The Water and Sanitation Program is an international partnership for improving water and sanitation sector policies, practices, and capacities to serve poor people Improving Lives Through Better Water and Sanitation Services Annual Report 2005 Contents Voices of Our Clients............................................................................................................................................... Foreword.................................................................................................................................................................. v Chapter 1 Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) Overview...............................................................................1 WSPServcesandProductsCanbeClassfiednFveGroups................................................................1 WSPFocusCountres.............................................................................................................................2 WSP'sComparatveAdvantage...............................................................................................................3 WSP'sKeyIssuesfor2005.....................................................................................................................3 Chapter 2 Global Practice Teams.........................................................................................................................5 FnanceGlobalPractceTeam.................................................................................................................5 RuralWaterSupplyandSantatonGlobalPractceTeam........................................................................8 SantatonandHygeneGlobalPractceTeam........................................................................................11 StrategcCommuncatonsGlobalPractceTeam..................................................................................13 UrbanGlobalPractceTeam..................................................................................................................15 Chapter 3 Regional Highlights............................................................................................................................17 Afrca(WSP-AF)....................................................................................................................................17 EastAsaandthePacfic(WSP-EAP)....................................................................................................23 LatnAmercaandtheCarbbean(WSP-LAC)........................................................................................28 SouthAsa(WSP-SA)............................................................................................................................34 Chapter 4 Program Financing.............................................................................................................................43 Publications...........................................................................................................................................................45 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations....................................................................................................................49 Contacts.................................................................................................................................................................53 Contents | List of Boxes Box2.1: FnancngStrategyforWaterandSantaton.........................................................................7 Box2.2: WhyKabukuWorks.............................................................................................................9 Box2.3: TheGlobalPublcPrvatePartnershptoPromoteHandwashngwthSoap.......................12 Box2.4: BuldngClents'CapactesforStrategcCommuncatonandReformAdvocacy...............14 Box3.1: ChallengesofFnancngMDGsonWaterandSantatonnAfrca.......................................21 Box3.2: Cross-RegonalWSPCollaboratonTrggersInsttutonalChangeAcrossCountres..........25 Box3.3: SelectedActvtesnEastAsaPacfic(EAP)......................................................................27 Box3.4: TowardLocalCapactyBuldngandCommuntyEmpowermentforaSustanableBasc ServceProvsonnSmallTowns.......................................................................................32 Box3.5: SelectedActvtesnLatnAmercaandtheCarbbean(LAC).............................................33 Box3.6: WorkshopsandStudyTours..............................................................................................41 List of Figures Fgure2.1: ProgressnToletCoverage--Maharashtra.........................................................................12 Fgure3.1: SantatonCoveragenBangladesh....................................................................................35 Fgure3.2: GrowthnOpenDefecatonFreeGramPanchayats...........................................................36 Fgure4.1: DsbursementsbyDonornCY05......................................................................................43 Fgure4.2: DsbursementTrendbyRegon..........................................................................................44 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces VocesofOurClents A sPresdentoftheAfrcanMnsters'CounclonWater(AMCOW)Ihaveworkedclosely wththeWaterandSantatonProgram.Astheworld'sfirstpan-regonalnetworkofWa- terMnsters,AMCOW'sgoalstoenableaccesstowaterandsantatonservcesforall Afrcans.ThechallengesgreatandwehavebeenfortunatetohavethesupportoftheWaterand SantatonProgramnAfrca(WSP-Afrca)fromtheonset.Alongwthourotherpartners(GTZ,The EuropeanUnon,TheWorldBank,andtheUN),WSPhasremanedfirmlysupportveanddeter- mnedtomoblzepoltcalcommtmenttofocusoncrtcalchallengesnwaterandsantaton,and tofacltatecapactybuldngofregonalntatvesthatfocusonpro-poorssues. WthsupportfromWSP-AfrcaandtheWaterSupplyandSantatonCollaboratveCouncl(WSS- CC)welaunchedtheAfrcanMnsteralIntatveforWater,SantatonandHygene(AMIWASH) nDecember2004.ItsamstoassstAfrcancountrestoachevetherMDGsthroughcoalton buldngandtheWSP-supportedMDGcountryroadmaps,WASHadvocacy,polcydevelop- mentandmplementaton.AMIWASHsfullyownedbyAfrcannatons;ledbyAfrcanMnstersof AMCOWandAfrcanpartners;andfocusesonAfrcanWASHproblemsandsolutons.Itprovdes coordnatedprofessonalsupporttogovernments,catalyzesSouth-Southpartnershpsandbulds astronglocalreservorofAfrcanwaterandsantatonexpertsandprofessonals.AMIWASHalso promotesnter-mnsteralandnter-sectoralcollaboratonandactonontheground. OnbehalfofAMCOW,IwanttothankWSP-Afrcaforsupportnganopenplatformnwhchwe AfrcansandournterestedpartnersandcollaboratorscancometogethertoachevetheMllen- numDevelopmentGoalsonwaterandsantaton.Wththecontnuedsupportfrompartnerssuch asWSP-AfrcaandthoseofAMCOWmembercountres,Iendeavortogvemybesttoencourage ntatvesthatwllbrngalldevelopmentpartnerstogethertoworkcollaboratvelytowardachevng theMDGsforwaterandsantaton. --Hon.MaraMutagamba, President of AMCOW and Minister of State for Water, Uganda Contents | Foreword T heWaterandSanitationProgram(WSP)isaninternationalpartnershipto helpthepoorgainedsustainedaccesstoimproedwaterandsanitation serices.AtWSPwewouldliketoseeaworldwhereallpeoplehae sustainableaccesstoandeffectielyusereliable,safe,andaffordablewaterand sanitationserices. WSP'sfocusisonthepoorandourworkisaligned sanitationsericestothepoor.Theseteamsproide withtheMillenniumDeelopmentGoals(MDGs)on thelinkbetweenWSP'sprimaryfocusofwork--the poertyreduction,health,genderequality,watersup- countries--withtheglobalknowledgeinareassuchas plyandsanitation,andtheenironment.Webeliee designingroadmapsforsectordeelopment,encouraging thatimproedwaterandsanitationsericesareintegral dialoguetostimulateinestments,promotingbehaior toachieingtheMDGtargetsby2015.WSPsupports changeinhygieneandsanitation,andintegratingwater innoation,knowledgeexchange,andcapacitybuild- supplyandsanitationintonationalbudgets. ing.Wehelpourclientsbuildlarge-scaleprogramsthat Sharingexperiencesandlessonslearnedacross serethepoor.Byfunctioningasagentsofchange,pro- regionsisoneofthemostimportantaluesWSPcan ponentsoflearning,andinnoators,weensurethatour add.In2005,WSPhelpeddeelopfinancingstrate- clientsandpartnershaenewandtestedknowledge giesandformulaterealisticsectorinestmentplansin onwhichtobuildtheirprogramsandrespondtosector threeAfricancountries.Theplanfor2006istobuildon challenges. thatexperienceinotherAfricancountriesandinEast In2005WSPreneweditsfocusonknowledge Asia.WSPworkedwithpartnerstocreatethePublic managementandinformationsharingbyestablishing PriatePartnershiptoPromoteHandwashingwithSoap GlobalPracticeTeams(GPTs)topromotecross-regional (PPPHW)thatisnowactieinsixcountriesinthree workandstrengthenourglobalisionandleadershipin regions.Workingwiththepriatesectorhashelped WSStopics.TheGPTscoerthetopicsoffinance,rural WSPcreatesophisticatedmessagestoreachtarget watersupplyandsanitation,sanitationandhygiene, audiencesandraiseawarenesstotheimportanceof strategiccommunications,andurbanwatersupplyand handwashingwithsoap.Womenreportedhandwashing Foreword | i | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImproingLiesThroughBetterWaterandSanitationSerices withsoapbeforeeatingincreased41 reachingtheMDGs,WSPremains percentagepoints(from14%before committedtoourclients.Whenwe thecampaignto55%after).Nowthe considerthattherearemorethan challengeforWSPandourpartners twobillionpeopleintheworldwith- istobringthatexperienceandthose outaccesstoadequatesanitation resultstoothercountries. serices,weareremindedofthesig- This2005WSPAnnualReport nificantchallengesourclientsface. proidesanoeriewofouraccom- Workingtogetherwecanandwill plishments,priorities,andchalleng- showresults--andwewillproide es.Wearegratefultoourdonors accesstowaterandsanitationto andpartnersbecausewithoutthem morepeople.Weremaincommitted itwouldnothaebeenpossibleto tolearningfromourexperiencesand disburseUS$18.5millionin2005. theexperiencesofothersworking Whetherwe'rehelpingclientsbuild inthesectortoimproeourwork capacityforcommunicatingreform andultimatelymakeadifferencein measuresorcreatingroadmapsfor people'slies. --Mr.JamalSaghir Director, Energy and Water Chapter 1 WaterandSantatonProgram Overvew T hemssonoftheWaterandSantatonProgramstoallevatepovertyby helpngpoorpeoplegansustanedaccesstomprovedwaterandsantaton servces(WSS).Itdoesthsbyworkngwthpartnersnthefieldtoseek nnovatvesolutonstotheobstaclesfacedbypoorcommuntes,andbystrvngto beavaluedsourceofadvcetoachevewdespreadadoptonofthesesolutons. Toachevetsmsson,WSPasprestobeoneoftheworld'sleadngsourcesof knowledge,advceanddeas;andaleadngcountryfacltatornthemplementaton ofsuccessfulpolcesandpractceswhosempactstoextendsustanablewater andsantatonservceaccesstothepoornruralandurbanenvronments. Overts27-yearhstoryWSPhasevolvednto WSP Services and Products aunque,fieldbased,learnngandpolcyfacltaton network,supportedthroughapartnershpoftheworld's Can be Classified in Five leadngdevelopmentagences.Ithasanestablshedtrack Groups recordandacompellngmsson.OvertheyearsWSP hasattractedstaffwthaunquecombnatonoftechn- Policy support: WSPadvsescountrestoadopt calskllsandvalues.ItslocatonntheWorldBankhas moreeffectvepolcesandstrategesandtoundertake enhancedvsbltyandprovdedopportuntestonfluence requredreforms.ThemutualnteractonbetweenWSP's sectorpolcesandsupportoperatonalprograms. servces,tsfieldnetworks,partnershpapproach,par- WSPhelpstsclentstoservetherclents.Whlethe tcpatorystyleandnteractonswthlocaldecson-mak- poorareWSP'sultmateclentsandProgramstaffnteract ershelpsbuldcountres'polcyfocusandcapactyto wthunservedcommuntesonaregularbass,tspartners mproveservceaccess. atthecountrylevelarecentralgovernmentdepartments, utltes,muncpalagences,localauthortes,NGOs,com- Strategic investment support:WSPprovdesadvce muntyorganzatons,prvateservceprovders. andsupporttothenvestmentprogramsoftsclents WaterandSantatonProgramOvervew | 1 2 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces andpartnersthatareseekngto rentlyengagedacrossfourregonsn breaknewgroundandgeneratenew thefollowngcountres: fieldknowledgeorarestrategcally a) Africa--Benn,BurknaFaso, crtcaltomakereformsarealty. DemocratcRepublcofCongo, Knowledge management, Ethopa,Kenya,Mozambque, generation and synthesis: Rwanda,Senegal,Tanzana, WSPgenerates,valdates,and Uganda,Yemen,Zamba dssemnatesnnovatvesolutonsto b) East Asia and the Pacific-- waterandsantatonproblemsand Camboda,Indonesa,LaoPDR, developsnewsectorknowledge. thePhlppnes,Vetnam Drawngfromexperencen c) Latin America and the dfferentcontextstheProgramcan Caribbean--Bolva,Honduras, syntheszefieldknowledgeand Ncaragua,Peru experenceandcommuncatethsto d) South Asia--Bangladesh,Inda, sectordecson-makers. Pakstan Sector networking:WSPsupports Inaddton,WSPengagesnre- networksofprofessonalsatthe gonalactvtescoverngothercoun- countryandregonalleveltodevelop tresforcross-countrylearnng.The actvtes,communcatonsplans, levelofengagementofWSPnany andoverallcapactybuldngefforts. gvencountrystheresultofacom- TheProgramalsofacltatesdonor bnatonoffactorsncludngstrategc coordnatonactvtesntheWSS fit,hstoryandfundng.Astseeks sector,aswellasconferencesand tomaxmzetsglobalmpact,WSP learnngevents. contnuestoadoptastrategcand Pilot projects:Insomecases, coherentapproachnassessngthe WSPsupportsdonorpartnersand breadthanddepthoftsnvolvement clentcountreswththedesgnand nspecficcountres. supervsonofsmallplotprojects Thenumberofcountresn thatarefundedbyexternalagen- whchtheProgramoperatess cesandmplementedbytheclent lmtedtothosenwhchthePro- country.WSPprovdessupport gramcanmakeademonstrableand nthedesgnphase,andnthe sgnficantdfference.Facltatng montorngandlearnngactvtesto changegenerallyrequrescountry extractlessonsonthegroundthat presenceandwllbeundertakenn canlaterbereplcatednscaled-up strategcallyselectedfocuscountres programs. usngthefollowngcrtera: · LowWSSaccessandpoor WSP Focus populaton Countries · Wllngnesstoreform · DemandforWSPservces WSPseekstohavereachand · ComparatveadvantageforWSP mpactnallregonswherethepoor nterventon havenadequatewaterandsanta- · Avalablefundngpartner tonservcesandwherethereare · Opportuntesforlnkagewth lessonstobelearnedonhowtoap- lendngorgrantnvestment plysuccessfulsolutons.WSPscur- programsforscalng-up WaterandSantatonProgramOvervew | 3 Investmentadvceand WSPspecficallyhas: knowledge-collectngoperatons a) Specialist knowledgethrough fromcountreswherethereare tshghcalberstaffthats mportantlessonstobelearnedwll representatveofthesomeofthe generallynotrequrefieldpresence mostup-to-datethnkngand andcanbeachevedthrough knowledge,thatsfieldbased short-termmssons,outsourcng andthereforeabletoeffectvely orstudes.Allcountres,ncludng dealwthlocalcondtons thosenotdrectlytargetedbyWSP b) Global and regional presence: wllbereachedthroughregonal thenetworkofWSPoperatons andglobalconferencesaswellas andskllsdeployedaround WSPpublcatonsandknowledge theworldenablesttodraw managementactvtes. relevantglobalexperenceand Servcestothefocuscountres createlnksbetweencountres areprovdedthroughacombna- grapplngwthsmlarproblems tonofasmallmanagementteamn c) Independence:WSPsunquely Washngton;regonalhubsnPeru, placedtoprovdendependent Kenya,Inda,andIndonesa;and advsoryservces countryofficeswthWSPfieldstaff. d) Wide network of partnerships: Wthover27 WSP's Comparative years'experenceandaunque partnershpstructure,WSPs Advantage abletoattractawderange ofpartnersandcoordnate AnndependentevaluatonofWSP nterventonstomaxmzempact wascommssonedbytsCounclto e) Potential to leverage World revewtheProgramactvtesover Bank operations:Enables theperod1999­2003.Theexternal WSPtocreatelnkagesbetween evaluaton'soverallfindngsthat polcydevelopmentandcapacty WSPwaseffectveandefficentn buldngandfuturenvestment theservceofvaluableobjectves programsandprovdespotental durngtherevewperod.Theevalu- toexpandWSPnfluence atonconcludedthat:(a)WSP'swork beyondourclentandfocus hasachevedrelevantoutcomesn countres. dversestuatons,wthconsderable mpactalreadyobservedandlkelyto follow;and(b)WSPhassgnficant WSP's Key Issues comparatveadvantagesnrelaton for 2005 tootherorganzatonsworkngn theWSSfield.Itspartnershpstyle a) Focus on the MDGs:Wth enablesttocollaborateandcomple- only10yearstogotoacheve mentthoseofotherorganzatons theWSSMDGtarget,theresa