ACCELERATING IMPACTS OF CGIAR CLIMATE RESEARCH FOR AFRICA (AICCRA) PROJECT STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PLAN 1. Introduction/ Project Description 1.1. The World Bank is committed to increasing its support to the CGIAR, a consortium of international research centers dedicated to improving food security, reducing poverty and malnutrtion, and sustainable natural resources management. The Bank proposes to provide this additional support using IDA funding to support the CGIAR Research Program (CRP) on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS). CCAFS is at the forefront of fostering climate adaptation in agriculture and food systems The project, Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA), will cover financial shortfalls in CCAFS’ plans aimed specifically at supporting CCAFS African Programs and activities, and will help take to scale the most strategic and impactful CCAFS-Africa programs, promoting resilience to climate change and improved food security in the region. It will support critical knowledge creation and sharing, and capacity building activities to enable regional and national-level stakeholders to take climate smart agriculture (CSA) innovations to scale. It will achieve this by further strengthening partnerships between CGIAR and regional as well as local research institutes, universities, civil society organizations, farmer organizations, and private sector. AICCRA will facilitate the development of Climate Information Services (CIS) and promote the adoption of CSA solutions across sub-regions within Africa that are extremely vulnerable to climate change. The project will also support on-the-ground activities in selected countries in Western, Eastern and Southern Africa where CGIAR science has the greatest chance of success in delivering catalytic results, which can be adopted by other countries in the region. 1.2. The Project Development Objective is to strengthen the capacity of targeted CCAFS partners and stakeholders, and to enhance access to climate information services and validated climate-smart agriculture technologies in IDA-eligible countries in Africa. Achievements by the Project will be measured using the following PDO level indicators: PDO Indicator 1: CCAFS partners and stakeholders in the project area are increasingly accessing enhanced climate information services and/or validated climate-smart agriculture technologies. (number) PDO Indicator 2: CCAFS beneficiaries in the project area are increasingly accessing enhanced climate information services and/or validated climate-smart agriculture technologies. (number) (disaggregated by gender %) PDO Indicator 3: Enhanced climate information services and/or validated climate-smart agriculture technologies originating in one SSA country are increasingly being made accessible in other SSA countries. (number) 2. Project Components 1. AICCRA will consist of four components—three technical and one for project management. All activities will be undertaken for the benefit of IDA-eligible countries in Africa. Because implementation arrangements will rely on existing partnerships that have been established under CCAFS, and because different organizations are responsible for providing oversight on CCAFS activities in different geographical areas, each of the technical components is divided into three geographically focused sub- components: (1) Africa-wide (oversight provided by CIAT), (2) Western Africa (oversight provided by ICRISAT), and (3) Eastern and Southern Africa (oversight provided by ILRI).The activities supported under sub-components 1 are regional in nature and will be implemented mainly through partnerships with regional organizations, whereas the activities supported under subcomponents 2 and 3 are sub- regional or national in nature and will be implemented mainly through partnerships with sub-regional and national organizations. 2.1 Component 1. Knowledge Generation and Sharing (US$ 17.4 million) 2.1.1 Component 1 will support generation and sharing of knowledge and tools to address critical gaps in the provision of agricultural climate services, enable climate-informed investment planning, and contribute to the design of policies to promote uptake of CSA practices. It will generate new knowledge to enable improved targeting at regional level by public agencies and private firms of CIS and CSA technologies, and it will strengthen existing or build new delivery platforms to ensure that this new knowledge will be accessible to relevant users throughout Africa. 2.1.2 Activities to be financed at regional level include: (i) development and assessment of CIS packages, (ii) development of decision support tools to tailor adaptation interventions and innovations, (iii) planning and monitoring of investments in agricultural adaptation to climate change, (iv) prioritization of best-bet CSA options that will also benefit women and youth for uptake at scale, (v) development of financing models for the rollout of prototype CSA and CIS solutions for farmers with private sector engagement, and (vi) policy consistency analysis for regional level CIS and CSA promotion. 2.1.3 Activities to be financed at sub-regional and national level include: (i) development of ag-data hubs, visualization tools, climate-informed agro-advisories, dissemination systems, and decision support systems; and (ii) strengthening digital climate advisory services by including needs assessment and targeting of services to different subgroups for use in building new extension systems or strengthening existing systems and reaching under-served groups. An important objective will be to integrate tailored CIS and agro-advisories into national digital extension systems. 2.2 Component 2. Strengthening Partnerships for Delivery (US$ 13.2 million) 2.2.1 Component 2 will support building of partnerships and networks to strengthen capacity of key regional and national institutions in SSA along the research-to-development continuum to anticipate climate effects and to accelerate the identification, prioritization, and uptake of best-bet adaptive measures. A particular focus will be on planning and implementing appropriate delivery channels to promote the flow of innovative knowledge and decision support tools generated under Component 1, via regional and national partners drawn from the public and private sectors and from civil society. 2.2.2 Activities to be financed at regional level include: (i) formal and informal training of staff in regional organizations and national agencies, (ii) learning workshops, (iii) study tours, and (iv) technical assistance. AICCRA will work with regional climate forums and regional and national agricultural research networks to enhance their capacity to access cutting-edge knowledge and use qualitative and quantitative decision support tools for participatory priority setting, ex ante analysis, and stakeholder engagement. 2.2.3 Activities to be financed at sub-regional and national level include: (i) strengthening of national meteorological services, with the goal of building capacity to deliver real-time information; (ii) building the capacity of public institutions and private firms in the six target countries to deliver climate advisory services to end users, including farmers and livestock keepers; (iii) strengthening of existing or development of new National Frameworks for Climate Services (NFCS); and (iv) building capacity in public agencies, private firms, and civil society organizations to use CIS to support implementation of CSA technology packages. 2.3 Component 3. Validating Climate-Smart Agriculture Innovations through Piloting (US$ 23.7 million) 2.3.1 This component will include the following sub-components: Sub-component 3.1, delivering “Support to Africa-wide CSA-CIS investments,� and Sub-components 3.2 and 3.3, focusing on “Validation of CSA innovations through piloting� in West Africa and Eastern and Southern Africa, respectively. 2.3.2 Component 3 will contribute to initiatives being pursued throughout Africa to scale up investment in CIS and CSA technologies. Given AICCRA’s relatively modest level of funding and primary focus on filling the missing middle between upstream research organizations and downstream development and delivery partners, the Project will not directly promote large scale uptake of CSA technologies; rather, it will seek to close a critical gap in the innovation delivery pipeline by supporting the testing of promising technologies and validating their suitability for local conditions, so they can be promoted at scale by larger investment operations taking place usually at national level. Working in collaboration with national agencies and regional organizations in including Regional Centers of Excellence and research networks, AICCRA will support testing and validation of CSA technologies on research stations and eventually in farmers’ fields, including validation for gender and social inclusion; linking of validated CSA technology packages to technology transfer systems; and improving access by farmers and other private as well as public value chain actors to climate-informed agricultural advisory services that will help them make better decisions about choice of technology and enterprise management. It will inform the planning and implementation mechanisms of regional bodies, financing and implementation agencies (e.g., AU-NEPAD, World Bank, Africa Development Bank, WFP), and African units of major private sector initiatives (e.g., through the WBCSD). 2.3.3 Activities to be financed at regional level include: (i) identification of existing scalable initiatives around climate modeling, early warning systems, and CSA; (ii) promoting dialogue among participants to secure agreement on common standards and protocols for delivery of climate advisory services at scale; (iii) working with regional networks to promote dissemination of climate research results across Africa; and (iv) development of approaches to ensure sustainability of regional and continental initiatives. 2.3.4 Activities to be financed at sub-regional and national level include: (i) characterization of climate-smartness of CSA packages through dialogues with researchers, program administrators, end users, and policy makers; (ii) characterization of social-inclusiveness of CSA packages (with particular attention to gender) through dialogues with researchers, program administrators, end users (individuals and firms), and policy makers; (iii) creating awareness and identifying scaling mechanisms for best-bet CSA options; (iv) integrating climate-smart options and tailored CSI advisory systems for specific value chains; and (iv) development and promotion of climate-smart agricultural investment plans. 2.4 Component 4. Project Management (US$ 5.7 million) 2.4.1 Component 4 will support project management functions. Consistent with the objective of strengthening systemic capacity in CGIAR, project management activities will be distributed among several CCAFS partners. CIAT as the Lead Center for CCAFS and recipient of the IDA grant will hold ultimate accountability for technical, administrative, fiduciary, legal, and safeguards compliance functions. The CCAFS Program Management Committee (PMC) and its Program Management Unit (PMU) will provide oversight of the technical work program, ensure coordination among and between the implementation entities, and supervise monitoring and evaluation activities and compile consolidated M&E reports documenting progress achieved. Under the shared accountability approach, the CCAFS implementation entities will be expected to comply with all applicable administrative, fiduciary (procurement and financial management), monitoring and evaluation, and safeguards requirements, and they will be responsible for providing information needed by the CCAFS management team and by CIAT to ensure compliance with the terms of the IDA grant. Component 4 will finance: (i) consultant services, non-consulting services and operating costs for the PMU to carry out project management, including fiduciary and M&E; (ii) annual workshops for implementation entities to ensure integration and quality; and (iii) implementation of the communication action plan (including the design, production, and dissemination of AICCRA- and CCAFS-related messaging via multiple print and digital media). 2.4.2 The central focus and nearly all planned project activities of AICCRA involve stakeholder engagement: The project will support engagement with a wide variety of partners in sub-Saharan Africa. Indeed, much of the work of the CGIAR, and nearly all the work of CCAFS involves collaboration with multiple partners. This SEP summarizes the CCAFS initial discussions with stakeholders on the objectives of the project and environmental and social risks and impacts. Each agricultural research institution receiving a grant under the project will need to prepare a SEP that supplements the project SEP, based on the guidance and template in the Project’s Environmental and Social Risk Management (ESRM) Guide and relevant national laws and regulations. 3. Brief Summary of Previous Stakeholder Engagement Activities 3.1. When CCAFS’ program was being developed, there was extensive engagement with a wide variety of partners and other stakeholders at global, regional and national levels through workshops, formal and informal meetings, and via CCAFS’ website, emails, etc. Each of the participating CGIAR centers engage continuously in consultations with partners and other stakeholders. Further, the annual Plan of Work and Budget (POWB) that defines the planned activities, outputs and milestones as well as budget allocations for each calendar year involves considerable consultation with stakeholders. AICCRA is designed largely to cover financial shortfalls in CCAFS’ overall program in Africa and scale out work that had been envisioned from the beginning, and not necessarily to launch new activities. 3.2. Nevertheless, CCAFS has held detailed discussions with partners and other stakeholders at regional and national levels as part of the process of designing AICCRA’s specific activities. In addition to informal discussions with multiple stakeholders, the following table summarizes the key virtual consultations that have been held and were aimed specifically at the design of AICCRA.1 Region/ Dates Key participants (indicative list) Main purpose country (2020) Continental Africa-wide 6 August United Nations Economic Commission for CCAFS briefed the members of Africa Climate Policy Center (UNECA), MSAG on the proposed goals African Union Commission (AUC), CCAFS and vision of AICCRA. The Eastern Africa (EA) ACPC, GGGI, WMO members were very Regional Office for Africa, UNDRR, PACJA, appreciative and fully United Nations University Institute for supportive. Natural Resources in Africa (as members of 1 See the Annexes, “Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA): Key Topics Discussed during Consultations with Stakeholders� (Annex 1) and “Stakeholder Engagement and Consultation – Preliminary Report� (Annex 2) for more detailed discussion of these consultations. Region/ Dates Key participants (indicative list) Main purpose country (2020) the Multi-Stakeholder Advisory Group [MSAG] for Delivering Climate Resilient Development Policies) Ethiopia, 16-17 Sept West Africa/Sahel: CORAF, West African To discuss broad agricultural Ghana, Science Service Centre on Climate Change resilience issues, extension (via video) Kenya, and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), Regional demonstration activities and Mali, University Forum (RUFORUM), Centre context, agricultural inputs, Senegal, d'Étude Régional pour l'Amélioration à pollution and health, machinery Zambia l'Adaptation à la Sécheresse/Regional use, animals and safety, gender Center for the Improvement of Drought poverty and inclusion, gender Adaptation (CERAAS), Agence Nationale de harassment and child protection Conseil Agricole et Rural/National and Covid-19 and perceived Agricultural and Rural Consulting Agency impacts (ANCAR), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles/Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research (ISRA), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Ghana, The Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Directorate (PPRSD), Ghana, Syngenta Foundation, Mali Eastern and Southern Africa: ICPAC, RUFORUM, ASARECA, Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), Zambia Meteorological Department, MoAs for Ethiopia and Kenya (Crops, Livestock), Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Farmer stakeholders in Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya and Mali West Africa/ Sahel Ghana, 6-9 July Economic Community of West African To discuss how the Bank- Senegal and States (ECOWAS), Permanent Interstate supported Food System Mali Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel Resilience Program (FSRP) (CILSS), West and Central Africa Council for program, CGIAR “two degree Agriculture Research and Development initiative� (2DI) and AICCRA will (CORAF), CCAFS, several CGIAR partners, collaborate country representatives, World Bank Eastern and Southern Africa Ethiopia 15 July Association for Strengthening Agricultural To discuss AICCRA activities in and Kenya Research in Eastern and Central Africa the region with a special focus (ASARECA), Intergovernmental Authority for on Ethiopia, Kenya Development Climate Prediction and Applications Center (ICPAC), World Meteorological Organization WMO Regional office for Africa, UN agencies - country representatives, national meterological services (NMS), Ministries of Region/ Dates Key participants (indicative list) Main purpose country (2020) Agriculture (MoAs), national agricultural research systems (NARS), national universities, private sector, African Academy of Sciences, Centers of excellences, Africa Group of Negotiators Expert Support (AGNES) NGOs, CCAFS, several CGIAR partners, Zambia 5 June Zambia Meteorological Department, MoA, To discuss key water and food Ministry of Water and Environmental security challenges and Protection, Zambia Water Resources opportunities, national Management Authority (WARMA), the priorities in increasing climate Zambezi Watercourse Commission change resilience, roles of 2DI (ZAMCOM), Great Limpopo Transfrontier and AICCRA in addressing these Conservation Area, World Resources challenges Institute USAID, CCAFS, IWMI 4. Stakeholder identification and analysis 4.1. The impacts of climate change are threatening many sectors in every part of sub-Saharan Africa. But agriculture faces the most daunting challenges: just as many countries were beginning to see signs of increasing production of staples as well as cash crops for local and international markets, changes in temperature and rainfall are threatening to reverse those gains. Therefore, in a sense, all residents of Africa are important stakeholders. 