U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C Environmental Performance of Bank-Financed Coal-Fired Power Plants in China February 2000 Lanqing Jia Bernard Baratz Jack Fritz East Asia Environment and Social Development Unit FOREWORD This report provides a comprehensive review of the environmental performance of Bank-financed coal-fired power plants in China since the mid-1980s. These results indicate that the Bank has played a catalytic role in improving the overall environmental performance of China's power sector. The report also identified issues associated with environmental assessments and implementing environmental management plans for these projects. Recommendations are provided at the end of the report. This report is a joint effort of the East Asia Environment and Social Development Sector Unit (EASES) and the East Asia Energy Sector Unit (EASEG) of the World Bank Group. The site visits were coordinated by the Bank's China Resident Mission and was well received by China State Power Corporation and its branch power companies. The team also consulted China State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and related local environmental protection bureaus during site visits. The team thanks the Environmental Protection Office of the State Power Corporation, and in particular Mr. Wang Zhixuan, its Director, as well as each of the Provincial Power Corporations (Shandong, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Henan) and staff of the individual plants for their hospitality and cooperation. In addition, the team thanks Nourredine Berrah, Principal Energy Specialist and Elaine Sun, Sector Coordinator for Energy in Beijing, for their support and continued encouragement. William Gillen provided editorial assistance for this report. Ms. Ma Rui arranged the site visits for the team. The team thanks them and many others for making this report possible. Zafer Ecevit Yoshihiko Sumi Sector Manager Sector Manager Environment and Social Development Energy & Mining Development Sector Sector Unit Unit East Asia and Pacific Region East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank Group The World Bank Group . . ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS BP Bank procedures CEM continuos environmental monitoring CO2 carbon dioxide EA environmental assessment EMP environmental monitoring (or management) plan EPBs environmental protection bureaus ESP eletrostatic precipitator FGD flue gas desulfurization GB guo biao (Chinese) meaning national standards gce gram of coal equivalent GP good practices GWh gigawatt-hour IGCC integrated gasification combined cycle kcal kilocalories kgce kilogram of coal equivalent kW kilowatt mg milligram mtce million tons of coal equivalent MW megawatt NEPRI Nanjing Environmental Protection Research Institute NM3 normal cubic meter NO, oxides of nitrogen OD operational directives OP operational policies PIC project implementation completion PM2.5 particulate whose diameter is no larger than 2.5*10-9 meters PM1o particulate whose diameter no larger than 10*10-9 meters SAR Staff Appraisal Report SDPC State Development Planning Commission of China SEPA State Environmental Protection Administration of China S sulfur SO2 sulfur dioxide SPC State Power Corporation of China tec tons of coal equivalent TSP total suspended particulate ii.i TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .......................................................... v 1. Introduction .......................................................... 1 2. Evolution of Environmental Requirements for Thermal Power Plants ........... 7 3. Environmental Performance of World Bank-Financed Thermal Power Plants .......................................................... 14 4. Diagnosis and Recommendations ........................................................ 27 Appendices A. Overall Power Sector Performance Statistics ......................................... 34 B. Performance Summary of Bank-Financed Power Plants in China ............... 35 C. Provincial Power Survey Form Sample ................................................ 36 D. Power Plant Survey From .......................................................... 37 E. World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New Power Plants ................. 43 F. World Bank: Thermal Power - Rehabilitation of Existing Plants ............... 57 G. Flue Gas Emissions Standards for Coal-Fired Power Plants (Chinese) ......... 60 iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background environmental management programs as an integral part of all project designs. Since the mid-1980s, the World Bank has assisted China in developing Objective its electric power industry, financing not only large, new thermal and hydropower The objective of this study was to plants, but also transmission and assess environmental compliance of distribution systems and renewable Bank financed coal-fired power plants in resources, as well as supporting policy China to agreed Chinese and Bank initiatives to make the energy sector environmental processes and standards. financially viable and environmentally These requirements are articulated in the sustainable. Since 1986, the Bank has Environmental Management Plans financed approximately 9,000 MW of (EMPs) which were included in the coal-fired power generation with an environmental assessments which were investment cost of approximately $ 9.4 prepared during project preparation. The billion, of which the Bank contribution team visited Beilungang, Wujing, was $ 2.9 billion. These plants were Zouxian, Yanshi, Yangzhou and Wai built to modem standards of operation Gao Qiao power plants, spending and pollution control. Over this period, approximately one to two days at each an evolution of enviromnental standards, site. guidelines and enforcement institutions has taken place both at the World Bank Overall Impressions and in China. EASES reviewed these investments from a compliance The team was well received at perspective to determine if the Bank's most plants by well prepared investments in East Asia are environmental staffs. The team felt that environmentally sound. environmental management was institutionally sustainable, supported Coal will continue to be the financially by the local power company, commercial fuel of choice in China for and supported by the local community. some time to come, with current use in The following general impressions the range of 1,100 Megatons annually, of describe the overall situation. which the power sector consumes roughly 25 percent. Based on this heavy COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS use of coal by the power sector it has often been thought that much of China's Most plants visited were in urban air pollution comes from local compliance with Bank environment power plants. However, research has standards as applied at the time of shown most ground level air pollution construction and initial operation. The comes from local sources. Nevertheless, more recent investments would be in over the last ten years, both China and compliance with most of the new Bank the World Bank have enacted stricter guidelines as well, primarily because performance requirements for the power they used high efficiency precipitators, sector, and modified their environmental low sulfur coals and improved design assessment procedures to require v and operation of effluent treatment facilities (see Figure A and B). Figure A Compliance of Particulate Emissions 450.0 406.5 400.0 0 E aPM Emissions (calculated), mg/Nm3 (o 300.0 i; 0 PM Emissions g3 250.0 -0 3 0(reported), mgNrm3 L 50.0 3630 201i ° 0 0, 200.0 9150.0 LIi 113.6 World Bank El a 100 R euirement Emissions -too, t100 c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 so.0 36.6330 234 1 0 28_824.0 0.0 Beilun I Wujing Yanshi Beilun 11 Zouxian Yangzhou Figure B Compliance of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions 600 - 03S02 Emissions (calculated), tpd ,~500 ~0 S02 Emissions (reported), tpd in 500 Lu ~~~~480 400 ~403.2 cm 300 1 300 0 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~204 E 200 p20 171 LU ~153 10 134 o 0 114 106210 56ll 76 5 Beilun I Wujing Yanshi Beilun II Zouxian Yangzhou vi ROLE OF THE BAAW Boxes A and B highlight some positive impacts of the Bank's Bank involvement has been a involvement in China's power sector. catalyst in encouraging improved environmental management of overall Box A TechnoloRy Trans plant operations including those BoxA sbcriticalTrnsfer operations not financed by the Bank (see . First 600MW sub-critical unit in Table A). In some cases, older units at * China; some plants were retrofitted with First super-critical 900/lOOOMW precipitators which met Bank level unLit in China; standards. It is clear from a national * LowNOxBurner perspective that the Bank's continued * Continuous monitoring equipment emphasis on environmental * High efficiency ESP and FGD improvements, the use of more efficient . Tradable sulfur emissions pilot power technologies and economic policy advice have led to a far more efficient Box B Institutional Impacts power sector than would have been possible otherwise. Table A shows the p Preparationforpowersector leading performance in China's power prnvatization sector. * Chinese environmnental assessment procedures for power plants Table A. Bank-Financed Plants (HJT/T 13-1996) parallel with the Vs. Chinese Average Bank policies Average, Bank- Chinese * New national standards of China g/kWh Financed Average on ambient air quality includes PM 0.22 42.3 Sulifr Dioxide 3.69 84.6 requirements on fine particulate NO, 1.57 42.3 (PM10) control and requires more Plant Efficency 38% 33% frequent sampling * There was no requirement on NO, at the time when most * Chinese new emission standards of the plants were built include requirements on NOx and are explicit about adopting sulfur control measures if coal sulfur content higher than 1 % vii AGREEMENT WITHEA PREDICTIONS environmental staff for monitoring and laboratory analysis. The EA was not Since operations began at these publicly available at the time of project plants, there has been virtually no preparation. The notion of making the confirmation (measured) of predicted EA available locally is still not widely environmental impacts as described in accepted. the EA, particularly ambient air quality and thermal pollution from the CONSTRUCTIONIMPACTS discharge of cooling water. Generally, it is the responsibility of the local EPBs The EAs did not adequately to measure ambient conditions. address construction issues. Power However, emissions and effluent water projects require. long construction quality and noise are measured at the periods and significant irreversible source required by the EMP. impacts could occur. However, the All plants visited were well EMPs did not, as a rule, provide any maintained. Plant staff were well great detail regarding the construction qualified but it was clear that phase. In some instances, this was environmental management was not the completely absent. major priority. Readiness to deal with and respond to environmental issues ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION varied from plant to plant. T'his review represents the first PUBLIC CONSULTATION overall sectoral examination of environmental issues associated with the Major power station projects in power sector. Environmental China are subject to environmental supervision heretofore by Bank staff has review by State and Provincial been minimal; however, the team authorities. The role of local EPBs in believes that the situation would not this process is virtually nonexistent, and have been more positive since Chinese as a result, their role was peripheral in power authorities looked after managing and monitoring local environmental affairs on their own. conditions. EPB staff deferred to plant viii Specific Observations Emissions . All plants met Chinese and World Bank standards for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions. In fact, most plants would have met new World Bank guidelines if they were in effect at the time of project preparation. * At several locations, plant management retrofitted older operating units with more efficient dust collection equipment, based upon their positive experience with the World Bank project. * At one plant, a low efficiency precipitator was specified, it appears to favor a Chinese contractor. Environmental standards for dust emissions out of compliance at this plant. Liquid Effluents Each plant has wastewater control systems in place and operating. Treatment systems meet local effluent standards. Incoming cooling water is often of lower quality than the effluent. Ash Disposal In some cases fly ash and bottom ash are used as construction material, depending on local construction needs. Where disposal is practiced, sites are well engineered and managed. They are often located far from the plant requiring the sluicing of ash laden slurry. More attention should be given to reducing the ash content of coals since disposal sites are expensive. Coal Quality In most cases, the coal specified in the project documentation is the coal being used. In some cases sulfur content may be lower, and in another case slightly higher. __ __ _ However, sulfur emission requirements are always met. Safety/Emergency Safety and emergency equipment was available at most plants, especially on the Preparedness machine floor near the turbine-generator. Local EPBs Local EPBs appeared to defer their responsibilities to plant environmental staff. Plant laboratories are better equipped than local EPBs. They noted that few complaints were registered either during construction or operations. A publicly available EA was still not recognized as appropriate but required by Bank procedures. EAs were not available to the local public. Construction The EAs and EMPs focus on plant operations and generally do not address construction, which can be a problem since these projects can take three to four years to construct, and may impact a large area. Training Too much overseas training was reserved for high level managers rather than for technical people who manage daily plant operations. ix Recommendations power sector environmental performance. Involvement of the Bank EXAMINE COAL QUALITY is key to the further development of the sector, and to assisting the government As a result of analyzing data in implementing private power. submitted at each plant, further work is recommended on the environmental and ENHANCE SPC ENVIRONMENTAL financial tradeoffs of improved coal CAPABILITY quality. Specifically, the notion of using washed coal, resulting in improved heat Enhancing SPC environrmental rates producing less pollutants, needs to capability should be a top priority. be reviewed carefully in light of tradeoff Currently, the unit consists of five such as pollution created in the washing people who spend most of their time in process. Beijing. The team recommends that they develop a national power sector ENHANCE THE ROLE OF LOCAL EPBS environmental database with SEPA. In addition, the unit should develop training The role of local EPBs in capability to assist environmental staff surrounding communities appears of the various power plants. extremely limited. The team found that in most cases, the role of local EPBs in IMPROVEASHDISPOSAL providing due diligence during Ash disposal is reasonably well construction and operations has been minimal. They often defer to power managed. Monitoring programs did not plant environmental staffs for sampling reveal any groundwater contamination at and self-reporting. In spite of generally the plants visited. Since the coals used good performance by the sector, there are fairly high in ash content (10 to 40 still exists the notion that environment is percent), large quantities of ash are not a top priority but an issue to be generated. In most cases ash is slurried addressed only when a crisis occurs. to large ponds located along rivers or This view needs to be modified. The hilly areas where the ash is used as fill or team recommends that there be new construction material. Reuse of ash partnership between the EPB and should be increased if possible. environmental staff of the local power plant. However, this relationship must RATIONALIZE WATER POLLUTION be based on the fact that it is the EPBs' REQUIREMENTS responsibility to monitor environmental Cooling water taken in by these perfonmance, report results to the local plants is often of low quality, requiring governent body and assess damages treatment before it can be used in cooling systems. Yet the requirement is INCREASE ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION that it be discharged at a higher standard. AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE It is monitored and if it does not meet the effluent standards, the plant can be The team recommends that more fined, although incoming water is of effort be expended to supervise power lower quality. A more rational approach projects. The Bank should continue to needs to be developed whereby these be engaged with China in improving plants are not forced to treat their x effluents to a higher standard than the preparation is devoted to collecting and available supply. analyzing air quality baseline data, and predicting air quality impacts. No one OPTIMIZING POLLUTION CONTROL verifies these predictions; indeed it is nearly impossible, or at least extremely Additional work needs to be done expensive, to do so. It is recommended to optimize pollution control for both that the Bank seriously review this emissions and effluents. Management of requirement with the objective of pollutants is driven by Chinese national developing alternative information standards and by Bank standards, requirements that can be secured in a regardless of ambient conditions. For shorter time and at less expense, and that example, the notion of tradable provide nearly the same level of emissions is only now beginning to be information regarding project-related air considered. Market readiness is an issue quality impacts.' although this approach has had some experience in Shanghai, but this needs to be refined and possibly extended to other parts of China. ENHANCED PUBLIC PARTICIPATION The EA and monitoring reports should be accessible to local stakeholders. Local EPBs should be more involved in environmental monitoring and enforcement. EA DURING CONSTRUCTION Power plant construction requires considerable time and substantial levels of manpower. As such, it is conceivable that permanent and significant impacts could occur. Yet EA documentation for construction aspects are exceedingly weak. Bank requirements for construction related issues, both in the EA and in the EMP, should be elaborated in detail. Specific guidance (a separate document outlining environmental management of construction sites) should be devoted to this issue. AIR QUALITYIMPACTS ASSESSMENT A considerable portion of the time and resources expended in EA xi 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 China's Power Sector hydropower development has so far been constrained by the distance between At about 1.4 billion metric tons of major hydro resources and primary load coal per year, China is the world's centers, generally exceeding 1,500 largest user of coal in the world. This kilometers (km). In 1997, coal-fired figure continues to increase along with power plants provided 82 percent of the primary commercial energy total electricity generation of 1134 TWh. consumption, which rose 5.4 percent per The share of oil-fired plants has been annum from 1980 to 1996. As the declining since the 1980s because of dominant fuel, coal accounted for 74.8 falling production in the country's aging percent of total commercial energy oil fields. The slow pace of developing production