RESTRICTED FLt.E CciY Report No. AE-26 This teport is for official use only by the Bank Group and specifically authorized organizations or persons. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report. INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS OF TANZANIA (in four volumes) VOLUME III ANNEX IV: WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR May 22, 1972 Eastern Africa Department CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS 1 Tanzanian Shilling = US$o.14 1 U.S. Dollar = Sh 7.14 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYTS MWDP - Ministry of NJater Development and Power TANESCO - Tanzania Electric Service Corporation I4gd - Million Imperial gallons per day Iged - Imperial gallons per capita per day This report is based on the findings of a mission composed of Messrs. J. Warford, C. Spangler, and E. Greenwood (IBRD) and Messrs. G. Bachmann, G. F. Heide and T. R. Jacobi (NbhO) who visited Tanzania in the period September 26-October 25, 19710 and a follow-up mission composed of Messrs. Warford, Spangler (IBRD) and Kent (WHO) from April 19-May 1, 1972. TANZANIA WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No SUMMARY ................................ I. INTRODUCTION ................ ...... 1 II. 'tHE PRESENT SITUATION ................ 1 Geography and Climate ...... 1 Water Resources and Health ............ .......... 1 Population . ....... . 2 Water Systems . ................................ 2 Sewerage ..............................0..*.0"o... . 3 Organization and Finance .... .. ........ . 3 Manpower and Training ....... 5 III. SECTOR OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGY ....................... 6 Expenditure History and Projections ........... 6 Program Feasibility ....... e ....... 9 IV. PROBLEM AREAS FOR SUCCESSFUL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ...... 11 Financial Policy ,... ........ * .. ............. 11 Planning and Procedures ... ... ... .... ..... ... ... 13 Technical Services ....*..... 000..*******e**..... 13 Manpower and Training . .... .....***.............* 14 V. CONCLUSIONS - THE ROLE OF EXTERNAL AGENCIES .......... 15 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 Population and Area Summary 2 Urban Water System Characteristics by Regions 3 Extract from Terms of Reference for Consultancy Service- Scandiaconsult 4 Orgarization Chart - Ministry of Water Development and Power 5 Regional Organization - Ministry of Water Development and Power 6 Urban Water Rate Summary 7 Cost Estimates 8 Projections of Population and Rural and Urban Water Development Costs 9 Budget Estimates - Ministry of Water Development and Power 10 Internal and External Finance and Development Expenditures - Ministry of Water Development and Power 11 Regional Water Master Plan Study Support 12 Water and Sewerage - Dar es Salaam Map IBRD 2802R2 Regions and Districts IBRD 3722R1 Water Supplies TANZANIA WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SUMMARY i. This report has been prepared from information gathered by two visits to Tanzania by joint WHO/Bank missions, one in September/ October 1971 involving about four man months in the field; and a follow-up mission in April/May 1972 involving about one and a half man months. The Bank has not been previously involved in the sector in Tanzania and so far as can be determined no reports on current studies carried out by others appear to exist. While the limited data presented in this report is believed accurate, it will be apparent that because of pecularities in the definition of rural and urban; the fact that the organization respon: `- e for water supply is in process of major reorganization; and because mnuch data which is needed for sound analysis is not available; it becomes extremely difficult to reach meaningful conclusions with respect to the long-range out- look for the sector and what future investment policy should be. ii. A piped water supply is available to about 80% of the urban popu- lation but only about 10% of the rural population has access to supplies which are reasonably convenient and safe. The 80% figure is considerably better than most countries of Africa and is somewhat better than most countries of Latin America. The 10% figure for rural supplies, while low, is probably not much different than for most other countries with similar economic condi- tions. Use of either figure for comparison purposes is not meaningful, how- ever, because the definitions of urban and rural supplies in Tanzania differ from those used in nearly every other country. Urban supplies in Tanzania are defined as systems on which consumers are charged for the water and while such systems can usually be expected to meet the definition of urban in other countries, smaller systems in Tanzania now classed as rural, might in many other countries be considered as urban (urban is frequently defined as communities with populations greater than 2,000). A further problem in using the data for planning purposes is that presence of a piped water system does not necessarily mean that water is available from the system. Where supply works are not made to keep pace with urban growth and extensions to the system, service must be reduced or new customers, including industrial, denied service. The 80% figure for population served in urban areas of Tanzania is consequently difficult to interpret. It is known, for example, that indus- trial water users are not able to satisfy their needs at present in several of the urban communities. 1ihere this is the situation, it may be that high priority should be given to investment in urban systems whereas the 80% figure by itself suggests that the urban areas are not in great need. iii. The Government has stated that its objective is to make water reasonably accessible to the entire rural population in 20 years. The average annual investment necessary to reach this goal is estimated at Sh 75 million. No express objective for urban water supplies has been adopted, but estimates are that the cost of fuU coverage in the same period would be equivalent to an annual average investment of some Sh 16 million. Sewerage, which is cur- rently provided in five towns serving some 150,000 people, is given a much -ii - lower priority than water supply but some investment, increasing as time goes on to a level similar to the one for urban water supply, will be called for during the twenty-year period. iv. A program of water supply developed along the lines now proposed would require an annual average capital investment in excess of Sh 100 million. In contrast, the average investment in water supply during the first five-year plan (196h-1969) was about Sh 25 million per year, and during the first three years of the current second five-year plan it has been Sh 49 million. There should reasonably be some doubt about the feasi- bility of such a large increase, especially given the acute limitations on available staff and local funds. A mechanism for grouping of projects has been studied that can be used as a guide for establishing priorities and for reaching decisions on the systems to be selected for construction once the spending level has been fixed. The approach taken and the results of the study are shown in Appendix 7 of this report. v. One of the most difficult problems likely to be encountered is that of assuring a sufficient growth of local funds for surveys, feasibility studies, preliminary engineering and to provide for the construction, opera- tion and maintenance expenditures for the new systems. This problem will be accentuated as a consequence of the priority given to rural water supplies, which currently do not produce any revenue at all. It is clearly conceivable if no change in policy occurs, that a point will be reached where further assistance for new construction cannot be used with benefit because sufficient funds for operation and maintenance will not be available. It is thus of vital importance to the long term success of the Tanzanian water program that the potential of water systems for raising revenue, at least to cover recur- rent expenses, be utilized. Steps should be taken to introduce as rapidly as possible the concept of total cost support by charges for water systems. In particular, rural systems should be upgraded by introducing and gradually increasing charges as communities become more able to make some contribution to the cost of supply. vi. Present procedures require that capital and operating expenditures for water supply be made available from funds provided in the national bud- get, all receipts from the sale of water at each system being turned over to the national treasury. In recent years allocations to the sector have varied widely, depending on the budgetary constraints prevailing at the time. Because of the uncertainties which occur as the result of these practices and because funds for maintenance are usually the first to be cut when national budgets have to be pared down, local managers cannot be held responsible for the efficiency of their operations. There is need for a review of these policies and for the establishment of as much fiscal independence for water authorities as possible. vii. Changes need to be made in the accounting and budgeting system of the newly created Ministry of Water Development and Power (MWDP) so that costs and revenues for urban (revenue-producing) systems can be related to each other and to the needs of the systems. With knowledge of the costs, proper charges for water can then be established. viii. It seems clear that if anything like the program contemplated for the sector is to be achieved, Tanzania will need not only continued but -iii- also increased foreign assistance. A number of countries have indicated their willingness to support various parts of the development program. Considering this and taking into account the manpower and local financing problems, coordination is required so that a rational high-priority prog- ram can be composed without duplication of efforts. A process of manor reorganization has been in progress and a mid-plan review of the second five-year development plan has recently been completed. It is desirable that the results of this review be studied as soon as available to deter- mine to what extent some of the existing problems mentioned above are blng overcome. Until these problems are on the way to solution, new investment should be tailored to the capacity of local funds and staff. I. INTR03JCTION 1.01 Joint IBRD/WHO missions visited Tanzania!/ in September-October 1971 and April-?Uy 1972 in order to evaluate the existing sitaation in the water supply and sewerage sector, to review development plans for the sector, to identify problems restricting progress, and to consider and discuss possible solutions to these problems with national officials. This report is based on the findings of these missions. II. THE PRESENT SITUATION Geography and Climate 2.05 Tanzania (see Maps) is the ninth most populous nation in Africa, i.iith a mainla.nd population of over 13 million- its area is about 362 000 sq mAles. The country lies between 10 and 126 south latitude and 30U and 400 east longitude. Mount Kilimanjaro in the north rises to over 19,000 feet and a high ridge runs southwest from the Usambara mountains west of Tanga to the highlands around the tip of Lake Nyasa. Most of the country is made up of a plateau of about 4,000 feet elevation. 