4.2. Because AICCRA is in essence a multi-institutional partnership, we distinguish among the following types of stakeholders: 1) direct partners, i.e. those institutions that will receive funds directly from the project implementing agency (CIAT); 2) indirect partners, i.e. those institutions that will receive funds through sub-contracts from AICCRA partners; 3) collaborating partners, i.e. those institutions receiving technical support, training opportunities, and workshop invitations but not directly funded by AICCRA; 4) clients, i.e. those institutions that will be responsible for making AICCRA solutions and technologies available to 5) end users, i.e. farmers. Other stakeholders include but are not limited to Africa-wide institutions, especially those focused on agricultural development (e.g. Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), African Union-New Partnership for Africa's Development (AU-Nepad), African governments; and their international financing partners (e.g. IFIs, bilateral donors, etc.) or more generally, the international community. 4.1 Affected Parties 4.1.1. It is very unlikely that any parties will be adversely affected by AICCRA, with a possible risk being that women, minorities, and resource-poor people may not be able to benefit directly at the same level as others, thus exacerbating social and economic inequity (see section 5, below). Very little field research with farmers will be undertaken. The CSA technologies and management practices and CIS tools developed by CCAFS and its partners by themselves have no known negative impacts. 4.1.2. Nearly all partners and collaborators (individuals and institutions) as well as clients and end users will be positively affected in some way. Partners and collaborators will have opportunities to enhance their knowledge and skills, making them more effective in their respective roles. Institutional capacities will be strengthened. Private firms will have greater opportunities to benefit either from sales of equipment and inputs or from more and higher quality produce reaching the market. End users – farmers – will potentially have higher and more stable production and incomes, while consumers will have a more reliable food supply. Governments will benefit from more rapid and predictable agricultural growth, fewer people facing hunger and destitution as a result of crop failures, and lower levels of migration and conflict. 4.2 Other Interested Parties 4.2.1. Some outputs produced by the project will be of interest to agencies and professionals involved in international development or climate change adaptation initiatives. As all outputs are peer- reviewed, these “global public goods� will have no negative effects; on the contrary, they are likely to positively influence global debates, narratives and initiatives. 4.3. Disadvantaged / vulnerable individuals or groups 4.3.1. There is a moderate possibility that some people will benefit disproportionally from adopting CSA, thus increasing the economic gaps between relatively well-off people and poor people. Farmers with more capital, more access to knowledge through various media, and strong personal relationships with local extension officials and private firms will be more likely to benefit from AICCRA products. Women, members of ethnic minorities, and resource-poor people will not necessarily be harmed but may not have equal access to these products and thus will not benefit to the same degree as well-off people. This could make social and economic inequity worse. On the other hand, disadvantaged and vulnerable people including children are likely to benefit from a more stable and productive food supply. CCAFS and its partners will undertake strong efforts to make our products and services available to less advantaged groups, but because the project will not work directly at the level of farmers’ fields, the capacity to ensure equity is limited. One action CCAFS can and will take is to ensure that as many capacity development opportunities as is possible are targeted to women and other vulnerable groups. CCAFS will also work with local implementing agencies to develop effective approaches to targeting CSA technologies and CIS services to women and resource-poor people. 4.4. Summary of project stakeholder needs 4.4.1. The following table summarizes what will be needed by various types of stakeholders from AICCRA. Section 3 describes the stakeholder types used in column 1. Needs from AICCRA Stakeholder Financing Capacity Knowledge Preferred Language for types development/ means of communication training communication Direct partners Yes No No Email, English workshops Indirect Yes Yes Yes Email, English, French partners workshops Collaborators No Yes Yes Email, English, French workshops Clients No Yes Yes Training English, French, local language Farmers-male No No Yes Person-person Local language Needs from AICCRA Stakeholder Financing Capacity Knowledge Preferred Language for types development/ means of communication training communication Farmers-women No No Yes Person-person Local language Africa-wide No Yes Yes Workshops English, French institutions African No Yes Yes Workshops English, French governments African No No No None None consumers International No No No None English, French community 5. Stakeholder Engagement Program (SEP) 5.1. Purpose and timing of stakeholder engagement program As stated above, each agricultural research institution which receives a grant under the project will be required to prepare a local SEP, as a supplement to the project SEP. The project will work on a day-to- day basis with many partners. In addition, the following engagement activities are planned: • Annual meetings will be held with all direct, indirect and collaborating partners to discuss emerging results and annual plans. • Regular feedback and dissemination events (at least once per year) will be held to provide fora where project findings and plans can be discussed more broadly. This will include targeted local events where farmers can articulate their needs and expectations and provide feedback on project plans. • Targeted meetings and workshops will be held frequently throughout the project, not only for sharing project results, but for getting feedback from partners and stakeholders. • Regular one-on-one meetings will be held with key policy makers in the target countries as well as with leaders of regional partners. • CCAFS issues regular newsletters both at central and at regional levels which all partners will receive. 5.2. Proposed strategy for information disclosure 5.2.1. All the knowledge products produced by the CGIAR are in the public domain. CCAFS, like all CGIAR programs and centers, uses a wide variety of media to share its results. These include but are not limited to refereed journal articles, books, technical reports, technical and policy briefs, websites, electronic newsletters, workshops, and training courses. AICCRA will support upgrading CCAFS communications capacity as the project will produce many new knowledge sharing products. The link to CCAFS website is: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/. The website is in English, French and Spanish. 5.3. Proposed strategy for consultation 5.3.1. CCAFS uses a variety of media for consultations with stakeholders as well as keeping them well-informed of the work, and accomplishments, of the program. AICCRA will use the same media, as shown in the table. Stakeholder types Methods of consultation Direct partners Workshops, emails, virtual meetings, periodic reports, annual meetings (Section 4.1) Indirect partners Workshops, emails, virtual meetings, periodic reports Collaborators Workshops, emails, virtual meetings, periodic reports, annual meetings (Section 4.1) Clients Workshops, emails, virtual meetings, periodic reports, blogs, newsletters, flyers, technical briefs Farmers-male Consultation through indirect partners, collaborators and clients Farmers-women Consultation through indirect partners, collaborators and clients Africa-wide Workshops, virtual meetings, periodic reports, blogs, electronic newsletters institutions African Workshops, virtual meetings, periodic reports, policy briefs, electronic newsletters governments African consumers No direct consultation International Periodic reports, workshops, electronic newsletters, blogs community 5.4. Proposed strategy to incorporate the view of vulnerable groups 5.4.1. AICCRA will rarely, if ever, work directly with vulnerable groups, and will rarely work on farmers’ fields. This will be the responsibility of the project national partners, e.g. NARS, national universities, NGOs and private sector entities. The CGIAR has a long-standing record of supporting and implementing field research that focuses on women, youth, and resource-poor people. These studies provide considerable insight into what the needs and concerns are at this level. CCAFS will draw on the results of this research and work closely with its regional and national partners to design outreach programs that target vulnerable groups, including obtaining feedback on experiences and results that can be used to adapt the technologies and outreach strategies. 5.5. Timelines 5.5.1. There have been several consultations with partners (see Section 3.2 above) to discuss the scope and proposed activities of the project. Additional consultations on the environmental and social issues, including the role of farmers outside the agricultural research stations in piloting some crops and technical measures, will take place prior to appraisal. As indicated in Section 5.1 above, there will be regular consultations and stakeholder engagement before and during project implementation. 5.6. Review of comments 5.6.1. All outputs will be peer-reviewed and comments will be considered by authors and incorporated where appropriate. 5.7. Future phases of project 5.7.1. This is a three-year project. Although the CGIAR will continue to work on increasing resilience of agriculture to climate change impacts, there is currently no plan for extending AICCRA. During the project period CCAFS will follow established CGIAR protocols for annual planning in collaboration with partners, annual reporting of results to all stakeholders, and holding workshops and other forms of consultations to obtain inputs for planning implementation. 6. Resources and Responsibilities for implementing Stakeholder Engagement Activities 6.1. Resources • Responsibility: The CCAFS Program Management Committee through the CCAFS Director will be responsible for the SEP, assisted by the CCAFS Communication Unit. • Budget adequacy: Each implementing partner will allocate funds for stakeholder engagement. It should be noted that the project is in essence a stakeholder-engagement project. • Responsible person: Dr. Bruce Campbell, CCAFS Director. Email: b.cambell@cgiar.org. Phone: +45 30 510 137. 6.2. Management functions and responsibilities 6.2.1. The CCAFS communications team will be particularly responsible for ensuring wide distribution of information on the project. The CCAFS regional program leaders will supervise regional stakeholder events and dissemination in each region. The country coordinators will be responsible for national stakeholder engagement and dissemination. See the table: Global distribution of AICCRA information Rhys Bucknall-Williams Global Communications and CGIAR Research Program on Knowledge Manager Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Supervision of regional stakeholder events and dissemination Dawit Solomon East Africa Program Leader CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Robert Zougmoré West Africa Program Leader CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Country coordinators Ethiopia Dawit Solomon East Africa Program Leader CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Kenya Global distribution of AICCRA information Polly Ericksen Program Leader Sustainable International Livestock Livestock Systems Research Institute (ILRI) Zambia Inga Jacobs-Mata Country Representative – South International Water Africa Management Institute (IWMI) – Southern Africa Ghana Ghislain Tepa-Yotto Visiting Scientist International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Mali Koichi Futakuchi Program Leader, Sustainable AfricaRice Productivity Enhancement Senegal Anthony Whitbread Research Program Director – International Crops Research Innovation Systems for the Institute for the Semi-Arid Drylands Tropics (ICRISAT) 6.2.2. All events will be documented, together with action points. CCAFS management will check action points for their implementation. 7. Grievance Mechanism 7.1 As noted in Section 4, it is extremely unlikely that any people will be adversely affected by the project. AICCRA will not be operating directly at field level and will not be implementing any activities that could potentially have adverse effects. However, there may be complaints about the project’s environmental and social aspects.2 Each agricultural research institution that receives a grant will be required to establish a local Grievance Mechanism, as set out in the project ESRM Guide. The Grievance Mechanism will need to be in place before Project activities can commence. Each agricultural research institution will need to establish a system for responding to complaints and including an appeals process; the grievance procedures, and contact persons for grievances, will be specified in all sub- contracts and on the project website. In addition to a grievance committee and an appeals committee at the sub-project level, the project includes the requirements that CIAT be an additional tier for complaints, as set out below. 7.2 The Grievance Mechanism at each agricultural research institution receiving grants will operate according to the following principles : • It will be proportionate to the potential risks and impacts of the project and will be accessible and inclusive. Where feasible and suitable for the project, the grievance mechanism will utilize existing formal or informal grievance mechanisms, supplemented as needed with project- 2 Labor complaints will be handled by a separate Grievance Mechanism to be set out in the Labor Management Procedures for each agricultural research institution that receives a grant under the project. specific arrangements. • It is expected to address concerns promptly and effectively, in a transparent manner that is culturally appropriate and readily accessible to all project-affected parties, at no cost and without retribution. The mechanism, process or procedure will not prevent access to judicial or administrative remedies. The agricultural research institution will inform the project- affected parties about the grievance process in the course of its stakeholder engagement activities, and will make publicly available a record documenting the responses to all grievances received. • Handling of grievances will be done in a culturally appropriate manner and be discreet, objective, sensitive and responsive to the needs and concerns of the project-affected parties. The Grievance Mechanism will also allow for anonymous complaints to be raised and addressed. 7.3 The Grievance Mechanism at each agricultural research institution should include the following: (a) Different ways in which users can submit their grievances, which may include submissions in person, by phone, text message, mail, e-mail or via a web site; (b) A log where grievances are registered in writing and maintained as a database; (c) Publicly advertised procedures, setting out the length of time users can expect to wait for acknowledgement, response and resolution of their grievances; (d) Transparency about the grievance procedure, governing structure and decision makers; and (e) An appeals process (including the national judiciary) to which unsatisfied grievances may be referred when resolution of grievance has not been achieved. 7.4. Alliance Bioversity-CIAT is the responsible project implementing agency. It will monitor the Grievance Mechanisms established at each participating agricultural research institution and it will review appeals by complainants who are not satisfied with the handling of their complaints by the institutions. CIAT has established two mechanism that are available to all stakeholders, contractors, staff, etc. to report any type of grievance, including but not limited to fraud and ethical issues. Both are managed by the Alliance Legal Office, which is the owner of the Institute’s Fraud, Grievance and Whistleblower Policies. The Head of CIAT’s Legal Office is Edgar Mauricio Munoz. He may be contacted directly. His phone number is: +57 (2) 4450000 Ext. 3509. His email address is: e.munoz@cgiar.org. The mailing address is: Legal Office; Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Kilometer 17, Road Cali-Palmira, COLOMBIA. 7.5. The other mechanism is through an independent service specialized in handling reports of wrong doing: Lighthouse Anonymous Reporting, which has a dedicated CIAT website and a dedicated email address: reports@lighthouse-services.com. This service protects the identity of the person bringing a grievance in cases where the person wishes to remain anonymous. Reports may be submitted in multiple languages. 7.6 CIAT currently has four policies that will constitute the grievance mechanisms for the AICCRA project. 1. Fraud 2. Grievance 3. Whistle Blower 4. Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Full detailed policies are available in the following link (LINK). These documents explain in detail how complaints will be addressed and documented. 7.7 Based on the content of these documents, basic definitions are as follows: 7.7.1. Fraud A dishonest or illegal act by a CIAT employee or external group or individual, or any other third party characterized by omission or a deliberate intent to conceal or represent falsely, resulting in an actual or potential loss of resources to CIAT; misrepresentation of methods, procedures, or results of scientific research, whether or not for personal gain. This policy applies to all employees and where appropriate, funders, partners, contractors, consultants, vendors, suppliers and any other internal and external associated party with a business relationship with CIAT. Where appropriate, implementing partners and other associated parties shall have included in their contracts and or agreements a clause requiring them to report to CIAT and take action against any suspected or actual fraud which occurs in their organization. 7.7.2. Grievance Background: This Policy seeks to create a framework which provides clear and transparent structures to deal with difficulties which may arise as part of the working relationship from either the employer’s or the employee’s perspective, so that every CIAT staff member is treated fairly and reasonably. Rationale: All CIAT staff members have the right to appeal an administrative decision or file a complaint with CIAT’s Management if they feel they have not been treated in accordance with the principles of the local work regulations and associated CIAT Human Resources Management Policies and Directives. This Policy constitutes an alternative method but does not substitute for due process as provided in local laws and work regulations and associated Human Resources Policies and Directives. 7.7.3. Whistle Blowing Regardless of their level, type of employment or location, CIAT employees are encouraged to report concerns or complaints regarding conduct by CIAT Board members, managers or staff which they feel: • Is against or circumvents CIAT's governing rules, policies and established standards and codes of conduct; • Is improper, unethical or unlawful; • Is, or will result in, a waste of CIAT's resources; • Is inconsistent with the standards to which they believe CIAT subscribes; • Is an attempt to cover up any of these types of actions;· or • Is already known to, but not being diligently reviewed and acted upon by, CIAT's managers. 7.7.4. Protection of Human Subjects of Research CIAT subscribes to the International ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects prepared by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) and has a written policy for the protection of human subjects of research. This policy has detailed guidelines on steps necessary for the protection of all human research subjects and is overseen by the Ad Hoc Subcommittee for Research Involving Human Subjects. All proposals involving human subjects are reviewed by this subcommittee. All of the research planned under AICCRA falls under CIAT’s definition of “No risk research�, i.e. research that will not involve intentional physical, psychological or social modification of any individual participating in the study such as through interviews, and no individual’s identity will be revealed without his or her consent. 7.8 Common points among policies: 1. Each of the above channels of complaints follows individual procedures and flows of decision- making. 2. These policies allow CIAT staff and stakeholders (third parties) to present any complaint related to the implementation of the AICCRA project. 3. These policies guarantee anonymity and confidentiality. 4. In case of dissatisfaction by the complainant regarding the processes established in these policies, the policies clearly indicate that any case can be brought to local government bodies. 5. Any case brought via these policies can go above government bodies (from direct supervisors, to managers, to director and chair of board of trustees). 6. The person or group that submits a case will be protected from any adverse management decision. 7. Any case submitted through any of these policies is always given the highest priority. 8. First official responses to cases take an average of 30 calendar days. 9. If the complainant is not anonymous, a report to the complaint is submitted (in person if possible, or via email/letter) within an average of 30 calendar days. 10. CIAT does not provide formal training on the use of its various grievance procedures. However, CIAT does make an effort to communicate clearly and frequently their availability to all employees, partners and other stakeholders. 7.9. Another grievance mechanism specific to CCAFS and therefore to AICCRA is through either the Director of CCAFS (Bruce Campbell, b.campbell@cgiar.org) or through the Chair of the CCAFS Independent Steering Committee (ISC), John Lynam (johnklynam@gmail.com). The ISC is the key governance body for CCAFS. It consists of seven members who are all independent of the CGIAR. It is responsible for oversight of CCAFS program of work, budget and evaluations. The ISC takes all grievances seriously and will investigate all cases. All grievances reported will be recorded and discussed in ISC meetings, bearing in mind requests for confidentiality. The ISC will require that CCAFS management prepare a proposed response to each grievance, which after discussion and approval, will be implemented. At subsequent ISC meetings, CCAFS management will report on the progress of implementation. Where ISC deems the grievance as highly significant, the Alliance CIAT Director General and Alliance-CIAT Board of Trustees will also be informed for their discussion and action. The ISC will inform the Alliance Legal Office and request feedback on all the grievances reported to it. 7.10. For grievances related to the AICCRA project that are reported to the Alliance-CIAT Legal Office, this Office becomes the focal point of investigations. Staff-related issues will be handled by the Alliance’s Human Resources Office. The Labor Management Procedures for the project describe the labor grievance process. The Legal Office, where appropriate, will inform the ISC and request feedback on the issue. The Legal Office will also ensure that the Alliance-CIAT Director General is informed of all grievances and investigations, and where highly significant, will also be elevated to the attention of the Board of Trustees. 7.11. The project will prepare an annual summary of the complaints submitted to the CCAFS ISC and to CIAT related to AICCRA. 8. Monitoring and Reporting 8.1. Involvement of stakeholders in monitoring activities AICCRA will use a robust monitoring, evaluation and learning system that supports evidence-based decision-making, strengthens the culture of results-based project monitoring and evaluation (M&E), and encourages social learning. To further strengthen existing capacity and avoid duplication of effort, AICCRA M&E activities will, as much as possible, take advantage of and build on the CCAFS M&E system that is already in place. CCAFS currently has an online M&E system that is linked to the overall CCAFS Management Information System (MIS). AICCRA M&E activities will take advantage of the CCAFS MIS. “Stakeholders� in AICCRA include the Alliance-CIAT and its employees, other CGIAR centers, regional and national partner institutions, and all legally contracted entities. As part of the performance indicator framework, at least one of the indicators for each of the three project components involves stakeholder feedback on the performance of the project. They are: IPI 1.3: Satisfaction with the quality and usefulness of climate–relevant knowledge products, decision-making tools and services received under AICCRA expressed by surveyed partners and stakeholders (Percentage) IPI 2.4: Satisfaction with the effectiveness of the partnerships under AICCRA expressed by surveyed partners and stakeholders (Percentage) IPI 3.3: Use or adaptation of AICCRA-funded climate-relevant knowledge products, decision- making tools and services stated and confirmed by surveyed partners and stakeholders (Percentage) 8.2. Reporting back to stakeholder groups 8.2.1. CCAFS keeps its stakeholders informed of its activities, outputs and outcomes as well as lessons learned via well-established reporting mechanisms, such as formal annual reports, required of all CGIAR Research Programs. AICCRA will be governed by these same reporting requirements which are in the public domain. In addition, there will be reports of results on all AICCRA-supported activities from the implementing partners; proceedings of workshops and meetings will be published; and via the website and various newsletters, blogs, and briefs, stakeholders will be kept well-informed. See the table in Section 5.3. ANNEX 1: Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA): Key Topics Discussed during Consultations with Stakeholders – June to September, 2020 Introduction 1. CCAFS has built on its long history of collaborating with many stakeholders and its experience with “participatory action research� to develop AICCRA. This note provides a detailed summary of the stakeholder consultations held in the process of designing AICCRA. 2. Early on, CCAFS established multi-stakeholder Research for Development platforms, which came to be known as climate-smart villages. This was where CCAFS and local researchers, together with farmers and local service providers (e.g. government extensionists, producer groups) jointly selected and implemented innovations, and around which joint learning was fostered. Through these interactions with farmers, their priorities became evident and have remained CCAFS’ focus in order to meet demands. For example, work was done on soliciting demand for climate information services (CIS), and how such services must be differentiated to meet the information needs of women and men farmers. 3. CCAFS has also fostered participatory policy processes from its inception. Through these processes, CCAFS has been deeply involved with national stakeholders that expressed needs for different information products and research. For example, in all the West African target countries of AICCRA, national science-policy forums were established comprising diverse stakeholders and led by national agencies. These forums worked on specific policy processes, utilized emerging research results, and distilled priorities. 4. Recently, CCAFS was asked by the CGIAR to embark on a new generation of climate work – the Two Degree Initiative. During the first half of 2020, stakeholder meetings were conducted in East, West and Southern Africa. Due to COVID-19 these were virtual and involved up to 10 virtual meetings in some regions, covering different geographies and/or topics. The main intention was to distill the priorities from the beneficiary community, and thereby design a research program that will best meet the needs of the development community. These stakeholder meetings have helped shape the content of AICCRA. 5. AICCRA-specific meetings were conducted with continental organizations and with stakeholders focusing on the AICCRA target countries. The first set of meetings focused on the technical content of AICCRA, assessing stakeholder interests in the topics to be covered in the research for development program; assessing interest from partners in collaboration, and understanding the capacity development needs of regional and national organizations. 6. AICCRA-specific meetings were also conducted on September 17, 2020 on environmental and social safeguards, with two groups of stakeholders: (a) regional and national agencies; and (b) farmers from both Eastern and Western Africa. See Annex 2. Key topics discussed during consultations with Continental stakeholders 7. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Climate Policy Center (UNECA) and African Union Commission (AUC) (informal consultation). CCAFS Eastern Africa (EA) is a member of the Multi-Stakeholder Advisory Group (MSAG) for Delivering Climate Resilient Development Policies. On 6 August 2020 Dawit Solomon briefed members of the multi-stakeholder platform from UNECA, African Climate Policy Center (ACPC), AUC, Global Green Growth Initiative (GGGI), WMO Regional Office for Africa, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), Poverty and AIDS Control Initiative for Africa (PACJA) and United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources in Africa on AICCRA’s objectives and vision. The members of this Africa-wide initiative were very appreciative and supportive of AICCRA. The main areas of the initial exploratory discussions included: • Technical support for integrated implementation of NDCs • Building the resilience of African economies, societies and ecosystems to climate change • Addressing vulnerabilities and managing climate-induced human insecurity • Coordination, Knowledge Management and Partnerships • Supporting AU Africa Climate Change Strategy • Gender action plan on Africa-wide resilience • Private sector engagement on Africa wide resilience • Building African Group of Negotiators (AGN), youth and gender practitioners’ capacity to engage and articulate climate change negotiation • Exploring opportunity to build up the new effort by ACPC on low emissions in livestock sector • Building of synergies with ACPC’s project on delivering climate resilient development policies in Africa. Key points that emerged from consultations in Western Africa 8. A West Africa regional stakeholder engagement and consultation conference took place on 09 July 2020, through a special session on the linkages and synergies between the CGIAR “Two- degree initiative� (2DI), AICCRA and an array of regional stakeholders brought together by the Food System Resilience Program (FSRP) to co-develop solutions to build food system resilience to climate shocks in Sahelian West Africa. FSRP is a regional flagship investment project led by ECOWAS, CILSS, and CORAF, co-financed by the World Bank and supported by the 2DI and AICCRA. With more than 100 attendees including international, regional and national levels actors, this session offered an opportunity to inform participants about the AICCRA project and its linkages with other major initiatives, but also to discuss stakeholders’ perspectives on the challenges, the partnership opportunities and their priorities and needs to accelerating food systems transformation in the region. This followed on from 3 days of regional stakeholder engagements in which the CGIAR was well represented. 9. In line with AICCRA activity planning, email exchanges and meetings were organized between the CCAFS West Africa (WA) Program and key regional organizations such as CORAF as the regional agricultural research network, AGRHYMET as a regional climate prediction center, and WASCAL and RUFORUM as university forums. These exchanges aimed to initiate partnerships with these key regional organizations. Various meetings were also organized between the CCAFS WA Program, flagship leaders, and country lead centers to provide guidance, and facilitate partnerships and stakeholders’ engagement. CCAFS WA Program also attended various meetings organized by country lead centers to introduce and discuss country planning with national level stakeholders (NARS, National Met Agencies, National extension systems, private actors, etc.). 10. On 30 June 2020, a kick-off webinar of the "One-health platform for climate-driven pests and diseases in West Africa" was held. It was attended by 43 participants who endorsed the One- health Regional Grand Challenge. CORAF and the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) are fully engaged, providing regional perspective and integration. ECOWAS is currently engaged in animal-environmental-human health aspects, but with the perspective of getting involved in plant health aspects as well. ICRISAT/CCAFS is fully engaged. IWMI expressed a strong wish to be better involved in water-related issues. Norwegian Institute of Bioenergy Research (NIBIO) expressed support for the initiative. Other stakeholders present including NORAD, IFAD, DFID, GIZ, BMGF, and European Center for Development Policy Management (ECDPM), showed interest but did not explicitly commit to engagement. The stakeholders generally welcomed and endorsed the One- health platform for climate driven pests and diseases in West Africa, as well as the four strategic priorities (SPs) presented. Hence, the discussion focused more on what will be needed to make the respective SPs more clear in order to provide a truly holistic and inclusive One-Health platform. 11. An AICCRA-Ghana stakeholder consultation was held on 26 August 2020. The meeting was attended by almost all invited partners including National: Esoko Limited (private sector), PPRSD/MOFA (plant health office), CSIR-CRI (Regional Center of Excellence on Roots and Tubers) (we missed Ghana Met); CGIAR: IITA, ICRISAT, IWMI, Alliance Bioversity-CIAT, ICRAF; International/CGIAR partners: Columbia University (IRI), CABI, NIBIO. Stakeholders recognized opportunities to mutualize expertise and competence and to build innovative partnerships. They also highlighted opportunities for engaging farmers and improving synergies among major actors in the country. National and other partners advised inclusion of maize value chain to those previously selected for Ghana: roots and tubers, cowpea, vegetables. Partners emphasized the importance of M&E plans. The group geared up and shared respective areas of expertise for successful delivery of climate-informed services and upscaling of climate-smart agricultural technologies. 