whereapproprate.WSP'sglobal strongpushforgreaterfocusto reach,valuablecontacts,longtrack supportcountresnacceleratng record,hghprofessonalcapacty, mplementatonofsector andabltytomantancontnungreal- reforms,mprovedgovernance tmecontactwthkeydecson-mak- anddevelopmentofroadmaps, ersallgvetpartcularadvantage. financngstrategestomplement 4 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces largescaleprogramsand mostmportantclentandts supportcapactydevelopment nvolvementsanmportantearly fornatonalandregonalpolcy stepnthebusnessplannng makersandservceprovders-- processngudngthescope, thssthefocusforAfrca.In focusanddrectonofourwork Asa,thefocussoneffortsto nanygvenyear. brngaboutgreatercommtment c) Lessons from implementation tonsttutonalreformsnecessary of the previous years' toachevetheMDGs,whlen business plans:Afterclosure LAC,thechallengestontegrate ofeveryfiscalyear(FY),WSP MDGsngovernmentstrateges. carresoutanEndofYear b) Client country demands and Revew(EYR)amedatassessng inputs: Thecoreofourwork theextenttowhchthetargets scountrylevelwhereweam oftheprevousyear'sbusness toultmatelymakeadfference planareachevedandtodraw byenhancngclents'effortsat lessonsforstrengthenng ncreasngaccesstosustanable mplementatonofthecurrent WSSservcesthroughmproved year.TheEYRsanmportant polces,strateges,betterdesgn lnkbetweentheprevous ofprogramstohavepoverty andcurrentyearbusness mpactandapplcatonof plansandensurescontnuty nnovatonfromWSPwork.WSP betweentheFYs.Theregons seekstosupportgovernments preparetheEYRwhleour makemoreeffectveuseof headquartersofficeprovdes publcfunds,leverageaddtonal qualtyenhancementofthe fundngfromnternatonal techncalandfinancalaspects financngagencesandmproved andensuresadequatelnkage servcebystrengthenngand betweenthetwoFYs.Thetwo leveragngtheskllsofnew processesarethereforeclosely stakeholders.Thecountrysour coordnated. Chapter 2 GlobalPractceTeams T heexternalevaluatonofWSPn2004recommendedthatWSPenhance tsgloballearnngandknowledgemanagement.Inresponsetoths recommendaton,theProgramestablshedGlobalPractceTeams(GPTs)n 2005.Theobjectvesoftheseteamsncludethepromotonofmorecross-regonal work,theestablshmentofaglobalvsonandleadershponkeyWSStopcs, enhancedknowledgesharngandnfluenceofotherstakeholdersandpartners suchastheWorldBank,andthepromotonofrapdcross-fertlzatonofdeas acrossWSPregons. GPTswereestablshedalongtopcswththefollowng · Fnance crtera: · Ruralwatersupplyandsantaton · Santatonandhygene · Atopcwthon-the-groundactvtesnatleasttwo · StrategccommuncatonsforWSSsectorreform regonsandpreferablymore · UrbanWSSservcestothepoor · AnareaofexstngorntendedWSPglobal leadershpoftheagenda · Ahghlevelofpartnernterestforbothlocalacton Finance Global Practice Team: andglobalperspectve Responding to the Challenge of · Demonstrableopportuntytonfluencepartneror Bank/donorthnkngonthetopc Financing WSS MDGs · Demonstrablebenefitsfromcross-regonal knowledgesharng The Challenge · Regonalcommtmenttoco-financeGPTactvtes Accesstofinancesoftenportrayedasakeychallenge · Easydentficatonofproductswthhghmpactand nmeetngglobaltargetsonwatersupplyandsantaton. shorttmeframe Commonly,theapproachstodetermnetheshortfalln TheworkofthefiveGPTtopcssreportedhere: financngandtoargueformorepublcresources(and GlobalPractceTeams | 5 6 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces ad)tofillthefinancnggap.Reports sectorperformance bytheCamdessusPanelandthe montorngsystems. UNMllennumProjectbothreflect 2. Leveraging additional ths.Whleaddtonalfinancngfor resources and enhancing thesectorwllberequredtomeet sustainability.Whleleveragng theMDGs,thssnotsufficent.The ofprvatedomestcresources challengestobuldlocalcapac- snecessarybecauseofthe tytoleverageaddtonalprvate scarctyofpublcfunds,focuss (domestc)resourcesandtoensure alsoneededongoodrevenue thatresources--publcaswellas managementthatmakest prvate--areusedefficently,arewell possbletorasecaptalnthe targeted,andresultnsustanable domestcfinancalmarket.To servceprovson.WSP'sFnance supportths,actonsneeded GlobalPractceTeam(F-GPT)ams bothondemandandsupplysde toaddresstheseconcerns. approaches: · Revenue management The Opportunities and WSP strategies--formproved Activities costrecoveryand Twoareasofstrategcmportance expendturemanagement emergefromtheongongwork: byautonomouswater 1. Emerging emphasis on "aid servceprovders. effectiveness" and sector · Improved design of governance.Thequaltyof subsidies--usngoutput- governancearrangements basedandbettertargeted andprocessesarekeyfactors subsdestoavodcrowdng formprovngefficencyand outofservcelnkedand effectvenessntheuseof localprvateresources. financalresources.Actons · Facilitating domestic neededon: market borrowing-- · Decentralization and addressngsupplysde fiscal framework-- constrants(creatng Developmentoffiscal bankableopportuntes) mechansmsandnter- anddemandsdebymore governmentaltransfers conducvemacropolcy systemsthatprovde envronment. the"rghtncentves"for Actvteslnkedtothetwomajor servceexpansonunder financethemesmentonedareon decentralzaton. gongnanumberofWSPfocus · Public financial countres.Usngncentvebased management--(a) subsdestopromotehygenc developmentofcosted behavornseveralSouthAsan "sectorprograms"clearly countreshasledtotheTotalSanta- lnkngreforms,financng tonApproach,whchscurrently strategyandpublc bengreplcatednanumberofother budgets(wthnSector- countresworldwde.InSouthAsa wdeapproaches{SWAp}), WSPhasalsosupportedGovern- and(b)strengthennatonal mentofIndandevelopngthefiscal GlobalPractceTeams | 7 ncentvesforurbanreformswth goalspresentednWSPsupported afocusonwaterandsantatonn countryownedMDGroadmaps. Inda'sctes. Newntatveshavealsobeen WSP'ssupporttoSectorwde launchedforstrengthenngcountry approaches(partcularlyforsanta- levelsectornformatonsystemsn tonandruralwater)hasbeenthe alltheregons. cornerstoneofworknUganda, Innovatonhasbeenthecor- EthopaandZamba.Insupport- nerstoneoftheworkonleveragng ngths,developmentoffinancng resourcesforurbanutltesandfor strategesnKenya,Mozambque, smallruralppedsystems.Innova- Uganda,Ethopa,BurknaFasoand tveuseofoutputbasedsubsdes Indonesasleadngtoncreased wthmarketbasedmcrocredtn focusofeffectveandefficentpublc Kenyasthefoundatontoaplot financewhchwllhelptofulfilthe projectwhchwllntroducesustan- Box 2.1: Financing Strategy for Water and Sanitation Inseveralfocuscountresstrategcfinancalplannnghasbeenhghlghtedasakeyareaofsupportforcountryclents.Tosup- portths,WSPhasdevelopedagenercbutcustomzableSectorWdeInvestmentandFnancngTool(SWIFT)tohelpcountres developtheanalytcnputstofinancngstrateges,andformulaterealstcsectornvestmentplans.Fnancngstrategesprovdean ntegratedanalyssofthetotaltyoffinancenthesector,ncludngpublcfinancesandtheallocatonofthose,utltyfinanceand tarffanalyssaswellascoststructuresassocatedwthMDG--lnkedsectortargets.In2005,WSPsupporthasncludedadng theGovernmentofZambatodevelopaNatonalProgramforruralwatersupply,whchbuldsonthatcountresdecentralzaton reforms,supportedmovementstowardsawatersectornvestmentplannKenya,andhelpedtodevelopasantatonfinancng strategynUganda.Thelessonsfromtheseearlyapplcatonshaverefinedanalytctoolsandapproachesandn2006thePro- gramantcpatesthatsuchfinancngstrategysupportwllbeexpandedwthnAfrcaaswellastoEastAsancountres,suchas Indonesa. Utility financing and the reform process Thenexusbetweenaccesstofinanceandnsttutonalreformprovdesanopportuntyfornnovatonaroundboth.Varousactv- tesndfferentWSPfocuscountresareattemptngtoncreaseaccesstofinanceforutlteswhlstatthesametmencreasngthe efficencyofutltesatusngsuchfinances.InSouthAsa,benchmarkngsbengdevelopedtobeusedforperformancemanage- mentandultmatelytoenhancecredtworthnessofutltesntheregon.Smlarly,nthePhlppnes,plotactvteshavencluded thedevelopmentofbenchmarkngasatoolforperformancemeasurementwthlnktomontorngbytheRegulator.InAfrca, actvteshavencludedtheassessmentofthecredtworthnessofutltesandtogudeperformancemprovementstoncreasethe potentalforaccesstomarketfinances.In2006andbeyondtheProgramantcpatesthatthsntalworknmeasurngperfor- mancewlltranslatentoactualmarketbasedtransactonswthutltesfinancngassetexpanson. Market-based Borrowing for Small Service Providers WSPhascontnuedtosupportthedevelopmentofanapproachandstrategyforleveragngdomestcmarketresourcesforwater andsantaton.PlotsarebengcarredoutnBangladeshandKenya.TheProgramworkedwthsmallwaterservcesprovders (manlycommuntesandsmallprvateprovdersnruralandper-urbanareas),governmentbodesandlocalfinancalnsttutons tobetterunderstandtheconstrantsanddentfywhatsrequredntermsofsupportatallthreelevelsforbanksandlocalcredt nsttutonstofinancebankablewaterprojects.TheplotactvtesnKenyahaveledtotheapprovalofaplotnvestmentactvty whchwllblendoutputbasedad(OBA)wthmarketbasedmcrocredttofinancesmallppedsystems.Thsactvtyhasalsoled, n2005,tothensttutonalzatonofnovelcredtassessmentmethods.In2006,naddtontosupportfortheantcpatedtransac- tons,WSPwllalsoncreasesupporttothedevelopmentofprofessonalzedsupportservcestothewatersectornKenya,Benn andotherAfrcancountres. 8 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces ablecredtfinancngtosmallwater Rural Water Supply projectsnAfrca.Smlareffortsare alsoplannednseveralcountresn and Sanitation EastAsaforsmallservceprovders Global Practice nurbanandruralareas. Fnancesacross-cuttngtheme Team: Linking andrecevesattentonnallWSP Productive Use of regons.Sncefiscalyear2002,t hasemergedasoneofthecore Domestic Water with busnessesnWSPengagement Poverty Reduction wthclents.TheroleoftheF-GPT storaseawarenessaboutthekey and Improved financngssuesandsupportclents Sustainability nrespondngtotheopportuntes dentfiedabove.WSP'scomparatve Background advantagestsabltytodrawon tsworkwthcountrygovernments Atthehousehold/mcro-enterprse spannngfourregonstodevelopa levels,watersusedforpurposes poolofglobalknowledgedstlled beyonddrnkng,cookngand fromcountryexperences.Inlne washngwhetherornotsystems wthths,theF-GPTfocuseson aredesgnedanddevelopedfor dstllnganddssemnatnglessons suchuse.Accesstoproductve fromtheexperencesofWSPand usewatersupplyenablespeopleto tspartnersnmprovngadeffec- dversfyandsecurethersources tvenessandsectorgovernanceas offoodandncomeandsaveon wellasleveragngaddtonallocal expendturebyengagngnsmall resources. scaleactvtessuchasfrutand vegetableproducton,communty gardens,brck-makng,beerbrew- ng,harsalons,bakng,poultry andcarwashngpartcularlynrural areas,smalltownsandper-urban areas.Incontrast,therecontnues tobealackofsgnficantnterestfor developmentofwaterforproduc- tveusearsngfromthefactthat: (a)polcesnthewatersectorfocus ondevelopmentofwaterforbasc needsonlythatemphaszehealth mpactsofmprovedwaterand santaton;(b)governments,donors, NGOsoftenapproachcommuntes wthwatersupplysystemsfordo- mestcandnotproductveuse;and (c)thesupplysdengeneralcontn- uestodevelopanddelversectoral programsnwhchvaroussectors rarelytalktoeachother. GlobalPractceTeams | 9 Advocatesargueforgreater accesssgenerallypredomnantly attentontosmall-scaleproductve skewedtowardsncomewealther Box 2.2: Why Kabuku Works actvtesathouseholdlevelforthe households. · Focusngonsatsfyngusermul- followngreasons.Frst,domestc Economic Returns from the Pro- tpledemands,npartcular,the watersusedforproductvepurpos- ductive Use of Water.Inassessng demandforproductvewater. eswhethersystemsareplannedand theeconomcbenefitsofruralwater, · Enhancementofusers'econom- developedforsuchpurposesand mostanalystslookattheeconomc cactvtes. evenwhenonlyverylttlewaters benefitsofreducedcollectontme · Adoptngabusnessapproach avalable.Secondly,productveuse toservceprovsonandplacng andtheeconomccostsofwater ofwaterhasbeenlnkedwthpov- theresponsbltyforcontnuous supplybreakdowns.Itsoftenas- ertyreductonspecficallyasalvel- servceprovsononpaymentby sumedthattmesavedfromcollect- hoodstrategywthdrecteconomc users. ngwatersnvestednproductve · Communtyownershpand benefitsandwthmprovedhealth, actvtesbutthereslttleevdence control;legalestablshmentof fornstance,throughmprovednutr- onhowmuchtmesavedfromwater thecommuntyorganzaton; ton.Thrdly,productveuseofwater fetchngsactuallynvestednpro- enforcementofby-laws. hasbeenlnkedwthncreasedsus- ductveactvtesandthempactthat · Managementsystemsand tanabltyandmantenanceofwater thshasonreducngpoverty.Lttle tranng. systems. workhasalsobeendonetoshow · Transparencyandaccountablty. howtheaddtonalncomesnvested · Broadcustomerbaseby Productive Use of Water and promotngndvdualconnects andhowtcontrbutestopoverty Poverty Reduction throughfrendlyfinancngpol- reductonandthemechansmsthat ces,e.g.,credtfacltytofinance Productive Use of Water as a exsttoensurethatthepoorcan connectons,toensureallnclud- Livelihood Strategy.Anumberof benefitfromncreasedaccesstopro- ngthepoorhaveaccessto studeshaveprovdedevdenceof ductvewater.Otherareasofnterest watersupply. themportanceofproductvewater mghtbetodetermnetheelastc- · Relanceonandavalabltyof usetoenhancethelvelhoodsofthe tyofproductvewatertoprceand prvatesectorcapactyand support. ruralpoor.Productveuseofwater howcostlywatersasannputnto · Clearlydefinedrolesand canmtgatevarousrskssuchas ncomegeneratngactvtes. responsbltes--separatonof lowagrculturalyeldsofdryseason Linking with Other Sectors and ownershp,governanceand byprovdngncomewhentheres Programs.Improvedaccessto operatons. noncomefromothersourcesand waterforproductveusentself createopportuntesforncome doesnotreducepovertyandneeds dversficaton.Severalstudeshave tobeaccompanedbybetteraccess affirmedthatmcro-enterprseactv- tomarkets,credtandtoovercome tesarepartcularlymportantdurng otherconstrantsnordertomake dfficultperodssuchasdroughts. betteruseofwater.Theresneed Peopletendtousewaterforpro- forbettercollaboratonwththe ductvepurposesevenwhenwater educaton,health,agrcultureand quanttesarebarelysufficentto enterprseprograms.Tohavempact meetbascneeds.Moreanalytcal onpoverty,watersupplesneedto workshowever,neededtode- havemanagementandfinancng termnetheextenttowhchwater systemsthatensurerelabltyandto contrbutestothemprovementof beaccompanedbymcro-enterprse lvelhoodsandcondtonsunder programsthatgobeyondtranng whchmprovedaccesscanhave toncludeotherservcessuchas greatermpactonthelvelhoods qualtycontrol,marketng,market ofpoorpeoplenastuatonwhere researchandcaptal. 