2.02 Rainfall ranges generally from 30 to 40 inches per year except in a small area west of Lake Victoria where the variation is between 80 and 90 inches annually. On the interior plateau there is a single short rainy season, while along the northern coastal belt there are two--November to January, and March to May. There are wide variations throughout the country as to temperature, humidity and wind; in the coastal belt temperature ranges from a mean low of 75°F to a mean high of 850F, and humidity is generally high. Water Resources and Health 2.03 Many rivers have no flow during the dry season. The Rhfiji, entering the Indian Ocean, and the Kagera, flowing into Lake Victoria, are navigable. 2.04 In many parts of the country, hard rock is close to the surface, and brackish water is found in the upper horizons. Underneath the brackish water and below granite, gneiss, and similar fonmations, water of good quality occasionally may be found at depths ranging from 70 to 600 feet. Water is scarce in most of the interior of the country, but shallow ground- water is available in parts of the coastal plain. In the interior, hynrogeological investigations are being made to locate additional groundwater. I/ Zts report concerns conditions in mainland Tanzania only. - 2 - 2.05 The presence of turbidity and pollution of surface water during various seasons, salinity of many underground water resources, and hign fluoride content in some aquifers, boreholes, and streams create serious water quality problems. Bacterial pollution and schistosomiasis vectors are found in most 2shallow water holes. Surface water exceeding by as much as ten times the upper limit of fluoride content suggested by '11Q is used in some places. 2.06 Intestinal water-borne diseases are common; although there have been no reports of epidemics traceable to water, no firm judgement of the situation is possible as health records, particularly outside of Dar es Salaam., are minimal. Population 2.07 The current population growth rate is about 2.7% per year. Mainland population development is estimated as follows: Year Mid-year Population (000 s) 1950 8,041 1960 10,016 1970 12,896 1980 17,081 An annual growth rate of 3.0% per year was used by the Central Statistical Bureau for 1975-80 in projecting the 1980 population. The country is predo- minantly rural. At the time of the latest census, in 1967, only 6,% of the population lived in towns and 401 of the urban population was in Dar es Salaam. Projections of 1987 population are 21.8 million rural and 3.4 million urban (about 1.6 million in Dar es Salaam). Populations and densities for 1967 are shown in Appendix 1 There were 18 towns in 1967 with populations over 5,000. Water Systems 2.o8 In Tanzania, "urban" water supplies are defined to be those for which consumers are charged either by means of a metered rate or as a property tax. Those systems which are not to any degree self-supporting are dePined as "rural". According to these definitions, there are 94 urban and 1,200 raral water systems in the country (see Map IBRD 3722R1). The urban systems, summarized in Appendix 2, are reported to see about 715,000 persons, equivalent to 80% of the urban or town population.A The number of private connections in urban systems has increased from 26,000 in 1960 to about 54,000 in 1970 (over 20,000 are in Dar es Salaam). The average per capita consumption is about 30 Imperial gallons per day (Igd) (including industrial use). This amount is below awoants ranging to in eicess of 10O Igd experienoed in the highly industrialized countries, but is near the amxunts usually encountered in countries of like economic status. Supplies vary from untreated surface and groundwater to completely treated and filtered water in Dar es Salaam. 1/ With few exceptions all urban areas are served by "urban" water systems in the sense used here. -3- 2.09 Slightly more than 10% of the rural population is served by the so-called rural systems. These supplies range from dug wells with no pump to piped systems with public standpipes. During the 196h-69 period, some 250 rural projects were developed to serve 400,000 people. The 1970-74 program contemplates the development of some 700 projects to serve almost 1.5 million additional people. The government has decided to accelerate the rural program in an effort to serve the total rural popula- tion in 20 years. 2.10 The Dar es Salaam system is supplied from two sources--Mtoni (0.7 to 1.6 IMgd) and Upper Ruvu (10.0 IMgd). The Upper Ruvu supply is now being increased by an additional section of pipeline and new treatment units. When completed, production from this source should increase to 14-18 IMgd. A Lower Ruvu development is expected to provide an additional 22.8 IMgd by 1975. 2.11 A sew multi-purpose hydroelectric, irrigation, and ilood control projects have been developed and others are planned, -hich also would provide water for rural or urban domestic consumption or industrial use. Most of these are dependent on power production for financial feasibility. Sewerage 2.12 There are only five communities with sewerage service in Tanzania--Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Moshi, Mwanza and Tanga; the population served numbers about 150,000. Systems are being designed for Dodoma, Morogoro and Tabora to serve 100,000 more. The Dar es Salaam central business district is served by a system with a sea outfall discharging untreated sewage. There are also various oxidation ponds serving small areas of Dar es Salaam, and the other towns where there are sewerage systems; the only conventional sewage treatment plant is at Moshi. 2.13 the long-term goal for sewerage in Dar es Salaam is a fully sewered city by 1989. A proposed oceanographic study is expected to show whether liquid wastes should be disposed of through sea outfalls. Sewerage development in Dar es salaam was curtailed in 1971-72 because of budget cut-backs (from Sh 13 million to Sh 5.8 million). 3torm water drainage in Dar es Salaam is usually carried out in conjunction witf housing and industrial development projects, but some separate projects have been included in the second five-year plan. Anti-malaria swamp spraying in the area is reported to cost over Sh 1 million annually, but botn the technical and economic aspects of furtner drainage are in need of study. Organization and Finance 2.14 Prior to July 1, 1971, urban water supply was the responsibility of one ministry, rural water supply was the responsibility of another, while water resources planning was tute concern of the National Resources Council under a third ministry. On the above date, nowever, all water activities were consolidated in a new Ministry of water Development and Power (MWDP). Legislation assigned the following responsibilities to the new Ministry: "Water Policy and Development. Rural Water Supplies. Urban Water Supplies. Sewerage and Drainage. Irrigation. Flood Control. Power (Electricity) Policy and Development. TANESCO. National Water Resources Council." 2.15 The new Ministry was in the process of organization and physical consolidation at the time of this study, with management assistance being provided by Scandiaconsult through arrangements with the Swedish Interna- tional Development Authority. The terms of reference of this 32 man-month contract are summarized in Appendix 3; the period of activity was May- December 1971. 2.16 The Ministry is organized, as shown in Appendix 4, into five major divisions, under the Principal Secretary: Planning and Project Preparation Construction Finance and Administration Research and Training Operation and Maintenance Overall control of water resources is accomplished through the Water Officer and an appellate Water Advisory Board. The effectiveness of the new Ministry has yet to be demonstrated, but the combining of all agencies concerned with water and drainage in one ministry should be conducive to administrative efficiency. 2.17 The structure of the organization at regional level (18 regions plus Dar es Salaam) shown in Appendix 5 is about the same as that of the central organization except that research and training are not included. Regional Water Engineers report to the Principal Secretary, but deal directly with central division heads on matters in their respective functional areas. 2.18 Operation, maintenance and construction of the urban and rural water systems are financed through the budget of the MWDP with allocations to the regions. The revenues from metered charges made to users in the 9h urban systems with private house connections are paid into the national treasury. The present accounting system does not permit any firm conclu- sions as to the financial performance of these urban water systems. The bills for accounts in a few of the larger towns, including.Jar,es Salaam, are prepared by computer in the Ministry of Finance; other bills are pre- pared manually. Payments are made to national treasury offices in Dar es Salaam or in regional headquarters. The collection of water bills by the Tanzania Electric Service Cbrporation (TANESOO) has been suggested, and appears to have merit if customers have services common tc the two. - 5 - 2.19 Although most sewerage systems in Tanzania were constructed by the national government, the towns in whicn they are located are responsible for operation and maintenance. In most caseb these functions are carried out inadequately, and it might be better for the MWDP to assume responsibility for them. Of all the goverrrnent-constructed systems, only -Mshi pai@ part (55%) of the construction cost, and now collects and retains a Sh 3 per 1000 IMg water consumption charge for the service. 2.20 The rates charged for water service in the 94 municipal systems vary from Sh 2/- to 61- per 1,000 Imperial gallons (see Appendix 6). These charges are fairly high by any standards. Reduced rates for industrial consumption are common. Of a total number of residential connections of 54,000, about 25% pay Sh 2/- and almost 60% pay Sh 6/-. A new uniform rate schedule for the whole country is being proposed by the Ministry as follows: Rate/il,000 gal. Monthly Consumption 6/- up to 100,000 gal. 5/- 100,000 to 500,000 gal. 4/- over 500,000 gal. Minimum monthly charge Sh 5/-, 2.21 There appears to be an incompatibility between present planning objectives and the domestic finance needed to meet them. This is suggested by the emphasis being placed on the rural water program which, by definition, concerns those systems which are non-revenue producing. Realization of the objectives set for the next 20 years for the rural supplies will consequently be attainable only by one of the following actions: a) urban water invest- ment is reduced to a level which will, seriously restrict urban growth; b) funds are directed from other sections; c) rural systems are made to produce some revenme; or d) some combination of the foregoing. Manipower and Training 2.22 There is a serious shortage of qualified staff within the water sector. Despite the fact that many expatriates are retained, the number of vacancies in higher positions is large. Thus, out of some 350 authorized positions for technical staff over 200 were vacant and only 50 are filled by Tanzanians. Among a group of 50 authorized administrative type positions over 30 were vacant. At the time of the mission there were over 60 Swedish volunteers at work--30 technical assistants, 24 mechanical inspectors, one geologist and 8 accountants. Other expatriates employed through direct hire or supporting foreign government cooperation totalled over 90, including the majority of the Regional Water Engineers. To a great extent, the dif- ficulties in filling vacancies with qualified local personnel stem from the low salaries which can be paid. This situation is, of course, not unique and is frequently encountered where staff are tied to governmental pay schedules and where it becomes unworkable to raise one group of workers with- out offering the same benefits to others. It is for this reason, among others, that corporations and authorities have been created to provide water and sewerage services at local and national levels. - 6 - 2.23 Training of technical assistants is being undertaken by the Division of Research and Training of the MWDP, utilizing the Dar es Salaam technical college in presenting a three-year course. The course includes six months of field work in the seccnd year. Also presented are short courses in surveying, driver training, soil mechanics, and hydraulics. A geophysical school at Dodoma provides a three-year course in drilling and related activities. The Central Establishment Division, a part of the President's Office, provides annual courses in various clerical, adninistrative and fiscal subjects. The Ministry of Communications, Transport and Labor operates a National Industrial Training Center for mechanical training. 