12. Consultations were held with partners in Mali. These included meetings with the Institut d’Economie Rurale (IER) and with the Regional Center for Excellence Rice team composed of the Scientific Coordinator and the Program Leaders Irrigated Lowland and Rainfed Lowland. The main topics discussed include project presentation, the main land uses in rice-based systems, climate risks, existing and promising diversification options, existing CSA options, gaps in technology and capacity building, climate information services to support scaling of CSA, roles and responsibilities, priority sites, work plan and a tentative budget. IER expressed its strong support to the project and highlighted the urgent need of enhancing small-scale farmers' resilience to climate change with a focus on knowledge generation and sharing and strengthening institutional and technical capacities for scaling CSA and CSI. 13. A separate consultation meeting was held with the Director of Mali-Meteo, Mali. The main topics discussed included project components and sub-components, experience of Mali-Meteo in climate information services, gap assessment in capacity building, roles and responsibilities, work plan, and a tentative budget. The initiative was welcome by Mali-Meteo which indicated his strong support. Recognizing the need to use climate information services as an agricultural input to enhance farmers’ resilience to climate change and strengthening the institutional and technical capacities in producing CIS were spotlighted by the Director of Mali-Meteo. 14. At the Office du Niger, a consultation meeting was held with the Director of Land Development. The main topics discussed include project components and sub-components, existing CSA and CIS innovations, gaps in technology and capacity, roles and responsibilities, work plan, and a tentative budget. Office du Niger expressed his strong support to the initiative particularly for engaging with policy and scaling of CSA and CIS options in the Office du Niger. 15. Consultation meetings were also held with some CGIAR centers working in Mali, though not all of them will join the activities. Cooperating CGIAR centers will include: i) IRRI with the head of the GIS, modeling and remote sensing unit (axes of collaboration for satellite-based technology for rice crop monitoring, yield estimation, forecasting and climate-related risk assessment); ii) ICRISAT with a legume specialist (potential diversification options, awareness creation, market linkages, and business models); iii) WorldFish with three fish scientists (promising rice–fish technologies, validation, awareness creation, market linkages, business models); iv) IFPRI with gender and policy scientists (gender and policy aspects in scaling CSA and CIS); and v) CIAT- Biodiversity with the Climate Action Global Leader (advisory services for review of work plans, scaling mechanisms, expansion of climate-smart investment plan of Mali). 16. Multiple consultations were held with partners in Senegal. Consultations with many of the Senegalese partners began on 6-9 July 2020 at the FSRP regional consultations led by ECOWAS, CILSS, and CORAF, co-financed by the World Bank and supported by the CGIAR 2DI and CCAFS. In addition, ongoing consultations and negotiations have been held with potential AICCRA partners in Senegal, including: Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA); Agence nationale de l'aviation civile et de la météorologie (ANACIM); Agence Nationale de Conseil Agricole et Rural (ANCAR); Centre d'étude régional pour l'amélioration et l'adaptation à la sécheresse (CERAAS). CERAAS as host institute for the CORAF center of excellence for Dry Cereals has been part of the consultations and will be a core partner of the work. Potential CGIAR partners, e.g. ILRI, have been part of these meeting as has IRI and representatives of CCAFS WA and the USAID funded climate information services for increased resiliency and productivity in Senegal (CINSERE) program. Partners have concluded that a focus on the drylands and agro-pastoral systems and building on the foundations of the CINSERE program will be the focus of the AICCRA Senegal node bringing together the network of NARES partners. Key points that emerged from consultations in Eastern and Southern Africa 17. On 15 July 2020, a consultative regional workshop was held in Ethiopia. It included more than 30 key stakeholders from regional partner organizations, national meteorological services, agriculture and environment ministries, national agricultural research centers, public universities, private sector, development partners and CGIAR centers (ILRI, CIMMYT, ICARDA, and the Alliance for Bioversity/CIAT) came together for the Ethiopia Stakeholder Virtual Consultation Meeting. The focus of the consultation meeting centered on briefing regional and country key stakeholders about AICCRA, its objectives goals and vision, to get feedback from the countries, to explore alignments and leveraging opportunities with on-going and upcoming World Bank/IDA initiative in Ethiopia, and to get country buy-in. The participants were very positive and supportive of AICCRA and its alignment with Ethiopia’s priorities. The key questions and feedback included: (i) Sustainability of the interventions, opportunities to leverage upon and integration into ongoing processes (ii) Private sector engagement and the connection to longer-term financial sustainability (iii) Harnessing current climate challenges as an opportunity to incorporate climate information services into national agricultural extension systems and policy for development DSTs in agriculture and food security (iv) Implementing measures for user-oriented, demand-driven services (v) Exploring strong connections and linkages between AICCRA and NARES, MoA, NMS (vi) Co-production of knowledge (including through public institutions) (vii) The need for AICCRA to address constraints in prioritized value chains by countries (viii) Implementation partners targeted by AICCRA particularly emphasized capacity building and scaling. 18. CCAFS held several discussions with CGIAR partners based in Kenya. These included CIMMYT, ICRISAT, ICRAF, and CIAT, as well as IRI. These centers were included based upon their active work in Kenya either in dryland agriculture and/ or in advising on climate change impacts, working with county and national governments to develop investment plans: (i) The first meeting on 13 August 2020 consisted of Polly Ericksen of ILRI explaining AICCRA to CGIAR partners and their asking questions (ii) The second meeting, on 20 August, was a first opportunity for each center plus IRI to present its initial ideas for activities under AICCRA. We are currently strategizing on how to consolidate a country plan, with more meetings anticipated early next week (iii) There was a joint AICCRA/2DI meeting on 15 July 2020 about AICCRA, its objectives goals and vision, to get feedback from the countries, to explore alignments and leveraging opportunities with on-going and upcoming World Bank/IDA initiative in Kenya. Further details describing the process are included in the summary note submitted to the World Bank under East Africa Stakeholder Virtual Consultation Meeting: Ethiopia and Kenya. (iv) ILRI has also hosted online 2DI meetings with representatives from all IGAD member states and IGAD itself (i.e. on 25 July 2020 with Kenya, Eritrea, South Sudan and Somalia; on 26 July 2020 with Ethiopia, Uganda, Sudan and Djibouti, and on 27 July 2020 with representatives from IGAD). 19. Three consultations have been held with partners in Zambia. The first was on June 5, the 2DI- Southern Africa (SA) Challenge National Consultation for Zambia. This consultation was attended by representatives from the Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection; Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area; FCO-Zambia; Zambia Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA); Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area Secretariat; and the Zambia Meteorological Department. It highlighted the need to understand the hydrological resource, the need for farmers to embrace farming practices that can absorb extreme weather and climate shocks such as flooding, prolonged dry spells, wet spells, drought and pests, the need to enhance early warning systems and context-specific climate data, the need to integrate gender in climate and weather, water and agriculture initiative and investments; and the need for a shared vision in achieving water and food security in Zambia based on institutional coordination and responsiveness. 20. A second meeting occurred on 17 July 2020, a collaborative partnership discussion with the Zambia Meteorological Department (ZMD) with the leadership of ZMD. They articulated the capacity constraints and needs of ZMD in terms of the design of climate service and visualization tools and dissemination systems and the delivery of early warnings, and climate services. 21. The third meeting was the AICCRA National Stakeholder Workshop for Zambia, 29 July 2020. Roughly 40 international, regional and national stakeholders participated in this session, which offered an opportunity to inform participants about the AICCRA project and its linkages with other major initiatives, but also to discuss stakeholders’ perspectives on the challenges, the partnership opportunities and their priorities and needs to accelerate food systems transformation in Zambia. Representatives were from CCARDESA, CEWAS, Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute, the Zambian Ministries of Agriculture, of Fisheries, and of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection, University of Zambia, SADC-Climate Service Centre (SADC-CSC), Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions, Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA), World Bank, WMO, ZMD, and the Zambia Agricultural Research Institute (ZARI). The aims of this virtual meeting included: (i) achieving a common understanding about AICCRA and the 2DI-SA Challenge (ii) (ii) Joint agreement on the list of key challenges and priorities for building water and food system resilience to climate shocks in the Southern Africa, with a focus on Zambia (iii) (iii) Exploring the added value by AICCRA to build water, agriculture and food systems resilience in Southern Africa with a focus on Zambia (iv) (iv) Strengthening national and regional partnerships with AICCRA, and opportunities for synergies and linkages with current and upcoming initiatives in the region. 22. Beyond the stakeholder meetings mentioned above, over 200 stakeholders have been engaged in multiple engagements between May – August 2020 as part of the 2DI (SA) Challenge, to which AICCRA is aligned. This included a kick-off webinar on 25 May to launch the 2DI-SA Challenge, national consultations in 7 of the 9 priority countries in SADC in which the 2DI-SA Challenge will be implemented (including Zambia), 8 thematic discussions. These involved two rounds of discussions covering four thematic groups in the areas of: (i) Climate-smart technologies, practices, and data-based advisory support services (ii) Policy coherence, and institutional coordination and responsiveness (iii) Sustainable/blended finance to enhance low-emissions, local to global supply chains (iv) Empowerment and inclusion (v) The development of Task Teams whose role it has been to develop collaborative programs (vi) A private sector roundtable. In these discussions, needs and priorities were co-identified and captured in multiple documents and recordings (Click here to access all documents; Click here for all recordings). ANNEX 2 ACCELERATING IMPACTS OF CGIAR CLIMATE RESEARCH FOR AFRICA (AICCRA) Stakeholder Engagement and Consultation – Preliminary Report Prepared by Julian Bertlin and Makarius Mdemu September-October 2020 Contents List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... i List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ..................................................................................... ii 1. AICCRA Project Description ............................................................................................. 1 2. Study Rationale .................................................................................................................. 1 3. Approach and Methodology.............................................................................................. 2 3.1 Overview of Methods ................................................................................................... 2 3.2 Regional Agency Stakeholders (Research Institutions, Universities, NGOs) .... 2 3.3 Farmer Stakeholder Questionnaire Survey ............................................................. 3 4. Impacts, Risks and Opportunities Identified .................................................................. 4 4.1 World Bank E&S Management Framework (ESMF) .............................................. 4 4.2 Environmental and Social Standards 1-4................................................................. 7 4.2.1 ESS 1: Assessment and Management of E&S Risks and Impacts ............... 7 4.2.2 ESS 2: Labor and Working Conditions............................................................... 8 4.2.3 ESS 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management ... 9 4.2.4 ESS 4: Community Health and Safety ............................................................ 11 4.3 E&S Standards 5-9, and 10...................................................................................... 14 5. Summary and Conclusions ............................................................................................. 17 Appendices ............................................................................................................................. 18 List of Tables Table 1 : E&S Standards Relevant to AICCRA Project ..................................................... 5 Table 2: Summary of Project E&S Risks and Mitigation Measures ............................... 14 i List of Abbreviations and Acronyms AICCRA Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa ASARECA Association of Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa CCAFS CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIAT The International Center for Tropical Agriculture CRP CGIAR Research Program CSA Climate Smart Agriculture CSV Climate Smart Village E&S Environmental and Social EHS Environmental, Health, and Safety ESCP Environmental and Social Commitment Plan ESF Environmental and Social Framework ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESS Environmental and Social Standard EWS Early warning system GHG Greenhouse Gas GRM Grievance redress mechanism IOC Indian Ocean Commission IP/SSAHUTLCs Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities IPM Integrated Pest Management NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations PPE Personal Protective Equipment SEA/SH Sexual Exploitation and Abuse/ Sexual Harassment WB World Bank ii 1. AICCRA Project Description The project is designed to provide additional support to the CGIAR Research Program (CRP) on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS). CCAFS fosters climate adaptation in agriculture and food systems and the AICCRA project will allow scaling up of successful interventions in agricultural practice and technology development to meet the challenge of climate change. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) will be promoted by project components that together enable further agricultural research and development which integrates new and improved on-farm management of existing techniques to support climate resilient crop and livestock systems. The potential benefits of improved climate information for both planning and advisory services dissemination to farmers will be explored, introduced and piloted. The purpose will ultimately be to aid farmer decision-making in respect to managing the agricultural calendar, cropping systems, farming practices, timing of planting, weeding and harvesting activities. The project components are in a) knowledge generation and sharing b) strengthening partnerships for delivery, and c) piloting innovations on smallholder farms. Project activities designed to promote sustainability and resilience will include introducing agroforestry, better use of inputs timed to weather events, also better use of drought-adapted seeds. Variable weather patterns and the challenge of less predictable and changing rainy seasons, together with periodic drought occurrence, are the context for program interventions. There is also the potential of new communications technology to bring relevant agrometeorological data directly to farmers, even in previously remote areas. 2. Study Rationale To meet the requirements of the World Bank Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) and associated policy requirements, preliminary work on screening possible impacts has identified a number of risks and therefore potential impacts should these risks not be appropriately managed. These risks are almost exclusively confined to Component 3 in the validation and piloting activities to be programmed. There might also be risks in relation to university and research institution laboratory work (Component 1). The Environmental and Social Risk has been rated by the World Bank as Moderate. Relevant Environmental and Social Safeguards are ESS I: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts, ESS 2: Labor and Working Conditions, ESS 3 Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management, and ESS 4: Community Health and Safety. The World Bank’s environmental and social assessment requirements include Environmental Health and Safety (EHS Guidelines)3 address a number of sectors and technical areas. , including c guidelines on agriculture. 4 Where ESSs 5-9 are either not or unlikely to be relevant to this project, ESS 10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure is not only of relevance but important in terms of understanding better the risks and potential environmental and social impacts to be avoided, and measures to be taken for their mitigation and minimization, is the principal rational for this study. 3 https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at- ifc/policies-standards/ehs-guidelines 4 https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/766c4c6e-e4b1-41ef-a980- 3610bce404e8/Annual+Crop+Production+EHS+Guidelines_2016+FINAL.