ensuring transparency
about the grievance procedure as well as options for mediation and appeal. The capacity of local
and national institutions to address grievances also needs to be assessed.
Recognizing the benefits of identifying and responding to complaints early, it is important to
adopt a more proactive approach to focus systematically on GRMs in projects and encourage
opportunities for alternative dispute resolution, where appropriate. GRMs are increasingly
recognized as a means to address complaints early on and manage risks in project preparation
and implementation before they escalate. Grievance forms a central part of the monitoring
process, with grievance tracking forms and indicators for a number of cases, meetings and field
visits, and satisfactory disposition of cases.
Grievances and Appeals Procedure
This grievance procedure is prepared in line with the provision of the RPF of NEWMAP. The need
to provide a forum locally to receive, hear and resolve disputes is in the best interest of all parties


                                                                                                  152
to forestall the lengthy process of litigation, which could affect the progress of project. Therefore,
the setting of grievance redress committee early during RAP implementation is desirable.
Grievance Redress Process
There is no ideal model or one-size-fits-all approach to grievance resolution. The best solutions to
conflicts are generally achieved through localized mechanisms that take account of the specific
issues, cultural context, local customs, and project conditions and scale.
In its simplest form, grievance mechanisms can be broken down into the following primary
components:
    •       Receiving and registering a complaint.
    •       Screening and assessing the complaint.
    •       Formulating a response.
    •       Selecting a resolution approach.
    •       Implementing the approach.
    •       Announcing the result.
    •       Tracking and evaluating the results.
    •       Learning from the experience and communicate back to all parties involved.
    •       Preparing a timely report to management on the nature and resolution of grievances.


Procedure for Effective Local Resolution of Grievance
The following steps and procedures will apply in this project to ensure that grievances are settled
within PMU and /or at the level of the Grievance Redress Committee as much as possible:
    ï‚·   An accessible and affordable complaints mechanism will be in place as soon as this
        report is disclosed, and will enable people with claims against the process to make their
        complaints
    ï‚·   At the first stage, aggrieved persons will register their complaints and grievances to the
        Safeguard Officer in PIU (contact address to be provided to aggrieved persons).The
        Safeguard Officer is required to in consultation with the Project Coordinator provide a
        written response to the PAP within fourteen (14) calendar days of receiving the
        complaint.
    ï‚·   If the aggrieved person is not satisfied with the decision of the PIU, the aggrieved person
        should present the case to the independent Grievance Redress Committee (GRC). The
        GRC upon receiving the complaint should write to acknowledge the receipt within one
        week.
    ï‚·   A record should be kept for hearing concerning the complaint, as well as of the reasons
        for filing the complaint
    ï‚·   The matter so complained should be verified with the PIU
    ï‚·   Mediation efforts at the discretion of the GRC should be embarked upon within three
        weeks of receiving the complaint
Where a matter is not satisfactorily resolved at this level, the GRC should assist aggrieved
persons to seek redress through the court of justice.
Court Resolution of Grievance Matters
The possibility of seeking for grievance resolution in the court may be a last resort and should be
expected, especially, where the complainant felt dissatisfied with resolution of the GRC.
The provision of the RPF of NEWMAP on this matter is that grievances concerning non-fulfilment
of contracts, levels of compensation, or seizure of assets without compensation shall be
addressed to the state local courts system of administration of justice. The court hierarchy would
in ascending order therefore, be land dispute tribunals/chiefs, followed by magistrate courts and

                                                                                                 153
then finally the high courts. The high court of the state is being designated as the highest
appellate court to settle grievances.
This, admittedly, is a costly and time-consuming procedure. Nevertheless, affected persons will
be exempted from administrative and legal fees incurred pursuant to this grievance redress
procedure.
A comprehensive GRM has been developed for this project and is well documented in the
Resettlement Action Plan developed for the project site.


Stakeholders-led Monitoring
Involving stakeholders in monitoring service delivery, revenues, budget execution, procurement,
contract awards, and reform policies can increase transparency, improve efficiency of service
delivery or budget execution, and reduce opportunities for corruption. Some mechanisms for
stakeholders-led monitoring include public expenditure tracking surveys, social audits, or
stakeholder report cards.
Additional entry points for stakeholder’s engagement in monitoring include collaboration with
local CBOs/NGOs, communities, local academia, or think-tanks in gathering results data and
conducting joint evaluations of project results after project completion (including in the
preparation of project Implementation Completion Reports).
Capacity Building for Stakeholder Engagement
Capacity building for stakeholders, CBOs, communities, government officials, and national
accountability institutions to engage and participate in service delivery, natural resource
management, public financial management, or CDD projects can also contribute to improved
project outcomes. Capacity-building components are therefore included in a number of World
Bank-supported operations. Capacity building for all relevant stakeholders is particularly
necessary and needs to be systematically integrated into WBG supported operations where SE
approaches are introduced for the first time at scale at the national, sectoral, program, or project
level. A focus on building government capacity is also important to ensure the sustainability of
engagement processes beyond the life of a project intervention.

6.12 Social Investment Plan
Social investment refers to philanthropy, charitable giving, corporate social responsibility,
community programs and social contributions to contribute to society that is not primarily
motivated by generating a direct financial return. NEWMAP should employ a three phased
approach strategy which includes community investment, social investment and philanthropy.
The potential benefit of NEWMAP social investments in the community will create significant
opportunities for businesses, including enabling them to meet regulatory requirements, secure a
social license to operate, improve reputation, attract talented employees, increase workforce
engagement and develop new products and markets. The areas for social investment include
education, health, disaster relief, environment, community welfare, housing, infrastructure &
energy, sports & recreation, food and agriculture.
NEWMAP should work in conjunction with existing community NGOs/CBO in achieving the
investment plan. This social investment plan is further delineated in the RAP/ARAP developed in
the framework of this subproject.



                                                                                               154
6.13 Project Coordination and Implementation Arrangements
It is necessary to highlight and define the roles, responsibilities and institutional arrangements
for the implementation of the NEWMAP, as they are fundamental to the effective implementation
of the environmental safeguard measures outlined in this ESMP. Accordingly, details of
institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions in the
implementation of the ESMP are highlighted below.