10 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces Productive Use and Gender. usetforncomegeneratngactv- Productveuseofwaterhaspo- tesratherthanpurelyfordomestc tentaltobenefitwomennvarous consumpton;(b)ncomegenerated waysbyprovdngopportuntes byproductveuseofwatersactu- forsmall-scaleproductveactvtes allynvestednO&Mofsystems;(c) aroundthehousehold.Thsspar- therelatvemportanceofproductve tcularlymportantncommuntes usesversusotherfactorsnncreas- wherelandlessnesssprevalent. nguserswllngnessandnvolve- Havngaccesstorelablewaterat mentnmanagementofsystems thehouseholdallowswomentoen- especallynthefinancngofO&M. gagendecson-makngasnves- tors,farmersandncomeearners. WSP's Intervention ExperencesnKabuku(Box2.2) havealsodemonstratedthatthe TheMDGsprovdeanopportunty economcncentvesthatunderle tolookbeyondthesector-specfic productveuseofwatergenerate targetstompactothernatonaland greaternterestandpartcpaton nternatonalgoalssuchasreducng frombothmenandwomenand theprevalenceofhunger,women's holdsgreaterpotentalformore empowermentandmprovedhealth nclusveplannng,mplementaton andenhancedenvronmentalsus- andmanagementprocessesatthe tanablty.Productveuseofwater communtylevel.Thsnclusveness mayholdpotentalasanapproach alsoholdspotentalforprovdnga thatcouldsupportruralareas platformfordevelopngsolutonsto developwatersupplysystemsthat addresssomeofthemplcatonsof respondtoawderrangeofther provdngwaterforproductveuse. demandsnanntegratedmanner wthgreaterpotentalformpactand Productive Use of Water, Main- enhancedsustanabltyofsystems tenance and Sustainability.The andservces.Apartfromthework SymposumonProductveuses donetodocumentthesuccess- ofwaterathouseholdlevelheld fulexperencesatKabuku,WSP nSouthAfrcan2003concluded sreallyanewplayernthsarena. thatsustanabltyofdomestcwater Awarethatotherpartnershavebeen supplysystemscanbencreased actventhsarea,WSPcarredouta byexplctlyncludngproductve lteraturerevewn2005tohghlght usesthatprovdethemeansand workalreadydoneanddentfykey motvatonforpeopletoengage knowledgegaps. nthemanagementofsystems. WSP'snterventonwllfocuson Thsspredcatedontheassump- findngwaysto:(a)scaleupsustan- tonthatproductveusesofwater ableruralwatersupplyprovsonthat cangeneratencomesthatcanbe wllalsocontrbutetopovertyreduc- nvestednsystemmprovement ton;(b)rasetheprofileandadvo- andmantenance.Thereshowever cateforthesectorbasedonanalyt- nsufficentevdencetoconclude calwork;(c)buldstrongerlnkages that:(a)usersofmult-purposewater wthothersectors(health,educaton, systemsaremorewllngtopayfor agrculture,mcro-enterprsepro- waterthanthosewthoutand/orare grams,etc)andmproventegraton wllngtopayfortbecausetheyalso ntopovertyreductonstrateges, GlobalPractceTeams | 11 (d)dentfyandelaboratethelnk basedapproachtodelversantaton betweenproductveuseandgender servcesandproductstopoorurban equaltyandempowerment,and(e) settlementsnDakar,Senegaland dentfymplcatonsforpolcyand Namey,Nger.Theapproachuses projectdesgn;and(f)takeproduc- thepowerofthemarkettoprovde tveusentatvestoscale.Thestudy, santatonservcestohouseholds LnkngProductveUseofDomestc andschoolsandprvatelymanaged WatertoPovertyReductonand publctolets.Beyondthephyscal ImprovedSustanablty,whchwll constructons,themarketngap- bemanagedbyRuralGPT,would proachcontrbutedtothedevelop- lookatthe:(a)costsandbenefits mentofmanmplementatonstrate- ofprovdngproductveusewater, gesandactvtes,whchnclude(a) whobearsthesecostsandwhothe stmulatngdemandandpromotng beneficaresare,(b)whetherandto mprovedhygenepractces,(b) whatextentproductveusesystems offerngarangeofdesrableandaf- areabletogeneratencomeand fordabletechnologyoptons,and(c) how/whetherthencomegenerated developngalocalsantatonndustry contrbutestooperatons,mante- andlnkngmarketplayers.InSen- nanceanddevelopment,(c)roleand egal,thesantatonutlty(ONAS)has mpactonwomenandwhetherand usedsantatonmarketngapproach nwhatwaysthscontrbutestother toprovde63548on-santaton empowerment;and(d)howtode- facltestohouseholdsnper-urban sgnmult-purposenvestmentsand areasofDakar.InNger,marketng ensuremult-sectoralntegratonand approachwasusedtoconstruct partcpatonnthedesgnncludng 6469on-stesantatonfacltes balancngofdfferentstakeholder npoorsettlementsofNamey.In nterestsnpartcularthepoorhouse- Benn,asantatonprogram-budget holds;(e)capactyconstrantsand hasbeenpreparedtoncludethe theneedformult-sectoralteams, sectornthe2007PRSC. and(f)mechansmsforfinancngand InEastAsaandthePacfic, scalngupdevelopmentofsystems WSPntroducedtheCommunty-led forproductveuseathousehold/ TotalSantaton(CLTS)approach, communtylevel. orgnallydevelopedandscaledupn BangladeshandInda,ntwolarge scaleRWSSprojectsnIndonesa Sanitation and supportedbytheWorldBankand Hygiene Global theAsanDevelopmentBank.Year long-fieldtralsofCLTSn6prov- Practice Team nceshavebeensosuccessfuln acceleratngcoverage,reachngthe The Opportunities and WSP poorestandnleveragngcom- Activities muntysantatonnvestment,that boththeRWSSprojectshavenow WSPsupportedthemplementaton dscontnuedrevolvngcredt-based ofdfferentsantatonapproachesfor santatonpromotonandhave acceleratngservcesdelverytoward nsteadadoptedentrelysubsdy- achevngtheMDGtarget.InAfrca, freeCLTSasthemanstreamrural WSPhasdevelopedamarket- santatonapproachnall54project 12 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces Figure 2.1: Progress in Toilet Coverage--Maharashtra 1,200,000 1,077,396 1,000,000 below poverty line households total households 800,000 above poverty line households 600,000 400,000 355,615 200,000 60,570 123,373 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 till date dstrcts.WSPalsosupportedthe sato"operatonalze"government ponent,andanewsantatonby-law mplementatonoftheIndonesa santatonpolcy,and(d)astudyof wasmplemented. SantatonSectorDevelopment santatonmappngnthreectes. WSPdocumentedtheexper- Program(ISSDP)fundedbythe InLatnAmercaandtheCarb- encewthconstructedwetlandsn Netherlands.Actvtesncluded(a)a bean,WSPhassuccessfullymple- CentralAmercaandotherkeyrefer- studyonsantatonnpoorcommu- mentedthehandwashngntatve encedocumentsarentheprocess ntes,basedonsocalresearchn8 basedonaconsoldatedpublc- ofbengpublshed,amongothers ctes,(b)astudyoftheKnowledge, prvate-partnershp.Annternatonal anextensvemanualoncondomnal AtttudesandMotvatons(KAMS) workshopon"SantatonasaBus- seweragesystemsandlessons ofgovernmentofficalstowards ness"wasorganzedntroducngths learnedfromtwoEcoSanplotproj- santatonasabassfora"santaton alternatvesantatonapproachnto ectsnLma'sper-urbanareas. sectorassessment"anddevelopng thegovernments,whchhasledto InSouthAsa,WSPsupported targetedadvocacymaterals(draft), thepreparatonofaplotprojectn severaldstrctsforthemplemen- (c)procurementandmoblzatonof fivelocaltesnPeru.WSPprovded tatonofacommunty-centered aUS$4.3mllonconsultngteamto supporttofinalzethenatonalsector santatonpromotonapproach.The supporttheGovernmentofIndone- planthatncludesasantatoncom- approachncludesfivemanfeatures: Box 2.3: The Global Public Private Partnership to Promote Handwashing with Soap Darrheakllsmorethan2mllonchldreneachyear.Handwashngwthsoap,acost-effectvemethodforpreventngdarrhea, canreducedarrheanchldrenbyupto50percent.In2001thePublcPrvatePartnershptoPromoteHandwashngwthSoap (PPPHW)wasfoundedbytheWorldBank,theBank­NetherlandsWaterPartnershpandWSP.Infiscal2005,WSPcontnuedths leadershpbyestablshngaglobalsecretaratforthePPPHW. Thesecretaratwllsupportexstngcountryprograms,dentfycountresforpossblenewprograms,aswellasperformadvocacy, knowledgesharngandfundrasngactvtes.ThePPPHWnowhassxcountryprograms:Colomba,Ghana,Madagascar,Nepal, Peru,andSenegal.Eachprogramworkswthmarketngfirmsandsoapcompanestodelversophstcatedmedamessagesand drectconsumercontacttochangethehandwashngbehavorofpoorwomenandchldren.Themostadvancedcountryprogram, Ghana,hassucceedednncreasngwomen'sreportedhandwashngbehavorbeforeeatngfrom14percentto55percent,a four-foldncrease. OtherhghlghtsoftheyearncludedthelaunchoftheNepalhandwashngcampagn,thepublshngoftheHandwashngHand- book(avalableatthePPPHWwebstewww.globalhandwashng.org),andtheannualworkshoponhandwashng.TheWSP PPPHWhasleveragedoverUS$1mllonnresourcesfromprvatesoapcompanes,WorldBankloans,UNICEF,USAID,the Bank­NetherlandsWaterProgram,theJapaneseSocalDevelopmentFund,andtheSwssDevelopmentCooperaton. GlobalPractceTeams | 13 (a)shftngthefocusfromhousehold communcatonnterventonsto tocommunty;(b)collectveacton; supportsectorreforms,capacty (c)nohardwaresubsdy;(d)open buldngofclents,andknowledge technology(mnmumconfinement generatonanddssemnaton. offeces);and(e)localresourcesmo- Successnpolcyreform,knowledge blzaton.Theapproach,poneered buldng,nvestmentsupportand byanNGOnBangladesh,sknown advocacyactvtescallforeffectve asCommunty-LedTotalSantaton communcatonnterventons, (CLTS)andsundermplementaton partcularlysncethesetendtobe nseveraldstrctsunderdfferent complex,nvolvepoltcalrskand nsttutonalarrangementsledbythe requresocalchange.ForWSP, government,NGO,orcommunty. thechallengelesnhowtoassst InInda,theTotalSantatonCam- tsclentstomakethemostfrom pagn(TSC)hasbeenadoptedby strategc,professonally-managed thegovernmentforthepromotonof nformaton,advocacyandbehavor- santatonandhygenenover426 changeprogramsnorderto ruraldstrcts.Afiscalncentve(Nrma effectvelynfluenceandenhance GramPuraskar)hasbeenntroduced thempactoftechncalandreform nIndatostmulatesantatonde- projects. mandatthecollectvelevel,acheve asocalstatusofbengdeclareda santzedvllage,andstrengthenthe The Opportunities and WSP roleoflocalgovernmentnmotvaton Activities andmontorngoutcomes.Fgure2.1 Overthepasttwoyears,there abovesuggestsaneffectveaccel- hasbeenncreaseddemandfrom eratonoftheaccessratetotoletsn countryclentsforWSPtoassst IndanstateofMaharashtra. thercommuncatoncapactesto Atthegloballevel,WSPhosts mplementsectorreforms,andalso theSecretaratoftheGlobalHand- tosupportcommuncatonand washngPartnershp.Box2.3 ncludesthesecretaratrolesand hghlghtsofkeysupportactvtes. Strategic Communications Global Practice Team: Enhancing Influence and Impact of WSS Reforms The Challenge TacklngWSSchallengescalls fornewwaysofmaxmzng 14 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces Box 2.4: Building Clients' Capacities for Strategic Communication and Reform Advocacy Successnpolcyreform,knowledgebuldng,nvestmentsupportandadvocacyheavlydependoneffectvecommuncatons, partcularlysncethesetendtobecomplex,nvolvepoltcalrskandrequresocalchange. InAfrca,theregonalcommuncatonsteamcollaboratedwthkeypartners,suchasGTZandtheWorldBank,tosupportthe preparatonofacomprehensvenatonalcommuncatonsstrategytoadthemplementatonofnatonalwatersectorreformsn Kenya.LessonsfromthsprocessarebengsharedwthWSSsectorcommuncatonprofessonalsglobally.Addtonaltechncal supportshelpngtobuldthecommuncatoncapactesofthenewly-establshednsttutons--suchastheWaterRegulatory Board,WaterServcesTrustFund,andnewlycommercalzedservceprovders--nthesector.WSP-Afrcasalsosupportng actvtestobuldcommuncatoncapactesofutltyclentsnBennandBurknaFaso. InLatnAmerca,communcatonhasbeenmanstreamedntothefullprojectcycleoftheSmallTownsPlotProjectnPeru, npartnershpwththePeruvangovernmentandCIDA.AhghlypartcpatoryapproachtoWSSservcemanagementatlocal governmentlevelsbengdeveloped,nvolvngmuncpaltes,communtyleaders,andcvlsocety.Sncetheprojectlaunchn October2003,acommuncatonplanhasbeendesgnedandscurrentlybengmplementedtohastenthesocalprocesses requredforreformsuccess. InEastAsaandthePacfic,WSPhasassstedtheWaterandSantatonPolcyFormulatonandActonPlannngProject (WASPOLA)WorkngGrouponanumbrellacommuncatonsstrategyforthemplementatonofa`NatonalPolcyforCommunty- basedWaterSupplyandSantaton'nIndonesa.Thshasnvolvedacommuncatonsaudt;stakeholderworkshopsatcentral, provncalanddstrctlevels;medarelatonstomaxmzemedasupport;andtranngsessonsonpartcpatoryapproachesandon howto"market"thenatonalpolcytoaudencessuchaslocalgovernmentsandpolcymakersacrosssevenprovnces. InSouthAsa,theengagementoncommuncatonschangedsubstantvelyfromwhatwaslargelyadssemnatonactvtytodrect engagementwthclentgovernmentsandtheWorldBank.Recentexperencenwatersectorreformssuggeststhatthequalty oftheconsultatonwthkeystakeholdersandtheextentofthecommuncatonwthexternalaudencesarecrtcalfactorsthat determnetheoutcomeofanyreformntatve.Throughsustanedadvocacy,WSP-SAsoughttoemphaszetheneedforclents andprojectstodevelopappropratestrategesandvehclesforengagngnconsultatonandcommuncatonforreforms.Ths hasledtodemandforWSP-SAtoprovdeconsultatonsandstrategccommuncatonsupportdrectlytopartnergovernments (GovernmentofDelh,CtyDstrctGovernmentofKarach);mplementatonsupportforexstngWorldBankProjects(Second NWFPCommuntyInfrastructureProjectnPakstan,KarnatakaUrbanWaterandSantatonImprovementProgramnKarnataka, BangladeshWaterSupplyProgramProjectnBangladesh).WSP-SAwllcontnuetoworkactvelyontheneedforastrategc approachtoconsultatonandcommuncaton,andforequppnggovernmentcounterpartstobeadequatelyresponsveandsklled nthsarea. GlobalPractceTeams | 15 advocacynterventonsthatrespond Urban Global toWSSchallenges.Thesedemands havepresentednewandexctng Practice Team: opportuntesfortheGlobalPrac- Providing WSS tceTeamonCommuncatonsto consoldatecurrentapproachesnto Services to the Poor astrategccommuncatonprogram thatcanmultplytheProgram's The Challenge mpactandnfluencesectorreform Acrossthedevelopngworldrapd processes. urbanzatonsoccurrngandmost Buldngonthecomparatve ofthegrowthnctessconcen- advantagefromWSP'sproactve tratednnformalorslumareas. engagementwthcountryclents Formalservceprovdershavenot andlongexperencenknowledge beenabletokeepupwththegrow- managementandadvocacy,WSP ngdemandsforWSSservcesand nowfocusesmoreattentononhow oftenareconstranedbypolcesthat tobuldpoltcalgoodwll,accep- preventthemfromprovdngservce tanceandsupportforWSSsector nnformalareas.Asaresult,they reformsatthelocalandnatonal tendtoserveonlyasmallportonof levels.AsBox2.4shows,WSPhas thepopulatonwthppedwatersup- beenprovdngtechncalassstance plyandsewerage.Further,theyare forthedevelopmentandmple- seldomcommercallyorcustomer- mentatonofreformcommuncaton orentatedandtendtobenefficent, strategesnKenya,andstrengthen- requrngsubsdesforoperatons. ngthecapactesofcountryclents Thereslmtedaccountabltyand tomanagecommuncatononsector transparencyandoftentherespon- orutltyreformsnInda,Zamba, sbltyformontorngperformance andPeru.WSPhasalsobeensup- restswththesameagencyrespon- portngntatvestosustanpolcy sbleforservcedelvery. dalogueandfacltatenter-sectoral Inmanyctes,nformalprovders andsmallscalendependentprovd- coordnatonamongpartnersatboth ers(SSIPs)arecroppnguptomeet natonalandlocallevels,suchasa thedemandsofthepopulatonfor natonalpolcythnk-tank,nMozam- watersupply,especallyntheslums. bque,andregularsectornewslet- Whletherearepromsngexamples tersnKenyaandInda.Astrong ofSSIPsthatoperateonsound fieldpresenceanddverseskllsset busnessprncplesandprovdea nstrategcreformcommuncatons goodlevelofservce,nothercases hasensuredthatWSPsdemand- theseoperatorsworkasmonopoles responsveandabletomatchlocal orncollusonwthothers,chargng demandsandrealtes. hghprcesforwaterofquestonable Durngfiscalyears2006­08,the qualty.Inmostcasesnthedevel- GlobalPractceTeamonCommun- opngworld,theresalackofeffec- catonswllundertakeanassessment tveregulatonofethertheformalor ofemergngpractceofstrategc thenformalservceprovders. communcatonforreformsacross Santatonnurbanareasnde- WSPregons,andconsoldateths velopngcountrespresentsaneven knowledgetobenefitfuturework. greaterchallengethanwatersupply. 16 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces Manypoorpeoplelackaccesstohygencsan- servcetothepoor.TheUrbanGlobalPractce tatonfacltesandonlyasmallproportonof Teamwllfacltatecross-regonalknowledge wastewaterscollectedordsposedofproperly. sharngwthnWSPandforthebenefitofour Fundsdedcatedforsantatonmprovements clents,provdeglobalvsonandleadershpon areoftenspentnsub-optmalways--tosubs- urbanwatersupplyandsantatontopcsand dzendvdualhouseholdtoletsortoconstruct enhanceknowledgesharngandnfluenceof largeseweragetreatmentplantsandcollecton largescaleprojectsandprogramsofdonors systems,whchareoftenunder-utlzedandfal andgovernments. tobenefitpoorersegmentsofthepopulaton. Thefollowngthreeprmaryplatformsof Eventhemoreaffluenthouseholdsareoften workhavebeenagreedfortheperodfromJuly reluctanttoconnecttoseweragesystems 2005throughJune2008: becausetheyhavenvestednon-stedsposal · Utility reform: Thsplatformcovers systems,butntheabsenceofproperregula- abroadrangeofchallengesncludng tonandmontorng,thesemaynotfuncton subsdes,targetngthepoor,revenue properlyandendupcontrbutngtopollutonof management,expansonanddensficaton theurbanenvronmentandcreatngunhealthy ofnetworks,roadmapsfornsttutonal condtons.Manysubsdzedhouseholdtolets reform,servceoptonsforncreasng orlatrnesarenotutlzedormantanedbe- accesstothepoor,andassetownershp. causeeffectvebehavorchangecampagns · Local private sector: Thsplatforms havenotprecededconstructon.Wherepublc predomnatelyfocusedonthemodaltes toletfaclteshavebeenconstructedtoserve oflnkngsmallprvateprovderstoutltes, thepoor,theseareoftennotproperlymanaged thetranstonsandnterfacesthatdevelop andfallntodsreparanddsuse. betweenthelocalprvatesectorandutltes Theunderservedpoorarerarelyconsulted ormuncpaltes,addressngsmallscale bytheofficalsresponsbleforplannngmprove- ndependentprovdercapactyconstrants, mentstourbanWSS.Asaresult,network moblzngfinancenthewatermarketplace, systemsareoftendesgnedthattheycannot thecomplextesofregulaton(standards accessorafford.Connectonpolcesandfees andprcng),andsoon.Thsareaofwork arenotdesgnedwthapro-poorfocus.As- scloselyassocatedwththeDfID-funded sumptonsaremadethatpoorpeoplewllnotbe DomestcPrvateSectorPartcpaton wllngorabletopayforconnectonstonetwork ntatve. systemsand,onthatbass,lessexpensve · Voice and client power: Thsplatforms alternatvesaredesgnedforthem(e.g.,publc predomnantlyfocusedonstrengthenng standpostsandtoletblocks).Tarffsarekept theroleofthepoorndemandng low,provdnglttlencentveforservceprovd- accesstoservcesatlevelstheyrequre erstooperateandmantaneventheselow-end andcanafford.Strengthenngboththe facltes. vocerelatonshpbetweenthepoor andthegovernment,andtheclent The Opportunities and WSP Activities powerrelatonshpbetweenthepoor Goodpolcesandapproachesarebeng andtheservceprovder,scentraltothe plotedandmplementedacrossthedevelopng sustanablemprovementofservces.Much world.WSPhasbeenworkngatthecountry worksneededtounderstandfurther andregonallevelnallfourregonstodentfy thengredentsofsuccessfulntatvesn anddssemnategoodpractcesbyreform- thsarea,thencentves,thenformaton- orentedgovernmentsandtherdevelop- advocacylnkages,andthetoolsand