2.24 Training has been started for auto and drilling rig mechanics and on- the-job training is carried out for plant operators and in the regional mecha- nical maintenance shops. Training isneeded for technical assistants in design and cost estimating. There are competent expatriates in the employ of the Ministry to provide all of this training. Plans have been prepared for the construction of facilities for a Water Resources Development Institute--dormitories and training facilities--and it is hoped to increase the output of technical assistants to 40 per year. A basic problem, however, is the recruitment of students because of the low pay scale and inadequate conditions of service in the Ministry compared to other comparable employers. III. SECTOR OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGY 3.01 In September 1971, TANU, the political party of Tanzania, decided that future development programs should emphasize water, education, and health services for rural areas. The plan for rural water is to provide reasonably accessible water to all the rural population in 20 years time at an estimated cost of some Sh 1.5 billion (US$210 million). To serve the additional urban population plus some industry in the same period is estimated to cost about Sh 330 million. Paralleling urban water needs will be increasing demands for waste disposal and treatment, both domestic and industrial; a 20-year program for the 15 principal towns might cost Sh 350 million. Expenditure History and Projections 3.02 During the first five-year plan 196h/65 to 1968/69, water development expenditures averaged about Sh 25 million per year--Sh 8 million for rural ana Sh 17 million for urban systems. During the first three years (1969/70 to 1971/72) of the second five-year plan, rural system expenditure will average aboy~ Sh 30 million per year and for urban about Sh 19 million per year,- the large overall increase incorporating a significant shift in emphasis from urban to rural development. 1/ The figure for urban systems has been falling, from Sh 29 million in 1969/70 to Sh 9 million in 1971/72. - 7 - 3.03 The cost of supplying all of the rural population with reasonably accessible water in a 20-year period, as outlined in Appendix 7, would be above Sh 75 million annually, and for similar urban coverage about Sh 16 million, a total of some Sh 90 million per year. In order only to maintain existing standards of service for the urban population during the next 20 years without increasing the relative coverage, annual development expenditures of sane Sh 12 million would be required. 3.04 Future cost estimates, based upon the assumptions detailed in Appendix 7, were obtained from analyses of various feasibility studies made by consultants and cost information available in MWDP files. For this purpose, rural areas were classified according to population density-- high, medium and low--for each region. Projections were also made for principal towns and groups of towns in each region. In the absence of any officially expressed priorities other than the general one for rural areas, the mission assigned priorities, designated as I, II and III, tc rural and urban developments to reflect apparent urgency of need. These priorities were established primarily without regard to cost and based principally upon factors such as public health, availability of current supplies, industrial water requirements and so on (see Appendix 8). 3.05 The cost of the 20-year program, by sector and priority, is estimated as follows: Cost by Priority (Sh million) Sector I II III Total Rural 482 744 265 1,1491 (82%) Urban 2Q4 10 13 327 (18%) Total 786 754 278 1,81E 3.o6 The composite 20-year water program is surmnarized below: Additional Population Development Cost Program Served (thousands) (Sh million) Rural 20,000 1,491 Urban - Dar es Salaam 1,280 198 - Other towns 1,400 129 Total 22,68o 1,818 3.07 The costs of future rural and urban water development were based on population projections and per capita costs derived from various feasi- bility studies and limited construction data. Per capita cost figures for rural areas are expected to range as fol'lows: Density Per Capita Cost Range (Sh) High 60 - 120 Medium 50 - 90 Low 49 - 70 These figures are based on the assumption that the high density rural areas would normally be served by systems possibly involving some treatment, and including piped transmission, storage and distribution lines serving kiosks and even some house connections, whereas the low density areas would be served by shallow wells and only rarely have piped transmission, treat- ment and distribution. It is clear that these unit costs could be increased or lowered to some degree by changing the assumed standard of service to be provided, but sufficient data for a more refined analysis were not available 3.08 Great care needs to be exercised in interpreting per capita cost figures for urban systems, for these vary not only according to locational and population density factors, but are also influenced to a greater or lesser degree by projects designed to cater to industrial demands. Thus of 14 major towns in Tanzania, the per capita investment cost needed tc meet currently known industrial requirements plus those for the predicted domestic population in 20 years' time are estimated to vary from Sh 27 in Mbeya to Sh 217 in Tanga. The figure for Dar es Salaam is Sh 155. 3.09 Sewerage, quite justifiably, has not been given a very high priority by the government in future development plans. Rough estimates (see Appendix 7) based on per capita costs derived from feasibility studies and construction cost records indicate that a 20-year program might be as follows: Program Cost (Sh million) Expand existing urban systems 130 Tanga development and expansion 20 New systems - Dodoma, Morogoro and Tabora 100 Seven additional towns 100 Total 350 3.10 In order to achieve maximal benefits in the shortest time from the sector development program, projects will have to be ranked and carefully selected in accordance with specific criteria. These criteria will have to take into account the unit costs of various schemes, but also the various factors relating to urgency of need for improved supplies in different communities (see paragraph 3.04). In addition to these intra- sectoral considerations, it is likely that in the eventual ranking of - 9 - projects the government will also want to take other factors into account, unrelated to the water supply sector per se, such as the regional income distribution. Identification of water supply costs and the priorities internal to the sector will then help to make clear the consequences of such decisions. Program Feasibility 3.11 The Government of Tanzania is roughly at the half-way stage of its second five-year development plan (mid 1969-mid 1974), and at the time of this study was in process of making a mid-plan review to determine program accomplishments and to adjust the program for the balance of the period. The 1969-70, 1970-71 and 1971-72 budget estimates of the MWDP are summarized in Appendix 9. The 1971-72 budget for water supply and sewerage provides Sh 41h.5 million for recurrent expenditures and about Sh 66 million for development, of which Sh 39 million are for construction. Sources of finance ccntemplated in the 1971-72 estimates are summarized in .Appendix 10. In the water development area, foreign grants and credit;s for 1971-72 are sunnarized as follows: Country or Source Amount (Sh million) UNDP grants (technical assistance) Norwegian grant (technical assistance) Swedish credits (technical assistance Sh 6 million, balance for construction) 31.5 Total 36.5 Parallel internal finance amounts to Sh 20.14 million. 3.12 Future financing will be determined as a result of the mid-plan review of the second five-year plan. It was reported that budget appropria- tions, particularly for urban projects, have been cut significantly--from Sh 29.h million to Sh 23.9 million in 1970-71, and to Sh 8.7 million in 1971-72. Construction estimates for the urban program are summarized below: Original Balance of New Estimate Estimate E;xended OripLnal Reouired Activity 1969-71i 1969-72 ----. 1972-74 ----------… ----------------- Sh million -------------- Industrial waste treatment 11 4 7 20 Lower Ruvu Scheme (Dar es 1/ Salaam) 32 _- 32 60 Urban Water Supply & Drainage 114 h3 61 128 Total 157 57 100 208 1/ Less than Sh 0.5 million. - 10 - 3.13 The principal recent foreign assistance in urban water supplies has been a US loan of US$2.2 million for additions to the Dar es Salaam water supply plant; the project was completed in 1970. An earlier (1968) loan of US$8h0,ooo was made for studies, equipment and local construction costs for improvements to the water systems of 10 major and 40 minor towns in Tanzania. In future, Canadian aid is expected to finance the Dar es Salaam lower Ruvu supply development. West Genman aid is expected for Tanga, Buguruni, Tabora and Morogoro. 3.1h Swedish credits, summarized below, have played a major role in the financing of Tanzania's rural water program since 1964: Credit Years Amount (Sh million) First 1964-66 14 Second 1966-69 42 Third 1969-70 21 Fourth 1970-72 47 Total 124 It is expected that the fifth Swedish credit, for the 1972-7r period, will be Sh 60 million, and that Sweden will continue to finance a significant portion of the rural development program. 3.15 If Sweden continues to support the rural program at the rate of some Sh 20 million per year and the Sh 185 million Dar es Salaam Lower Ruvu program is supported by Canada, the rural balance to be financed would be Sh 55 million per year and the urban balance would be about Sh 3 to 7 million per year (see paragraph 3.03). WJhile it seems quite likely that additional bilateral development assistance will result after the 11-nation regional water resources master plans (see paragraph h.06) have been completed, it may still be necessary to extend the water program over a longer period than 20 years. A sewerage program of over Sh 15 million per year, as indicated earlier, would require considerable external assistance, and sewerage system development will undoubtedly require an extended period of activity. 