in China in 1996. The major gas supply sources, and the industrial sector is the largest consumer, limited availability of natural gas, accounting for 68.5 percent of final limited power generation from natural energy consumption. Recoverable coal gas. Nuclear power, currently reserves are estimated at 1,009 billion accounting for about 2.1 GW, is metric tons making it the clear energy emerging as a significant source of source for some time to come. energy. Besides being the largest coal China has 28 provincial and three producer in the world, China is the municipal power grids. The Chinese second largest power producer in the government has been actively pursuing world, after the United States. Between system interconnection to enhance the 1980 and 1997, both installed capacity efficiency of the power system and to and annual electricity generation grew at alleviate power shortages in the major an average annual rate of about 8.9 load centers. China has adopted voltage percent, reaching 254 GW and levels of 500, 220, 110, 35, and 10 kV producing 1134 TWh annually (see for its transmission and distribution Appendix A). Since 1988, roughly 11 to systems. At the end of 1997, China 15 GW of generating capacity has been achieved 130,169 circuit-kilometer (km) added annually. As a result, by 1997 of transmission lines at or above 220 kV, most power shortages had been and 293,870 megavolt-amperes (MVA) eliminated. Future investments in new of transformer capacity at or above 220 generating capacity are expected to kV. follow economic growth in general. Government restructuring in Of the total installed capacity of March 1998 resulted in the 254 GW as of 1997, roughly 76 percent establishment of the State Power burned fossil fuels, 22 percent came Corporation (SP), which replaced the from hydropower and roughly two former Ministry of Electric Power percent was nuclear. Although given (MEP) following a one-year transition high priority by the Government, period. As a result, SP has emerged as the responsible agency executing power 1 sector enterprise functions, under the regulations, and policy circulars, none of supervision of the State Economic and which were coordinated very well. Trade Commission (SETC), which is Thereafter, the State Council approved a also responsible for the country's energy new Electric Power Law in December conservation prograrn. The construction 1995, which became effective on April of new power plants and financing with 1, 1996. This was a major step in external resources currently require the making the legal and regulatory approval of the State Development framework for the sector more Planning Commission (SDPC). transparent. Chinese governnent is now preparing a series of specific regulations, Financial institutions providing based on the broad guidelines of the funds for power development include the Electric Power Law, which will replace State Development Bank (SDB), the existing multitude of rules and established in March 1994 and regulations. The legal status of the combining the six former investment power groups and companies, including corporations responsible for raising the their rights and obligations, is covered necessary funding to fulfill the project by the Company Law, which became requirements in six major sectors effective on 17 July 1994. including the energy sector. SDB's role is to finance the national priority 1.2 The World Bank Thermal development projects and for projects in Power Lending Program in the inland provinces. The State Development Investment Corporation China was established in August 1994 to take The World Bank financed nine coal- over the equity investment functions fired power plants in China since 1985 from the former sector investment (see map). The first project was corporations. China Construction Bank, Beilungang #1. The most recent along with other large state-owned investment is Wai Gao Qiao Thermal comnercial banks, now provides loans Power Plant, which IS currently under for power projects on commercial terms. construction. The total capacity is The other three important approximately 9,OOOMW, and total institutions in China's power sector are: investent is $9,413 million, of which (i) the Huaneng Group, a national-level $2,445 million came from IBRD. power plant development corporation Detailed information iS shown in Table with several subsidiaries under SPC; (ii) the Sunburst Energy Development Corporation, a subsidiary of the China International Trust and Investment Corporation which is a leading non-bank financial institution in China with substantial interests overseas; and (iii) the recently-established China Power Investment Corporation. Until the mid- I 990s, the power sector was govemed by a number of laws, administrative rules and 2 700 800 90°o 100 11o0 1200 1 30° 500 RUSSIAN FEDERATION '2~~~~~~0 KAZAKHSTAN .- / J t . j 7 HEILONGJIANG C , HARBIN J UZBEKISTAN * , 4:S > .- 't -' .8 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~M O N G O L I A * * At MONGOLIA t \ * , r 'CHANGCHUN- , ) > \ C z-v Z st~_r URUMQI ,,_' <, :)\ KYRGYZ JILIN' ' .* REPUBLIC '0, , JILIN 00 D IHEYANG . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LIAONING DEM Sea00 14, '4 BOO XINJIANG P -' *E S Ja | Ha *Tuakef /- ThiG monp poos produced by . \ ,1I he M.p Desiqn fotit of Th. HENCU,tJ'! World Bank. The boosndaises, "CHU . e 0 SHUI REAN dolor e atione and ,, TArY'JAN . - n any other Wonfoeoino hA-o JXAIUANto on Ibis soap do wot impl><, 3 I Q C>)fINI SHANXI ( JINAN ph. ort of Th. World Bank C0&0ZA G,rup_, ny j.d--t o the Q"INGHI HsDa e"o legal sftain ot any termaoy. - e or any CHd-- o r GANSU e X h -rcpsosroo of -uh X s YaAh * SHAANXI ' B K I N THENANL ANHUI'%0 Ya ho-ANHUI XIZANG I - I Ir f - . U kf [670 <670 ESP Other >670 <670 Urban Dust TPH TPH Dust TPH TPH or Rural Control or and Control or and Urban2 Urban2 Urban2 Urban2 Dust (mg/Nmr) 200- 800- 150- 500- 200- 800- 150- 500- 200- 1000l 33001 600 2000 10001 33001 600 2000 6003 Sulfur Dioxide -Mass flow (TPH) -Correlation based on average wind -Correlation based on average wind speed, speed, stack height stack height Sulfur Dioxide _ 1200- -Concentration 21004 (mg/Nmn) Nitrogen Oxides 650- (mg/Nm3) 1OO05 Notes: Range reflects ash content of coal: lower value < 10 per cent, higher value > 40 per cent with intermediate values specified in the regulation 2 Value depends on both boilet size (coal feed rate in TPH) and/or regional character: urban vs. rural 3 Range reflects regional character: lower value is urban area upper value is rural area 4 Range reflects sulfur content of fuel: lower value is for coal containing > 1.0 per cent and higher value is for coal containing < 1.0 per cent 5 Range reflects boiler type: lower value is dry bottom, upper value is wet bottom As can be seen in the table above, standards include nitrogen oxide as well requirements for the Phase I and Phase II as requiring stricter controls on dust and plants are the same for both old and new sulfur dioxide. regulations. However, for more recent plants (Phase III) the major Liquid effluent standards were improvements include: (a) dust established for all industries in 1988 emissions independent of coal ash (GB8978-1988) and modified in 1996 content; (b) criteria for both mass flow (GB8978-1996). For thermal power and concentration of sulfur dioxide in stations, liquid effluents are less of a the flue gas are included; and (c) problem than air pollutants. Major nitrogen oxide emission standards are effluents from Chinese thermal plants added. include coal pile run-off, sanitary wastes, chemical wastes from the The original standards proved various subsystems (e.g. boiler effective in addressing particulate blowdown) and cooling water. emissions; some 90 per cent of existing Typically, much of the cooling and or upgraded plants as well as new ones chemical wastewaters are recirculated. had ESPs installed or retrofitted. Standards must be met without the aid of However, to address the continuing dilution. deterioration of air quality with respect to sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide in Chinese effluent standards are many of China's large cities, the new linked to the classification of the 9 receiving waters. Waters classified for updated in 1996 (GB 3095-96). drinking use have the strictest discharge Standards include PM1o since standards, in comparison to waters epidemiological evidence suggests that classified for other uses. The Chinese much of the health damage caused by standards do not specify allow exposure to particulate matters is related temperature limits. to these fine particles. Ambient standards are established on the basis of Solid Waste. In 1994, the State air quality classification systems for the Economic & Trade Commission (SETC) airshed in question (e.g. the location of published "Regulations on Coal Ash any proposed thermal power station). A Management and Comprehensive Class I area is a natural conservation Utilization". It specified in great detail district, resort, tourist area or region with acceptable solid waste management historic monuments. A Class II area is practices for coal-fired power plant normally associated with urban ashes, including favorable policies and residential, commercial or rural areas. penalties associated with solid waste Finally, a Class III area is an industrial utilization. district or traffic center, etc. Table 2.2 presents a comparison of earlier and Ambient air standards were more recent Chinese air quality promulgated in 1982 (GB 3095-82) and standards. Table 2.2 Comparison of Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards GB 3095-82 GB 3095-96 Airshed Classification Airshed Classification POLLUTANT I m II III TSP' Annual average - - - 80 200 300 Daily maximum 150 300 500 120 300 500 Once Maximum 300 1000 1500 - - - Particulate matter <10 I_ Annual average - - - 40 100 150 Daily maximum 50 150 250 50 150 250 Once Maximum 150 500 700 - - - Sulfur Dioxide Annual average 20 60 100 20 60 100 Daily maximum 50 150 250 50 150 250 Once Maximum 150 500 700 - - Nitrogen Oxides Annual average - - - 50 50 100 Daily maximum 50 100 150 100 100 150 Once Maximum 100 150 300 - - - Note: Total Suspended Particulates Another significant advance in the . 4 monitoring campaigns per year new requirement (GB 3095-96) is the (every three months); increased monitoring time-coverage for * 5-7 days monitoring/campaign; background air quality monitoring data. * Four six hour intervals/day; and The original Chinese air quality * 15-20 minutes of monitoring protocol required: monitoring/interval. 10 At best, the original Chinese protocol This document provided detailed provided monitoring data for 37.34 requirements on the following: hours/year or a sampling window of 0.43 * monitoring management per cent, hardly a statistically structure, personal, and representative sample. Since the World equipment; Bank required representative * monitoring items, frequency, and background information as part of its EA method; process (OD 4.01, Annex D, para. 7), for * monitoring regulation, many Chinese power projects collection management and reporting; of baseline air quality data was a critical . budgets; element in the preparation schedule. * appendix, including monitoring equipment, room space for Under the new momitoring monitoring stations. requirements the sampling frequency was increased as follows: Within six months of plant commissioning, the State Power ds2/NOX TSP/PMya Corporation required clearance of 144 days/year 60 days/year enviromnental performance of each 18 hours/day 12 hours/day 45 minutes/hour 45 minutes/hour plant. The clearance campaign is jointly organized by provincial environmental Thus the sampling window monitoring station and provincial EPB. increased by almost a factor of 52 The clearance report contains the (SO2/NO,) and 14.5 (TSP/PM10), following: respectively. Although the dust sampling window could be larger, these * Operation status of major increases should provide more credible equipment; baseline data throughout the country. * Monitoringdata, treatment, and They will also remove this as a critical summary; factor in preparation of thermal power * Mitigation methods and projects financed by the World Bank or compliance; any other multi or bilateral development * Comments and organization recommendations. Noise standards in China have THE WORLD BANK been established for both major sources and levels at the plant boundary (GB World Bank environmental 3095-93 and GB 12348-90). However, guidelines first evolved from the late noise is not normally a major 1970s and were first formally compiled envirosnental issue for operation of in 1984. There were no specific thermalpower plants. guidelines for thermal power stations, but rather a series of guidelines for Monitoring and Reporting. On emissions and ambient levels of dust, April 26, 1996, Ministry of Electric sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, as Power Industry published "Regulations well as guidelines for effluents (liquid on Environmental Monitoring in discharges) and noise. Guidelines also Thermal Power Sector" to substitute discussed methods of control as well as several old guidelines on this matter. procedures for sampling and analysis. 11 Emission guidelines for dust were based they were greater than 28°C. The 1997 on concentration in the exit flue Guidelines require a temperature rise of (mg/Nm3), for nitrogen oxides on less than 3°C at the edge of the mixing specific amounts generated per unit of zone. The updated Guidelines also set fuel heat release (nanograms NOR/joule effluent limits on a variety of other water heat input), and sulfur dioxide were quality parameters (e.g. trace metals). based upon mass quantities of gas Curiously, there is no association with released per day (tons/day). Guidelines inlet water quality. for dust and sulfur dioxide emissions were also dependent upon existing Solid waste management is a key background levels. environmental issue in coal-fired thermal power stations. The 1997 Guidelines In 1997, these Guidelines were provide somewhat greater detail revised. Separate guidelines were regarding how these materials should be prepared for thermal power stations. managed. Indeed, because World Bank membership increased to include Noise guidelines have been countries from Eastern Europe and the established in both the 1984 and the former Soviet Union, separate guidelines 1997 Guidelines. The general noise were established for new power stations recommendations provided in the 1984 and rehabilitation of existing power Guidelines varied from 45-55 decibels stations. The new guidelines focus on for the day-night average equivalent discharges (gaseous, liquid, solids, and sound level. Value depends upon nearby noise) from power stations. No ambient land use. The updated Guidelines are guidelines are provided. It is important approximately the same. Noise is not to note that all World Bank financed normally a major environmental issue thermal power stations in China were for operation of thermal power plants. subject to the 1984 Environmental Guidelines. Monitoring and Reporting: The 1984 Guidelines do mention the need for A comparison of the World Bank monitoring and reporting, and focus on Environmental Guidelines for air pollutant sampling and analyzing pollution associated with thernal power methods. However, no comprehensive stations is presented in Table 2.3 below. monitoring and reporting plan was required. The 1997 Guidelines provide The chief water pollution problem more detailed requirements for pollutant associated with thermal power stations is monitoring and reporting. heated water discharge. The 1984 Guidelines allowed for a discharge level 5°C higher than receiving waters if those waters were less than 280C and 3°C if 12 Table 2.3 Comparison of World Bank Environmental Guideline For Air Pollution Associated With Thermal Power Stations Pollutant 1984 Guidelines 1997 Guidelines' Dust Emissions (mg/Nm3) 100-150 50 Ambient (jig/Nm3) Daily Maximum 500 Annual Average 100 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (Tons/Day) 100-5001 0.2/MWe for first 500 MW, 0.l/MWe for subsequent capacity (Maximum 500 Tons/Day) and <2000 mg/Nm3 Ambient (p±g/Nm3) Daily Maximum 500 Annual Average 100 Nitrogen Oxides Emissions (nanograms/Joule) 260 (lignite) 260 (coal) 300 (coal) 1500 (low volatile coal) Ambient (j.g/Nm3) Annual Average 100 Notes: I Allowable value depends on ambient levels; the lower the ambient level the higher the allowable emission level 2 Updated World Bank guidelines do not provide ambient values. 13 3 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF WORLD BANK-FINANCED THERMAL POWER PLANTS 3.1 COMPLIANCE WITH few cases there were clear inadequacies ENVIRONMENTAL that should have been addressed during MANAGEMENT PLANS supervision. These issues are 'discussed below for each power station visited. Most power stations visited Table 3.1 shows basic information com.plied with either the EMP O for each plant being visited (Wai Gao descriptions presented in the SAR with Qiao is not included). minor exceptions. In some cases, differences were plausibly justified. In a Table 3.1 Basic Power Plant Information Basic Information Beilun I Wujing Yanshi Beilun II Zouxian Yangzhou Unit Capacity, MW 600 300 300 600 600 600 Unit number 2 2 2 3 2 2 Stack Height, m 240 210 240 240 240 240 Ash Content, % 14.7% 7.9% 30.6% 15.5% 22.4% 10.9% Sulfur Content, % 0.85% 0.62% 0.81% 0.63% 0.70% 0.36% Heat Value, kJ/kg 22966 22474 17201 22404.8 22535 21610 ESP Efficiency, % 99.80% 99.80% 99.20% 99.90% 99.60% 99.80% Heat rate, gce/kWh 307 332 350 300 320 337 Plant Efficiency,% 40.1% 37,1% 35.2% 41.0% 38.4% 36.5% Flue gas volume, Nm3/kg(coal) 8.0381 7.8659 6.0203 7.8417 7.8873 7.5635 Coal consumption, tpd 11265 6224 8573 16925 11966 13141 Overall summary tables presented management retrofitted older operating in Table 3.2 - 3.5 show the specific units with more efficient dust collection emissions of SO2, TSP and NOx. Based equipment, based upon their positive on these tables, the team found all plants experience with the World Bank project. met Chinese and World Bank standards At two plants environmental standards for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides for dust emissions were violated. At emissions. In fact, most plants would one, a low efficiency precipitator was have met new World Bank guidelines if specified, it appears, to favor a Chinese they were in effect at the time of project contractor. preparation. At several locations plant 14 Table 3.2 Compliance of Particulate Emissions Unit: mg/Nm3 PM Emissions Beilun I Wujing Yanshi Beilun II Zouxian Yangzho u Calculated' 36.6 20.1 406.5' 19.7 113.6 28.8 Reported2 30.0 7.0 2I10.0 34.1 80.0 24.0 Chinese Standard 300 150 400 200 300 200 World Bank Old Standard 100 100 100 100 100 100 World Bank New Standard 50 50 50 50 50 50 Note: *Non Compliance with SAR I. Based on the basic power plant infonrmation, calculated with thermal balance theory (below is the same) 2 Based on survey forns and on-site interviews (below is the same) Table 3.3 Compliance of Concentration Based Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Unit: mg/Nm3 SO Emissions Beilun I Wujing Yanshi Beilun II Zouxian Yangzhou Calculated 1692 1261 2153 1285 1420 762 Reported 1392 619 849 890 956 383 Chinese Standard 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 World Bank Standard 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 Note: *Non Compliance with SAR Table 3.4 Compliance of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Unit: tons per day SO2 Emissions Beilun I Wujing Yanshi Beilun H Zouxian Yangzhou Calculated 153 62 111 171 134 76 Reported 156 31 56 204 114 59 Chinese Standard 147 400 421 220 249 517 World Bank Old Standard 200 110 480 300 403 500 World Bank New