6.14 NEWMAP Institutional Arrangement
Generally, the NEWMAP project is expected to run at two levels, namely the Federal and State. At
the Federal level, the Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) supervised by the Federal
Ministry of Finance will manage the Coordination and Program Support. The FPMU will establish
coordination and support relationship with the State counterpart Agencies. Thus at the State
level, the governments of the 194 States have set up by State Law, agencies that would work in
collaboration with the FPMU, though operating independently. Albeit, the Ministry of Finance,
Budget and /Economic Planning, as the case may be in the various State is at present taking the
lead in the coordination of the NEWMAP preparatory programmes.
The law or legal agreement used in establishing the agencies will insulate the agencies and
specifically the management unit from undue political or administrative interference. In addition,
to implement the NEWMAP program according to the agreed terms and conditions, a formal
agreement is needed between the State Governments, the Implementing Agencies (PMU) and
other MDAs outlining the tasks, responsibilities, schedules, procedures, deliverables etc.,
required for preparation and implementation of the approved sub-projects.
Furthermore, the State Agency/Project Management Unit (PMU) will have an advisory board or a
technical steering committee and a management unit. The board will include representatives
from civil society and the government.
The Project Management Unit (PMU) headed by a Project Coordinator who will supervise activities
of staff within three (3) major departments of the Agency, namely: Operations, Finance and
Administration, and Monitoring and Evaluation (all three departments will cater for the
environmental and social components/issues as concerns the NEWMAP).
To capture the inflow and use of credit proceeds in a transparent manner through the Office of
the Accountant General [Project Financial Management Unit (PFMU) set up for financial
management of donor assisted projects at the state level], the PMU shall establish a relationship
with PFMU. This relationship would entail:
       ï‚·   A copy of the annual budget and work plan will be made available to the PFMU by the
           PMU;
       ï‚·   FPMU internal auditors will be responsible for regular internal audit in the PMU and
           submit quarterly reports to the government (copied to IDA).
       ï‚·   A copy of monthly progress reports, quarterly reviews and interim Financial Reports
           (IFRs) shall be sent regularly to the PFMU;
       ï‚·   The PFMU internal auditors shall participate in quarterly monitoring visits to
           communities as organized by the PMU.

6.15 Roles and Responsibilities
The successful implementation of the ESMP depends on the commitment of the sector and
related institutions, and the capacity within the institutions to apply or use the ESMP effectively,
and the appropriate and functional institutional arrangements, among others. Thus, details of
institutional arrangements, the roles and responsibilities of the institutions that would be
involved in the implementation of the ESMP are highlighted below. For the purpose of this ESMP,
the institutions identified include;


                                                                                               155
       ï‚·   Federal Level Institutions: Federal Ministry of Environment and other relevant
           Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs).
       ï‚·   State Level Institutions: SPMU and other relevant Ministries, Departments and
           Agencies (MDAs).
       ï‚·   Local Government Level Institutions: Local Government Review Committee
       ï‚·   (LGRC); Local Government Desk Office (LGDO)
       ï‚·   Community Level and other Institutions
       ï‚·   Direct and Other Stakeholder/Groups: Community Project Management Committee
           (CPMC); CDA; CBO/NGOs
       ï‚·   Consultants, Contractors and Site Engineers
       ï‚·   World Bank and Other Development Partners Their roles and responsibilities are
           highlighted below

6.16 Federal Level Institutions
The institutions at the federal level are responsible for the establishment of national policy goals
and objectives and the appropriate provision of technical and financial assistance to State and
local governments. For this ESMP specifically, the Federal Ministry of Environment and her
relevant agencies like Department of Erosion, Flood and Costal Management shall play the role
of lead environmental regulator, overseeing compliance requirements, granting consent and also
monitoring or providing supervisory oversight for the NEWMAP projects. It also shall receive
comments from stakeholders, public hearing of project proposals, and convening technical
decision-making panel as well as provide approval and needed clearance for EA/EMP or other
environmental clearance.

6.16.1 Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv)
Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is mandated by the Federal Republic of Nigeria to
ensure environmental protection and natural resources conservation for a sustainable
development in the country. They promote cooperation in environmental science and
conservation technology with similar bodies in other countries and with international bodies
connected with the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources. The
Ministry also cooperates with Federal and State Ministries, Local Government, statutory bodies
and research agencies on matters and facilities relating to the protection of the environment and
the conservation of natural resources.

6.16.2 Department of Erosion, Flood and Costal Management
The Department is the lead agency at the federal level for this project. The department is
ultimately responsible for monitoring, assessing, mapping, inventory and generation of baseline
environment data for the prevention, mitigation and control of hydro- meteorological related
disasters in Nigeria. Other responsibilities include:
       ï‚·   Monitoring the impact of global change and associated impacts on flood, inland and
           coastal Erosion
       ï‚·   Land reclamation
       ï‚·   Development of Soil Conservation policy and master plan towards efficient land use
           practices in Nigeria
       ï‚·   Processing and management of satellite data for management of hydro-metrological
           related disasters in Nigeria-flood, erosion, water harvest & Coastal Erosion
       ï‚·   Inter-basin water transfer from regions of surpluses to region of deficits for water
           harvesting for flesh flood prevention
       ï‚·   Formulation of resettlement strategies, emergency preparedness plans, and
           sociological aspects of coping with flood in affected areas in the country in
           cooperation with other related agencies.


                                                                                               156
       ï‚·   Development and operation of flood, early warning systems.
       ï‚·   Studies and designs for control of Soil Erosion, Flood Coastal Zones Management
           water harvesting and management.
       ï‚·   Public enlightenment on prevention, mitigation and control of Flood Erosion and
           Coastal Zone Degradation.
       ï‚·   Operation and Maintenance of installed physical structures for control of flood and
           erosion, to ensure optimum efficiency and achievement of designed life spans of
           such structures.
       ï‚·   Protection and management of coastal shoreline against coastal erosion and coastal
           degradation.
       ï‚·   Establishing linkages with agencies with similar mandates.

6.16.3 Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR)
The Federal Ministry of Water Resources is the umbrella government organ under which all water
resources activities at the Federal levels, including hydrological activities, operate. The Nigerian
Hydrological Services Agency and Integrated Water Resources Commission and River Basin
Development Authorities are under the Ministry.

6.16.4 Nigerian Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA)
The Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA) operates and maintains hydrological stations
nation-wide for gauging of surface water points. The agency also undertakes groundwater
exploration and monitoring. The data collected is stored in robust database system, analyzed and
processed for the purpose of mapping all the nation's water deposits and also to provide the vital
hydrological and hydrogeological data required for sustainable water resources budgeting for
various purposes such as domestic, irrigation/agricultural development (for food security and
poverty alleviation), hydroelectricity generation, industrialization, tourism and recreation among
others.

6.16.5 Integrated Water Resources Commission
The commission ensures the effective monitoring and evaluating of water sector program, and
also receives and investigates complaints from consumers and other persons in the water
resources sector.

