Final Environment Management Framework Vol I SFG3744 V1 REV ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK The Project Director Project on Climate Resilient Agriculture (POCRA) Government of Maharashtra , 30 Arcade, World Trade Center, Cuffe parade Mumbai-05 mahapocra@gmail.com SEPTEMBER 2017 0 (Revised November 2017) Government of Maharashtra Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Table of Contents ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 8 Executive Summary 8 Chapter 1: Introduction 12 1.1 Background of the Project 12 1.2 Project Development Objective (PDO) 12 1.3 Project Area 12 1.5 Need of Environment Management Framework 13 1.6 Objective and Scope of EMF 13 1.8 Components of Environmental Management Framework (EMF) 14 1.9 Approach and Methodology 15 Key Findings/ suggestions from Consultations 17 Chapter 2: LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND LEGISLATION FOR ENVIRONMENT REGULATION 19 2.2.1 National Environment Policy 2006 19 2.2.2 National Water Policy 2012 19 2.2.6 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 20 2.2.7 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 20 2.2.8 The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 20 2.2.9 The Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 20 2.2.10 Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 21 2.2.11 Insecticides Act 1968 and Insecticides Rule 1971 21 2.2.13 Policy for Abatement of Pollution, 1992 21 2.2.14 National Conservation Strategy & Policy on Environment & Development, 1992 22 2.2.15 National Research Centre For Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 22 2.2.16 National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) 22 2.3 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA’s POLICIES AND LEGISLATION FOR ENVIRONMENT REGULATION 23 2.3.1 Water Policy 2003 23 2.3.2 Maharashtra Groundwater (Development & Management) Act, 2009 23 2.3.3 Maharashtra Felling of Trees (Regulation) Act, 1964 and Guidelines for Tree Felling and Transit Permission, 2017 23 2.3.4 Circulars of the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board on Poultry and Cattle Sheds 23 2.4 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 23 1 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Concept of IPM 24 Objectives 24 Activities 24 Mandate of Central Integrated Pest Management Centers (CIPMCS) and Adoption in Project Area 24 Approach of IPM for key crops of the state 25 Mobile Apps 25 2.3.2 Water Policy of Government of Maharashtra 26 2.4 APPLICABILITY OF ACTS / POLICIES 27 2.5 World Bank Safeguard Policies and its Implications 28 2.6 Relevant Programmes and Schemes of the Government 29 Chapter 3 Environment Baseline 32 3.1 Topography and Physiography 32 3.2 Geology 32 3.3 Climate 33 3.4 Temperature 33 3.6 Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 36 3.7 Agro-Climatic Zone 36 3.8 Soils 37 3.9 Water Resource 38 3.9.1 Surface Water 39 3.9.2 Ground Water 40 3.11 Forest Cover 41 3.12 Land and Land Use Pattern 42 3.13 Agriculture 44 4.15.2 Pesticides 47 3.16 Climate Vulnerability 48 3.16.1 Climate Change Trends 48 3.16.2 Vulnerability of the State 49 3.16.3 Agrarian Distress 50 Chapter 4: Environment Assessment 54 4.1 Analysis of ‘no project’ Scenario 55 4.3 Analysis of Alternatives 57 4.5 Categorization of Intervention 58 4.6 Potential Impacts of the Project Activities 60 A2. On-farm climate-resilient technologies and agronomic practices 62 2 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Component B. Climate Smart Post-Harvest Management and Value Chain Promotion 63 4.6 Environment Improvement Measures 64 4.7 Interventions not complying with the Policies/Regulations 65 Chapter 5 Institutional & Implementation Arrangements 67 5.1 Environmental Screening for all project supported activities 67 5.2 Environmental Guidelines for village/mini-watershed/cluster plans 68 5.3 Environmental Management Plan for post-harvest management and value-chain activities 68 5.4 Institutional Arrangement 68 5.4.1 Project level Institutional arrangement for IPM 70 5.5 Environmental Monitoring 70 5.6 Capacity Building Plan 70 5.7 Reporting Plan 71 5.8 Sustainability of Project Interventions 72 List of Annexures and Formats: S. No. Annexure No. 1. Screening Checklist of EMF 1 Section 1: Background Information Section 2: Check if the activities are in the ‘list of non-permissible activities’ Section 3: Check compliance with regulatory requirements Section 4: Check the Baseline Conditions Section 5: Identify the Potential Environmental Impacts 2. Environment Management Plan checklist 2 Part 1: EMP for Construction Activities Part 2: EMP for Operation and Maintenance Phase 3. Environmental Guidelines To be used for Mini Watershed Plans 3 Part 1: General Environmental Guidelines (applicable to all activities) Part 2: Activity Specific Environmental Guidelines 4 Environmental Mitigation Measures for Construction and Operation 4 Stage Impacts of Value Chain activities 3 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Abbreviations AMSL Above Mean Sea Level APMC Agricultural Produce Market Committee ATMA Agricultural Technology and Management Agency BBF Broad Bed Furrow BCM Billion Cubic Meter BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency CBO Community Based Organisation CC Cluster Committee 4 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I CGWB Central Ground Water Board CHC Custom Hiring Centre CIB & RC Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CRPP Climate Resilient Perspective Plan CSIRO Commonwealth Scientists and Industrial Research Organisation DPAP Drought Prone Area Programme DPMU District Project Management Unit DSAO District Superintending Agriculture Officer DTR Diurnal Temperature Range EAMF Environment Assessment and Mitigation Framework EC Electrical Conductivity EIA Environment Impact Assessment EMF Environment Management Framework EMP Environment Management Plan ETL Economic Threshold Level FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FFS Farmer’s Field School FLD Field Level Demonstration FPC Farmer Producer Company FPO Farmer Producer Organization GCA Gross Cropped Area GHG Greenhouse Gas GM Genetically Modified GP Gram Panchayat ICT Information Communication and Technology ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research IMD Indian Meteorological Department INM Integrated Nutrition Management IPM Integrated Pest Management IPNM Integrated Plant Nutrient Management IWMP Integrated Watershed Management Program JSA Jalayukt Shivar Abhiyan KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra LGP Length of Growing Period 5 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I LP Linear Programming MCIC / CIC Maharashtra Climate Innovation Centre MCM Million Cubic Meter MF Marginal Farmer MGNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme MI Micro Irrigation MSAMB Maharashtra State Agriculture Marketing Board MWRRA Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority NBSSLUP National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning NIDM National Institute for Disaster Management NPK Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potash NSA Net Sown Area OC Organic Carbon PCN Project Concept Note PCR Physical Cultural Resource PDO Project Development Objective PMU / SPMU Project Management Unit (State) PoCRA Project on Climate Resilient Agriculture PPE Personal Protective Equipment PRI Panchayati Raj Institution RF Rain Fall RKVY Rashtriya Krishi VikasYojana SAU State Agriculture University SDAO Sub-Divisional Agriculture Office SF Small Farmer SFAC Small Farmer Agri-Business Consortium SOC Soil Organic Carbon SOM Soil Organic Matter SREP Strategic Research and Extension Plan SRR Seed Replacement Rate TAO Taluka Agriculture Officer TDET Technology Development, Extension and Training TDS Total Dissolved Solid TMC Terminal Market Complex TMC Technology Mission on Cotton 6 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I VCRMC Village Climate Resilient Agriculture Management Committee WHS Water Harvesting Structure WUA Water User Association WUE Water use Efficiency 7 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK Executive Summary Project Background: The Government of Maharashtra has approved a project on Climate Resilient Agriculture (PoCRA) to address the drought related vulnerability in the agriculture sector with the support of World Bank. Essentially, it is proposed to enhance the resilience of the farmers practicing rainfed farming from vagaries of climate change and thus ensure stable and secured livelihood, especially, to the poor and vulnerable farming communities in the state. The Project Development Objective (PDO) is “to enhance climate-resilience and profitability of smallholder farming systems in selected districts of Maharashtra”. The project will be implemented in 4210 drought prone villages and 932 salinity affected villages in Purna river basin spread across 15 districts of the State. The project has main three components (1) Promoting Climate Resilient Agriculture Systems (2) Climate Smart Post-Harvest Management and Value Chain Promotion, and (3) Institutional Development, Knowledge and Policies for a Climate-resilient Agriculture. The PoCRA is targeted at sustainable climate resilient agriculture and sustainable water source augmentation and efficient use. Therefore, it is designed to promote better natural resource and environmental quality management. The activities proposed to be financed through the project investments will not have significant adverse environmental impacts. The potential environmental issues that could arise if project financed investments are not implemented appropriately, include soil degradation, over-extraction of groundwater, build-up of pest resistance, and pollution of the eco-system with agro-chemicals, and, pesticide-related safety issues. Activities for post-harvest management and value chain creation for product aggregation, handling, and marketing could have impacts associated with general civil works construction. Considering that the environmental impacts of the project would be mostly positive, and, that the limited negative impacts are expected to be mitigated with suitable measures, the project has been classified as category B as per the World Bank’s Operational Policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). An Environmental Management Framework (EMF) has been prepared for the project following the requirements of category B project (according to OP 4.01 requirements) in order to describe the procedures and institutional arrangements for managing the potential environmental impacts from the project activities. The EMF is in line with the GoM’s legal and regulatory framework and the World Bank’s operational policies on environmental safeguards including Pest Management (OP 4.09). The EMF will guide the project in implementing activities in line with the identified risk mitigation strategies and help in making the interventions environmentally sustainable. The purpose of the EMF is to ensure that the project interventions lead to environmentally sustainable outcomes. The objectives of the EMF are as follows: • to facilitate compliance with the legal and regulatory framework, • to establish procedures for environmental screening of the project activities, Final Environment Management Framework Vol I • to describe the environmental management guidelines and plans for mitigation of potential environmental impacts of the project activities, • to describe the institutional arrangements for environmental management of the project. Approach and Methodology: A participatory and consultative approach has been adopted to prepare EMF and its components. Project stakeholders at various levels viz state, district and sub district level, including small and marginal farmers (men and women), tribal, marginalized social groups, and experts were consulted. Their views and concerns have been incorporated in EMF document. Components of the EMF: • Environmental Screening: The EMF includes a tool/format for screening of the project supported activities. The tool covers the following aspects: checking if the activity is permissible as per the GoM and World Bank safeguard policies, checking legal and regulatory compliance, understanding the baseline environmental conditions, and, identifying the potential environmental impacts. • Guidelines for Environmental Management : The EMF includes guidelines for environmental management of the identified impacts. These include general guidelines applicable for all activities, and, activity-specific guidelines. • Environmental Management Plan (EMP): The EMF provides a model EMP for construction, operation and maintenance activities supported under post-harvest management and value-chain promotion. The EMP provides details on the identified impacts, the required mitigation measures, and, the responsibilities for implementation. • Pest and Nutrient Management Plan (IPNMP):The EMF provides a plan for pest and nutrient management in the project activities. The IPNMP will facilitate compliance with the GoM’s regulations and the World Bank’s operational policies on pest management (OP 4.09) and promote sustainable agriculture practices. The IPNMP is provided as a separate Volume (‘Volume 2: Integrated Pest and Nutrient Management Plan’). • Capacity Building Plan: Given that the objective is to mainstream environmental safeguards in planning and implementation, a capacity building plan for various stakeholders is included in the EMF. The capacity building plan gives details of the training and IEC (information, education, communication) activities to be organized for the project beneficiaries as well as the project staff. • Implementation Arrangements: The EMF describes the institutional roles and responsibilities for environmental management of the project at the village, cluster, division and state levels. Legal and Regulatory Framework: The key Policies, Laws and Regulations of Central and State Government, that are applicable to the project are like (1) National Environment Policy 2006, (2)National Water Policy 2012, (3) Policy on Abatement of Pollution 1992, (4) National Conservation Strategy & Policy on Environment & Development 1992, (5) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 9 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I 1981, (6) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, (7) The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, (8) Insecticides Act, 1968 and Insecticides Rules, 1971, (9) Water Policy 2003 of Government of Maharashtra, (10) Maharashtra Felling of Trees (Regulation) Act, 1964 and Guidelines for Tree Felling and Transit Permission, 2017 etc. World Bank Safeguard Policies: In line with World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.01, Environmental Assessment has been undertaken and the Environment Management Framework is developed. In accordance to OP 4.09, a Pest Management Plan (PMP) has been prepared. Public Consultations Consultations on the EMF were carried out across four districts in November 2016 with farmers, Farmer Producer Companies, state and district level line departments and agencies (for example, the Maharashtra State Seeds Corporation Ltd.), extension institutions (for example, ATMA and Krishi Vignan Kendra), private firms (for example, agri-input suppliers), etc. The inputs from the consultations have been incorporated into the EMF. Environmental Issues: The key environmental issues that are having implications for the project are (1) high climate vulnerability of some of the project districts (2) Variability of rainfall in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period. Rainfall confined to monsoon only. It has impact on agricultural activities (3) Decreasing trend in rainfall in monsoon months in project districts; High evaporation / evapotranspiration in some of the project districts. (4) Soil of most of the project districts have low Nitrogen and Phosphorous(5) Land not available for cultivation (non- agricultural use and barren and uncultivable land) is gradually increasing; and the fallow land (current fallow) is increasing. (6) Predominantly land holdings are small or marginal and 78.98 percent farmers holding less than or equal to two ha land (7) deficient water availability with overexploited ground water in some of the project talukas whereas less utilization of irrigation potential, (8) increasing use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for higher production / productivity etc. Potential Environmental Impacts of Project Activities: Based on the nature of activities framed under the project and categorized into “No Impact”, “Low Impact” or “Moderate Impact” on the environment. Categorization of activities is largely based on the implementation process and its expected impact. The impact categories may not be constant across the project clusters and same activity may not have same level of impact across all the project districts and clusters. Infrastructure development activities can be categorized under “Moderate Impact” level due to associated construction related issues, energy consumption, expected generation of wastes etc. that require appropriate management. Similarly, activities under ‘low impact’ are not expected to cause any significant negative impact. Best practice measures and mitigation strategies are also recommended where appropriate to improve the environmental performance of the project activities. Institutional Arrangement: The project will make required institutional arrangement to ensure EMF compliance of the project components as per the EMF. A dedicated project official at the PMU level will be the responsible person to guide the overall process related to environmental aspects. The district / sub-district 10 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I level implementing agencies will be given required training to execute and monitor the environmental components in consultation with the PMU. They will be associated in the screening process of such activities that require detail environmental plan and will monitor the processes followed in execution of the planned activities and realization of the environment safeguard norms. It will be ensured that the project interventions are consistent with the agreed strategies and framework. Capacity Building Plan: The official/s dealing with environmental aspects at the project management unit and district project management unit be oriented on environmental aspects with an objective to equipped them well by which they can manage the concerned components of the project effectively and efficiently. The capacity building on environmental aspects would take into account the current environmental issues in the State / project districts, project specific initiatives to adapt to the changes and taking mitigating measures. The project will also take up awareness and sensitization drive at community level (cluster / village level) to educate people on impacts of climate variability on agriculture and measures to be taken. Monitoring and Evaluation: Project has developed an M&E system and indicators for all components which are to be monitored and evaluated, under which feedback from beneficiaries and data from the field is systematically collected and analyzed. EMF will be integral part of such M&E mechanism and this will be helpful in taking informed decisions and making any mid-course correction in implementation strategy and activities. The M&E system will be closely linked with the project’s results framework also provides a mechanism for third party audit to ensure that environmental due diligence is being conducted in accordance with the provisions of the EMF. Budget: EMF will be a part of complete implementation strategy at field level through FFS approach and other climate resilient interventions. Various steps of EMF i.e. identification, screening, scrutiny, applicable guidelines for particular activity/crop will be inbuilt steps under project interventions. There is sufficient fund allocation for various component and subcomponents for project interventions. Thus, there is no need for separate budget allocation for EMF activities. Disclosure The EMF and the IPNMP have been disclosed on the Government of Maharashtra, Department of Agriculture Website (http://www.krishi.maharashtra.gov.in/1260/PoCRA) and of the World Bank Infoshop. 11 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background of the Project The Government of Maharashtra has approved a Project on Climate Resilient Agriculture (PoCRA) to address the drought related vulnerability in the agriculture sector. Essentially, it is proposed to enhance the resilience of the farmers practicing rainfed farming from vagaries of climate change and thus ensure stable and secured livelihood, especially, to the poor and vulnerable farming communities in the state. 1.2 Project Development Objective (PDO) The Project Development Objective (PDO) is “to enhance climate-resilience and profitability of smallholder farming systems in selected districts of Maharashtra”. 1.3 Project Area The project is in the State of Maharashtra in India. Maharashtra is the second largest state in the country in terms of population1 and has geographical area about 3.08 lakh sq. km. The state is highly urbanized2 and having a population density of about 365 persons per sq. km. The state is geographically located in the western and central parts of the country and has a long coastline along the Arabian sea of about 720 km. The project would promote adoption of climate resilient agriculture technologies, duly integrated with community led soil and water management practices, in the project area. The two regions namely Marathwada and Vidarbha put together has about 18768 (Marathwada- 10,041; Vidarbha- 8,727 of which 932 villages are salinity affected) villages perpetually affected by drought. PoCRA plans to cover 4210 villages (3,088 in Marathwada and 1,122 in Vidarbha). Apart from these, 932 villages from Vidarbha have been included to deal with saline-sodic track of Purna river basin. Thus, the total number of villages proposed to be covered under the project aggregates to 5,142. 1.4 Project Components / Sub-Components 1 As per population census, 2011 the population of the State is 11.24 crore which is 9.3 per cent of the total population of India 2 About 45.2 per cent people residing in urban areas 12 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I The project has three components namely (A) Promoting Climate Resilient Agriculture Systems (B) Climate Smart Post-Harvest Management and Value Chain Promotion and (C) Institutional Development, Knowledge and Policies for a Climate-resilient Agriculture. Under component A, there are three sub component i.e. A.1: Participatory development of mini watershed plans A.2: On-farm climate-resilient technologies and farming systems and A.3: Climate-resilient development of catchment areas. Under Component B, there are three sub components i.e. B.1: Promoting Farmer Producer Companies B.2: Strengthening emerging value-chains for climate-resilient commodities and B.3: Improving the performance of the supply chain for climate-resilient seeds. Component C, consist of three sub components i.e. C.1: Sustainability and institutional capacity development C.2: Maharashtra Climate Innovation Center and C.3: Knowledge and policies The project envisages increasing access to water, improving farm productivity by adopting climate resilient agricultural practices, soil management and adoption of water conservation technologies, and providing agro- meteorological services to farmers. To improve the market share of the agriculture, produce at the producer’s end, the project intends to promote / strengthen supply chain and value chain of select agricultural / horticultural commodities, using Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) / Farmer Producer Companies. Project intends to establish Maharashtra Climate Innovation Centre (MCIC) for knowledge sharing and learning for climate resilient technologies and practices in different segments, including agriculture and allied sectors. 1.5 Need of Environment Management Framework It is anticipated that environmental issues and impacts would be minimal since the project’s underlying objective is to improve the climate resilience of smallholder farming systems in selected districts of Maharashtra. Overall, the project related impacts are mostly positive, hence, it has been classified as category B project (partial assessment) under World Bank environmental classification of projects. The project design ensures that it will not intervene in any critical natural habitats, wildlife sanctuaries, tiger habitats located in Marathwada and Vidarbha regions. Keeping in view the farmers’ vulnerability to climate variability and current biophysical & socio -economic condition of the regions, an ‘Environmental Management Framework (EMF) has been prepared. The EMF is in line with GoM and World Bank operational safeguards policies and addresses the potential environmental impacts of the project along with mitigation strategy to minimize the concern, improve resilience and adaptive capacity of stakeholders. This EMF identifies the responsibilities of project stakeholders, procedures for environmental and social safeguards screening and enhancing institutional capacity. The environment assessment will guide the project in implementing major activities in line with the identified risk mitigation strategies, making the interventions socially and environmentally sustainable. 1.6 Objective and Scope of EMF The objective of the EMF is to “Comply with the legal framework, and establish procedures and methods for environmental screening & assessment along with environmental impact of the project”. 13 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I The scope of EMF will be to provide essential baseline data, confirm policies that are triggered, and assess likely impacts of the project interventions. The EMF will propose mitigation measures for any adverse impacts that may be envisaged through the design and construction phases of various project interventions. The participatory environment assessments will be conducted with due and extensive consultations with all the stakeholders, especially, the poor and vulnerable farming community. Further, the EMF will also outline arrangements for consultations with the stakeholders and disclosures thereof both during preparation as well as implementation phases. Preparation of the ESMF included the following stages: ● Develop environmental baseline ● Stakeholder analysis and consultation ● Legal and policy framework ● Analysis of Key Environmental and Climate Risks and Vulnerabilities ● Potential Mitigation Measures Environmental Baseline: Developing a summary of existing environment baseline in the state of Maharashtra regarding the project areas from the existing literature and technical documents. The assessment covered different environmental aspects, such as climate, land use pattern, agriculture, fertilizers and pesticide consumption, forest cover, production and yield of different crops, livestock, irrigation and water resources. Stakeholder Analysis and Consultations: Identification of key stakeholders who are expected to be associated in the project / benefitted due to the project, directly or indirectly, and describe their roles, responsibilities and relationship with the project activities. In the assessment process, consultations with the identified stakeholders helped to understand their concerns and their inputs helped in preparing the management framework. Legal and Policy Environment: Providing a brief coverage of the existing legal and policy environment in relation to the project, (GoI and GoM) which may be applicable to the project investments. Also, determining the World Bank safeguards policies that will be applicable to the project. Enlisting and summarizing ongoing relevant development programs and schemes in the project districts is objectively discussed to foster convergence in relevant areas. Analysis of Key Environmental and Climate Risks and Vulnerabilities: Providing a summary of types of risks and impacts that may result from the anticipated activities interacting with environmental baseline typologies, and what probability, magnitude, duration and geographic scope these risks and impacts could assume. The assessment would include cumulative and induced impacts (where applicable), highlighting the positive environmental aspects of introducing such activities and the benefit linked to project outcomes. Potential Mitigation Measures: Listing out the realistic, effective, and practical mitigation measures to address and manage the spectrum of potential environmental risks and impacts, identified during assessment; and rough estimates for the cost of mitigation measures. 