Standard 170 75 70 180 120 170 Table 3.5 Compliance of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Unit: ppm NO,, Emissions Beilun I Wujing Yanshi Beilun H Zouxian Yangzhou Reported 237 225 257 253 200 212 Chinese Standard 317 317 317 317 317 317 World Bank Old Standard 417 417 417 417 417 417 World Bank New Standard 365 365 365 365 365 365 15 Table 3.6 shows that the plants not financed by the Bank), which environmental performance of Bank- demonstrates the positive impact of finaniced thermal power plants is much Bank involvement in China's power better than the Chinese average (power sector. Table 3.6 Summary of Emissions Unit: g/kWh Beilun I Wujing Yanshi Beilun II Zouxian Yangzhou PM Calculated 0.115 0.068 1.457 0.061 0.372 0.099 Reported 0.094 0.024 0.753 0.105 0.262 0.083 Bank-Financed Average 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 Chinese Average 42.30 42.30 42.30 42.30 42.30 42.30 soz Calculated 5.32 4.29 7.72 3.95 4.65 2.63 Reported 5.42 2.13 3.90 4.72 3.95 2.03 Bank-Financed Average 3.69 3.69 3.69 3.69 3.69 3.69 Chinese Average 84.60 84.60 84.60 84.60 84.60 84.60 NOx., 1.53 1.57 1.89 1.60 1.35 1.50 Reported Bank-Financed Average 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57 Chinese Average 42.3 42.3 42.3 42.3 42.3 42.3 Over the period of interest (1988 Ash sluice waters were to be to 1998), specific emissions have been entirely recirculated. However, a small attenuated by improved controls and amount (10M3/day) is discharged. No management. A brief comparison of adverse impacts have resulted. actual power plant performance with commitments made in Bank project All other items of the EMP either documentation is presented in Table 3.6. met or exceeded the SAR requirements. Coomparisons were made with either Of particular note was the special descriptions presented in the SAR program undertaken at Nanjing (earliest projects) or with the EMP when Environmental Protection Research it later became part of World Bank Institute (NEPRI). This program policy. successfully met all of its objectives in: (1) establishing criteria for power plant ZOUXIAN siting in China's coastal areas based upon air quality impacts; (2) establishing Zouxian management honored NEPRI as a center for excellence in air their enviromnental commitments in a quality modeling (physical and professional manner. Although coal mathematical); and (3) establishing purchase policies in China had changed NEPRI as a center for excellence in since the time the project was designed, testing and evaluation of flue gas the plant maintained actual coal desulfurization schemes. purchases of 0.5% sulfur coal as required in the SAR. 16 WAi GAO QIAO the commitments for mitigation and monitoring as presented in the SAR. Construction on this project has not started, so many of the items The plant level enviromnental indicated in the EMP have not been group consists of six staff members implemented as yet. However, all reporting to the plant director. Any requirements of the mitigation plan have mitigation actions are prepared by the been introduced into either the design, group, checked by the technical bid documents or contracts. No department and submitted to the plant monitoring equipment purchases have director. For minor actions, the plant been made and no training programns director decides what has to be done, and have been initiated, but no modifications for major actions the proposal is to the requirements as presented in the submitted to the Zhejiang Power EMP are felt necessary. Company for action. It is of interest that Wai Gao Qiao BEIL UN II management has gone considerably beyond mitigation commitments This project is currently under specified in the EMP. They have commissioning, so comparisons are prepared detailed requirements for made between recommendations mitigation during the project presented in the EA and those reflected construction phase, when in fact there in the plant design/ bid documents/ are no such requirements in the EA contracts. As was the case with approved by both the World Bank and Beilungang I, this project meets or the Government of China. exceeds requirements presented in the EA. No discussions took place An environmental unit headed by a conceming commitments for monitoring professional engineer is planned. equipment purchases, training and Monthly data summaries will be sent to special studies. mnanagement (environmental office of the Shanghai Municipality Electric Power Company, SMEPC), who in turn will send it to the Shanghai Municipality Environmental Protection Bureau. Any required investments less than 500,000 RMB will be decided by power station management directly. For larger investments, a proposal will be prepared and submitted to SMEPC for consideration. BEILUNI This was the first thermal power project financed by the World Bank in China. There are no outstanding difficulties; the project met or exceeded 17 Picture 1 Beilun Power Plant 3.4 1. Whole Plant; 2. ESP; 3. Seashore Ash Pond; 4. Waste Water Treatment; 5. Coal Handling 18 Table 3.6 Summary of Environmental Compliance ITEM POWER STATION Zouxian Wai Gao Qiao Beilungang I Beilungang Il Wujing Yangzhou Yanshi (Not yet built) (Under commission) Mitigating * Coal sulfur * Nothing specified * SAR * All * SAR recommended Most mitigating Most Measures content same for construction. described specifications replacement of measures same or mitigating measures as SAR/ SO2 Plant developed wastewater adopted in existing 80 meter better than SAR same or better than emissions their own treatment design or stack with 150 meter descriptions, except no SAR descriptions, comply with * All specifications and specified in bid stack-actually watering of ash except: ESPs had EMP included in discharge documents or replaced with 120 disposal sites or tree lower than specified * Small design/bid into Jiantang constructed meter stack planting efficiencies (ESPs discharge of documents/ Strait. (clustered * All emissions better were purchased ash sluice contracts * Actual 84% chimney) than SAR locally, and should water recycled, specifications have been * Some ash discharged * SAR recommended purchased reused (+) remainder 50% ash utilization- internationally) meets PRC actually 100 % standards Monitoring Groundwater Nothing yet Meets or exceeds Same parameters, Monitoring program Several elements are Most elements same Program done by local implemented, no SAR frequencies planned unavailable for review not implemented in or better than EPB, all other changes deemed specifications meet or exceed EA accordance with SAR defined in EMP. items as specified necessary specifications in SAR Monitoring All items Only CEM purchased Nothing specified Not discussed Nothing specified in SAR Equipment not secured All purchases made Equipment specified were to date in SAR as agreed include: except polarograph Purchases purchased * Air quality which was deemed * BOD unnecessary Costs exceeded * Electric field SAR estimates * Mobile van Training All training Nothing yet Nothing specified Not discussed Nothing specified in SAR 17 staff months in EMP lacked specified was met implemented, no in SAR SAR 7 staff weeks specifics. or exceeded changes deemed received. Two Comprehensive necessary trainees, one switched training jobs after training implemented Special All institutional Not discussed Studies development NA NA NA NA NA objectives at NEPRI were met 19 WUJJrNG Municipality Environmental Protection Bureau on a monthly basis. If there is a For the most part, mitigating problem, consultants are hired to measures implemented at the Wujing determine how they should be resolved. Thermal Power Station meet or exceed If the costs are small the power plant specifications described in the SAR. Of takes care of it in-house. If there is a particular note is the use of low NOx large problem the Production and burners when they were not specified in Technology Unit prepares a proposal the SAR and 100% reuse of fly ash which is reviewed and approved by the rather than the 50% utilization rate Director, and then sent to SMEPB for described in the SAR. One major further action. shortfall is in the replacement of the 80 meter stack on the existing units. A new stack of 150 meters was to be constructed, but the new stack installed was only 120 meters. No air quality monitoring was conducted to determine if this shorter stack was problematic. Positive experiences gained with high performance dust removal equipment under the World Bank project encouraged Wujing management to retrofit their older boilers with high efficiency dust removal systems. Plant officials felt that the World Bank involvement also helped them focus on wastewater management. Wujing now represents a provincial model for zero discharge. The SAR noted that at negotiations ShaLnghai Municipality Electric Power Bureau (SMEPB) agreed to implement a monitoring program satisfactory to the World Bank. Wujing officials were unable to produce this plan, claiming it is filed at SMEPB. If such a plan exists it should be on the plant premises as a working document and not buried in headquarters files. The plant has two full time environmental staff responsible for the entire facility. Air quality monitoring is doine by consultants and water quality monitoring is done in house. All data are reported to SMEPB and the Shanghai 20 Picture 2 Wujing Power Plant 5 6 1 Whole Plant; 2. Coal handling; 3. Ash handling; 4. Past: Previous Phases (I-V); 5. Present: Bank-financed (Phase VI);6. Future: Phase VII) 2 1 YANGZHOU longer involved in environmental matters. For the most part, mitigating measures as indicated in the SAR are Four staff members are simnil]ar to those implemented. The SAR responsible for environmental identified use of bird repelling devices management, including two chemists. on the transmission line component. No They prepare monthly reports and one at the power station knew whether submit them to the Jiangsu Provincial or not these were installed. Finally, ash Electric Power Bureau, and the Jiangsu yards were to be watered and trees Environmental Protection Bureau. Any planted to suppress fugitive dust decisions/actions regarding remediation generation, and again these actions had are made at the plant level. not been taken. Generally speaking, the monitoring program does not meet the specifications presented in the EMP. Air quality monitoring is only done within plant boundaries by contract with NEPRI. No measurements are made beyond plant boundaries or at the ashyard as described in the EMP. Some of the simpler wastewater pollution parameters (pH, suspended solids, and CO]D) are monitored for chemical and hurmian sewage effluents. However, measurements of heavy nietals, BOD, and oil/grease are done by NEPRI. No monitoring of runoff is done at the slag and coal piles, thermal pollution at the cooling water discharge, and oily wastewater effluents. Noise measurements are made in a rather sophisticated manner both inside and outside the plant fence. However, no measurements of noise or electric fields are made along the transmission line. A training program of 17 staff months was presented in the SAR, but the actual training was seven staff weeks, of which five staff weeks was international (France and Germany). Actual training was received by a supervisor and his subordinate. Upon return from overseas training, the supervisor changed positions and was no 22 Figure 3 Yangzhou Power Plant a . Whoe6Pant 2CoaHadlig23 5. Ash Pump; 6. Central Control Room 23 YANSHI it has been very difficult to obtain spare parts. With one very significant, and anot]her minor, exception, the mitigation Another significant difference is program as outlined in the SAR is the absence of monitoring for cooling faithful or superior to the mitigation tower blowdown and boiler cleaning program under implementation. The water effluent. This is because these signi.ficant exception is the electrofilters waters are slurried with the ash and used. According to the SAR, Units recycled to the ashyard. Therefore, they Three and Four were to be fitted with are not discharged to any surface waters. electrofilters with collection efficiencies equal to or better than 99.4 % to meet an All locally purchased monitoring exit dust concentration of 150 mg/Nm3. equipment identified in the SAR was Bid documents specified collection secured with the exception of the efficiencies of 99.2 %. The reason given polarograph, which was deemed was that technology for manufacturing unnecessary. The only internationally higher efficiency electrofilters was procured monitoring equipment was the unavailable in China during project continuous emission analyzers for flue implementation. Since electrofilters gas sampling. All other parameters are were originally to be procured under analyzed with manually collected ICB, it is not clear how this variance was samples analyzed at the power station allowed. In fact the electrofilters that laboratory, which has sufficient analytic were installed are only providing capability. collection efficiencies of 99.0 and 99.1%, respectively, which is inferior The SAR identified training, but even to what is considered to be an no specific details were provided. overly generous design criteria. Nonetheless a reasonable program of staff training both domestically (four The minor exception is related to staff/seven days on automatic sanitary wastewaters which were to monitoring systems) and internationally receive secondary treatment. In practice, (one staff/three weeks in the USA on this effluent is slurried with ash and sent mobile van monitoring systems, and one to the ash yard. Any excess water is staff/three weeks in Australia on ash discharged into the river. The claim is handling systems) was implemented. thait mixing with ash aund providing a long residence time would destroy any Enviromnental data is collected by pathogens; however, pathogens are the plant Environment Department never measured in the ashyard effluent. which regularly sends the information to the Luoyang Municipality The monitoring program as Environmental Protection Bureau, and to practiced is reasonably faithful to the the Environment Department of the monitoring program as presented in the Henan Electric Power Corporation SAR. The primary difference is that the (HEPC) on a monthly, seasonal, and air quality monitoring which was to have annual basis. been done with the mobile van (at the residential areas and the ashyard) has not been maintained because monitoring equipment in the van malfimctioned, and 24 Picture 4 Yenta Power Plant 3 4 _5 6 I3 Whole plant; 2 Coal handling 3 ESP 4. Ash pond; 5.Ash pond dam; 6. Ash pond water discharge 25 Remediation requires HEPC The notable exception is for dust approval. Remediation costs less than emissions. The only real problem is 500,000 RMB are done by plant staff Yanshi whose dust emission levels directly. Greater expenditures are paid exceed even the old environmental from an HEPC managed technical fund. guidelines. Officials at Zouxian, Wai Gao Qiao, and Yanshi power stations agreed to send the World Bank estimates 3.2 COMPLIANCE WITH for the incremental costs to meet the new UPDATED WORLD BANK guidelines. As yet, this information has ENVIRONMENTAL not been received except from Yanshi. GUIDELINES (1998) Also of substantial significance is the fact that none of the power stations Most power projects under require very expensive flue gas consideration were prepared pior to the desulfurization systems. However, this tnvimenmupdat Guided inesWforld Bhenan more strongly reflects the policies of the Environmental Guidelines for thermal Chinese government to encourage the power stations were in effect. use of very low sulfur coals rather than Nonetheless it is of interest to explore the orlda gulines per se. how well these plants are currently operating in comparison to these Thus it can be reasonably guidelines, to see if the additional concluded that adoption of the new control (and cost) burden they would World Bank thermal power guidelines have imposed had they been in effect would not have in the past and would several years earlier, likely not in the future impose a significant financial burden to Chinese Most of the new World Bank power projects. guidelines are met by most of the plants. 26 4 DIAGNOSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1 ISSUES AND ANALYSIS interpreted as overly strict, compared to the concentration based standard, As a result of this review, several especially for some plants which plan to issues have been identified as requiring expand. For example, approximately closer examination. Most are related to 0.2t/MW/day equals 8.3g/kWh of S02 application and interpretation of (O.lt/MW/day equals to 4.16g/kWh). environmental standards, and their According to 1997 data from SPC, the impact on costs and the long term average S02 emissions of thermal power environmental management of the plants in China is 84.6g/kWh, ten times sector. of the Bank's requirement. The average S02 mass based emissions of the Bank- SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION STANDARDS financed power plants is 3.69g/kWh which is only 4 percent of the Chinese There are two types of standards: national average. This again reinforces mass-based (e.g. tons/day), and the positive impact the Bank financed concentration-based (e.g. mg/Nm3). plants are having on the sector. Mass-based emissions can be used to calculate flue gas concentrations of If coal sulfur content of less than sulfur dioxide using the heat rate 0.5 percent can be achieved through coal (gce/kWh) and flue gas flow (350 washing at a reasonable cost, the SO2 Nm3/GJ with 6% excess 02). emrissions can meet both the new WB standard (O.lt/MW/day) and Chinese Based on the concentration of S02 new standard (1200mg/Nm3) without on the flue gas, ambient air quality at adopting flue gas desulfurization (FGD).