6.16.6 Federal Ministry of Works (FMW)
The Federal Ministry of Works is engaged to ensure modern and reliable national road transport
network in the country. They are also charged with Federal Highways and Bridges (Planning &
Design, Construction & Rehabilitation, Monitoring and Maintenance of Federal Roads nationwide,
Provision of Highway Engineering Infrastructure, Surveying and mapping the nation’s internal and
international boundaries. Under the ministry they have several departments and agencies.

6.16.7 Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD)
The Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development ensures that the citizenry are
provided with credible and timely information on government activities, programs and initiatives;
while creating an enabling technological environment for socio-economic development of the
nation.

6.16.8 National Environmental Standards and Regulatory Enforcement Agency
       (NESREA)
The agency is chiefly responsible for the protection and development of the environmental,
biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural resources in general

                                                                                               157
and environmental technology including liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside
Nigeria on matter of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies
and guidelines.
The safeguard responsibilities for the NEWMAP are highlighted in the table 5.0 below




Table 27: Safeguard Responsibilities for NEWMAP

S/No Category                   Roles

I      Federal    Government    Lead role -provision of advice on screening, scoping, review of
       MDAs (Federal Ministry   Draft RAP/EA report (in liaison with State Ministry of Environment),
       of Environment and her   receiving comments from stakeholders, public hearing of the
       agencies   (Such    as   project proposals, and convening a technical decision-making
       NESREA)                  panel, Project categorization for EA, Applicable standards,
                                Environmental and social liability investigations, Monitoring and
                                evaluation process and criteria



II     State                    Compliance overseer at State Level, on matters of Land
       Government               Acquisition and compensation and other resettlement issues,
       MDAs                Lead role -provision of advice on screening, scoping, review of
                           Draft RAP/EA report (in liaison with Federal Ministry of
       (Ministry of Lands,
                           Environment), receiving comments from stakeholders, public
       Survey and Urban
                           hearing of the project proposals, and convening a technical
       Development,        decision-making panel, Monitoring and evaluation process and
                           criteria.
       Ministry      of
       Environment, etc.

       Other MDAs               The MDAs applies when relevant areas or resources under their
                                jurisdiction are likely to be affected by or implicated sub-projects.
                                They participate in the EA processes and in project decision
                                making that helps prevent or minimize impacts and to mitigate
                                them. These institutions may also be required, issue a consent or
                                approval for an aspect of a project; allow an area to be included in
                                a project; or allow impact to a certain extent or impose restrictions
                                or conditions, monitoring responsibility or supervisory oversight.

III    World Bank               Assess implementation
                                Recommend additional measures for strengthening                  the
                                management framework and implementation performance.

IV     NEWMAP SPMU              Liaise closely with Ministry of Environment in preparing a
                                coordinated response on the environmental and social aspects of
       Safeguards
                                project development.
       Unit


                                                                                              158
V      Local government           Liaising with the PMU to verify adequacy of resettlement location
                                  and provide approval for such sites, Providing additional
                                  resettlement area if the designated locations are not adequate,
                                  Provide necessary infrastructures in relocated areas, engage and
                                  encourage carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness
                                  campaign for the proposed sub-projects, amongst the various
                                  relevant grass roots interest groups.

VI     CDA                        Ensure Community participation          by   mobilizing,   sensitizing
                                  community members;
       (Community
                                  Will work with the PMUs at Federal and State levels, and other
       Development
                                  stakeholders. They are to ensure effective project delivery in a
       Organisations)             timely, safe and environmentally sound manner.
       Consultants,
       Contractors, and
       Site Engineers

VII    NGOs/CSOs                  Assisting in their respective ways to ensure effective response
                                  actions, Conducting scientific researches alongside government
                                  groups to evolve and devise sustainable environmental strategies
                                  and rehabilitation techniques, Organizing, coordinating and
                                  ensuring safe use of volunteers in a response action, and actually
                                  identifying where these volunteers can best render services
                                  effectively & Providing wide support assistance helpful in
                                  management planning, institutional/governance issues and other
                                  livelihood related matter, Project impacts and mitigation measure,
                                  Awareness campaigns

VIII   The      General           Same as above
       Public


The other institutions, on the other hand, come in as and when relevant areas or resources under
their jurisdiction or management are likely to be affected by or implicated in the execution of the
project. These institutions are grouped broadly into two – resource based ones and the utility
service providers. They all have a significant role and are consulted as appropriate. They
participate in the EIA processes and in project decision-making that helps prevent or minimize
impacts and to mitigate them. These institutions may also be required:
                ï‚·   To issue a consent or approval for an aspect of a sub- project;
                ï‚·   To allow impact to a certain extent or impose restrictions or conditions.
Furthermore, the institutions may have monitoring responsibility or supervisory oversight in an
area of concern or interest to them during implementation.

6.17 State Level Institutions
The State level institutions include the SPMUs and other relevant Ministries, Departments and
Agencies (MDAs). Some relevant agencies include:




                                                                                                 159
6.17.1 Abia State Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA)
This serves as the regulatory body to protect and manage the environmental issues in the state.
The functions of the ASEPA include:
               ï‚·   Enforcement of all environmental legislations in the states
               ï‚·   Minimization of impacts of physical development on the ecosystem
               ï‚·   Preservation, conservation and restoration to pre-impact status of all
                   ecological process essential for the preservation of biological diversity.
               ï‚·   Protection of air, water, land, forest and wildlife within the state.
               ï‚·   Pollution control and environmental health in the state.

6.17.2 Abia State Ministry of Agriculture
The state ministry promote accelerated agricultural development, increase production in all the
sub sectors; and realization of the structural transformation in the socio-economic development
of the rural areas.

6.17.3 Abia State Ministry of Works
The Ministry of Works the State level ensures the construction and maintenance of rural and
urban road networks as well as transportation issues. They are also responsible for the physical
development of the States specifically the duties of Planning, Researching, Formulation,
Implementation and evaluation and evaluation of policies on roads, electrical and Mechanical
installations as well as the acquisition of earthmoving equipment and other machines needed in
survey and Civil Engineering works.

6.17.4 Abia State Ministry of Land and Survey
The major function of the Ministry of Land and Survey is to ensure that there is optimal utilization
of land resources in their states in order to achieve development. For the NEWMAP purpose, the
State Ministry of land will provide proper guidelines in acquiring land from the members of the
community for the purpose of the work.

6.17.5 Abia State Ministry of Information
The State Ministry of Information will be responsible for the dissemination of information that will
enhance and facilitate project understanding and acceptance at the level of the state. It will have
an idea on the language of the community members and the culture of its local people. The
ministry will utilize the use of radios, television media, public awareness campaigns and jingles;
going into the communities and informing the people and other communication media to educate
the community members on the importance of the NEWMAP in their community. This ministry will
play a vital role in community involvement mechanism.