1.8 Components of Environmental Management Framework (EMF) Environment Management Framework will include: (i) basic criteria and procedures for screening all interventions, and guide the design and implementation of activities; (ii) scope and application of the EMF for similar impact typologies; (iii) mitigation action to contain, 14 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I minimize and/or reverse identified adverse impacts; (iv) good practices guidelines for specific investments; (v) Technical guidelines on specific activities; and (vi) Specific strategies such as pest and nutrient management; NRM strategy to enhance climate resilience of farmers including marginal and landless households; strategy to integrate mitigation measures and other resilience enhancing approaches in cluster level plans, etc. The EMF includes the following arrangements in an integrated manner. Capacity Building Plan: Given that the objective is to mainstream environmental safeguards in planning and implementation, a robust capacity building plan for various levels of stakeholders is suggested which may be suitably modified during implementation, considering the project requirement. EMF Implementation Arrangements: Establish a clear understanding of the institutional requirements, roles and responsibilities for adopting and implementing the EMF. Importantly, this includes a thorough review of the authority and capability of institutions at different levels (e.g. block, district and state) and their capacity to manage and monitor EMF implementation. Budget for EMF: EMF will be a part of complete implementation strategy at field level through FFS approach and other climate resilient interventions. Various steps of EMF i.e. identification, screening, scrutiny, applicable guidelines for activity/crop will be inbuilt steps under project interventions. There is sufficient fund allocation for various component and subcomponents for project interventions. Thus, there is no need for separate budget allocation for EMF activities. Monitoring and Evaluation System for EMF: Project has developed an M&E system and indicators for all components which are to be monitored and evaluated, under which feedback from beneficiaries and data from the field is systematically collected and analyzed. EMF will be integral part of such M&E mechanism and this will be helpful in taking informed decisions and making any mid-course correction in implementation strategy and activities. The M&E system will be closely linked with the project’s results framework and avoid duplication in collection of similar information. The M&E system also provides a mechanism for third party audit to ensure that environmental due diligence is being conducted in accordance with the provisions of the EMF. 1.9 Approach and Methodology A participatory and consultative approach has been adopted to prepare EMF and its components. Project stakeholders at various levels, including small and marginal farmers (men and women), tribal, marginalized social groups, and experts were consulted. Their views and concerns have been incorporated in this document. Literature Review- A detailed & in-depth literature review on existing information helped in gaining a further and deeper understanding of the proposed project. A desk review of the central & state govt. legal framework and policies was also conducted to get information on the relevant legislations and policy documents that should be considered during project implementation. ➢ World Bank Related Documents -Aide Memoires; World Bank Safeguards Policies and Procedures ➢ Central and Govt. of Maharashtra Legislative Documents-National Water Policy, National Policy on Environment, Health and Sanitation policy, Plastic Waste Management, Wildlife Protection Act etc. 15 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Review of Secondary data and collection of primary data- Collection and review of the existing secondary data sources mainly consisted of reports, statistics including census information and online publications of the Government of India and the Government of Maharashtra. These datasets were analyzed to illustrate the existing environmental situation, prepare the respective management plans including screening mechanism for the proposed interventions, and prepare plan for capacity building of stakeholders. Primary data collection consisted of field visit to existing interventions of the Government of Maharashtra that have close resemblance with the climate resilient interventions. Field visits and Stakeholder Consultations Consultations were carried out with farmers, Farmer Producer Companies, state and district level line departments and agencies (for example, the Maharashtra State Seeds Corporation Ltd.), extension institutions (for example, ATMA and Krishi Vignan Kendra), private firms (for example, agri-input suppliers), etc. The details of consultations held in the four districts are given in Table below. Field visits were conducted to four districts. The selection of the districts was based on the climate vulnerability index as calculated in Maharashtra State Adaptation Action Plan on Climate Change (2014) as well as the Human Development Index (2012). Within each district, one taluka (block) was visited and the existing interventions of the Government of Maharashtra that have elements of climate resilience were covered. Stakeholder consultations were conducted as following- S. No. District Taluka Date Stakeholders 1. Amravati Dharni 16/11/2016 • Government officials including DSAO, ATC 2. Amravati Dharni 17/11/2016 • Research institutes like KVKs, VNMK 3. Akola Telhara 18/11/2016 • APMC 4. Akola Telhara 19/11/2016 • Farmers (small, marginal and large) including 5. Jalna Ghansavangi 20/11/2016 women 6. Latur Latur 21/11/2016 • Tribal communities 7. Latur Latur 22/11/2016 • Communities based organizations- SHGs, Common Interest Groups, Farmer Producer Organizations • Input suppliers • Local Bodies / PRIs • Local Governance Bodies / Panchayat Raj Institutions • Government officials including District Superintendent Agriculture Officer (DSAO), ATC 16 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I S. No. District Taluka Date Stakeholders • Research institutes including Krishi Vignan Kendras (KVK), Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth (VNMKV) • Agriculture Produce Market Committee (APMC) To understand the expected project risks and people’s perception on the project, field visits were conducted in different agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra wherein the project area lies. The field visit and stakeholder consultations were conducted in four districts out of 15 project districts. One taluka (block) each was visited in 4 districts. The selection of the districts for field visit and stakeholder’s consultation was based on the vulnerability index as calculated in Maharashtra State Adaptation Action Plan on Climate Change (MSAAPCC), 2014. Similarly, the Human Development Index (2012) of all project districts was considered for the selection of districts. In addition to the community level consultations, different service providing agencies like MAHABEEJ (Maharashtra State Seeds Corporation Ltd.), officials of ATMA, private input suppliers, KVK officials etc. were consulted. Apart from field level consultations, state level consultations were carried out with different state level institutions, organizations, FPCs etc. and their views were also examined and suitably incorporated in the management framework. Key Findings/ suggestions from Consultations The key concerns shared and suggestions made in the consultations are as follows: 1. Lack of access to irrigation facilities coupled with long dry spells affect the production and productivity of crops. Farmers suffer from non-availability of water, even during Kharif. Protective irrigation is essential to save standing crops in dry spells and the project can take this up as an area of intervention. 2. The current practice of groundwater exploitation and filling up of the farm pond is to be evaluated scientifically to understand the evaporation rate. People normally extract the ground water in monsoon to fill the ponds. However, the exposed surface area of the water increases evaporation loss. 3. The current initiative to deepen the natural drainage courses needs to be scientifically examined. 4. The project needs to take concrete measures to prevent burning of farm residues. 5. Current practices of fertilizer and pesticide use may pose risk to human health. The project may promote safety measures through orientation and demonstration programs for farmers. 6. In the Saline-Sodic tract, special measures are required. As utilization of groundwater for irrigation increases sodicity of the soil, maximum use of surface water is to be promoted. The groundwater may be treated with gypsum before field application. 17 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I 7. Promotion of broad bed furrow, deep drainage line (taking the whole area into account) and green manuring methods can reduce soil sodicity. Integrated reclamation technology would be beneficial to the saline-sodic track. 8. Use of polythene in farm fields (except in the saline-sodic tract) for mulching needs to be discouraged and appropriate disposal plan needs to be prepared for recycling / destroying the polythene sheets. Vegetative mulch (dry leaves, plant residues) may be used instead of polythene sheets. 9. Protected cultivation with drip and sprinkler irrigation systems should be promoted widely. 10. Village or cluster level water budgeting will be helpful to understand the water requirement and prepare water conservation plans accordingly. 11. Artificial ground water recharging methods need to be introduced in project villages / clusters. 12. Some farmers have adopted both modern and traditional techniques. Some examples are: utilizing farm by-products and biomass as mulch and manure, using organic fertilizers and pesticides, etc. The project needs to promote such approaches which will also reduce the cost of cultivation. 18 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Chapter 2: LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction This chapter presents the various policies, laws and regulations of the Government of India and the Government of Maharashtra that are relevant to the project. This is followed by a brief description of the relevant World Bank Safeguard Policies and their relevance to the project. 2.2 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND LEGISLATION FOR ENVIRONMENT REGULATION 2.2.1 National Environment Policy 2006 This policy intends to mainstream environmental concerns in all development activities. The policy states that environmental degradation is a major causal factor in enhancing and perpetuating poverty, particularly among the rural poor, when such degradation impacts soil fertility, quantity and quality of water, air quality, forests, wildlife and fisheries. It is stated that the poor are also more vulnerable to loss of resilience in ecosystems. Large reductions in resilience may mean that the ecosystems, on which livelihoods are based, break down, causing distress. One of the important action points in the policy with reference to climate change is to assess the need for adaptation to future climate change, and the scope for incorporating this in relevant programs, including watershed management, coastal zone planning and regulation, forestry management, agricultural technologies and practices, and health programs. 2.2.2 National Water Policy 2012 The policy notes that climate change is likely to increase the variability of water resources affecting human livelihoods. Therefore, special impetus is to be given towards mitigation at the micro level by enhancing the capabilities of communities to adopt climate resilient technological options. According to the policy, water should be treated as an economic good so as to promote its conservation and efficient use. The policy stresses on arresting the depletion of groundwater by introducing improved technologies of water use, incentivizing efficient water use, and, encouraging community based management of aquifers. 2.2.3 Policy on Abatement of Pollution 1992 The policy focus is on regulations as well as application of financial incentives for a long-term solution to pollution. The objective of the policy is to integrate environmental considerations into decision making at all levels. To achieve this, the policy suggests the following: prevent pollution at source; encourage, develop and apply the best available practical technical solutions; ensure that the polluter pays for the pollution and control arrangements; focus protection on heavily polluted areas and river stretches; and involve public in decision making. 2.2.4 National Conservation Strategy & Policy on Environment & Development 1992 The National Conservation Strategy and the Policy Statement on Environment and Development focuses on the following: sustainable and equitable use of resources; prevention and control of future deterioration in land, 19 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I water and air; steps for restoration of ecologically degraded areas and for environmental improvement in rural and urban settlements; prevention of further damage to and conservation of natural and man-made heritage; correct siting of development projects to minimize their adverse environmental consequences; protection of the environment and productivity of coastal areas and marine ecosystems; conservation of biological diversity and management of ecosystems; protection of areas of natural and cultural heritage importance. 2.2.5 National Agriculture Policy, 2000 The policy seeks to promote technically sound, economically viable, environmentally non-degrading, and socially acceptable use of country’s natural resources to promote sustainable development of agriculture. Some of the key elements in the policy are: conservation of water resources, conservation of bio-resources, integrated nutrient and pest management, application of technology for energy saving and environmental protection, protection of plant varieties, risk management and resilience building, etc. 2.2.6 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 The Water Act provides for the prevention and control of water pollution. As per this Act, Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Boards are established at the National and State level as implementation mechanism. Main functions of the State Boards are, (a) to plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of streams and wells in the State and to secure the execution thereof; (b) to advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution; (c) to collect and disseminate information relating to water pollution and the prevention, control or abatement thereof; (d) to encourage, conduct and participate in investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution and prevention, control or abatement of water pollution. 2.2.7 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The genesis of the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986, is in Article 48A (Directive Principles of State Policy) and Article 51A (g) (Fundamental Duties) of the Indian Constitution. The Act empowers the Central Government to take all appropriate measures to prevent and control pollution and to establish effective machinery for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the environment and protecting controlling and abating environmental pollution. This Act also empowers and authorizes the Central Government to issue directions for the operation or process, prohibition, closure, or regulation of any industry. The Central Government is also authorized to stop, regulate the supply of electricity or water or any other service directly without obtaining the order of the Court in this regard. 2.2.8 The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 Waste generators are required to segregate and handover segregated wastes to authorized collectors or the local body. Waste is not to be thrown, burnt or buried in open public spaces, water bodies, etc. 2.2.9 The Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 The rules are meant to exercise the powers conferred by sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. These rules apply to every waste generator, local body, Gram Panchayat, manufacturer, Importers and producer. Rule 3 defines, among other definitions, plastic waste management as ‘the collection, storage, transportation reduction, re-uses, recovery, recycling, composting or disposal of plastic waste in an 20 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I environmentally safe manner’. Rule 4 sets conditions for manufacture, stocking, distribution, sale and use of carry bags and plastic sheets. As per rule 6(1) ‘Every local body shall be responsible for development and setting up of infrastructure for segregation, collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of the plastic waste either on its own or by engaging agencies or producers’. Rule 8 provides for responsibility of waste generator that includes not to litter the plastic waste, segregation, storage of waste at source and handover segregated waste to the appropriate agency appointed by the local body or gram panchayat. As per the rule 9, the producers need to establish a system for collecting back the plastic waste generated due to their products. 2.2.10 Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 are to exercise the powers conferred by sections 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986). These rules apply to hazardous wastes as specified in the Schedule appended to the rules. There are 18 categories of the hazardous waste listed in the schedule. As per the rule 4(1), the person generating hazardous wastes shall take all practical steps to ensure that such wastes are properly handled and disposed of without any adverse effects which may result from such wastes and he shall also be responsible for proper collection, reception, treatment, storage and disposal of these wastes. 2.2.11 Insecticides Act 1968 and Insecticides Rule 1971 The Insecticides Act, 1968 and Insecticides Rules 1971 regulate the import, registration process, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of insecticides (pesticides) with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals and for all connected matters, throughout India. All insecticides (pesticides) must undergo the registration process with the Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committees (CIB & RC) before they can be made available for use or sale. 2.2.12 Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 The generator of construction and demolition waste is responsible for collection, segregation, storage of construction and demolition waste generated as directed or notified by the local authority. The generator shall ensure that: there is no littering or deposition of construction and demolition waste so as to prevent obstruction to the traffic or public or drains; and that the waste is stored and disposed separately. 2.2.13 Policy for Abatement of Pollution, 1992 This policy looks at abatement of pollution for preventing deterioration of the environment. The policy focus is on the long-term solution to pollution. The emphasis is on increased use of regulations and an increase in the development and application of financial incentives. The objective of the policy is to integrate environmental considerations into decision making at all levels. To achieve this, different steps are suggested in the policy, i.e., (1) preventing pollution at source; (2) encourage, develop and apply the best available practicable technical solutions; (3) ensure that the polluter pays for the pollution and control arrangements; (4) focus protection on heavily polluted areas and river stretches; and (5) involvement of public in decision making. 21 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I 2.2.14 National Conservation Strategy & Policy on Environment & Development, 1992 The National Conservation Strategy and the Policy Statement on Environment and Development respond to the need of environmental considerations and development process. The agenda for action in the policy looks into the followings; 1. To ensure sustainable and equitable use of resources for meeting the basic needs of the present and future generations without causing damage to the environment; 2. To prevent and control future deterioration in land, water and air which constitute our life-support systems; 3. To take steps for restoration of ecologically degraded areas and for environmental improvement in our rural and urban settlements; 4. To prevent further damage to and conserve natural and man-made heritage; 5. To ensure that development projects are correctly sited to minimize their adverse environmental consequences; 6. To ensure that the environment and productivity of coastal areas and marine ecosystems are protected; 7. To conserve and nurture the biological diversity, genepool and other resources through environmentally sustainable development and management of ecosystems, with special emphasis on our mountain, marine and coastal, desert, wetlands, riverine and island ecosystems; and, 8. To protect the scenic landscapes, areas of geomorphological significance, unique and representative biomass and ecosystems and wildlife habitats, heritage sites/structures and areas of cultural heritage importance. 2.2.15 National Research Centre For Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM), India was established in February, 1988 to cater to the plant protection needs of different agro-ecological zones of the country. Integrated Pest Management Package is developed for cotton, maize, ground nut, rice, chick pea and soybean. The Centre has a strong institutional network in place to take on the challenges of plant protection in the country in a harmonized manner. ● National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) ● Horti. Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project (HORTSAP) - Maha.(2016-17) ● Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project (CROPSAP) - Maharashtra (2015-16) ● e-Pest Surveillance and Advisory Services for Rice in Tripura The vision of the centre is minimization of crop losses due to pests through creation and harmonization of plant protection knowledge base and evolution of effective, economically viable and eco-friendly pest management technologies 2.2.16 National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) was launched during February 2011 by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) with the funding from Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The project has three major objectives: strategic research, technology demonstrations and capacity building. Assessment of the impact of climate change simultaneously with formulation of adaptive strategies is the prime approach under strategic research across all sectors of agriculture, dairying and fisheries. Evolving climate 22 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I resilient agricultural technologies that would increase farm production and productivity vis-à-vis continuous management of natural and manmade resources constitute an integral part of sustaining agriculture in the era of climate change. Objectives ● To enhance the resilience of Indian agriculture covering crops, livestock and fisheries to climatic variability and climate change through development and application of improved production and risk management technologies. ● To demonstrate site specific technology packages on farmers’ fields for adapting to current climate risks. ● To enhance the capacity of scientists and other stakeholders in climate resilient agricultural research and its application. 2.3 GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA’s POLICIES AND LEGISLATION FOR ENVIRONMENT REGULATION 2.3.1 Water Policy 2003 This policy focuses on the integrated development and management of water resources. The provisions of the policy include: mandatory public participation in planning, construction and management of water infrastructure; development and dissemination of new technology for improving productivity. 2.3.2 Maharashtra Groundwater (Development & Management) Act, 2009 The State Groundwater Authority has the power to notify areas for development and management of ground water. Contamination of ground water is prohibited. Drilling of deep wells (more than 60 meters in depth) is prohibited. Local bodies are required to monitor the implementation of safety measures for wells. No well is to be constructed within 500 meters of a public drinking water source. 2.3.3 Maharashtra Felling of Trees (Regulation) Act, 1964 and Guidelines for Tree Felling and Transit Permission, 2017 Permission from the Range Forest Officer (or Tree Officer) is required in case felling of any of the 15 specified tree species is required. Compensatory plantation of at least an equal number of trees is to be undertaken as per the directors of the Tree Officer. 2.3.4 Circulars of the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board on Poultry and Cattle Sheds The circulars specify guidelines on location, distance from habitation, waste disposal, sanitation, etc 2.4 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Agriculture Department of Maharashtra State is entrusted with the responsibility of sustainable Agriculture Development. For increasing crop production and productivity various activities like promoting use of improved / hybrid seeds, balanced use of fertilizers, Integrated Pest Management, land development, micro- irrigation, mechanizations, technology transfer through extension services are carried out by the Department of Agriculture. In order to minimize the use of hazardous chemical pesticides up to the extent possible & to prevent, manage the insect pests /diseases attack as well as to increase the crop productivity, Government of India, through the Department of Agriculture &Cooperation (DAC) in Ministry of Agriculture has launched a scheme 23 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I “Strengthening and Modernization of Pest Management Approach in India” since 1991 -92 by adopting Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as cardinal principle and main plank of plant protection strategy in overall crop production programme. Under the ambit of IPM programme, the Govt. of India has established 35 Central IPM Centers in 28 States and one UT. In Maharashtra IPM centre is located in Nashik and Nagpur. Concept of IPM The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecological approach, which aims at keeping pests below economic thresholds level by employing all available alternate pest control methods and techniques such as cultural, mechanical and biological control with greater emphasis on use of bio-pesticides and pesticides of plant-origin like Neem formulation. The use of chemical pesticides is advised as a last resort when pest crosses economic threshold level (ETL). Objectives ● Maximize crop production with minimum input costs; ● Minimize environmental pollution in soil, water and air due to pesticides; ● Minimize occupational health hazards due to chemical pesticides; ● Conserve ecosystem and maintain ecological equilibrium; ● Judicious use of chemical pesticides for reducing pesticide residues. Activities The Central Integrated Pest Management Centers (CIPMCs) undertake following programme and activities: ● Surveillance & Monitoring of insect-pest & diseases. ● Augmentation and Conservation of Natural enemies. ● Production and releases of bio-control agents. ● Human Resources Development (HRD) through Farmers’ Field Schools (FFSs), Season-long training programmes, orientation training programme and refresher courses. Apart from CIPMCs, State Bio-control Laboratories (SBCLs) have been established in Aurangabad and Nandurbar. Mandate of Central Integrated Pest Management Centers (CIPMCS) and Adoption in Project Area The mandate of the CIPMC Centers is pest/disease monitoring, production and release of bio-control agents/ bio-pesticides, conservation of bio-control agents and Human Resource Development in IPM by imparting training to Agriculture / Horticulture Extension Officers and farmers at Grass Root Level by organizing Farmers Field Schools (FFSs) in farmers’ fields. Basic aim of FFS is to train the farmers on the latest IPM technologies so that they are able to take decision in pest management operation. In FFS the farmers are also trained about the judicious use of pesticides on their crops so that the crop can be grown with minimum use of pesticides. FFS approach is inbuilt mechanism for project implementation phase. The IPM advisory and other necessary guidelines for the specific crop during kharif and rabi season will be disseminated at grass root level to all farmers of project area through FFS. Department of agriculture with technical support of Krishi VigyanKendras (KVKs) of concern districts will be responsible to execute FFS approach in their respective project areas. 