mentpartnersandsupportdesgnofpolces, strategesformprovedaccountabltyto strateges,projectsandprogramstoscaleup ctzensandclents. Chapter 3 RegonalHghlghts Afrca(WSP-AF) Regional office: Nairobi, Kenya Focus countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, and Zambia Afrcasfacnganongong,endemcwaterandsanta- ncreaseservceefficencythroughapplyngbusness toncrssthatdebltatesandkllsnlargenumbers, prncples.Currentfinancngmechansmsareunsus- lmtngeconomcgrowth,educatonalaccess,and tanable--externaladaccountsforover80%ofsector lfeopportuntes.Mostatrskarethepoor,especally nvestmentsandnternalrevenuecannotmantanexst- womenandchldrennruralandAfrca'sgrowngnfor- ngservces.Whlethesectorretanstheexpectatonof malsettlements.Only62%ofAfrcanshaveaccessto governmentservcedelvery,publcsectorcapactys safewater(85%urbanand47%rural),thelowestre- desperatelyweakatmostlevels.ThsresultsnAfrca's gonalcoveragentheworld.Just60%ofthepopulaton poormostlyobtanngwateranddsposngofexcreta hasaccesstoadequatesantaton.TheUNMllennum throughhousehold,communty,orsmall-scaleprvate ProjectreportsthatSub-SaharanAfrcasthecontnent sectorntatves. mostoff-trackwthrespecttoachevngtheMllennum WSP-Afrca(WSP-AF)workswthntheframework DevelopmentGoals(MDGs)nwatersupplyandsanta- oftheWSSMDGstoassstclentcountresnaccelerat- ton(WSS). ngthemplementatonofsectorreformsthatfocuson Achevngthesegoalsnthetenyearsleftbeforethe ncreasngWSSservceprovsonforthepoor.Theroleof MDGtargetnecesstatesdramatcallynewapproaches. WSP-AFstoadthentatvesoftspartnersnsolvng Therateofnsttutonalreformsthathavebeennt- problemsbothbyprovdngdrectadvceandassstance. atednmanyAfrcancountresneedstoquckenand Itsareaoffocusstohelpdeveloppolces,findnno- newstrategesneedtobedevelopednfragleenvron- vatvesolutons,promotebestpractces,anddevelop mentswheregovernmentsarenotnapostontolead. capactyforsustanedservceaccess.WSP-AFstrves GovernmentsneedtoprortzeWSSservcesnpoverty tobeavalued,hgh-levelsourceofmpartaladvceand reductonstrateges(PRS)tomproveclartynnsttu- experence,basedoncomparatveknowledgeofwhat tonalresponsbltestostrengthensectorgovernance works.ThroughtsAfrcanfieldnetwork,theProgram andtransparency,decentralzedecsonmakng,and canbeaflexbleandresponsvelocalpartnertohelp RegonalHghlghts | 17 18 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces localpolcydaloguesandcapactybuldng.WSP- Atthenatonallevel,WSP-Afrcaenhancests AFsalsonapostontotestpromsngdeas, mpactbyfocusngthebulkoftssupport(about documentlessonsfromtherapplcaton,and 75percentofbudget)onselectfocuscountres encourageadoptonwthnlargerfinancngplans. (seelstabove).Thenumberoffocuscountresn WSP-Afrca'sstrategystomakeanmpactn Afrcancreasedto11durngthe2005calendar threecrtcalentryponts:firstspromotngsector year,andwllgrowto12n2006.Country-level reform,mprovedgovernance,andthedevelop- supportgenerallyfollowsthesequenceofassst- mentofcountry-ownedroadmapstomeetthe ngclentsnplannngreforms,developngstrate- WSSMDGs;second,assstngcountresndevel- ges,andmplementngnvestmentprograms. opngsustanablefinancngstrategestomple- Increasngly,countryplansalsoncludehelpng mentlarge-scaleprograms;andthrd,provdng clentsdevelopeffectvesectorcommuncaton supportndevelopngcapactywthbothregonal strateges. andnatonalpolcymakersandservceprovders. WSP-Africa has consolidated its country WSP-Afrcaoperatesatthreelevels:re- support within the framework of country ac- gonal,natonal,andthematc.Attheregonal tion plans to meet the WSS MDGs,whlepro- levelWSP-Afrcaprovdesadvocacyandbest vdngspecficsupportonneglectedsectorcom- practcenformatonsupporttoregonalbodes ponents(forexample,onsantatonnEthopa, suchastheAfrcanMnsteralCounclonWater Tanzana,UgandaandZamba,andonruralwater (AMCOW--techncalcommtteesandtheAM- supplynBenn,Mozambque,Rwanda,Tanzana, COWPresdent'sSupportUntwhereWSP-Afrca YemenandZamba).WSP-Afrcahasalsodevel- hasdeployedasenorWSSspecalst),andthe opedarapdresponsefacltyforothercountres AfrcanDevelopmentBank(ADB).WSP-Afrca whch,durngtherevewperod,ncludedsupport alsosupportsregonallearnngnetworks,such tosectorcoordnatonnMalaw,urbanenvron- astheWaterUtltyPartnershp(WUP,managng mentalmanagementnNger,LICUSsupportn aspecficprojectfocusngonutltysupportto Zmbabweandlearnngfromsectorexperence thepoor,andassstngnmanagementsupport), nSouthAfrca.WSP-Afrcahasstrengthened RuralWaterSupplyNetwork(RWSN),AfrcaSan tsattentontocountresemergngfromcrss,n ntatve,andtheITNnetwork(oftranngnsttu- partcularfocussngontheDemocratcRepublc tonsacrossAfrca). ofCongoandRwanda. RegonalHghlghts--Afrca(WSP-AF) | 19 WSP-Afrca'sthematcworkseekstodevelop ngstrateges,ncludngthenclusonofWSSn newandcomparatvebodesofknowledgen povertyreductonstrateges. areasjudgedmostlkelytoassstachevngthe WSSMDGsandfocusesonfinance,santaton andhygene,servcestotheurbanpoorandrural Sanitation and Hygiene watersupply. WSP-Afrcahasproduceda"Santatonand Support for sector reform towards achieving Hygene"seresofpractcalstudestodetermne the Millennium Development Goals.WSP-Af- approachestohygeneandsantatonthatcan rcahelpsgovernmentsmplementreforms,devel- resultnlargescale,sustanableprograms.These opstrateges,andpreparenvestmentprograms. studeshaveexamned: Thssupporttoaccelerateservcedelverys · Demand--ncludngastudyoflatrne nowconsoldatedwthntheframeworkofcoun- preferencenBenn; tryeffortstoattantheWSSrelatedMllennum · Supply--small-scalesantatonservce DevelopmentGoals(MDGs)--tohalvethenumber provsonnKenyaandarevewofecologcal ofthosewthoutaccesstowaterandsantaton santatonnEasternandSouthernAfrca; by2015.WSP-Afrcassupportngthedevelop- · Hygene--publc-prvatepartnershpsn mentofpractcal,country-ownedMDGroadmaps handwashngandthecosteffectvenessof whchncludestrategcplannngmethodologes PHAST);and forntegratednterventonsthatarebuttressedby analytcalresearch,comparatvetrackngcapa- · Fnance--countrylevelsantatonfinancng bltyandregonalcommuncatons.InSenegal, nUganda,theoperatonsofasantatontax forexample,WSP-Afrcahasbeencollaboratng nBurknaFaso,andananalyssoffinancng wthleadagencestosupportapartcpatoryand requrementsforsantatonforCSD12. consultatveprocess,launchednJanuary2005 Operatonalsupporthasbeenprovdedn thathasalreadyresultednanatonally-agreed UgandaandEthopa(developngnatonalsanta- WSSMDGroadmap,theestablshmentofaco- tonstrategesandsupportngcapactybuldng), ordnatonbodyandthestartofmplementaton andKenya(supportngpolcydevelopment); ofadetalednvestmentplan.Smlarprocesses havebeensupportednallWSP-Afrcafocus countres. InKenyaWSP-Afrcahasplayedan ongongtechncalsupportroleasthecountry supportsrollngouttheGovernment'sreform process,ncludngestablshmentoftheWater ServcesTrustFund,supportngWaterBoards andWaterCompaneswthpro-poorstrateges andsupportngclentcommuncatonstrateges forreformprocesses.InBenn,Mozambque, Tanzana,YemenandZambaWSP-Afrcasup- porthasfocusedonassstnggovernments establshacoherentpolcyframeworkfor theruralsector.AkeythemenWSP-Afrca's supporttosectorreformhasbeennthearea ofsectorfinancngwhereworkhassoughtto mprovetheeffectvenessofpublcfinancng, ncreaseleverageofhouseholdandmarket resources,andprovdebenchmarksnfinanc- 20 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces nvestmentsupporthasbeenprovdednurban modelforruralwatersupplyservcedelvery. santatonnNgerandSenegalandTanzanato WSP-Afrcahasalsoassstedseveralcountresn provdehygencsantatontohundredsofthou- examnngthebenefitsofmovngtowardspro- sandsofpoorurbanhouseholds.Resultngfrom grammatcapproaches,andhassupportedthe thsworkhasbeenthedevelopmentofacompre- WorldBankndevelopngatoolktforruralwater hensveapproachknownassantatonmarketng, supplydevelopmentnPRSCs. whchnvolvesapplyngprofessonalmarketng approachesanddevelopngadomestcsantaton Serving the Urban Poor servcemarkettoscaleupmassaccesstosanta- tonservcesandfacltes.Intalstudes--nTan- WSP-Afrca'sregonalstrategyforncreasngser- zanaandBenn--onsantatonmarketngwere vcestotheurbanpoorassstsutltestodevelop documentedandwllbeusedntheapplcaton andmplementpro-poorstrateges,develops oflarge-scaleplotsnselectAfrcancountres.A practcaltoolsforncreasngthevoceofurban fieldnotewasalsopreparedtoadvancethecase poorconsumers,andharnessesthepotentalof formarketngsantatonapproaches. thesmall-scale,domestcprvatesectorndelvery Onsantatonadvocacy,effortshavecentered ofwaterandsantatonservces.Supporttoutltes ontheAfrcaSanprocess,whch,followngthe hasbeenboththroughthedevelopmentofcom- orgnal2002launch,hasbroughtkeypolcymak- prehensvemateralsandbestpractcestudes(n ersnsantatonandhygenefromAfrcannatons partnershpwthWUP)andthroughpractcaladvce togethernSouthernAfrca(before2005),Eastern andsupportontheground(forexample,nDares Afrca(meetngnAddsAbaba,Ethopan2005), Salaam,Ksumu,KnshasaandDakar).Drawng andWestandCentralAfrca(meetngnOuaga- fromanearlerntatvewhchdocumentedmodels dougou,BurknaFason2005). andstrategesforconsumerengagementfrom plotactvtesnChad,Dakar,Narob,andLusaka, Rural Water Supply thesecondphasesmplementngsector-specfic "ConsumerReportCards"(CRC).Aftermult- WSP-Afrcahelpedbroadenthemandateofthe countryevaluatons,thethreectesnKenyawere RuralWaterSupplyNetwork(RWSN),ncreas- dentfiedandarecurrentlymplementngCRCsat ngtsfocusonAfrca,andsupportngworkn alargescale.WSP-Afrcahascontnuedtodeepen threeflagshpthemes:cost-effectveboreholes, understandngoftheroleofsmall-scaleprovders handpumpsustanablty,andselfsupply.Stud- nWSSservceprovsonnBenn,BurknaFaso, esandappledresearchhavebeencompletedor Mozambque,TanzanaandKenya,developng commssonedn10Afrcancountresonthese practcalactonsontheground,whlstprovd- themes,andtwofieldnotesonboreholedrllng ngleadershponthemportanceofengagngthe andself-supplywereproduceddurngtherevew small-scaledomestcprvatesectorataComms- perod.Polcysupportnwatersupplyforrural sonforSustanableDevelopment12(CSD12) areasandsmalltownshasbeengvennBenn, sessononthetopc,engagngpolcymakersand Ethopa,Kenya,Malaw,Mozambque,Senegal, publshngfieldexperence. Uganda,Yemen,andZamba;lessonsfromlarge- scaleruralwaterprogramshavebeendrawnand Governance fedbackntothedesgnofnewnvestments(as nthecaseofTanzana).Twoprojectsgotther WSP-AfrcaheldtsregularRegonalAdvsory startn2005:(1)theDrllngEntrepreneurSupport Commttee(RAC)meetngsnEthopanMay Intatve(DESI)amedatmprovngtheefficacyof 2005,brngngtogethertsclents,donors,and localdrllngcompanesnseveralAfrcancoun- strategcpartnerstorevewandcommentonts tres;and(2)FormngRuralUtltyGroupsand actvtes.Toncreasecountryaccountabltyand Leases(FRUGAL),aglobalproductwhosegoals localcoordnatonwthleadagencesnfocus thedevelopmentofanewagglomeraton-based countres,WSP-Afrcacommttedtselftostrategc RegonalHghlghts--Afrca(WSP-AF) | 21 cooperatonandallancesnallfocuscountres.In enngn-countrysectorcoordnaton,strengthen- therevewperod,cooperatonagreementswere ngsectormontorngsystemsandmprovngad sgnedwththegovernmentsofEthopa,Kenya, effectveness;andmplementatonnkeysub-sec- Mozambque,Senegal,Uganda,andZamba. tors--santaton,ruralwatersupply,andurban/ Durngthe2005RACmeetng,WSP-Afrcawas poor.Theprogramwllalsosupportregonallearn- mandatedtorespondtothechallengeoftheWSS ngactvtestodeveloppractcaltoolsandknowl- MDGsbyfocusngactvtesatthecountrylevel edgetosolvekeyproblemsfacednWSSdevel- andextendngsupporttoaddtonalcountresn opment;dentficatonofeffectveapproachesfor partnershpwthregonalorganzatons. WSSMDGachevementnfragleenvronments wheregovernmentsarenotnapostontolead; New Directions andstrengthenregonalpartnershpsandcapac- Infiscalyears2007­09,WSP-Afrca'sactvteswll tes.Anewareaoffocusstobetterunderstand contnuetobemplementednafive-pontsup- theextentofcorruptonntheWSSsectorandto portprogramtodeepenandextendtsassstance assstclentsmplementnterventonstomprove toAfrcancountrestodevelop,mplementand sectorgovernanceandreducefinancalnefficen- montorcountry-ownedroadmapstoachevethe ces.WSP-Afrcawllalsoseektostrengthenthe WSSMDGs.Theprogramwllcontnuetosupport mpactoftslearnngexchangeactvtesnhelp- natonalroadmapprocesses,ncludngstrength- ngclentsachevempactontheground. Box 3.1: Challenges of Financing MDGs on Water and Sanitation in Africa ThewatersectorfacestwocrtcalfinancngchallengeswhleexpandngservcestoreachtheMllennum DevelopmentGoals(MDGs)onwaterandsantaton: · Theneedtofillthefinancngshortfallbetweenavalablepublc(ncludngdonor)resourcesandneeded nvestmentsfornewcaptalworksandrehabltaton--leveragngaddtonaldomestcresources. · Theneedtoensurethatresources--publcandprvate--areusedefficently,welltargeted,andresultn sustanableservceprovson. Inresponsetothechallenges,keyWSP-AfrcafinanceteamactvtesfromJanuary2005toDecember 2005were: · Budgetprocesssupport:Overtheyear,nKenya,theteambeganannnovatveengagementwth theKenyanMnstryofWaterandIrrgatonandMnstryofFnancetorevsetheprocessbywhchthe annualbudgetwasdeveloped.Thempactofthsworkwllbetohaveamoretransparentbudget processwhchsmoreeaslymontored.Lessonsfromthsworkwllbeusedtoexpandsuchsupport tootherfocuscountres. · Countryfinancngstrateges.WSPsupportedaserescountryprocessestodevelopfinancng strategesandMDGroadmaps.InKenya,Uganda(santaton),andZambatheTeambegansupport todeveloppolcyenablngwatersectorstobefinancalvable.Thsntalexperencestobeexpanded tootherfocuscountresandwlldeepenednthentalcountresbysupportngthedevelopmentof financngmechansmstooperatonalzefinancngstrateges. · Market-basedborrowngforsmallservceprovdersnKenya.WSPfacltatedthepreparatonofan approachandstrategyforleveragngdomestcmarketresourcesforwaterandsantatonbyworkng wthsmallwaterservcesprovders(nruralandper-urbanareas),governmentbodes,andlocal financalnsttutonsnKenya.Thssupporthasledtotheapprovalofaplotprojecttobefundedby theGlobalPartnershponOutputBasedAdwhchwllpartallyfundabout20smallppedsystemsn Kenyausngthennovatvefinancngstructuresdeveloped. Inaddton,aregonalanalyssofMDGrequrementsandmorespecfictoolsandapproacheswere developedandsharednvarousforasuchasmeetngswththeAfrcanDevelopmentBank,theWorld BankWaterWeek,andfortheFnanceWorkngGroupoftheEUWaterIntatve. RegonalHghlghts--EastAsaandthePacfic(WSP-EAP) | 23 EastAsaandthePacfic(WSP-EAP) Regional Office: Jakarta, Indonesia Focus Countries:Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Philippines, and Vietnam TheEastAsa-Pacficregonwthtslargepopu- · Sezngopportuntesforreformprograms latonmayholdthekeytoachevngtheglobal lnkedtobroaderprocessesofpoltcalchange MllennumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs).Itfeatures anddecentralzaton; someoftheworld'smostrapdlygrowngand · Lnkngpolcestoconcreteactonthrough robusteconomes,butdevelopmentprogressvar- strategcplannngleadngtolarge-scale eswdelyamongthecountresntheregon.There nvestments;and are480mllonpoorpeoplenEastAsawhoneed · Recognzngthatdemand-responsve togansustanedaccesstosafewatersupples approachesarevtalelementsneffectve andsantatonservces.Theregonsnvestng polcesandlocalmplementaton. massvelynnfrastructure,butthepolces,nsttu- tons,andhumanresourcesneededtoensure InallfiveWSPfocuscountrestheProgram sustanabltyandefficentuselagfarbehnd. supportedMDGstrategyworkshopsforthewater Hence,thechallengethatWSPhasjonedtspart- andsantatonsectorthatprovdedkeynputto nersandclentsnfacngsncreasngnsttutonal natonalMDGstrategesthathavesncebeende- efficencyandeffectvenessforensurngsustan- veloped.InVetnamaProfessonalWorkngGroup ablewaterandsantatonservcesforall. hasbeenestablshedtoleadfurtherwork.WSP- EAPledthepreparatonofthewatersupplyand Regional Strategy TheProgramsetoutnfiscal2005tosgnficantly expandtsresourcebasetoshftthefulcrumof ourbusnessawayfromruralandcommunty- basedsystemsandtowardnsttutonallyman- agedsystemsandabroaderbasedbusness strategyfocusedonachevngmpactsatscale. Theregonalstrategysbultaroundactvtes focusedonthreeareas:institutional and policy reformtoachevepro-poor,sustanablewater andsantatonservces;mobilizing and improv- "WSP has played a very important role in Cambodia to ing the effectiveness of investmentstoacheve improve the whole WSS sector. They help the govern- theMDGsrelatedtowatersupplyandsantaton; ment to mobilize resources including human resources, anddeveloping national and local capacitiesto financial resources and help the government to develop mplementandsustanmprovedapproachesand servces. policy guidelines related to rural water supply and sanita- tion. I think ...WSP's involvement in the sector is very im- Sector Reform portant to assist the government--to be a close partner with the government--to improve the sector and help us SectorreformcontnuestounderpntheWSP- reach the Cambodian millennium development goals in EAPregonalprogram.Supportsbultonthe the year 2015." followngprncples: · Inclusveprocessesofanalyssand --Chea Samnang, Director, Department of Rural Health conceptualzatonledbynatonalstakeholders; Care, Ministry of Rural Development, Cambodia. 