6.17.6 Abia State Ministry of Youth Development
This ministry will work with the State NEWMAP to ensure that youths of the local communities
gain occupational benefits from sub-project implementation.

6.17.7 Abia State Ministry of Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation
The ministry is responsible for community-based matters such as community mobilization; self-
help projects, rural industrialization, neighbourhood watch, training and workshop for community
development associations, listing of community development associations in the State etc. It will
assist in educating the community members on the importance of the NEWMAP. It will provide
indigenous communities with assurance. For example: that the NEWMAP will not disrupt any
farming practices but rather provide a better environment for production systems to thrive.

                                                                                               160
6.17.8 State Project Management Unit (PMU)
The PMU, as the implementing authority, has the mandate to:
       ï‚·   Co-ordinate all policies, programmes and actions of all related agencies in the States
          Ensure the smooth and efficient implementation of the project’s various technical
           programmes
       ï‚·   Cooperate through a Steering Committee that provides guidance to the technical
           aspects of all project activities;
       ï‚·   Maintain and manage all funds effectively and efficiently for the sub-projects
       ï‚·   Plan, coordinate, manage and develop NEWMAP projects to ensure success.
       ï‚·   Coordinate activities of the State Licensing Authority and all vehicle inspection units.
       ï‚·   Recommend on policy issues to the Governor including mechanisms for
           implementation.
       ï‚·   Prepare plans for the management and development of NEWMAP project.
       ï‚·   Facilitate the discussion between PAPs and communities regarding compensation for
           land acquired for the subprojects micro-projects;
       ï‚·   Monitor the project work to ensure that the activities are carried out in a satisfactory
           manner;
       ï‚·   Organize the necessary orientation and training for the departmental officials so that
           they can carry out consultations with communities, support communities in carrying
           out RAPs and implement the payment of compensation and other measures
       ï‚·   (relocation and rehabilitation entitlement) to PAPs in a timely manner;
       ï‚·   1Ensure that progress reports are submitted to the World Bank regularly

       SPMU Safeguard Units
To ensure sustainability in all the NEWMAP projects, an Environmental/Social and Livelihood
Safeguards Unit that reports directly to the Project Coordinator exists. The paramount objective of
the Environmental/Social and Safeguards unit is to ensure the effective consideration and
management of environmental/social concerns in all aspects of NEWMAP project, from the
design, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of initiatives in the State. Thus a
key function of the Unit is to engender a broad consensus, through participatory methods and
extensive dialogue with affected and interested parties, on fair and adequate methods by which
rights of way can be cleared of occupants as needed, taking account of international standards
for involuntary displacement as incorporated into the World Bank's OP 4.12 on Involuntary
Resettlement and environmental compliance with the EA.
With this, particular attention is directed at minimizing environmental/social risks associated
with the development of sub-project initiatives, as well as the identification and maximization of
social development opportunities arising from investments.
In the implementation of the NEWMAP, the Safeguard Unit will be expected to advise on the
environmental and social costs/benefits of the different options and audit environmental and
social safeguards compliance of sub-projects. The PMU Safeguards Unit will function as an
independent unit. For all environmental and social issues, the Safeguard Unit shall work closely
with other relevant MDAs in preparing a coordinated response on the environmental and social
aspects of the NEWMAP sub-projects. In order to achieve this made, the PMU would have in each
State Steering Committee (Board) and a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) for coordinating the
day to day activities with the relevant line departments.. Two members of the PMU will be
designated as Environmental & Social Officers to oversee the implementation of Safeguard
instrument for the ESMP and the RPF as well as any other environmental and social provisions as
deemed fit for project implementation as per the regulations of the World Bank and Government
of Nigeria and the respective State government. The roles and responsibilities of the Safeguard


                                                                                              161
Specialists (Environmental and Social Officers to anchor environmental and social issues
distinctively) are described below;

Roles & Responsibilities of Safeguard Specialists
           ï‚·   Review all EA / SA Documents prepared by consultants and ensure adequacy
               under the World Bank Safeguard policies including the OP4.01;
           ï‚·   Ensure that the project design and specifications adequately reflect the
               recommendations of the EIA / ESIA;
           ï‚·   Co-ordinate application, follow up processing and obtain requisite clearances
               required for the project, if required;
           ï‚·   Prepare compliance reports with statutory requirements;
           ï‚·   Develop, organize and deliver training programme for the PIU staff, the
               contractors and others involved in the project implementation, in collaboration
               with the PMU;
              Review and approve the Contractor’s Implementation Plan for the environmental
               measures, as per the ESIA and any other supplementary environmental studies
               that may need to be carried out by the PIU;
           ï‚·   Liaise with the Contractors and the PIU / State Implementing agency on
               implementation of the ESMP / RAP;
           ï‚·   Liaise with various Central and State Government agencies on environmental,
               resettlement and other regulatory matters;
           ï‚·   Continuously interact with the NGOs and Community groups that would be
               involved in the project;
           ï‚·   Establish dialogue with the affected communities and ensure that the
               environmental concerns and suggestions are incorporated and implemented in
               the project;
           ï‚·   Review the performance of the project through an assessment of the periodic
               environmental monitoring reports; provide a summary of the same to the Project
               Manager, and initiate necessary follow-up actions;
           ï‚·   Provide support and assistance to the Government Agencies and the World Bank
               to supervise the implementation.
Note: Because of the sectoral nature of the NEWMAP and anticipated project types, and given
the number of safeguard policies, a safeguards manual will be prepared by the proponent.

6.18 Local Government Level Institutions
The Local Government has become accepted as the government nearest to the people or the
masses. For any meaningful development to take place, this level of government needs to be
galvanized, to execute people oriented programs, which seek to lower poverty level as is
designed in NEWMAP. The LG governs the affairs in the various communities. It is expected that
it serve as an inter-phase between the community members and the SPMU. The LG can assist in
the implementation of the proper community mechanism. Members of the local government are
mostly people from the community and can easily win the trust of the people. Their staff can work
together with the other MDAs and CBOs.
The Local Government Council has to be fully briefed and enlightened in the process and steps to
be taken in the ESMP/EA/ESMP and the overall project execution. The Council should in turn
engage and should be encouraged to carry out a comprehensive and practical awareness
campaign for the proposed project, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups.




                                                                                            162
6.18.1 Community Level and other Institutions
This includes direct and other concerned stakeholders/groups. This may have complaints/views
that need to be resolved in the choosing and execution of the various subprojects. It is obvious
that villages and youth leaders shall ensure that social values are not interfered with.