3.16 If in fact it is concluded that something less than universal coverage has to be accepted even after the 20-year program, the system of priorities indicated above (see paragraph 3.0h) can be used to compose different more feasible investment programs. Annual development expenditures, by priority, for the 20-year program (details in Appendix 8), compared with those of the first (FFYP) and second (SFYP) five-year-plans are tabulated below: - 11 - Annual Development Eapenditures (Sh million) - 20-year plan-------- ----Priority- Program FF7? SFYP I II III Total Rural 8 30 24 37 13 74 Urban 17 0. 15 °*5 0*7 16 Total 3 i&2 2 3_ 4 90 3.17 From this, it would seen that accoTrplishme-nt of a 'first priorityt rural and urban program (Sh 39 million per year) might not be too difficult to support. On the other hand, accepting the priority currently given to rural areas, one finds that already the inclusion of first and second priority rural investanents would result in an expenditure level (Sh 61 million per ycoar) which is considerably in excess of that of past years, and this entirely without investment for urban areas. However, any balanced investment program should include at least part of the first priority urban investments. Thus a Sh 50 million per year program, which might reasonably be achieved could be made up of the totil priority I rural program (Sh 24 million5 plus half of the priority II rural (Sh 18 million) and half of the priority I urban (Shn million). Anything in excess Of this,s although well worth attempting, would appear to be very difficult to achieve. IV. PROBLEM AREAS FOR SUCCESSFUL SECTOR DEVELOPMEN'T 4.01 The Ministry of Water Development and Power has only recently been set up. The process of establishing the organizational details and procedures is continuing with the assistance of Swedish consultants. Generally speaking, the consolidation into one ministry of functions previously performed by several agencies and ministries should i.'nrove coordination and be conducive to increased efficiency in planning and resource allocation. What remains to be seen is how far the utility approach to water supplies, which gradua,lly should be introduced3is compatible with the restrictions set on a goverrment department. However, until the organization has had time to settle into "ts new form and to prove itself, judgement on the appropriateness of various features must be withheld. Thus only a number of broad problem areas will be indicated in the following paragraphs, most of which are not directly related to the institutional framework. Financial Policy 4.02 In order to increase the availability of local funds for the water program, increasing emphasis needs to be placed on the ability of water supplies to generate revenues through user charges. The net demand - 12 - on the government budget for funds for recurrent expenditure should be minimized by setting adequate levels of charges for urban (revenue-producing) systems and by gradually upgrading rural (non revenue-producing) systems to the urban category. By introducing depreciation as a cost to be covered by charges, revenues can also be made to contribute towards future capital expenditure. If no such actions are taken the continued construction of new water systems will put progressively heavier strains on the government budget, and there may easily develop a situation where new construction cannot be supported locally despite availability of foreign assistance. The recommendation that rural consumers should start to pay something for the water they consume is also based in part on the assumption that if they do so, they will have more respect and appreciation for the facilities, resulting in fewer operation and maintenance problems. 4.03 An initial step that would be required to advance such a policy is a separation of the accounts for the revenue-producing undertakings of the MWDP, so that revenues raised can be related to the costs incurred for them. Further, a system is needed whereby the managemnt is given a substantial degree of control over the use of the funds accumalated by the excess of revenues over cash outlays; the present practice where all revenues go to the consolidated government revenue account does not give adequate incentives for prudent management. 4.04 A related problem concerns budgeting. At the present time funds are allocated for water operations without sufficient regard to prior detailed estimates of the expenses required to operate the water systems. Instances exist where lack of funds has led to considerable operational difficulties in some regions0 It is of utmost importance that sufficient funds, including amnunts for adequate maintenance, at all times be pro- vided for the existing systeMs, or else the scarce capital resources allocated for the water program will at least have been partially jasted. The budget for operation should therefore always be based on a detailed assessment of the needs of the various systems. .05 In order to achieve the best utilization of funds for capital expenses, there is need for a firm long-term commitment of resources to the water and sewerage sector, combined perhaps with a more realistic planning. It is undesirable to be forced to accommodate sudden changes in the magnitude of funds allocated to on-going programs, such as illus- trated by the recent budgetary cuts for urban water development as compared with amounts foreseen in the second five-year plan (see paragraph 3.12). Once a proposal for capital expenditure has been approved, the Government should give a firm commitment for the timely provision of funds for completion of the work. Currently, funds are not provided for beyond one year and instances have occurred where delays in the completion of projects has been the consequence of a sudden lack of funds. Similarly, actual capital expendit.ure should be more regularly compared with prior estimates so that cost overruns can be detected as early as possible and remedial action taken. - 13 - PlanninR and Procedures 4.06 Water is a valuable resource which is scarce in many parts of Tanzania. Data are currently lacking on such important variables as rainfall, streamflows, groundwater availability and chemical quality of different waters. A series of water resources studies have been proposed for the eighteen regions of the country, and these should contribute significantly to the knowledge of the water resources available. Appendix 11 gives a list of the proposed studies together with an indication of preli- minarily expressed foreign support. As this list involves eleven countries, it is important that the studies be carried out on a uniform basis so that the eventual reports will provide comparable data and a firm basis for future water development planning. A systematic collection of all well logs and pumping test results would also give much valuable information on the groundwater resources and should be begun as soon as possible. 4.07 So far not many instances of conflicts arising from competing water demands have occurred, but it can be foreseen that this will happen in the future. Unnecessary problems have occasionally been created by the location of Ujamaa villages without due regard to availability of water. Similarly, sites for industrial development have sometimes been selected where expansion is later stifled by the lack of water. Further- more, little attention has been given by industries to design and operate their installations in a manner which will minimize water demands. h.08 A greater uniformity than experienced in the past is desirable in project preparation. Feasibility studies should have standard terms of reference, in order that they will result in reports which are compre- hensive and which make it easy to assess relative priorities; furthermore, they shoulca attempt to meet the requirements of external lending agencies as a matter of course. Project preparation should be begun sufficiently in advance of contemplated construction to allow for engineering surveys, design and contract procedures--especially so when foreign financing is expected. Technical iervices 4.09 Under the conditions in Tanzania, where technical staff is in very short supply, there is a strong need with regard to the smaller systems for standardizations of design and design criteria. A detailed construction manual is required, together with a training program for construction inspectors. Elaborate designs and systems should be avoided so as not to unnecessarily cause problems on the operational level. If it is possible, a gradual standardization of equipment, both fixed and mobile, would reduce - 14 - the problems of maintenance and spare parts supply. Records of the existing installations have not been brought up-to-date since about 1963. As-built plans should be maintained as a basis for the planning of future system extensions and also for maintenance purposes. 4.10 In several instances existing systems are plagued by a lack of spare parts for equipment and report very long delivery times. Responsi- bility here rests both with the MWDP and with the State Trading Corporation which handles all imports. A rapid procedure should be established for ordering and getting deliveries by air so as to avoid the necessity of building up large inventories of parts. Prompt processing at central levels of payment documents is one of the requirements for this. 4.11 The proposed rural water program is very ambitious. Economy in design, self-help labor, maximum use of local materials and utilization of the most economical water source in each case--ground or surface--should be encouraged. While there clearly should be standards adopted for the safety of water for domestic use, those chemical and physical standards which urrern only taste, appearance or hardness of the water should be applied with judgement; what is attainable in countries and areas where good water is abundant may be too expensive in areas where this is not so. There are thus instances where waters have been condemned for human use in Tanzania, e.g. because the concentration of sulphates exceed recommended limits by WHO,even when no alternative reasonably accessible source is available. Sufficient attention has not been paid to simple manual methods of obtaining shallow water from alluvial formations by means of dug, driven cr jetted wells. These low cost, labor intensive methoas might have application in the coastal plairn and river valleys in various parts of the coun-ry. Manpower and Training 4.12 The MWDP is now heavily dependent on expatriate staff with higher technical skills and this situation is likely to persist for a long period. A Faculty of Engineering is to be established at the Universityr of !)Pr es Salaam in 1972 (with assistance from the Federal Republic of Germany), but this will, at least initially, only provide training in civil, electrical and mecha- nical engineering. The first graduates will not be available until 1976, and even then experience from other developing countries shows that the water and sewerage sector is not usually very successful in the competition for the first groups of local engineers. Meanwhile, the expanding water program is likely to demand an increasing number of engineers, and it is thus realistic to conclude that it will probably be 10 years or more before most of the expatriates can be