24 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Approach of IPM for key crops of the state In Maharashtra Soybean, cotton, rice, tur, sorghum and bajra are major Kharif crops while, sorghum, gram are the major crops grown in the Rabi season. Farmers are shifting towards cotton and soybean crops in last few years due to good average per hectare yield and market prices. Pest disease management is the crucial factor in crop production. In general, 20-30% loss in yield occurs due to pests and diseases. Vulnerability of rainfall and changes in weather creates congenial conditions for pest and disease attacks. If pest and disease problem is not managed in time, farmers incur heavy economic losses. To avoid the crop losses due to pest and diseases recurrence as a long term strategy, Department of Agriculture has taken an initiative and formulated and implemented “Awareness-cum Surveillance Programme for management of major pests in cotton-soybean based cropping system in Maharashtra” in 2009-10 under technical guidance of National Integrated Pest Management Centre (NCIPM), New Delhi. This scheme has now been renamed as “Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project” (CROPSAP). The project has been further extended to cover Tur, Gram and Rice crops. A software was developed and implemented for data feeding, interpretation, report generation, GIS based pest mapping and advisory dissemination. For regular pest surveillance, Pest Scouts are appointed and pre-seasonal trainings are imparted at SAUs. Pest Scouts and Pest Monitors collect pest data and feed it online in the software through their mobile. The data is processed and reports are generated. These reports are scientifically interpreted and necessary real time detail and short advisories are issued by the experts at State Agricultural University (SAUs). Talukawise advisories with hot spot locations are issued on-line to DSAOs on every Thursday and Monday. DSAOs transmit the messages in form of detailed advisories through e-mail to Taluka Level offices. The advisories are displayed at Gram Panchayats and also published in local newspapers and other print and electronic media. Pest situation is discussed in farmers meetings conducted by field staff. Short advisories are sent through SMSes to registered farmers. Awareness is created among the farmers through various training programmes, rallies, village meetings etc. to identify pest, their nature of damage and management. Software has a facility to generate Taluka-wise GIS mapping system for soybean, cotton, paddy, tur and gram pests. The maps generated through this system can be used for identifying epidemic area of particular pest. Wherever the pest population crosses Economic Threshold Level (ETL), subsidized pesticides are supplied on priority through different programmes. Apart from this, correlation of weather parameters is carried out and superimposed on GIS maps. Analysis of weather parameters and pest population dynamics by scientists will be useful in future to develop pest-forecasting modules. In this way, massive statewide campaign is organized and implemented in the state. Through this project, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been widely used in the field of plant protection for first time in the country. Mobile Apps Under the Department of Agriculture, State of Maharashtra, following mobile apps are available- ● M-Crop - M-Cropsap is mobile-based data entry application used for Crop-Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project (CROPSAP). (details about the app are available athttp://mahaagriiqc.gov.in/cropsap/Mcropsap/) 25 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I ● Crop clinic mobile - Crop Clinic Mobile App is helpful to search crop insects and insecticide details (details about the app are available at http://mahaagriiqc.gov.in/cropsap/index.php) 2.3.2 Water Policy of Government of Maharashtra The Water Policy, 2003 of the Government of Maharashtra focuses on Integrated Development and Management of Water Resources. Some of the important provisions of the policy are: 1. Mandatory public participation in planning, construction and management of water infrastructure. 2. Supply of water to the users on gross volumetric basis. 3. Delegation of irrigation management system to Water User Associations (WUA). 4. Development and dissemination of new technology for improving productivity. 5. Preparation of perspective plan for eradication of poverty and elimination of regional imbalance. 6. Transfer of water from 'water-abundant' regions to 'water-deficit' regions. Policies of the Government of Maharashtra on water sector are; 1. State Water Policy, 2003; 2. Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers Act, 2005; 3. The Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority (MWRRA) Act, 2005: 4. Maharashtra Groundwater (Development & Management) Act, 2009. 2.3.3 Agrarian crisis and agricultural crisis: issues and solutions Many parts of the country have been facing agrarian distress due to a host of factors, including climate vulnerability and shocks. According to the records of National Crime Bureau, more than 2 lakh farmers across India have committed suicides over the last two decades. Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Punjab witnessed more than 65% of farmers' indebtedness in 2011, which is highest in India.In this regard, Vidarbha is one of the most affected regions in India and Yavatmal is the most affected district in Vidarbha. Project on climate resilience agriculture (PoCRA) has been designed primarily for small and marginal farmers. Apart from PoCRA, the GoM had declared a special package to help farmers in crisis and natural calamities in Vidarbha region. The details of this initiative are: S. No. Item Implementing Department Emergency help Revenue and forest (Relief and 1. Rehabilitation) 2. Loan rescheduling Co-operation , Marketing and Textile 3. Regulation of loan from private money lender Department 4. Apply doublization rule to all co-operative loan 5. Loan disbursement through farmers self help group Regeneration of loan distribution system Co-operation , Marketing and Textile 6. Department and Agriculture and ADF 7. Waive of premium of crop insurance scheme Agriculture and ADF 8. Financial help to farmers for more production 9. Promotion of Agri-allied business 26 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Promotion of agri-processing industries Co-operation , Marketing and Textile 10. Department and Agriculture and ADF 11. Promotion of cotton compound farming Agriculture and ADF Community marriage scheme for farmers Women and Child Development 12. daughters marriage Reimbursement of capital development fund Co-operation , Marketing and Textile 13. Department 14. Relief to cotton grower farmers Agriculture and ADF 15. Organic farming technology mission Agriculture and ADF 16. Vidarbha watershed mission Water Conservation Department 17. Starting helpline for farmers guidance Agriculture and ADF 18. Monitoring of declared programme General Administration Department 2.4 APPLICABILITY OF ACTS / POLICIES Table 1: Applicability of Policies Policy Why it is applicable for the Project National Environment Policy, The Policy supports the environmental restoration measures and 2006 prescribe effective environment safeguard instruments Environment Protection Act, The Act suggests to take all appropriate measures to prevent and 1986 control pollution and to establish effective machinery for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the environment and protecting controlling and abating environmental pollution Plastic Waste Management It is applicable to all the GPs / producers apart from other entities. Rules Applicability of Plastic Waste Management Rule is mostly related to current use of people in the project area and expected augmentation due to project intervention. Hazardous Waste Management Waste category No. 18, i.e., discarded containers of hazardous and Rule, 1989 toxic wastes is particularly applicable to the project, especially with regard to pesticides. Insecticides Act, 1968 Use of registered and recommended insecticides and non-use of insecticides banned by GoI and WHO 1a and 1b. Policy for abatement of This policy looks at abatement of pollution for preventing deterioration pollution, 1992 of the environment. The policy suggests preventing pollution at source. National Conservation Strategy The project adheres to the policy prescription in terms of prevention of & Policy on Environment & deterioration of natural resource base like land, water etc. & ecological Development, 1992 restoration. 27 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I State Water Policy, 2003 The policy looks at participatory planning, construction and management of water use which the project intends to do in its intervention Maharashtra Management of Formation of Water User Association (WUA) for irrigation Irrigation Systems by Farmers Act 2005 The Maharashtra Water Water tariff and water use entitlement, promotion of water Resources Regulatory Authority conservation and management practices (MWRRA) Act Maharashtra Groundwater Groundwater regulation for irrigation, drinking and other uses (Development & Management) Act 2009 2.5 World Bank Safeguard Policies and its Implications These policies provide guidelines for Bank and borrower in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. Safeguard policies also provide a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design and have been an important instrument for building a sense of ownership among local populations. In essence, the safeguards ensure that environmental and social issues are evaluated in decision making, help reduce and manage the risks associated with a project or program, and provide a mechanism for consultation and disclosure of information. The environmental safeguard policies of the World Bank and their applicability to the project are discussed in Table 2. Table 2: Operational Policies and its Implications for the Project Operational Policy Why it is applicable to the Project Applicability to the Project OP 4.01: The project aims at minimizing climate This policy is applicable for this Environmental variability related vulnerabilities of project. The project related Assessment agriculture sector through various environmental impacts are mostly measures. The project, while taking positive, and due to the nature and different environment friendly measures, level of impacts it is classified as its possible impact is to be assessed along category B as per OP 4.01. An with current conditions. Environmental Assessment of the project has been undertaken by GoM as per the requirements of OP 4.01, and an Environmental Management Framework has been prepared to guide planning and implementation as required by this policy. OP 4.09: In the promotion of adaptive measures to This policy is applicable for this Pest Management climate variability and adoption of project. The project interventions recommended package of practices, pest supported through individual management will be essential and farmers/ producer organizations safeguard measures are to be taken. will involve the use of pesticides. A Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) has been prepared and 28 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I included in this EMF as part of the The PMP draws upon the GoM’s programs on IPM and on the World Bank Group’s Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines for Annual Crop Production. 2.6 Relevant Programmes and Schemes of the Government Both Central and State Governments have been implementing several schemes / programmes under Central Schemes, Centrally Sponsored Schemes and State Schemes, that are relevant to the project. Some of these schemes and their salient features are discussed below. Table 3: Relevant Programmes / Schemes S. No. Scheme Schematic Provisions and Linkage Potential 1 Strengthening of 1. Analysis of samples / research samples for developing and Agmark Grading promoting grading and standardization of agricultural commodities Facilities under Agmark 2 Development / 1. The scheme is for those States which have amended the APMC Act Strengthening of (Maharashtra included); Agricultural 2. Direct marketing, contract farming and permit to set up of markets Marketing in private and cooperative sectors; Infrastructure, 3. Credit linked back-ended subsidy on capital cost of general or Grading & commodity specific infrastructure for marketing of agricultural Standardization commodities and for strengthening and modernization of existing agricultural markets, wholesale, weekly markets in rural areas 3 GraminBhandaranYo 1. Creation of scientific storage capacity with allied facilities in rural jana: areas. 4 Agriculture-Business 1. Setting up of agribusiness ventures, Development 2. Catalyzing private investment in setting up of agribusiness projects (SFAC): 3. Strengthen backward linkages of agri-business projects with producers; 4. Assist farmers, producer groups to enhance their participation in value chain through Project Development Facility; 5. Training and visits of agri-entrepreneurs in setting up identified agribusiness projects. 5 Setting up of 1. Backward linkages with farmers through collection centers Terminal Market 2. Forward linkages through wholesalers, distribution centers, retail Complex (TMC): cash and carry stores, processing units for exporters etc. 6 National Agriculture 1. Setting up of common e-market platform that would be deployable Market (NAM) in selected regulated wholesale markets (SFAC implements the through Agri-Tech national e-platform). Infrastructure Fund (ATIF): 7 Integrated Scheme 1. Creation of agricultural marketing infrastructure by providing for Agricultural backend subsidy support to State, cooperative and private sector Marketing: investments; 2. Creation of scientific storage capacity; 3. Promote Integrated Value Chains (up to primary processing); 4. ICT as a vehicle of extension for agricultural marketing; 5. Establishing a nation-wide information network system for speedy collection and dissemination of market information; 6. Support framing of grade standards and quality certification of agricultural commodities; 7. Catalyze private investment in agribusiness projects; 8. Training, research, education, extension and consultancy in the agri-marketing sector. 29 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I S. No. Scheme Schematic Provisions and Linkage Potential 8 National Agricultural 1. Insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event Insurance Scheme of failure of any of the notified crops as a result of natural (NAIS): calamities, pests and diseases; 2. Encouraging farmers to adopt progressive farming practices, high value inputs and higher technology in agriculture; 3. Stabilize farm incomes, particularly in disaster years. 9 Sub-Mission on 1. Increasing reach of farm mechanization to small and marginal Agricultural farmers and to the regions where availability of farm power is low; Mechanization: 2. Promoting Custom Hiring Centres; 3. Creating hubs for hi-tech & high value farm equipment; 4. Awareness among stakeholders through demonstration and capacity building activities. 10 National Mission for 1. Promotion of Integrated / Composite Farming Systems; Sustainable 2. Conservation of natural resources through appropriate soil and Agriculture (NMSA): moisture conservation measures; 3. Comprehensive soil health management practices based on soil fertility maps, 4. Soil test based application of macro µnutrients; 5. Judicious use of fertilizers; 6. Efficient water management to expand coverage for achieving ‘more crop per drop’; 7. Developing capacity of farmers & stakeholders on climate change adaptation and mitigation measures; 8. Pilot models in select blocks for improving productivity of rain-fed farming by mainstreaming rainfed technologies refined through NICRA; 11 Rashtriya Krishi 1. Preparation of agriculture plan; VikasYojana 2. Focused intervention to reduce yield gap in important crops; (RKVY): 3. Distribution of ag. Inputs, extension, soil health management and IPM promotion; 4. Dairy development; 5. Fishery promotion; 6. Information dissemination; 7. Infrastructure development under Infrastructure and Assets. 12 National Food 1. Extension of improved technologies i.e. seed, Integrated Nutrient Security Mission: Management including micronutrients, soil amendments, IPM and resource conservation technologies; 2. Capacity building of farmers. 13 Development and 1. Establishing seed bank and its maintenance; Strengthening of 2. Development of seed village; Infrastructure 3. Assistance for Creation / Strengthening of Infrastructure Facilities Facilities for in Public Sector; Production and 4. Strengthening State Seed Testing Laboratories for quality control; Distribution of 5. Awareness campaign through SAUs, scientific Quality Seeds: organisations/Institutes; 6. Promotion of tissue culture through SAUs/specialised institutions/seed corporations; 7. Boosting Seed Production in Private Sector. 14 Pradhan Mantri 1. Creation of new water sources; repair, restoration and renovation of Krishi defunct water sources; construction of water harvesting structures, SinchayeeYojana secondary & micro storage, groundwater development, enhancing (PMKSY) potentials of traditional water bodies at village level, etc. 2. Developing/augmenting distribution network where irrigation sources (both assured and protective) are available or created; 30 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I S. No. Scheme Schematic Provisions and Linkage Potential 3. Promotion of scientific moisture conservation and runoff control measures to improve groundwater recharge so as to create opportunities for farmer to access recharged water through shallow tube/dug wells; 4. Promoting efficient water conveyance and field application devices within the farm viz, underground piping system, Drip & Sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns and other application devices etc.; 5. Encouraging community irrigation through registered user groups/farmer producers’ organizations/NGOs; and 6. Farmer oriented activities like capacity building, training and exposure visits, demonstrations, farm schools, skill development in efficient water and crop management practices (crop alignment) including large scale awareness on more crop per drop of water through mass media campaign, exhibitions, field days, and extension activities through short animation films etc. 15 Mahatma Gandhi 1. Supplementary livelihood in rural areas through unskilled manual National Rural work, Employment 2. Categories of work permitted to be taken up for providing Guarantee Act, 2005 employment are water conservation, drought proofing, irrigation, (MGNREGA) land development, rejuvenation of traditional water bodies, flood control and drainage work, rural connectivity and work on the land of Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Families Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Indira AwasYojana (IAY) beneficiaries, land reform beneficiaries and individual small and marginal farmers. 31 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Chapter 3 Environment Baseline This chapter provides the environmental baseline of the project area. It covers details on topography, physiography, geology, climate, rainfall, soil, water resources, forests, land use, agriculture in the 15 project districts. The 15 project districts are: Akola, Amravati, Aurangabad, Beed, Buldhana, Hingoli, Jalgaon, Jalna, Latur, Nanded, Osmanabad, Parbhani, Wardha, Washim, and Yavatmal. 3.1 Topography and Physiography Maharashtra State is spread over a geographical area of 3,07,713 sq. km. Its geographic location is latitude 15°40’ N to 22°00’ N and longitude is 72°30’E to 80°30’E. Based on topography and physical features, the state can be divided into three physical divisions, viz. The Konkan Coastal Lowland, the Western Ghats and the Maharashtra plateau. 3.2 Geology The geology of Maharashtra is famous for the Deccan Traps, which occurs in all the districts of the State, except Bhandara, Gondia and Gadchiroli. The other geological formations, older and younger than Deccan Traps, occur in the northeast and as isolated patches in the Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri districts. • Deccan Traps: This occupies about 82 percent of the area in the state. The Traps are composed of a thick pile of lava flows and vary greatly in thickness from a few meters to as much as 30-35 meters. Although climatic, physiographic and rainfall vary widely across the State, the inherent differences in the lava type, their geometry and the post-volcanic tectonics are more important locally in contributing to variations in the aquifer. • Alluvial Deposits: These occur along the lower reaches of major river valleys including the Purna valley in the districts of Akola, Amravati and Buldhana. • Proterozic Rocks: Vast areas in the districts of Nanded and Yavatmal are occupied by the rocks of the Vindhyan Super Group. They consist of limestones, dolomitic limestones, purple coloured shales and feldspathic sandstone. • Gondwana System: Around Bairamghat in Amravati district, the upper Gondwana sediments of the Pachmari group are exposed. They essentially consist of sandstones, shales and clays and include number of plant fossils. • Lameta and Bagh Beds: The Lametas comprise of calcareous sandstone, cherty limestones and clays. The Lameta and Bagh Beds occur below the Deccan Traps. They are located at various places and along the fringes of the Deccan Traps in Amravati district. The stratigraphic succession of the geologic formations in the State is given in the Table No. 8. The variation in hydrological properties is due to inherent physical characteristics of the rocks. Table 4: Geology of Maharashtra Formation Area (in sq km) Percentage Quaternary Alluvium 14498 5.71 Deccan Trap lava flows 250026 81.25 Gondwana Rock 4808 1.56 Proterozoic 6190 2.01 Precambrian Basement 32191 10.46 32 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Source: Report on the Dynamic Groundwater Resources of Maharashtra, 201-12; Ground Water Survey and Development Agency, Pune, February 2014 3.3 Climate The state enjoys a tropical monsoon climate. The summer is from March up to June followed by monsoon from June to September. The seasonal rains from western sea-clouds provide heavy rainfall on the Sahyadricrests.The Western Ghats hill ranges run north to south separating the coastal districts of Thane, Mumbai, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg from rest of the State. The average height of these ranges is about 1000 m above mean sea level (AMSL) form an important climatic divide. The coastal areas receive very high monsoon rains while to the east of the Ghats rainfall drops drastically within short distance from the Ghats. Towards further east, the rainfall increases gradually. 3.4 Temperature The State experiences four seasons during a year. March to May is the summer season followed by rainy season from June to September. The post monsoon season is October and November. Maharashtra has variable climate from continental to typical maritime depending upon the location and physiography. The coastal districts of Konkan experience heavy rains but mild winter. The weather, however, is mostly humid throughout the year. The maximum and minimum temperature varies between 27°C and 40°C & 14°C and 27°C respectively. The maximum summer temperature varies between 36°C and 41°C and during winter the temperature oscillates between 10°C and 16°C. Rainfall starts in the first week of June and July is the wettest month. Rainfall in Maharashtra differs from region to region. Table 5: Climatic Condition by Agro-climatic Zone Agro-climatic Zones Climatic Condition 0 South Konkan Coastal Zone Daily temp. above 20 C. throughout the year. North Kokan Coastal Zone Avg. daily temp 22 to 300C. Mini. temp 17 to 270 C. Humidity 98%in rainy season & winter-60% Western Ghat Maximum temp. ranges from 29-390 C. Minimum temp ranges from 13-200 C. Transition Zone-1 Average maximum temperature is between 28-350 C and minimum 14-190 C Transition Zone-2 Maximum temperature 400 C & minimum 50 C. Scarcity Zone Maximum temperature 410 C minimum 14-150 C Assured Rainfall Zone Maximum temp 410C Minimum temp 210C Moderate Rainfall Zone Maximum temperature 33-380 C Minimum temperature 16-260C Average daily humidity 72 % in rainy season, 53 % in winter & 35% in summer. Eastern Vidarbha Zone Mean Maximum temperature varies from 320 C to 370 C. Minimum temperature 150C to 240 C. Daily humidity 73% for rainy season 62% in winter & 35% in summer Source: NIDM, Maharashtra 3.5 Rainfall Geographical location of Maharashtra is widely spread to get different types of climatic features. Due to the climate variability and varied topographical features, the state is divided in four meteorological sub-divisions namely Konkan & Goa; Vidarbha; Madhya Maharashtra and Marathwada. The meteorological sub-division Konkan & Goa is the extreme western part elongated north south along the west coast of India. Due to these 33 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I topographical features, the region receives very high rainfall during monsoon season. The Vidarbha region is the easternmost part of the state. The mean monsoon or annual rainfall of Vidarbha is lesser than Konkan but more than the other two sub-divisions. The other two sub-divisions viz. Madhya Maharashtra and Marathwada are almost having similar mean rainfall with Madhya Maharashtra having slightly higher mean monsoon or annual rainfall. But the rainfall patterns have high intra seasonal variability. There is high spatial variability of rainfall over districts of Maharashtra. The State experiences extremes of rainfall ranging from 6000 mm over the Ghats to less than 500 mm in Madhya Maharashtra. The Konkan sub-division comprising of coastal districts and Western Ghats receive the heaviest rains, the Ghats receive more than 6000 mm and the plains 2500 mm. Rainfall decreases rapidly towards eastern slopes and plateau areas where it is minimum (less than 500 mm). It again increases towards east, i.e., in the direction of Marathwada and Vidarbha and attains a second maximum of 1500 mm in the eastern parts of Vidarbha. Thus, the Madhya Maharashtra sub-division is the region of the lowest rainfall in the State. The State receives its rainfall mainly during the south west monsoon season (June to September) while Konkan receives almost 94% of the annual rainfall during the monsoon season. The other sub-divisions namely Madhya Maharashtra, Marathwada and Vidarbha receive 83%, 83% and 87% respectively during this season. The number of rainy days has great significance in artificial recharge to groundwater. The rainy days normally vary from 75 to 85 days in Konkan and 30 to 40 days in Madhya Maharashtra and Marathwada. The number of rainy days in Vidarbha is around 40 to 50 days during southwest monsoon season. Table 6: Average Annual Rainfall by Agro-Climatic Zone S. No. Agro-Climatic Zone Avg. Annual Rainfall 1 South Konkan Coastal Zone 3105 mm in 101 days 2 North Kokan Coastal Zone 2607 mm in 87 days. 3 Western Ghat 3000 to 6000 mm. Rainfall recorded in different places of the zone vizIgatpuri, Lonawala, Mahabaleshwar, &Radhanagari. 