24 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces santatoncomponentoftheWorldBank'sInfra- servcesthathasdentfiedtheextentofprvate structureStrategyforIndonesa,anmportantcon- sectornvolvement,aswellasopportuntesand trbutontoIndonesa'sfirstInfrastructureSummt constrantstogrowththatarebengaddressedn nJanuary2005.TheProgramalsosupportedthe thecurrentWSPbusnessplan. sectorworkfortheBank'sInfrastructureStrategyn Thelearnngprogramcarredoutunderthe thePhlppnes. AusAID-assstedWaterSupplyandSantaton InpartnershpwthAusAID,thesecondphase PerformanceEnhancementProjecthasproduced oftheWaterandSantatonPolcyandActon practcalrecommendatonsformprovngwater PlannngProject(WASPOLA)hasntatedmple- andsantatonnvestmentsandhasenhanced mentatonoftheIndonesanGovernment'sPolcy collaboratonamongthemanygovernmentde- FrameworkforCommunty-managedWaterand partmentsnvolvednthesector.Thsworkhas SantatonServces,developednthefirstphase drectlynfluencedanumberofreforms,ncludng oftheproject,throughcapactybuldngand mplementatonplannngwthasteadlyexpandng theamendmentofthemplementngrulesforthe numberoflocalgovernmentsthroughoutIndo- WaterCode,passageoftheCleanWaterActof nesa.Atthesametme,theprojectssupportng 2004,andlaunchofthePresdent'sPrortyPro- ongongreformstoncludensttutonallymanaged gramforWater. waterandsantatonservces,andmplementnga rangeoffieldtralswthlarge-scalenvestmentsto Sanitation and Hygiene scaleupmplementatonofnnovatonsrequredby AnEastAsathematcconferenceonmeetngthe thepolcy. MDGsforsantatonreaffirmedWSP'smandateto InLaoPDRandCamboda,WSPhasbulton makesantatonthefocusofmuchoftsbus- pastsectorreformwork,supportedbySda,by nessntheregon,andWSP-EAPhascontnued strengthenngthecapactyofprovncalnterme- tobuldasubstantalsantatonplatform.The darestomplementthenatonalruralwaterand Programledannter-regonalvstbyanIndo- santatonstrategy.Toolshavebeendeveloped andputnuseforsantatonandwatersupply nesandelegatontostudytheCommunty-Led nformedchoce,ncludngwatersupplyandsan- TotalSantatonprogramnSouthAsa.Thshas tatontechnologychocegudelnesnseverallo- resultednagrowngTotalSantatonprogram callanguages;andanalytcalworkonexpandng wthnlarge-scaleruralprogramsfinancedbythe prvatesectorpartcpatonnwaterandsantaton InternatonalDevelopmentAssocaton(IDA)and theAsanDevelopmentBank(ADB). AnalytcalworkwthInternatonalDevelopment Enterprsesassessngthesantatonmarketng programplotedbyIDEandDandanVetnam sleadngtoanexpansonofthsprogramn Cambodathroughacombnatonoftechncal supportforlocalservceprovdersandmarketng campagns. InthePhlppnes,theProgramleadsadvo- cacyforsustanableandlow-costsantatonand wastewatertreatmentoptons. WSP-EAPhasalsodevelopedtheIndonesa SantatonSectorDevelopmentProgram(ISSDP) thatwllbemplementedoverfouryears,begn- nngn2005,wthDutchassstance.ISSDPfurther consoldatestheProgram'sstrongfocusand capactytoassstcountresntheregontomeet thesantatonMDGs. RegonalHghlghts--EastAsaandthePacfic(WSP-EAP) | 25 Rural and Small Towns Water and Sanitation Theregonalteamhasalsoledthedesgn ofannnovatvenewruralwaterandsantaton Buldngonsoundpolcyreforms,WSP-EAP projectfordenselypopulatedruralcommunes selectvelysupportsmajornvestmentsnrural nfourprovnceswthntheRedRverDeltaof waterandsantatonwheretheseoperateatscale Vetnam.Theproject,tobesupportedbyIDA,wll andarelkelytoachevesgnficant,natonal-level developruralwaterutltesjontlyownedbylocal mpactsonrurallvelhoodsandpoverty.InIndo- governmentsandconsumers.InVetnamaswell, nesa,WASPOLAusesfieldtralswthnongong WSP-EAPsupportedplotsocalntermedaton andnewlarge-scaleprojectsfinancedbyUNICEF, studestodevelopeffectvemodaltesfordesgn- theADB,andIDAtodemonstratethempact buld-leasemanagementofdstrcttownwater ofpolcychangesandgudetheformulatonof supplesntheIDA-financedWaterSupply projectrules. DevelopmentProject. WSP-EAPsupportedthemplementaton InLaoPDRtheProgramsupervsesthe oftheSecondWaterandSantatonforLow waterandsantatoncomponentsoftheIDA- IncomeCommuntesProject,financedbyIDA financedProvncalInfrastructureProjectandthe andAusAID,whchchannelsfundsandtechn- AgrculturalDevelopmentProject.WSP-EAPalso calassstanceforwatersupply,santatonand promotesapproprateprojectrulesthroughex- hygenemprovementdrectlytomorethan3 postevaluatonofnvestmentprojects,suchas mllonpeoplensevenprovnces.Theteams nowplayngamajorrolenpreparngathrdloan thoseundertakennthePhlppnes. forIndonesathatwllfinancemplementatonofa Urban Water and Sanitation natonalcommunty-managedwaterandsanta- tonprogrambasedonlessonsfromtheearler WSP-EAPbegantostrategcallyexpand projectsthatWSP-EAPhassupported. actvtesfocusedonurbanwaterandsantaton Box 3.2: Cross-Regional WSP Collaboration Triggers Institutional Change Across Countries InDecember2004WSP-EAPtookagroupofIndonesangovernmentofficalstoBangladeshand Indaforastudytourthatwasplannedwth,andhostedby,WSP-SouthAsa.TheIndonesanteam ncludednatonalpolcymakersfromseveralmnstresanddstrctlevelwaterandsantatonproject managers.TheyvstedseveralcommuntesnbothSouthAsancountreswhchhadrapdlyacheved totalsantatoncoveragewthouttheuseofhardwaresubsdes,usnganapproachhome-grown nBangladeshbyNGOsworkngwthannternatonalconsultant,thats,theCommunty-LedTotal Santaton(CLTS)approach.TheyalsohelddscussonswthgovernmentandNGOpartnersn BangladeshandInda,toanalyzewhattheysawandtspossbleapplcatonnIndonesa--whchwould bethefirstapplcatonofCLTSnlargescalegovernmentprogramsspannngseveralprovnces. UpontherreturntoIndonesa,thestudyteammemberspresentedtherfindngsandntateddalogues nMnstresconcernedwthsantaton,leadngtoaconsensustoorgansetralsoftheCLTSapproach nalargescaleprojecttotesttsworkablty.ByAprl2005,thefirstfieldtralswerelaunchednthree dstrctsundertheWorldBank­supportedWaterandSantatonforLowIncomeCommuntes(WSLIC) project.Communtyresponsehasbeenpromsngandlocalgovernmentprojectmanagementunts havenowdecdedtoadoptCLTSastherpreferrednsttutonalapproachtosantatonpromoton, abandonngsubsdyorrevolvngcredt-basedapproachesofthepast.TheADB-fundedCommunty Water,SantatonandHealth(CWSH)projecthasvolunteeredtwomoredstrctsforthefieldtrals. Theresults,tobeevaluatedbyDecember2005,areexpectedtonformproject-andsectorwdescalng upstrategesforsubsdy-freesantatonbehavortransformaton,andcontrbutetoIndonesa'sNatonal SantatonandHygeneStrategyformulaton. 26 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces servcesn2004wthoperatonalresearchthat groups,regonalthematcconferences,and scontrbutngtothedesgnofnfrastructure supportforpartcpatonbynatonalpartnersn nvestmentprojectsandcapacty-buldng keynternatonalevents.Akeyactvtyforthe programs.Studesoftherolesandmpactof regonsmanstreamnggenderandtargetng small-scalendependentwaterservceprovders povertyntheprovsonofwaterandsantaton werecompletednthePhlppnesandntatedn servces.WSPdevelopedthenecessarytools Indonesa.TheworknthePhlppneshasledto toensurethatgenderandpovertyaretaken newtarffstructuresandarrangementsbetween ntoaccountnthedesgnandmplementaton theMetroManlaconcessonaresandsmall- ofprojects,andsprovdngtranngand scaleprovderstoenhanceservcesnpoor techncalsupportfortherusenWorldBank­ neghborhoods.Aground-breakngstudyofthe financedprojectsnIndonesa,LaoPDR,the mpactsofcorruptononwatersupplyservces Phlppnes,andVetnam.WSP-EAPmantans nAceh,Indonesawascompletedn2005as NatonalAdvsoryGroups,comprsngsector apartofglobalthematcworkthatWSPhas leadersfromabroadarrayofnsttutonsn ntated.Theresultsofthestudyarenformng thefocuscountres,toprovdeadvceand nsttutonalchangesnthesectornconnecton exchangelearnngonProgramntatves.Key wthtsunamrelefandreconstructonworkn natonalpartnersncludetheMnstresofRural theprovnce. DevelopmentandInfrastructure,Mnng,and Buldngonanalytcalworknsmalltownsand EnergynCamboda;theNatonalDevelopment urbanwaterandsantatonutltyperformance PlannngAgency,theMnstryofHealth,andthe nthePhlppnes,theProgramhasnsttuted NGOsYayasanDanDesaandBremenOverseas performancemontorngandmprovement ResearchandDevelopmentAssocatonn throughaplotprogrambenchmarkng20utltes. Indonesa;TheNatonalWaterSupplyand Italsosupportsthemprovementofwatersup- EnvronmentalHealthProgram,WaterSupply plyfranchsngandregulaton.TheSantatonby Authorty,UrbanResearchInsttute,and CommuntesProject(SANIMAS)nIndonesawas DepartmentofHousngandUrbanPlannngn completednsevenctesnEastJava.SANIMAS LaoPDR;theDepartmentofInterorandLocal useddemand-responsveapproachestoassst Government,theNatonalWaterResources low-ncomeurbanneghborhoodsmprovesanta- Board,andtheNatonalEconomcDevelopment ton,andsupportedmuncpalgovernmentswth AuthortynthePhlppnes;andtheCenterfor strategcsantatonplannng.Theplotprojecthas RuralWaterSupplyandSantaton,Internatonal beenfollowedwthsubstantallylargernvest- DevelopmentEnterprses,andtheWaterand mentsnanexpandedSANIMASProgramby SantatonAssocatonnVetnam. muncpalgovernmentswthmatchnggrantsfrom WSP-EAPrecevessupportandmanages thecentralgovernment. blateralassstancefromAustrala,Denmark,the Netherlands,andtheUntedKngdom.Regonal Partnerships operatonsaremanagedfromJakarta,Indonesa, WSPcontnuestofosterregonaland wthcountryofficesnCamboda,LaoPDR,the nternatonaldaloguesthroughnatonalworkng Phlppnes,andVetnam. RegonalHghlghts--EastAsaandthePacfic(WSP-EAP) | 27 Box 3.3: Selected Activities in East Asia Pacific (EAP) Cambodia · Advsorysupportformplementatonofwaterandsantatonpolcyframeworkandstrategy. · Partcpatoryassessmentskllstranngforfacltators. · NatonalworkshoptodevelopstrategestoachevetheMDGsforwatersupplyandsantaton.Indonesa · TheSecondWaterSupplyandSantatonPolcyandActonPlannngProjectsupported(a)mplementatonof NatonalPolcyonCommunty-basedWaterSupplyandEnvronmentalSantatonnsevenprovnces;(b)advsory supportfordevelopnganatonalpolcyframeworkfornsttutonally-managedwatersupplyandenvronmental santaton;(c)tranngoffieldteamsandorentatonforpolcymakersnpartcpatoryassessmentmethods; (d)nter-regonalknowledgetransferonCommunty-LedTotalSantaton;and(e)natonalworkshopsonpolcy mplementaton. · CompletonofSantatonbyCommuntes(SANIMAS)Project,nternatonalsantatonworkshopnBal,andlaunch ofexpandedSANIMASprogrambyGovernmentofIndonesa. · Developmentanddssemnatonofcommuncatonsproductsthroughvarouschannels,ncludngmassmeda. · ManagementoftheIDA-financedSecondWaterandSantatonforLowIncomeCommuntesProject(WSLIC2). · TechncalsupportforWorldBankprojectsnIndonesa,ncludngIntatvesforLocalGovernanceReformProject (ILGRP);SupportforConflctRddenAreasProject(SCRAP);KecamatanDevelopmentProject(KDP). · WaterandSantatonDscussonForum. · PPIAF-financedoperatonalresearch:Rolesofsmall-scalewaterservceprovdersnIndonesanctes. · NatonalworkshoponMDGstrategesforwatersupplyandsantaton. · PreparatonofthewatersupplyandsantatoncomponentoftheWorldBank'sInfrastructureStrategyfor Indonesa. The Philippines · TheWaterSupplyandSantatonPerformanceEnhancementprojectsupportforwatersupplypolcyreforms throughcommuncatonsanddssemnatonofWPEPoutputs. · SupportforNatonalWaterandSantatonConference,leadngtoestablshmentofthePresdent'sProgram forWater. · PerformancemprovementandbenchmarkngofsmalltownsutltesnthePhlppnes. · Developmentofasantatonsourcebookanddecsonad. · NatonalworkshoponMDGstrategesforwatersupplyandsantaton. Lao PDR · Prvatesectormappngstudyforthewaterandsantatonsector,ncludng(a)studyofprvatesectorpartcpaton nWSS;(b)SectorForumonprvatesectorstuatonforWSS;and(c)prvatesectormappngdatabase(Support- ngUrbanResearchInsttute{URI},MnstryofCommuncaton,Transport,PostandConstructon{MCTPC}). · SectorConsultatonon`ActonstoScale-uptheNatonalPovertyEradcatonProgramme(NPEP)forWaterSupply andSantaton'(SupportngCommtteeforPlannngandInvestment{CPI}). · Studyon`ImplementatonofNatonalWaterTarffPolcyandDevelopmentofWSSManagementModels',andthe comprehensveStudyReporton`BuldngConsensus'ncludngreports,vdeos,webste,andmaps(Supportng WASA;fundedbyPPIAF). · 30thWEDCInternatonalConference(SupportngDepartmentofHousngandUrbanPlannng{DHUP},MCTPC, andLocalOrganzngCommttee). Vietnam · EstablshmentofawatersupplyandsantatonProfessonalWorkngGroup. · PreparatonofRedRverDeltaRuralWaterSupplyandSantatonProject(IDA-funded). · PlotsocalntermedatonstudesundertheIDA-financedWaterSupplyDevelopmentProject. · NatonalworkshoponMDGstrategesforwatersupplyandsantaton. Regional · RegonalthematcconferenceonachevngthesantatonMDGs. · Santatonmarketngstudy. 28 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces LatnAmercaandtheCarbbean(WSP-LAC) Regional Office: Lima, Peru Focus Countries: Bolivia, Peru, Nicaragua, and Honduras Regional Strategy About220mllonpeoplelvenpovertynLatn Amercaandtheresstllalongwaytoreachthe MDGsnasustanableway.Tomeetthetargetn waterandsantaton,approxmately123mllon addtonalpeoplenurbanareasand23mllon addtonalpeoplenruralareaswllrequreac- cesstowatersupply.Forsantaton,131mllon addtonalurbandwellersand32mllonrural nhabtantswllneedaccesstoservces.Wthn thscontext,WSPnLatnAmercasorentngts What Our Clients Say effortstoprovdesupporttothepoorestcountres nCentralAmercaandntheAndeanRegonn "In my role representing the community of Nueva ntegratngMDGsngovernmentstrategesand Cajamarca, I thank the support of the Water and definngMDGsroadmaps.Tocomplementthese Sanitation Program administered by the World efforts,WSP'sregonalstrategyhasfocusedon Bank and the Canadian International Development supportngsectorreformsanddecentralzaton processes,ncludngefficentandsocallyac- Agency, in helping us to reach an autonomous ceptedandgendersenstvemanagementmodels management model for our water and sanitation andfinancngmechansmsatthelowestlevels, systems. The private-public-social partnership managngknowledgetoenhancesectorlearnng, approach of the Small Town Pilot Project will allow andfomentngpublc-prvatepartnershpstobuld the auto-sustainability of the services, without synerges,suchasthehandwashngntatveto political interference, with gender equity along all reducechldmortaltynPeru. the process." Sector Reform --James A. Carranza Rivera, Mayor of Nueva Cajamarca, Peru. Thelong-awatedprocessofdecentralzaton becamearealtynvarouscountresofLatn "For its importance as a development agency, for Amerca,partcularlynthreeofWSP'sfocus countres:Honduras,Ncaragua,andPeru.Local the quality of its work, for its capacity to touch andregonalgovernmentshavenowncreasedre- public and private instances at all levels in various sponsbltynthedelveryofsustanablewaterand countries of the Andean Region, Central America santatonservces.Tohelpcentralgovernment and from other continents, WSP is a crucial actor in andmuncpaltesnHondurasandNcaraguaun- the development of the water and sanitation sector. derstandthemplcatonofdecentralzeddelvery Its vision of the sector and the way it faces chal- ofWSSS,WSPdocumentedlessonslearnedfrom lenges allows WSP to promote structural reforms, severalntatvesnbothcountresanddssem- implement sustainable policies and propose strate- natedtheexperencedevelopedbythePROPILAS gies that guarantee investments for low-income plotprojectmplementedntheNorthernAndesof Peru.Currently,theNcaraguanSocalFund,FISE, rural and urban zones." sntheprocessofmplementngaUS$42mllon --Gilbert Bieler, Sector Advisor, Aguasan/SDC. ruralwaterandsantatonprogram,transferrng RegonalHghlghts--LatnAmercaandthePacfic(WSP-LAC) | 29 fundstomuncpaltesandcommuntes,provd- Sanitation and Hygiene nglocalgovernmentsandcommuntesakey Thepublc-prvatepartnershpforpromotng rolenthedesgn,mplementaton,andfinancng handwashngwthsoapnPeruhadsgnficant ofruralwaterandsantatonsystems,wherethe achevements.Thehandwashngbehavoralstudy PROPILASexperencehelpedFISEstrengthents wasconcludedandafterpersstentfundrasng techncalassstancemodeltomuncpaltesand efforts,finallyaUS$891,000grantfromtheJapa- communtes. neseSocalDevelopmentFund(JSDF)wllfinance InHonduras,WSPcarredoutanassess- thenterpersonalcommuncatonscampagn mentonmanstreamnggenderntoWSSprojects addressedtomothers,caretakers,andchldren andastudyonthestatusofbascsantaton under12yearsofageforadoptngapproprate servcesnruralcommuntesandurbanpoor practceofhandwashngandreducngchldren zonesnpartnershpwththeWaterandSantaton darrhea.Theultmategoalofthsthree-yeareffort NetworkofHonduras(RAS-HON).Theassess- nPerustonculcatethehabtofhandwashng ments--whchareanntegralpartofWSP's amongmothersandchldren,andreducedar- supporttosectorreformnHonduras--wlldentfy rheancdenceby20percentnchldrenbelow developmentneedsntheseareasandmake fiveyears.Themassmedacomponentsfocused recommendatonstotheHonduransectorau- onnatonwderado(80percent).Thenterper- thortes.ADanshandJapaneseConsultantTrust sonalcommuncatoncomponentncludesover Fundsfinancedtheevaluatonwork. 