replaced. Government employees including expatriates under contract can voluntarily retire after 45 and must retire at 55. Unless there are exceptions to this rule, some of the older expatriates with the longest experience will soon be retired with no trained subordinates to replace them. h.13 In view of the above, it is important that engineers be employed only where their skills are really needed. Engineers are now often charged with rather routine administrative or technical problems which should be handled by assistants. Such staff can be trained more easily in short - 15 - courses, and their skills successively up-graded through on-the-job train- ing. Similar corbinations of short formal courses and on-the-job training should be given to up-grade personnel already employed in operation, maintenance, simple design and cost estimating. V. CONCLUSIONS - THE ROLE OF EXTERNAL AGENCIES 5.01 Tanzania is predominantly a rural nation, only 6SVo of the popu7at.1in lived in towns in 1967 and projections indicate that this proportion .ay be some 13-14% in 1987. Safe water supply meanwhile is available tco a majority of the urban popilation but only to an estimated 10% of the rural. The Governmert has decided to give top priority to a stepped-up program of rural water supply with the objective of making water reasonably accessible to the entire rural population in 20 years. The average annual invest- ment necessary to reach this goal is estimated at Sh 75 million. No express objective for urban water supplies has been adopted, but estimates are that the cost of full coverage in the same period would be equivalent to an annual average investment of some Sh 16 million. Sewerage is, quite justifiably, generally given a lower priority than water supply but some investment, increasing as time goes on, will be called for during the twenty-year period. Estimates for a minimal program indicate an investment level similar to the one for urban water supply. 5.02 The recent level of development expenditures for water supply, an annual average of Sh 49 million for three years of the second five-year plan, has only been achieved with substantial foreign assistance. It see.m olear that if anything like the program indicated in paragraph 5.01 is to be aohieved, increased foreign assistance will be necessary. Many countries have indicated their willingness in principtl to provide funds for the sector; the list includest Canada, Denmark, Finland, the Federal Republic of Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the USA. All of these countries have offered to participate in the regional water master plan studies and ia many cases also to support current develop- ment programs. Particular interest has been indicated for projects in a number of cities, including Dar es Salaam. There are, however, also a nuwber of towns with iumediate water needs where financing of projects hIas not yet beon agreed.on. These.include: Arusha, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma/Ujiji, Lindi, bseya ]Mbshih Mftwara, 1kioma and MNanza. Sweden has provided a 75% of the funds for the rural water program in the past eight years aud can be expected to continue to give substantial support in the future. Even so, because of the greatly increased spending level oontemplated for the rural program, thero will be room for additional donors. 5.o3 One of the most difficult problems likely to be encountered is that of assuring a sufficient growth of local funds for surveys, feasibility studies, preliminary engineering and to provide for the construction operation - 16 - and maintennce expedditures for the new system. This problem will be accentuated as a consequence of the prioritY given to rufral tter sppliess, which currently do not produce any revenue at al0 It is clearly conceivable if no change Jo policy occurs, that a point vill be reachod where further assietaLee for cLew comatmuttomn caL.nnt be ue4 with beumfit becAuse sit!tie- isret funds for operation and maintenances 1wil tot be availaLble. It is thus of vital importance to the long term success of the Tansanian water program that -the potential of mater systems for raising rowenue, at least to cover recurrent expenes, be utilisied. Steps shoald be taken to introduce as ratdly as ;cssible the oonpt. of tc-tl ouat supprt by chargeas fr water systems. It partimular, rural systems abouli be upgrsded by introducimg and gradually increasuig charges as comaities becoma wre able to make sor contribution to the cost of awpply. It tin of the 1.portanoe of this problep, future donora would be well advised to asaist the Governsnt of Tanzania in developing adequate financial policis in this respect4 5. h Assistance has been provided by Swedish consultants in developing the organisation of the rnew ministry (%WP) and pro-viding procedu-ral guideli-nes. Such assistance should be continued until complete organiza- tional and management effectiveness is achieved, bcth at hoadquarters and in the regions. In all likelihood the present 32 man-month contract will not be adequate for full accomplishment of this. Effective management of the WDP requires a very much imoproved financial information systetm To this end a wedsh consultant in the Minis-ry of Finance has proposed signi- fiicant modificationls off the budgeting ystem sand the provision of a cost acco'unting systw.- The implementation of these propqesals shculd be integrated witb the overall instituticnal ixprovmets and may also require some flhrther assistance. The provisiorn of a managment advisor in the Ministry should also be considered. 5.05 Aside from the regonal water master plan stui-es .tenticaed aScve, there wiulT sas to be neo need for outside assistance in making feasibility studies. -Ath the exception of Koshit, usoma and Nwanza, a1l larger cities axe already covered by water studies. What limited further studies are necessary, relating to both water and sewerage, should nornnally be made by 1DP? staff. Use should be made of the man studies already made by ccnisultants, updatiflg arnd amplifying them as necessary. There has beern sufficient experience with bilateral aid that the Ministry tould be able to meet the requirements of external lending agencias. &xly if it5 should became clear that shortage of local staff wouald in a particular instance unduly delay preparation of a priority poject does further outside assistance seen warranted. 5t06 Considerin, the large number of potential bilateral donors on the one hand, and the manpower and local financing problems faced in Tanzania on the other, careful coordination is required to avoid duaplicatict of efforts and also to ensure that the projects undertaken will be the ones which have the highest priority fron the national point of view. At the - 17 - time of the mission's visit, the new unified national water organization had just been set up and consultants were working on the development of appropriate procedures and instructions. While it can be said generally that the new organization should be conducive to improved planning and project coordination, it was not possible to evaluate at that time to what extent further assistance in this respect might be helpful to the govern- ment. Similarly, it wag not possible to get a clear picture as to the adequacy of the existing offers of aid as several of the interested coanntries had only indicated a general willingness to extend assistance and not yet agreed to specific financing commitments. These and other circumstances point to the desirability of another reriew of the situation when the MWIP has had sone time to get a firmer grasp of the problems it is facing and when the outcome of the micd-plan review (see paragraph 3.11) is known. July 18, 1972 APPENDIX 1 TANZANIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR Population and Area Summary 1967 Number of Total Population per sq kn Administrative Area Districts Population Area Total Without towns OOO's 000's sq Ion Tanzania 12,313 866.1 :L3.9 Mainland 11,959 883.5 13.5 Zanzibar and Pemba 354 2.6 1,342.0 Arusha Region 3 610 82.1 7.4 7.1 Arusha Town 32 Coast Region 5 512 33.7 1l5.2 15.2 Dadorna Region 3 709 41.3 17.2 16 Dadoma Town 24 Iringa Region 3 690 56.8 12.1 11 Iringa Tonm 22 .igoina Region 3 473 37.0 12.&8 12.3 Kigoma/Ujjiji Town 21 Kilimanjaro Region 2 652 13.2 49.4 47 .8 Mosnii Town 27 MA-ara Region 2 544 21. 8 5.0 '3 3 Mlusoma Towna 15 !Tbeya Region 5 969 83.1 1.1.7 11.5 Mbeya Town 12 Morogoro Region 3 685 73.0 9.4 9-0 Morog;rLo Tow.n 25 N14wara Region- 7 8,o41 32.2 12.66 1.2.4 Tindi Town 13 Mwanza Reizon 4 1,056 19.7 53.6 52.1 Hwanza Town 35 Rou-sma Region 3 393 6.4 6)4 2.4 .-hinyanga Regicn 3 899 50.8 17.7 'ingida Region 3 458 419.3 9.3 9 Tabora Regicn 3 563 122.0 4.6 4.5 Tabora Towrn 21 Tanga Region 5 771 26.8 28 .6- Tanga Mu-nicipality 61 West Lake Region 4 659 2-.j 22.9 22.8 Bukoba To-wn 8 Dar es Salaarn - 273 0.1 3,100.2 1/ This region has recently been divided, so that a new region (Lindi) has been added. APPENDIX 2 TANZANIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR Urban Water System Characteristics by Regions 1969-70 Per Capita Consumption Annual Water Igcd No. of Consurizption No. of Populations (includes Region systemsn- IMgd connections served (000's) industrial) Arusha 10 493 2,819 15.5 87 Kilimanjaro 2 418 2,917 29.7 38 Mtwara 7 187 2,140 39.6 13 Tanga 7 614 6,026 59.6 28 Dodoma 4 257 2,260 26.7 28 Iringa 6 139 1,743 27.4 14 Mbeya 6 152 1,884 34.0 12 Singida 3 39 634 3.0 37 Ruvuma 3 41 600 6.o 19 Kigoma 4 114 1,076 34.5 9 Mara 3 154 1,044 18.5 23 Mwanza 9 505 3,328 49.0 28 Shinyanga 5 6k 1,068 17.0 13 Tabora 5 250 2,793 29.5 23 West Lake 6 78 835 9.9 22 Coast 3 13 282 5.0 7 Morogoro 8 233 2,383 28.9 21 Dar es Salaam 1 3,154 20,153 280.0 31 Total 92 6,903 53,985 713.8 27 (average) 1/ Data are not included for two recently added systems. APPENDIX 3 Page 1 of 2 pages TANZARLI - -WATER SUPPLY AND SEhlERAGE SECTOR Extract frem Tenms of Raefrence for Consultancy Services Scandiaconsul t Ministry of Water Development and Power 23 May 1971 Object of the Study In the context of the agreed functional structure above to review carefully the responsibii ty and recommend to the Government the detailed set up of the new Organization so as to enable it to function efficiently. Terms of 7Refarance 1. To study the available information related to the structure of Water Development and the proposed changes. 2. To review carefully the responsibilities of each of the proposed Divisions of the Ministry and their relative functions and coordination of their activities so that they function in unison. 3. To review the grouping of activities within divisions and sections and, if deemed necessary, propose regrouping of such activities. 4. To study in detail the work to be performed within each working group, section and division of the new organization. 5. To develop a set of basic office procedures covering the principal working processes: pre-investtaent studies, planning and programming, surveys, design, construction, preventive maintenance, repairs, requisitioning of transports and supplies, storage of materials, material control, tenders and procurement, data collectiorn and distribution (progress resorts), fi:ing system,, internal cconrication and general office work. 6. To develop a complete reporting system, including instructions and design of the required forms. 7. To formulate job descriptions for gazetted posts gLiving work content, duties and responsibilities, and necessary qualifications. 