4 Transition Zone-1 700-2500 mm. Rains received mostly from S-W monsoon. 5 Transition Zone-2 Well distributed rainfall 700 to 1200 mm. 6 Scarcity Zone Less than 500mm in 45 days. Two peaks of rainfall. 1) June/ July2) September. Bimodal pattern of rainfall. 7 Assured Rainfall Zone 700 to 900 mm. 8 Moderate Rainfall Zone 1130 mm. 9 Eastern Vidarbha Zone 950 to 1250 mm on western side. 1700 mm on extreme east side. Average number of rainy days is 59. Source: NIDM, Maharashtra The variability of annual rainfall over the state in general, is high. Only in the coastal areas, the variability is less than 20% otherwise the variability ranges between 20% and 35% over the state. On sub-divisional basis, the variability of annual rainfall in Konkan is the least (23%) while it is the maximum in Marathwada (31%). In Madhya Maharashtra and Vidarbha the variability is 30% and 26% respectively. The climate of Maharashtra State is tropical monsoon type. Its location on the Western Coast and the peculiar topography are additional features which cause regional variation of climate from place to place within the State. 34 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Maharashtra predominantly receives the rainfall from the southwest monsoon. The monsoon normally withdraws by the end of September or early October. The post-monsoon season generally extends for two months between October and November. The winter season lasts for three months from December to February, March, April and May form the hot weather season. The distribution of rainfall across the State is strongly influenced by physiography. Ninety-nine talukas in the State are chronically drought affected. Table 7: Rainfall in Project Districts of Maharashtra District Rainfall Normal Rainfall(mm) Average number of Rainy days SW NE Winter Summe Annual SW NE Winter Summe Annual monsoon Monsoo (Jan- r monso Monsoo (Jan- r (Mar- (June- n Feb) (Mar- on n Feb) May) Sep) (Oct- May) (June- (Oct- Dec) Sep) Dec) Akola 711.6 72.6 26.1 15 825.3 37 4 2 1 45 Amravati 775.2 69.6 29.4 12.2 886.4 40 4 3 1 48 Aurangabad 623.5 83.5 3.8 23.3 734.3 33 6 39 Beed 605.4 94.4 6.5 37.1 743.4 26 5 31 Buldhana 684.7 76.8 17 14 792.5 37 3.9 1.5 1.2 43.6 Hingoli 829.5 75.4 10.2 31.5 946.6 39 5 1 45 Jalgoan 639.8 73.4 16.8 20 750 33 4 2 1 40 Jalna 634.1 84.5 5.2 26.6 750.4 33 5 38 Latur 634.9 85.2 6 43.6 769.7 37 6 43 Nanded 862.5 76.4 18.1 36.1 993.1 39 5 1 1 46 Osmanabad 693.9 88.2 8.1 52.2 842.4 36 6 42 Parbhani 804.9 96.2 12.2 44.3 957.6 37 5 1 1 44 Wardha 775.2 69.6 29.4 12.2 886.4 39.9 3.7 2.5 1.2 47.3 Washim 848.6 75.4 26.7 14.6 965.3 41.3 4 2.1 1.2 48.6 Yavatmal 775.2 69.6 29.4 12.2 886.4 39.9 3.7 2.5 1.2 47.3 Source: National Climate Centre, Pune Analysis of long-term rainfall trends in India reveals that in August, the maximum increase, showing positive trend, was witnessed by Konkan & Goa (1.04 mm/year). For September, decreasing rainfall is observed with the maximum reduction for Marathwada (-0.50 mm/year). The maximum increase in monsoon rainfall was of the order of 1.81 mm/year for Coastal Karnataka followed by Konkan & Goa. While analysing the rainfall data for the 1871–2003 period, Dash et al. (2007) also found the same three sub-divisions showing the maximum increase in monsoon rainfall. Decrease in annual rainfall was found to be maximum for Madhya Maharashtra (-0.04 mm/year) along with other states. Table 8: Long-term Rainfall Trend in Regions of Maharashtra Sub- Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec division/Region Konkan & Goa 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.33 0.13 1.04 -0.05 0.15 0 0 Madhya 0 0 0 -0.01 0 0.13 -0.23 0.25 -0.17 0.05 -0.01 0 Maharashtra Marathwada 0 0 0 0 0.02 -0.03 0.04 0.28 -0.50 0.21 0 0 Vidarbha 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.01 -0.13 -0.40 0.40 -0.45 0.1 0 0 35 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I All Subdivisions / 0 0.01 0 0.04 0 -0.12 -0.13 0.08 -0.1 0.1 0.01 0 Region Source: Analysis of long-term rainfall trends in India Note: Bold values indicate statistical significance at 95% confidence level as per the Mann-Kendall test (+ for increasing and - for decreasing). Trends and magnitude of change in annual rainfall, in terms of percentage of the mean per 100 years, reflects that Vidarbha region has experienced a decreasing trend of nearly 5–10% of mean per 100 years. Significance of trends in monthly rainfall indicates that, during the non-monsoon months, the increasing rainfall was found statistically significant in Marathwada region in October. During the monsoon months of June, July, August and September, significant trends (both positive and negative) were detected. Significant decreasing trend was detected for Vidarbha during July; and for Marathwada and Vidarbha during September. An increasing trend for Konkan & Goa and Madhya Maharashtra in August was found significant. The rainfall data of more than 100 years over Maharashtra has been analyzed and the impact of climate changes on temporal and spatial pattern over smaller spatial scales is clearly noticed. Significant decreasing trends in monthly rainfall are being observed in many districts from the month of January (seven districts) to May (three districts) with maximum decrease in February (15 districts). Not a single district of Maharashtra reported increasing trends in rainfall from the month January to May. These changing patterns are very crucial in agriculture point of view. In spite of increasing trends in monsoon rainfall in many areas, the decreasing trends in the first five months of the year have resulted increase heating, and may have effect in shortage of soil moisture, groundwater and lowering the groundwater level. Out of twelve months, August has shown very good for the state Maharashtra as most of the districts have shown increasing trends in August rainfall. 3.6 Evaporation and Evapotranspiration The evaporation in Maharashtra varies from 1478 mm to 2474 mm. It is lowest in Konkan region where as highest evaporation is observed in Nashik, Dhule, Jalgaon along with Buldhana, Akola and Amravati districts. If mean monthly evaporation and mean monthly rainfall are compared the evaporation appears higher even than rainfall in the months of July and August in Ahmadnagar District and in September in Jalgaon, Buldana and Akola Districts. That is why, even during monsoon, crops are badly in need of irrigation in these districts. 3.7 Agro-Climatic Zone Depending on the general climatic conditions and the consequent cultivation pattern, the state is divided into nine agro-climatic zones (Table No. 11). Table 11: State Agro-Climatic Zones Agro-climatic Name of the Zone Climatic condition Avg. Annual Rainfall Zones South Konkan Very high rainfall zone Daily temp. Above 200C. 3105 mm in 101 days Coastal Zone with laterite soils Throughout the year. North Kokan Very high rainfall zone Avg. daily temp 22 to 2607 mm in 87 days. Coastal Zone with non-lateritic soils 30C.Mini. temp 17 to 27 C. Humidity 98%in rainy season & winter-60% Western Ghat Western Ghat Maximum temp. ranges from 3000 to 6000 mm. Rainfall Zone/Ghat zone 29-39 C. Minimum temp recorded in different places of ranges from 13-20 C. the zone vizIgatpuri, Lonawala, Mahabaleshwar, &Radhanagari. 36 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Agro-climatic Name of the Zone Climatic condition Avg. Annual Rainfall Zones Transition Sub Montane Zone/ Average maximum 700-2500 mm. Rains received Zone-1 Transition Zone 1 temperature is between 28-35 mostly from S-W monsoon. C and minimum 14-19 C Transition Western Maharashtra Water availability ranges from Well distributed rainfall 700 to Zone-2 Plain Zone /Transition- 120-150 days. Maxi. 1200 mm. 2 temperature 40 C & minimum 5 C. Scarcity Zone Western Maharashtra Suffers from very low rainfall Less than 750mm in 45 days. Scarcity Zone/ Scarcity with uncertainty & ill- Two peaks of rainfall. 1) June/ Zone distribution. Max. temp. 41 C July2) September. Bimodal mini.-14-15 C pattern of rainfall. Assured Central Maharashtra Maximum temperature 41 C 700 to 900 mm 75 % rains Rainfall Zone Plateau Zone /Assured Minimum temperature 21 C received in all districts of the Rainfall Zone zone. Moderate Central Vidarbha Zone Maxi. Temp. 33-38 C Mini. 1130 mm. Rainfall Zone /Zone of Moderate Temp. 16-26 C Average daily Rainfall humidity 72 % in rainy season, 53 % in winter & 35% in summer. Eastern High Rainfall Zone with Mean Maximum temperature 950 to 1250 mm on western Vidarbha Zone Soils derived from varies from 32 to 37 C. side. 1700 mm on extreme east parent material of Minimum temperature 15 to 24 side No of rainy days 59. different crops. There C. Daily humidity 73% for are 4 sub-zone based on rainy season 62 winter & 35 climate, soils and crop summer pattern Source: NIDM, Maharashtra; Maharashtra State Adaptation Action Plan on Climate Change (MSAAPC), Dept. of Environment, Govt. of Maharashtra 3.8 Soils According to the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSSLP), Maharashtra, can be divided into 356 soil-mapping units, which are broadly categorized as: (1) Soils of Konkan coast, (2) Soils of Western Ghats, (3) Soils of Upper Maharashtra, and (4) Soils of Lower Maharashtra. Table 12: Soil Types by Agro-Climatic Zones S. No. Agro-climatic Name of the Zone Soil Type Zones 1 South Konkan Very high rainfall zone Lateritic,PH-5.5-6.5 acidic, poor in phosphorous rich in Coastal Zone with lateritic soils nitrogen and Potassium 2 North Kokan Very high rainfall zone Coarse & shallow, PH 5.5 to 6.5, acidic Rich in Coastal Zone with non-lateritic soils nitrogen, poor in phosphorus & potash. 3 Western Ghat Western Ghat 'Warkas' i.e. light laterite & reddish brown. Distinctly Zone/Ghat zone acidic, poor fertility low phosphorous & potash content. 4 Transition Zone- Sub Montane Zone/ Soils are reddish brown to black tending to lateritic. PH 1 Transition Zone 1 6-7. Well supplied in nitrogen but low in phosphorous & potash 5 Transition Zone- Western Maharashtra Topography is plain. Soils greyish black. Moderately 2 Plain Zone /Transition- alkaline 7.4- 8.4, lowest layer is 'Murum' strata. Fair in 2 NPK content. Well drained & good for irrigation. 6 Scarcity Zone Western Maharashtra General topography is having slope between 1-2%. Scarcity Zone/Scarcity Infiltration rate is 6-7 mm/hr. The soils are vertisol. Zone 37 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Soils have Montmorillonite clay. Poor in nitrogen, low to medium in phosphate & well supplied in potash. 7 Central Maharashtra Assured Rainfall Soil colour ranges from black to red. Type- 1) vertisols, Zone Plateau Zone /Assured 2) entisols& 3) inceptisols PH 7-7.5 Rainfall Zone 8 Moderate Central Vidarbha Zone Black soils derived from basalt rock. Medium to heavy Rainfall Zone /Zone of Moderate in texture alkaline in reaction. Low lying areas are rich Rainfall and fertile. 9 Eastern Eastern Vidarbha Soils derive from parent rock granite, gneisses, and Vidarbha Zone Zone/ High Rainfall schist. Brown to Red in colour. PH6 to 7 Zone with Soils derived from parent material of different crops. There are 4 sub- zone based on climate, soils and crop pattern Source: NIDM, Maharashtra 3.9 Water Resource Water is one of the most important resource for the agriculture sector. The Vision of the GoM about this resource is “Optimally conserve allocated water resources of the state in sustainable, equitable and efficient manner to fulfil drinking, irrigation, industrial and environmental needs at reasonable cost by efficient utilisation of water using state of the art technologies, best practices and empowered competent human resources, so as to make MWRD a leader in Water Resources Management by 2020”. Maharashtra is divided in five major river-basins (Table No. 14). Table 13: Water Availability of Sub-Basins in Maharashtra Basin Geogr % of CCA % of Annual Water Water Water Category aphic Geographic (in CCA Average Availability Availabil Availabil as per al al Area to Lakh to Water with 50% ity as per ity Per Water Area State Area Ha.) State Availabil Dependabil Tribunal Ha. of Availabil (in Lakh CCA ity ity (Mcum) (Mcum) CCA ity Ha.) (Mcim) (Mcum) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Godavari 154.3 49.5 112.6 49.9 50880 47708 34185 3037 Normal Tapi 51.2 16.7 37.3 16.6 9118 9780 5415 1451 Deficit Narmada 1.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 580 482 308 4813 Normal Krishna 7.1 22.6 56.3 25.0 34032 34504 16818 2989 Normal Rivers of 31.6 10.7 18.6 8.2 69210 69300 69210 37130 Abunda Konkan nt State 245.8 100.0 225.4 100.0 163820 161774 125936 5587 Normal Source: Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission, 1999 Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission has distinguished and classified the sub-basins in the entire state based on water availability. The table clearly shows that water availability per cultivable area is least in the Tapi basin, implying that, north Maharashtra (Nasik Revenue Division) and Western Vidarbha (Amravati Revenue Division) suffer from water scarcity. It may be noted that in other river-basins, as well, the availability among sub-basins differs widely. Hence in planning of water-resources, the criterion cannot be uniform or identical across all regions. The 'regions with water scarcity' and 'regions with extreme scarcity' should be 38 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I considered separately and distinctly from other regions. These regions of scarcity and extreme scarcity account for 13 percent and 33 percent of the total cultivable area (i.e.46 percent of the total cultivable area). Table 14: Water Availability by Revenue Division Region Area CCA Average Water Water Category as per (Lakh (Lakh Water Availability as Availability per Water Availability Ha.) Availability per Tribunal Ha. (Cum) (Col. Ha,) (Mcum) (Mcum) 6/3) 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 Konkan 30.7 17.6 64501 65357 36507 Very High Nashik 57.5 40.2 17478 13635 3395 Normal Pune 57.3 45.6 32696 16087 3531 Normal Aurangabad 64.8 59.3 15254 8202 1383 Deficit Amravati 46.0 35.6 9813 7033 1974 Deficit Nagpur 51.3 26.8 24077 15622 5818 Abundant State 307.7 225.4 163820 125936 5587 Normal Source: Water Resource Subgroup of the High-Power Committee for Balanced Regional Development in Maharashtra, 2013 Except the Konkan and Nagpur division, the natural availability of water in Maharashtra is not very good. Use of Water resources for economic development should, therefore, be planned with extreme care, efficiency and caution. In particular, the regions with 'less than 3000 cubic meter of water per hectare' will have to be seriously re-considered about the appropriate crop-pattern under irrigation. The low rainfall regions should have an appropriate remunerative crop-pattern duly supported by relevant incentives and provision of agriculture extension services. In the context of the revenue divisions, Aurangabad and Amravati divisions have irrigation water availability less than 3000 cubic meters per hectare. Such low availability of water has been having significant impact on agriculture. Variability in the annual rainfall causes sharp fluctuations in “water stored” and “irrigated area”. On an average, variations have been within the range of 30%. Variations are relatively much less and subdued in the Konkan region. However, in Nashik Division the storage was 3811 million cubic metres in 2006 and it declined to 2723 million cubic metres in 2009. This implies reduction of 25%. Similarly, in Aurangabad division water storage in 2006 was 6204 million cubic meters but declined to 2000 million cubic meters in 2009. In 2008 irrigated area was 2.99 lakh hectares but it declined to 1.27 lakh hectares in 2009. 3.9.1 Surface Water The 5 river basins are further subdivided into 15 sub-basins and 1505 watersheds. The average water availability in the state of Maharashtra is 163.82 km3. According to inter-state water tribunal awards, the allotted quantity of water to the state is 125.94 km3. Out of the five major river basin systems, 55% of the dependable yield is available in the four river basins (Krishna, Godavari, Tapi and Narmada) east of the Western Ghats. These four river basins comprise 92% of the cultivable land and more than 60% of the population in rural areas. Remaining 45% of state's water resources are from West Flowing Rivers which are mainly monsoon specific rivers emanating from the Ghats and draining into the Arabian Sea, which is not utilised due to geological constraints. However, state aggregates and averages are misleading figures as there is wide variation, both temporal and spatial in the availability of water in the state. Much of the rainfall occurs 39 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I within a period of a few months during a year, and even during that period the intensity is concentrated within a few weeks. 3.9.2 Ground Water On the basis of geological formations, the State can be divided into five groundwater provinces, (1) Precambrian metamorphic groundwater province (2) Proterozoic sedimentary groundwater province (3) Gondwana groundwater province (4) Deccan Trap volcanic groundwater province and (5) Alluvial groundwater province. Some of the project districts viz., Akola, Aurangabad, Hingoli, Jalgaon, Latur, Osmanabad, Parbhani have relatively deeper groundwater levels (>10 m) and the mean groundwater level is below 15 m in these districts. However, in Akola, Jalgaon, and Latur, the coefficient of variation is relatively higher (>70%), which suggests that there is high spatial variability and there could be regions with both deeper as well as shallower groundwater levels in these districts with respect to the mean level and may present higher uncertainty in the spatial variability of groundwater levels. On the other hand, in Hingoli, Jalna, Wardha, and Washim the coefficient of variation is lower than 40% and hence it suggests that uncertainty in the spatial variability of groundwater level with respect to the district mean is relatively lower. In most of the PoCRA districts the mean groundwater levels are below 10 m indicating that the groundwater is relatively in good situation. Large fraction of the monitoring stations is dug wells, which also suggest that the groundwater table is shallow (Shekhar, 2017)3. The report further suggests that it appears feasible to utilize the groundwater resources for development of key plans in PoCRA districts. The approaches towards this would be develop the groundwater resources in the rainfed areas of the PoCRA districts for one supplementary irrigation combining with Kharif rainfall through state-of-art irrigation technologies, which will limit least use of groundwater resources. Since this additional development proposed would result in additional increase to the stage of groundwater development in the watersheds the complementary approach that need to be addressed would be to reduce the current irrigation drafts in these watersheds in higher intensive cultivated areas through improved irrigation methods, reduced use in non-Kharif seasons and alteration in cropping choices in such a manner that the stage of groundwater development is maintained overall in the watersheds at or around the current levels. Purna basin covers 4.70 lakh ha. of saline land having shrink-swell black soils with low hydraulic conductivity. Poor quality of groundwater (saline) has resulted in low cropping intensity of 112% in this region. Several studies (Raja et.al.) have concluded that the river water is suitable for irrigation with moderate salinity and low sodicity. The dug well and bore well waters have high salinity in pre- and post-monsoon seasons but show perceptible variations with medium to high sodicity in pre-monsoon and low to medium sodicity in post- monsoon samples. This water is unsuitable for irrigation and requires management techniques such as artificial recharge and other soil-management measures. Reducing existing yield gaps and increasing crop productivity in the semi-arid areas of Maharashtra requires first and foremost an increase in the supply of water for agriculture, especially during the period of soil moisture stress. To that effect, proposed activities (demonstrations, knowledge sharing and skills development, 3 Hydrology & Hydrogeology of the PoCRA districts and Summary of Observations Prof SekharMuddu. IISc Bengaluru 40 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I building farm/community assets) will: (i) help significantly scale up the adoption by small and marginal farmers of micro irrigation systems (specifically, drip and sprinkler irrigation systems) and associated water storage, delivery systems and drainage facilities; and (ii) improve water availability through a sustainable management of water resources at farm, community and mini watershed level. This sub component will also promote "protective irrigation" and support efforts to monitor the quality of the water available for agriculture. 3.10 Watersheds Measures to conserve recharge and storage of rainwater forms the basic strategy of water resource management. Watersheds are proven and technologically sound option of in-situ and ex-situ conservation of rainwater. Maharashtra has 241.0 lakh ha area suitable for watershed development4. Table 19: Number of Watersheds by River Basin S. Basin No. of Area S. Basin No. of Area No. Watersheds (sq. km) No. Watersheds (sq. km) 1 Narmada 8 1595 9 Godavari Purna 105 16362 2 Tapi East 194 32770 10 Penganga 108 22972 3 Godavari 189 43283 11 PurnaTapi 106 16732 4 Krishna 96 20237 12 Manjara 79 15835 5 Westerly Flowing 99 31933 13 Sina 59 12234 6 Bhima 160 35922 14 Indravati 31 5488 7 Wainganga 166 27558 15 Pranhita 16 3395 8 Wardha 115 21397 Total 1531 307713 Source: Assessment of Dynamic Groundwater Resources of Maharashtra - 2011-2012 3.11 Forest Cover According to the India State of Forest Report 2009, the recorded forest area of the State was 61,939 sq. km. Reserve forest was constituting 79.47 percent, 13.23 percent under protected forest and unclassed forest was constituting 7.30 percent of the total forest area of the State. Forest Statistics, 2013 reveals that the forest area in Vidarbha region is 10.79 percent of the total geographical area. The forest cover in the Marathwada region is 0.94 percent of the total geographical area, whereas 8.21 percent of the total geographical area is covered under forest in Western Maharashtra. So, of the total geographical area of the State, 19.94 percent was under forest cover during 2013. Table 20: Forest Cover in Different Regions of the State S. No. Region Forest Area Percentage to Total Geographical Area 1 Vidarbha 33198 10.79 2 Marathwada 2883 0.94 3 Western Maharashtra 25277 8.21 Total 61358 19.94 Source: Statistical Outline, Forest Statistics, 2013; Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra Note: Total Geographical Area of the State: 3, 07, 713 Sq. Km 4 Report of The High-Level Committee on Balanced Regional Development Issues in Maharashtra, Government of Maharashtra, Planning Department, October 2013. 41 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Forest cover in project districts is presented in Table No.21. Table 21: District wise Forest Cover of Maharashtra (Area in Sq. Km.) Project Geograph Very Dense Moderately Open Total Percentag Scrub District ical Area Forest Dense Forest e of GA Forest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 Akola 5390 11 96 215 322 5.97 8 Amaravati 12210 655 1455 1077 3187 26.1 116 Aurangabad 10107 19 101 437 557 5.51 193 Beed 10693 0 13 162 175 1.64 357 Buldhana 9661 23 137 430 590 6.11 163 Hingoli 4686 0 10 104 114 2.43 47 Jalgaon 11765 51 359 773 1183 10.06 69 Jalna 7718 1 16 48 65 0.84 55 Latur 7157 0 0 5 5 0.07 25 Nanded 10528 60 434 420 914 8.68 128 Osmanabad 7569 0 3 40 43 0.57 49 Parbhani 6355 0 4 46 50 0.79 49 Wardha 6309 10 419 430 859 13.62 62 Washim 5184 5 113 214 332 6.4 28 Yavatmal 13582 123 1110 1371 2604 19.17 97 State Total 307713 8712 20747 21169 50628 16.45 4157 Source: India State of Forest Report, 2015 A number of non-timber forest produces are collected by the people like Bamboo (Bambusaarundinacea / Dentrocalamusstructus), Tendu (Diouspyrosmelanoxylom), Grass (Poaceae spp.), Gum (resin), Lac (resin of Shorearobusta), Harida (Terminalia chebula), Shikekai (Acacia concinna) etc. Table 22: Forest Area (in Sq. Km) in Different Regions of Maharashtra, 2015-16. Region Reserved Protected Unclassed Total Forest % to Total Forest Area area Vidarbha 27,727.25 4,599.40 1,541.75 33,868.40 55.0 Marathwada 2,792.41 129.23 170.56 3,092.20 5.0 Western Maharashtra 20,650.46 1,951.98 2,009.99 24,612.43 40.0 Total 51,170.12 6,680.61 3,722.30 61,573.03 100.0 Source: Office of the Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, Govt. of Maharashtra 3.12 Land and Land Use Pattern The total geographical area of the state is about 30,758 thousand Ha. of which 5205 thousand Ha. (16.92 percent) are under forest cover. Barren and uncultivable land comprises 1,723 thousand ha. (5.6 percent). About 4.75 percent area of the total geographical area (1,460 thousand ha.) are used for non-agricultural purposes. So, 10.35 percent land of the state is not available for agricultural purposes. Other uncultivable land comprises 2,406 thousand ha. i.e., 915 thousand ha. Under cultural waste (2.97 percent of the geographical area), 1,242 thousand ha. under permanent pasture and grazing (4.04 percent of the geographical area) and 249 42 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I thousand ha. (0.81 percent of state geographical area) under miscellaneous tree crops and grooves. Current fallow and other fallow together comprise 8.43 percent of the geographical area of the state, i.e., 2,593 thousand ha. (current fallow: 1401 thousand ha.; other fallow:1192 thousand ha.) (reference: land use statistics of 2013- 14) (Table No. 23). Table 23: Land Utilization in the State, 1986-87 to 2013-14 (Area in ‘000 Ha.) Year Geogr Area Land Not Other Uncultivated Fallow Land Cropped Gross aphica Under Available for Land Area Croppe l Area Forest Cultivation d Area Barr Land Cult Perm Land Curr Othe Net Area en & Put urabl anent Under ent r Area Sow Unc to e Pastu Miscella Fallo Fallo Sown n ultiv Non- Wast re & neous ws ws Mor able Ag. e Grazi Tree e Lan Use ng Crops than d Land & Onc Groves e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1986-87 30,758 5,350 1,679 1,152 1,044 1,367 196 909 1,057 18,004 2,320 20,324 1990-91 30,758 5,128 1,622 1,091 966 1,125 301 898 1,063 18,565 3,295 21,859 1995-96 30,758 5,148 1,544 1,349 960 1,166 292 1,072 1,248 17,980 3,524 21,504 2000-01 30,758 5,150 1,544 1,364 959 1,168 327 1,126 1,276 17,844 3,775 21,619 2005-06 30,758 5,212 1,720 1,407 914 1,252 249 1,327 1,204 17,473 5,083 22,556 2010-11 30,758 5,216 1,731 1,449 919 1,242 250 1,366 1,179 17,406 5,769 23,175 2011-12 30,758 5,211 1,728 1,451 919 1,244 250 1,378 1,192 17,386 5,720 23,106 2012-13 30,758 5,207 1,722 1,456 916 1,245 251 1,418 1,200 17,344 5,772 23,116 2013-14 30,758 5,205 1,723 1,460 915 1,242 249 1,401 1,192 17,368 6,012 23,380 Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Maharashtra Present land use pattern reflects that out of total 1255.62 Ha of geographical area, total net sown area is 9753.72 Ha. (Table No. 24). Table 24: Land use Pattern in Project Districts (area in 000’ Ha.) District total_ge Agricultu Total Net Area Forest Area Barren Permanen Land Under ographi ral Land/ Cultivat Sown Area under &Unculti t Pastures Miscellaneo cal_area Total ed Non- vable and Other us Tree culturabl Area/La Agricult Land Grazing Crops etc. e Land / nd ural Area Land Area Total Uses Cultivabl e Area Akola 540.74 443.96 429.30 421.48 45.17 45.17 16.49 13.43 1.21 Amravati 959.26 758.96 717.27 702.53 86.65 86.65 31.17 31.58 12.70 Aurangaba 1038.52 855.46 812.68 804.29 89.84 89.84 15.85 25.54 2.09 d Beed 1088.59 968.99 928.97 912.32 20.56 20.56 28.62 25.94 4.12 Buldana 961.66 767.18 739.09 724.00 84.50 84.50 33.15 27.81 2.68 Hingoli 478.06 415.84 397.58 394.03 16.45 16.45 8.12 8.79 1.20 Jalgaon 775.09 847.84 812.50 799.26 93.57 93.57 58.80 31.99 4.92 Jalna 1091.35 703.76 680.13 671.74 9.09 9.09 15.86 16.68 1.76 Latur 726.80 676.12 655.38 639.59 2.32 2.32 14.98 8.12 1.93 Nanded 1061.92 854.86 815.49 789.26 102.90 102.90 26.64 36.29 4.47 Osmanab 772.55 729.14 709.97 700.74 6.67 6.67 10.81 6.61 1.52 ad 43 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I District total_ge Agricultu Total Net Area Forest Area Barren Permanen Land Under ographi ral Land/ Cultivat Sown Area under &Unculti t Pastures Miscellaneo cal_area Total ed Non- vable and Other us Tree culturabl Area/La Agricult Land Grazing Crops etc. e Land / nd ural Area Land Area Total Uses Cultivabl e Area Prabhani 621.92 575.88 566.01 561.49 6.40 6.40 11.93 6.26 0.84 Wardha 575.34 457.83 414.04 400.27 36.68 36.68 17.78 17.68 4.94 Washim 507.26 407.06 388.65 382.12 39.89 39.89 17.92 25.51 2.12 Yevatmal 1351.55 930.76 873.77 850.59 242.63 242.63 41.31 45.86 7.90 GT 12550.6 10393.64 9940.81 9753.72 883.33 883.33 349.44 328.09 54.39 2 Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Maharashtra 3.13 Agriculture The project districts are selected based on its/their overall vulnerability to climate variability. Agriculture, including horticulture, sector has been and expected to be more vulnerable in coming days in these districts due to poor irrigation infrastructure and rain-fed condition. Area under different crops has been decreasing and crop yield rate is significantly impacted due to dry spells. The cropping intensity of the project districts varies between 102 percent to 161 percent. The project district of Osmanabad is having the highest cropping intensity (161 percent) followed by Jalgaon (157 percent) and Wardha (156 percent). Lowest cropping intensity is observed in Yavatmal (102 percent), followed by Buldana (106 percent) and Washim (110 percent) (Table No. 25). Table 25: Gross Cropped Area and Cropping Intensity (area in ‘000 Ha.) District Net Sown NSA to Area Sown Area sown more Gross Cropping CI Rank Area CA More than than once to Net Cropped Intensity (NSA) Once Sown Area Area (CI) % Akola 434.9 95.58 91.1 20.95 526.0 121 7 Amravati 602.0 78.59 110.0 18.27 712.0 118 11 Aurangabad 654.0 80.54 130.4 19.94 784.4 120 8 Beed 876.0 85.97 175.2 20.00 1051.2 120 8 Buldhana 712.0 96.22 44.0 6.18 756.0 106 14 Hingoli 382.1 86.51 120.4 31.51 502.5 132 4 Jalgoan 844.2 99.03 480.6 56.93 1324.8 157 2 Jalna 529.0 74.21 159.0 30.06 688.0 130 5 Latur 529.0 80.46 159.0 30.06 688.0 130 5 Nanded 711.0 87.92 100.1 14.08 811.1 114 12 Osmanabad 519.3 89.09 321.9 61.98 841.2 161 1 Parbhani 518.8 88.88 103.8 20.00 622.5 120 8 Wardha 284.0 60.04 158.0 55.63 442.0 156 3 Washim 386.0 100.00 38.0 9.84 424.0 110 13 Yavatmal 884.0 100.00 15.0 1.70 899.0 102 15 Source: Agriculture Statistics, 2013-14, Maharashtra Area (A) and productivity (P) of some of the crops by project districts are presented in the Table No. 26. 