6.18.2 Community Based Organizations (CBO)
These are organizations based in the communities. Organizations in the community can serve as
an inter-phase and can speak for the people. They can communicate to the SNEWMAP, the
intentions and needs of the people and vice versa.

6.19 World Bank
The World Bank will assess the implementation of the ESMP and recommend additional
measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance,
where need be. The reporting framework, screening procedures and preparation of management
and mitigation plans shall be discussed and agreed upon by the Bank team and PMU during the
early part of project implementation.

6.20 Consultants, Contractors and Site Engineers
The Consultant and Contractor will work with the PMU and other stakeholders in prompt and
effective projects delivery.

6.21 Safeguards Manual
A Safeguard manual will be prepared in order to enable the FPMU, SPMU, Safeguards PMU and
implementers of sub-projects, ensure that all sub-project activities comply with environmental
and social safeguards requirements of the World Bank.




                                                                                           163
7   CHAPTER SEVEN: RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations are for the consideration of the Abia State NEWMAP PMU
towards ensuring the improvement of decisions and filling of gaps identified by the ESMP study.
Improvement of capacity of the Project site committee members is important to ensure that they
deliver their duties as expected.
Also there should be adequate awareness creation in the area of water harvesting as this will
reduce surface run-off especially during the rainy season thereby preventing flooding and
subsequent erosion.
Residents should be enlightened on the anthropogenic causes of erosion and ways to prevent
them especially in alternative ways of doing things.
There is a need to enlighten the residents of the community on SLM practices that will maintain
or improve a balanced soil organic material-nutrient cycle as well as reduce vulnerability to
erosion
There is also a need to create more awareness on the anthropogenic causes of soil erosion and
flooding with a bid to prevent future occurrence after the rehabilitation works.
Waste management is also a serious issue in the area as residents tend to dump refuse either in
the gully or drainages. These should be discouraged and programmes designed to enlighten
them n best practice for refuse disposal.




                                                                                          164
REFERENCES
Adegoke, O.S., 1969. Eocene Stratigraphy Of Southern Nigeria: Colloque Sur L’ Eocene, III.
Bureau De Recherché Geologiques et Minieres, Vol. 69, 20 – 48.
Adeigbe, O.C and Salufu, A. E, Geology and Depositional Environment of Campano-Maastrichtian
Sediments in The Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria: Evidence From Field Relationship And
Sedimentological Study, Earth Sci. Res. J. Vol.13 No.2 Bogotá July/Dec. 2009
Anyanwu J. C., Egbuche C. T., Amaku. G. E., Duruora J. O., Onwuagba, S. M. The Impact of
Deforestation on Soil Conditions in Anambra State of Nigeria. Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries. Special Issue: Environment and Applied Science Management in a Changing Global
Climate. Vol. 4, No.3-1, 2015, Pp. 64-69.
Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed
Management Project, World Bank (2013)
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). (1991). A Study for the Reasons
for Success or Failure of Soil Conservation Projects
Herweg, K. (1999). Field Manual for Assessment for Current Erosion Damage.
Ibe, K.M, and Njemanze, G.M., (1998) The Impact of Urbanization and Protection of Water
Resources Owerri, Nigeria [online] Available from <www.hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1998/ibe.pdf>
IFC performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability, World Bank (2012)
Norman H. (1995). Soil Conservation. 3rd Edition. Batsford, UK.
Oboh, F.E. (1992): Middle Miocene Paleoenvironments of the Niger Delta. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Paleoecology 92: 55-84.
Offodile M.E, an Approach to Ground Water Study and Development in Nigeria. Mecon Services,
Jos, 1992, 247p.
Onuoha, K. M. And Uma, K. O; 2008, Hydrodynamic Flow And Formation Pressures In The
Anambra Basin, Southern Nigeria, Product Of University Of Nigeria, Nsukka Virtual Library, Pp.
142-159.
Operational Manual (Safeguards on Involuntary Resettlement), World Bank (2001) Practices
Project Appraisal Document for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project, World Bank
(2012)
Project Implementation Manual for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project, World
Bank, (2013)
Resettlement Policy Framework for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project, World
Bank (2012)
Reyment R. A.; 1976. Stratigraphy of Niger Delta. Ibadan University Press, Nigeria.
DIYOKES, 2016, Final Engineering Drawings Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Gully Erosion
Mitigationworks.
Suresh, R. (2007). Soil and Water Conservation Engineering.Second edition, Standard Publishers
Distributers, 44-46.
World Bank (1991), Environmental Assessment sourcebook volume I: Policies, procedures and
cross-sectoral issues. World Bank, Washington.
World Bank (2004). Strategic Framework for Mainstreaming Citizen Engagement in World Bank
Group


                                                                                           165
ANNEX ONE: ESMP TEMPLATE
Chapter 1: Background of ESMP Activity


Chapter 2: Institutional and legal framework for environmental management
   ï‚·   Discussions on World Bank safeguard policies triggered by NEWMAP and the proposed
       activity.

   ï‚·   Summary of relevant local and federal policy legal regulatory and administrative
       frameworks.

Chapter 3: Biophysical Environment
   ï‚·   Description of the area of influence and environmental baseline conditions.

Chapter 4: Socio-economic Characteristics & Consultation with Stakeholders
   ï‚·   Analysis of existing livelihoods opportunities, income, and gender characteristics, age
       profile, health, transport and access to existing community structures at watershed
       community, household and individual levels.
   ï‚·   Analysis of existing formal and informal grievance redresses mechanisms in and around
       the intervention areas.
   ï‚·   Presentation of consultants with relevant stakeholders and affected persons.
   ï‚·   Other topics as relevant


Chapter 5: Assessment of potential adverse impacts and analysis of alternatives
   ï‚·   Methods and techniques used in assessing and analyzing the environmental and social
       impacts of the proposed project.
   ï‚·   Discussion of alternatives to the current project and reasons for their rejection including
       short description of likely future scenario without intervention.
   ï‚·   Discussion of the potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts of the
       proposed project.


Chapter 6: Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP) including:
   ï‚·   Discussion of the proposed mitigation measures
   ï‚·   Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities
   ï‚·   Capacity building plan
   ï‚·   Public consultation plan
      Description of “Grievance Redress Mechanism� in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP
       and project implementation manual to address situations of conflicts or disagreements
       about some of the project activities.