8. Items 3-7 should apply both to Headquarters and Regional Offices. Items 4 and 5 should be performed at the Headquarters and at two Regional Offices. 9. In order to enable the staffing position of the Minis;ry to be substantially localizeds at a given target date, -with a special enphasis on early localization of operation and maintenance: (a) to review the training program for sub-professionals with regard to present syllabus and needs of sub-professionals over time and make appropriate recommendations; APPENDIX 3 Page 2 of 2 pages (b) to review the training of professionals with regard to needs over time and make appropriate recommendations. 10. To prepare at an early stage a plan of implementation of the recommendations. 11. On completion of the study submit a report to the Government identifying posts to be filled immediately and those to be phased in. 12. To assist in the implementation of proposed changes. TANZANIA WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR ORGANIZATION CHART MINISTRY OF WATER DEVELOPMENT & POWER October 1971 [ Minister ] [ Principal Secretary Regional Water Engineers r ,Iegional Water l|Enier Acdvisory Boar(ls Planining andi F Operation and Finance and Research and Project Construction Maintenance Administration Training Pre para tison Planning Planning Planning Finance Research Design Water Supply Plant and Supply Training Transp0ortation Agriculture Drilling Personnel Hydrology Engineering Electi ical Special Hydrogeology Projects Pumping Soil Mechanics Treatment Plants Laboratory World Bank-6883 TANZANIA WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR REGIONAL ORGANIZATION MINISTRY OF WATER DEVELOPMENT AND POWER OCTOBER 1971 | PRI NCIPAL SECRETARY REGIONAL WATER ENGINEER OPERATION & EXECUTIVE FINANCE AND MAINTENANCE ENGINEER ADMINISTRATION W- k, ... Administration ..... . ..... ..... 1ll.l . ...i ,, , ,, Accounting \1,..|...,,1,,,,.~ ~ ~ ~ ~~Pa .. wa" Pl,,,l",,,,, TIlllf Const uctronl IV P-pa-.nn Stores ________________ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Tearns ''I,.,,.,,,,,,,o Banan51 f '1g$".11ul18~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~01 llrlqatlor ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~oldBnk61 APPENDIX 6 TANZANIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR URBAN WATER RATE SUMMARY 1971 -------- Connections at various rates ------------------ Resion 2/- 2150 31- 3150 4/- 4/50 5/- 5/50 6/- Total Arusha 2,229 279 187 74 21 29 2,819 Kilimanjaro 2,730 187 2,917 Mtwara 2,140 2,140 Tanga 5,022 248 142 384 118 112 6,026 Dodoma 382 184 1,694 2,260 Iringa 10 1,318 55 360 1,743 Mbeya 1,241 643 1,884 Singida 634 634 Ruvuma 119 481 600 Kigoma 867 103 106 1,076 Mara 893 151 1,044 Mwanza 2,590 145 178 415 3,328 Shinyanga 166 902 1,068 Tabora 2,793 2,793 West Lake 670 165 865 Coast 282 282 Dar es Salaam 20,153 20,153 Morogoro 1,699 4 21 68 591 2,383 Total 13,303 2,600 3,164 764 1,064 95 873 284 31,838 53,985 Per cent 24.7 4.8 5.9 1-j 2.0 0.2 1.6 0.5 58.9 100.0 Note: Rates are in shillings per 1,000 Imperial gallons. APPENDIX 7 Page 1 of 5 pages TANZANIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR COST ESTIMATES 1. This appendix presents estimates of the costs of carrying out future rural and urban development programs, and assigns priorities to projects, detennined by urgency of need. It is considered that infor- mation of this kind is essential for rational investment planning, and that the difficulties encountered in making the following estimates are evidence that data need to be improved for this to be achieved. Although the cost estimates referred to in the body of this report apply to the 20-year period 1971-90, the basic data upon which they are based were obtained from reports and studies which referred to the period from mid-1967 to mid-1987. It is assumed that the pattern of unit development costs is unchanged by the slight difference in the time period covered. A. Population and Per Capita Costs 2. It is expected that by the year 1987 the total population of mainland Tanzania will be in excess of 25 million persons, of which almost 22 million will live in rural areas, and over 3.4 million will live in urban areas, including some 1.6 million in Dar es Salaam. Projections are based on these figures compared with a present population served with reasonably accessible water--700,000 urban and 1,300,000 rural. 3. Per capita costs of rural water development averaged about Sh 120 in the first five-year plan (1964/65 to 1968/69) and are estimated at Sh 140 in the second five-year plan. There is, however, considerable variation around this mean. Total expenditures for rural water development averaged about Sh 8 million per year during the first five-year plan, while in the second plan actual expenditures of Sh 23 million in 1969-70 are projected to increase to Sh 65 million in 1973-7L. The total cost of serving all rural people with accessible water is estimated at some Sh 1.5 billion; in order to achieve this target over a 20-year period, the average annual expenditure will have to be almost Sh 75 million per year. B. Water Development Costs 4. Appendix 8 presents projections of rural and urban water develop- ment expenditures, broken down into regions (18 including Dar es Salaam), rural areas according to population densities (high, medium, low), and town systems. Estimates are based upon completed projects, engineering reports, and data from towns and rural localities with existing or planned systems. 5. Population growth--1967 to 1987--was computed at varying rates based on density, geographical location and other influencing factors. Per capita development costs reflect regional/local conditions such as population density, hydrogeological conditions, special water treatment requirements and the like, as explained in the footnotes to Appendix 8. Per capita costs of urban water development vary considerably, ranging APPENDIX 7 Page 2 of 5 pages from Sh 22 in Masasi for the service of over 2,500 additional persons to Sh 217 in Tanga for a scheme, which includes industrial water. Estimates of the cost of serving Dar es Salaam up to 1989 total Sh 198 million for an additional population of over 1,200,000 - Sh 155 per capita. 6. As shown in Appendix 8, the computed total development costs for "full supply" by 1987, are estimated at Sh 1,h91 million for the rural sector and Sh 327 million for the urban sector, i.e.proportions of 82% and 18% respectively. C. Water Program Modifications 7. Shortage of available finance may make it necessary to modify the program, and this may be done in a number of alternative ways. The choice should depend in part upon the cost of achieving certain targets of service in various urban and rural areas of the country, in part by variations in the urgency of need for water, and in part by considerations unrelated to water supply per se. The object of this appendix is to present only the costs and judgements as to priority that can be made by experts on water supply. They are therefore not the sole criteria for project selection, but are an essential piece of information that policy-makers require in making these decisions. 8. Priorities assigned in Appendix 8 to projects in rural districts and urban towns or town groups, are the judgement of the mission. The I, II and III ratings are based on urgency of need and other factors described in the footnotes of Appendix 8. In summarizing total program costs by priorities the following recapitulation is provided: Sh millions by Priority Sector I II III Total Rural 482 74h 265 1,491 Urban 304 10 13 327 786 754 278 1 818 These figures do not include operation and maintenance or overhead. D. Operation and Maintenance Costs 9. Data are not available to determine operating and maintenance costs from the development figures of Appendix 8, even taking into account local or regional characteristics and conditions. Operating and maintenance costs relating to a water supply system depend on such variables as: (1) Pumped or gravity supply, or same combination thereof. (2) Water quality, requiring treatment of different kinds and intensities. (3) Storage capacity needed or available, and (4) Availability and local price of electric current, fuel, chemicals and other materials. APPENDIX 7 Page 3 of 5 pages To consider all of these factors would require a detailed study of indivi- dual operations and areas, each comprising a variety of conditions as reflected in districts of varying characteristics as in Appendix 8. It appeared more feasible, therefore, to apply a percentage for operation and maintenance against development costs. The 50% figure used was decided upon on the basis of a review of various feasibility studies. 10. The composite rural/urban program up to 1987, including operation and maintenance, is sumnarized below: Additional Cost Sh millions Project Poulation served Development O&M Total (000 's) Rural 20,000 1,491 745 2,235 Urban - Dar es Salaam 1,280 198 99 297 - Other 1,400 129 194 Total 22,680 1 818 909 2,726 The average development exenditure needed to achieve 100% coverage would therefore have to be about Sh 90 million per year, as compared with Sh 25 million per year of the first five-year plan and of the Sh 49 million per year of the second plan. 11. Investment needs, including those for currently known industrial water requirements for principal urban centers are as follows: Population 000's Investment Per Capita Served Estd. Cost Cost Town 1969-70 1987 Sh cOO's Shs Priority Arusha 12.7 350 10,500 31 I Dar es Salaam 273.0 1,550 198,000 155 I Dodoma 20.0 85 6,780 104 I Iringa 22.0 135 8,100 72 I Kigoma/Ujiji 30.0 48 1,920 102 II Lindi 20.0 30 900 90 II Mbeya 25.0 87 1,515 27 I Morogoro 20.0 90 3,600 51 I Moshi 28.0 1l0 1L,000 125 I Mtwara 8.1 40 2,800 87 I APPENDIX 7 Page 4 of 5 pages Population 0oo0s Investment Per Capita Served Estd. Cost Cost Town 1969-70 1987 Sh 000's Shs Priority Musoma 15.0 80 4,800 74 II Mwanza 34.9 120 4,800 57 I Tabora 20.0 42 2,100 95 I Tanga 50.5 180 28,100 217 I Total 287,915 F. Sewerage Development Costs 12. Sewerage system development costs, according to 1967 and 1971 feasibility study estimates, range from Sh 40 per capita for service to 400,000 or more population in Dar es Salaam to Sh 700 per capita to serve some 80,000 (year 2000) population in Tabora (1967 population - 21,000). A Dodoma estimate for 50,000 population in 1979 amounted to Sh 475 per capita. Other estimates for portions of Dar es Salaam ranged from Sh 50 to 215 per capita. 13. The need for sanitary sewerage systems will become more acute as piped water systems to individual properties are developed. In the future, existing systems in Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Moshi and Mwanza will require expansion; a 20-year program might cost over Sh 130 million. The small Tanga system will require considerable development at a possible cost of Sh 20 million. Systems for Dodoma, Morogoro and Tabora were being designed at the time of this study; a 20-year development for these three towns will probably cost in excess of Sh 100 million. The following additional towns of importance do not have sewerage systems: Populations 000's 1967 1987 (estd) Iringa 22 135 Kigoma/Ujiji 21 47 Mtwara/Mikid 20 41 Musoma 15 88 Lindi (new regional headquarters) 13 30 Mbeya 13 60 Singida 10 65 114 466 APPENDIX 7 Page 5 of 5 pages The provision of sewerage systems for these places to serve their estimated 1987 populations would cost close to Sh 100 million (at Sh 200 per capita). 