44 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Table 26: Area (A) and Production (P) of Selected Field Crops in the Project Districts Area and Production of Major crops in Project districts ( Av of 2010-11 To 2014-15) (Area in "00" Ha & Production in ‘000Kg) S. District Kh Sorghum Pigeon pea Soyabeen Cotton (Lint) Gram No. A P A P A P A P A P 1 Jalgaon 803 1794 170 135 167 290 5294 10526 454 497 2 Aurangabad 52 82 389 259 107 108 3873 6469 431 285 3 Jalna 21 23 487 304 712 755 2984 4669 244 134 4 Beed 257 280 560 262 860 1112 3293 3792 530 312 5 Latur 1028 1449 1054 1048 2741 4750 44 112 744 680 6 Osmanabad 496 360 975 638 1069 1372 247 374 765 487 7 Nanded 1124 1117 685 362 1963 2249 3237 4096 557 496 8 Parbhani 709 732 684 379 1333 1460 2572 4260 559 366 9 Hingoli 458 486 363 303 1506 1906 926 1593 616 854 10 Buldhana 409 556 662 327 2879 3777 2329 3752 606 503 11 Akola 365 545 606 541 1677 1916 1602 2637 799 715 12 Washim 170 171 538 298 2403 2562 475 749 671 609 13 Amravati 376 418 1142 951 3233 3541 1932 4095 930 942 14 Yavatmal 573 484 1121 820 2497 2429 4532 6917 417 440 15 Wardha 35 20 701 580 1655 1359 1852 2727 306 241 Source: Crop statistics, Department of Agriculture, GoM According to the Report of the High-Level Committee on Balanced Regional Development Issues in Maharashtra (Government of Maharashtra, Planning Department, October 2013), The state has created 48.25 lakh ha irrigation potential out of which 29.54 lakh ha is actually irrigated. Maharashtra has 82% rainfed area and region wise distribution shows 92.6% area in Konkan, 77.0% in Western Maharashtra, 95.2% in Marathwada and 81.2% in Vidarbha. Efficient use of stored water and its distribution becomes a key area of intervention. Marathwada has very high percentage of non-irrigated land and approximately 40% area of Marathwada is drought prone. The report finds that Water requirement for surface irrigation of crops is 1,97,958 million cubic meters (Mm3) and adoption of micro irrigation methods will reduce the water requirement to 1,01,240 Mm3 i.e. saving of 49% water. Maharashtra has 36% deficit of water needed for agriculture. If water requirement for drinking and industry is considered then water deficit for agriculture will further fall. Table 27: Irrigation Status and Rate of Growth Item Year 1960- Year 2010- Rate of Growth (Times) 61 11 Designed Water Storage (Mcum) 1574.4 33385 21.2 Irrigation potential created (Lakh Ha.) 3.96 47.4 11.96 Irrigated Area (in lakh Ha.) 2.26 29.55 13.06 Water Use Non-Irrigation (in Mcum) - 6955 - Source and Ref: Irrigation Status Report, Government of Maharashtra, 2010. Data on Region-wise water use indicates sizable large disparity in the use of available water. Western Maharashtra with 36% crop area uses 47% of the water, Vidarbha with 30% crop area uses 28% water, Marathwada with 31% crop area uses 14% water and Konkan with 3% crop area uses 11% water. 45 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Table 28: Irrigation Potential Created by Revenue Division, 2010-11 S. Revenue Cultural Area (in Lakh Irrigation Potential Percentage of Cultural No. Division Ha.) Created as in 2010 Area 1 Konkan 17.93 0.98 5.46 2 Nashik 40.16 9.7 24.15 3 Pune 45.56 15.41 33.82 4 Aurangabad 59.30 10.50 17.70 5 Amravati 35.62 4.6 12.91 6 Nagpur 26.85 6.1 22.71 Maharashtra 225.42 47.4 21.02 Source: Report of The High-Level Committee on Balanced Regional Development Issues in Maharashtra, Government of Maharashtra, Planning Department, October 2013, with reference to Irrigation Status Report, Govt. of Maharashtra, 2010. So, managing the available water more efficiently seems an essentiality. The report highlights that converting irrigated crops to micro irrigation, implementation of watershed program at much accelerated rate, building water conservation and storage structures, saving conveyance losses by using conduit pipes, shifting to crops with low water requirement are the important and priority initiatives required for sustainable growth of agriculture. Efficient use of surface water and groundwater will be helpful in this regard. 3.15 Pesticide and Fertilizer Usage The fertilizer consumption for the year 2014-15 was 60.13 lakh MT in the State, with an average of 125.9 kg per hectare. For the year 2015-16, Consumption of chemical fertilizers in the State was anticipated to be 58.25 lakh MT with average per hectare consumption of 107 Kg. The year wise use of chemical fertilizers is presented in the Table No. 29 along with use of chemical and bio-pesticides. Table 29: Use of Chemical Fertiliser and Pesticides in the State, 2013-14 to 2015-16 S. No. Year Fertilizer Consumption Per Ha.Fertilizer Pesticides (Lakh MT) Consumption Chemical Bio (Kg) 1 2013-14 59.90 119.4 10,969 1,433 2 2014-15 60.13 125.9 11,239 1,124 3 2015-16 58.25 107.0 11,280 4,292 Source: Economic Survey, 2015-16 as Reported by Commissionerate of Agriculture, GoM 3.15.1 Fertilizer Consumption In the State, about 60 % of the total area is cultivated during Kharif season. Accordingly, 60-70 % of the annual fertilizer consumption is affected in the Kharif season. Almost 40 Lakh M.T. of fertilizers are consumed in Kharif season and 30-lakh MT are consumed in Rabi season. Normal area in Rabi is 58.60 lakh ha, while it is 139.42 lakh ha in Kharif season. Table 30: Fertilizer Consumption in Maharashtra (Lakh MT) Year Urea DAP MOP NPK SSP Others Total 2001-02 16.48 4.17 2.27 8.7 5.3 0.53 37.45 2002-03 15.62 4.25 2.18 8.79 5.21 0.42 36.47 2003-04 14.02 3.51 1.41 7.91 5.14 0.43 32.42 2004-05 15.41 5.47 2.21 8.71 5.11 0.55 37.46 46 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Year Urea DAP MOP NPK SSP Others Total 2005-06 17.34 5.23 2.64 10.62 6.17 0.63 42.63 2006-07 19.85 6.54 2.81 11.72 6.65 0.66 48.23 2007-08 21.31 6.24 3.27 12.09 4.37 0.63 47.91 2008-09 22.58 8.52 4.9 10.13 5.06 0.45 51.64 2009-10 22.89 14.57 6.68 11.06 4.96 0.77 60.93 2010-11 25.38 13.27 6.58 17.22 6.9 0.9 70.25 2011-12 24.81 10.31 3.86 17 9.11 0.75 65.84 2012-13 23.32 7.79 3.17 13.18 6.48 0.71 54.65 2013-14 estimated 26.15 5.21 3.37 16.03 7.14 0.5 58.4 Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Maharashtra According to the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, overall consumption of fertilizer in the State of Maharashtra by 2013-14 was comparatively less than that of average national consumption (national consumption of fertilizer per ha. was 141.33 Kg/Ha.) Bio-fertilizer production in the state has increased during the period 2003-04 to 2013-14 by 104.90 percent with an increased production of 3184 MT. Increase in the production of bio- fertilizer reflects that there is increasing demand for use of bio-fertilizer in the State. Increasing local movement for organic farming has been one of the factors for improved production of bio- fertilizer. 4.15.2 Pesticides Use of chemical pesticides to control pest is common in the state. However, there is an encouraging trend with regard to use of bio-pesticides. Between 2010-11 and 2014-15 there is growth of about 35.13 percent in use of chemical pesticides in the State, i.e., use of chemical pesticides increased by 2922 MT. Whereas, use of bio-pesticides has decreased by 1076 MT, i.e., a reduction of 48.91 percent by 2014-15 in comparison to 2010-11. 47 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I 3.16 Climate Vulnerability 3.16.1 Climate Change Trends Long-term changes in surface temperature and precipitation in India were analyzed by India Meteorological Department5 using observational records of IMD from 1951 to 2010. The analysis covers 282 stations having continuous temperature records from 1951 onwards. For precipitation trends, data of 1451 stations were taken into account that have continuous records from 1951 onwards. Annual mean temperatures have increased significantly over a number of states of India, including Maharashtra. State wise averaged annual mean maximum temperature time series has shown increasing trends over many states of India, which includes the State of Maharashtra. The increasing trends were significant over Maharashtra, including many other states. However, Maharashtra does not indicate any trend in annual mean minimum temperature during last six decades. Significant increase in annual mean Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) trends has been observed over Maharashtra, among some other States during 1951-2010. The spatial pattern of increase in mean temperature in 2030s with baseline shows that spatially there is a difference in warming in a few regions compared to other regions. Annual Mean temperature is found to be 1.2-1.5 degree centigrade increase in the Vidarbha region, Marathwada and Nashik regions as compared to Pune and Konkan region where the increase in temperature was found to be 1-1.2 degrees centigrade. Similarly, the increase in maximum temperature and minimum temperature were found to be high in a few regions and less increase in few other regions. Similar to the mean temperature, maximum temperature is also found to increase around 1-1.2 degrees centigrade in the Vidarbha, Marathwada regions compared to Nashik, Pune and Konkan regions where the increase in temperature ranges from 0.5-1 degrees centigrade. The increase in minimum temperature was found to be more than maximum temperatures and in similar regions as mean temperature and maximum temperature. Average annual rainfall trends (State averaged) have increased in many States of the Country whereas it has decreased in Maharashtra and some other States of the Country. As per Maharashtra State Adaptation Action Plan on Climate Change (MSAAPCC), the districts of Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Thane, Mumbai City and Kolhapur have more number of rainy days as compared to other districts. On the other hand, the districts of Ahmednagar, Sholapur, and Beed are in the range of least number of rainy days. The number of rainy days is high in few districts, medium in some and low in other districts. The normal monthly mean temperature of different districts over Maharashtra shows that maximum temperature in March to May for almost all the districts of Maharashtra with high temperatures in few districts where the rainfall is also less compared to other regions. Satara region has the lowest temperature compared to many other districts. The observations show that rainfall has large variation in different districts of Maharashtra as compared to the temperature that show equal distribution in the seasonal cycle. The regional climate projections over Maharashtra for 2030 highlights that a few regions in Maharashtra will experience increase in rainfall, especially the north-central Maharashtra region compared to east, west and 5 Lathore L.S., Attri S.D., Jaswal A.K.; State Level Climate Change Trends in India; India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. 48 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I southern Maharashtra. The extreme rainfall index shows that the extreme rainfall (99th percentile) intensity increases in all regions, and with large amount of increase in Aurangabad and northern regions of Nashik division compared to Konkan belt and Vidarbha region.The projection reveals that there may increase in the number of days of rainfall in some parts of south central Maharashtra region. 3.16.2 Vulnerability of the State Maharashtra is prone to various disasters such as drought, floods, cyclones, earthquake and accidents. While low rainfall areas of the state are under the constant risk of droughts, high rainfall zones of eastern and western Maharashtra are prone to flash floods and landslides. From environment point of view, the state has suffered huge losses, both direct and indirect, caused by various disasters. For example, the infamous Latur earthquake of 1993, resulted in the loss of several thousands of human and animals lives. In addition, it caused damage to entire infrastructure such as buildings, roads, railways, pipelines, and electricity network, etc. In order to avoid such losses due to disasters, the GoM has established a mechanism for disaster preparedness and mitigation by integrating science and technology with communication network facilitates. In 2001, droughts affected about 20,000 villages in 23 districts; 28.4 million people and 4.5 million hectares of crops in the State. Number of districts affected by droughts in the year 2002-03 and 2003-04 were 33 and 11, respectively. The situation of droughts in Maharashtra continued to deteriorate in 2004. Following the failure of monsoon in 2003, the Govt. of Maharashtra (GoM) declared droughts in 11 districts namely, Pune, Satara, Sangli, and Solapur (Pune Division), Nashik and Ahmednagar (Nashik Division) and Beed, Latur, Dharashiv and Aurangabad (Aurangabad Division). Altogether 71 talukas in these 11 districts are seriously affected by the droughts. Apart from these extreme events, state is susceptible to agriculture vulnerability that includes temperature and precipitation. Both are undergoing rapid changes due to anthropogenic and climatic reasons. Other biophysical factors that affect productivity in agriculture are soil and water conditions. There are inherent structural constraints largely in the domain of social structure, demography, dependency and counter-dependence that contributes to the backwardness of certain regions. There are environmental conditions that degrade water quality, increase pollution and causes higher greenhouse gas emission due to certain types of agricultural practices or energy use. Together these factors contribute to the vulnerability. To include various vulnerability criteria project has developed vulnerability assessment indicators for the selection of project villages under two broad categories i.e. Sensitivity Indicator and Adaptive Capacity Indicator. The sensitive indicators includes (i) Net sown area as % to geographical area (ii) Degraded land as % to geographical area (iii) Drought proneness (paisewari< 50 paisa) (iv) Groundwater Prospects (v) Area operated by small & marginal farmers. The adaptive capacity indicators includes (i) Agrarian distress (ii) Proportion of SC/ ST farmers (iii) Agriculture workers (iv) Proportion of Rural poor (v) Female Literacy Gap and (vi) Livestock population. The impact of disaster vulnerability and district-wise vulnerability of the state is given in table: 49 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Table 32: Vulnerability of Project Districts (Extreme events) Districts Flood Earthquake Cyclone Drought Akola Patur taluka has the largest flood-prone Yes No Yes area (57%), followed by BarsiTakli(48%), Akot (45%), Balapur (40%) etc. Amravati Flood-prone along the Wardha river; Yes No Yes eight floods in the last 15 years Beed Flood-prone: almost 26 % of the Yes No Yes population lives in flood-prone areas Jalna 7 floods in the last 30 years; 196 Weak zone followed No Yes villages flood prone by Marathwada earthquake of 1993 Nanded History of frequent floods due to Yes Sensitive tocyclones Yes heavy rainfall and release of water because of from irrigation projects Proximity to Andhra Pradesh Parbhani Yes Yes No Yes Wardha Great threat of floods. Major flood in Yes No Yes 1994 Yavatmal Heavy floods in 1994 Yes No Yes Source: NIDM, Maharashtra All the project districts, falling in to Vidarbha and Marathwada region, are high in vulnerability. (Table No. 33). Table 33: Vulnerability Index of Project Districts S. No. District Exposure Sensitivity Adaptive Capacity Vulnerability Index 1 Akola 4 6 11 21 2 Amravati 13 8 20 16 3 Aurangabad 12 1 13 27 4 Bid 24 16 22 14 5 Buldhana 8 17 32 3 6 Hingoli 15 21 31 5 7 Jalgaon 1 13 26 4 8 Jalna 17 18 30 7 9 Latur 28 2 17 24 10 Nanded 25 5 28 15 11 Osmanabad 29 3 27 17 12 Parbhani 22 10 18 18 13 Wardha 14 7 4 29 14 Washim 9 22 24 9 15 Yavatmal 10 15 19 13 Source: Maharashtra State Adaptation Action Plan on Climate Change. Note: Index in descending order, 1 for highest vulnerability 3.16.3 Agrarian Distress There are number of reasons for agrarian distress such as monsoon failure, high debt burdens, genetically modified crops, government policies, public mental health, personal issues and family problems but farmers indebtedness and bankruptcy and farms regarding issues i.e. fragmentation and subdivision of land holdings are the root causes. 50 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I According to the records of National Crime Bureau, more than 2 lakh farmers across India have committed suicides over the period of last two decades. The key challenges for small and marginal farmers are to address the climate variability and assured source of irrigation. PoCRA will be the first large scale climate resilient agriculture project to develop a drought proofing and climate resilient strategy for the agriculture sector as a long term and sustainable measure to address the likely impacts due to climate variabilities. The project will help to reduce agrarian distress and shift to a Climate Resilient Agricultural system in the long term. 3.17 Summary and Implications for EMF Climate variability and its possible impact on agriculture is well established by national and state level researches. In the context of the state, change in rainfall pattern in different regions are also recognized by analysing long term trends. Further, the evaporation appears higher than rainfall in the months of July and August in some of the districts of the state. The state is prone to various disasters and while low rainfall areas of the state are under the constant risk of droughts, high rainfall zones of eastern and western Maharashtra are prone to flash floods and landslides. Many areas of the State have faced droughts for consecutive years. Table 34: Summary of Key Environmental Issues and Implications for EMF Environment Environmental Issues Identified Approach for EMF al Baseline Rainfall 1. Variability of rainfall in pre-monsoon 1. Addressed through project strategy of and post-monsoon period. Rainfall cluster level water conservation and crop confined to monsoon only. It has management planning. impact on agricultural activities; 2. Water management strategy at the farm 2. Decreasing trend in rainfall in level including: management of water monsoon months in project districts; stress during July and September, and, 3. High evaporation / conservation of run-off water. evapotranspiration in some of the 3. Appropriate agricultural planning taking project districts. Higher evaporation expected moisture stress condition during than rainfall in monsoon months in Rabi. some districts. 4. Cluster specific water conservation and crop management planning 5. Water management strategy at the farm level 6. Management of water stress situation which may arise during July and September. 7. Farm level water management plan for the conservation of run-off water Water Aurangabad and Amravati divisions Addressed through project strategy of water Resources have ‘deficit’ status with regard to water resources planning taking watershed as the availability. unit; emphasis on water use efficiency; Some of the project talukas are support for farm level structures for categorized as having ‘over-exploited’ conservation of rainwater / run-off water; status of groundwater. promotion of water optimizing equipment Utilization of irrigation potential is such as drip irrigation, sprinklers, etc. about 38% in Marathwada and 47% in Important to safeguard against interventions Vidarbha. that will lead to further deterioration of the groundwater status. 51 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Environment Environmental Issues Identified Approach for EMF al Baseline Soil Soil of most of the project districts have 1. Addressed through project strategy of soil low Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P) fertility management that includes soil testing and integrated soil nutrient management that includes the use of organic fertilizers. 2. Soil nutrient assessment at farmer’s field on regular interval; 3. Devising soil nutrient management plan and strategy. 4. Application of nutrients (N/P) as per the identified / assessed deficiencies and taking the cultivated crop into account (assessment includes micronutrients and its deficiency, if any) Land Use 1. Land not available for cultivation 1. Micro level planning to convert culturable Pattern (non-agricultural use and barren and waste / fallow to productive use; uncultivable land) is gradually 2. Devising strategy to improve the land increasing; suitability for cultivation through land 2. The fallow land (current fallow) is levelling and required other vegetative and increasing while other-fallow is mechanical measures; remaining more or less same. 3. Covering fallow land with plantation / agro-forestry Agriculture 1. 78.98 percent belongs to the marginal 1. Improving production and productivity and small farmers with land holding through appropriate agronomic practices; less than or equal to two ha 2. Requirement of focus on small and (Agricultural Census 2010-11); marginal farmers in improving yield by 2. The average size of landholding of SC adopting practices that are environment & ST is 1.27 ha & 1.80 ha friendly and promote resilience; respectively as against 1.44 ha for all 3. Localised agricultural planning for need operational holdings; based interventions, taking local 3. Area under different crops (cotton, environmental concerns into account. sugarcane, cereals, etc.) is decreasing Irrigation 1. Aurangabad and Amravati divisions 1. Water resources should be planned taking have irrigation water availability less watershed as the unit; than 3000 cubic meters per hectare. 2. The regions with 'less than 3000 cubic Such low availability of water has meter of water per hectare' will have to be been having significant impact on taken into account in crop water agriculture; budgetingand improving scope of 2. Variability in the annual rainfall irrigation through conservation and causes sharp fluctuations in 'water efficient use; stored' and 'irrigated area' 3. Improving water use efficiency and water productivity; 4. More farm level structures for conservation of rainwater / run-off water; 5. Improving area under irrigation with renovation of derailed structures and creation of new water harvesting structures; 6. More area under irrigation through the promotion of water optimizing instruments like drip, sprinkler etc.; 7. Water budgeting and crop planning taking mini/micro watershed as unit; 52 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Environment Environmental Issues Identified Approach for EMF al Baseline 8. Using the groundwater for irrigation along with recharging the groundwater to maintain groundwater balance Integrated 1. State ranks sixth at national level; 1. Livestock is an important component for Farming 2. Decreasing livestock population by sustainable and climate resilient agriculture System 9.7 percent (livestock census 2012); system promotion; (Animal 3. Population of poultry increased by 2. Using animal husbandry as the supportive Husbandry) 20.1 percent during 2012. livelihood system for small and marginal farmers and for the promotion of organic farming system. Climate 1. Some project districts are high to 1. Micro level planning based on local Vulnerability medium in exposure, sensitivity and vulnerability parameters and its adaptive capacity indicators; consolidation at district / state level for 2. Some districts are high in devising measures for vulnerability vulnerability6 index and most are in reduction; the lower middle to middle range 2. Vulnerability reduction through scientific management of natural resources; 3. Using ICT and providing weather information to farmers for agricultural planning; 4. Drought contingency planning at micro / watershed level and provision of required agricultural support system accordingly. Use of 1. Application of fertilizer (Kg/Ha.) 1. Increasing trend of using organic / bio- Fertilizer & has reduced in 2015-16 (107.0) in fertilizer / pesticides can be further Pesticides comparison to 2013-14 (119.4) and augmented and consolidated to reduce the 2014-15 (125.9); cost of cultivation and improve the 2. Use of chemical pesticides is environmental parameters; increasing along with use of 2. Adoption of scientific method of nutrition biopesticides. and pest management (INM and IPM) can help the farmers and the environment; 3. An approach that helps to take up using both organic and synthetic fertilizer and pesticides can help the farmers and the environment in longer run. The findings related to climate vulnerability of the state have implications of long term changes rather than the short term. However, such changes are likely to have negative impacts on agriculture and production system in the long run. While the EMF looks into expected adverse impacts due to the implementation of the project, the planned activities will be supportive to minimize the current impacts of climate variability on agriculture and improve the resilience. So, the EMF will look into some specific aspects contextually, that are linked to agriculture like improving water use efficiency, improving soil health, managing plant nutrient, recharging ground water, etc. Such measures will have long term benefit to the ecosystem and environment and will 6 as per MSAPCC 53 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I promote resilience in agriculture system. So, the EMF will also look into adaptation and mitigation measures and bringing overall improvement in the current farming conditions. Chapter 4: Environment Assessment This chapter outlines the potential impacts of the project interventions on the local environment and identifies relevant measures required for mitigation of adverse impacts and enhancement of positive impacts of project activities on environment. 