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=lfe82iC 1 3. Approach and Methodology 3.1 Overview of Methods The project documents have been reviewed in the context of the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Standards 1-10. The specific focus of risks identified in the AICCRA Project relate as already indicated to E&S Performance Standards 2-4, concerning labor and working conditions, resource efficiency and pollution control and community health and safety. The principle stakeholders for consultation on E&S issues were identified as a) the beneficiary farmers on whose plots the piloting is to take place, and b) the regional partners (institutions and organizations) who would be facilitating or managing the research and piloting operations, and who are at the same time the project delivery partners of Component 3. The AICCRA project has targeted six countries for implementation of components and piloting activities. These are in West Africa, East and Southern Africa being Mali, Ghana, Senegal, Ethiopia, Kenya and Zambia. Two levels of consultation across participant countries are therefore relevant: a) Regional and national agency/organization stakeholders with whom CCAFS is working, and, b) Farmers, in particular champion farmers already in CCAFS supported Climate Smart Villages (CSV) in target countries. Such farmers have already been working with the CCAFS partners. Because of impediments to travel the means of conducting consultation has been through farmer interviews organized through intermediary partner organizations and by video conferencing with a cross-section of regional partners.5 3.2 Regional Agency Stakeholders (Research Institutions, Universities, NGOs) To obtain feedback from partner organizations two video conference meetings were arranged for, respectively, East and West Africa. Represented were participants from African regional centers of research expertise on sustainable farming, climate information services, agricultural ministries and extension services, those representing universities, private suppliers of agricultural inputs, communications expertise and NGOs. In preparation, a data sheet referencing World Bank Performance Standards and potential E&S issues alongside the farmer questionnaire were circulated in advance of the meeting. The explicit purpose of the video meeting was to consult regional agencies who would be involved in the proposed AICCRA project as participants, or as vehicles for brokering and imparting successful techniques of climate smart agriculture to wider audiences of researchers and farmers. More specifically it was organized to understand possible environmental and social risks and how they might be best avoided or mitigated so as to meet WB E&S performance standards. Sixteen partner organizations from CGIAR/CCAFS’s research networks were selected for consultation. For East Africa 11 organizations representing the East and Southern Africa region, Kenya, Ethiopia and Zambia were selected. For the West Africa forum some 12 organizations were represented. Notes of the individual interventions are presented at Appendix A. 5 The assistance of Robert Zougmoré and Dawit Solomon, CCAFS West and East Africa Program Leaders of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security is gratefully acknowledged for enabling the regional stakeholder meetings and making contact with CSA farmers directly and indirectly. John Recha of CCAFS and International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, was particularly helpful in coordinated the East Africa stakeholder meetings. , 2 3.3 Farmer Stakeholder Questionnaire Survey A questionnaire was designed to obtain insights into potential E&S risks. To this end a series of questions in relation to existing social conditions and agricultural practices of both ‘champion’ famers already working with partner agencies, but also in relation to farmer practices, environmental management, livelihoods and social characteristics in the wider agricultural region. Enumeration and topics covered Because of the sensitive nature of some of the questions it was decided at the outset to interview women farmers separately from men farmers and to the extent possible have female interpreters or enumerators working with the women’s groups. In Ethiopia logistics meant that it was not possible to designate a woman interpreter/enumerator, and this needs to be taken into account. It is noted here that the Kenyan farmers had English language capability and were contacted directly for clarifications. The questionnaire was designed to be useable for both men and women farmers (see Appendix B). The questionnaire had seven sections. 1. Introductory questions 2. Extension demonstration activities and context 3. Agricultural inputs, pollution and health 4. Machinery use, animals and safety 5. Gender poverty and inclusion 6. Gender harassment and child protection 7. Covid 19 and perceived impact The questions were phrased to elicit simple answers that would together allow a degree of cross-checking and validation of responses. The technique adopted was one of ‘rapid survey’ it was nevertheless revealing and allowed both effective engagement and consultation with farmers. In total some 40 farmers split equally between men and women farmers were reached. The rapid survey gives a snapshot into farm practices in their local areas, together with insights into environmental awareness, subsistence livelihoods, social conditions, coping mechanisms in extreme situations of poor harvest and gender issues. Farmer identification and selection Farmers were selected from among those working already in Climate Smart Agriculture with facilitator or supportive institutions running demonstrations. At each location 3-5 women and 3-5 men were to be brought together respecting Covid-19 rules and the listed questions were to be asked of them. The instruction was to allow some discussion among such groups and get an agreed consensus answer. The collective response was then recorded by the interpreter/enumerator. Ten groups of farmers and a total of 18 men and 21 women were interviewed (see Appendix B). The farmers in Kenya came from Climate Smart Villages (CSVs) in Nyando (Western Kenya, 40 km west of Kisumu) while in Ethiopia they came from Doyogena, 250 km southwest of Addis Ababa. A similar sample size was organised for farmers in West Africa. In Ghana the farmers came from Doggoh in the Upper West Region of the country on the border with Burkina Faso. In Mali the farmers were selected from the two villages of Tongo and N’Gakoro 200 km to the west of Bamoko. For logistical and practical reasons farmer groups were identified in existing CSV villages in four of the countries which are to be targeted. In the case of Mali responses were obtained for a group of men and a group of women in two villages about 8 km apart allowing an additional degree of confirmation of responses where there were similar answers to the questions. 3 Survey farmers and returns The rapid survey method allowed an opportunity to see if there were differences between male and female responses and indeed whether there was adequate confirmation and assurance of answers in certain other areas. Evidently all those interviewed were lead farmers in their districts. It is noted here also that a difference in levels of poverty/affluence across the regions was clear. Questions were asked to understand the nature of social cohesion in villages and the extent to which women headed households fare worse than others in resources, such as labor and potential coping strategies in poor dry seasons. Interpretation of results is necessary. Clearly there are affluent female farmers whose husbands have remunerative other occupations as in Kenya. This will be a very different situation from a woman’s husband has died or left her with children to support. Subsequent to the enumeration process the study team interviewed all the enumerators to clear up possible misunderstandings and any ambiguous answers and probe a little further in certain areas. The responses from the farmers are presented in Appendix B. In most cases the answers have been typed up, but they have not been altered or edited. Ultimately the questioner will have written what he or she understands to be the situation based on the discussion with farmers. The Kenyan farmers appeared to be the most affluent and they were also able to complete forms among themselves without the need for a facilitator/enumerator. Their answers were nevertheless revealing and not all members of the answering group were necessarily at the same level as the form-filling representative of respectively the men and women’s group. 4. Impacts, Risks and Opportunities Identified 4.1 World Bank E&S Management Framework (ESMF) This pre-project environmental and social safeguards assessment is prepared in the context of the World Bank’s ESMF and in particular to the Environmental and Social Standards. The Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) enables the World Bank and borrowers to better manage environmental and social risks of projects, to avoid and minimize potential impacts and to improve development outcomes. Of the ten environmental and social standards, the first four are identified as being particularly relevant to the proposed AICRRA project while standards 5-9 are considered to be of less relevance. Environmental Standard 10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information DIsclosure is an over- arching policy in preparation and development of program activities in the project cycle is and the essential purpose of the contact made with stakeholders. The nature of potential risks of an agricultural research and sustainable production demonstration and extension program are identified in relation to the relevant Standards in Table 1 below. The consultation with stakeholders has confirmed the relevance of these Standards. Stakeholders both at regional and local levels, such as champion farmers already engaged with project partners, have duly shared their experience of the realities of practice in the countries and indeed research zones in which they are currently working. The management challenges for the AICCRA project were the subject of the regional discussion meetings (see Appendix A). 4 Table 1: E&S Standards Relevant to AICCRA Project Environmental and Social Standards 1-10 Relevance to AICCRA ESS 1: Assessment and • Focuses on assessment of risks and mitigation, project Management of cycle management, borrowers environmental and social Environmental and Social framework, management and enforcement capacities to Risks and Impacts monitor and control potential impacts. Environmental and social commitments of AICCRA and its partners • It aims at ensuring that the project promotes the conservation and sustainable management of natural resources and assurance for meeting all relevant ESSs and other World Bank safeguards policies, such as Pest Management (OP4.09). Requisite program E&S management plans • Adequacy of national laws and regulations, and implementation and enforcement measures, codes of conduct codes of conduct. • Screening of particular activities for risk and appraisal of resilience of interventions in relation to climate change and adaptive capacity and mitigation opportunities ESS 2: Labor and Working • Sound worker-management relationships to enhance Conditions development benefits of a project, fair treatment of workers and provision of safe and healthy working conditions • Will relate to directly and indirectly employed persons through partners, contracted workers and research assistants and due diligence in respect to suppliers and service providers, also farmers and community engaged workers involved in piloted activities in respect to fair treatment and safe working. • Focuses on working conditions in employment and non- discrimination in hiring and treatment, adherence to gender policies and national labor law, working hours, prohibition of forced labor, protection of vulnerable persons. • Adequate OHS plans for hazardous tasks, use of chemicals and machinery (use of personal protective equipment) and responsive safety management systems, accident plans and provision of means for workers to raise workplace concerns and have grievances heard. ESS 3: Resource Efficiency • Poor practices in laboratory research and field level and Pollution Prevention agricultural management practices may generate pollution and Management to air, water, and land and consume finite resources that may threaten local people (water quantity and quality and soils) and ecosystem services, even at the regional level • Recognize efficient and optimal use of inputs such as fertilizers and especially hazardous chemicals (e.g. biocides, veterinary medicines and particularly appropriate use of pesticides), promote knowledge and application of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques. • Encourage integrated crop-livestock systems, agroforestry practices and intercropping to maintain vegetation cover and restrict soil erosion, safeguard tree cover, maximize water retention in soils. Reduce spread of invasive species. • Sustainable natural resource use (including forest products) use, pollution and waste prevention and GHG emission avoidance and mitigation technologies and practices. 5 Environmental and Social Standards 1-10 Relevance to AICCRA ESS 4: Community Health • Minimize community exposure to risks and impacts, and Safety especially in handling chemicals, their safe storage, use and disposal in and around villages. • Safe use of vehicles and machinery, also attention to livestock hygiene considerations around drinking water points to avoid contamination risk to children. • Focus on building resilience in livelihood systems and promote social cohesion, avoidance of conflicts and local jealousies. • Safeguarding women, girls and children from predatory adult behaviors including harassment, violence and abuse (e.g. from salesmen and extension workers). • Covid-19 issues. • Maintaining grievance resolution mechanisms and reporting systems. Ensuring good community relations, informing and engaging with respected leaders and local community- based NGOs, including vulnerable people. ESS 5: Land Acquisition, • The project will not finance infrastructure works or other Restrictions on Land Use and activities requiring land acquisition leading to economic and Involuntary Resettlement physical displacement. ESS 6: Biodiversity • The project will not finance activities involving adverse Conservation and Sustainable impacts on biodiversity and living natural resources. There Management of Living Natural will be opportunities to clear and restrict invasive species. Resources Some risk if tree cover is reduced by fuelwood needs. ESS 7: Indigenous Peoples • The project activities are not being implemented in areas /Sub-Saharan African where Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Historically Underserved Underserved Traditional Local Communities Traditional Local Communities (IP/SSAHUTLCs) are present. ESS 8: Cultural Heritage • The project will not finance activities involving impacts on cultural heritage. ESS 9: Financial • Not a Financial Intermediation project, as defined in ESS 9 Intermediaries (Financial Intermediaries). ESS 10: Stakeholder • Essential element of required good practice Engagement and • Improves the environmental and social sustainability, Information Disclosure enhances project acceptance, and by obtaining stakeholder and beneficiary feedback makes a significant contribution to successful project design and implementation. 