14. Hence, a total 20-year sewerage program for the 15 principal towns of Tanzania is roughly estimated at Sh 350 million (at Sh 200 per capita). It seems doubtful that such a program can be accomplished in view of the estimated Sh 1.5 billion rural water program and a Sh 330 million urban water need. APEPfILIrx e Page 1 of 2 pages TAMZANIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR Projections of Population and Rural and Urban Water Development Ccsts i9n7-19Ub7 Priorities (semi d Districts (by densit ) Esti-rated 7opulation Unit Develo bent Cost Total Investment Cost for 1.987 Ždt eO ofcts) c begion and Town Systems P °Jit,eot/ Rur (Sh lor 9 pral Urban o-i Urban (th.asanda) Sbpe apita ----- (Sh 000's)…----- 1. ARUSHA 1,529 - 109,700 10,900 High 1204 53,000 - I Medium 550 84,000 _ II Low 181 70 12,700 _ III Arusha town system 350 - - 10,500o /2/ I 9 other syatems a 50 - 4tO 1- . IXLIMANJARO 1,490 - 125,700 14,329 High 1,C50 100 .1 105,000 - Medi=. 296 70 20,700 - II Mahi town system 140 100 5/ - 14,000 YKlmanjiro two-o *ystem 4 80 _ 320 T1I 3 MITWRA A2040 - 1.0 5,2 High 570 70 ho,ooo - I Medium 1,070 60 64,ooo - bow 306 4o 12,000 - Iii Lindi town system 30 30 - 500 II Mt-are town system 40 70 2,8600I lfaolisgwee town system 24 _ _12 5;1 L C. .AIICA 1,716 - 91 700 50,4LO High 915 70 8'800 - i Medium 312 6G 15,700 - rr h.ow 225 4h 9,010 _ -I lans tow,n sysen I8 - _ 8,105/ 1 Kor-o,e 20 70 - 1,4c0 iIT ' other syster.s 16 6 - 960 III Landoni scheme 48 (1992) - 115,0CO 5. -)ODOIlA 1 470 136 500 z o Medium 1,3 5 0 ioo4 13 00I Dodona -own systevm 85 - - 6,7 80/ Kando. towin sys)tem 15 50 - 750 TI2 . cetle systems 5 60½! - 300 ItT 6. TRINGA 1 66 - 101 ,900 650 Medium 90 4 74,500 - II l,o' 390 701/ 27,-400 - TII Iringa town syste. 135 6o - 5 other systerm 11 505/ - 5 .II 7. NWSEYA 1,881 36,8900 5 High 750 60 15,100 :.d;ltum 289 50 14,500 - LowX 735 40- 29,400 T III Mbsya tows syvaem 37 - - TAt50 5 other systegs 20 ho - SC III E. STLIGIDA 873 '3,500 1,953 Mredian 710 g90/ 6L,OO _ iT how^ 131 70 9,9 3 500 _ L II Singida town oystem 23 - -I,393 5! 2 otner systems 1 60Ž/ - 1 -111 9. ___ R'6; 643 - 2t3,60: 51,53 .i.edi= 200 6D 12, _' IT Low 415 4o '6,6o0 _ 221 Songea town system 23 60 - 1,31r 'I 2 other systeos 5 L0 - 237 III 10. KICOMA 586 -2 -1?C0 Medium 1o 2sŽ95oo -I Low 420 40 16,700 - 1I Kigo,a town syster 16 4C - 6. rI Uji1i town system 32 4o _ 3,210 II 2 other systems 9 50 _ h50 III APPENDIX a page2r2?ges? Priorities lassig-ed Re,gion Districts 1by deratty) Esti-tedo;1to Unit Develpment Cost Ttal Inestment Cost far 1987 ______ a nnd. Town ilotoan 2" 7n Tfr16 r e Rssra ljrbaoRo ra (titousasns) SiS per captREt-)_-_______ (SI 000's) --------- 11 ,AR-, b'tI t'fC 58 oc200 high o 650I,420 - gedin,s '3l 50 '4,000 - Musrnma tow. system 0 60 - 4,300 0 other s:ster.s a 50 - 4001 12. tShAbe' 2 29,97 - ?21 'lC( 6,550 High lS S0 o4,200 - s.edirm 737 50 -t,900 - Uans- LOs- system 120 40 4 4,800 T 6 s-thcs snstems 35 50 - 1,750 II toe 1tI}ril5W-A 14editm 2,1001,0 iow.-43 70 -/ 17,000 - III ihtinye,o a -aer syste- 15o _ 60C l Ki{hso.a wtese- system 1440 4 6o0 3 other systems 15 60 o - 900 jaL -3 "'011 33292~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~ 2.56010 eci Medi- t5,000 3 4 I 1.o5 401 60 ,24,ooo TI 29'ots saner syst.eo lo 50 -_ 2,100 4 other sys-esM 1') 60_/ - ],L40l 15. ir'S L5}C 1,37-00 - 73,7000120 High 82o 60 49,200 - II *:ediurs 334 50 19,200 - II Loss- 139 4o 5,500 _ TI l?aks-h was-or yssto 2:' 43 - 9gO TI0 5 other 3ys0to 5 t30 '; 3OhS'I' 91C,9 - 414i00 600 - oedii;i 2579I _VM TI w 174:?0l-5 to 1,000 - C 3 water ns0-eat 53 - tOO 1- t'o-0-o.7 3,3-'3 - 6)'500 16Ž00 MedUtn S 654700 - 1 to-s M:P9 50 ll ',Soo TT1 rtr-gO- -1-.e sys;te ',Q 40 _3,COG t;larera- wetas-r es-stco §9 40 - jCo -I dita. wa-ster e n 40 - tOO Li_ :t. r .> -s SAIAr t A2 5o _ 9c / 0 4 ALIA 2952 G;3oo2- 9'5 '51 o,1-~~~~~~ ~ ~~)I, coo 327,239 1/ De-itsry grtupisgsi : High s-ore tis- t5 er:or. s-i s- kr:. andison 12 so '?5 Us-s-ses ,er as '.O. a.L., less tnec 12 perSons per sq I-,s. 411 dŽsti-el', for wnich density gr-'po is h-c1teae in vhis ea-nes- are - ou-r. 2/ Quo:1y I ef s-Ice proroidel genes-lt rsssned t ho sil'ter betsern dezij-y asr-otps. high- dens.ty s-.1 areas .o-.1d be seired iy Cyties-5 295in029 srsl-lssd so.e treat-seat, anDs i-lt diog pl ed : rss-nss,on, s ti,-ge sod .. Ls ttriht.s 1nes see-ring hinds :iisd s-vs-n sos- hlose cnnnectionse sces-en -'e lor-deqsety oreat -oldj be nerved ty tJalles rell, b'- r-wsly ...sold ahere be piped trn-srnsmnsions, -reats-ri.t sor sts-itotipo. A blaiii to stni csl-,b isdics--c non-cos-parable s-it -s-te, protearly cocohe o by 'he inclss-it is: tLne .nt. sf i-6ge Projects :'or indsatris-i ..'c-r sPply. , Potoritie, -ssiged so tsie ruresl sod ebs-ho pros-.-- .ero s.s'. pr-is-siily s-dated so cost, but based principalIy on anctors rej.ttog to si:e -geascy Oa aeest, soot sos poblite ealt.-; comp'e:e lack ol co-esient water supsly; tenosely popplatei rs-t si ittrhcts; Ujieans rifLage and siilar rs-o-a develop-seot prg-rs-,t; ictettote' 'eater s-sotreitesso; -nd advanced -egineeri,g, cs-traosaj sod/or .nnancing castle. -; _ncludes po-ssibl dafluorldn'.i-o, long-dlsan-Ce trannoiseton o high drilling cs-to. 5/ 3ror preio-s resorts sod stsd-es. g Modified doe to 'diffesin-g projection peridsls - fzo -tder seasons. 7j CDstS are for eatensions of' eaisting -ban syss-as. APPENDIX 9 TANZANIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR Budget Estimates Ministry of Water Development and Power (Sh thousands) 1969-70 1970-71 1971-72 3' RECURRENT Division Finance and Administration - - 3,392 Planning and Project Preparation - 3,982 Operation and Maintenance - 26,884 Construction - 6,000 Research and Training - 1,272 Total Division _ - 41,529 DEVELOPMENT Funded Project Preparation 4,020 16,668 14,729 Operation and Maintenance 1,095 250 250 Construction 40,908 57,140 39,490 Technical Education and Training 101 1,920 1,400 Drainage and Irrigation - - 50 Items not repeated 13,700 5,000 Total Funded 59,824 80,978 55,919 Unfunded Surveys and Investigations - - 1,000 Urban s.nd Rural Water - 9,195 Total Unfunded - 10,195 TOTAL 62,849 106,907 ]33,275 Y Actual j Approved J Estimated APPENDEX 10 TAhZANIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR Internal. and External Finance of Development Expenditures Ministry of Water Development and Power 1971-1972 (Sh thousands) Internal External Total Projec; Preparation .,urveys and Investigations: 1/ ly,drometeorological Survey 700 180-& a; Ltional 1,500 - 1,500 Kangera River Feasibility Stuly 512 1 337 1,849 51 iefler's Gorge - 3,500 3,500 Rural Water - Surveys and Investigations 650 5,950 6,600 Total 3,362 10,9(t7 14,329 Jrban/Rural Water: Lower Rura Scheae 50 50 lange Water Supply 150 150 Total 200 200 Drairnacre snd Irrigation: Tlri aT.i on and Flood Control 200_ 200 Total Project Preparation 3,7E2 10,967 14,729 ^pore rion tnd Maintenance Drainaroe -nd Irrigation: : .' telli:e Ujum'aa Village Irrigattion 250 250 lotel Ooeration and Maintenance 250 250 Construction Ur-an/Ruraal Water: wx-ansion of Facili:ies 22', 675 2 900 Rural Water Supply 2,743 12,6o0 3/ 15,350 P'urc'hase of Plant, Vehicles and Equipment - 4,150 4,150 Rural Water Suipply (carry over) 3,532 7,068 - 10,600 11,-an Water Supgplies and Drainage r,490 - 8, 4n0 Total 14,99( 24,500 39,490 Teoitnical Education n-d Training: Traininj - Rural Wale.ter Supplies 35( 1,050 1,400 Drainage an,d Trrigation: Irrigat.io)n anid -loo, Control 50 _ 50 Total Construction 15,390 25,550 40,940 UJnfmnded Project Preparatin - Ruzral 1,000 1,000 Construction: Rural Water Supply Purchase of Plant Velhicles -,nd Equipranc- 1050 Urban Water Supplies and Drainage - _ s,ooo Total Unfurnded 1, 000 - 10,195 I/ IUEp; Grant 2" Norway Grant 3/ SwecLish Credit APPENDIX 11 TANZANIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR Regional Water Master Plan Study &ipport (Tentative) V Region Supporting Country Arusha U.S.Ae Coast Canada Dodoma Tanzania./ Iringa Italy Kigoma Norway Kiliinanjaro Japan Lindi (new) Finland Mara Sweden Nbeya Norway Norogoro West Germany Mtwara Finlan&d2 Mwanza Sweden Ruvua Norway Shinyanga Netherlandsi/ Singida India- Tabora Denmark Tanga West Germany-/ Westlake Sweden 1/ These studies are planned for the period 1972-1975, and are expected to cost T Sh 100-150 million. 2/ Under way. 3/ Committed. APPENDIX 12 Page 1 of 9 pages TANZANIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR WATER AND SEWERAGE - DAR ES SALAAM A. Present Water Supply 1. Dar es Salaam, with a present population of 350,000 receives water frcm two sources: Source Output (IMgd) Mtoni (seasonal) 0.7 to 1.6 Upper Ruvu 10.0 Total 10.7 to 11_.6 Mtoni is 4.5 miles from Dar es Salaam and Upper Ruvu 45 miles. The Upper Ruvu scheme consists of a raw water intake, a treatment plant four miles from the Ruvu River intake, and a high-lift pumping station. Near Dar es Salaam there are three reservoirs--2 of 1.76 IMg and 1 of 4 IMg. Two 21-inch mains deliver the water from the reservoirs to town. The mains have digital meters and no flow recorders. The night flow ratio is at present believed to be as high as 83%, this being partially accounted for by the filling of storage tanks at night. It is estimated by the Water Supply Section of Dar es Salaam Regional Office and the Medical Officer of the Dar es Salaam City Council that at present between 941 and 960 of the present population of Dar es Salaam draw water from the distribution system and only 4h to 6% of the population draw water from other sources. No records of water borne diseases in the Dar es Salaam area were found. The past and estimated future water consumption of Dar es Salaam is as follows: Past and Estimated Future Population and Water Consumption in Dar es Salaam 1967 - 1989 Consumption - IMgd Population Major Year 000's Industrial Kiosks Domestic Total 1967 273 0.88 0.37 3.91 5.16 1969 320 1.50 0.74 5.14 7.38 1974 500 2.41 0.64 12.03 15.08 1979 630 4.14 0.44 18.77 23.35 1984 795 5.93 0.24 27.60 33.77 1989 1,028 9.37 0.04 39.50 48.91 APPENDIX 12 Page 2 of 9 pages B. 