54 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I 4.1 Analysis of ‘no project’ Scenario This section gives an overview of no project scenario, taking into account the current interventions and value addition to be made by the project. It is expected that the current “as-is” situation may prevail and agricultural practices will continue the way it has been for years. A change in positive direction is expected to happen in due course as a part of natural adaptation instinct of farmers. Scientific way of making agriculture resilient and adaptive through demonstrative effects, cross learning and technology transformation can augment the adaptation process across the project districts and at the State level. Now, it is important to promote adaptation measures in agriculture sector to the climate variability using different package of practices and driving the agriculture sector to a new height where expected level of growth is attained without hampering the natural capital base. With project and without project scenario is presented in the Table No. 35. Table 35: With and Without Project Scenario Particulars “No Project” Scenario “With Project” Scenario Component A-A.1: Participatory Development of Mini Watershed Plans Development Such plans would not have developed Project improves the following- of Mini which captures key needs to promote 1. Efficiency leading to improve Watershed Plan climate resilient activities which is more resilience to all land based localized. interventions 2. Mini watershed plan allows people to undertake comprehensive watershed treatment at cluster level 3. Multi disciplinary teams helping & guiding the community to preparing the plan - owned by the community . Component A-A.2: Climate Smart Agriculture and Resilient Farming System Soil and Water Current interventions under other Focused intervention and integrating soil & Conservation schemes may not adequately focus on water conservation measures with allied the overall perspective of climate climate resilient agricultural practices will resilient agriculture in an integrated improve the soil cover and water availability manner Erosion of topsoil due to lack of Project is primarily aimed at undertaking scientific conservation measures leading runoff management thus significantly to soil nutrition deficiency enhancing topsoil conservation, helping in restoring soil fertility Integrated Current level of adoption of INM & IPM The project will promote INM and IPM which Nutrition and is low because of low awareness about will improve fertilizer and pesticide use Pest the proper package of practices at the efficiency. Management farm level The project will not support and discourage use of banned pesticides (WHO Class I and Ib). Use of pesticides that are either Farmers will be aware of recommended doses inappropriate or in low / high doses. as per label claims by crop type and use it in a more scientific manner. May continue polluting local Reduced risk to environmental pollution due to environment due to unscientific appropriate application application Poor adherence to recommended Project will promote ICAR recommended storage, handling and application with storage, handling, application with required respect to human and animal safety safety measures. measures. Protected Current level of coverage may not fulfill Improved coverage of area under protective Cultivation the requirement and aspiration of the cultivation will improve resource use farmers. efficiency. 55 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Particulars “No Project” Scenario “With Project” Scenario Current practices in selected pockets Water budgeting, water productivity being the may lead to overexploitation of integral part of project will only lead to resources (e.g. groundwater) conjunctive water use. Expected increase in farmers having protected Less no. of farmers involved in protected cultivation due to cost factor cultivation due to systematic convergence approach & project support Crop loss due to climate variability in Less crop loss due to protected farming during unprotected farming unfavorable climatic condition Saline Land Current agricultural programmes do not PoCRA’s intervention is first of its kind in the improvement address the issue of salinity problem in state: targeted interventions to bring saline the affected districts. areas for optimal agriculture productivity. • Vertical drainage for dilution • farm ponds for maximizing rainwater storage and dilution • precision farming for targeted farm inputs • Use of gypsum if required Component A-A.3: Promoting an Efficient and Sustainable Use of Water for Agriculture Renovation / Current programs are not adequate to Acceleration in water conservation measures. Creation of meet the requirement of Small & Small farm ponds in the fields of SF & MF, Water Bodies marginal farmers. promoting in-situ moisture conservation. Ground Water Poor recharge due to inadequate • Catchment treatment will improve the Recharging interventions in groundwater recharge development • Artificial recharge structures will improve the groundwater situation. Water Use Less accessibility to MIS by farmers due Increased area under micro irrigation, Efficiency to poor investment capacity Utilisation of conserved water for irrigating through Micro additional land, Wider coverage of SF & MF Irrigation with micro irrigation system System (MIS) Less water productivity because of Improved water productivity in field crops conventional irrigation process Reduction in energy use as compared to prevailing irrigation practices Component B-B.1: Promoting Farmer Producer Companies Strengthening Areas not having any FPCs may remain • Activities will be demand driven of existing FPO excluded from the emerging scope. • All project area will have opportunity / FPC to strengthening the existing for FPCs / FPOs for product aggregation and marketing of produces. • Project will use environment checklist for any anticipated structures for undertaking construction Forward and FPCs may continue to function as they Buyer-seller interface and use of ICT platform Backward have been with limited forward and will expedite the forward linkage. Increment in Linkage backward integration membership and strategic linkage with other producer groups will consolidate backward linkage. Business growth rate may be slower and Product aggregation, commodity specific volume of business may be restricted. linkage and outsourced procurement strategy with ensured market will enhance volume of business and higher value share for the farmers. Net Worth of the FPCs may grow in a With product value addition scope, improved normal pace or may remain static. market linkage and increased volume of operation, income from business is expected to 56 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Particulars “No Project” Scenario “With Project” Scenario rise and thereby asset value and net worth of the company Component B-B.2: Strengthening Emerging Value Chains for Climate Resilient Commodities. Infrastructure Marketing of commodities with limited Infrastructure improvement support to the for Value or no value addition may continue and FPCs for value addition and branding will Addition / Post- thereby limited profitability to the FPCs yield value added products, better positioning harvest and its members in the market and improved profitability. It will Management help to enhance income of small producers / shareholders. Component B-B.3: Improving the Performance of the Seed Supply Chain. Availability of Adequate short duration climate seed Project is designed to support production Climate varieties are not available in adequate climate resilient seed varieties and encourage Resilient Seeds quantity in the state their adoption. Existing agencies i.e. Mahabeej will forge partnership with the project to enhance such production Component C: Institutional Development, Service Delivery & Knowledge on Climate Resilient Agriculture Capacity Present initiatives may not be adequate Initiative to build farmer’s capacity around Building to focus on developing farmer’s climate smart agriculture will be more knowledge base on climate smart beneficial contextually. It will help to improve agriculture. adoption of climate smart practices. Focus will be more on small and marginal farmers for improved adoption as their percentage is relatively high. Technology Existing practices may continue with Technology demonstration in an integrated Demonstration less or no focus on integrated approach manner (including best practices in IPM and (INM, IPM, BBF, micro irrigation, INM) through Farmer Field School (FFS) protective farming etc. under one demo.) approach will be beneficial for farmers, including small and marginal farmers for getting exposure, learning and replication. MIS/ ICT MIS and ICT system in general weak in PoCRA will have a GIS based system backed Integration agricultural projects. by ICT and a comprehensive MIS system to have systematic tracking of compliance. 4.3 Analysis of Alternatives On alternatives to the proposed project and its activities, the assessment procedure stipulates that an environmental investigation needs to identify main project alternatives during the course of implementation. It is required that available alternatives for accomplishing the same objectives are to be considered at the cluster and village level while implementing different activities. In principle, these should include an analysis of the technology, location, timing, input and design alternatives as well as the “not to do” option. Different agricultural technology which the project is expected to promote will be more localized, based on its suitability to the agro-climatic condition, soil characteristics, water availability etc. Same farming practices may not be proposed across all the project location as it will vary significantly depending upon the local characteristics. For example, measures to be taken in saline tracks may not be same for other rain-fed areas where soil salinity is less. Similarly, technological options for catchment treatment and development of structures for soil and water run-off management may not be same across all the project locations. So, alternatives will be more 57 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I activity driven and location specific which will be assessed before implementation and after careful selection of alternatives. 4.4 Key Environmental Impacts The Table below presents the listing of potential negative impacts organized along the relevant environmental parameters if project financed activities are not implemented with the appropriate environmental mitigation and design, Biodiversity Clearance of native vegetation (including felling of trees) to clear land for cultivation/plantation Degradation of natural vegetation due to open grazing by livestock Introduction of exotic species of animals or plants Solid Waste Pollution due to improper disposal of solid waste (e.g., inorganic mulch, spoilt produce, processing residue, construction waste) Pollution and health risk due to improper disposal of organic waste (e.g., burning of crop residues, open dumping of manure) Pollution and safety risk due to improper disposal of hazardous waste (e.g., pesticide containers) Water Quality Pollution of water bodies due to release of waste water (e.g., from processing units) Pollution of water bodies due to leaching of excess fertilizer or manure Pollution of water bodies due to excess fish feed Water Availability Depletion of groundwater due to over-extraction (water intensive crops, evaporation losses from well-fed farm ponds, etc.) Reduction in down stream flows due to diversion/damming/bunding of streams/rivulets/nallas Health & Safety Safety risk from improper storage and/or handling of hazardous chemicals (e.g., pesticides) Safety risk from unguarded wells, borewell holes, farm ponds, pits at construction site, etc. Accidental injury (e.g., from use of agri-machinery, at construction sites) 4.5 Categorization of Intervention Based on the nature of activities framed under the project, the activities can be categorized into “No Impact”, “Low Impact” or “Moderate Impact” on the environment. Categorization of activities is largely based on the implementation process and its expected impact. The impact categories may not be constant across the project clusters and same activity may not have same level of impact across all the project districts and clusters. Infrastructure development activities can be categorized under “Moderate Impact” level due to associated construction related issues, energy consumption, expected generation of wastes etc. that require appropriate management. Similarly, activities under ‘low impact’ are not expected to cause any significant negative impact. Best practice measures and mitigation strategies are also recommended where appropriate to improve the environmental performance of the project activities. 58 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Table 36: Degree of Environmental Impact of Selected Project Activities Broad Project Activities Impact Suggested framework for Category mitigation 2. Mini-watershed planning activities Minimal All activities will be screened 3. FPC planning activities Impact according to screening Formats 4. Farmer Field Schools (FFS) Annex 1: Screening Checklist of 5. Capacity building activities EMF 6. Agro-met advisory activities o Section 1: Background Information o Section 2: Check if the activities are in the ‘list of non-permissible activities’ o Section 3: Check compliance with regulatory requirements o Section 4: Check the Baseline Conditions o Section 5: Identify the Potential Environmental Impacts Use Annex 3: Environmental Guidelines To be used for Mini Watershed Plans o Part 1: General Environmental Guidelines (applicable to all activities) o Part 2: Activity Specific Environmental Guidelines 1. Agro-forestry/ Plantations Minimal to All activities will be screened per 2. Soil amendment application Low screening Formats in Annex 1 3. Improved agronomic practices Environmental Screening 4. Farm ponds, Water pumps, Water pipelines and Checklist A: to be used for post- irrigation systems (sprinkler/ drip) harvest management and value 5. Polyhouse, Shade net and tunnel chain promotion activities. 6. Planting material o Section 1: Background 7. Small ruminants Information 8. Backyard poultry o Section 2: Check if the 9. Vermicompost units activities are in the ‘list of 10. Organic input production units non-permissible activities’ 11. Contour trenches o Section 3: Check 12. Nala bunds compliance with regulatory 13. Graded bunding requirements 14. Sorting-Grading unit o Section 4: Check the 15. Vegetable/fruit carrier/vehicle Baseline Conditions and 16. Market outlet (environmentally controlled) impacts 17. Vending cart 18. Production of foundation & certified seed Use Annex 3 Environmental 19. Seed quality testing facility Guidelines –To be used for Mini Watershed Plans and IPM Plan (Volume II) 59 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I 1. Support to FIG/FPO/FPCs for product Low to All activities will be screened aggregation, handling, transformation & Moderate using Environmental Screening marketing Checklist B: to be used for post- 2. Seed Production and Processing infrastructure harvest management and value 3. All construction activities chain promotion activities. • Godown/ Small warehouse • Ripening chamber Refer to Annex 4 for • Primary processing unit Environmental Mitigation • Pre-cooling chamber Measures for Component B • Cold storage facility activities for construction and • Seed processing equipment operation phases. • Seed processing shed/ drying yard Use Model format for developing • Seed storage godown EMPs for Post-Harvest Management and Value Chain Promotion activities in Annex 2. o Part 1: EMP for Construction Activities o Part 2: EMP for Operation and Maintenance Phase Broadly it has been assessed that project will not have any major negative environmental impacts. Rather, it will be helpful for the environmental restoration. However, some of the apprehension, that the assessment identifies, like increase in use of synthetic fertilizer and pesticides due to improved and intensive farming system, increase in ground water draft etc. need to be addressed. It can be done through appropriate measures outlined in the environment management plan and through the promotion of recommended package of practices. 4.6 Potential Impacts of the Project Activities Table 37: Potential Impacts Particulars of Components & Environmental Impact Potential Environmental Impact Subcomponents (Yes / No) Promoting Climate-resilient Agricultural Systems Participatory development of No mini watershed plans Climate smart agriculture and resilient farming systems Demonstration of climate resilient No agronomic practices: Farmers Field Schools Enhancement in Carbon sequestration Afforestation in upper reaches Yes Check on topsoil erosion (+ve Impact) Check on siltation of water courses and waterbodies Check on speed of runoff water Improvement in infiltration of the water into the ground Improvement in groundwater level Improvement in carbon sequestration (depending on the species being planted) Improvement in biomass availability 60 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Particulars of Components & Environmental Impact Potential Environmental Impact Subcomponents (Yes / No) Plantation of horticulture plants Yes Improved availability of biomass and (+ve Impact) organic content in the long run Conservation agriculture Yes Improvement in soil moisture (+ve Impact) Improvement in soil carbon Improvement in benevolent soil microbes and fauna Lowering in consumption of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides Improvement of saline and sodic soils Farm Field Schools (FFS)-Saline No soils Subsurface drainage Yes (+ve Impact) Decrease in soil salinity Application of soil amendments Yes (+ve Impact) Decrease in soil salinity Increase in application synthetic fertilizers Catchment / Land Treatment Catchment treatment; Continuous Yes Decrease in topsoil erosion Contour trenches (+ve Impact) Decrease in speed of volume of runoff water Increase in water infiltration and thus volume of groundwater Drainage line treatment Construction of Earthen Nala Yes Decrease in runoff water Bunds (+ve Impact) Increase in water infiltration and thus volume of groundwater Increase in volume of surface water Decrease in siltation of watercourses Construction of Cement Nala Yes Decrease in runoff water Bunds (+ve Impact) Increase in water infiltration and thus volume of groundwater Increase in volume of surface water Decrease in siltation of watercourses Improvement of water courses; Yes Increase in volume of surface water Deepening of nalas (+ve Impact) available Construction of new water harvesting structures Construction of community farm Yes Increase in use of non-biodegradable ponds (Overall +ve Impact) material (if plastic sheet lining is used) Increase in volume of surface water Increase in water infiltration and thus volume of groundwater available Construction of individual farm Yes Increase in use of non-biodegradable ponds (Overall +ve Impact) material (if plastic sheet lining is used) Increase in volume of surface water Increase in water infiltration and thus volume of groundwater available Rejuvenation or desilting of Yes Increase in volume of surface water existing water harvesting (+ve Impact) Increase in water infiltration and thus structures volume of groundwater available 61 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Particulars of Components & Environmental Impact Potential Environmental Impact Subcomponents (Yes / No) Construction of groundwater Yes Increase in water infiltration in the soil recharge structures; Recharging of (+ve Impact) Increase in volume of groundwater open dug wells/ bore wells On-farm water security; Yes (+ve Impact) Decrease in soil erosion Compartment bunding Micro irrigation systems Installation of drip irrigation Increase in energy consumption (due to Yes (+ve Impact) systems pumping of water) Decrease in water consumption Decrease in water wastage Improved water use efficiency / water productivity Installation of sprinkler irrigation Yes (+ve Impact) Increase in energy consumption (due to systems pumping of water) Decrease in water consumption Decrease in water wastage Strengthening Emerging Value-chains for Climate-resilient Commodities Support to FPCs for product Yes (+ve impact) Aggregation and bulk handling will aggregation, handling, reduce post-harvest wastage transformation and marketing. The project by virtue of PDO and by design is a positive mitigation project and there is no major anticipated negative impact. However, if any project intervention if not implemented properly there may have some temporary and localised adverse impacts for which the mitigations measures are listed below: Table 37: Expected Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures Project Activities Anticipated Impacts Potential Mitigation Measures A2. On-farm climate-resilient technologies and agronomic practices A2.1 Demonstration of ● Inappropriate use of ● Encourage use of bio-fertilizers; bio-compost, Climate Smart Agriculture fertilizer vermin-compost, green manure, microbial inoculants, etc. ● Inappropriate use of ● Adoption of INM / IPM to reduce chances of fertilizer soil contamination and water pollution. ● Promotion of bio-pesticides ● Prohibition of banned pesticides ● Plantation of pest controlling plants (in feasible / suitable cases). ● Promotion of suitable cultural practices like deep ploughing, seed treatment, mixed cropping etc. Catchment treatment all efforts made under This will be judiciously monitored PoCRA aims at maintaining standard hydrological flow around drainage line in addition conjunctive use around catchment A2.4 Protected Cultivation By default protected ● Remove debris materials that might harbour Shed net house (GI/MS cultivation should reduce or provide habitat for pest multiplication on pipes); adverse pest attack, the site of the greenhouses Shed net house – Bamboo; however, if there is any 62 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Project Activities Anticipated Impacts Potential Mitigation Measures Poly house (open vent) incidence of pest / insect ● Avoid fumigation of soils by chemicals due to conducive wherever possible environment may be ● Sterilize soil by Soil solarization higher ● Maintenance / repair of faulty greenhouse structures which help in the entry of insect- pests ● Always use insect-proof net screens ● Shade Net / Poly House Structure can have double entry gates so as to minimize the risk of pest entry and staying back (if economically feasible) ● Preparation of bed by building up rich flora of biological control agents for the management of soil borne pathogens especially nematodes. ● Pest Monitoring measures using sticky traps ● Introducing cultural control methods like resistant seed varieties, ● Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies ● Applying pesticides only when pest populations are large enough to cause economic losses (Above ETL) ● Developing understanding of farmers on the impact of their activities on environment Component B. Climate Smart Post-Harvest Management and Value Chain Promotion Support to FIG/FPO/FPCs General construction Standard EMP checklist developed as part of the for product aggregation, related safeguards project will meet the compliance requirement handling, transformation &marketing Improving the Performance General construction Standard EMP checklist developed as part of the of the Seed Supply Chain related safeguards project will meet the compliance requirement Establishment of Custom Safety risk from improper Hiring Centres placement and use of Purchase of farm equipment. machinery Construction of machinery sheds 63 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Product aggregation, Pollution from improper Refer to Table ___ on construction stage handling, transformation & disposal of waste (spoilt impacts. marketing produce) Establishment of Integrated use of pesticides and use Pack-house/Aggregation of hazardous pesticides centre Pollution from improper Establishment of Pack- disposal of solid and liquid house/ Sorting-Grading waste from the processing unit, , Construction of unit. Godown/ Small warehouse Pollution from improper Ripening chamber (10 MT disposal of waste (spoilt capacity), produce). Primary processing unit Pollution from improper Vegetable/fruit disposal of waste (spoilt carrier/vehicle produce). Market outlet Health risk from unsafe use of pesticides and use of hazardous pesticides in the facility. Seed Hub Infrastructure Safety risk from improper Refer to Table ___ on construction stage Seed processing equipment placement and use of impacts. Seed processing shed/ equipment. drying yard Seed storage godown Strengthening seed quality testing facility 4.6 Environment Improvement Measures Table 38: Environmental Improvement Measures(Annex) Environmental Improvement Measures under Project Interventions Aspects Enhancement in Crop Management: (1) Soil fertility enhancement, (2) Better rotation, (3) Erosion control, Soil Organic (4) Irrigation. Carbon (SOC) Conservation Tillage: Discouraging deep tillage and introducing minimum / conservative tillage, including(1) Stubble retention, (2) Reduced tillage Pasture Management: (1) Fertilizer management, (2) Grazing management, (3) Earthworm introduction (vermin-compost), (4) Irrigation, (5) Improved grass species, (6) Introduction of legumes, (7) Sown pasture, (8) Introduction of Perennial pastures (Introducing pasture rotations wherever possible and use pastures in the inter-rows for tree crops and vines. Promotion of perennial plant species as per need. Educating farmers on appropriate grazing management strategies that minimize the impact of grazing on soil structure and maximize organic matter returns. Promoting maintenance and conservation of ground cover to minimize topsoil erosion by wind. Farmers will be educated to cover a minimum of 70% of the soil surface using plant residues / green cover. Grow high yield, high biomass crops and pastures, and in continuous cropping systems maximize crop frequency to increase organic matter returns to the soil.). Organic Amendments: Application of manure/compost and other organic amendments (1) Animal manure use, (2) Green manuring (3) Recycling of organic matters. Maintain soil fertility with inorganic and organic fertilizers to maximize production; Integrated Pest Cultural Control: Management (i)Crop Rotation (ii) Sanitation (iii) Soil Solarization (iv) Use of Resistant Variety of Seeds (v) Intercropping / Companion Planting (vi) Use of Farm Yard Manure 64 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Environmental Improvement Measures under Project Interventions Aspects Living and Organic Mulches Physical and Mechanical Control: Light Trapping (ii) Tillage using Harrows, Hoes and Brushes (iii) Yellow colored sticky traps Biological Control Bio-pesticides(microbial pesticides, plant pesticides and biochemical pesticides) Chemical Control: Application of chemical pesticides as per the recommended doses by crop type. Integrated Plant On-site Resource Utilization: Nutrient Use of on-site resources by recycling of crop residues, animal manure etc. Management Judicious Application of off-site Nutrient Resources: Judicious application of chemical nutrients, as per the prescribed doses. Resources Integration: The resources responsible for on-site generation of nutrients and energy will be appropriately integrated with chemical forms of nutrients and other management factors which enhances productivity. Resources Management: Farmers will be oriented to manage all the sources appropriately at the optimum level of efficiency. The integrated nutrient supply system will look into the management of the farming system as a whole, involving cattle, poultry, animals and plant resources and the use of chemicals. Schematic Convergence: Convergence with schemes like the 'Balanced and integrated use of fertilizer with the aim of promoting the use of organic manures and bio-fertilizers. Water Use and ● Cluster based water budgeting taking all available water sources into account and the Irrigation potentials; Efficiency ● Promotion of Crop Planning (village / cluster based) based on water availability; ● Improving conveyance efficiency through lining of unlined sections of canal network; ● Promotion of Micro Irrigation System (Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation System); ● Fostering convergence with existing schemes of Govt. for micro irrigation promotion; ● Monitoring and field assessment of improvement in irrigation efficiency. 