- ground level can be calculated using Most of the plants in the survey use traditional Gaussian dispersion models. coals which range in sulfur content from The added portion of SO2 which touches 0.4 to 0.9 percent sulfur. grouand under the most unfavorable conditions must be added to the already The effect of the heating value of existing, ambient S02 concentration to the coal and the overall plant efficiency give us a complete picture of ground are clearly linked in that a cleaner coal level condition. In the plants which the with concomitant higher heating value team examined, the maximum portion of will require less coal to produce the addLitional pollution from the plant is of same energy leading to less emissions, the order of up to five percent. This lower wear and tear on all the plant clearly shows that for urban air quality, systems, etc. Low quality (low heat the portion attributable to the power value and relative high sulfur content) sector is minor compared to other local coal, often found at mine-mouth power sources. plants like Yanshi, will have difficulty meeting new WB standards for The Bank's new standard on mass- emissions. based SO2 emissions could be 27 PARTICULATEEMISSIONS particulate emissions in either Bank or China standards. Beilungang I and nI, Wujing, and Yangzhou currently meet the Bank's DISPERSION AND THERMAL POLLUTION new standard although they are not MODELING required to. However, Yanshi and Zouxian will need to improve the quality The incremental contribution of of coal or the efficiency of the ESP in the power station to ambient air quality order to meet the Bank's new standard. is normally determined by standard In most cases, the Chinese standards on mathematical models (usually some particulate emissions are much less strict variant of a Gaussian dispersion model). than the Bank's requirement. Together with estimates of background air quality, an overall estimate of air Again, improving the quality of quality with the proposed power plant in coal by reducing ash content and operation can be made. These estimates increasing heat value should be are then compared to air quality considered as an option for meeting the standards to determine whether or not Bank's new standard when also these standards would be violated with considering improving ESP efficiency. project implementation. According to data provided by Yanshi, to meet the Bank's new standard on PM Generally, the Bank requires one emissions, the cost of renovating the year of background data. Significant ESP is estimated to be $2.2 million, sums may be spent in acquiring the data. equal to $0.26 million per year of a 20- However, between the-time background year loan at 10% interest rate. data are collected and the power plant is ($0.14/ton). This appears much more operating, ambient conditions may have favorable than coal washing at $15-30 * changed appreciably, making the whole /ton'. impact analysis difficult, if not impossible, to verify. Clearly, this was The Bank standard for particulate a problem at all plants visited. emissions was changed from Fortunately, the modeling efforts 150mg/Nm3 to 50mg/Nm3. The impact indicated that the power plant of this change on PM2.5 or PM10, the contributions to overall ambient most dangerous particulate to human pollution was never more than five health, is still unclear. Although the percent of ambient air standard. particulate emissions are reduced to 50mg/Nm3 by improving the efficiency Thermal pollution impacts are also of ESP, emissions of fine particulates the subject of extensive modeling (either may not decrease proportionally. The physical or mathematical, and additional cost of adopting the new Bank sometimes both, e.g. Wai Gao Qiao). standard may not provide the fine This modeling, normally done when particulate reduction expected. There is cooling systems are considered, can also no separate requirement on fine be quite complex and expensive to perform and verify. Advanced physical separation, page 9, A Planner's Guide for Selecting Clean Coal Both air quality and (in some Technologies for Power Plants, World Bank - - Technical Report No. 387. Conventional coal p s cleaning costs range between $210. form an integral part of the 28 environmental assessment report for to check impacts. The following table therrnal power stations. EA predictions summarizes verification activities for should be verified after plant operations each station visited. begin, to confirm the modeling work and Table 4-1 Verification of Environmental Data POWER STATION VERIFICATION Air Quality Thermal Pollution Done Agreement Done Agreement (EA (EA vs. Actual) vs. Actual) Zouxian Requested TBD NA NA Wai Gao Qiao NA* NA* NA* NA* Beilungang I Yes Very poor NA NA Beilungang II NA** NA** NA** NA** Wujing No Yes Very Good Yangzhou No No Yanshi No No Notes * Plant not yet operational, however both physical and mathematical modeling of the thenral pollution was performed ** Plant not yet operational These results reflect a lack of long sluice pipes (several km) to the c.ommitment to confirming air and water disposal sites. These facilities added quality predictions as outlined in the EA. significantly to the cost of operations. Disposal sites tended to be near water For air quality, acquisition of bodies or areas where farming was background data and modeling is both marginal. Significant civil works are time-consuming and expensive. Since required at these ashyards to assure that results are never verified, and the ash remains contained and drainage verification would take even more time is controlled. and money, does the exercise add value? It is recommended that the Bank review Water Pollution Control this requirement, and attempt to develop alternative analytical procedures that To meet Chinese and World Bank may be less accurate, but can be requirements, power plant municipal performed in less time and at less waste water needs secondary treatment expense to the Borrower. before discharge. At several plants, wastewater treatment systems are not Ash Management operated because the wastewater volume is too small. Under these situations, Ash management at all operating wastewater is mixed with industrial plants visited was implemented in a wastewater, then treated. relatively sound and environmentally safe manner. Large ash ponds were created (each side measuring several hundred meters) requiring on-site storage silos at each plant, as well as 29 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF EPBs in the project development phases, CONSTRUCTIONACTIVITIES AND and even less attention paid to public EMERGENCYSITUATIONS participation. Environment management plans Since these power stations often ignore construction and emergency represent major investments, the key situations. The construction phase of a environmental institutions involved with greenfield thennal power station can EA review and approval are SEPA at the take several years. During this period, national level, and the Provincial EPBs. the potential for significant and Local EPBs do not appear to be permanent environmental impacts is integrated into this process in any real substantial. However, Bank guidelines sense and there does not seem to be any and EA requirements on these aspects attempt made by the higher institutions are limited. China has adopted strict to engage them. For example, in the few environmental requirements concerning instances where the subject was pursued, construction activities, which is also a there was no cognizance of the fact that major component of its EA procedure. the EAs had to be placed in a public place for comment. With the local For Wai Gao Qiao, the most recent authorities uninvolved, it is not Bank-financed project, the EA approved surprising that affected groups are even by both Government of China and the firther removed from the process, since World Bank had virtually no discussion it is to these local authorities that such of construction phase impacts or their groups would first express any concerns. mitigation. Under the latest revision to the ROLE OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL World Banks' policy on environmental PROTECTIONBUREAUS assessment (OP/BP/GP 4.01),. public involvement in the EA process and At all plants visited, arrangements publicmntin ha bece and were made to meet with Provincial public notification has become more Environmental Protection Bureaus clearly focused as well as more stringent .EPBs In athan in the past. For thermal power (EPBs) confirmed thatallcae ath Pro stations that are invariably identified as EPBs confirmed that all plants met or "Category A" projects, this should be exceeded Chinese standards, the EAs interpreted as a situation where Bank had been approved, and are at the requirements are more stringent and appropriate stage of the "Three defined than those of the Chinese Synchronizations" process . However, authorities. there seemed to be severe shortcomings with respect to involvement of local MONITORING, REPORTING AND DISCLOSURE 2The "Three Synchronizations" process are an integral part of the overall Chinese EIA process. Monitoring equipment: Ambient The first synchronization assures that the EA air quality monitoring needs the contains appropriate mitigation measures, the involvement of local EPBs. Continuous second synchronization assures that the monitoring equipment (CME) systems in nitigation measures are in fact installed in the these plants are imported from different project, and the third synchronization assures manufactures and countries. The results that the mitigating measures are operating in accordance with prescribed performance criteria. are usually not comparable. Further 30 work needs to be done to determiine how far, Beilun I, Wujing, Yanshi, Zouxian serious a problem this is. The have finished the campaign. The assulmption is that if the data is never mission found the monitoring items and formLally reviewed, it never falls under the standards applied are on a project by serious scrutiny. project basis, and some were not consistent with EA reports. The Training program: The training campaigns focus more on on-site programs attached to these projects were monitoring during the campaign period generally completed. However, several than the overall review based on the problems were identified; such as (a) the operational history of the plant. The staff participating the training, especially fornat of the report also varies from overseas, are often high-level officials; project to project. In the Bank, the post and (b) the lower-level staff who were review on a project's environmental trained are very likely to be promoted to performance is part of the project managerial level rather than doing the implementation completion (PIC) and real monitoring work. project evaluation report. Comprehensive environmental Public participation: No public monitoring and management plans were notice for the EA disclosure was found included in SAR stating resources. during the mission. The EA reports for somLe projects were not available in the 4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS Bank Infoshop, or in other Bank libraries. Public consultation was only EXAMINE COAL QUALITY being introduced in some recent projects. Using high quality coal with a Reporting. Information data high heat value, low ash and sulfur sheets varied widely in terms of formats, content is critical for the plant to meet units, and items. No environmental the Bank's new standard, as well as monaitoring data was shown in plant future stricter Chinese standards. Coal operation reports. The monitoring on- beneficiation and washing can reduce line data usually goes to a central ash and sulfur content, and increase the monitoring station rather than the central heat value as well. Using a higher heat control room. It is hard to analyze the value coal, the plant requires less fuel to relationship between the operational achieve the same amount of electricity performance and environmental output, resulting in less particulate and performance of the plants. Reports often S02 emissions. The electricity go to provincial power bureaus. Local consumption for coal handling, ash EP:Bs were often ignored. handling, ESP and fans will be reduced, thus increasing overall plant efficiency. Project Audit of Plant Therefore high quality coal enhances the Environmental Performance: In China, overall environmental performance of SPC and SEPA require power plants to the plant. cairy out a two-week carnpaign to review the environmental performance Further analysis is required of the wilthin one year of operation. The environmental and financial tradeoffs of evaluation report, based on the findings improved coal quality. Specifically, the of the campaign, is a requirement of the notion of using washed coal, resulting in project completion clearance report. So 31 improved heat rates producing less China in the improvement of the power pollutants, needs to be looked at sector. For example, as natural gas carefully in light of tradeoffs, such as reaches many urban areas, there will be pollution created in the washing process. potential for even cleaner energy either The team feels that this is where by firing gas in existing facilities or significant progress can be achieved in building combined cycle plants. Some both the power sector and for other users of these will be IPPs. The involvement of coal as well. Costs associated with of the Bank is key to the development of flue gas treatment versus coal the sector and assisting the government beneficiation and cleaning (reducing ash in implementing private power. as well) are not well understood. Additional work along these lines is ENHANCE SPC ENVIRONMENTAL recommended. CAPABILITY ENHANCE THE ROLE OF LOCAL EPBS Enhancing SPC environmental capability should be a priority. The role of local EPBs in the Currently, the unit consists of five communities near these plants is unclear. people who spend most of their time in The tearn found that in most cases, the Beijing. The team recommends that provision of due diligence during they develop a national environmental construction and operations has been data base with SEPA on the power minimal. Local EPBs often deferred to sector. In addition, the unit needs to power plant environmental staffs for develop an extension capacity to assist sampling and self-reporting. In spite of the enviromnental staffs of the various generally good performance by the power plants that it oversees. sector, there still exists the notion that environment is not a top priority, but an IMPROVEASHDISPOSAL issue that is addressed only when a crisis occurs. This view needs to be modified. Ash disposal is relatively well The teamn reconmmends a new partnership managed (depending on the plant) at the between the EPB and environmental plants the team visited. Since the coals staff of the local power plant. However, used are fairly high in ash content (10 to this relationship must be based on the 40 percent), there are very large fact that it is the EPBs responsibility to quantities of ash to be disposed of. In monitor the enviromnental performance, most cases the ash is slurried to large report results to the local government ponds located along rivers or hilly areas body and assess damages for non- where the ash is used as fill. In both compliance. cases, these fills generate a great deal of leachate which usually drains away INCREASE ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION naturally. However, if the ash could be AND TA recycled into construction materials, this would oid significant disposal costs. Since the Bank has been somewhat To soyI extent this is already being n_ in its environmental supervision of done a, a number of locations, but these plants, the team recommends that should be increased if possible. more effort should be expended in future to supervise these projects. The Bank should continue to be engaged with 32 RATIONALIZE WATER POLLUTION ENHANCED PUBLIC PARTICIPATION REQUIREMENTS The EA and monitoring reports Cooling water taken in by these should be accessible by affected groups, plants is often of low quality requiring who should be informed through public treatment before it can be used in notice. Local EPBs should be involved cooling systems. Yet the requirement is in environmental monitoring and that it be discharged at a higher standard. management. It is monitored and if it does not meet the effluent standards, the plant can be EA DURING CONSTRUCTION fined, which makes little sense. A more rational approach needs to be developed An effort should be made to whereby these plants are not forced to include environmental guidance during treat their effluents to a higher standard the construction phase of these projects. than the available supply. The Bank's enviromnental document does not address this issue. OPTIMIZING POLLUTION CONTROL AIR QUALITYIMPACTSASSESSMENT Additional work needs to be done to optimize pollution control for both A considerable amount of time and emissions and effluents. Management of resources in EA preparation is devoted pollutants is driven by Chinese national to collecting and analyzing air quality standards and by Bank standards baseline data, and predicting air quality regardless of the local pollution impacts. No one verifies these situation. The notion of tradable predictions; indeed it is near impossible, emissions is only now beginning to be or at least extremely expensive, to do so. considered. There is no real market for It is recommended that the Bank this approach, although there has been undertake a serious review of this sonme rudimentary experience in requirement with the objective of Shanghai -.but this needs to be refined developing alternative information and extended to other parts of China. requirements that can be secured in a shorter time and at less expense, and provide nearly the same level of information regarding project related air quality impacts. 33 Appendix A Overall Power Sector Performance No.|lndicator |nt |19801 1981| 1982| 19831 1984| 19851 1986| 19871 19881 19891 19901 1991 19921 19931 19941 19951 19961 1997 _I3DP billion Yuan 451781 486241 52947 593451 717101 89644 102022 119625 149283 169092 185479 216178 266381 346344 467594 584781 678846 747724 2Trotal installed MW 65870 69130 72360 76440 80120 87050 93820 102900 11550( 12664( 137890 151473 166533 182911l 199897 217124 236542 254238 Capacity 3 Hydro MW 20320 21930 T22960 46 25600 26410 27540 30190 32700 34580 36046 37883 *40681 44593 49061 52184 55578 59730 4 Thermal MW 45550 47200 49400 28 54520 60640 66280 7271IC 82800 92060 101844 1135901 125852 138318 148736 162940 178864 192408 5 Nuclcar MW 0 Cl0 0 0. 0 0, a c . l c o o c o 2100 2100, 2100 2100 6 Total Generation TWh 300.61 309.3 327.7 351 .4 377.0 410.7 449.5 497.3 545.2 584.7 621L3 677.5 754.2 836.4 927.9 1 006.9 1 079.4 1 134.2 7 Hydro TWh 58.21 65.5 74.4 86.4 86.8 92.4 94.5 100.C 109.1 118.5 126.3 124.8 131.C 150.7 166.8 186.8 186.9 194.6 8 Thcnnal TWh 242.41 243.8 253.3 265.0 290.2 3 18.3 355.0 397.3 436.1i 466.2 495.0 552.6 622.7 685.7 747.0 807.3 878.1 925.2 9 Nuclear TWh C 0 C C 0 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 C 2.5 14.0 12.8 14.3 14.4 10 Heat rate (supply) gcc/kWh 448 442 438 434 432 4311 431 4321 431 432 427 4241 420 417 414 412 410 408 12 Heat rate (gencration) gce/kcWh 41A 407 404 400, 398 398 398 3971 397 3971 392 390 386 3841 381 3795 377 375 12 Plant consumption %6.44 6.4 6.32 6.21 6.28 6.42 6.54 6.67 6.96 6.81 6.9 6.94 7 6.96 6.9 6.78 6.88 6.8 1 3 Hydro %0. I9 0.2 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.3 0.3 0.32 0.37 0.41 0.42 0.37 0.51 0.51 14 Thernmal% 7.65 7.76 7.77 7.78 7.7 7.78 7.83 7.87 7.94 8.12 8.22 8.13 8.08 8.08 7.99 7.95 7.94 7.81 15 Line loss %8.93 8.98 8.64 8.53 8.28 8.181 8.15 8.48 8.18 8.1 8 8.06 8.15 8.29 8.52 8.73 8.77' 8.53 8.2 16 Operation hours Hours 50781 49551 5007 510] 5190 5308 5388 5430 5313 5171 50361 5030 5029 5068 5233 5216c 5033 4765 1 7 Hydro Hours 3293 35201 3708 41041 3860 3853 3882 37951 3710 3691 3800 3675 3567 37301 3877 38671 3570 3387 I 8 Thermal Hours 5775 5511 5542 5513' 5748 5893 5974 6048 5907 5716( 5413 5451 5462 54551 5574 5459 5418 5114 19 PM Emissions g/kWh . _ _ _ 84.8 79 76.1 687 61.8 54.9 42.3 201SO Emissions g/kWh _ _97.7 99.8 96.5 52 9. 87.6 _ 84.6 21 INOx Emissions jg/kWh = - _ 53.5 5 2.91 52 5. 464 44.'52. 