                                                                                                 166
   ï‚·   Monitoring and Evaluation plan including suitable indicators for the proposed project
   ï‚·   Cost of implementing the ESMP


Chapter 7: Summary, Recommendations and Conclusion
   Annex 1: List of Persons Met
   Annex 2: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies
   Annex 3: General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts/Civil
      Works.
   Annex 4: References
   Annex 5: Summary of the database of information collected for ESMP
   Annex 6: Maps
   Annex 7: Photos/Videos




COMMENTS
   -   The logo of Hospitalia Consultaire should be removed from the work
   -   How many enumerators did you use to get to this no 515, please their names, Age and
       sex are required.
   -   No abbreviations – This should come after the executive summary.
   ï‚·   The font size of this report should be increased.
   -   Include list of names of the stakeholders.
   -   Include list of economic trees with their botanical names in tabular form.
   -   A bar chart representation is needed.
   -   In xii the number in Plate does not tally with the words.
   -   There is no delineated map of the site in question.
   -   Please include the name of the laboratory where the samples collected were taken to
       arrive at these results.




                                                                                               167
ANNEX TWO: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE PREPARATION OF AN
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
BACKGROUND
The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectorial Nigeria Erosion and Watershed
Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment
Facility, the special climate change fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP Finances
activities implemented by states and activities implemented by the Federal Government. The
project currently includes 7 mover states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu,
Ebonyi, and Imo, and recently additional 12 states have been added namely Delta, Oyo, Sokoto,
Gombe, Plateau, Kogi, Kano, Akwa Ibom, Borno, Nasarrawa, Katsina and Niger states.


The lead agency at the Federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME), Department of
Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, local communities
and CSOs are or will be involved in the project, given that the project is a multi-sector operation
involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional
and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management.


The development objective of NEWMAP is to reduce vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub-
watersheds. At state level, NEWMAP activities involve medium-sized civil works such as
construction of infrastructure and/or stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gullies
themselves, as well as small works in the small watershed where gullies form and expand. These
works trigger the World Bank’s Safeguard policies including Environmental Assessment Op4.01,
Natural Habitats Op 4.04, Cultural Property OP 11.03, Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 Safety
of Dams OP 4.37; Pest Management Safeguard Policy OP 4.09 and Projects on International
Waterways OP 7.50.


The Environmental and Social Safeguards concerns are being addressed through two national
instruments already prepared under the project: an Environmental and Social Management
Framework (ESMF) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). These framework instruments
need to be translated into specific costed, measurable, and monitorable actions for specific
management and action plans.
ESMF: In general, the ESMF specified the procedures to be used for preparing, approving and
implementing (i) environmental/social assessments (ESAs, alternatively both an SA or an EA)
and/or (ii) environmental/social management plans (ESMPs, or alternatively both an EMP and
SMP) for individual civil works packages developed for each project. ESMPs are essential
elements for category B projects.
OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE CONSULTANCY
The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an Environmental and Social
Management Plan (ESMP) for Umuda Isingwu / Umuagu Ibeku gully erosion complex in
Umuahia North Local Government of Abia State intervention site(s).


Each ESMP is site-specific and consists of a well-documented set of mitigation,
monitoring, and institutional actions to be taken before and during implementation to
eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to
acceptable levels. Each ESMP also includes the measures needed to implement these


                                                                                              168
actions, addressing the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and
lower watersheds in the intervention site.


The consultant will work in close collaboration with the Engineering Design Consultants
and NEWMAP State Project Management Unit’s (SPMU) safeguard team, and with other
actors as directed by the SPMU. In that respect the sequencing of the
technical/feasibility studies and the ESMP will be critical. The consultant will have to
receive the draft technical/feasibility studies in order to take into account the technical
variants of the proposed activities and also in return inform the technical design
consultants of any major constraint that may arise due to the social and environmental
situation on the ground.


In each intervention site, the consultant will visit the full sub-watershed as delineated in
the given gully stabilization design. These sub-watersheds are an average of four square
kilometers in southern Nigeria. The consultant will take into account the proposed civil
engineering designs, vegetative land management measures and other activities aimed
at reducing or managing runoff that would be carried out within the sub-watershed. The
consultant will assess natural resources and infrastructure potentially affected during
project implementation and operation and selects the management strategies needed to
ensure that environmental risks are appropriately mitigated.


Tasks of the consultant include the following:
   ï‚·   Describe the existing status of the sub-watershed and gullies;
   ï‚·   Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions;
   ï‚·   Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff
       collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall);
   ï‚·   Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction
       and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government
       agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially
       significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;
   ï‚·   Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with
       sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government
       agencies;
   ï‚·   Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the
       impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above (in a-e);
   ï‚·   Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for
       carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g for operation, supervision,
       enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and
       staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each
       implementation agency;
   ï‚·   Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management
       capacity in the agencies responsible for implementation;
   ï‚·   Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the
       project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and
   ï‚·   Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for
       implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these
       costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.

UMUDA ISINGWU/UMUAGU IBEKU GULLY EROSION COMPLEX

                                                                                             169
The Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku gully erosion complex lies between longitude 05o 32’
and 05o 34’ North, and latitude 07o 28’ and 07o 30’ East. The Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu
Ibeku gully erosion complex consists of Umuagu main gully and its tributary
Umuda/Okengwu gully, and Isingwu main gully. They are located in Umuagu Ibeku and
Umuda Isingwu communities in Umuahia North local government area of Abia State. This
site has three different gully heads at Umuagu, Umuda and Isingwu villages. The Umuagu
and Umuda/Okengwu gullies empty into Iyi Doti (De Oti) stream while Isingwu gully
empties into the Obohu stream. The confluence of Iyi Doti and Obohu streams is at Nchi
Isingwu Umuda Amafor and retains the name Obohu as it flows downstream.




Fig. 1: The Erosion and watershed map of Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu Ibeku Complex gully
                                  erosion is shown




                                                                                  170
Fig 2: Delineated map of Umuda Isingwu/Umuagu




                                                171
1.1.1. THE PROBLEM
   d. Umuagu Gully Erosion Site

The gully may have started as a result of runoff from a collection of reinforced concrete
drains on both sides of an asphalt paved road that stopped at a culvert and those from
an earth road with concrete lined drain on one side. The 2.4 x 1.0 m culvert is located at
the intersection of the asphalt road and the earth road leading to the house of the Pastor
of Behold He Cometh Pentecostal Church and Theological Seminary, Umuagu, about
200m upstream of the gully head. Runoff from the three stretches of drains pass through
the culvert and flow partly over farmland before encountering a sudden steep slope. The
result is undercutting and the development of the gully head and subsequently the
development of the Umuagu gully which is threatening the community primary school
buildings. Other major cause of the gully includes additional runoff from the side of the
earth road without drain, as the alignment of the earth road follows the route of the
runoff that terminated at the gully head.
The shape of the gully is trapezoidal and it has an estimated bottom width of 2m - 4m,
top width of 30m – 40m and depth of 30m – 35m. The soil formation as observed is