6 4.2 Environmental and Social Standards 1-4 4.2.1 ESS 1: Assessment and Management of E&S Risks and Impacts Policy context The first ES&S Standard sets out project responsibilities for assessing, managing and monitoring environmental and social general considerations regarding risks and impacts associated with each stage of a project supported by the Bank. In the context of AICCRA the consultation has provided insights into the realities of safeguards implementation in the countries concerned to protect human health, soils, water quality and ecological services. It examines current experience in the area of the project and necessary safeguards to ensure local social cohesion, non-discrimination, fair and safe working conditions and the requirements of the project to foster gender equality and effective implementation of codes of personal conduct and good practice, with grievance redress mechanisms. Gender harassment will be a required area of monitoring and implementation of disciplinary measures, while child protection, inclusion of vulnerable persons and tenure security will be additional areas where Commitment Plans to E&S Standards are expected. Improved climate information and dissemination must seek to engage with the needs of ordinary farmers who will be invited to demonstrations of climate resilient and productivity improving technologies. These will have to respect the gender dimension with respect to availability of on-farm labor and capital. Implementation requirement In line with this standard, AICCRA has learned lessons from experience to date of environmental and social safeguards systems/frameworks of CCAFs partners and their network of stakeholders, such as agriculture and livestock ministries, research organizations, universities and NGOs. While some of the institutional stakeholders may not have in place adequate environmental and social standards, the national environmental and social frameworks in the partner countries will provide the legislative basis on which there will be capacity improvement and enforcement support through the project for implementation of environmental and social standards (ES&S). Potential areas of risk assessment requiring consideration (through ES&S1) will include all activities in a) CSA villages such as handling, storage and disposal of hazardous agricultural chemicals, b) research laboratories and university premises, and c) private sector organizations, including their supply chains for fertilizers and biocides (herbicides, pesticides) and appropriate safeguards policies and due diligence practice, likewise for relevant veterinary practice. THE AICCRA Project should proceed with an Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP) and conduct monitoring and reporting on the environmental and social performance of the project against the ES&Ss. Grievance mechanisms Consultation with stakeholders has clearly indicated that workers employed by government institutions such as ministry extension workers have codes of conduct, annual evaluation and disciplinary procedures specified within their contracts (see Stakeholder Forum Summary Notes). National laws exist in the areas of regarding labor law, working hours, occupational health/safety, gender discrimination and child protection. The project must comply with these laws but beyond these there is a requirement that supported projects meet ESS Standards of the World Bank. The question therefore arises as to the effectiveness of implementation of 7 such national laws and government enforcement of staff codes of conduct and realities in the office or in the field. Particular concern is for interaction between the farmer community members and field staff or extension workers. Project management systems and E&S safeguards commitments require that there be mechanisms in place that allow opportunities for employed workers or associated staff and intended beneficiary farmers to bring a) safety concerns to supervisors and management with an expectation of responsive action without retaliation, and b) incidences of discrimination and harassment, including unfair treatment and even sexual abuse, to AICCRA program managers sensitively with an expectation of redress. If girls were sexually harassed it was said in Mali that they would not say anything to extension workers. It was also said in all countries that very poor harvests make women more vulnerable to otherwise unwelcome approaches. In Senegal systems of “redevabilité communautaire’ operate where NGOs have organized local mechanisms for such complaints to be brought through female peer to peer channels (West Africa Stakeholders meeting). A complaint following a work accident that incapacitates a person for whom the project would be seen to have a reasonable duty of care is a possibility. Such a claim will be recorded and the project will be expected to track a complaint through any local system of grievance redress (for example, in the case of abuse by a government extension officer). Where this appears to fail, the project has evident responsibilities and there should be mechanisms to raise a complaint to a higher level of partner and/or CIAT management and obtain a response within a limited period. National laws and legal processes will also be a recourse for claimants. The World Bank grievance redress service or Inspection Panel might be recourses for complaints as well, but, if these are triggered, some of the stakeholders consider that grievance mechanisms established by the CGIAR affiliated institutions and AICCRA program management will have seriously failed. 4.2.2 ESS 2: Labor and Working Conditions Expected Requirements The Labor and Working Conditions requires the AICCRA project to have in place working conditions and management of worker relationships, including a) labor management procedures for the project in accordance with national laws, gender policy and non- discrimination, b) clear and understandable written terms and conditions of employment (respecting national labor and employment laws with regard to hours of work, minimum wages, rights to overtime). This standard is relevant to the project in relation to AICCRA’s direct and indirect employment of staff, contracted workers and suppliers. The standard includes the requirements of the project in terms of safe and healthy working conditions, with a) policies for occupational health and safety (OHS), b) risk assessment and safe practice for hazardous tasks, including provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), c) prohibition on child labor in line with Bank specifications on age, c) disciplinary procedures for cases of harassment and abuse, d) mechanisms for bringing complaints or grievances (without fear) in respect of safe working, employment disputes and claims of discrimination and abuse, e) remedies for adverse impacts such as occupational injuries, deaths, disability and disease, and d) documented reporting and proactive and responsive management in respect of safety, accidents and emergencies, with plans to continually enhance safety and the procedures for workers to raise concerns and have then addressed promptly. Workplace tasks and health risks Identified to be of particular significance to AICCRA are the safe handling, storage, use and disposal of agricultural chemicals. Due diligence must also apply to suppliers and in respect of supply lines, and farmer use of illegal and uncertified or inappropriate chemicals in the vicinity 8 of the demonstration area. Awareness and educational messages for safe use of hazardous chemicals by farmers in the zone of outreach of demonstration projects is advised. Stakeholder consultation has raised a number of issues. These include adulterated products sold in the market or along the roadside, products without safety warnings in locally understood languages (West African stakeholders, Appendix A), It was also reported in the same forum that farmers mix fungicides with pesticides, that sellers of chemicals do not have sufficient knowledge of appropriate use, nor are extension workers sufficiently well trained or in evidence to provide advice on protection and health risks. In Kenya, farmer to farmer learning was mentioned to be an important practice on pesticide use. There are also conflicts of interest for salespersons where there are incentives to make a sale and inadequate enforcement of good practice codes which was raised in the stakeholder forum. There is further a question of diligence in respect of recommendations for spraying of pesticide where farmers may not have the knowledge of how to use spraying equipment safely, nor have the awareness to provide contracted workers (or themselves) with PPE. Awareness of health risks Those directly engaged and trained by program supported activities appear to have knowledge through training of how to dispose of agrochemical packages and containers safely. From the consultation exercise it appears that champion farmers know that containers should be carefully handled with gloves as necessary, that contact with the skin should be washed away quickly and diluted with water or as recommended, and ingestion will require medical attention urgently and invoke program accident measures. The experience is that farmers do bury such containers (in latrine pits, e.g. Mali and Ghana) where there is no viable municipal solution. But it is reported also that some will burn containers and others might even throw containers “into bushes by the river� (Kenya farmer). In Ghana it was reported that good practice is to perforate packets and containers or receptacles for hygiene and vector disease mitigation. Contract workers Consideration will need also to be in place to ensure safeguards on working hours and the employment conditions of the contracted work force. Beneficiary farmers are a different category, but non-farm regular and casual program workers should have written contracts for the required number of days and hours per day. Without such commitment and where labor is casually sought, experience suggests there is scope for arbitrary hiring discrimination and sexual favor-seeking. There are evidently overlapping areas of risk between ESS 2, ESS 3 and ESS 4 in terms of agricultural chemical use from worker safety (ESS 2) to resource efficiency and water pollution (ESS 3) to community health where local members of the community may be indirectly affected by farm use and unsafe disposal of chemicals (ESS 4). 4.2.3 ESS 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management This ESS is principally relevant to AICCRA to the extent that activities may generate pollution to water and may threaten people, ecosystem services and the environment at the local and possibly regional levels. The AICCRA project may have low to medium potential risk beyond direct effect on human health, but the storage use and disposal of agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides) on CCAFs partner’s premises and in experimental or demonstration plots is a hazard. Health and agrochemicals Unsafe disposal of containers can impact local water resources and affect ecological services, damaging habitats and perhaps poisoning fish, even birds in water bodies. The management 9 and disposal of chemicals (including redundant or out of date products) and their containers, leading to pollution of off-site natural resources and human health, is equally an issue for veterinary practices and research laboratories. Consultations provided insight into bad practices, not on existing demonstrations of partners, but in respect to the zones where they are working. Farmers in Kenya suggested that not only are there cases of skin and eyes affected “due to poor spraying especially those doing tomato production� but that there are incidences of “fish dying in the river without knowing their cause� and of “livestock dying due to improper use of for spraying ticks�. Reports from Ethiopia also suggest illnesses among small livestock, especially sheep, and “bloat stomach� is conjectured to be a chemical poisoning for Mali Farmers. Integrated Pest Management IPM The challenge is in introduction of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) but the information needs and understanding of local ecology to achieve effective practice in respect of chemical use, specification and dosage to avoid killing benign insects is the difficulty. In Kenya the concept of IPM systems has some resonance but champion farmers say: “Most farmers though do not use IPM as they feel the use of insecticides as easy�. In Ethiopia locusts have been an issue and they are combatted to extent possible by “disturbance and shouting, etc� but farmers are conscious that “application of chemicals harm different insects like honeybee…� with in turn “impact on cross-fertilization�. In Mali women prepare neem leaves to use as a natural pesticide. There is widespread evidence in farmer survey questionnaire responses from all the countries of education and awareness training on use of chemicals on existing CCAFS projects with Climate Smart Villages. However there appears to be skepticism of government extension service messages getting through to ordinary farmers in the wider zone around CCAFS intervention areas, as also concerning certification and control of agrovet outlets. Agricultural chemicals provenance and certification In West Africa at the regional stakeholder meeting it was reported that in Ghana there is an initiative to register all suppliers of agrochemicals, registering sellers and accrediting shops. However, farmer interviews (Ghana) revealed the reality that small retailers and outlets are not subject to controls. The reason for this was that there have been “fake products� on the market or sold on the roadside, and that farmers also mix fungicides and pesticides when unaware of advised practice (West Africa stakeholder forum), and in so doing “contaminate themselves� not least because of lack of or inappropriate wearing of PPE. At the regional forum for East Africa the point was made that outlets for agricultural chemicals who do not have a particular chemical in stock - perhaps recommended by extension workers or NGOs in the sector – may sell a less effective or more hazardous alternative to farmers. In the case of fertilizers, it was said that in Uganda farmers tend to obtain fertilizers illicitly through employees of tea and sugar companies. Dilution and contamination of chemicals where they are sold in small quantities and are of uncertain provenance was a problem raised by regional stakeholders. Natural resource management It is another concern in relation to the wider zone that adulterated or counterfeit seeds are sold to farmers even through extension services.6 The project will be disseminating and advocating cropping systems with improved seed and associated inputs and cultivation practices, including for example intercropping, drip irrigation, labor saving machinery and agroforestry techniques, together with symbiotic livestock raising to improve soil fertility and composition and in this way to protect topsoil from degradation and erosion. In this context the project should extend messages in the local area of intervention in respect to seed provenance and 6 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2014/jul/16/fake-seeds-uganda 10 quality and the importance of integrated and sustainable farm systems in the face of climate change. Renewable energy and climate services In terms of opportunity, it is certainly of value for the project to promote use of renewable energy from photovoltaic/solar panels at farm research stations. Incentivizing uptake may allow wider opportunities for recharging phones on farm rather than at local market centers. Phones are intended to be a means of disseminating improved climate information to farmers. More men than women have phones and in the CSV intervention area in Ghana for example only 50% of farmers are reckoned to have phones. In Uganda there are very limited operational weather stations, reduced from 60 during the 1970s to some 14 stations currently functional. It was pointed out at the East African regional forum that AICCRA will need to mobilize development partners to fill gaps. Mali at least has approved funding through the Green Climate Fund7 for rehabilitation and improvement in weather forecasting and climate services; this is also the case for Madagascar and other Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) Countries.8 Early warning systems (EWS) for extreme events especially in cyclone prone countries (SW Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Mozambique, etc) through mobile access technologies requires phone use. More relevant to farmers in target countries will be better assurance regarding onset of periods of adequate precipitation for crop establishment at the beginning of planting seasons. Access to power may also play an important role in the project in terms of any necessary cool storage facilities for experimental and laboratory work as well as enabling access to climate information and data by all stakeholders from local to regional levels. Measures to ensure efficient and sustainable use of energy as well as water is therefore pertinent to project implementation policy. E&S Commitments and genetic modification Through its Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP) AICCRA will apply resource efficiency principles and techniques to avoid or minimize any adverse impacts of its activities during the lifecycle of its program and in the extension it promulgates. Finally, it will be project policy not to engage in genetic modification technologies which is in line with national policies in target countries and policies of a significant number of bilateral donors supportive of partner programs. 4.2.4 ESS 4: Community Health and Safety ESS Standard 4 addresses the health, safety, and security risks and impacts on project- affected communities and the corresponding responsibility of projects to avoid or minimize such risks and impacts, with particular attention to people who, because of their particular circumstances, may be vulnerable. EHS risks to local populations ESS 4 is relevant to the AICCRA project as it is concerned with the local population and wider community in which the project activities take place. There are activities such as use of buildings and vehicle transportation that require safety considerations, as well as use of equipment and machinery requiring protection from misuse by children and other forms of community exposure to risks and impacts. ESS4 requires the project to implement measures and actions to control a) the safety of deliveries of hazardous materials, and b) storage, 7 https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/africa-hydromet-program-strengthening-climate-resilience-sub-saharan-africa-mali- country 8 https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/building-regional-resilience-through-strengthened-meteorological-hydrological-and- climate 11 transportation and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. In so doing community exposure to such hazardous materials will be minimized. Another source of community health risk might be around village drinking water points and watering of animals, which might be part of a proposed integrated crop-livestock system. Donkeys are often used to carry water for human consumption from watering points. Where there are no proper hygienic arrangements around water points there may be local contamination affecting drinking water and human health. Project implementers are also encouraged to explore opportunities during the project life cycle to improve environmental conditions that could help minimize their incidence, for example by contributions to restore and maintaining vegetation cover in intervention areas. Climate change impacts to communities will be mitigated by the project itself which promotes adaptation measures and is intended to reduce the vulnerability of beneficiary communities to meet subsistence needs. The latter will be mitigated by successful implementation outcomes from the project itself. Social risks: engagement and inclusion In terms of community health and safety, there is a risk that the project might have social impact on individuals and communities in which demonstrations and other extension activities take place. Safety in respect of impacts on physical health have already been discussed. There are also social risks in relation to village cohesion, inequalities, land tenure security, and treatment of women and children, youth and other vulnerable groups within the communities where program interventions will be operating. Of general sensitivity are concerns for engagement and acceptance by the whole community for the conduct of