4.7 Interventions not complying with the Policies/Regulations Project interventions with severe environmental impacts and those not complying with the policies/regulations of GoM, GoI, and World Bank’s safeguard policies should not be promoted under PoCRA. A list of these activities is given below: 1. Digging of deep wells (borewells/tube wells) that are 60 meters or more in depth in notified areas7. 2. Construction or repair of check dams or embankments more than 3 meters in height. 3. Any activities located within National Parks8. 4. Any activities located within a notified Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ) and prohibited within ESZ9? 5. No activity will be carried out in, or within the proximity of Critical or Endangered Natural Habitats (as certified); 7 Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act, 2009. 8 For list of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in Maharashtra, refer to: http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/Database/Maharashtra_7829.aspx 9 For list of Eco Sensitive Zones in Maharashtra and lists of prohibited and regulated activities, refer to: http://envfor.nic.in/content/esz-notifications 65 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I 6. Construction of processing & value addition structures, check dams, embankments, etc., will not be supported without prior approval of the design by a qualified engineer; 7. Instruments to be purchased for processing / value addition should adhere to the recommended Government Standards and energy consumption rating. Project will not support any such instruments which does not comply with the Government recommended specification; 8. Embankment / check dam exceeding 10 meters in height will not be supported by the project; 9. Activities involving direct/untreated discharge into any water body (beyond the threshold / recommended/ permissible limit) will not be supported; 10. Pesticides will not be supported classified in WHO classification list of Class Ia, and Ib and banned by the GoI10.; purchase, stock, sale, distribution or exhibition of pesticides and chemical fertilizers will not be supported without the requisite licenses. a. Purchase, stock, sale or distribution of the following pesticides will not be supported: Pesticides classified in Class Ia, and Ib WHO classification; b. Pesticides banned by the Government of India; c. Purchase, stock, sale, distribution or exhibition of pesticides and chemical fertilizers will not be supported without the requisite licenses. 10 For list of pesticides banned in India, refer to: http://cibrc.nic.in/ibr2012.doc 66 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Chapter 5 Institutional & Implementation Arrangements This chapter describes the implementation arrangements for the Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for managing the potential environmental impacts from the project activities. The key process steps for environmental management are outlined in the figure below: and described in the subsequent sub-sections. 5.1 Environmental Screening for all project supported activities 5.1.1 Objective: Every project activity will be screened for the following: • To check if the activity is permissible as per the GoM and World Bank safeguard policies, • To check for legal and regulatory compliance, • To understand the baseline environmental conditions, and, • To identify the potential environmental impacts. 5.1.2 Tools: The following tool/format for screening of the project supported activities has been developed and included in the EMF (Annex 1 and 2). • Environmental Screening Checklist A: to be used for village level watershed plans and mini- watershed/cluster plans • Environmental Screening Checklist B: to be used for post-harvest management and value chain promotion activities. 5.1.3 Timeframe: The Environmental Screening Checklists are to be filled during the preparation phase of the village level watershed plans and mini-watershed plans, FPC business plans, etc. Each cluster/mini- watershed plan will include the filled in Environmental Screening Checklist A. Each FPC business plan and plans for post-harvest management and value chain promotion activities will include the filled in Environmental Screening Checklist B. Plans without the filled in Environmental Screening Checklists will not be supported under the project. All screening would be carried out at the cluster level including the activities of the Smallholder Matching Grant. 5.1.4 Responsibility: The responsibilities for Environmental Screening are as follows: • The Village Climate Resilient Agriculture Management Committees (VCRAMC) with support from Krishi Mitra will undertake the Environmental Screening for activities in the village level watershed plan using Checklist A. Cluster Assistants will undertake the Environmental Screening for the aggregated mini-watershed/cluster plans with support from District Technical Specialists using Checklist A. The Division Level Multi-Disciplinary Team will oversee and ensure quality control of the Environmental Screening process. • The FPC will undertake the Environmental Screening for post-harvest management and value chain promotion activities using Checklist B with support from District Technical Specialists and Division Level Multi-Disciplinary Team. The Environment Coordinator at the state level PMU will oversee and ensure quality control of the Environmental Screening process. 67 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I 5.2 Environmental Guidelines for village/mini-watershed/cluster plans 5.2.1 Objective: The EMF includes guidelines for environmental management of activities in the village/mini-watershed/cluster plans. 5.2.2 Tools: The Environmental Guidelines are provided in Annex 3. These include general guidelines applicable for all activities, and, activity-specific guidelines. The guidelines cover the following aspects: site selection and materials, resource conservation, pollution control, biodiversity conservation, health and safety. 5.2.3 Timeframe: The Environmental Guidelines are to be referred to during the preparation phase of the village/mini-watershed/cluster plans. The financial and technical support for implementation of the Environmental Guidelines has to be integrated into the village/mini-watershed plan. 5.2.4 Responsibility: The Krishi Mitras and Cluster Assistants will refer to the Environmental Guidelines provided in Annex 3 and integrate the relevant actions into the village/mini-watershed/cluster plans. The Division Level Multi-Disciplinary Team will oversee and ensure quality control of the process. 5.3 Environmental Management Plan for post-harvest management and value- chain activities 5.3.1 Objective: The activities supported under post-harvest management and value-chain promotion, including FPC activities and all construction activities, are required to have an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) specifying the impacts, mitigation measures and implementation responsibility. 5.3.2 Tool: The EMF provides model mitigation measures for anticipated impacts in Annex 4 and model EMPs for construction, operation and maintenance activities Annex 2. The ‘Section 1’ of the model EMPs include details on the likely impacts, the required mitigation measures, and, the responsibilities for implementation. The ‘Section 2’ of the EMP needs to be filled in by listing all applicable mitigation measures, the required budget, the reference to the bill of quantities and/or contract conditions (for construction activities) and the reference to the business plan (for operation and maintenance activities). The model EMPs are provided in Annex 5. 5.3.3 Timeframe: The EMP formats are to be prepared to during the preparation phase of the post-harvest management and value-chain promotion activities, including FPC activities and all construction activities. The budget for implementation of the EMPs has to be included in the activity budget. For construction stage EMPs, the bill of quantities and the conditions of contract have to reflect the activities listed in the EMPs. 5.3.4 Responsibility: The FPC will prepare the EMP for post-harvest management and value chain promotion activities, with support from the District Technical Specialists and Division Level Multi- Disciplinary Team, using the model EMPs provided in Annex 2 as a reference. The Environment Coordinator at the state level will oversee and ensure quality control of the process. 5.4 Institutional Arrangement This section describes the institutional roles and responsibilities for environmental management of the project. The project will make required institutional arrangement to ensure EMF compliance of the project components as per the EMF. A dedicated project official (Environment Specialist) at the PMU level will be the responsible person to guide the overall process related to environmental aspects. He/She would be supported by the agronomist at the division level. The district / sub-district level implementing agencies will be given required 68 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I training to execute and monitor the environmental components in consultation with the PMU. They will be associated in the screening process of such activities that require detail environmental plan and will monitor the processes followed in execution of the planned activities and realization of the environment safeguard norms. It will be ensured that the project interventions are consistent with the agreed strategies and framework. In addition, the management of the EMF provision would be supported through the following roles and responsibilities: Level Role Responsibilities for environmental management Village Village Climate Resilient Environmental Screening for village level watershed Agriculture Management plans. Committees (VCRAMC) Identify and integrate the relevant actions from with support from Krishi Environmental Guidelines into the village level Mitra watershed plans. Cluster Cluster Assistant Environmental Screening for the mini- watershed/cluster plans. Identify and integrate the relevant actions from Environmental Guidelines into the mini- watershed/cluster plans. FPC FPC with support from Undertake Environmental Screening for post-harvest District Technical management and value chain promotion activities. Specialists and Division Preparation and implementation of the Environmental Level Multi-disciplinary Management Plan for post-harvest management and Team value chain promotion activities. Division Division Level Multi- Oversee and ensure quality control of the Disciplinary Team Environmental Screening process for mini- headed by Nodal Officer watershed/cluster plans. Facilitate Environmental Screening for post-harvest management and value chain promotion activities. Support the preparation of the Environmental Management Plan for post-harvest management and value chain promotion activities. Conduct periodic field visits to monitor implementation of EMF. Maintain database on implementation of EMF. Prepare periodic reports on implementation of EMF. State PMU – Environment Ensure effective implementation of the Environmental Coordinator Screening process across the project. Ensure implementation of Environmental Guidelines. Ensure preparation and implementation of robust Environmental Management Plans. Organize training programs for project staff on the EMF. Make the EMF (including all the tools/formats) available to all relevant project staff in the local language. Conduct periodic field visits to monitor implementation of EMF across all districts. Maintain MIS database on implementation of EMF including details on screening, integration of Environmental Guidelines, and implementation of EMPs. Ensure timely conduct of environmental performance audits and implementations of the recommendations from the audits. 69 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Prepare periodic reports on implementation of EMF. 5.4.1 Project level Institutional arrangement for IPM ● As Department of Agriculture is the implementing agency for PoCRA, IPM strategy designed by department and project will be implemented in project area. ● IPM package will be adopted by the project as a part of FFS approach (sub component A2) and various other interventions at field level and all necessary arrangements to demonstrate IPM technology for respective crops will be made. The critical inputs required for IPM will be availed by the beneficiary and the cost of the inputs will be reimbursed by the project through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) mode. ● IPM as a part of FFS will be demonstrated in each project village for cotton, soybean, pigeonpea in Kharif season and for Gram and horticultural crop in Rabi season. In all project is proposing IPM demonstrations on farmers’ farms under dry land and saline conditions. It is expected that IPM technology will be disseminated to about 10 lakhs farmers. ● Under component C. Institutional Development, Service delivery and Knowledge for Climate-resilient Agriculture, project incorporated contingency plan; development & testing of agricultural technologies and practices for climate adaptation; long term climate change model; on farm participatory action research and risk analysis framework; development of Climate Innovation Centres (CICs) etc. which will directly and indirectly strengthen the holistic IPM approach for climate resilient agriculture. ● At village level, Krishi Mitra/ Village motivator will be responsible to work in close coordination with VCRMC and KVKs. Krishi Mitra/ Village motivators are the key person placed at village level to share/ disseminate information regarding project interventions. These key persons will be imparted knowledge and skills regarding IPM technology. 5.5 Environmental Monitoring Although most of the activities planned under project have minimal negative impact on environment, it will ensure that during project implementation the mitigation measures are complied with for each activity. It will also be taken care that environment improvement measures adopted wherever these are necessary. Project will monitor all the activities including EMF as integral part of each project components through MIS system and periodic monitoring and evaluation process. These inputs will be captured for the overall project, and would include details of all the mini-watershed/cluster plans that include filled-in Environmental Screening forms, and that have integrated Environmental Guidelines, and IPMP strategies. In addition the project will monitor the number of training programs on integrated pest and nutrient management organized for project staff; FFS and technology demonstrations that include IPMP aspects 5.6 Capacity Building Plan Given that the objective is to mainstream environmental safeguards in planning and implementation, a capacity building plan for various stakeholders is described in this section. The official/s dealing with environmental 70 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I aspects at the PMU and DPMU level will be oriented on environmental aspects. The objective of organizing orientation programme for the officials (operating at different levels) is to equipped them well by which they can manage the concerned components of the project effectively and efficiently. As the project objectively looks at promoting climate resilience in agriculture sector, it is expected that the concerned officials are oriented in that direction. The capacity building on environmental aspects would take into account the current environmental issues in the State / project districts, project specific initiatives to adapt to the changes and taking mitigating measures. The project will also take up awareness and sensitization drive at community level (cluster / village level) to educate people on impacts of climate variability on agriculture and measures to be taken. The capacity building plan gives details of the training and IEC (information, education, communication) activities to be organized for the project beneficiaries as well as the project staff. Training Details Participants Aspects covered program Orientation to Part of all training VCRAMCs, FPC Environmental EMF for workshops, FFS and Board Members Screening; beneficiaries technology demonstrations. Environmental Exposure visits to sites Guidelines; demonstrating good Environmental environmental management Management Plan will be organized. Organized at annual frequency. Orientation to Part of induction training Krishi Mitras, Environmental EMF for project into the project. Cluster Assistants Screening; functionaries Exposure visits to sites Environmental demonstrating good Guidelines; environmental management Environmental will be organized. Management Plan Organized at annual frequency. Training on Part of induction training District Technical General and environmental into the project. Specialists, Activity-specific management Exposure visits to sites Division Level Environmental for project demonstrating good Multi-Disciplinary Guidelines; functionaries environmental management Teams Environmental will be organized. Management Plan Organized at annual frequency. 5.7 Reporting Plan A dedicated project official will be responsible for environment related concerns and report directly to the Project Director at the State level Project Management Unit. The institutions / agencies associated in the implementation process will prepare their reports, covering environmental aspects as per the environment management frame. Environmental concerns and necessary environmental mitigation and improvement measures will be part of project’s time based reporting. All periodic reports of the project will include a section/chapter on environmental management that will provide details on the implementation of Environmental Screening, integration of Environmental Guidelines, 71 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I implementation of the EMPs, implementation of the integrated pest and nutrient management plans, capacity building activities and a summary of the monitoring and audit findings. 5.8 Sustainability of Project Interventions The planned interventions are in conformity to the environmental parameters and norms. The sustainability of the planned measures is further ensured due to its alignment with mainstream execution of project activities. Location specific and activity based assessment; planning and execution will further ensure its sustainability after the life of the project. The involvement of people from identification to planning and execution will enhance ownership and sustainability. The project is attempting viability gap through a sharing mechanism and not fully grant based unlike many other projects. This will help in their sustainability. 72 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I ANNEXURE 1 Environmental Screening Checklist – (A) To be used for each Mini Watershed Plan Section 1: Background Information 1.Name of the cluster: 2.Name of the district: 3.GPS coordinates of cluster HQ: 4.Number of villages in the cluster: 5.Number of farmers to be covered: 6.Area to be covered in hectares: 7.List of activities included in the Mini Watershed Plan: Activity Is this activity included in the MWP? Climate smart agriculture and resilient farming systems 1. Demonstration of Farmer Field Schools (FFS) Yes / No climate smart agronomic practices(CSAP) 2. Enhancement in Agro-forestry - Farm periphery Yes / No Carbon Sequestration Agro-forestry - Small block of 100 plants Yes / No Plantation – Mango Yes / No Plantation – Citrus Yes / No Plantation - Custard Apple/Guava/Amla Yes / No Plantation - Pomegranate Yes / No 3. Improvement of Improvement through subsurface drainage Yes / No saline and sodic lands Improvement through soil amendment application Yes / No Improvement through improved agronomic practices Yes / No Farm pond with inlet & outlet and grass cultivation Yes / No Water pumps Yes / No Water sprinkler Yes / No 4. Protected Cultivation Shade net house (GI/MS pipes) Yes / No Shed net house - Bamboo Yes / No Polyhouse (open vent) Yes / No Poly tunnels Yes / No Planting material polyhouse/ shade net house Yes / No Planting material in polytunnels Yes / No 5. Integrated Farming Small ruminants Yes / No Systems Backyard poultry Yes / No Sericulture Yes / No Apiculture Yes / No Inland fisheries Yes / No Other agro based livelihoods Yes / No 6. Organic Farming Vermicompost units Yes / No Systems Organic input production unit Yes / No Efficient and sustainable use of water for agriculture 1. Catchment treatment Continuous Contour trenches Model 1 Yes / No Continuous Contour trenches Model 2 Yes / No Construction of Loose Boulder Structures Yes / No 73 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Activity Is this activity included in the MWP? 2. Drainage Line Construction of Earthen Nala Bunds Yes / No Treatment Construction of Cement Nala Bunds Yes / No 3. Construction of new Construction of community farm ponds Yes / No water harvesting Construction of Farm Ponds (without lining) Yes / No structures Construction of Farm ponds (with lining) Yes / No Open Dug well Yes / No 4. Rejuvenation by Desilting of old water storage structure Yes / No desilting/repairs of old water harvesting structures 5. Construction of Open dug wells/bore wells Yes / No groundwater recharge structures 6. On-farm water Compartment /graded bunding Yes / No security 7. Micro irrigation Drip irrigation systems Yes / No systems Sprinklers Yes / No 8. Protective Irrigation Water pumps Yes / No Water carrying pipes Yes / No Section 2: Check if the activities are in the ‘list of non-permissible activities’ 8.Does the Mini Watershed Plan (MWP) include any of the following non-permissible activities? S. No. List of non-permissible activities Is this type of activity in the MWP? i Digging of deep wells (borewells/tubewells) that are 60 meters or Yes / No more in depth in notified areas[1]. ii Construction or repair of check dams or embankments more than 10 Yes / No meters in height. iii Any activities located within National Parks[2]. Yes / No iv Any activities located within a notified Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ) and Yes / No prohibited within ESZ[3]? v Any activities involving pesticides that are banned by the Government Yes / No of India[4]. vi Any activities involving pesticides that are in Classes Ia, and Ib WHO Yes / No Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard[5]. vii Any activities involving construction within 100 meters from an Yes / No archeological site/monument[6]. viii Any activities involving use of Asbestos Containing Materials (e.g., Yes / No AC pipes for irrigation). Section 3: Check compliance with regulatory requirements 9.Do the activities in the Mini Watershed Plan (MWP) comply with the following regulatory requirements (as applicable)? S. No. Regulatory requirements i Do any of the activities involve digging of wells within 500 meters of a notified public drinking water source. Yes / No If yes, is permission taken from the State Groundwater Authority[7]. Yes / No ii Are any of the activities located within Wildlife Sanctuaries. Yes / No If yes, is permission taken from the State Forest Department[8]? Yes / No 74 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I S. No. Regulatory requirements iii Will any of the activities involve felling of trees? Yes / No If yes, is permission taken as per the guidelines of the Revenue and Forest Yes / No Department[9]? iv Are any of the activities located within a notified Eco Sensitive Zone Yes / No (ESZ)[10]? If yes, Yes / No Are any of the activities on the list of activities regulated in ESZ? Yes / No If yes, Has the required permission been taken? v Are any of the activities involving construction located between 100-300 Yes / No meters from an archeological site/monument[11]. If yes, has permission been taken from the Archeological Survey of India? Yes / No vi Do any of the activities require consent from the Pollution Control Board? Yes / No If yes, has consent been taken? Yes / No Section 4: Check the Baseline Conditions 10.Are any of the activities in the Mini Watershed Plan (MWP) located in the following areas? S. No. Baseline Conditions Details i Are any of the activities located in or near forest Yes / No Specify distance: areas? ii Are any of the activities located in or near natural Yes / No Specify distance: water bodies (rivers, streams, lakes, ponds)? iii Are any of the activities located on hill slopes? Yes / No iv Are any of the activities located in the Yes / No following[12]: a.Overexploited groundwater basin Yes / No b.Flood prone area Section 5: Identify the Potential Environmental Impacts 11.Identify the potential environmental impacts of the activities in the Mini Watershed Plan (MWP) using the following table. S. Category Impact Scale of Impact Probability of No. Impact Occurrence A biodiversity Clearance of native vegetation o High o High (including felling of trees) to clear o Medium o Medium land for cultivation/plantation o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable Degradation of natural vegetation o High o High due to open grazing by livestock o Medium o Medium o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable Human wildlife conflict (in areas o High o High close to forests) o Medium o Medium o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable Transmission of livestock diseases o High o High to wildlife (in areas close to o Medium o Medium forests) o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable 75 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I S. Category Impact Scale of Impact Probability of No. Impact Occurrence Introduction of exotic species of o High o High animals or plants o Medium o Medium o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable B Solid Waste Pollution due to improper disposal o High o High of solid waste (e.g., plastic mulch) o Medium o Medium o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable Pollution and safety risk due to o High o High improper disposal of hazardous o Medium o Medium waste (e.g., pesticide containers) o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable Pollution and health risk due to o High o High improper disposal of biological o Medium o Medium waste (e.g., dead animal o Low o Low carcasses) o Not applicable o Not applicable Pollution and health risk due to o High o High improper disposal of organic o Medium o Medium waste (e.g., burning of crop o Low o Low residues, open dumping of o Not applicable o Not applicable manure) C Water Quality Pollution of water bodies due to o High o High release of wastewater o Medium o Medium o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable Pollution of water bodies due to o High o High leaching of excess fertilizer or o Medium o Medium manure o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable Pollution of water bodies due to o High o High excess fish feed o Medium o Medium o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable D Water Depletion of groundwater due to o High o High