34 Appendix B Performance Summary of Bank-Financed Power Plants in China No. Description Beilun I Wujing Yanshi Beilun II Zouxian Yangzhou _. Unit Capacity, MW 600 300 300 600 600 600 Unit number 2 2 2 3 2 2 Stack Height, m 240 210 240 240 240 240 Ash Content, % 14.7% 7.9% 30.6% 15.5% 22.4% 10.9% Sulfur Content, % 0.85% 0.62% 0.81% 0.63% 0.70% 0.36% Heat Value, kJ/kg 22966 22474 17201 22404.8 22535 21610 E ESP Efficiency, % 99.80% 99.80% 99.20% 99.90% 99.60% 99.800/o Heat rate, gee/kWh 307 332 350 300 320 337 Plant Efficiency, % 40.1% 37.1% 35.2% 41.00/a 38.4% 36.5% Flue gas volume, Nm3/kg(coal 8.0381 7.8659 6.02035 7.84168 7.8S72S 7.5635 Coal consumption, tpd 11265 6224 8573 16925 11966 13141 2 PM Emissions, tpd 3.3 1.0 21.0 2.6 10.7 2.9 PM Emissions (calculated, mg/Nm3 36.6 20.1 406.5 19.7 113.6 28.8 PM Emissions (reported, mgANm3 30.0 7.0 210.0 34.1 80.0 24.0 Chinese Standard, mg/Nm3 300 150 400 200 300 200 .! World Bank Standard (Old) for PM, 100 100 100 100 100 100 mglNm3 - World Bank Standard (New) for PM, 50 50 50 50 50 50 mglNm3 3 S02 Emissions (calculated), mg/Nm3 1692 1261 2153 1285 1420 762 S02 Emissions (reported), mg/Nm3 1392.1 619 849 889.6 956 383.2 Chinese Standard for S02, mgfNm3 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 World Bank Standard for S02, mglNm3 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 S02 Emissions (calculated), tph 6.38 2.57 4.63 7.11 5.58 3.15 to S02 Emissions (reported), tph 6.50 1.28 2.34 8.50 4.74 2.44 . . S02 Emissions (calculated), tpd 153 62 II 171 134 76 S02 Emissions (reported), tpd 156 31 56 204 114 59 Chinese Standard for S02, tpd 147 400 421 220 249 517 S World Bank Old Standard for S02, tpd 200 110 480 300 403 500 _ World Bank New Standard for S02, tpd 170 75 70 180 120 170 4 NO. Emissions (reported), ppM 237 225 257 253 200 212 Chinese Standard 317 317 317 317 317 317 World Bank Old Standard, ppm 417 417 417 417 417 417 . _ c World Bank Old Standard, ppm 365 365 365 365 365 365 5 PM (calculated), glkWh 0.115 0.068 1.457 0.061 0.372 0.099 PM (reported), g/kWh 0.094 0.024 0.753 0.105 0.262 0.083 Bank-Financed Average, g/kWh 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 Chinese Average, g/kWh 42.30 42.30 42.30 42.30 42.30 42.30 S02 (calculated), glkWh 5.32 4.29 7.72 3.95 4.65 2.63 S02 (reported), glkWh 5.42 2.13 3.90 4.72 3.95 2.03 Bank-Financed Average, g/kWh 3.69 3.69 3.69 3.69 3.69 3.69 Chinese Average, g1kWh 84.60 84.60 84.60 84.60 84.60 84.60 E NOx, gJkWh 1.53 1.57 1.89 1.60 1.35 1.50 E Bank-Financed Average, g/kWh 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57 cn Chinese Average, glkWh 42.3 42.3 42.3 42.3 42.3 42.3 35 Appendix C Provincial Power Sector Survey Form Sample Part A: Institutional Framework of Environment Protection Administration in AXX Province Part B: Performance of Coal-fired Power Plants No. Indicator |Unit ] 19801 19811 19821 19831 1984j 1985| 19861 19871 1988 19891 1990l 19911 19921 19931 19941 19951 19961 1997 1 GDP billion Yuan = 2 Total installed MW Capacity 3 Hydro MW 4 Thermal MW 5 Nuclear MW 6 Ilotal Generation TWh 7 Hlydro TWh 8 Thermal TWh 9 Nuclear TWh 10 lleat rate (supply) gce/kWh _ _ _ ______ 12 Heat rate (generation) gce/kWh 12 Plant consumption % 13 llydro % 14 Thermal % 15 Line loss % 16 Operation hours Hours 17 Hydro Hours 18 Thermal Hlours 19 PM Emissions g/kWh 20 SO Emissions g/kWh =____ 21 NOx Emissions g/kWh 36 Appendix D Power Plant Survey Form Part A: Policy Framework Al: EnvironmentProtection Regulation and Policy Item Document Date Check IPRC Environmental Protection Law 12/26/89 2 PRC Ambient Air Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Law 8/30/95 3 PRC Solid Waste Environmental Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Law 10/30/95 4 PRC Water Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Law 5/15/96 5 PRC Environmental Noise Prevention and Mitigation Law 10/29/96 6 Construction Project Environmental Protection Administration Regulation 1986 7 Construction Project Environmental Protection Design Stipulation 1987 8 Construction Project Environmental Protection Administration Procedure 1990 9 Electric Power Industry Environmental Protection Administration Regulation 1996 A2: Monitoring Reports I Environment Assessment Report to SPC 2 Project Completion Report: Environment 3 EMD Report to Provincial EPB 4 Monthly Operation Report (including major pollution mitigation and monitoring equipment, like ESP, SOX and NOX monitor) 5 EMD Environment Monitoring Report 6 Coal and Ash Analysis Reports 37 Appendix D Power Plant Survey Form Part B: Environmental Mitigating Measures Bl:Air quality Item Target Measures Compliance Comments I S02 Low sulfur coal (<0.95%); Stack height (240m) 2 Dust High efficiency ESP (>99.4%) 3 Nox Low Nox burner in Phase 11 B2: Waste water Item Target Measures Compliance Comments ICirculating Cooling Water Blowdown No chromne chemical are to be used. Blowdown is to be sent ash pond after ncutralization 2 Chemical Waste Water and Boiler Neutralization by acid or alkaline prior to discharge Blowdown 3 Boiler Cleaning Waste Water Discharge after treatment in ash water quick reaction clarifier, resultant sludge disposal in ash yard (mineral acid), or inject waste water into boiler fumace for incineration (organic acid) 4 Oii Contaminated Waste Water Use flat flow oil scraping pond and air flotation pond in two stages * Sanitary wastes Secondary treatment system currently available. Expand if necessary 6 Coal Yard Runoff Collect and settle. Sludge sent to ash disposal site, effluent discharged 7 Ash Yard Runoff Settle and adding H2S04 (acidificationO and sent to the Yellow River B3.Solid waste Item Target Measures Compliance Comments I Fly Ash Sluice to the Xi-Jia-Guo Ash Yard. Surface to be maintained wet. Rainwater from surrounding areas directed to drainage systems. Sides planted with trees to contain dust. After useful life, ash yard is to be revegetated 2 Bottom Ash Ground and trucked to the Xi-Jia-Guo Ash Yard B4:Noise Item TIarget _Measures ICompliance iComments IlNoise Noise isolating covers, walls, or closets shall be provided where necessary. Silencers shall be provided fo boiler safety valves, piping, blowout, and forced draft fans. 38 Appendix D Power Plant Survey Form Part C: Monitoring Plan Cl: Monitoring Plan Chpecklist (Power Plant) Item Description Location Specification Frequency Responsibility Comments I Environmental Management Department (EMD) 2 Plant greening 3 Plant tidiness and cleanness 4 Coal sampling analysis 5 Fugitive dust _ 6 Fuitv dus 7 Stack height 8 Stack TSP 9 Stack S02 10 Stack Nox . IIAmbient TSP . 12 Ambient S02 - 13 Ambient Nox . 14 Plant area drainage 15 Chemical plant neutralizing pond drainage . 1 6 Domestic sewageX _ 17 Coal yard drainage. 1 8 Underground water 19 Cooling water structures 20 Cooling water temperature __ _ _ 21 Construction noise 22 Noise inside the plant 23 Noise outside the plant 24 Bunding 25 Emergency equipment 26 Rail transportation system 27 Coal yard system _ . 28 Ash yard system __ 39 Appendix D Power Plant Survey Forv- C2: List of lnstruments and Equipment to Be Purchlased Item Instrument/device type Code Number Compliance Remarks Locally _ 1 1/1000 precision analytical balance _ . 2 Type 251 spectroscopic meter 3 pH meter . __ 4 Polarograph . . 5 Precision integrated sound level meter 6 Dust measuring instrument ._ _ 7 Velocity meter 8 Wind direction and speed meter 9 Suspended particle sampler 10 Air sampler _ II Electronic calculator 12 Conductivity meter Needs foreign exchanges 1: 3Continuous automatic flue gas analyzer (S02, Nox) . __ 14 Flue gas automatic monitor for TSP 15 pH continuous automatic monitor 16 COD measurement equipment 17 BODI measurement equipment 18 Oil measuring meter 19 Dust measurement apparatus for work area in the main power house 40 Appendix D Power Plant Survey Form Part C: Data Summary Cl: Fuel Characteristics _~~~~~~~~~~~ - Coal Type Unit Design Check Actual I Actual 2 Comments Mad N M t _ _ _ __ _ _ Aar _______ Vdaf ___--_ Qnet,ar J/g _ _ _ Car _ Har ______ St,ar _ Nar __ _ __ Oar_ % HGI_ C2: Ash Characteristics Ash analysis Unit Design Check Actual I Actual_2 Comments DT C ST _ _ ___ -- F! -- C ______ SiO2 °/c __- A1203 0 °A Fe2O3 00 _ CaO - ___ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~MgO __ _ ____ S03 0 K20 0_ _ Na20 %o I ____= TiO2 00 C3: Air Emissions Pollutants Unit Standard Background Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Comments PM mg/NI3 _ _ | * tton/day | 11 I ton/year .__ PMIO mg/Nm3 ton/day_ ton/year S02 mgNm3 _ _ ton/day _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ .g I _ __ _ _ _ _ ton/year_ Nox mg/Nm3 ton/day. iton/year C4: Li'quid Effluents Parannieter Standard Background Point I Point 2 Point 3 Comments Temperature C _ _ __ _ _ _ _ BOD:5______________ mg/L FCuoride mg/L _ . Suspended Solids (SS) mg/L Oimgnease mgiL Assen mg/L Cr6+ mg/L . Hg mglL Cd mg/L. Pb mglL. BODS mBIL CODcr mg/L CODmn mg/L Phenol ,mg/L . Sulfidie mglL Totali amount ton/year _ 41 C5: Solid Waste Waste production |Unit daily yearly I Comments Ash discharge ton l FGD ton C6: Ambient Noise Monitoring (or sensitive) Unit Maximum Actual Comments Points Allowable Leq (hourly) IdB(A) 2 dB(A) 3 dB(A) _ - C7: Operating Parameters Parameters Unit Design Maximum Minimum Average Comments Flue gas temperature C Excess air coefficient Flue gas flow rate Mn/s Power supply to ESP kWh Combustion temperature C Boiler efficiency ESP efficiency _ Plant efficiency Coal consumption ton/year Water consumption ton/year Power consumption kWh/year I Power generation kWh/year I.I_I_I_I 42 Appendix E World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New Power Plants Industry Description and Practices building period, higher overall efficiency (low fuel consumption per unit of output), optimal match- This document sets forth procedures for establish- ing of different load demands, and moderate in- ing maximum emissions levels for all fossil-fuel- vestment costs, compared with conventional based thermal power plants with a capacity of 50 thermal power plants. Further information on en- or more megawatts of electricity (MWe) that use gine-driven plants is given in Annex A. coal, fiLel oil, or natural gas.' Coriventional steam-producing thermal power Waste Characteristics plants generate electricity through a series of en- ergy conversion stages: fuel is bumed in boilers to The wastes generated by thermal power plants are convert water to high-pressure steam, which is typical of those from combustion processes. The then used to drive a turbine to generate electricity. exhaust gases from burning coal and oil contain Combined-cycle units burn fuel in a combustion primarily particulates (including heavy metals, chamber, and the exhaust gases are used to drive a if they are present in significant concentrations in turbine. Waste heat boilers recover energy from the the fuel), sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SO,, and NO,J, turbine exhaust gases for the production of steam, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). For ex- which is then used to drive another turbine. Gen- ample, a 500 MWe plant using coal with 2.5% sul- erally; the total efficiency of a combined-cycle sys- fur (S), 16% ash, and 30,000 kilojoules per kilogram tem in terms of the amount of electricity (kJ/kg)heatcontentwillemiteachday200metric gener-ated per unit of fuel is greater than for con- tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2), 70 tons of nitrogen di- ventional thermal power systems, but the com- oxide (NO), and 500 tons of fly ash if no controls bineci-cycle system may require fuels such as are present. In addition, the plant will generate natural gas. about 500 tons of solid waste and about 17 giga- Advanced coal utilization technologies (e.g., watt-hours (GWh) of thermal discharge. fluidized-bed combustion and integrated gasifica- This document focuses primarily on emissions tion combined cycle) are becoming available, and of particulates less than 10 microns (pm) in size other systems such as cogeneration offer improve- (PM,1, including sulfates), of sulfur dioxide, and of menis in thermal efficiency, environmental perfor- nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxides are of concern mance, or both, relative to conventional power because of their direct effects and because they are plants. The economic and environmental costs and precursors for the formation of ground-level ozone. benefits of such advanced technologies need to be Information concerning the health and other dam- examined case by case, taking into account alter- age caused by these and other pollutants, as well native fuel choices, demonstrated commercial vi- as on alternative methods of emissions control, is ability, and plant location. The criteria spelled out provided in the relevant pollutant and pollutant in this document apply regardless of the particu- control documents. lar technology chosen. The concentrations of these pollutants in the Engine-driven power plants are usually consid- exhaust gases are a function of firing configura- ered for power generation capacities of up to 150 tion, operating practices, and fuel composition. MWe. They have the added advantages of shorter Gas-fired plants generally produce negligible 43 Appendix E World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New Power Plants quantities of particulates and sulfur oxides, and management, to encourage the use of renewable levels of nitrogen oxides are about 60% of those . sources of energy rather than fossil fuels, and to from plants using coal. Gas-fired plants also release meet overall targets for the reduction of emissions lower quantities of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or greenhouse gas. gases. Ash residues and the dust removed from ex- In the context of its regular country dialogue haust gases may contain significant levels of on energy and environmental issues, the World heavy metals and some organic compounds, in Bank is willing to assist its clients to develop the addition to inert materials. Fly ash removed from policy framework for implementing such envi- exhaust gases makes up 60-85% of the coal ash ronmental requirements for the power sector as residue in pulverized-coal boilers. Bottom ash a whole. One step in this process might be the includes slag and particles that are coarser and preparation of a sectoral environmental assess- heavier than fly ash. The volume of solid wastes ment. This document assumes that the project is may be substantially higher if environmental consistent with broad sectoral policies and re- measures such as flue gas desulfurization (FGD) quirements that have been promulgated by the are adopted and the residues are not reused in relevant authorities in order to meet international other industries. obligations and other environmental goals affect- Steam turbines and other equipment may re- ing the power sector. quire large quantities of water for cooling, includ- In some cases, strategies for meeting system- ing steam condensation. Water is also required wide goals may be developed through a power- for auxiliary station equipment, ash handling, sector planning exercise that takes account of and FGD systems. The characteristics of the environmental and social factors. This would, for wastewaters generated depend on the ways in instance, be appropriate for a small country with which the water has been used. Contamination a single integrated utility. In other cases, govern- arises from demineralizers, lubricating and aux- ments may decide to rely on a set of incentives iliary fuel oils, and chlorine, biocides, and other and environmental standards designed to influ- chemicals used to manage the quality of water ence the decisions made by many independent in cooling systems. Once-through cooling sys- operators. tems increase the temperature of the receiving water. Determining Site-Specific Requirements Policy Framework This document spells out the process-starting from a set of maximum emissions levels accept- The development of a set of environmental re- able to the World Bank Group-that should be quirements for a new thermal power plant in- followed in determining the site-specific emis- volves decisions of two distinct kinds. First, there sions guidelines. The guidelines could encompass are the specific requirements of the power plant both controls on the plant and other measures, itself. These are the responsibility of the project perhaps outside the plant, that may be necessary developer in collaboration with relevant local or to mitigate the impact of the plant on the airshed other environmental authorities. This document or watershed in which it is located. The process focuses on the issues that should be addressed outlines how the World Bank Group's policy on in arriving at project-specific emissions standards Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) for thermal and other requirements. power plants can be implemented. The guide- Second, there are requirements that relate to lines are designed to protect human health; re- the operation of the power system as a whole. duce mass loading to the environment to These strategic issues must be the concern of na- acceptable levels; achieve emissions levels based tional or regional authorities with the responsi- on commercially proven and widely used tech- bility for setting the overall policy framework for nologies; follow current regulatory and technol- the development of the power sector. Examples ogy trends; be cost-effective; and promote the use of such requirements include measures to pro- of cleaner fuels and good-management practices mote energy conservation via better demand-side that increase energy efficiency and productivity. 44 Appendix E World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New Power Plants It is important to stress that the results of the availability of CDM financing may alter, in some environmental assessment (EA) are critical to cases, the choice of the least-cost project alterna- defining many of the design parameters and tive. Once the CDM is enacted, it will be advisable other assumptions, such as location, fuel choice, to incorporate the following steps into the process and the like, required to develop the detailed of evaluating project alternatives: specification of a project. The assessment results must be integrated with economic analyses of the ' Identification and assessment of alternatives key design options. Thus, it is essential that the that are eligible for CDM-type financing (e.g., work of preparing an environmental assessment alternatives that are not economical without be initiated during the early stages of project con- carbon offsets and whose incremental costs ception and design so that the initial results of above the least-costbaseline altemative, taking the study can be used in subsequent stages of accountof localsenvirons nentalexternalities, are project development. It is not acceptable to pre- smaller than the costs of resulting carbon off- pare zn environmental assessment that consid- sets) ers a small number of options in order to justify Negotiation with Annex I parties of possible off- a precletermined set of design choices. set arrangements, if CDM-eligible alternatives Evaluation of Project Alternatives exist. The World Bank Group will be prepared to assist in the process of identifying the CDM-eli- The EA should include an analysis of reasonable gible alternatives and negotiating offset arrange- alternatives that meet the ultimate objective of ments for projects that are partly financed or the project. The assessment may lead to alterna- guaranteed by the World Bank Group. tives that are sounder, from an environmental, sociocultural, and economic point of view, than EnvironmentalAssessment the originally proposed project. Alternatives need to be considered for various aspects of the sys- An EA should be carried out early in the project tem, including: cycle in order to establish emissions requirements * Fuels used and other measures on a site-specific basis for a * Power generation technologies new thermal power plant or unit of 50 MWe or * Heat rejection systems larger. The initial tasks in carrying out the EA * Water supply or intakes should include: * Solid waste disposal systems * Collection of baseline data on ambient concen- * Plant and sanitary waste discharge trations of PM10 and sulfur oxides (for oil and v Engineering and pollution control equipment coal-fired plants), nitrogen oxides, (and ground- (see Annex B for some examples) level ozone, if levels of ambient exposure to * Management systems. ozone are thought to be a problem) within a de- The alternatives should be evaluated as a part fined airshed encompassing the proposed of the conceptual design process. Those alterna- project.2 tives that provide cost-effective environmental * Collection of similar baseline data for critical management are preferred. water quality indicators that might be affected by the plant. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) * Use of appropriate air quality and dispersion models to estimate the impact of the project on The Kyoto Protocol provisions allow for the use of the ambient concentrations of these pollutants, the clean development mechanism (CDM, under on the assumption that the maximum emissions which, beginning in 2000, greenhouse gas emis- levels described below apply. (See the chapters sions from projects in non-Annex I countries that on airshed models in Part II of this Handbook.) are certified by designated operating entities can be acquired by Annex I countries and credited When there is a reasonable likelihood that in the against their emissions binding commitments. The medium or long term the power plant will be ex- 45 Appendix E World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New Power Plants panded or other pollution sources will increase sig- NO, bumers with other combustion modifications nificantly, the analysis should take account of the such as low excess air (LEA) firing should be stan- impact of the proposed plant design both imrnmedi- dard practice. The range of options for the control ately and after any probable expansion in capac- of sulfur oxides is greater because of large differ- ity or in other sources of pollution. The EA should ences in the sulfur content of different fuels and in also include impacts from construction work and control costs. In general, for low-sulfur (less than other activities that normally occur, such as mi- 1% S), high-calorific-value fuels, specific controls gration of workers when large facilities are built. may not be required, while coal cleaning, when Plant design should allow for future installation feasible, or sorbent injection (in that order) may be of additional pollution control equipment, adequate for medium-sulfur fuels (1-3% S). FGD should this prove desirable or necessary. may be considered for high-sulfur fuels (more than The EA should also address other project-spe- 3% S). Fluidized-bed combustion, when technically cific environmental concerns, such as emissions and economically feasible, has relatively low SO,, of cadmium, mercury, and other heavy metals emissions. The choice of technology depends on resulting from burning certain types of coal or a benefit-cost analysis of the environmental per- heavy fuel oil. If emissions of this kind are a con- formance of different fuels and the cost of con- cern, the government (or the project sponsor) and trols. the World Bank Group will agree on specific Any deviations from the following emissions measures for mitigating the impact of such emis- levels must be described in the World Bank Group sions and on the associated emissions guidelines. project documentation. The quality of the EA (including systematic cost estimates) is likely to have a major influence on AirEmissions the ease and speed of project preparation. A good EA prepared early in the project cycle should make The maximum emissions levels given here can be a significant contribution to keeping the overall consistently achieved by well-designed, well-op- costs of the project down. erated, and well-maintained pollution control sys- tems. In contrast, poor operating or maintenance Emissions Guidelines procedures affect actual pollutant removal effi- ciency and may reduce it to well below the design Emissions levels for the design and operation of specification. The maximum emissions levels are each project must be established through the EA expressed as concentrations to facilitate monitor- process on the-basis of country legislation and the ing. Dilution of air emissions to achieve these guide- Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, as lines is unacceptable. Compliance with ambient air applied to local conditions. The emissions levels quality guidelines should be assessed on the basis selected must bejustified in the EA and acceptable of good engineering practice (GEP) recommenda- to the World Bank Group. tions. See Annex C for ambient air quality guide- The following maximum emissions levels are lines to be applied if local standards have not been normally acceptable to the World Bank Group in set.3 Plants should not use stack heights less than making decisions regarding the provision of World the GEP recommended values unless the air qual- Bank Group assistance for new fossil-fuel-fired ity impact analysis has taken into account build- thermal power plants or units of 50 MWe or larger ing downwash effects. All of the maximum (using conventional fuels). The emissions levels emissions levels should be achieved for at least 95% have been set so they can be achieved by adopting of the time that the plant or unit is operating, to be a variety of cost-effective options or technologies, calculated as a proportion of annual operating including the use of clean fuels or washed coal. For hours.4 The remaining 5% of annual operating example, dust controls capable of over 99% re- hours is assumed to be for start-up, shutdown, moval efficiency, such as electrostatic precipitators emergency fuel use, and unexpected incidents. For (ESPs) or baghouses, should always be installed for peaking units where the start-up mode is expected coal-fired power plants. Similarly, the use of low- to be longer than 5% of the annual operating hours, 46 Appendix E World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New Power Plants exceedance should bejustified by the EA with re- Plants larger than or equal to 500 MWe in airsheds gard to air quality impacts. with moderate air quality and all plants in airsheds with poor air quality are subject to site-specific re- Powerplants in degraded airsheds. The following quirements that include offset provisions to ensure definitions apply in airsheds where there already that (a) there is no net increase in the total emis- exists a significant level of pollution. sions of particulates or sulfur dioxide within the An airshed will be classified as having moder- airshed and (b) the resultant ambient levels of ni- ate air quality with respect to particulates, sul- trogen dioxide do not exceed the levels specified fur dioxide, or nitrogen dioxide if either I or 2 for moderately degraded airsheds.5 The measures furpdioxides: or itoge doxde f iter o 2 agreed under the offset provisions mustbe imple- applies: mented before the power plant comes fully on 1. (a) The annual mean value of PM,o exceeds stream. Suitable offset measures could include re- 50 micrograms per cubic meter (pg/m3) for the ductions in emissions of particulates, sulfur diox- airshed (80 pg/m3 for total suspended particulates, ide, or nitrogen dioxide as a result of (a) the TSP); (b) the annual mean value of sulfur dioxide installation of new or more effective controls at exceeds 50 pg/M3; or (c) the annual mean value of other units within the same power plant or at nitrogen dioxide exceeds 100 pg/m3 for the airshed. other power plants in the same airshed, (b) the 2. T'he 98th percentile of 24-hour mean values installation of new or more effective controls at of PM. 10, sulfur dioxide, or nitrogen dioxide for the other large sources, such as district heating plants airshedoveraperiod of ayearexceeds 150 pg/M3 or industrial plants, in the same airshed, or (c) (230 pg/M3 for TSP). investments in gas distribution or district heat- An airshed will be classified as having poor air ing systems designed to substitute for the use of quality with respect to particulates, sulfur dioxide, coal for residential heating and other small boil- or nitrogen dixdiihers.6 The monitoring and enforcement of the off- 1. (a)oge T e anulmaif PMther10or2 exceieds 10set provisions would be the responsibility of the 1. (a) The annual mean of PM,O exceeds 100 ug/ loaorntnlagcyesnibefrrnig m3 for the airshed (160 plg/M3 for TSP); (b) the an- al orniongencyronsbe for gting nua iman f ulfr doxde xceds o pgni3or and supervising environmental permits. Such nual mean of sulfur dioxide exceeds 100 pg/m3for offset provisions would normally be described the airshed; or (c) the annual mean of nitrogen di- in detail in a specific covenant in the project loan oxide exceeds 200 pg/m3 for the airshed. agreement. 2. The 95th percentile of 24-hour mean values Project sponsors who do not wish to engage of PM10, sulfur dioxide, or nitrogen dioxide for the in the negotiations necessary to put together an airshed over a period of a year exceeds 150 pg/m3 offset agreement would have the option of rely- (230 pg/M3 for TSP). ing on an appropriate combination of clean fu- Plants smaller than 500 MWe in airsheds with els, controls, or both. moderate air quality are subject to the maximum emissions levels indicated below, provided that the Particulate matter. For all plants or units, PM EA shows that the plan will not lead either to the emissions (all sizes) should not exceed 50 mg/ airshed dropping into the "poor air quality" cat- Nm3.7 The EA should pay specific attention to egory or to an increase of more than 5 pg/M3 in the particulates smaller than 10 pm in aerodynamic annuial mean level of particulates (PM1 or TSP), diameter (PM,0) in the airshed, since these are inhaled into the lungs and are associated with sulfuir dioxide, or nitrogen dioxide for the entire ihed io eflungs an areas ted Wh the most serious effects on human health. Where airshied. If either of these conditions is not satis- possible, ambient levels of fine particulates (less fied, lower site-specific emissions levels should be than 2.5 mm in diameter) should be measured. established that would ensure that the conditions Recent epidemiologic evidence suggests that can be satisfied. The limit of a 5 pg/m3 increase in much of the health damage caused by exposure the annual mean will apply to the cumulative to- to particulates is associated with these fine par- tal impact of all power plants built in the airshed ticles, which penetrate most deeply into the within any 10-year period beginning on or after lungs. Emissions of PM1o and fine particulates the date at which the guidelines come into effect. include ash, soot, and carbon compounds (often 47 Appendix E World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New Power Plants the results of incomplete combustion), acid con- be less than 2,000 mg/Nm3 (or 13 grams per kilo- densates, sulfates, and nitrates, as well as lead, cad- watt-hour, g/kWh dry at 15% oxygen); and (b) for mium, and other metals. Fine particulates, funding applications received beforeJuly 1,2000, including sulfates, nitrates, and carbon com- the NO. emissions levels should be less than 2,300 pounds, are also formed by chemical processes in mg/Nm3 (or 17 g/kWh dry at 15% oxygen). In all the atmosphere, but they tend to disperse over the other cases, the maximum emissions level of ni- whole airshed. trogen oxides is 400 mg/Nm3 (dry at 15% oxygen). Sulfur dioxide. Total sulfur dioxide emissions Offsets and the role of the WorldBank Group. Large from the power plant or unit should be less than power complexes should normally not be devel- 0.20 metric tons per day (tpd) per MWe of capac- oped in airsheds with moderate or poor air qual- ity for the first 500 MWe, plus 0.10 tpd for each ity, or, if they must be developed, then only with additional MWe of capacity over 500 MWe.s In ad- appropriate offset measures. The costs of identify- dition, the concentration of sulfur dioxide in flue ing and negotiating offsets for large power com- gases should not exceed 2,000 mg/Nm3 (see note 4 plexes are not large in relation to the total cost of for assumptions), with a maximum emissions level preparing such projects. In the context of its regu- of 500 tpd. Construction of two or more separate lar country dialogue on energy and environmen- plants in the same airshed to circumvent this cap tal issues, the World Bank is prepared to assist the is not acceptable. process of formulating and implementing offset agreements for projects that are partly financed or Nitrogen oxides. The specific emissions limits for guaranteed by the World Bank Group. If the off- nitrogen oxides are 750 mg/Nm3, or 260 nanograms sets for a particular power project that will be fi- per joule (ng/J), or 365 parts per million parts nanced by a World Bank Group loan involve (ppm) for a coal-fired power plant, and up to 1,500 specific investments to reduce emissions of particu- mg/Nm3 for plants using coal with volatile mat- lates, sulfur oxides, or nitrogen oxides, these may ter less than 10%; 460 mg/Nm3 (or 130 ng/J, or beincludedwithinthescopeoftheprojectandmay 225 ppm) for an oil-fired power plant; and 320 mg/ thus be eligible for financing under the loan.'0 Nm3 (or 86 ng/J, or 155 ppm) for a gas-fired power Long-range transport of acid pollutants. Where plant. Lond-leve ozonepor acidiponts ore For combustion turbine units, the maximum NO. ground-level ozone or acidification is or may in emissions levels are 125 mg/Nm3 (dry at 15% oxy- future be a significant problem, governments are gen) for gas; 165 mg/Nm3 (dry at 15% oxygen) for encouraged to undertake regional or national stud- diesel No.2 oil); and 300mg/Nm3 (dry at 15% oxyg ies of the impact of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, diesel (No. f oil)(N; and others).m Where there and other pollutants that damage sensitive ecosys- gen) for fuel oil (No. 6 and others Where ter tems, with, in appropriate cases, support from the are technical difficulties, such as scarcity of water World Bank (see Policy Framework, above). The available for water injection, an emissions variance allowing~~ a'aiu msin lvlo pt 0 aim of such studies is-to identify least-cost options allowing a maximum emissions level of up to 400 frrdcn oa msin fteepluat mg/N3dr (at15%oxyen) s cnsieredaccpt- for reducing total emissions of these pollutants from a region or a country so as to achieve load able, provided there are no significant environmen- targets, as appropriate." tal concerns associated with ambient levels of ozone A possible (but not the only) approach to identi- or nitrogen dioxide. fying sensitive ecosystems is to estimate critical For engine-driven power plants, the EA should loads for acid depositions and critical levels for pay particular attention to levels of nitrogen ox- ozone in different geographic areas. The analysis ides before and after the completion of the project. must, however, take into account the large degree Provided that the resultant maximum ambient lev- of uncertainty involved in making such estimates. els of nitrogen dioxide are less than 150 pg/m3 (24- In appropriate cases, governments should de- hour average), the specific emissions guidelines are velop cost-effective strategies, as well as legal in- as follows: (a) for funding applications received struments, to protect sensitive ecosystems or to after July 1, 2000, the NO, emissions levels should reduce transboundary flows of pollutants. 48 Applendix E World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New Power Plants Where such regional studies have been carried taminants of concern to the environment may be out, the environmental assessment should take disposed in landfills or other disposal sites provided account of their results in assessing the overall that they do not impact nearby water bodies. impact of a proposed power plant. Where toxics or other contaminants are expected The site-specific emissions requirements should be to leach out, they should be treated by, for examnple. consistent with any strategy and applicable legal stabilization before disposal. framework that have been adopted by the host coun- try government to protect sensitive ecosystems or to Ambient Noise reduce transboundary flows of pollutants. Noise abatement measures should achieve either Liquid Effluents the levels given below or a maximum increase in background levels of 3 decibels (measured on the The effluent levels presented in Table 1 (for the A scale) [dB(A)]. Measurements are to be taken applicable parameters) should be achieved daily at noise receptors' located outside the project without dilution. property boundary. Coal pile runoff and leachate may contain sig- nificant concentrations of toxics such as heavy Maximum allowable log metals. Where leaching of toxics to groundwater equivalent (hourly or their transport in surface runoff is a concern, measurements), in dB(A) suitalble preventive and control measures such Day Night as protective liners and collection and treatment Receptor (07:00-22:00) (22:00-07:00) of runoff should be put in place. Residential, institutional, Solid Wastes educational 55 45 Industrial, Solicd wastes" including ash and FGD sludges, commercial 70 70 that do not leach toxic substances or other con- Monitoring and Reporting Table 1. Effluents from Thermal Power Plants For measurement methods, see the chapter on (mllfrrams per lterw except for pH and temperature) Monitoring in this Handbook. Parameter Maximum value Maintaining the combustion temperature and the excess oxygen level within the optimal band pH 5o in which particulate matter and NO. emissions Oil and grease 10 are minimized simultaneously ensures the great- Total residual chlorinea 0.2 est energy efficiency and the most economic plant Chromium (total) 0.5 operation. Monitoring should therefore aim at Copper 0.5 achieving this optimal performance as consis- Iron 1.0 tently as possible. Systems for continuous moni- Zinc 1.0 toring of particulate matter, sulfur oxides, and Temperature increase c 30,C nitrogen oxides in the stack exhaust can be in- a. 'Chlorine shocking may be preferable in certain circum- stalled and are desirable whenever their mainte- stances. This involves using high chlorine levels for a few sec- nance and calibration can be ensured. onds rather than a continuous low-level release. The maximum Alternatively, surrogate performance monitoring value is 2 mg/l for up to 2 hours, not to be repeated more fre- queritly than once in 24 hours, with a 24-hour average of 0.2 should be performed on the basis of initial cali- mg/I. (The same limits would apply to bromine and fluorine.) bration. The following surrogate parameters are b. The effluent should result in a temperature increase of no relevant for assessing environmental perfor- doiuio thanke pacte. edge of the zone where initial mixing and mne Te oi diutonl thake 3OlCace Wherde 0tfhtezone is not d,efinied, use 100 mance. (They require no changes in plant design meters from the point of discharge when there are no sensitive but do call for appropriate training of operating aquiatic ecosystems within this distance. personnel.) 