60"TranngofTraners"workshopsandaSchool InPeru,effortstosupportsectorreform Programtobemplementedneghtregons.The followedthesamedrecton.Inlghtofthenew dssemnatonstrategysusngthensttutonal poltcalorganzatonofthecountry,thewater channelsofprvatepartners,suchasprvatefirms' andsantatonsectorlegalframeworkhadto saleforcesdstrbutnghandoutsandmessages beadaptednordertoncludemechansmsto totargetaudences;TVadvertsementsarebeng strengthenregonalandlocalgovernments.The aredatbankagencyestablshmentsnatonwde; MnstryofHousng,ConstructonandSantaton andconcernngprntedmeda,HWadvertse- ncludednthebylawsoftheGeneralWaterand mentsarencludednutltybllsandlocalnews- SantatonLawaspecalsectonthatncorporates papers. thebascnsttutonalarrangementandconcepts Infiscal2005,Hondurasstartedanassess- oftheSmallTownPlotProjectthatsbengmple- mentonthestatusofbascsantatonservces mentedwthtechncalassstanceofWSPand nruralcommuntesandurbanpoorzonesn financalsupportofCIDA.Amongothers,thefol- partnershpwththeWaterandSantatonNet- lowngaspectsofservcedelverynsmalltowns workofHonduras(RAS-HON).Theevaluatonwll wereadded:nclusonoflocalsmallscaleprovd- dentfydevelopmentneedsntheseareasand ers,muncpalcontractqualty-tarffregulaton, makerecommendatonstotheHonduransector communtyoversghtoftheservcequalty,and authortes.Theevaluatonformsanntegralpart fullcostrecoverngtarffs,whchwllnfluencethe ofWSP'ssupporttosectorreformnHonduras. WSSservcedelverynaround650smalltowns AJapaneseConsultantTrustFundfinancesthe thatcoverover4.1mllonnhabtantsnPeru. evaluatonwork. Addtonally,WSPsupportedthesectorauthorty ntheanalyssofthelegalframeworkproposng Rural Water and Small Towns mprovementsontheregulatonsoftheWaterand 2005wasachallengngyearfortheruralwa- SantatonGeneralLaw.Achapterdedcatedto tersub-sectornPeru.Commttedtoallevate alternatvetechnologes,especallythe"condo- extremepovertyandbrngsolutonstotheWSS mnal"approach,wasncludedntheregulatons crss,thegovernmentdemandedsupportfrom relatedtotheconstructonofwaterandsantaton WSPfortacklngnewssuesassocatedwththe nfrastructure. watersupplyandsantatonprovsontonatve 30 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces populatonandcommuntesntheAmazonan edbyWSPandthasbeenreplcatedonamajor jungle.Intaleffortswereorentedtoundertakng scalethroughthePRONASAR. arapdassessmentofthewaterandsantaton Wthregardtosmalltowns,theSmallTown servcesnthelowAmazonanRegon,whch PlotProjectnPeru(STPP)hasbeenthemost hasbeensocalzedamongthesector.Almost relevantactvtynthsnterventonarea.TheSTPP 60percentofthePeruvanterrtorybelongsto seekstodevelopsustanableWSSmanagement theAmazon;however,tsscarcelynhabtedby applynganewmodelbasedonaprocessthat only11percentofthetotalpopulaton.InAma- embracescommuntycommtmentandstrength- zonanruralareas,waterandsantatoncoverage enngofsectorcapactytodevelopnatonalpol- reachesbarely10percent.Awareofthsproblem- cesandstrategestoscaleupanewapproach atcandthankstoaJapaneseTrustfund,WSP forservceadmnstraton.ByJune2005theSTPP carredout--togetherwththesectorauthorty concludedtheprogresstowardsthechangeof andnpartnershpwththeCommuntyofAndean themanagementmodelnthennesmalltowns Natons--amoren-depthstudyandstrategyto undernterventon.Addtonally,WSPvaldated revertthscrtcalstuatonnAmazonansmall andsocalzedastrategyandmethodologyto townsandruralareasbelongngtotheAndean manstreamgenderntoWSSprojectsnsmall countres. townsthatncludeachangentheservceadmn- Addtonally,WSPcontnuedaccompanyng stratonwthastrongpartcpatonofcvlsocety. thePROPILASplotprojectexecutedbyCARE (FormoredetalsontheSTPP,seeBox3.4.) wthfinancalsupportfromSDC.PROPILAS'thrd InBolva,WSPundertook--ncoordnaton phasewasdedcatedtothetranngandaccred- wththeVceMnstryofBascServces--astudy tatonofprofessonalsnpartcpatoryapproaches onservcemanagementmodelsncludngprvate toreachsustanableruralwaterandsantaton sectorpartcpatonnsmalltowns.Addtonally,n servces.Asaresultofthsntatve,152techn- Ecuador,WSPcarredoutasustanabltystudy cansandprofessonalsweretranedbasedona onruralwaterandsantatonsystemsn94com- holstcapproachforwaterandsantatonservce muntes,ncludngthedocumentatonoffivecase provsonntegratngnfrastructuressuestogether studes.Bothstudesservedaspontsofdepar- wthservcemanagementandsocalcomponents. tureforthedevelopmentofprojectsandsector Theexperencewasdocumentedanddssemnat- polces. RegonalHghlghts--LatnAmercaandthePacfic(WSP-LAC) | 31 Urban Water InCentralAmerca,WSPwasnvtedto EffortsnPeruwereorentedtopromotecon- partcpaten,andcontrbuteto,theactvtesof domnaltechnologynclosecoordnatonwtha therecentlyestablshedCentralAmercanand servcecoverageexpansonprojectledbyLma's DomncanRepublcWaterandSantatonForum waterutlty,SEDAPAL,andfinancedbytheWorld (FOCARD-APS).Duetotsregonalandnter- Bank.Duetothelowcostandsocalacceptance governmentalcharacter,FOCARD-APShasthe ofthstechnology,SEDAPALapprovedthenorm leveragetomakeapostvempactnallofCentral whchallowsthedesgnofwatersupplyandsan- Amerca,mostnotablynspeedngupsector tatonprojectsbasedoncondomnalsystems. modernzatonanddecentralzatonofservces. Thssastepforwardnenablngpoorfamles lvngnper-urbanareastoaccessqualtywater New Directions andsantatonservces. Wthregardtostaffing,WSP-LACexperenceda changentsmanagement.AnewRegonalTeam Partnerships LeaderwasappontedtogetherwthaRegonal PartnershpsremanedthebackboneofWSP TeamAssstant,tooverhaulWSP'sregonal actvtesntheRegon.Strategcallanceswere strategyandmpactnLatnAmerca.ThePeru crucalforpromotngnon-conventonaltechnolo- CountryCoordnatorandSenorWaterandSan- gesforsmalltowns.InassocatonwththePan- tatonSpecalstmovedfromLmatoTegucgalpa AmercanCenterforSantaryEngneerngand toconsoldatethepresenceofWSPnCentral EnvronmentalScences,WSPlaunchednPeru Amerca,andanewCountryCoordnatornPeru annternatonalworkshoptodscusslow-cost wasassgnedtostrengthennterventonsnths alternatvesforwaterandsantatonsystems. country. 32 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces Box 3.4: Toward Local Capacity Building and Community Empowerment for a Sustainable Basic Service Provision in Small Towns TheSmallTownPlotProjectnPerusajontntatveoftheVceMnstryofConstructonandSantaton,WSPand theCanadanInternatonalDevelopmentAgency.BytestngnnovatveWSSmanagementmodels,theprojectamsto mprovewaterandsantatonservcesformorethan145,000peoplen9smalltownswthpopulatonsrangngfrom 2,000to30,000nhabtants.ThelessonslearnedareservngtheNatonalProgramforRuralWaterandSantaton, PRONASAR,whchncludesasmalltowncomponenttargetngover100,000addtonalsmalltowndwellersof27 muncpaltes. TheWSSmanagementmodeldesgnstageconcludedbyproposngamodelbasedonlocalspecalzedoperators, communtyoversght,partcpatorydetermnatonofqualty-tarff,andmuncpalregulatonoftheWSSlocalservces. Theprocessofchangewasledbythemuncpaltywthapartcpatoryapproachempowerngthecommuntysothat people,dulynformed,couldconsenttothechangeofWSSmanagementmodelandthequalty-tarfflevelsthatthe muncpaltywouldregulate. TheSmallTownPlotProject(STPP)consstsofafive-stagenterventonprocess:senstzatonandnformaton; promotonandempowerment;mplementatonandcapactybuldng;followupandrenforcementoflocalcapactes; andmpactevaluaton. Thefirststageconcludedwthasurveytodetermnethedegreeofunderstandngoftheprojectandtheacceptance thad.Durng2005,thesecondstagewascompletedandthethrdstagestartednallthelocaltes.Theproject mplementngconsultantsperformedthetechncalandsocalassessments,proposedWSSservcesdevelopment plansncludngqualty-tarffoptons,determnedwthcommuntyauthortesandleaderstheWSSmanagementmodel forcommuntyconsultaton,nformedthecommuntyaboutadvantagesanddsadvantagesoftheproposedmodel andsupportedtheCommuncatonCommtteenaneghborhoodbyneghborhoodconsultaton.Nneconsultaton processestookplace,wthmorethan200neghborhoodassemblesand5,000famlesexpressngnformedopnons. TheyallagreedtochangeWSSmanagementmodelntherlocaltyandconsentedonthequalty-tarffproposed. Themplementatonandcapactybuldngstageson-gonghavngmuncpaltesapprovedthefourbascordnances (tarffs,WSSservcedelvery,communtysupervson,andclamsattenton),communtysupervsonboardswere created,andlocalspecalzedoperatorsselectedfollowngatransparentprocesswthcvlsocety'spartcpatonnthe decsonmakng. Aspartoftshygeneeducatoncomponent,theSTPPorganzedadrawngcontestaddressedtochldrennorderto promotehealthypractcesandbehavornschools.Throughacreatvemethodology,awarenesswascreatedabout themportanceoftheproperuseofthewaterresources.Thebestdrawngswereawardednaspecalceremony dedcatedtocelebratetheInter-AmercanWaterDay(October1). TheSTPPsathree-yearnterventonthatsvaldatngalternatvemanagementmodelstoenhancethequaltyand sustanabltyofwatersupplyandsantatonservces,havngasstrategcsupportthecommuntypartcpaton,gender equtyapproach,healthandhygeneprograms,andlowcostalternatvetechnologesusage. RegonalHghlghts--LatnAmercaandthePacfic(WSP-LAC) | 33 Box 3.5: Selected Activities in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Urban Water and Sanitation · WorkshopsandfieldvststopromotecondomnaltechnologyncoordnatonwthSEDAPALprojectnPeru. · TechncalnormsapprovedbySEDAPALtoapplycondomnalmodelforservcecoverageexpanson. · AssessmentonhygenepractcesandperceptonofpotentalbeneficaresofSEDAPALproject--publcatonand dssemnaton. · LessonsdocumentedontheoperatonandmanagementofautonomousdrnkngwatersystemsnLma'sper-urbanareas. · Workshoponwastewatermanagementandcondomnalseweragesystemco-financedbySDCandUSAIDnHonduras. Rural Water and Sanitation · TechncalassstancetothedesgnofaSectorInformatonSystemnPeruandsupporttothemplementatonofplot ntatvesnruralareas. · AssessmentonWaterandSantatonservcesntheAmazonanRegonnPeru. · TechncalassstancetotheSDC-financedPROPILASProjectnthedocumentatonoftssecondphase,EPILAS,and transferofknowledgetoCentralAmerca. · TechncalassstancetoSectorAuthortesnHondurasandNcaraguanthencorporatonoflessonslearnedandbest practcesfromthePROPILASprojectntotherprogramsandnterventonmodels. · TechncalassstancetotheHonduransectorplannngenttyCONASAntheregulatonofthewaterandsantatonservces andreorganzatonofthesector. · Supporttothelocalwaterandsantatonnetwork,RAS-HON,npreparnganoperatonalgudeforthedesgnand mplementatonofruralwatersupplyandsantatonservces. · Post-projectsustanabltystudesnBolvaandEcuador. · TechncalassstancetotheHonduranSocalInvestmentFundnthemplementatonoftsRuralWaterSupplyandSantaton PlotProgram. · TechncalassstancetotheNcaraguanSocalInvestmentFundnthedesgnoftsRuralWaterSupplyandSantaton Program,ncoordnatonwththeWorldBank. · TechncalassstancetotheGovernmentofHondurasnthedesgnoftsRuralInfrastructureProject,ncoordnatonwththe WorldBank. Small Towns · TechncalassstanceprovdednthemplementatonoftheSmallTownPlotProjectnPeru. · InternatonalSymposumonAlternatveTechnologesforWaterandSantatonServcesnSmallTownsheldnPeru. · StudytrptoColombaandParaguayforPeruvanSectorAuthortesandMayorspartcpatngntheSTPP. · StudyVsttoEcuadorwthaPeruvangovernmentalofficalforknowledgeexchangeonalternatveservcemanagement modelsforsmalltowns. · IncoordnatonwththeBascServcesVceMnstrynBolva,NatonalWorkshopnSantaCruztodscussandshare experencesonmanagementofWSSnsmalltowns. · StudyonservcemanagementmodelswthprvatesectorpartcpatonnsmalltownsnBolva. · ValdatedandsocalzedwthsectorauthortynPerustrategyandmethodologytomanstreamgendernWSSprojectsn smalltownsmplyngchangeoftheservcemanagementmodel. Cross Sector and Network · IncoordnatonwthSDCandtheNcaraguannatonalCommssonforDrnkngwaterandSewerage,launchedWorkshop onSectorWdeApproach,conceptualframework,casestudesandthedevelopmentofroadmapsfortsapplcatonn Ncaragua. · InpartnershpwthSDC,Lma'swaterutltyandthePeruvanSectorAuthortylaunchedWorkshopSantatonasaBusness establshngsteerngcommttee"Santatonforall"forfieldactons. · SupporttotheSectorNetworksnEcuadorandPerunpreparnganddssemnatngtheSectorNewsletterAguaYakuand AguaBulletn. · InpartnershpwththeGenderandWaterAllance,documentedInternatonalWorkshoponBuldngacommonapproachto promotegenderequtynthentegratedwaterresourcesmanagementnLatnAmercaheldnLaPaz,Bolva. · FrstPhaseoftheHandwashngCampagndeployednPerubasedonconsoldatedprvate-publcpartnershp.Supportto localwaterandsantatonnetworksnHondurasandNcaraguanthedesgnandmplementatonoftherbusnessplansfor sectordevelopment. 34 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces SouthAsa(WSP-SA) Regional Office: New Delhi, India Focus Countries: Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan Sector Reform WSP-SA'ssectorreformagendasdesgnedto supportgovernmentsnmakngservcesworkfor thepoor;tadvocatesforpropertargetngofn- vestmentsandsubsdesbyncreasngawareness acrosstheregonthatlmtedbudgetaryresources shouldnolongerbeusedtosubsdzebelow costrecoverytarffsformddleandupperncome households,nefficentoperatonsofwatersupply andsantatonservceprovdersandnvestment programsthatrenforceafocusonassetcreaton ratherthanprovsonofqualtyservce.WSP-SA hascarredoutstudesandassessmentswhch clearlyshowtheeffectsofpoortargetngofnvest- mentsandsubsdes--deteroratonncoverage andservcelevels,lackofsustanabltyofnew nvestments,faluretokeepupwthpopulaton growthandtherapdpaceofurbanzaton--wth theburdenfallngdsproportonatelyonpoor people.1 Todemonstratemoresustanableapproaches, WSP-SAorganzedworkshopsandstudytours forpartcpantsfromacrosstheregontoexpose SouthAsanpolcymakersandutltymanagers tonternatonalandlocalbestpractcesnwater andsantatonutltyreformanddesgnoffiscal nstrumentstosupportbroadersectorreform. Thsadvocacysparkeddemandforsupport What Our Clients Say todesgnthereform.WSP-SAworkedwth "Workshops and seminars organized by WSP-SA governmentsandservceprovderstodevelop provide excellent learning opportunities. I make it a nsttutonalapproachesthatwllmproveservce tothepoorbystrengthenngaccountabltyto point to try to attend all such WSP-SA events." ctzens,ncludngutltybenchmarkngforurban --Col. (Retd.) Muhammad Shahbaz, Director General, Local Government Department, Punjab "Our interactions with WSP-SA invariably help in generating new concepts for bringing 1. WSP-SA'sstateandctylevelassessmentsofurbanandruralwatersupply andsantatonshowthatncreasednvestmentoverthepastfourFveYear improvements in existing systems." Planshaveresultednanncreasenaccesstonfrastructure,buthavefaled tomproverelabltyorqualtyofservce.Infact,householdconnectonsto --A. A. Sabzwari, Managing Director, Water and urbanwatersupplyandseweragenetworkshavencreasedonlyslghtly, whlewaterqualtyandrelabltyandhavedeteroratednctesandrural Sanitation Agency, Rawalpindi. communtes. RegonalHghlghts--SouthAsa(WSP-SA) | 35 watersupplyandsantaton,desgnandplot tonsasareformtool,supportngtheStatesof mplementatonofamontorngandevaluaton KarnatakaandDelhndevelopngstrategesfor systemforruralwatersupplyandsantaton,and communcaton. establshnganetworkofcommuntysupport organzatonstofacltateexchangeofexperence Rural Sanitation onVoceandClentPower. Theregonsexperencngaparadgmshftnrural WorkngwththeMnstryofUrbanDevelop- santatonthatsontracktoenableachevement mentnInda,WSP-SAhassupportedthedesgn oftheMDGsaheadofschedulenBangladesh offiscalnstrumentstoncentvzeurbanreforms, andInda.Durngfiscal2005sgnficantstrdes whchwllputpressureonctesandtherutltes weremadenpromotngtheapproachofreward- tomproveservcedelverybyrequrngpartcpa- ngvllagesanddstrctsforachevementof"open torycomprehensvedevelopmentplannng,pro- defecaton-free"(ODF)statusandmovementup vdngforunversalaccess,regulaton,mproved thesantatonladder.BangladeshandIndaboth accountabltytocustomers,andcostrecovery. adoptednatonalprogramstopromoteTotal ThoughtheCtesChallengeFundddnottakeoff SantatonbyrewardngvllagesachevngODF nInda,theconceptshavebeenncorporatednto status.InBangladesh,wheretheCommuntyLed desgnofamorecomprehensveurbanncen- TotalSantaton(CLTS)approachwasfirstploted, tvefund,theJawaharlalNehruNatonalUrban therateofncreasensantatoncoveragehas RenewalMsson(JNNURM),whchsexpectedto acceleratedfrom1%peryearto10%peryearas channelbetween$1and2bllonperyeartore- aresultofadoptonbythenatonalgovernmentof formngctesfornfrastructure.Acrosstheregon, astrategytoawardlocalgovernmentsformeetng WSP-SAhascontnuedtosupportthemoveto- santatonoutcomesandallocatonof20%ofthe wardfiscalreformstoncentvzedecentralzaton sub-dstrctdevelopmentbudgetforsantaton. andmprovedsustanabltyofruralwatersupply InInda,thenatonalfiscalncentvescheme, andsantatonnterventons. Nirmal Gram Puruskarrewarded770vllagesn Tosupportgovernmentsganacceptancefor 2005forachevngODFstatusn2005,upfrom reformandncreaseunderstandngofstakehold- only32vllagesn2004.Thsfiscalnstrument ers,WSP-SAntroducedstrategccommunca- supportsthecentrallysponsoredscheme,Total Figure 3.1: Sanitation Coverage in Bangladesh households covered (%) 100 required Bangladesh trend 80 60 40 required MDG trend 20 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 year 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, UNICEF, National Sanitation Secreariat. Prepared by Shafiul Azam Ahmed, WSP Bangladesh. 