                                                                                      172
predominantly sandy soil and easily erodible. The distance from the gully head to Iyi Doti
is about 850m.
   e. Umuda Isingwu Gully Erosion Site

The gully may have been caused by poor and inadequate construction of drainage
structures on the Umuda – Isingwu road that branched off from the Umuahia – Uzuakoli
road. Runoff from 600mm wide by 600mm deep reinforced concrete rectangular drains
on both sides of the road is drained by a 600mm diameter reinforced concrete pipe
culvert along Umuda – Isingwu road close to Chief Friday Okengwu’s compound. The
discharge from the culvert flows directly over open farm land without any protective
measures.
   f. Isingwu Gully Erosion Site

The Isingwu gully may have been caused by the abrupt termination of the short length of
reinforced concrete roadside drainage channel which led to the development of the gully
head and subsequently expansion as gully fingers of different sizes, as one moved
downwards along the earth road, over a steep slope towards the Obuhu stream. The gully
has cut the road surface in many sections preventing the people of Isingwu from going to
Obuhu to fetch water for domestic use and from communicating with the communities
across the stream. Other major cause of the gully is the steep slope topography of the
site and collection of runoff from the higher elevation paved roads and residences
flowing over the abandoned earth road and drains.
The gully has various shapes and is still active and has its outlet at Obuhu stream, a
distance of about 950m. A section of the gullied road is currently being used as dumping
ground for solid waste.
Except for vegetation that covered the area on its own, no past efforts have been made
to check the propagation of the gullies; rather another road alignment that avoided the
gullied sections was set out and graded leading to Obuhu stream.
   1.2.2. THE SOLUTIONS
      a. Umuagu Ibeku gully - Conduct runoff safely through the gully to safely
          discharge into Iyi Doti stream using drainage channels, chute spillways, stilling
          basins and outlet protection works; install check dams and retaining walls
          accompanied by earthworks and vegetation.
      b. Umuda Isingwu gully – Conduct runoff safely through the gully to safely
          discharge into the main gully using drainage channels, chute spillways, stilling
          basins and outlet protection works; install check dams accompanied by
          earthworks and vegetation.
      c. Isingwu-Ossah road gully - Fill up every gully and reconstruct road with
          drainage structures as if new project and plant vegetation.

1.2.   RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY
The destructive effects of this Gully erosion is not only the annual washing away of the
soil and nutrients which decreases the productivity of the soil and yields from agricultural
crops, but extends to lives and properties of people around this community. They gully
erosion problem is critically studied and appropriate erosion control structures sited at
right places within the study area. Umuagu primary school will be saved from gully threat

                                                                                        173
Umuagu primary school will reclaim the school playground and pupils resume their
games’ programme several residential buildings, valuable residential plots of land and
economic trees will be secured. As the Isingwu – Ossah road will be motorable; there will
be improved transport and communication system between the villagers and
neighbouring communities. Health benefits will include reduction of malaria and other
diseases as the stagnant pools of water on the gullies which have been breeding
grounds for mosquitoes and other disease vectors would disappear.
The following socio-economic issues shall be addressed in the ESMP:
     ï‚· A summary of the impacted communities for the project: location, access,
         population (number, demographic and social characteristics); economy
         (employment rate, income distribution); services (types, capacity, and adequacy)
         and housing. Concern is the ability to provide work force, service new
         development and absorb and adjust to growth (worker/family).
     ï‚· A summary of the views of the population including vulnerable groups,
         determined through documented discussions with local communities. These
         meetings and discussions must be documented and should show how issues
         and problems raised are or will be resolved (note that an Abbreviated
         Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) could be developed for the Site, and this is
         covered under separate TORs).
     ï‚· Cultural: Summarize the possible effects of the project on
         historical/archaeological sites, heritage/artefacts, native religious or harvest
         sites of the affected communities and identification or development of
         mechanisms for handling chance findings.
Other tasks:
The consultant shall assist the SPMU to: (i) Register the ESMP with the environmental
assessment (EA) departments at Federal and State levels; and (ii) Disclose the finalized
ESMP at National, State, LGA and Community levels.




1.3.   QUALIFICATIONS
The consultant(s) must have expertise and advanced degrees earned in relevant fields
including but not limited to: civil/environmental engineering, environmental sciences, or
the social sciences.
Minimum experience should be eight (8) years with a minimum specific experience of
four (4) years on planning related to infrastructure development or disaster response.
The consultant(s) must have experience in design and preparation of an Environmental
and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for infrastructure projects. The consultant(s) must
have competency and documented experience in social and environmental scientific
analysis and development of operational action plans.
The consultant(s) must have a working knowledge of World Bank operational safeguards
policies gained through hands-on experience in the preparation and implementation of
environmental and social management plans in an urban area.


                                                                                     174
1.4.   DELIVERABLES AND TIMING
   ï‚·   Inception Report: One week after contract signing.
   ï‚·   Week 4: A draft ESMP will be submitted for comments in four weeks from the date
       of signing the contract.
   ï‚·   Week 6: The draft final ESMP Report will take into account all comments, and will
       be submitted to the SPMU.
   ï‚·   Week 8: The Final ESMP acceptable to SPMU Abia State and to the World Bank. A
       comprehensive database of relevant information collected in Excel format

       NB
   ï‚·   All reports shall be submitted in hard and soft copies (in flash drives)

1.5.   PROJECT-SPECIFIC
   ï‚·   Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)
   ï‚·   Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF)
   ï‚·   NEWMAP Project Appraisal Document (PAD)
   ï‚·   NEWMAP Project Implementation Manual (PIM)
   ï‚·   World Bank safeguards policies
   ï‚·   Intervention design

1.6.   ESTIMATED COST
It is estimated that the duration and cost of consultancy for the preparation of this
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) will be for 56 days at N-------------
Naira per day which comes to N------------- Naira.
Associated field research costs will also be covered under the terms of the assignment
including payment for field researchers and associated travel costs.
Below is a detailed breakdown of cost:
     i.    Payment of field researchers:                  N-------------
     ii.   Acquisition of Analysis high resolution imageries for the referenced depiction
           of site characteristics:                       N-------------
     iii.  Analysis and establishment of critical baseline:         N-------------
     iv.   Refreshment and logistics for consultations: N-------------
     v.    Transportation cost:                           N-------------
     vi.   Hotels, Food and incidentals:                  N-------------
     vii.  Contingencies:                                 N-------------
     viii. Production of report/deliverables:             N-------------



1.7.   PAYMENT SCHEDULE
10% of Contract sum on successful conclusion of inception deliverable
20 % of Contract sum on submission of Draft Report
40% of Contract sum on submission of Draft Final Report
30% of Contract sum of submission and Acceptance of Final Report.