activities in the village. The concern is that involvement in activities is not restricted to favored or influential members of the village who will be, under certain intervention models, the champion farmers. The concern is that there is not a situation where communities are divided and jealousies created, for example where selected farmers benefit from free inputs as well as extension advice. Resentments may in this way be created even among those freely attending demonstrations. There could also be a case where farmers are in some way unable to attend trainings because of distance from demonstrations and cost in travel and time, with preference that extension activities would be more accessible. This possibility was reported by Ethiopian farmers. Project outreach should seek to incorporate positive benefits for the whole community and aim for inclusive approaches in engagement and benefit sharing to take into account poorer and vulnerable farmers. That would imply choice of demonstration plots and farms that do not favor the more secure households in terms of access to resources and level of living or livelihood. In at least one case in the Kenya survey, a household partner had a job outside agriculture. More educated and affluent farmers may represent good leaders and role models, but the program should seek to work with resource poor farm households to meet inclusivity criteria. Social risks: exploitative relationships A related issue is that of child labor and protection. It is not considered that this is a significant risk in this type of project in an agricultural settings and household labor dominates. Nevertheless, there could be cases where young boys are kept from school undertaking livestock husbandry or herding tasks, or other forms of exploitative labor on farms in the project zone. Where this might be keeping them from school such tasks at different times of year might be an opportunity to earn pocket money for school pens, etc. This situation was mentioned in discussion in the West African Group. It was noted in the farmer interviews under situations of serious household destitution that children may be sent to richer families as a repayable loan, “give a child to a rich person in return for the money borrowed for a while� (Mali). This situation was said to be rare. There is also concern for young persons or youths, usually male, who are contracted to undertake 12 spraying activities with little or no PPE and under conditions of poor remuneration. This would not happen with the right procedures and management measures in place but there is a due diligence concern if activities are training farmers in crop spraying and these messages are adopted in a wider area but without safe use, either because poor farmers lack adequate awareness or lack means. The conducted consultation forums among project partners and development agencies discussed the specific risk of harassment and sexual abuse of those working on research and demonstration projects in the field. It is recognized that outsiders (animators, extension workers, staff, salespersons) in particular can come from outside and exert influence in rural communities on young women and girls. It was mentioned that this could happen in farmer questionnaire surveys and it is significant that this was alluded to more in women’s groups with women interpreters and facilitators. Coping strategies and Covid-19 The downside risk of failed project interventions perhaps due to a poor harvest is food insecurity, indebtedness and dependence. Coping strategies may be seasonal or in dire circumstances more extreme, in consequence affecting long term livelihood sustainability. They include selling of animals, migration out of rural activities, seasonal or alternative income- generating activities in towns, as well as occupations like (unsustainable) charcoal production and selling. The risk is that more expenditure to cope with climate stress might, if the harvest is poor, lead to greater losses to farmers whose livelihoods are precarious without support from family members in non-agricultural employments. In the district of an existing CSV village in Mali it is reported that “family members migrate to cities or neighboring countries for seeking income.� Opportunities for accessing investment sources, for example remittances originating from family members outside the rural community have recently been further compromised by Covid-19. Those abroad or in cities are losing their employment and remittances to families have dried up very significantly in the last six months. This loss of off-farm employment may continue into the medium term. It also suggests the special importance of agriculture to assure gainful employment and support precarious families where coping strategies are compromised. Community safety and emergency plans Within project villages there may be a due diligence issue of workshop safety and basic emergency response that should be considered in regular accident risk assessment. At risk are mechanics and other in-community workers in repair shops and for other operation and maintenance activities. Such persons might be mending machinery, groundwater wells and standpipes, irrigation reservoirs or other agricultural infrastructure. Where power tools, grinding, welding, lifting, etc are involved so too should PPE such as mufflers, visors and boots be required. For laboratory activities a more standard Emergency Response Plan (ERP) may be relevant and prepared in coordination with appropriate authorities and the potentially affected community. ERP takes into account emergency prevention, preparedness and response arrangements such as training and awareness of reporting procedures, hospital location and telephone numbers. Vehicle, tractor or machinery accident plans would be typical cases, but poisoning by consumption of reagents or toxic substances for example by a child might be conceivable). These arrangements are as relevant to ESS2 and the content of an ERP is indicated in ESS 4. ERPs require reviewing on a regular basis during the life cycle of the project to confirm that they address the potential range of emergency events that might arise in connection with the project. 13 4.3 E&S Standards 5-9, and 10 By the nature of the AICCRA project promoting Climate Smart Agriculture on existing farmed land, through its three-pronged component program, there will not be a requirement for consideration of the following safeguards: ESS 5 Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement ESS 7 Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities; ESS 8: Cultural Heritage Consideration of ESS 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources is referenced, especially to the extent that such resources may be directly or indirectly affected by farm activities and non-point source pollution. Such issues have already been discussed under other ESS headings. ESS 10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure As acknowledged by the AICCRA proponent, and embodied as the purpose of this report, “stakeholder engagement can improve the environmental and social sustainability of projects, enhance project acceptance, and make a significant contribution to successful project design and implementation� (World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF). Properly designed and implemented stakeholder engagement supports the development of constructive and responsive relationships for successful management of environmental and social risks. This report forms part of the program stakeholder engagement and consultation exercise for which purpose the regional forums and farmer interviews were undertaken. Table 2 summarizes the key potential impacts and mitigation measures for the identified environmental and social risks, all of which were raised in the consultations. Table 2: Summary of Project E&S Risks and Mitigation Measures Risks Potential impacts Mitigation Measures Solid and liquid • Nuisance of municipal waste, • Waste management plans waste, gases e-waste and animal waste • Re-use and recycle for non- hazardous waste • Host of vector borne parasites • Collection and disposal of • Point source pollution of soils containers and water • Recovery or disposal facilities • Release of emissions such as at the project site methane gases • Hazardous waste disposal protocols Water • Land degradation • Sustainable land management, scarcity/salinity cultivation practices, contour ploughing, use of animal and • Poor productivity of crops plant manure leading to food insecurity • Drought resistant crops; drip irrigation and water/harvesting • Crop failure and ecosystem conservation loss • Support to coping mechanisms, • Health-related risks and landscape/habitat rehabilitation impacts; eruption of diseases due to unhygienic condition • Attention to water points protection from animal and human contamination 14 Risks Potential impacts Mitigation Measures Soil degradation • Soil erosion • Soil cover retention (intercropping) and agroforestry; composting and use of organic nutrients; leave • Poor productivity of crops land fallow; avoid overuse and leading to food insecurity over-tilling • Adopt sustainable farming practices (e.g., CSA) Occupational Health • Farm chemical use and • Safe handling, use and and Safety (OHS) associated hazards, crop disposal of fertilizers and spraying pesticides; personal protective equipment (PPE) • Use of farm machinery, repair workshop hazards • Safe working methods, PPE, (gloves, visors, noise mufflers, boots, etc) • workshop/store/lab practice, and accident occurrence • PPE codes of practice, plans (fire, emergency) procedure and records on OHS Accident and emergency plans Biodiversity • Loss of and restricted access • Monitor for cross-germination to biodiversity and ecosystem and impacts on nearby services habitats; prohibition of • Habitat degradation, invasive experimental work on sites alien species, adjoining critical habitats and of overexploitation, hydrological encroachment of forests. changes, nutrient loading, • Local biodiversity monitoring pollution incidences, climate plans (project activities will not change impacts encroach into natural areas); restorative management of any indirect impacts Labor • Exploitative employment • Labor Management Policy and practices Procedures for each research • Poor and unsafe working institution conditions (workshop /store • Training in safe working; risk /lab practice), accident risks assessment and procedures; (fire, emergency, use of accident and emergency plans; chemicals and farm GM policy training and machinery) adherence • Gender roles and • Non-discrimination policy and opportunity/discrimination, grievance redress mechanisms child protection and (GRM) harassment/abuse • World Bank child labor policy adherence. Proscription on • Child labor, forced labor forced labor Grievance redress • Exploitative and unsafe • Labor Management Procedures working conditions with GRM (operational and budgeted); complaints local • Employment and/or gender resolved or escalated discrimination in workplace • Open communications channel to complainants with • impacting local social grievances logged and swiftly cohesion acted upon. 15 Risks Potential impacts Mitigation Measures Social inclusion and • Sexual harassment and • Program Gender and SEA/SH gender abusive relationships policies and codes of conduct (including Sexual • Favoritism /jealousies leading • Adherence to ESCP and GRM Exploitation and to inequitable access implementation; Abuse/ Sexual • Discrimination and vulnerable Harassment persons exclusion (old, • Social risk assessment and (SEA/SH)), disabled, female-headed inclusion plans households, youth) • Segregated access to • Community engagement policy program CSA activities and and plan implementation technologies, climate information and weather forecasts 16 5. Summary and Conclusions The project environmental and social risks focus on activities that may be undertaken in promoting climate resilient agricultural productivity through research partnerships and particularly on farm demonstrations and extension. Accordingly, the emphasis is on labor and working conditions, risks from misuse of agricultural chemicals, occupational health and pollution in the wider environment, together with social issues. Overall, anticipated risks are judged to have potentially low to medium impacts, most occurring under component three of the AICCRA project. Identified E&S risks Project activities producing potential environmental risks will include supply, use and misuse of hazardous chemicals such as fertilizers and biocides in particular pesticides and herbicides, but also veterinary medicines and treatments. Likewise, there are risks from farm and laboratory experiments, use of farm machinery, and conversion of land use. Supply and use of equipment and buildings for monitoring of weather and climate may be an associated intervention. These various activities could have a diverse and negative impact on local people and ecosystems supportive of local livelihoods if they are not adequately monitored and managed. Pollution of soils and water, health related risks, community and social risks in respect of local cohesion and possible harassment in villages. Cultural contexts are relevant to understanding local realities and designing measures of prevention and mechanisms for bringing grievances and redress particularly in the area of sexual harassment. Because of the limited size of the project workforce involved in village extension and demonstrations, the risks will be less severe than for construction projects. E&S safeguards requirements Existing environmental and social management frameworks of CGIAR/CIAT organizations and regional partners in West, East and Southern Africa will be one of the first lines of safeguards policy. Research institutions and centers will be expected to implement their own environmental and social measures, per the requirements of the project and this should be monitored and reported upon. A second line of safeguards implementation will be national government implementation of their own policies. The reality of effective enforcement of national policy has been discussed and clearly there are gaps in implementation. The project may have some leverage in the zone in which work is to be undertaken. In due diligence the program should use such leverage to support capacity building and effective enforcement of relevant national environmental regulations and guidelines in the selected countries benefiting from project research and demonstration activity. The project proponents and partners will nevertheless be required to meet World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards and ensure the management and monitoring mechanisms are in place for impact mitigation measures. Program policy must also commit to ES&S expectations and secure opportunities for achieving the benefits in sustainability, rural economic development and food security expected from the project. 17 Appendices Appendix A: Regional Stakeholders: Stakeholders Meetings • West Africa Regional Stakeholder Organisations • East Africa Regional Stakeholder Organisations • ASARECA Safeguards Status Note Appendix B: Farmer Stakeholders: Farmer Questionnaire Returns • Ghana: Male Farmers (Doyogena CSV) • Ghana: Female Farmers (Doyogena CSV) • Mali: Male Farmers (N’Gakoro) • Mali: Male Farmers (Tongo CSV) • Mali: Female Farmers (N’Gakoro) • Mali: Female Farmers (Tongo CSV) File name: AppxCont1_EAKenyaFarmers1 • Kenya Male Farmers (Nyando CSV) • Kenya Female Farmers (Nyando CSV) File name: AppxCont2_EAEthiopMenFarmers1.pdf • Ethiopia: Male Farmers (Doyogena CSV) File name: AppxCont3_EAEthiopFemFarmers1.pdf • Ethiopia: Female Farmers (Doyogena CSV) 18 Appendix A: Regional Stakeholders Meeting with AICCRA Partner Organisations in West Africa 17 September 2020 Participants list No Name Institution / Organization Contact (Email/Mob.) 1 Lamien Niéyidouba CORAF n.lamien@coraf.org (regional research network) 2 Dr Kone Daounde WASCAL (Dir. Capacity (regional university forum) Development) 3 Prof Kehinde WASCAL Ogunjobi (Dir. (regional university forum) Competency Centre) 4 Florence Nakayiwa RUFORUM f.nakayiwa@ruforum.or (regional university forum) g 5 Ndjido Kane CERAAS – Senegal ndjido.kane@isra.sn, (research institute) +221 77 974 75 41 6 Binta Diouf ANCAR – Senegal hassedine@gmail.com, (extension) +221 77 578 77 37 7 Ndeye Amy Kebe Jokalante ndeyeamy@gmail.com, (private sector IT +221 77 559 92 85 comms/dev) 8 Diaminatou Sanogo ISRA- Senegal sdiami@yahoo.fr, +221 CSV Coordinator 77 974 75 41 9 Stephen Yeboah CSIR/CRI – Ghana proyeboah@yahoo.co. (research institute) uk 10 Ebenezer Aboagye PPRSD – Ghana aboagyee@gmail.com (extension) 11 Saaka Buah CSIR/SARI – Ghana ssbuah@gmail.com CSV Coordinator 12 Dr Salif Kanté Syngenta Foundation – Mali Samuel.Guindo@synge (Country DIr.) Guindo (private sector) nta.com Samuel Summary of Meeting Discussion The meeting was opened at 12:00CET by Robert Zougmoré CCAF’s West Africa Coordinator with personal introduction of participants. The personal introduction was followed by the introduction about the agenda of the meeting which focused on 1) experiences on the management of environmental risks related to handling, storage, and use of agrochemicals for agriculture intervention; 2) codes of conduct for managing social issues in work places including demonstrations and ways of handling grievance mechanisms such as gender related harassment, child protection; and 3) use of technologies to disseminate information including weather and climate data. 19 Julian Bertlin (Facilitator): Practical problem of ensuring chemical fertilisers and pesticides are properly managed and used. Farmers buy chemicals in small quantities; how do they know they are buying right products for needs? What of IPM much talked about but demanding in knowledge of crop ecology? Florence Nakayiwa (RUFORUM-Ghana): IPM & CSA technology has gained traction. However, there are not yet papers which bring in farm field practices to integrate IPM with CSA technologies. More papers are on multi-disciplinary approaches. IPM is not fully