49 Appendix E World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New Power Plants * Particulate matter. Ash and heavy metal content tions; ambient measurements, when taken, should of fuel; maximum flue gas flow rate; minimum normally be averaged daily. power supply to the ESP or minimum pressure The pH and temperature of the wastewater dis- drop across the baghouse; minimum combustion charges should be monitored continuously. Levels temperature; and minimum excess oxygen level. of suspended solids, oil and grease, and residual * Sulfur dioxide. Sulfur content of fuel. chlorine should be measured daily, and heavy met- * Nitrogen oxides. Maximum combustion tempera- als and other pollutants in wastewater discharges ture and maximum excess oxygen level. should be measured monthly if treatment is pro- vided. Direct measurement of the concentrations of Monitoring data should be analyzed and re- viewed at regular intervals and compared with the emissions in samples of flue gases should be per- oprtnsadrssohtaynesaycre- formed regularly (for example, on an annual ba- operating standards so that any necessary correc- t validate sulrrogat monitori, on resual ofr tive actions can be taken. Records of monitoring sis) to validate surrogate monitoring results or for results should be kept in an acceptable format. The the calibration of the continuous monitor (if used). results should be reported in summary form, with The samples should be monitored for PM and ni- notification of exceptions, if any, to the responsible trogen oxides and may be monitored for sulfur ox- government authorities and relevant parties, as ides and heavy metals, although monitoring the required. In the absence of specific national or lo- sulfur and heavy metal content of fuel is consid- cal government guidelines, actual monitoring or ered adequate. At least three data sets for direct surrogate performance data should be reported at emissions measurements should be used, based on least annually. The government may require addi- an hourly rolling average. tional explanation and may take corrective action Automatic air quality monitoring systems mea- if plants are found to exceed maximum emissions suring ambient levels of PM,,, sulfur oxides, and levels for more than 5% of the operating time, or nitrogen oxides outside the plant boundary should on the occasion of a plant audit. The objective is to be installed where maximum ambient concentra- ensure continuing compliance with the emissions tion is expected or where there are sensitive recep- limits agreed at the outset, based on sound opera- tors such as protected areas and population tion and maintenance. Exceedances of the maxi- centers. (PM1O and SOx, measurements are, however, mum emissions levels would normally be reviewed not required for gas-fired plants.) The number of in light of the enterprise's good-faith efforts in this air quality monitors should be greater if the area regard. in which the power plant is located is prone to tem- As part of the Framework Convention on Cli- perature inversions or other meteorological con- mate Change, countries will be asked to record ditions that lead to high levels of air pollutants their emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). As an affecting nearby populations or sensitive ecosys- input to this, and to facilitate possible future ac- tems. The purpose of such ambient air quality tivitiesimplementedjointlywithAnnexIcountries, monitoring is to help assess the possible need for the emissions of individual projects should be esti- changes in operating practices (including burning mated on the basis of the chemical composition of cleaner fuels to avoid high short-term exposures), the fuel or measured directly Table 2 in the chap- especiall during p d ometeorologi- ter on Greenhouse Gas Abatement and Climate e a u p s dChange in Part II of this Handbook provides rel- cal conditions. The pollutant guidelines specify evant emissions factors. short-term ambient air quality guideline values In order to develop institutional capacity, train- which, if exceeded, call for emergency measures ing should be provided with adequate budgets to such as burning cleaner fuels. ensure satisfactory environmental performance. Any measures should be taken in close collabo- The training may include education on environ- ration with local authorities. The specific design mental assessment, environmental mitigation of the ambient monitoring system should be based plans, and environmental monitoring. In some on the findings of the EA. The frequency of ambi- cases, it may be appropriate to include the staff ent measurements depends on prevailing condi- from the environmental implementation agencies, 50 Appendix E World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New Power Plants such as the state pollution control board, in the dition to the transport of suspended solids in trainirLg program surface runoff. Consider reusing ash for build- ing materials. Key Issues * Consider recirculating cooling systems where thermal discharge to water bodies may be of The key production and emissions control practices concern. that will lead to compliance with the above guide- * Note that a comprehensive monitoring and re- lines are summarized below. It is assumed that the porting system is required. proposed project represents a least-cost solution, taking into account environmental and social fac- Annex A. Engine-Driven Power Plants tors. Engine-driven power plants use fuels such as die- * Choose the cleanest fuel economically avail- slol ulol a,oiuso,adcueol h abl (ntua ga iprfabetol, whc is sel oil, fuel oil, gas, orimulsion, and crude oil. The preferable to coal)o two types of engines normally used are the me- * Giprefere to oo whi dium-speed four-stroke trunk piston engine and lovespreference to high-heat-content, low-ash the low-speed two-stroke crosshead engine. Both sulfur coal, in that order) and consider types of engine operate on the air-standard diesel beneficiation for high-ash, high-sulfur coal. thermodynamic cycle. Air is drawn or forced into * Select the best power generation technology a cylinder and is compressed by a piston. Fuel is for the fuel chosen to balance the environmen- injected into the cylinder and is ignited by the heat tal and economic benefits. The choice of tech- of the compression of the air. The burning mixture nology and pollution control systems will be of fuel and air expands, pushing the piston. Finally based on the site-specific environmental as- the products of combustion are removed from the sessment. cylinder, completing the cycle. The energy released Keep in mind that particulates smaller than from the combustion of fuel is used to drive an en- 10 microns in size are most important from a gine, which rotates the shaft of an alternator to gen- health perspective. Acceptable levels of par- erate electricity. The combustion process typically ticulate matter removal are achievable at rela- includes preheating the fuel to the required vis- tively low cost. cosity, typically 16-20 centiStokes (cSt), for good Consider cost-effective technologies such as fuel atomization at the nozzle. The fuel pressure is pre-ESP sorbent injection, along with coal boosted to about 1,300 bar to achieve a droplet dis- washing, before in-stack removal of sulfur di- tribution small enough for fast combustion and low oxide. smoke values. The nozzle design is critical to the Use low-NO. burners and other combustion ignition and combustion process. Fuel spray pen- modifications to reduce emissions of nitrogen etrating to the liner can damage the liner and cause oxides. smoke formation. Spray in the vicinity of the valves irno may increase the valve temperature and contrib- gies, consider using offsetting reductions in ute to hot corrosion and burned valves. If the fuel ernissions of critical pollutants at other sources te too early, and er pressure wil within the airshed to achieve acceptable am- timing is too early, the cylinder p-ressure will in- bient levels, crease, resulting in higher nitrogen oxide forma- * Use SOn removal systems that generate less tion. If injection is timed too late, fuel consumption wastewater, if feasible; however, the environ- and turbocharger speed will increase. NOX emis- mental and cost characteristics of both inputs sions can be reduced by later injection timing, but and wastes should be assessed case by case. then particulate matter and the amount of un- * vlanage ash disposal and reclamation so as to burned species will increase. minimize environmental impacts-especially Ignition quality. For distillate fuels, methods for the migration of toxic metals, if present, to establishing ignition quality include cetane num- nearby surface and groundwater bodies, in ad- ber and cetane index for diesel, The CCAI number, 51 Appendix E World Bank: Themial Power Guidelines for New Power Plants based on fuel density and viscosity, gives a rough fuel injection system and its maintenance, in addi- indication of the ignition behavior of heavy fuel - tion to the ash content of the fuel, which is in the oil. range 0.05-0.2%. SO,, emissions are directly depen- Fuel quality. Fuel ash constituents may lead to dent on the sulfur content of the fuel. Fuel oil may abrasive wear, deposit formation, and high-tem- contain around 0.3% sulfur and, in some cases, up perature corrosion, in addition to emissions of to 5%. particulate matter. The properties of fuel that may affect engine operation include viscosity, specific Annex B. Illustrative Pollution Prevention gravity, stability (poor stability results in the pre- and Control Technologies cipitation of sludge, which may block the filters), cetane number, asphaltene content, carbon residue, A wide variety of control technology options is sulfur content, vanadium and sodium content (an indiato of orrsion esecialy n exau~ available. As usual, these options should be con- vnalves) p ce on ean sidered after an adequate assessment of broader valves), presence of solids such as rust, sand, andu oiyotos nldn rcn n ntttoa aluminum silicate, which may result in blockage policy options, including pricing and institutional of fuel pumps and liner wear, and water content. measures. Additional iriformation is provided in Waste characteristics. The wastes generated are the relevant documents on pollution control tech- typical of those from combustion processes. The nologies. exhaust gases contain particulates (including heavy metals if present in the fuel), sulfur and CleanerFuels nitrogen oxides, and, in some cases, VOCs. Ni- trogen oxides are the main concern after particu- The simplest and, in many circumstances, most late matter in the air emissions. NO,, emissions cost-effective form of pollution prevention is to use levels are (almost exponentially) dependent on cleaner fuels. For new power plants, combined- the temperature of combustion, in addition to cycle plants burning natural gas currently have a other factors. Most of the NOx emissions are decisive advantage in terms of their capital costs, formed from the air used for combustion and thermal efficiency, and environmental perfor- typically range from 1,100 to 2,000 ppm at 15% mance. Natural gas is also the preferred fuel for oxygen. Carbon dioxide emissions are approxi- minimizing GHG emissions because it produces mately 600 g/kWh of electricity, and total hydro- lower carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy carbons (calculated as methane equivalent) are and enhances energy efficiency 0.5 g/kWh of electricity. If availability or price rule out natural gas as an The exhaust gases from an engine are affected option, the use of low-sulfur fuel oil or high-heat- by (a) the load profile of the prime mover; (b) content, low-sulfur, low-ash coal should be consid- ambient conditions such as air humidity and tem- ered. Typically such fuels command a premium perature; (c) fuel oil quality, such as sulfur con- tent, nitrogen content, viscosity, ignition ability price over their dirtier equivalents, but the reduc- densty, andtr a content; and (d snite conditin tions in operating or environmental costs that they and the auxiliary equipment associated with the permit are likely to outweigh this premium. In pre- and he uxilaryequimen assciaed wth he oaring projects, an evaluation of alternative fuel prime mover, such as cooling properties and ex- rin r a haust gas back pressure. The engine parameters options should be conducted at the outset to estab- that affect nitrogen oxide emissions are (a) fuel lish the most cost-effective combination of fuel, injection in terms of timing, duration, and at- technology, and environmental controls for meet- omization; (b) combustion air conditions, ing performance and environmental objectives. which are affected by valve timing, the charge If coal is used, optimal environmental perfor- air system, and charge air cooling before cyl- mance and economic efficiency will be achieved inders: and (c) the combustion process, which is through an integrated approach across the whole affected by air and fuel mixing, combustion coal-energy chain, including the policy and invest- chamber design, and the compression ratio. The ment aspects of mining, preparation, transport, particulate matter emissions are dependent on power generation and heat conversion, and clean the general conditions of the engine, especially the coal technologies. Coal washing, in particular, has 52 Appendix E World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New Power Plants a beneficial impact in terms of reducing the ash mates by the International Energy Agency (TEA) contenit and ash variability of coal used in thermal suggest that the extra levelized annual cost for power plants, which leads to consistent boiler per- adding to a coal-fired power plant an FGD de- formarice, reduced emissions, and less mainte- signed to remove 90% of sulfur oxides amounts to nance. 10-14% depending on capacity utilization. An integrated pollution management approach Abatement of Particulate Matter should be adopted that does not involve switching from one form of pollution to another. For example, The options for removing particulates from ex- FGD scrubber wastes, when improperly managed, haust gases are cyclones, baghouses (fabric fil- can lead to contamination of the water supply, and ters), and ESPs. Cyclones may be adequate as such SO,, removal systems could result in greater precleaning devices; they have an overall re- emissions of particulate matter from materials moval efficiency of less than 90% for all particu- handling and windblown dust. This suggests the late rmatter and considerably lower for PM,o. need for careful benefit-cost analysis of the types Baghouses can achieve removal efficiencies of and extent of SO,, abatement. 99.9% or better for particulate matter of all sizes, and they have the potential to enhance the re- Abatement of Nitrogen Oxides moval of sulfur oxides when sorbent injection, dry-scrubbing, or spray dryer absorption systems The main options for controlling NO,, emissions are are used. ESPs are available in a broad range of combustion modifications: low-NO, burners with sizes for power plants and can achieve removal or without overfire air or reburning, water/steam efficiencies of 99.9% or better for particulate mat- injection, and selective catalytic or noncatalytic ter of all sizes. reduction (SCR/SNCR). Combustion modifica- The choice between a baghouse and an ESP tions can remove 30-70% of nitrogen oxides, at a will diepend on fuel and ash characteristics, as capital cost of less than US$20 per kW and a small well as on operating and environmental factors. inp ESPs can be less sensitive to plant upsets than move 30-70 of nitrogen oxides ata capital cost fabric filters because their operating effectiveness ov 30-70% of niroe odesat ancapit is ~ . no assniiet.aimmtmeauen of US$20-$40 per kW and a moderate increase in the have assensitive low presur . However ES operating cost. However, plugging of the preheater they have a low pressure drOp. However,i ESP because of the formation of ammonium bisulfate performance can be affected by fuel characteris- bause ofe formai of a nium biulat tics. Modern baghouses can be designed to may pose some problems. SCR units can remove ache. oery h remov .ef .c ienesifor PMdt 70-90% of nitrogen oxides but involve a much achieve very highremoval efiiece fo PM, larger capital cost of US$40-$80 per kW and a sig- at a capital cost that iS comparable to that for lrge aia oto S4-8 e Wadasg ESPs, but it is necessary to ensure appropriate nificant increase in operating costs, especially for training of operating and maintenance staff. coal-fired plants. Moreover, SCR may require low- sulfur fuels (less than 1.5% sulfur content) because Abat ement of Sulfur Oxides the catalyst elements are sensitive to the sulfur di- oxide content in the flue gas. The range of options and removal efficiencies for SO, controls is wide. Pre-ESP sorbent injection Fly Ash Handling can remove 30-70% of sulfur oxides, at a cost of US$50-$100 per kW. Post-ESP sorbent injection Fly ash handling systems maybe generally catego- can achieve 70-90% SO, removal, at a cost Of rized as dry or wet, even though the dry handling US$80-$170 per kW. Wet and semidry FGD units system involves wetting the ash to 10-20% mois- consisting of dedicated SO,, absorbers can remove ture to improve handling characteristics and to 70-95%, at a cost of US$80-$170 per kW (1997 mitigate the dust generated during disposal. Inwet prices). The operating costs of most FGDs are systems, the ash is mixed with water to produce a substantial because of the power consumed (of liquid slurry containing 5-10% solids by weight. the order of 1-2% of t,he electricity generated), This is discharged to settling ponds, often with the chemicals used, and disposal of residues. Esti- bottom ash and FGD sludges, as well. The ponds 53 Appendix E World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New Power Plants may be used as the final disposal site, or the Table C.1. Ambient Air Quality In Thermal settled solids may be dredged and removed for Power Plants final disposal in a landfill. Wherever feasible, (microgramsper cubicmeter) decanted water from ash disposal ponds should 24-hour Annual be recycled to formulate ash slurry. Where Pollutant average average heavy metals are pre-sent in ash residues or PM'D 150 50 FGD sludges, care must be taken to monitor TSPa 230 80 and treat leachates and overflows from settling Nitrogen dioxide 150 100 ponds, in addition to disposing of them in lined Sulfurdioxide 150 80 places to avoid contamination of water bodies. In a. Measurement of PM,, is preferable to measurement of TSR some cases, ash residues are being used for build- ing materials and in road construction. Gradual Notes reclamation of ash ponds should be practiced. 1. For plants smaller than 50 MWe, including those Water Use burning nonfossil fuels, PM emissions levels may be as much as 100 mg/Nm3. If justified by the EA, PM emissions levels up to 150 mg/Nm3 may be accept- lt is possible to reduce the fresh water in'take for able in special circumstances. The maximum emissions cooling systems by installing evaporative recircu- levels for nitrogen oxides remain the same, while for lating cooling systems. Such systems require a sulfur dioxide, the maximum emissions level is 2,000 greater capital investment, but they may use only mg/Nm3. 5% of the water volume required for once-through 2. Airshed refers to the local area around the plant whose ambient air quality is directly affected by emis- cooling systems. Where once-through cooling sys- sions from the plant. The size of the relevant local tems are used, the volume of water required.and airshed will depend on plant characteristics, such as the impact of its discharge can be reduced by care- stack height, as well as on local meteorological condi- ful siting of intakes and outfalls, by minimizing the tions and topography. In some cases, airsheds are de- use of biocides and anticorrosion chemicals (effec- fined in legislation or by the relevant environmental tive no nchromium -based alternatives are avail- authorities. If not, the EA should clearly define the tive onchrmium-ased lterntivesare aail- airshed on the basis of consultations with those respon- able to inhibit scale and products of corrosion in sible for local environmental management. cooling water systems), and by controlling dis- In collecting baseline data, qualitative assessments charge temperatures and thermal plumes. Waste- may suffice for plants proposed in greenfield sites. For waters from other processes, including boiler nondegraded airsheds, quantitative assessment using blowdown, demineralizer backwash, and resin re- models and representative monitoring data mfay suffice. generaor wasewater can aso be ecycle, but 3. See, e.g., United States, 40'CFR, Part 51, 100 (ii). generator wastewater, can also be recycled, but Normally, GEP stack height = H + 1.5L, where H is the again, this requires careful management and treat- height of nearby structures and L is the lesser dimension ment for reuse. Water use can also be reduced in of either height or projected width of nearby structures. certain circumstances through the use of air-cooled 4. The assumptions are as follows: for coal, flue gas condensers. dry 6% excess oxygen-assumes 350 Nm3/GJ. For oil, flue gas dry 3% excess oxygen-assumes 280 Nm3/ GJ. For gas, flue gas dry 3% excess oxygen-assumes Annex C. Ambient Air Quality 270 Nm3/GJ (see annex D). The oxygen level in en- gine exhausts and combustion turbines is assumed to The guidelines presented in Table C. 1 are to be used be 15%, dry. See the document on Monitoring for mea- only for carrying out an environment assessment surement methods. in the absence of local ambient standards. They 5. Gas-fired plants (in which the backup fuel con- inethe onstructed as oalnsensus valuestandars pr tains less than 0.3% sulfur) and other plants that were constructed as consensus values taking par- achieve emissions levels of less than 400 mg/l-,n for ticular account of WHO, USEPA, and EU standards sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides are exempt from the and guidelines. They do not in any way substitute for offset requirements, since their emissions are relatively a country's own ambient air quality standards. lower. 