                                                                                     175
ANNEX THREE: SAMPLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA COLLECTION
FORM
IDENTIFICATION
Community: _________________                   Date___________________
Name of Interviewer________________________________
                                                                                   Affix Passport Here

Name of the Respondent: _______________________________________________
Phone No___________________________
Relationship to Household head_________________________
Age___ Sex___
Address: __________________________________________________
Nationality____________ Nativity ___________
Length of stay within the community____________


GENERAL INFORMATION
Religious Group: Christians____Muslim___ATR___Others (specify) ___
Social Group: Vulnerable___General___
Family Pattern: Joint___Nuclear___Individual______
Size of Family: Small (2-4) ____Medium (5-7) ____Large (Above7) ____


FAMILY PARTICULARS (Start from head of the household)
S/N Name of Member           Sex Age     Marital Relationship Educational      Occupation
                                         Status to HH-head Level            Primary Secondary




Household’s Main Occupation________________and Monthly income (N)___________Secondary
Source_________and Monthly Income (N)________No. of Adult earning members:________ No.
of dependents:___ Family annual expenditure: (N)_________



                                                                                            176
COMMERCIAL/SELF EMPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES
Type of Shop/Business Enterprises (SBEs)
Hotel____Provision store____Repair & Workshop____ Other Shops (Specify) ___________Other
Enterprise (Specify) _____________No. of Partners: ___


Employment Pattern
Owner/Operator____Employed 1 to 5 persons___Employed above 5____




VULNERABILITY
HH becoming BPL as a result of loss of livelihood/asset___ Female headed household___


PUBLIC UTILITIES
How would you describe the condition of the following amenities in town you live/community?
Amenities                       Very Good       Good      Fair        Poor
Roads to the community
Roads within the community
Schools in the community
Public Health Institutions
Potable Water
Public Electricity
Communication facilities
(Postal Service, Telephone)
Public recreation facilities


What is the major source of water available to your household?
(i)River____ (ii)Borehole (commercial)____ (iii)Borehole (private)___ (iv)Public pipe-borne
water___(v)Pond___ (vi)Water Vendor___ (vii)Well water___


How long does it take you in minutes/hours to get to your water source___


What is your primary source of electricity
(i)Hurricane Lamp___(ii) Private Generators___ (iii)Community Generators___ (iv)State
Government Utilities Board___ (v)Company Operating in your community___ (vi) PHCN (National
Grid)___


What is your secondary source of electricity?
(i)Hurricane Lamp___ (ii) Private Generators___ (iii)Community Generators___ (iv)Company
Operating in your community___


                                                                                          177
What is the main fuel you use for cooking?
(i)Firewood___(ii)Charcoal___ (iii)Kerosene___ (iv)Gas___ (v)Electricity___(vi)Crop residue/ Saw
dust___(vii) Animal Wastes___(viii)Others___


HEALTH AND SANITATION
What type of toilet facility do you use?
(i)Pit___(ii) Bush___(iii)Bucket___(iv) Water Closet___(v)Others (Specify)……


How do you dispose of your household refuse?
(i)Private Open Dump___(ii) Public Open Dump___(iii) Organized Collection___(iv)Burning___(v)
Bush___(vi)Burying___


Which of the following diseases/condition is most common in your area
(i)Malaria___(ii)Typhoid___(iii)Diarrhoea___(iv)Cough___(v)                         Respiratory
Disturbance___(vi)Others__


PROJECT PERCEPTION
Are you aware of the proposed Erosion Rehabilitation Project? Yes___No__
If Yes, Source of information_______________
What is your opinion about the project? Good____ Bad____ Can’t say____
If good, what positive impacts do you perceive? ____________________________
If bad, what negative impacts do you perceive? _____________________________




INFORMATION ON AFFECTED PROPERTY
GPS Coordinates: ____________________
Name of PAP______________________________________________________
Phone No______________________________
Category of PAP: Titleholder___ Encroacher___ Tenant___ Squatter____ others (specify)
__________
Type of document possessed to certify ownership type_________________________________
If not owned, state name and Address of owner_______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
If informal use right, state type of agreement__________________________________________
Number of years used_____ Rent paid/month (N) ___________


Details of the structure
Type of Use: Residential____Commercial___Residential/Commercial___Other (Specify) __
Construction Type: Mud___Brick___Mud/Thatched roof__Brick/Zinc roof____

                                                                                           178
No. of Rooms/Storey___Impacted Area (m2) _____Total Impacted Area (m2) ____
Utility Connection: Electricity____Water___Phone__ (P-Partially F-Fully)


Other Affected Assets
Compound wall/fence___ Tree___ Farmland____ Borehole/well___ Others (Specify) ____
Replacement Value (N) _________
Assets distance to the wall edge_____________


Agricultural Products
Type of Crop

Owner of Crop

Total yearly production

Average yield

Average value of crop

Number of labor used for production

Crop products sold at market (%)



Average yearly household income from agriculture (N) __________


Trees
Type of Tree

Number of affected Tree

Average yield of fruit bearing trees

Average yearly income from fruit tree




RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION
In case you are displaced (residentially) where and how far do you prefer to be located?
Within the area___ Outside the area____ Place name_______________ Distance___ (km)


Which is your preferred replacement Option?
Land for land lost ___Cash Assistance ___House in Resettlement Site ___Shop in Resettlement
Site __Other (Specify) ___


Factors to be considered in providing alternate place

                                                                                           179
Access to family/friends ____Income from friends___ Income from Business   activity___ Daily
Job___ Close to Market___ Other (Specify) ____




                                                                                       180
ANNEX FOUR: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS MET




                                       181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
ANNEX FIVE: LIST OF ENUMERATORS

S/N   NAME                     GENDER   AGE

1     CHINASA CHIKEZIE         FEMALE   22

2     ANYAELE CHUKS PETER      MALE     22

3     OSIM OBINNA O            MALE     23

4     MPAMAH IHUOMA CHASTE     FEMALE   25

5     GERALD-GRACE U NMAH      FEMALE   30

6     KALU SARAH CHIDINMA      FEMALE   23

7     AGBAI CHITURU IRO        FEMALE   23

8     IDIKA UGOCHUKWU          MALE     24

9     OKEZUE NNEOMA            FEMALE   32

10    THOMAS MARY C            FEMALE   23

11    MAX EMEKA UMA            MALE     26

12    EKEKE ROLAND             MALE     45

13    DADA ABIGAIL A           FEMALE   28

14    OMEGA HUMPHREY C         MALE     24

15    CHIKA ONYINYE BLESSING   FEMALE   22




                                              190