Availability over-extraction (water intensive o Medium o Medium crops, evaporation losses from o Low o Low well-fed farm ponds, etc.) o Not applicable o Not applicable Reduction in yield in nearby wells o High o High due to over-extraction or close o Medium o Medium spacing of wells o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable Reduction in downstream flows o High o High due to o Medium o Medium diversion/damming/bunding of o Low o Low streams/rivulets/nalas o Not applicable o Not applicable E Health & Safety Safety risk from improper storage o High o High and/or handling of hazardous o Medium o Medium chemicals (e.g., pesticides) o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable 76 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I S. Category Impact Scale of Impact Probability of No. Impact Occurrence Safety risk from unguarded wells, o High o High borewell holes, farm ponds, etc. o Medium o Medium o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable Risk of transmission of zoonotic o High o High diseases (e.g., bird flu, anthrax) o Medium o Medium o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable Accidental injury (e.g., from agri- o High o High machinery) o Medium o Medium o Low o Low o Not applicable o Not applicable 12. Any other significant information: Section 6: Screening Details 13. Date of filing this screening checklist: 14. Name, Designation and Signature of individual who filled this screening checklist: Name: Designation: Signature: 15. Name, Designation and Signature of individual who verified this screening checklist: Name: Designation: Signature: [1] Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act, 2009. [2] For list of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in Maharashtra, refer to:http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/Database/Maharashtra_7829.aspx [3] For list of Eco Sensitive Zones in Maharashtra and lists of prohibited and regulated activities, refer to:http://envfor.nic.in/content/esz-notifications [4] For list of pesticides banned in India, refer to:http://cibrc.nic.in/ibr2012.doc [5] For list of pesticides in WHO classes Ia and Ib.to:http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard_2009.pdf [6] For list of protected monuments in Maharashtra, refer to:http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_maharashtra.asp [7] Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act, 2009. [8] For list of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in Maharashtra, refer to:http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/Database/Maharashtra_7829.aspx [9] For Guidelines for Tree Felling and Transit Permission, refer to:http://mahaforest.gov.in/fckimagefile/Ease%20of%20Doing%20Business%20Guidelines%20for%20Tree %20Felling(1).pdf [10] For list of Eco Sensitive Zones in Maharashtra and lists of prohibited and regulated activities, refer to:http://envfor.nic.in/content/esz-notifications [11] For list of protected monuments in Maharashtra, refer to:http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_maharashtra.asp [12] For district-wise details on vulnerability to floods and earthquake, refer to:http://nidm.gov.in/PDF/DP/MAHARASHTRA.PDF ANNEXURE 2 Environmental Management Plan – (B) A model format to be used for developing EMPs for Post-Harvest Management and Value Chain Promotion activities Part 1: EMP for Construction Activities Section 1: List of Impacts and Mitigation Measures at Construction Phase 77 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Environme Impact Mitigation Measure Responsibility for Applicability ntal Aspect Implementation Site Improper location The site selected for the VCRMC o Applicable Selection can have multiple activity will not be in areas impacts on that are: wildlife conflict Krishi Mitra sustainability, areas, waste dumpsites, highly o Not biodiversity, disaster polluted/ contaminated land or Division Level Applicable proofing, etc. water areas, natural drainage Multi-Disciplinary courses, areas prone to floods. Team. Legal and Activities that do not Refer to the Screening VCRMC o Applicable Regulatory comply with the Checklist –B and confirm the Complianc relevant laws and following: FPC/FPO o Not e regulations cannot The proposed construction is Applicable be supported under not on the ‘list of non- Division Level the project. permissible activities’ given Multi-Disciplinary in Section 2 of the Screening Team. Checklist-B. The proposed construction complies with the legal and regulatory requirements including those listed in Section 3 of the Screening Checklist-B. Felling of Loss of green cover Compensatory plantation will Division Level o Applicable trees and including trees be undertaken in accordance Multi-disciplinary o Not clearing of with the conditions prescribed Team. Applicable vegetation in the tree felling permission. Proportionate quantity/ numbers of diverse, local species will be planted for every tree that is felled. Provision for tree guard and plantation aftercare will be ensured. Health & Risk of accidents at All workers will be provided In Case of individual o Applicable Safety worksite. adequate (Personal Protective asset building o Not Equipment (PPE). beneficiary will be Applicable The use of PPE at the responsible for construction site will be follow safety mandatory. measures Incase of community works VCRMC/ group will follow safety measures as per guidelines. Division Level Multi-disciplinary Team. Water Runoff and release Release of wastewater into ATMA o Applicable Quality of untreated water bodies, streams, etc., o Not wastewater may without any treatment will be FPC/FPO Applicable pollute nearby water avoided. Division Level bodies. All wastewater will meet the Multi-disciplinary ‘CPCB General Standards’ Team. prior to disposal. 78 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Environme Impact Mitigation Measure Responsibility for Applicability ntal Aspect Implementation Waste Pollution and health Dispose biodegradable and o Applicable Manageme impacts due to non-biodegradable wastes o Not nt improper disposal of separately. FPC/FPO Applicable wastes such as open Follow all GoI&GoM dumping, burning, applicable law related to unauthorized waste management, recycling, etc. Human Poor capacity for Capacity building activities PMU o Applicable Resource environmental through orientation, training ATMA o Not Capacity management. and use of IEC (information, Applicable education, communication). Complianc Weak compliance of Monitoring and reporting OF o Applicable e the environmental as per project’s M&E As per project’s o Not Monitoring management plan strategy. monitoring and Applicable will lead to evaluation system aggravated impacts and undermine sustainability. Part 2: EMP for Operation and Maintenance Phase Section 1: List of Impacts and Mitigation Measures at O&M Phase Environmenta Impact Mitigation Measure Responsibility for l Aspect Implementation Legal and Activities that do not Refer to the Screening Checklist –B VCRMC Regulatory comply with the relevant and confirm the following: Compliance laws and regulations The proposed activity is not on the Board of Directors and cannot be supported. ‘list of non-permissible activities’ CEO of the FPO/FPC. given in Section 2 of the Screening Checklist-B. The proposed activity complies with the legal and regulatory requirements including those listed in Section 3 of the Screening Checklist-B. Air and Water Air and water pollution All manufacturing processes will State Coordinator – Pollution from processing units comply with the relevant CPCB Environment in the (grain and pulse standards: industry specific PMU. processing, flour mills, standards for ‘Grain Processing, Division Level Multi- etc.) Flour Mills, Paddy Processing, disciplinary Team. Pulse Making or Grinding Mills[5]’, or, in cases where industry-specific standards are not relevant/available, with the CPCB General Standards[6]. Health & Equipment, machinery, All procured equipment and State Coordinator – Safety vehicles, etc., that do not machinery will comply with Environment in the comply with relevant relevant BIS standards. PMU. safety and environmental All vehicles (carriers, reefer vans, VCRMC standards may pose risk etc.) will comply with the relevant to human and Bharat Stage (BS) emission norms. Board of Directors and environmental health and CEO of the FPO. safety. 79 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Environmenta Impact Mitigation Measure Responsibility for l Aspect Implementation Risk of accidents (use of Safety instructions will be provided agri-machinery, in the to users of agri-machinery in the processing unit, etc.). local language. . Adequate PPE will be provided to users of agri-machinery and workers in processing units. The use of (Personal Protection Equipment)PPE will be mandatory. A fully-provisioned first-aid box will be available at the processing unit. Adequate number of functional fire extinguishers will be available at the processing units Risk of use of hazardous Un-authorized chemical ripening chemicals. agents (e.g., calcium carbide) will not be used. Pest Risk to human and Pest management in godowns, State Coordinator – Management environmental health warehouses, etc., will be as per the Environment in the from use of hazardous Pest Management Plan. PMU. pesticides, and from Division Level Multi- improper use of disciplinary Team. pesticides. VCRMC Waste Pollution and health All organic/biodegradable wastes State Coordinator – Management impacts due to improper (from sorting-grading units, from Environment in the disposal of organic processing units, from godowns, PMU. wastes such as open etc.) will be segregated and Division Level Multi- dumping, burning, etc. disposed through reuse as animal disciplinary Team. feed, composting, etc. as FPO/FPC appropriate. Any residual waste material will be disposed in a manner and at locations specified by the local government body. All work sites will have adequate sanitation facilities. Energy Equipment and All procured equipment and State Coordinator – Consumption machinery that is not machinery (e.g., pump sets, Environment in the efficient will lead to refrigeration units) will be BEE 4 PMU. energy wastage and or 5 star rated. Division Level Multi- higher operating costs. Use of solar energy based disciplinary Team equipment/machinery will be FPO/FPC considered. Human Poor capacity for Capacity building activities through State Coordinator – Resource environmental orientation, training and use of IEC Environment in the Capacity management. (information, education, PMU. communication) for farmers, FPO Division Level Multi- staff and board members, etc. disciplinary Team. Board of Directors and CEO of the FPO. 80 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Environmenta Impact Mitigation Measure Responsibility for l Aspect Implementation Compliance Weak compliance of the EMP monitoring as a part of State Coordinator – Monitoring environmental project’s over all Monitoring and Environment in the PMU management plan will Evaluation strategy Third party monitoring lead to aggravated impacts and undermine sustainability. [1] Refer to:http://www.cgwb.gov.in/CGWA/Documents/Guidelines%20Supreme%20Court%20fatal%20Accid ent.pdf [2] Refer to:http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/C%20&D%20rules%202016.pdf [3] Refer to:http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20HWM%20Rules%202016%20(English)_0.pdf [4] Refer to:http://wdra.nic.in/WAREHOUSEMANUAL30012013.pdf [5] Refer to:http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Industry-Specific-Standards/Effluent/458-1.pdf [6] Refer to:http://cpcb.nic.in/GeneralStandards.pdf ANNEXURE 3 Project on Climate Resilient Agriculture (PoCRA) Environmental Guidelines To be used for Mini Watershed Plans Part 1: General Environmental Guidelines (applicable to all activities) Environmental Aspect Generic Mitigation Measures Site Selection & Materials The site selected for the activity must not be in areas that are: wildlife conflict areas, waste dumpsites, highly polluted/contaminated land or water areas, natural drainage courses, areas prone to floods. Ensure that material required for construction of bunds, nala bunds, water harvesting structures, etc., is procured on-site or from authorized quarries. 81 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Resource Conservation Adopt water conservation practices (e.g., use of efficient irrigation methods such as drip and sprinkler irrigation, mulching, alternate furrow irrigation, etc.). Avoid wastage and over-consumption of water (e.g., avoid crops that are water intensive, avoid over-extraction of groundwater). Adopt renewable energy alternatives where feasible (e.g., solar lights, solar water pumps, etc.). Adopt energy efficient agri-machinery (e.g., BEE 5 star rated pumps). Pollution Control Ensure that all vehicles have a valid Pollution Under Control certification. Ensure that all generator sets (diesel, petrol, kerosene, LPG, CNG) meet the ‘CPCB noise and emission control standards for Generator Sets’. Ensure that noise generating activities meet the CPCB prescribed ‘Ambient Air Quality Standards in Respect of Noise’. Avoid release of waste water into water bodies, streams, etc., without any treatment. Ensure that all waste water meets the ‘CPCB General Standards’ prior to disposal. Ensure that all machinery conforms to noise standards. Compost organic wastes. Dispose non-biodegradable wastes at locations specified by the local government body (e.g., proper disposal of waste plastic mulch). Avoid burning of wastes (crop residues, leaf litter, plastic wastes, etc.). Biodiversity Conservation Avoid felling of existing trees. Avoid cultivation/rearing of exotic species of animals or plants. Health and Safety Adopt prescribed safety practices, including use of personal protection equipment (PPE), for handling, storage, use and disposal of pesticides (refer to Pest Management Plan). Adopt prescribed safety practices, including use of personal protection equipment (PPE), for handling any machinery. Ensure that all pits, holes, water storage structures, etc., must be adequately secured to prevent accidental falls. Environmental Guidelines To be used for Mini Watershed Plans Part 2: Activity Specific Environmental Guidelines S. Activity Environmental Management Guidelines No. 1 Farmer Field Schools (FFS) Emphasize on occupational health and safety (e.g., safe handling of pesticides) during FFS sessions. 2 Agro-forestry (Farm Periphery; ·Avoid monoculture of alien tree species. Small Block of 100 plants) ·Adopt integrated nutrient management based on soil testing results to avoid overuse of chemical fertilizers. ·Adopt integrated pest management (with permissible pesticides) to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides. ·Adopt efficient irrigation practices (drip irrigation, mulching, etc.). 82 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I 3 Plantations– Mango, Citrus, ·Adopt integrated nutrient management based on soil testing results Custard Apple/Guava/Amla, to avoid overuse of chemical fertilizers. Pomegranate ·Adopt integrated pest management (with permissible pesticides) to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides. ·Adopt efficient irrigation practices (drip irrigation, mulching, etc.). 4 Improvement of saline and sodic Ensure that the soil amendments used meet the respective BIS lands through soil amendment standards (non-conformity to standards may lead to contamination): application ·IS-10170-1982 for By-product Gypsum ·IS-6046-1982 for Gypsum for agricultural use ·IS 14403: 1996 for Agriculture Grade Iron Pyrites 5 Farm pond with inlet & outlet ·Ensure adequate safety fencing around the farm pond to prevent and grass cultivation accidental falls. ·Ensure safe side slopes (not steeper than 3:1). 6 Water pumps ·Procure energy efficient pumps (e.g., BEE 5 star rated). 7 Shadenet house (GI/MS pipes, ·Adopt integrated pest management (with permissible pesticides) Bamboo) to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides. 8 Polyhouse (open vent) & Poly ·Adopt integrated pest management (with permissible pesticides) tunnels to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides. ·Dispose plastic waste through selling to recyclers or at locations specified by the local government authority. 9 Small ruminants ·Livestock units located within 5 km of protected areas should ensure vaccination of animals to prevent spread of disease to wild animals. ·Avoid open grazing in or near forest areas. ·Avoid location of livestock units within living quarters to control spread of zoonotic diseases. ·Practice efficient feeding systems (stall feeding, rotational feeding, chaff cutter, etc.). ·Maintain hygiene in animal shelter (sloping floor, periodic cleaning and disinfection, etc.). ·Compost the manure and leftover feed. ·Transport of animals must be in accordance with the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960. ·Dispose dead or diseased animals safely in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the Animal Husbandry Department. ·Ensure compliance with Maharashtra Pollution Control Board’s guidelines for livestock farms[1]. 10 Backyard poultry ·Avoid location of poultry units within living quarters to control spread of zoonotic diseases. ·Maintain hygiene in poultry shed shelter (periodic cleaning and disinfection, etc.). ·Compost the manure and leftover feed. ·Transport of birds must be in accordance with the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960. ·Dispose dead or diseased birds safely in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the Animal Husbandry Department. ·Ensure compliance with Maharashtra Pollution Control Board’s guidelines for poultry units[2]. 11 Inland fisheries ·Avoid cultivation of alien species. ·Avoid over-fertilization/feeding to reduce organic nutrient load in the water body. 12 Vermi compost units ·Avoid alien species of earthworms (E. foetida, E. euginiae). ·Use native species of earthworms (P. excavates, L. mauritii). ·Adopt prescribed management practices to avoid infestation of flies and rodents. 83 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I 13 Organic input production unit ·Ensure that there is no over-harvesting of local wild plant species for preparation of organic inputs. ·Ensure that all organic waste from the production unit is composted. ·Ensure adoption of safety practices by workers (e.g., while grinding using high speed electric motors). 14 Drainage Line Treatment - ·Ensure that the Nala Bund allows adequate downstream flow. Construction of Earthen/Cement ·Ensure that no sand mining takes place close to the Nala Bund. Nala Bunds 15 Construction of new water ·Ensure that the open dug well is properly secured with a harvesting structures - Farm wall/fence and cover to avoid accidental falls. ponds (community and ·Ensure adequate safety fencing around the farm pond to prevent individual, with and without accidental falls. lining) ·Make provision for safe disposal of farm pond lining material at the end of its service life. 17 Desilting of old water storage ·Ensure safe disposal of desilted material (e.g., use on farm land). structure ·Avoid leaving desilted material close to the water storage structure. ·Ensure that the desilting activity does not damage side slopes or leave deep pits. ·Ensure provision of protective fencing around the structure to prevent accidental falls. 18 Construction of groundwater ·Ensure that the recharge structure is located at a safe distance (at recharge structures for open dug least 15 metres) for possible sources of contamination (e.g., wells/bore wells manure heaps, leach pit latrines, etc.). ·Ensure that the design of the recharge structure includes silt trap and filter media to prevent contamination of the well. 19 Water pumps for protective Procure energy efficient pumps (e.g., BEE 5 star rated). irrigation 20 Water carrying pipes for Avoid use of AC (asbestos-cement) pipes. protective irrigation [1] Refer to:http://mpcb.gov.in/images/tabelacircular.pdf [2] Refer to:http://mpcb.gov.in/consentmgt/pdf/guidelines4GrantingConsent2poultryfarm.pdf ANNEXURE 4 Project on Climate Resilient Agriculture (PoCRA) Environmental Mitigation Measures To be used for Value Chain Infrastructure Measures to remove or reduce the potential negative environmental impacts have been identified for Post- Harvest Management and Value Chain Promotion Activities as specified below: Environmental Impact Mitigation Measure Aspect Construction Phase 84 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Site Selection Improper location can have The site selected for the activity will not be in areas multiple impacts on that are: wildlife conflict areas, waste dumpsites, sustainability, biodiversity, highly polluted/ contaminated land or water areas, disaster proofing, etc. natural drainage courses, areas prone to floods. Felling of trees Loss of green cover including Compensatory plantation will be undertaken in and clearing of trees accordance with the conditions prescribed in the tree vegetation felling permission. Not less than 5 trees of diverse, local species will be planted for every tree that is felled. Provision for tree guard and not less than 5 years of plantation aftercare will be provisioned. Construction Unregulated quarrying can All construction material including sand, stone, materials result in over-extraction, brick, timber, etc., will be sourced from authorized impact on natural drainage, quarries. soil erosion, loss of aesthetic All borrow pits will be suitably rehabilitated. appeal of the land scape, etc. Sourcing of water will be done after proper Over-extraction of water for verification of the source of water to ensure that it construction could lead to does not lead to scarcity. local scarcity. Construction labour will be sensitized about water conservation. Pits and Risk of falls into unsecured All boreholes will be properly secured in accordance boreholes pits, boreholes, etc. with the Supreme Court guidelines11. All pits (including borrow pits) will be properly secured and will not exceed 2 meters in depth. Health & Safety Risk of accidents at worksite. Cautionary signage and protective barriers will be used to warn public and prevent unauthorized access. All workers will be provided adequate PPE. The use of PPE at the construction site will be mandatory. A fully-provisioned first-aid box will be available at the construction site. An accident register will be maintained at the construction site. Air Quality Dust emissions from Construction activities (especially excavation work) excavation. will be undertaken in the dry season. Emissions from vehicles and Stripping of topsoil shall not be conducted earlier machinery, dust, etc., may than required in order to prevent the erosion (wind lead to air pollution. and water) of soil. Excess topsoil will be used for High noise levels from landscaping purpose. construction activities may The disturbed areas and soil stock piles will be kept lead to noise pollution. moist to avoid wind erosion of soil. All vehicles will have a valid Pollution Under Control certification. All generator sets (diesel, petrol, kerosene, LPG, CNG) will meet the ‘CPCB noise and emission control standards for Generator Sets’. Noise generating activities and machinery will meet the CPCB prescribed ‘Ambient Air Quality Standards in Respect of Noise’. Construction activity will be restricted to daylight hours. 11 Refer to: http://www.cgwb.gov.in/CGWA/Documents/Guidelines%20Supreme%20Court%20fatal%20Accident.pdf 85 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Periodic monitoring of air quality, including noise levels, will be undertaken during the construction phase. Water Quality Runoff and release of Release of waste water into water bodies, streams, untreated wastewater may etc., without any treatment will be avoided. pollute nearby water bodies. All waste water will meet the ‘CPCB General Standards’ prior to disposal. Proper cover and stacking of loose construction material and excavated loose soil will be ensured to prevent surface runoff and contamination of receiving water bodies. Periodic monitoring of water quality will be undertaken during the construction phase. Waste Pollution and health impacts Septic tank and soak pits will be provided (as per Management due to improper disposal of specifications given in IS 2470 1995 Part I and Part wastes such as open dumping, II) on site and at labour camp. burning, unauthorized Dispose biodegradable and non-biodegradable recycling, etc. wastes, including wastes from construction activity and labour camp, in a manner and at locations specified by the local government body. All construction and demolition waste will be cleared from the site and disposed at authorized locations in accordance with the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 201612. Any hazardous waste generated during construction/demolition activity will be handled in accordance with the Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 201613. Operation and Maintenance Phase Air and Water Air and water pollution from All manufacturing processes will comply with the Pollution processing units (grain and relevant CPCB standards: industry specific standards pulse processing, flour mills, for ‘Grain Processing, Flour Mills, Paddy etc.) Processing, Pulse Making or Grinding Mills14’, or, in cases where industry-specific standards are not relevant/available, with the CPCB General Standards15. Health & Safety Equipment, machinery, All procured equipment and machinery will comply vehicles, etc., that do not with relevant BIS standards. comply with relevant safety All vehicles (carriers, reefer vans, etc.) will comply and environmental standards with the relevant Bharat Stage (BS) emission norms. may pose risk to human and environmental health and safety. Risk of accidents (use of agri- Safety instructions will be provided to users of agri- machinery, in the processing machinery in the local language. unit, etc.). Adequate PPE will be provided to users of agri- . machinery and workers in processing units. The use of PPE will be mandatory. A fully-provisioned first-aid box will be available at the processing unit. 12 Refer to: http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/C%20&D%20rules%202016.pdf 13 Refer to: http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20HWM%20Rules%202016%20(English)_0.pdf 14 Refer to: http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Industry-Specific-Standards/Effluent/458-1.pdf 15 Refer to: http://cpcb.nic.in/GeneralStandards.pdf 86 Final Environment Management Framework Vol I Adequate number of functional fire extinguishers will be available at the processing units and warehouses. An accident register will be maintained at the processing unit. Risk of use of hazardous Un-authorized chemical ripening agents (e.g., chemicals. calcium carbide) will not be used. Pest Management Risk to human and Pest management in godowns, warehouses, etc., will environmental health from be as per the Pest Management Plan. use of hazardous pesticides, and from improper use of pesticides. Waste Pollution and health impacts All organic/biodegradable wastes (from sorting- Management due to improper disposal of grading units, from processing units, from godowns, organic wastes such as open etc.) will be segregated and disposed through reuse dumping, burning, etc. as animal feed, composting, etc., as appropriate. Any residual waste material will be disposed in a manner and at locations specified by the local government body. All work sites will have adequate sanitation facilities. Energy Equipment and machinery All procured equipment and machinery (e.g., pump Consumption that is not efficient will lead sets, refrigeration units) will be BEE 4 or 5 star to energy wastage and higher rated. operating costs. Use of solar energy based equipment/machinery will be considered. Water Processes that are not water Seed production will not focus on water-intensive Consumption efficient will lead to over- crops. consumption and impact other Agri-processing and storage centres will optimize water users. water use. Waste water will be recycled or used for recharge after appropriate treatment (filtration, sedimentation). 87