54 Appendix E World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New Power Plants Annex D. Conversion Chart Table D.1. SO2 and NO, Emissions Conversion Chart for Steam-Based Thermal Power Plants To coniveit To (multiply by): ppm ppm a/GJ lWO1C Btu From Mg/Nm 3 NO, SO2 Coal' Oil a Gas 0 Coal,' il/b Gas 0 Mg/Nm3 1 0.487 0.350 0.350 0.280 0.270 8.14 x 10-4 6.51 x 10-4 6.28 x 10-4 ppm NO° 2.05 1 0.718 0.575 0.554 1.67 x 10-3 1.34 x 10-3 1.29 x 10-3 ppm SO2 2.86 1 1.00 0.801 0.771 2.33 x 10-3 1.86 x 10-3 1.79 x 10-3 G/GJ Coals 2.86 1.39 1.00 1 2.33 x 10-3 Oilb 3.57 1.74 1.25 1 2.33 x 10-3 Gasc 3.70 1.80 1.30 1 2.33 x 10-3 lb/1 0 13tu Coal& 1,230 598 430 430 1 Ojlb 1,540 748 538 430 1 Gasc 1,590 775 557 430 1 Note: g/GJ, grams per gigajoule; 1b/106 Btu, pounds per 100,000 British thermal units; Mg/Nm3, megagrams per normal cubic meter, ppm, parts per million. a. Flue gas dry 6% excess 02; assumes 350 Nm3/GJ. b. Flue gas dry 3% excess 02; assumes 280 Nm3/GJ. c. Flue gas dry 3% excess 02; assumes 270 Nm3/GJ. Source: Intemational Combustion Ltd.; data for coal, oil, and gas based on IEA 1986. 6. WNherever possible, the offset provisions should 150 pg/m3) will be maintained for the entire dura- be implemented within the framework of an overall tion of the project. air qtuality. management strategy designed to ensure 8. The maximum SO, emissions levels were back- that air quality in the airshed is brought into compli- calculated using the U.S. Environmental Protection ance with ambient standards. Agency Industrial Source Complex (ISC) Model, with 7. A normal cubic meter (Nm3) is measured at I the objective of complying with the 1987 WHO Air atmosphere and 0° C. The additional cost of controls Quality Guidelines for acceptable one-hour (peak) designed to meet the 50 mg/Nm3 requirement, rather ambient concentration levels (350 pg/m3). The mod- than one of 150 mg/Nm3 (e.g., less than 0.5% of total eling results show that, in general, an emissions level investment costs for a 600 MW plant) is expected to of 2,000 mg/m3 (equivalent to 0.2 tpd per MWe) re- be less than the benefits of reducing ambient expo- sults in a one-hour level of 300 p1g/M3, which, when sure to particulates. The high overall removal rate is added to a typical existing background level of 50 necessary to capture PM,, and fine particulates that pg/m3 for greenfield sites, produces a one-hour level seriously affect human health. Typically about 40% of 350 g/iM3 (see the discussion of degraded airsheds of PMd by mass is smaller than 10 pm, but the collec- in the text). Compliance with the WHO one-hour level tion efficiency of ESPs drops considerably for smaller is normally the most significant, as short-term health particles. A properly designed and well-operated impacts are considered to be the most important; com- plant can normally achieve the lower emissions lev- pliance with this level also, in general, implies com- els as easily as it can achieve higher emissions levels. pliance with the WHO 24-hour and annual average An exception to the maximum PM emissions level guidelines. For large plants, the emissions guidelines may be granted to engine-driven power plants for for sulfur dioxide were further.reduced to 0.1 tpd per which funding applications are received before Janu- MWe for capacities above 500 MWe to maintain ac- ary 1, 2001. PM emissions levels of up to 75 mg/Nm3 ceptable mass loadings to the environment and thus wouild be allowed, provided that the EApresents docu- address ecological concerns (acid rain). This results in meritation to show that (a) lower-ash grades of fuel oil a sulfur dioxide emissions level of 0. 15 tpd/MWe (or are not commercially available: (b) emissions control 1.275 lb/mm Btu) for a 1,000 MWe plant. tech,nologies are not commercially available; and (c) 9. Where the nitrogen content of the liquid fuel is the resultant ambient levels for PM,, (annual average greater than 0.015% and the selected equipment manu- of less than 50 pg/m3 and 24-hour mean of less than facturer cannot guarantee the emissions levels pro- 55 Appendix E World Bank: Thermal Power Guidelines for New PowerPlants vided in the text, an NO. emissions allowance (i.e., IEA (International Energy Agency.) 1992. Coal Infor- added to the maximum emissions level) can be com- mation. Paris. puted based on the following data as exceptions: Jechoutek, Karl G., S. Chattopadhya, R. Khan, F. Hill, Nitrogen content Correction facta and C. Wardell. 1992. "Steam Coal for Power and (percentage by weight) (NOK percentage by volume) Industry" Industry and Energy Department Work- ing Paper, Energy Series 58. World Bank, Wash- 0.015-0.1 0.04 N ington, D.C. 0.1-0.25 0.004 + 0.0067 (N - 0.1) MAN B & W. 1993. "The MAN B & W Diesel Group: > 0.25 0.005 Their Products, Market Successes, and Market Po- sition in the Stationary Engines Business." Presen- Note: Correction factor,0.004% = 40 ppm = 80 mg! Nm3. tation to the World Bank, October 14. There may be cases in which cost-effective NO, OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and controls may not be technically feasible. Exceptions Development). 1981. Costs and Benefits of Sulphur to the NO. emissions requirements (including those Oxides Control. Paris. given in this note) are acceptable provided it can be Rentz, 0., H. Sasse, U. Karl, H. J. Schleef, and R. Dor. shown that (a) for the entire duration of the project, 1997. 'Emission Control at Stationary Sources in the the alternative emissions level will not result in am- F1997 RepubicofGrman'olandS2urcen- bient conditions that have a significant impact on Federal Republic of Germany" Vols. I and 2. Scien- human health and the environment, and (b) cost-ef- tific Program of the German Ministry of Environ- fective techniques such as low-NO. burners, LEA, ment. Report 10402360. Bonn. water or steam injection, and reburning are not fea- Stultz, S. C., and John B. Kitto, eds. 1992. Steam: Its sible. Generation and Use. 40th ed. Barberton. Ohio: The 10. It should be noted that the offset requirement, Babcock & Wilcox Co. which focuses on the level of total emissions, should result in an improvement in ambient air quality Tavoulareas, E. Stratos, and Jean-Pierre Charpentier. within the airshed, compared with the baseline sce- 1995. Clean Coal Technologies forDeveloping Countries. nario (as documented with ambient air monitoring World Bank Technical Paper 286, Energy Series. data), if the offset measures are implemented for non- Washington, D.C. power-plant sources. Such sources typically emit from stacks of a lower average height than those for the Ungtone D C. GovernmentdPrintinguOffice. new power plant. igo,DC:GvmetPitn fie 11. Part II of this Handbook provides guidance on Wartsila Diesel. 1996. "Successful Power Generation possible approaches for dealing with acid emissions. Operating on Residual Fuels." Presentation to the There is substantial scope for exploiting the syner- World Bank, May 16. gies between the local and long-range benefits of emissions reductions. WHO (World Health Organization). 1987. Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. Copenhagen: WHO Regional .eferences and Sources Office for Europe. World Bank. 1991. "Guideline for Diesel Generating Homer, John. 1993. Natural Gas in Developing Countries: Plant Specification and Bid Evaluation." Indus- Evaluatingthe Benefits to the Environment. World Bank try and Energy Department Working Paper, En- Discussion Paper 190. Washington, D.C. ergy Series Paper 43. Washington, D.C. 56 Appendix F Worlid Bank: Thermal Power - Rehabilitation of Existing Plants Key Issues be appropriate to carry out an extensive environ- mental assessment in cases involving minor The range of circumstances in which the reha- modifications or the installation or upgrading of bilitation of an existing thermal power plant may environmental controls such as a wastewater be considered is extremely large. It is neither treatment plant or dust filters or precipitators. possible nor desirable to attempt to prescribe For larger projects, such as the installation of flue specific environmental guidelines for all of the gas desulfurization (FGD) equipment, the envi- different cases that may arise in the World Bank's ronmental assessment might focus particularly operational work. Hence, this document focuses on the range of options for reducing sulfur emis- on the process that should be followed in order sions and for disposing of the gypsum or solid to arrive at an agreed set of site-specific stan- waste generated by the equipment. dards that should be met by the plant after its It is, however, recommended that an environ- rehabilitation. mental audit be undertaken in almost all cases. At the heart of this process is the preparation Experience suggests that such investigations will of a combined environmental audit of the exist- often pay for themselves by identif-ying zero- or ing plant and assessment of alternative rehabili- low-cost options for energy conservation and tation options relevant to the future impact of the waste minimization. In addition, such an audit plant on nearby populations and ecosystems. The may indicate ways in which the project could be coverage of the environmental assessment com- redesigned in order to address the most serious en- ponerit of the study will depend on the rehabili- vironmental problems associated with the plant. tation activities involved and may be similar to Major rehabilitations that imply a substantial that required for a new thermal power plant extension (10 years or more) of the expected op- when major portions of the plant are being re- erating life of the plant should be subject to an placed or retrofitted. The amount of data re- environmental assessment similar in depth and quired, the range of options considered, and the coverage to one that would be prepared for a new coverage of the environmental analysis will typi- plant. In such cases, the plant will normally be cally be less than appropriate for a new plant. At expected to meet the basic guidelines that apply the same time, the initial environmental audit to new thermal power plants for emissions of should not be restricted to those parts of the particulates, nitrogen oxides (NO2J, wastewater existing plant that may be affected by the re- discharges, and solid wastes. Where the rehabili- habilitation. It should review all the major as- tated plant would be unable to meet the basic pects of the plant's equipment and operating guidelines for sulfur dioxide (SO2) without ad- procedures in order to identify environmental ditional and potentially expensive controls, the problems and recommend cost-effective mea- environmental assessment should review the full sures that would improve the plant's environ- range of options for reducing SO2 emissions, both mental performance. from the plant itself and from other sources The time and resources devoted to preparing within the same airshed or elsewhere in the coun- the environmental audit and assessment should try. On the basis of this analysis, the government, be appropriate to the nature and scale of the pro- the enterprise, and the World Bank Group will posed rehabilitation. It would, for example, not agree on specific measures, either at the plant or 57 Appendix F World Bank: Thermal Power - Rehabilitation of Existing Plants elsewhere, to mitigate the impact of these emis- The management of the plant or the borrower sions and will also agree on the associated emis- should submit the report on the environmental sions requirements. audit to the World Bank Group, along with a Any rehabilitation that involves a shift in fuel statement of the steps taken to address the prob- type-i.e., from coal or oil to gas, as distinguished lems that were identified and to ensure that such from a change from one grade or quality of coal problems do not recur in the future. Implemen- or oil to another-will be subject to the same ba- tation of the actions outlined in the statement will sic emissions guidelines as would apply to a new be treated as one of the elements of the site-spe- plant burning the same fuel. cific requirements for the project. Environmental Audit Environmental Assessment An audit of the environmental performance of the An environmental assessment of the proposed existing plant should do at least the following: rehabilitation should be carried out early in the * Review the actual operating and environmen- process of preparing the project in order to allow tal performance of the plant in relation to its an opportunity to evaluate alternative rehabili- original design parameters. tation options before key design decisions are fi- * Examine the reasons for poor performance to nalized. The assessment should examine the identify measures that should be taken to ad- impacts of the existing plant's operations on dress specific problems or to provide a basis nearby populations and ecosystems, the changes for more appropriate assumptions about op- in these impacts that would result under alter- erating conditions in the future-for example, native specifications for the rehabilitation, and with respect to average fuel characteristics. the estimated capital and operating costs associ- * Assess the scope for making improvements in ated with each option. maintenance and housekeeping inside and Depending on the scale and nature of the re- around the plant (e.g., check for excess oxy- habilitation, the environmental assessment may gen levels, actual emissions levels, fuel spills, be relatively narrow in scope, focusing on only a coal pile runoff, fugitive dust from coal piles, small number of specific concerns that would be recordkeeping, monitoring, and other indica- affected by the project, or it may be as extensive tors of operation and maintenance of thermal as would be appropriate for the construction of power plants). a new unit at the same site. Normally it should * Evaluate the readiness and capacity of the cover the following points: plant's emergency management systems to . Ambient environmental quality in the airshed cope with incidents varying from small spills to ma orcdt(eor water basin affected by the plant, together to major accidents (check storage of flam- with approximate estimates of the contribu- mables, safe boiler and air pollution control tion of the plant to total emissions loads of the system operation, and so on). main pollutants of concern . Examine the plant's record with respect to . The impact of the plant, under existing oper- worker safety and occupational health. ating conditions and under altenative sce- The report on the environmental audit should narios for rehabilitation, on ambient air and provide recommendations on the measures re- water quality affecting neighboring popula- quired to rectify any serious problems that were tions and sensitive ecosystems identified in the course of the study. These rec- * The likely costs of achieving alternative emis- ommendations should be accompanied by ap- sions standards or other environmental targets proximate estimates of the capital and operating for the plant as a whole or for specific aspects costs that would be involved and by an indica- of its operations tion of the actions that should be taken either to * Recommendations concerning a range of cost- implement the recommendations or to evaluate effective measures for improving the environ- alternative options. mental performance of the plant within the 58 Appendix F World Bank: Thermal Power - Rehabilitation of Existing Plants framework of the rehabilitation project and * An analysis of the feasibility (including ben- any associated emissions standards or other efits) of switching to a cleaner fuel should be requirements implied by the adoption of spe- conducted. Gas is preferred where its supply cific measures. can be assured at or below world average These issues should be covered at a level of prices. Coal with high heat content and low detail approp hate to the nature and scale of the sulfur content is preferred over coal with high proposed project. heat content and high sulfur content, which in If the plant is located in an airshed or water turn is preferred over coal with low heat con- basin that is polluted as a result of emissions from tent and high sulfur content. a range of sources, including the plant itself, com- * Washed coal should be used, if feasible parisons should be made of the relative costs of * Lew.NOr burners should be used, where fea- improving ambient air or water quality by reduc- sible. ing ermiissions from the plant or by reducing emis- * Either the emissions levels recommended for sions from other sources. As a result of such an new plants, or at least a 25% reduction in baseline analysis, the government, the enterprise, and the level, should be achieved for the pollutant be- Worldl Bank Group would agree to set site-spe- *ing addressed by the rehabilitation project. cific emissions standards for the plant after it has The maximum emissions level for PM is 100 been rehabilitated that take account of actions to milligrams per normal cubic meter (mg/Nm3), reduce other emissions elsewhere in the airshed but the target should be 50 mg/Nm3. In rare or wa.ter basin, cases, an emissions level of up to 150 mg/Nm3 may be acceptable. Emissions Guidelines * SO2 emissions levels should meet regional load targets. Cleaner fuels should be used, to avoid The following measures must be incorporated short-term exposure to sulfur dioxide. when rehabilitating thermal power plants: Normally, the energy conversion efficiency of Monitoring and Reporting the plant should be increased by at least 25% of its current level. Monitoring and reporting requirements for a * Baseline emissions levels for particulate mat- thermal power plant that has been rehabilitated ter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides should should be the same as those for a new thermal be computed. power plant of similar size and fuel type. 59 Appendix G Flue Gas Emissions Standards for Coal-fired Power Plant (Chinese) Pollutant Phase IV Phase II' Phase III ESP Other >670tph or <670tph and Urban area Rural area Phase I dedusters in urban areas in urban areas AarT l0 200 800 150 500 l10Aars20 300 1200 200 700 'E 2040 1000 3300 600 2000 S02 tph Calculate by the following formula, detail refer to GB13223-91 Q- PUH e x10-;U = U ( L' 1) ,He = H, + AH mg/Nrm' NA NA 2100 if SY<1%; 1200 if Sy>I% NO, ______mg/N NA NA 650 if dry bottom ash; 1000 if liquid bottom ash Note: I. Phase 1: applies to thermal plants built or examined and approved for construction before August 1, 1992 2. Phase Il: applies to plants built or examined for construction during between August 1, 1992 and December 31, 1996, and 3 . Phase III: applies to plants built or approved for construction on or after January 1, 1997. 60 THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Tel: (202) 477-1234 Fax: (202) 477-6391 http://www.worldbank.org