36 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces Figure 3.2: Growth in Open Defecation Free Gram Panchayats number of ODF GPS 1500 1146 1000 515 500 2 13 39 0 sep-03 sep-04 sep-05 date The size of gram panchayats varies in Maharashtra. Each ODF gram panchayat comprises of 200 households approximately. Sanitation Campaign,desgnedfordemandcre- Rural Water Supply aton.In2005,WSPcontnuedtosupportrollout Forruralwatersupplyandsantatonacrossthe ofthestate-levelprogramnMaharashtra,whch regon,WSP-SAsupportedgovernmentstoshft complementsthenatonalprogramandfacl- froma`plotsandprojects'approachtonatonal tatedanumberofexposurevstsbyotherstates. andstate-wdeprogramsthatallowforscaleup. AsaresultHmachalPradeshlaunchedtsown InInda,WSP-SAsupportedthenatonalgov- programwthWSP-SAsupport.Fouraddtonal ernmentnthedesgnandmplementatonofts stateshaverequestedassstancefromWSP-SA newframework,whchwllprovdencentvesfor tomplementsmlarapproachesandarenthe adoptngmoresustanableapproachestosector ntalstagesofplannng.WSP-SAhasproduced development,ncludngcommuntypartcpaton filmsontheBangladeshandIndaapproaches, anddecentralzedmplementaton.Itsexpected whchareusednadvocatngforadoptonofthe thatover$1bllonperyearofnatonalandstate approachtogntngcollectvebehavorchange fundswllbechannelledtofinancemplementa- andrewardngoutcomes.Delegatonsfrom tonofstate-wdesectortransformatonplansto Indonesa,NepalandPakstanhavealsovsted ncreaseaccesstosustanablewatersupplyand BangladeshandIndatolearnfromtherexper- santaton.WSP-SAandUNICEFaresupport- encewthCLTSandsmlarntatvesarebeng ngthefirststepntheprocess--assessmentsn plotednthosecountres. 22states--whchwlllaythegroundworkforthe BytheendofDecember2005,Maharash- developmentofsectortransformatonplans.In trahadaround1146opendefecatonfreegram 2005,WSP-SAprovdednputtodesgnofWorld panchayats.Theszeofgrampanchayatsvares Bank-fundedRuralWaterSupplyandSantaton nMaharashtra.EachODFgrampanchayatcom- (RWSS)SectorWdeApproachprojectsandrules prsesof200householdsapproxmately. ofengagements.DfIDhasalsoexpressednterest ToevaluatethempactsofTotalSantaton nsupportngRWSSstateprogramsthroughsec- approachesandlessonslearnngfromtheexper- tor-wdeapproaches.In2005,Inda'sRajvGhand encetoday,WSP-SAsundertakngamajor NatonalDrnkngWaterMssoncontractedalocal learnngexercseofmeasurnghealtheffectswth ITfirmtodevelopasector-wdemontorngand totalsantatonthroughrandomzedevaluatonn evaluatonsystem,basedondesgnparameters BangladeshandInda. desgnedandplotednfourstatesbyWSP-SA RegonalHghlghts--SouthAsa(WSP-SA) | 37 nprevousyears.ThestateofMaharashtrahas lowngtheearthquake,WSP-SAsupportedthe requestedsupportwthmplementatonofanex- jontADB-WorldBankdamageassessmentand pandedM&EsystemfortsdecentralzedRWSS provdednputtodesgnofanearthquakerelef program. andrecoverysupportproject. InBangladesh,WSP-SAsworkngclosely wththeWorldBankandotherdonorstomprove Urban Water Supply and Sanitation thewayprojectsaredesgnedandmplemented. WSP-SAhassupportedlaunchandmplemen- Followngthesuccessfuladvocacycampagnsof tatonoftheWorldBank'sBangladeshWater prevousyearsforcontnuouswatersupply(24x7), SupplyProgramProject,whchdrawslessons forntegratedsantatonplannngandforunver- fromtheearlerArsencMtgatonplotprojectas salaccess,n2003­04WSP-SAwasrequested wellasthestudy,"WllngnesstoPayforArsenc- toengageattheutltyleveltosupportdesgnof FreeSafeDrnkngWaternRuralBangladesh." nsttutonalreformswhchwouldenableacheve- Theprojectntroducesamoreprogrammatc mentofthesegoals.Durng2005WSP-SA's approachtomprovngruralwatersupplywth supporttodesgnofnsttutonalreformsforGoa, sgnficantpartcpatonofNGOsorsmall-scale DelhandBangalorecontnuedandncluded: servceprovders.WSP-SAcontnuedtosup- · InGoa--stuatonassessments,supportto portdssemnatonofthereportjontlyprepared evaluatonofnsttutonaloptonsforreform, wththeWorldBankonOperatonalResponseto astakeholderconsultatonworkshop,draft ArsencMtgatontoaNatonalForumandLocal santatonstrategy,techncaladvceondesgn ConsultatveGroupmeetngsnDecember.In ofmontorngsystemsandmprovementsto addton,WSP-SAsupportedanalytcalworkof customerservcesystems. theWorldBankbysupportngpreparatonand consultatonsaroundtheBangladeshCountry WaterResourcesAssstanceStrategy(December 2005)andconductnganassessmentoftheef- ficencyandeffectvenessofspendngnthewater andsantatonsectorasthebassforachapter onWSSntheWorldBank'sPublcExpendture Revew(tobessuedn2006). InPakstan,WSP-SAcontnuedtosupport mplementatonofCommuntyInfrastructure ProjectsnNorthwestFronter(NWFP)andAzad JammuandKashmr(AJK)Provncestoalgn communtynfrastructurenvestmentswththe newdevolvedservcedelveryframeworkandto buldthecapactyoflocalgovernments.Dur- ng2005WSP-SAconductedanassessment ofcapactybuldngnterventonsandneedsn NWFPasthebassfordesgnoffutureassstance totheprovnce.Inaddton,WSP-SAcontnued tosupporttheNatonalReconstructonBureau wthpreparatonofaseresofmanualsdesgned tosupportlocalgovernmentswthplannngand managementtomprovelocalservcedelvery. AllactvtesnPakstanweredsruptedbythe devastatngearthquakethatstrucknorthernareas ofPakstannOctober2005.Immedatelyfol- 38 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces · InDelh--ademandassessment,support nvolvement.Asaresult,thegovernmentwth- fordevelopmentofnternalandexternal drewtsapplcatonforaWorldBankloanand communcatonsstrategesandfor appontedapanelofIndanexpertstorevewthe consultatonsaroundtheproposedreform recommendatons.Delhsnotlkelytomplement (managementcontracttoplotcontnuous themanagementcontractsforcontnuouswater watersupplyntwozonesnDelh),support supplyntwoplotzones,butmaywelloptn- fordesgnofapro-poorstrategyand steadfornsttutonalreformsdesgnedtomprove mplementatonplan,supportfordevelopment accountabltyandncentvestructureswthnthe ofaroll-outstrategy. exstngpublcsectornsttuton.Inthscontext, · InGreaterBangalore--techncalstudes,a manyoftherecommendatonstomproveservce demandassessment,desgnofaconsultaton tothepoorcouldbemplemented,aswellasthe processforcommuntypartcpaton,alln recommendednternalandexternalcommunca- conjunctonwthevaluatonofprvatesector tonsstrateges. partcpatonoptonsbyIFCAdvsoryServces. InGreaterBangalore,firstbureaucratc Byyear-endallthreereformntatvesstalled transfersandlaterachangeofgovernmenthave duetopoltcalandbureaucratcshfts.InGoa delayedadecsonbythegovernmentonthe thestatehasonlyrecentlyelectedagovernment prvatesectoroptonsproposedbyIFC,aswellas followngaperodofPresdentalRule.Therehave mplementatonoftheconsultatonprocesswhch beenanumberofbureaucratctransfers,ncludng hadbeendesgned.TheStateGovernmenthad theextfromkeypostonsofthosewhohadbeen draftedapro-poorpolcy,buthasnotyetdssem- champonsforreformnwatersupplyandsanta- natedtorconsultedwthstakeholdersaroundt. ton.Thenewgovernmentunderstandablywshes ThenformatonvacuumhasbeenfilledbyCvl totaketstmetoevaluatetheproposedreforms. SocetyOrganzatonsthathavemoblzedtoop- InDelh,despteaseresofconsultatons poseprvatesectorpartcpatonnwater. aroundthereformswthresdentwelfareassoca- OneofthemajorobjectonsvocedbyCSOs tons,NGOsandthemeda,astrongopposton nDelhandBangalorehasbeenthelackoftrans- wasmountedtoprvatesectorpartcpatonn parencyandconsultatonthroughouttheprocess anyformnthewatersectorandtoWorldBank ofconsderatonofreforms.Theclearlessonfrom RegonalHghlghts--SouthAsa(WSP-SA) | 39 theseexperencesstheneedtobuldastrong andwellrespectedNGOstodesgnandmple- broad-basedunderstandngofsectorssuesand mentaprogramtomproveservcetothepoor reformoptonsandtoconsultwthstakehold- andtomapthesewerageanddranagesystems ersarounddesgnofreforms--notwatnguntl throughoutthecty.Theparteshavebeenslower decsonshavebeenmadetothentrytocon- tontategovernanceandnsttutonalreforms. vncethemthattheyaretherghtones.WSP-SA Acrosstheregon,WSP-SAhasreacheda proposestoworkwthclentsnallthreelocaltes numberofotherutltesthroughtsbenchmarkng todssemnatefindngsoftechncalanddemand projectdesgnedtoprovdenformatononcurrent assessmentstudesnDelh,BangaloreandGoa levelsofservcetooperatorsanddecsonmakers nanattempttoraseawarenessoftheneedfor andmproveaccountabltyofUrbanWaterSup- reformandtoexploremorepalatablepublcsector plyandSantaton(UWSS)servceprovders,In reformoptons. Inda,where13utlteshavebeensupportedto Itslkelysomeofthedesgnedreformswll mplementbenchmarkngnthefirstphaseofthe betakenupnallthreecases,npartcularthe project,revewoftheresultsandcomparsonwth pro-poornterventonsandnternalandexternal utltesnothercountreshelpedtoraseconcerns communcatonsstrategesdevelopednDelh,the aboutdeteroratngservcelevelsandtheneedfor santatonstrategyandmechansmstomprove suchreportng,supportedbyadequatesystems accountabltyandcustomerservcenGoaand fortrackngandforensurngthentegrtyofthe nternalandwardlevelconsultatonsnBangalore. LessonsfromGoa,DelhandBangalorehave nformedWSP-SA'sassstancetoKarachnPak- stan.FollowngaworkshoponUWSSreforms nKarachnFebruary2004,theformerNazm (Mayor)oftheCtyDstrctGovernmentofKarach, theGovernorofSndhProvnceandtheManag- ngDrectoroftheKarachWaterandSewerage Board(KWSB)requestedWSP-SA'sassstance wthdesgnofnsttutonalreformstomprove accountabltyandncentveframeworksasthe bassformprovngwaterandsantatonservces. Therequestforassstancewasendorsedbythe newNazm,mmedatelyfollownghselectonn October2005.WSP-SAhasadvsedrestructur- ngofthensttutonalrelatonshpsbetweenthe Provnce,theCtyandtheutltytomaketheutlty trulyautonomousandempoweredtotakesteps necessaryforreform.WSP-SAhasadvsedbroad consultatonaroundthedesgnofthereformsand mplementatonofnternalandexternalcom- muncatonsstrateges.Techncalandmanageral changeswllbeneededwthnKWSB,butthese canonlybeeffectvewthnthecontextofhgher levelgovernanceandnsttutonalreforms.As anntalstep,KWSBestablshedaCvlSocety LasonCelltofacltateconsultatonwthCSOs. TheManagngDrectorofKWSBhasheldseveral consultatonswthCvlSocetyandmeda.The Ctyhasengagedoneofthemorepromnent 40 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces data.AnntroductoryworkshopnBangladesh · Partnershpswththeprvatesectordesgned n2004ledtoademandforutlty-levelsupport, tomproveservces. whchwaslaunchedn2005.InPakstan,WSP- · Introductonofproperncentvesthatcause SAssupportngntroductonofbenchmarkng servceprovders(publcandprvate)tovew nsxWaterandSewerageAuthortesnPunjab poorpeopleaspotentalpayngcustomers Provnce,whchsdesgnedtofacltatemontor- nsteadofsocaloblgatons. ngofWorldBankandADBUWSSprojects. · Insttutonalmodelsformprovedurban santaton,whchnvolvecommuntesorthe Someespecallypromsngexamplesnclude: prvatesectornplannngandmanagement. · Fscalnstrumentsandprojectsthatmake · Integratedsantatonplannngbylocal fundsavalabletothosectesthatare governments,whchdentfyregulatory, preparedtontroducekeyreformsessentalfor nsttutonalandfinancalstrategesaswellas mprovedservce. techncalfacltesneeded. · Polces,nsttutonalandregulatory · Partcpatoryapproachesthatnvolvethe frameworksthatclearlydelneate communtesnthedesgnprocesstodentfy responsbltesforservcedelveryand solutonsthatfittherneedsandabltytopay. regulaton. · Mechansmsdesgnedtogvectzensvoce · Mechansmstomproveaccountabltyand andpowernsettngandmontorngservce transparencyofpublcnsttutons,suchas standardsandsystemstoenablethemto benchmarkng,dsclosurepolces. lodgecomplantsandseekredressal. RegonalHghlghts--SouthAsa(WSP-SA) | 41 Box 3.6: Workshops and Study Tours Bangladesh Sector Reforms and Policy Support SupportprovdedtopreparatonofsectonsonWSSntheWorldBankCountryWaterResourceAssstanceStrategyand consultatons/dssemnaton;reportssuedDecember2005. AnalyssconductedofefficencyandeffectvenessofnvestmentsntheWSSsectorasthebassforachapteronWSSnthe WorldBank'sPublcExpendtureRevew(tobessuedn2006). Rural Sanitation SupportprovdedtoDsharProject,alocalgovernmentbasedsantatonntatvetodemonstratereachngtotalsantatonthrough buldngcapactyofthelocalgovernment,communtypartcpatonandgovernment-NGOpartnershpnnnedstrctscoverng approxmately2.3mllonpeople,npartnershpwthWaterAd,PlanBangladesh,DhakaAhsanaMssonandtheMnstryofLocal Government. Urban Sanitation Workshop:"InsttutonalReformforBetterSoldWasteManagement"heldnSylhet,Aprl2005.Hosptalwastemanagement projectlaunchednDhakaCty,npartnershpwthPRISMBangladesh,launchedFebruary2005. Urban Water Supply BenchmarkngexercselaunchedwthlargectyWaterandSantatonAuthortes,CtyCorporatonsandPourashavas. India Rural Sanitation GovernmentofMaharashtrasupportedwthmplementatonandassessmentofSantGadgeBabaSwatchataAbhyanClean VllageCampagn(CLTSprogram),whchhasenabledachevementofruralsantatonoutcomesonanncreasngscale. GovernmentofHmachalPradeshsupportedwthdesgnandlaunchofastate-wdeCLTSprogram;workshopheldJune2005 fordssemnatonandrevewoftechnologymanual,revewofmplementatonprogressandplannngforscale-up.Stuaton assessmentconductedasbassfordevelopmentofdraftsantatonstrategyforStateofAndhraPradesh;workshopheldAugust 2005forrevewofthestuatonassessmentanddraftstrategy;noteforCabnetApprovaldrafted. FlmproducedonCommuntyLedTotalSantatonapproach,"IgntngBehavourChange"andshowntojournalstsformaround theregon,aredonnatonaltelevsonnIndaonWorldEnvronmentDayandfeaturedntheWorldBank'sRegonalManagement TeamRetreatnWashngtonandEconomst'sretreatasanexampleofbestpractcenAnalytcalandAdvsoryServces. Polcydalogues,experencesharngandexposurevstsforrepresentatvesfromaddtonalstatesnInda(Rajasthan,Gujarat, MadhyaPradesh,HaryanaandKarnataka)toadvocateforCLTS;ntaldscussonsaroundstrategydevelopmentnfourstates. Ongongrandomzedevaluatonstudytodrawoutlessonslearnedandmeasurethehealtheffectswthtotalsantaton. Rural Water Supply Supportprovdedtostate-levelRWSSsectorassessments,whcharedesgnedtonformdevelopmentofstatesector transformatonplans(stateRWSSprograms)andformthebassforfiscaltransfersfromGoIbegnnngn2007tosupport mplementatonofdecentralzatonandscaleupofdemand-responsveRWSapproaches.WorkngwththeRajvGhandNatonal DrnkngWaterMsson,WSP-SAssupportngassessmentsn8statesandUNICEFn14states;eachorganzatonsassstngn peerrevewofassessmentssupportedbytheother. InputprovdedtodesgnofWorldBankSWApprojectnUtteranchalandrulesofengagementwhchwllgudefutureSWAps envsagednfourstatesn2006. Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Reform MoUDsupportedwthdesgnoftheJNNURMaGoIfundthatncentvzesctyandstatelevelreformstodecentralzeresponsblty forservcedelvery,ntroducectydevelopmentplannngwthnsttutonalreforms,greateraccountablty,transparencyandctzen partcpatonandtoprovdeunversalaccesstobascservcesn63majorctesnInda. Workshop:"PolcesandStrategesforImprovngUrbanServces­FndngsfromEghtCtyAssessments,"heldwthMoUD,state andctyofficalsonJune2005;findngshavenformedthedevelopmentofapproachesforstrategcassessmentnotherctesfor JNNURM. 