'Future Water Supply 2. The top priorities in the field of water supply for Dar es Salaam are to increase the capacity of the Upper Ruvu supply and to construct the Lower Ruvu scheme, which will provide an additional 22.8 THgd by 1975 (see Table 1). Priority has also been given to the construction of five miles of 30-inch pipeline to complete the second supply main from the Upper Ruvu treatment plant, and to the construction of supply mains to the Ubungo and Tabata area of Dar es Salaam. Since the Upper Ruvu plant is designed for only 5 to 6 IMgd and is at present producing 7.8 IMgd, it is overloaded. The coagulation and sedimentation are very poor, and the outgoing water has a relatively high, turbidity. The Mtoni water source consists of a dam, filtration galleries, treatment plant and a pumping station. The plant has no constant output due to a water shortage during the dry season. Gro-ndwater has so far not been utilized in Dar es Salaam as a substantial source for water supply. Hydrogeologists of the Ministry of Water Development and Pover, however, are at present interested in investigating deeper ground- water strata which have so far not been explored. Efforts are being made tc obtain results from deep boreholes drilled by an oil company. C. Water Quality 3. The chemical quality of Dar es Salaam water is occasionally tested by the Government chemist. Bacteriological tests are carried out weekly by the Central Pathological Laboratory. The available laboratories at Upper Ruvu and Mtoni Water Works have no equipment to carry out full chemical water analysis and there is no equipment for bacteriological analysis. D. Sewerage Systems 4. The city has a sewage collection system and sea water outfall to which about 20,000 people as well as industrial and commercial areas are connected. The sea water outfall has a capacity of about 20 IMgd; but the actual dry weather flow does not exceed 2 IMgd. In addition to this system, there are six other sewage collection systems (partially under construction) with oxidation ponds. The estimated costs of water and sewerage facilities in the second five-year plan for Dar es Salaam are shown in Table 2. E. Sewerage Development 5. The Ministry requested Sh 13 million for 1971-7z for sewerage development in Dar es Sa-laam but received only Sh 3.8 million, so that a number of projects were stopped. -The long-term goal for the sewerage in Dar es Salaam is outlined in the Dar es Salaam master plan, aiming at a fully sewered city by 1989 when the population is expected to reach 1 ,000,000. Latrines, septic tanks and even stabilization ponds are considered as interim solutions. A proposed sea water study is of importance to this goal. Upon completion of this study, it will be poSsible to determine the extent to which liouid wastes can be disposed of through sea outfalls. APPENDIX IŽ Page 3 of 9 Peoes F. Drainage 6. The improvement of storm water drainage is iually carried out in connection with the development of land for housing and industry. The master plan for town development establishes certain priority projects for the second five-year plan, but there is need to establish criteria for drainage and a general program for the improvement of water courses. The Medical Officer of the City Council of Dar es Salaam indicated that swamps within the city boundaries cause malaria and bilharzia. The swamps are sprayed regularly; the cost was Sh 1,019 million in 1970 and is expected to increase to Sh 1.2 million in 1971, and Sh 2.0 million by 1976. The technical aid economic aspects of the drainage of these swamps should be part of an overall study related to sewerage and drainage. G. Organization 7. The Dar es Salaam Regional Office has responsibilities for planning, desiga, construction, operation and maintenance of water supply, sewerage (operation and maintenance by City Council) and drainage facilities for the Dar es Salaam region. There is at present no detailed plan of the organization of the Dar es Salaam Regional Office. H. Finance 8. The annual costs and revenues of Dar es Salaam water supply between 1957 and 1968 are shown in Table 3. In future projects, listed in Table 1, Sh 115 million will be required for the Lower Ruvu water supply scheme, more than doubling the capital assets. It is likely that the Lower Ruvu scheme will be financed by the Canadian Government. Future program details should be incorporated in a revised master plan for water in Dar es Salaam. later rates for Dar es Salaam, which are planned to be introduced for the whole community, are shown in Table 4. I. Cost Estimates 9. Cost estimates for the different phases of the water supply projects for Dar es Salaam are included in Table 2. In addition to this, investments will be required for the secondary and tertiary water distribution system. The total system investment in the Dar es Salaarn water supply is estimated to be: Year Amount (Sh million) 1975 219 1980 236 1985 339 1989 361 The Ruvu River is of limited supply and will not be sufficient to meet the long-term water requirements of Dar es Salaam. The national capital master plan of Dar es Salaam proposes, therefore, a systematic study of all water APPENDIX 12 Page 4 of 9 pages resources. In view of the fact that a receiving water study is necessary as a basis for the planning of future sewerage and drainage facilities for Dar es Salaam, there are at present no realistic cost estimates for the long-term target which aims at the connection of the whole population of Dar es Salaam to a sewerage system by 1989. J. Manpower and Training 10. There is a shortage of both professional and non-professional staff. Short courses should train technical and administrative assistants and operators. K. Pre-Investment Studies 11. Two major studies have been proposed. One is a study of the surface and groundwater resources of the Dar es Salaam area in order to plan the best solution for the long-term water requirements. The other study is of the ability of the sea to be used to receive waste water. This will most likely be financed by the Danish Government. Rainfal1 is seasonal on this coast and sewage treated in stabilization ponds should be a valuable source of irrigation water for agricultural land. Table 1: Planned Water Supply Projects for Dar es Salaam (Population growth estimated at 6% per year) Population Investment Production Per Capita Other Project and Description Schedule Cost Per Phase Served Cost or Demand Consumption Consumption (bh million) (TOO's) (ShTcapita) (IMgd) tIWgdT ( Ngd Jpper Ruvu: recons-ruction Design : 1971/72 3.5 570-'/ 13/60 18 / 25 3.43 (industry) of existin, plani Construc'.ion: 1993 6.41' 25 Lower Ruvu: New source Design I : 1970 I- 115.0 790w 542/- 40.8 35 12.6 3 phases Design II 1973 II- 70.0 11,02 W 295/- 58.9 / 40 17.9 Phase I Construction: 1975 Phase III : 1989 Upper Ruvu: Rising main Design : 1971 4.0 450 8/90 18 25 3.43 5 mile, 30 inch diameteer Consi.ruc ion: 1972/73 Extension of disiribu'ion Desi=n : 1971 I- 2. 0 150 13/30 3.75 25 - system: 24 incl, line from Construction: 1972/73 IT- 3.5 90 39/- 2.25 Kimora 'anks lo troungo and Taba I a 1/ as in 1]977 2/ Total N 3/ Addi-ional t g as in 19833 5/ as in 1983 t APPENDIX 12 Page 6 of 9 pages Table 2: Estimated Costs of Water and Sewerage Facilities 1/ Dar es Salaam, 1969-74 (Sh thousands) Water Sewerage Drainage Phase 1 4,875 150 Phase 2 3,742 1,175 RPase 3 725 725 Riase 4 1,675 5,180 1,005 Total 8,325 8,922 3,505 Unphased, but in the third five-year plan (1975-79): a) Water Mains 7,702 b) Sewerage and storm drainage, Kinondoni, etc. 43,251 c) Water Mains - industrial area and water course improvement 840 125 d) Water Mains, Kurasini 10,141 e) Sewerage, Kurasini and water course improvement 6,085 500 Total 15,983 1i9,336 625 Grand Total (1969-79) 27,308 58,258 4,130 17 Excluding water works (water production) and sewerage sea outfalls. Table 3 FINANCIAL SUMMARY DAR ES SALAAM WATIR SUPPLY UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA 1957 - 1968 1/ Costs - Sh 000's 4/ Capital- 2/ 3/ Cost per Tota1 Revenue Fiscal Year Consumption Value Int. & Sinking- Operating- 1000 gal Revenue per 1000 gal Base Rate ending June 30 TMg Sh millions Fund 5.326% Costs Total Sh Sh 000's Sh Sh 1957 758 20.0 1,o66 1,221 2,287 3/02 2,414 3/18 3/25 1953 798 20.5 1,089 1,207 2,296 2/88 2,677 3/35 3/25 1959 743 21.3 1,133 1,268 2,4ol 3/23 2,738 3/69 3/25 1960 888 51.5 2,74l 1,794 4,538 5/11 2,899 3/26 3/25 1961 952 52.9 2,815 2,015 4,83o 5/08 4,o8o 4/29 h/50 1962 997 S4.2 2,887 2,248 5,135 5/15 4,297 W/31 4/5o 1963 1,050 55.1 2,937 2,300 5,237 4/99 5,983 5/70 6/00 1960 1,032 55.5 2,955 2,490 5,445 5/28 N.A. N.A. 6/00 1965 1,317 57.2 3,o4h 2,965 6,009 4/56 N.A. N.A. 6/00 1966 1,637 71.2 3,790 3,232 7,022 4/29 N.Ao N.A. 6/oo 1967 1,884 83.6 h,454 3,697 8,151 4/32 8,394 4/46 6/00 1968 2,2885/ 88.6 4,720 3,508 8,228 3/60 8, o5- 3/71 6/00 1/ Capital value - at end of previous fiscal year. 7/ Interest and sinking fund based on Ministry of Communications, Labor and Works Accountirg practices. 3/ Includes 18% overhead charge. 1/ Includes revenue from connection charges and meter rent. 3/ Estimated. From: Recommendations for the Dar es Salaam Water Supply System, United Research, February 1969. Remarks: The undepreciated assets in the Dar es Salaam System were valued at Sh 88,620,000 at the end ' of the fiscal year 1968. Since over 75% of the capital value was added durirng the past 10 years when large capital irvestments were required for the Ruvu system, most of the assets are likely to last until the end of the study period. However, the value of the assets is overstated because assets are not removed from the capital accounts at the end of the economic lives. The Ministry applies an annual cost factor of 5.326X to the assets to determine the annual cost of capital. The 5.326% is the sum of a h% interest charge and a 1.326% annual sinking fund a factor based on a 3% interest rate and a hO-year life, w The ho-year life was selected as an average life of waterworks facilities in Tanzania. Some thouIght should he given to classifying assets according to their economic lives ard applying the appropriate capital refovery factors so that the amortization charge will more accurately reflect the real cost of the physical assets. APPENDIX 12 Page 8 of 9 pages Table 4 PRESENT WATER RATES DAR ES SALAAM 1971 1. Metered Supplies (Rule 7) All metered water will be supplied at the rate of Shs 6/- per 1000 gallons or 45h6 litres. The minimum monthly charge:per meter for metered supplies shall be Shs 5/-. 2. Industrial Rates Consumers using over 100 000 gallons (or 454 600 litres) shall be charged special industrial rates for that portion of their consumption which is in excess of 100 000 gallons or 454 600 litres, the special rates per 1 000 gallongs or 4 546 litres of water consumed within the ranges set out hereunder are chargeable as indicated: Gallons per month over 100 000 and under 500 000 at the rate of Shs 5/- per 1 000 gallons. Litres per month over 454 600 and under 2 273 000 at the rate of Shs 5/- per 4 546 litres. Gallons per month over 500 000 at the rate of Shs 4/- per 1 000 gallons. Litres per month over 2 273 000 at the rate of Shs 4.- per 4 546 litres. 3. Flat rate for unmetered supplies (Rule 7) Area of Premises Rate per Month Sq. Ft. So. Meters Shs Over 2 100 Over 195 20/- 1 401 to 2 100 131 to 195 15/- 351 to 1 400 32.5 to 130 10/- Under 350 Under 32.5 6/50 APPENDIX 12 Table 4 (continued) Page 9 of 9 pages lj. Meter Rent (Rule 29) Meter Size Rental Per MDnth Inches MM Shs CTS i 150 3/4 20 1 50 1 25 2 50 1' h0 5 00 2 50 8 00 3 80 10 00 4 100 12 00 6 150 h0 00 Source: Finance Section, Dar es Salaam Water Supply UGANDA --L A KE- ' TANZANIA 4O- R-G V CQR4. T~HrO ENAREGIONS AND DISTRICTS .WANDA '~ ~KOAA E District boundaries ZX R W A N D A tt8 4 / : U S t )M U S O A ^ InternaltiionQ bounduries LA E W( )IM ain roads I BhqN9(rZ0ENEuto fi F h e n N Y A - - TAN-ZAM railwoy I1 A KinDOl KohOm -) N I4GA , f tOSaSmAS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 MSA KlLOWtETERS~~ A A AMiq uW\r- . 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ B0 ao _ 1O$_ ( 20g0 Rj AMGNZIBAR N* FEBRUARY 192 YIBRD 2802R2 !5EBRUARY ~~~~~~972 ~ ~ ~ ~ JtALA Wl)F~~~~~~ I U 0 0 ~~~~~~uDARdSjSLAA UGANDA ---L K E S--- TANZANIA 40 ,_w,> ''tJ*ED L "~ WATER SUPPLIES As X RDDA ADistrict boundaries International boundaries WATE-K SUPIE:; O_Ukim , , Le io boundarieCAs KI W A -Main roads '~~~~~~~~vr m r ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Railways {'~v Proposed PumpodrSupP i s ( ( \\ \ 1 \ L I Nros d ilway 2 V ~~~~~~~~~~-!Areas wjith high lation - U R N D I| Rl ' Av density in 196T 8 > U7 e Rh nr Nr Dhr Ir o r o > e m e y ,t T U N D U R- . ~l5O~A Keha ~KAA ul A M Mb~~~~~~~~~~~~EB 0 Koho m I JARO J, v 4~~~~~~~~~~~~ZNZBA WAd, B5,,k or ,,sfl5< \M A A A I APRIL 1972 IPRD 3722S1