42 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces Box 3.6: Workshops and Study Tours (con't) GovernmentofKarnatakasupportedtoprepareastrategccommuncatonscampagntohelpbuldconsensusforastate-wde urbanreformproject;studyncludngstate-wdeandthreectylevelmplementatonplanspresentednworkshopnJun2005; plotcommuncatonsprojectlaunchedandcommuncatonscoordnatoncelltomontorstate-wdestrategymplemented. GovernmentofGoasupportedtodesgnwatersupplyandsantatonsectorreforms,ncludngsectorstatusstudyand assessmentofnsttutonalreformoptons,developmentofdraftsantatonstrategy,desgnofmprovedmontorngsystemsand customergrevanceredressalsystem. Delhgovernmentsupportedtodevelopnternalandexternalcommuncatonsstrateges,consultwthstakeholders,ncludng Parlamentarans,resdentwelfareassocatons,medaandNGOsonproposedreforms,desgnstrategyandmplementatonplan tomproveservcestothepooranddesgnroll-outstrategytoscaleupplannedplotstoprovdecontnuouswatersupplyntwo zones. GovernmentofKarnatakasupportedontechncalandlegalanalysstosupportPSPoptonsstudyforGreaterBangaloreWater Supplyprojectanddesgnofwardlevelconsultatonprocessforctzenpartcpatonntheproject. StudytourconductedtoIndancteswhchhaveadoptednnovatveapproachestoservngthepoor(watersupply,santatonand electrctyprojectsnAlandur,Mumba,AhmedabadandDelh)forGovernmentofKarnatakacommtteechargedwthdevelopnga pro-poorpolcy. PolcyadvocacyworkshopsheldwthrepresentatvesofselectedtownsandstateofficalsnAndhraPradeshandMaharashtra todscussanapproachtoplannngformprovedwatersupplyandsantatonservcesthroughnsttutonalandgovernance reform,developmentofperformancemprovementplansandcostrecoverystrateges,ntroductonofmechansmstoenhance transparency,accountabltyandpartcpatonbystakeholdersnplannngandmontorng. Pakistan Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Workshop:"ManagngWaterandSantatonnLargeCtesandUrbanAreas"heldnKarachforWaterandSantatonAuthorty managers,localandprovncalgovernmentofficalsandstakeholders,February2005. DesgnofnsttutonalandgovernancereformtomprovewaterandsantatonservcesnKarachsupported,nconsultaton wthGovernmentofSndhProvnce,CtyDstrctGovernmentofKarach,KarachWaterandSewerageBoard(KWSB);ntal recommendatonsthatbroad-basedconsultatonshouldbeundertakentodesgnreformsresultednestablshmentofaCvl SocetylasoncellwthnKWSBandappontmentbyCDGKofapromnentNGOtoundertakedesgnofaprogramtomprove servcetothepoor. Decentralized Service Delivery AssessmentundertakenofcapactyneedsandcapactybuldngprogramsmplementednDIKhannNWFPasthebassfor desgnoffuturecapactybuldngnterventons. SupportprovdedtoNatonalReconstructonBureautodevelopcapactybuldngmanualsforstaffoflocalgovernments,ncludng PlannngandDevelopmentProceduresManualforWSS,ManualonTechncalDesgnofInfrastructureSchemesandManualon SpatalPlannng;ntalrevewworkshopsheld. SupportprovdedtoassessmentofWorldBank'sCommuntyInfrastructureProjectnNorthWestFronterProvnce(NWFP), ncludngrevewofnsttutonalarrangements,techncalaspectsofnfrastructureplannedandunderway,montorngandevaluaton arrangements,socaldevelopment,tranngandcommuncatons,August/September2005. Earthquake Relief and Recovery SupportprovdedtojontADB-WorldBankmssontoassessdamageandreconstructonneedsofwatersupplyandsantatonn NWFPandAJKprovncesforwatersupplyandsantatonfollowngthedevastatngearthquakenOctober2005. Regional CapactybuldngprogramforjournalstsfromBangladesh,IndaandPakstanorganzednWashngton,DCnMarch/Aprl 2005ncollaboratonwththeWorldBank'sEnvronmentalandSocallySustanableDevelopmentNetwork(ESSD),focusngon envronmentalssuesgenerallyandwatersupplyandsantaton,npartcular;over20artclesappearednmanstreamEnglsh, BengalandHndnewspapersandperodcalsfollowngtheprogram. StudytourconductedonUWSSreformtoManlaandPhnomPenh,Jun2005 Chapter 4 ProgramFnancng In2005,theProgramrecevedfinancalsupportfrom practce,anddentfiedareaswhereanewreportng 12blateraldonorsplusUNDPandtheWorldBank,as applcatoncouldbetaloredtostreamlneandsmplfy llustratedbelow. financalreportproducton,fornternalmontorngaswell Atthecloseofthe2005calendaryear,US$18.5ml- asdonorreportng. lonhadbeendsbursed,a24%ncreaseovertheprev- StrongdscplnentheuseoftheGlobalProgram ousyear,andthethrdconsecutveyearofgrowthsnce Managementfundallowedforthecontnuedgradual 2002whendsbursementsdppedtojustoverUS$11 rebuldngofthecontngencyfund,brngngttoalttle mllon. lessthan5%oftheannualbudgetafteralmostbeng Eachregonexpandedexceptatthegloballevel, depletedn2002.However,thstrendsnotexpectedto whchwastranstonngn staffingnglobalprogramsand thesecretarat.Thelargest regonsremanedSouthAsa Figure 4.1: Disbursements by Donor in CY05 andAfrca;growthwasgreat- estnAfrcaat58%,followed US$ bya44%growthratenLatn 3,000,000 Amerca.SeeFgure4.2. TheProgramcontnuedto 2,500,000 lookforwaystoncreaseef- 2,000,000 ficencytohelpmanagethen- creasedvolume.Theresource 1,500,000 managementteambegan 1,000,000 workngmorecloselyacross theregonstosharebest 500,000 0 g AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanada Ireland Bank UNDP Denmark Norway Sweden LuxemburNetherlands Kingdomorld Switzerland W United ProgramFnancng | 43 44 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces Figure 4.2: Disbursement Trend by Region US $millions 6 5.9 5.5 CY03 5 4.7 CY04 CY05 4 3.5 3.0 3.2 3 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.0 2 1.4 1.1 1 0 Africa East Asia South Asia Latin America Global and the Pacific and the Caribbean contnueastheprogrammanagementandadmnstra- majortyofdsbursements--60%--wereaganstear- tonteamsstrengthenedtoreflectncreaseddemands. markedfundng,whereas24%werefundedfromglobal TheoverallfundngstuatonforCY2005was corefundngand16%fromregonalcorefundng.The healthythankstothegeneroussupportoftheProgram's Programwllcontnuetoencouragedonorstocontrbute donors.However,fundngwasfragmentedacross47 corefundngwhereverpossblesothattherresources trustfundsasaresultofearmarkng.Assuch,the canbeappledwherethempactsexpectedtobe Publcatons Africa Region · MeetngtheFnancngChallengeforWaterSupply andSantaton:IncentvestoPromoteReforms, · ARevewofEcoSanExperencenEastand LeverageResourcesandImproveTargetng: SouthernAfrca SummaryReport · BetterWaterandSantatonfortheUrbanPoor: · MeetngtheFnancngChallengeoftheWaterand GoodPractcefromSub-SaharanAfrca SantatonMDGs · ChallengeofFnancngUrbanWSSnSub-Saharan · MoblzngResourcesforSantaton Afrca · MovngfromProtesttoProposal:Buldngthe · CommuncatonStrategyfortheKenyaWaterSector CapactyofConsumerOrganzatonstoEngagen Reforms UrbanWaterSupplyandSantatonSectorReform · Drllng:SolutonsforReducngBoreholeCostsIn nAfrca RuralAfrca · RegonalThematcWorkonWSSnPRSPsand · FnancngSmallWaterSupplyandSantatonServce SectorFnancenSub-SaharanAfrca Provders:ExplorngtheMcrofinanceOptonnSub- · RuralWaterSupplyandSantatonnAfrca SaharanAfrca · SantatonandHygenenKenya:LessonsonWhat · FnancngtheWSSMDGsSesson1:WhatNeeds DrvesDemandforImprovedSantaton FnancngandWhereWlltheFundsComeFrom? · SantatonFnancng:ToEnableImplementatonof · FnancngtheWSSMDGsSesson2:Improvng theSantatonStrategy PrortyforandtheUseofPublcResources · SectorFnanceandResourceFlowsforWater · FnancngtheWSSMDGsSesson3:Leveragng SupplynKenya ResourcesforWater,SantatonandHygene · SectorFnancngStrateges:TheLnkbetween · FnancngWaterandSantaton:SomeRealtesand PRSPandSector-wdePrograms ConstrantsfromSub-SaharanAfrca · SelfSupply:AFreshApproachtoWaterforRural · FromHazardtoConvenence:TowardsBetter Populatons ManagementofPublcToletsntheCtyofNarob · StrengthenngBudgetMechansmsforSantatonn · GlobalLearnngProcessonScalngUpPoverty Uganda Reducton.ShanghaConferenceMay25­27,2004 Publcatons | 45 46 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces · SupportngCountryLevelMult-stakeholder · Newsletter:AguaYaku,BoletíndelComtéSectoral DaloguesFnancngWaterSupplySector-Wde deAguaySaneamento#1,Ecuador. InvestmentandFnancngTool(SWIFT) · Newsletter:AguaYaku,BoletíndelComtéSectoral · TheCaseofMarketngSantaton deAguaySaneamento#2,Ecuador. · TheChallengeofFnancngSantatonforMeetng · Newsletter:AguaYaku,BoletíndelComtéSectoral theMllennumDevelopmentGoals deAguaySaneamento#3,Ecuador. · TheStatusandChallengeofWSSnPRSPsnSub- · Newsletter:Caudal,BoletíndelaAsocacónCaudal, SaharanAfrca #3,Bolva. · WaterSupplyandSantatonnPovertyReducton · Newsletter:Caudal,BoletíndelaAsocacónCaudal, StrategyPapersnSub-SaharanAfrca:Developng #4,Bolva aBenchmarkngRevewandExplorngtheWay · Study:Práctcasdehgenedelapoblacón Forward perurbanadeLmaMetropoltana. · WestAfrcanWorkshopReportonSupplyChans · FeldNote:Newrolesforruralwaterassocatons forTreadlePumps:The`Art'ofMakngAllLnksna andboardsnHonduras.Decentralzatonofrural SupplyChanProfitable waterandsantatonservces. · WhoBuysLatrnes,WhereandWhy?Insghtsfroma · FeldNote:Low-costpumpalternatvesforrural StudyofHouseholdLatrneAdoptonnRuralBenn communtesnHonduras.Meetngdemandfor accesstosafedrnkngwater. East Asia and the Pacific · FeldNote:Technologesappledfordrnkngwater Region treatmentnruralcommuntes.Theapplcaton ofdrpchlornaton,tabletchlornators,solar · IdentfyngElementsofSustanablty:Lessons dsnfectontechnologyandceramcfiltern LearnedfromRuralWaterSupplyProjectsnthe Honduras. Phlppnes · FeldNote:EscuelayCasasaludable:Una · IncreasngAccess:TheExperenceofSmall-Scale experencaextosaenHonduras. WaterProvdersnServngthePoornMetroManla · FeldNote:Soluconesnnovadorasparael · TappngtheMarket:PrvateSectorEngagementn sumnstrodeaguaencomundadesrurales RuralWaterSupplyntheMekongRegon dspersasenHonduras. · ChallengeoftheMllennum,AchevngtheSantaton · FeldNote:Letrnasconarrastrehdráulco,una MllennumDevelopmentGoalsnEastAsa, opcónsostenble.Saneamentobáscoruralen WSPEAPRegonalConference,Phuket,Thaland, Cusco. March2004 · FeldNote:LaexperencadelaEscuelaPloto EPILAS.Acredtacónenaguaysaneamentorural. Latin America and the · FeldNote:LecconesdeunproyectoPlotoen Caribbean Region Paraguay.Laasstencaenfuncóndelosresultados (output-basedAID)enelsectordeaguapotablerural. · Newsletter:Agua,BoletíndelComtéSectoralde · FeldNote:ManosLmpas,vdasana.Lapráctca AguaySaneamento#15,Perú. dellavadodemanosconjabónylareduccóndela · Newsletter:Agua,BoletíndelComtéSectoralde darreanfantl. AguaySaneamento#16,Perú. · FeldNote:Controldeoloresenletrnasrurales.Uso · Newsletter:Agua,BoletíndelComtéSectoralde ymantenmentodeletrnasdehoyoseco. AguaySaneamento#17,Perú. · FeldNote:Lessonsfromsmallmuncpaltesn · Newsletter:Agua,BoletíndelComtéSectoralde Ecuador.Delegatngwaterandsantatonservcesto AguaySaneamento#18,Perú autonomousoperators. Publcatons | 47 · FeldNote:Lecconesdepequeñosmuncposen South Asia Region Ecuador.Ladelegacóndelosservcosdeaguay saneamentoaoperadoresautónomos. · Study:FghtngArsenc:LstenngtoRural · FeldNote:AlternatveTechnologesforWaterand Communtes:WllngnesstoPayforArsenc-Free, SantatonSupplynSmallTowns. SafeDrnkngWaternBangladesh · ProceedngsoftheInternatonalSymposumon · FeldNote:FghtngArsenc,LstenngtoRural AlternatveTechnologes:Tecnologíasalternatvas Communtes:FndngsfromaStudyonWllngness paralaprovsóndeservcosdeaguaysaneamento toPayforArsenc-Free,SafeDrnkngWaternRural enpequeñaslocaldades. Bangladesh · TheSmallTownPlotProjectnPeru.APrvate- · FeldNote:FghtngArsenc;WllngnesstoPay PublcandSocalPartnershptoChangeWaterand forArsenc-Free,SafeDrnkngWaternRural SantatonManagementModels. Bangladesh--MethodologyandResults · SpanshadaptatonofMontorngMllennum · JalManthan#7:(ARuralThnkTank):Makng DevelopmentGoals.Arevewofexperencesand SantatonWork challenges. · Jalvaan:Vol.5No.(2),July­October2002 · ProceedngsoftheInternatonalWorkshop · Jalvaan:Vol.5No.(3),November2002­February onBuldngaVsonforActon.Advancesand 2003 Challengesofgendermanstreamngnthe · Nagar,ThrteenthMeetngoftheUrbanThnkTank: ntegratedwaterresourcesmanagementnLatn ManagngtheProcessandRegulatngtheSector Amerca. · FeldNote:NatonalRoundtableonWaterand · PromotonalvdeoontheSmallTownPlotProjectn SantatonnTranston;Peshawar,Pakstan, Peru. February3­4,2003 · BrochureontheWaterandSantaton,Latn Amerca.TowardstheMllennumDevelopment Goals. · BrochureontheMllennumDevelopmentGoalsn Peru.LambayequeRegon. · BrochureontheMllennumDevelopmentGoalsn Peru.CuzcoRegon. · BrochureontheMllennumDevelopmentGoalsn Peru.CajamarcaRegon. · TheSmallTownPlotProjectnPeru.FAQ,I. · TheSmallTownPlotProjectnPeru.FAQ,II. LstofAcronymsand Abbrevatons ADB AsanDevelopmentBank DFID DepartmentforInternatonal ADC AustranDevelopmentCooperaton Development,UntedKngdom AMCOW AfrcanMnsteralConferenceonWater DGDC Drectorate-GeneralforDevelopment AusAID AustralanAgencyforInternatonal Cooperaton,Belgum Development DJB DelhJalBoard AWF AfrcanWaterFaclty EAP EastAsaandPacfic AWTF AfrcanWaterTaskForce EHP EnvronmentalHealthProject(ofUSAID) BAMWSP BangladeshArsencMtgatonWater ESA ExternalSupportAgency SupplyProject EU EuropeanUnon BASICS BascSupportforInsttutonalzngChld FISE SocalInvestmentFund(Ncaragua) Survval FYP Fve­YearPlan BNWP BankNetherlandsWaterPartnershp GCC GlobalCommuncatonsCentre CBO CommuntyBasedOrganzaton GTZ GermanAgencyforTechncal CIDA CanadanInternatonalDevelopment Cooperaton Agency GWP GlobalWaterPartnershp CLTS Communty-LedTotalSantaton HTN HandpumpTechnologyNetwork(now CSD12 CommssonforSustanable theRWSN) Development12 ICR ImplementatonCompletonReport CWSH CommuntyWater,Santatonand IDA InternatonalDevelopmentAgency Health (WorldBankGroup) CWSS CommuntyWaterSupplyand IDB Inter-AmercanDevelopmentBank(BID Santaton nSpansh) DANIDA DanshAgencyforInternatonal IFI InternatonalFnancalInsttutons Development ILGRP IntatvesforLocalGovernanceReform Project Acronyms | 49 50 | WSP2005AnnualReport:ImprovngLvesThroughBetterWaterandSantatonServces IMC InterMuncpalConsorta PPIAF Publc-PrvateInfrastructureAdvsory IRC InternatonalReferenceCenterfor Faclty WaterandSantaton PPP Publc-PrvatePartnershp ISSDP IndonesaSantatonSector PPPHW Publc­PrvatePartnershptoPromote DevelopmentProgram handwashngwthSoap ITN InternatonalTranngNetwork PRAGUAS NatonalRuralWaterandSantaton IWA InternatonalWaterAssocaton Program,Ecuador JAKPAS People'sRuralWaterSupplyand PRONASAR NatonalRuralWaterandSantaton SantatonProject(Nepal) Programme,Peru JBIC JapanBankforInternatonal PROPILAS ProyectoPlotodeAguaPotableRural Cooperaton ySaludComuntara,Cajamarca-Peru JMP UNICEF/WHOJontMontorng PRSP PovertyReductonStrategyPaper Program PSP PrvateSectorPartcpaton JPO JunorProfessonalOfficer RAC RegonalAdvsoryCommttee KDP KecamatanDevelopmentProject RGNDWM RajvGandhNatonalDrnkngWater KfW KredtanstaltfürWederaufbau Msson KWSB KarachWaterSupplyandSewerage RSA RepublcofSouthAfrca Board RWS RuralWaterSupply LGU LocalGovernmentUnt RWSN RuralWaterSupplyNetwork LSHTM LondonSchoolofHygeneandTropcal RWSS RuralWaterSupplyandSantaton Medcne SANIMAS SantatonbyCommuntes(Indonesa) M&E MontorngandEvaluaton SCRAP SupportforConflctRddenAreas MDG MllennumDevelopmentGoal Project MIT MassachusettsInsttuteofTechnology SDC SwssAgencyforDevelopmentand MPA MethodologyforPartcpatory Cooperaton Assessment SEDAPAL WaterutltyofLma,Peru NAC NatonalAdvsoryCommttee SIDA SwedshInternatonalDevelopment NEPAD NewEconomcPartnershpforAfrcan Agency Development SIPP SocalInvestmentProgramProject, NGO Non-governmentalOrganzaton Bangladesh NORAD NorweganAgencyforDevelopment SIS SectorInformatonSystem Cooperaton SSIP Small-ScaleIndependentProvders NTB NusaTenggaraBarat STPP SmallTownPlotProject,Peru NTT NusaTenggaraTmor SWAJAL UttarPradeshRuralWaterSupplyand NURM NatonalUrbanRenewalMsson EnvronmentalSantatonProject-Inda O&M OperatonandMantenance SWAp Sector-wdeApproaches ONAS OfficeNatonald'Assanssementdu TOR TermsofReference Senegal TSC TotalSantatonCampagn PDR People'sDemocratcRepublc(Laos) UES UrbanEnvronmentalSantaton PHAST PartcpatoryHygeneandSantaton UNDP UntedNatonsDevelopment Transformaton Programme Acronyms | 51 UNEP UntedNatonsEnvronmentProgramme WSP WaterandSantatonProgram UNICEF UntedNatonsChldren'sFund WSP-AF WaterandSantatonProgram-Afrca UWSS UrbanWaterSupplyandSantaton WSP-AND WaterandSantatonProgram-Andean WASPOLA WaterandSantatonPolcyFormulaton (nowWSP-LAC) andActonPlannng(Indonesa) WSP-EAP WaterandSantatonProgram-East WEDC WaterEngneerngandDevelopment AsaandPacfic Center WSP-GCC WSPGlobalCommuncatonCenter WHO WorldHealthOrganzaton WSP-HQ WaterandSantatonProgram- WPEP WaterPolcyandEnvronmentProject Headquarters (thePhlppnes) WSP-SA WaterandSantatonProgram-South SADC CoordnatonUntoftheSouthernAfrca Asa DevelopmentCommunty WSS WaterSupplyandSantaton WSLIC WaterandSantatonforLowIncome WSSCC WaterSupplyandSantaton CommuntesProject CollaboratveCouncl WSLIC2 SecondWaterandSantatonforLow WSSD WorldSummtonSustanable IncomeCommuntesProject Development Contacts For further information please contact: East Asia and the Pacific Region (WSP-EAP) WaterandSantatonProgram WaterandSantatonProgram P.O.Box1324/JKT WaterSupplyandSantaton Jakarta12940,Indonesa WorldBank Tel:(62-21)52993003 1818HStreet,N.W., Fax:(62-21)5299-30046 Washngton,DC20433 E-mal:wspeap@worldbank.org UntedStatesofAmerca Tel:+1(202)4739785 South Asia Region (WSP-SA) Fax:+1(202)5223313,5223228 WorldBank E-mal:nfo@wsp.org 55LodEstate NewDelh110003,Inda Africa Region (WSP-AF) Tel:(91-11)24690488,24690489 HllParkBuldng Fax:(91-11)24628250 P.O.Box30577 E-mal:wspsa@worldbank.org Narob,Kenya Tel:+254-20-3226334 Fax:+254-20-3226386 E-mal:wspaf@worldbank.org Latin America and the Caribbean Region (WSP-LAC) WaterandSantatonProgram ÁlvarezCalderónNo.185 SanIsdro,Lma27 Perú Tel:(51-1)6150685 Fax:(51-1)6150689 E-mal:wspandean@worldbank.org Contacts | 53 Water and Sanitation Program 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20433 Tel: +1 (202) 473-9785 Fax: +1 (202) 522-3313, 522-3228 E-mail: info@wsp.org Website: http://www.wsp.org