adopted into farmers practices JB (Facilitator): Asks how extension deals with appropriate use eg spraying of chemicals? What is farm-level experience? Are there codes of conduct of salespersons? Ebenezer Aboagye (Ghana): Farmers too often buy fake products mix fungicides and pesticides and apply wearing PPE inappropriate to use and sometimes through improper use may contaminate themselves. Time to spray - no assessment on correct timing of application. Extension officers need to support farmers. In Ghana EPA is registering all suppliers of agrochemicals, registering sellers so farmers can go and buy the chemicals from accredited shops. They are also running clinics on monthly basis in the project areas for disseminating knowledge to the farmers. How knowledge is disseminated. There are messages of buying chemicals from the wayside to women. There is also the issue of language used on the containers or packages of the chemicals. Amy KEBE (Jokalante - Senegal): Adopted local language as an approach to disseminate information in Senegal. Have established database of members and use radio by working with local farmers organisations, and cooperative research organisation to determine the right research for the farmers. Use community radio to reach farmers who are not in their database. Reach both women and men by targeting the timing of messages through the radio. JB (Facilitator): How do you decide what time you can reach farmers and when for instance women are listening? Also, is airtime sponsored by commercials for agricultural input supplies and conflicts in interest to resolve? Amy KEBE: In the morning women listen the radio when performing house activities. Methods developed to reach farmers is conducted to help in planning dissemination of information. Use of real-life stories and experience sharing which enables farmers to understand messages. Through experience animators (farmers) are able to demonstrate real field practice through the radio. Salif Kante (Mali): Products in the market (fertilizers, chemicals) are sometimes good and sometimes not good. Through Syngenta Foundation (Ghana, Mali, Burkina Faso), farmers are trained how to identify genuine products in the market. JB (facilitator): Do private sector companies work with extension services? Comment please from suppliers of inputs such as Syngenta represented here about products in the market. Samuel GUINDO (Mali): In Mali, the national television and radio airing by local language is used to disseminate information to the farmers. JB (Facilitator): Does Syngenta demonstrate its products in CSA villages? What kind of lessons is learned? Is there code of conduct for use of agro-chemicals? Are there Chinese products that are not understood because of language? 20 Salif Kante (Mali): Syngenta Foundation does not sell only chemical products. It facilitates access to inputs, provide advisory and training to the farmers. It can facilitate access to inputs supplied by any authorized company. Local languages are used to allow understanding of famers. Saaka Buah (CSV Coordinator - Ghana): Work with MOFA. Train farmers whenever they are accessing inputs. Also work with EPA to train farming on issues of environmental management. The trainers include women who deal with food security and women issues in communities visited. Have adopted drama stories and local language messages, radio programs and champion farmers to create awareness. Many champion farmers are women. KONE Daouda (Wascal) : Thinks that a unit or department should be established in each country within the relevant agriculture ministry for registration and checking appropriateness of the pesticides. Containers can be very dangerous. In Burkina Faso the registration is a reality and have tried in projects to find and destroy out of date and used chemicals and containers. Research is also needed to develop further biological (fungi) products to combat pests and best agricultural practices and timing with IPM. Need to showcase. JB (Facilitator): What of crop-livestock systems? Promoting sustainable machinery -- mechanical control of weeds might be better than to favour of use of herbicides and less demanding for women? Use of Neem… Saaka Buah (CSV Coordinator - Ghana): Harvesting groundnut leaves and residues used to feed the livestock, moving livestock so droppings are then incorporated into the farms. Farmers used to burn crop residues in the past but currently the use to feed the livestock. Neem use. Lamien Nieyidouba (CORAF): Experience issues of fertilizer and chemical management with CORAF who coordinated West Africa Productivity Programme (WAP) and worked with countries to enforce regulations for seeds, fertilizer, pesticides etc for ten years. For ECOWAS programme CORAF led in establishing committees to conduct controls including provision of instruments to verify products. They have also led in establishing a committee on each of the issues related to agrochemicals. They have also led in ECOWAS supported integrated sustainable management of fertilizers and other chemical inputs. Social Issues JB (Facilitator): How do you ensure your messages on technologies etc get to female headed households which are less resourced. Also, can we discuss possibilities of unwelcome harassment by those coming into villages to sell products, even extension officers? Amy KEBE (Jokalante- Senegal): Have been collecting behaviour information from extension services using ICT technology on la redevabilité communautaire) through conducted FGD mainly consisting of girls to girls in order to develop understanding of behaviour of service providers working with them. They have observed that girls are not willing to report issues. A hotline was set-up so that they can talk anonymously about these things. Further a committee was established to receive those reports and investigate and suggest solutions, working with NGOs this a form of grievance processing. Florence Nakayiwa (RUFORUM-Ghana): Experience by RUFORUM in other regions including East Africa, is that they have discovered farmer organisations which created trust systems. Peer to peer looking out for each other for gender related harassment, also discussed in community meetings. Older woman takes a younger women to work on such support and inter-generational groupings are used as support systems. Farmers organisations currently take seriously these issues. 21 Kehinde (WASCAL): Not such divergence from RUFORUM experiences for WASCAL. During engagement of staff and service providers, the letters of agreement clearly articulate the issues of child labour, sexual harassment etc and put everyone who is engaged in briefings and agreements. Florence Nakayiwa (RUFORUM-Ghana): From personal perspective need to be sensitive to economic situations where children go to the farm after school sessions for livelihoods or earn income so that they can buy essential school items, that might not be considered to be child labour. JB (facilitator): Comment that farmer interviews indicate existence of cases in destitution of those who loan children to rich families in return for credit. This was reported to be rare. The meeting concluded at 13:00 CET with vote of thanks to the partners and everyone. 22 Meeting with AICCRA Partner Organisations in East Africa 17 September 2020 Participants list Name Institution /Organization Contact details Dr. Zewdu Segele ICPAC, Director, Climate Zsegele@icpac.net Forecasting and Services Dr. Majaliwa Mwanjalolo RUFORUM majaliwam@gmail.com (regional universities group) Dr. Enock Warinda ASARECA, Deputy Director e.warinda@asareca.org (Sust Ag research institution) Mr. Sunshine Gamedze SADC sgamedze@sadc.int (economic development) Mr. Kenneth Sinachikupo Zambia sinachikupo@gmail.com Meteorological Dept Mr. Esayas Lemma MoA – Ethiopia, Director, Crop esayaslh@hotmail.com Development Ms. Veronica Ndetu MoA – Kenya nzilani2014@gmail.com State Deptartment of Crops +254 721851102 Mr. Robin Mbae MoA – Kenya robinmbae@yahoo.com State Department of Livestock +254 722381931 Mr. Jemal Seid EIAR – Ethiopia jemsethio@gmail.com (climate research) Dr. Michael Okoti KALRO – Kenya, Asst. (michaeldominion@gmail.com) Director, (Env and climate (michael.okoti@kalro.org) change) +254 710696251 Meeting Record The meeting was opened at 09:00CET by John Recha, East Africa Coordinator of CCAFwith personal introduction of participants. He then introduced the agenda of the meeting to focus on 1) experiences on the management of environmental risks related to handling, storage, and use of agrochemicals; 2) experience and codes of conduct in managing social issues in work places including demonstration plots, handling of any gender related or other grievances , sexual harassment, child protection; and,3) use of phones for climate information. Environmental Issues JB (Facilitator): Practical problem of ensuring chemical fertilisers and pesticides have certified provenance, are properly handled and used. How do farmers know not adulterated? How do they know about correct use/dosages? IPM is much talked about but crop ecology knowledge very demanding. Veronica Ndetu (MOA Kenya): Smallholder farmers buy inputs from shops or agro vet in small quantity (few kg) because they cannot afford to buy the whole bag of fertilizer. The sellers are the ones who tell the farmers about the fertilizer. The network of extension officers in Kenya direct farmers to the locations or shops where right types of fertilizers can be obtained. The challenge with reliance on agro-vet shop keepers is that they normally sell to the farmer what they have in stock. Since the extension officers are not available everywhere farmers cannot reach them so have to rely on agro vets. The Government wants agro-vet shops to get better training so that they can help farmers. Majaliwa Mwanjalolo (RUFORUM -Uganda): Farmers in Uganda use small quantities of fertilizer which they buy informally from sugar and tea companies through workers in those industries. There is a lot of uncertainty on the quality and appropriate use because those 23 fertilizers are actually meant to be used for sugar and tea production. Studies in Uganda have indicated that several types of fertilizers which are in the market are not of good quality. For climate, Ugandans rely on national mandated institutions to provide climate services. In the 1960s, there were more than 60 mandated weather stations, however currently there is only about 14 mandated weather stations. How will AICCRA fill that gap? JB (Facilitator): From experience in Uganda one is reminded of a ‘fake’ seed scandal widely reported in 2014. Seed was distributed to farmers by government services but the seed was counterfeit and did not germinate properly. Majaliwa Mwanjalolo (RUFORUM -Uganda): There are companies which sell genuine inputs. However, the cost of those seeds cannot be afforded by smallholder farming. As result they are pushed to less genuine seeds. Official institutions in Uganda have collapsed. JB (Facilitator): Kenya is comparatively advanced on control of agro-chemicals. Robin Mbae (MOA- Kenya): The use of agro chemicals is very challenging. There isn't much education to the farmers. Correct use, timing, its effects for example on beneficial insects like pollinators are not considered, similar situation has been experienced with the recent spraying of the locust. Agrovet are the one relied on giving instruction to the farmers about the use of pesticides, but they mislead them and there has been a suggestion about going digital to guide use and management of agrochemicals. The pest and chemical control board need to keep proper guidelines to ensure whatever chemicals are used are legal or certified and there is a need for partners to engage on this issue. Michael Okoti (KALRO - Kenya): Delivery of appropriate information to the farmers require more training through demonstration. IPM might be a good practice, however the issue is about the cost involved with such practice and whether there is a good understanding about the practice. Esayas Lemma (MOA-Ethiopia): The flow of fertilizers in Ethiopia is from the Government to Cooperative Federations to Unions, and then to the farmers. Average fertilizer use is only 25% of the recommended amount per hectare. There is no law which controls the amount of fertilizer used implying that farmers can apply any quantity of fertilizers. Excess use can affect water course but in fact rarely excess use. In terms of management, pesticides are restricted by the Ministry of Agriculture and consideration is given on basis of specific request. Social Issues JB (Facilitator): International agencies have concerns for behaviour of project workers and labour standards for service providers. Do government extension services have codes of conduct expected of their workers. International NGOs are certainly expected to have policies for code of conduct in relation to interactions with communities where the work. What are the realities experienced? Veronica Ndetu (MOA Kenya): Civil servants have code of conduct on how to interact with farmers, with vulnerable people, and how to behave with service clients. Kenyan Constitution also emphasizes on the code of conduct. Case of disrespect are treated as isolated cases, but there are questions of accountability. JB (Facilitator): What are realities in terms of sensitivities, training and control and are there warnings and real sanction, or might workers just be moved? 24 Michael (KALRO - Kenya): For Government, sanctions are very clear. For example, in research, there is a very elaborate system to handle the issues. Committees to oversee new interventions will go to the project and discuss with women and men alone in order to determine potential negative and positive effects of the project, including on the code of conduct. Esayas Lemma (MOA-Ethiopia): In the current constitution, gender and development have been mainstreamed into NGOs. It guides the development of organisations so as to respect culture Enock Warinda (ASARECA- Uganda): ASARECA want to see technologies generated and disseminated do not contribute to inequality but contribute to food security, promote women's traditional crops and consider unique needs of vulnerable groups, women, youth etc. On the environmental assessment and gender there is inadequate training on biosafety, handling and storage. ASARECA coordinates a multi-donor trust fund (MTF) funded by the World Bank which has categorized environmental risk as B category and subsequently directed a focus on ESS 1, ie process and procedures for management of such risk. ASARECA came-up with its own programme policies for environmental and social safeguards and each project under MTF must be screened against the environmental and social framework. Projects much include IPM and elaborate on the control and distribution of pesticides. Majaliwa Mwanjalolo (RUFORUM -Uganda): Application of pesticides creates hazard. Cannot think only of IPM, but IWRM concerns for pesticides as move into water bodies affecting ecology. There should be no institution where there is no code of conduct so that bad things are not allowed to occur in Uganda, nor allow notion that people do not stand up against harassment. Kenneth Sinachikupo (ZMD-Zambia): There is a need to enhance engagement at local level to explain changes happening especially climate change and how it affects women, enhance information sharing between women on climate change, land degradation, water management. Women do not receive information in their local language which restricts their access to such information. Products need to be labelled with user-friendly language. Zewdu Segele (ICPAC): Users of climate data/information are Regional Organisations such as national meteorological agencies. Climate centres build the capacity of national organisation on how to use climate information and farmers are reached through these organisations. It is important to note that there is inherent risk in climate forecast. Reliability depend on number of factors: how forecast is made, accuracy, availability of data, station networks, rainfall data/records, how forecast results are disseminated and how it is used by the end users. The risk can be mitigated through: i) user engagement, co-production of data to increase availability of useful data to the farmers; ii) participatory scenarios; and iii) expanding the network of stations. More stations are needed but one year of data does not help anything. Majaliwa Mwanjalolo (RUFORUM -Uganda): Studies in DRC on use and sharing of climate information indicate that many women farmers do not have access to the information. This challenge can be mitigated by establishing resource centres. In Uganda, innovation platforms some of which have resource centres have contributed to improved access to information. The meeting concluded at 11:00 CET with vote of thanks from partners and everyone. 25 Environmental Management and Social Safeguards ASARECA’s Status Compliance with World Bank ESS Procedures 1. ASARECA coordinated the MDTF-funded projects. The MDTF was classified an Environmental Category B due to its’ relatively limited environmental impact potential. Three policies were triggered: (i) environmental assessment (OP/BP 4.01); (ii) Forests (OP/BP 4.36); and (iii) Pest Management (OP 4.09). To help coordinate these in its projects, ASARECA prepared an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 2. ASARECA observed the requirements laid down in the Environmental Management and Social Safeguards protocols. ASARECA Domesticated EMSS Procedures 3. ASARECA supported its member countries as well as targeted farmers with climate information services, especially climate-informed agricultural advisories. This was done through dissemination of downscaled meteorological data and information into the farmers’ phones. For example:  Through the application of response farming innovations, up to 400 smallholder farmers who adopted the recommended technologies realized over 50% yield increment over and above the normal. The increase in yield is mainly attributed to farmers’ immediate responses to available information on climate provided through downscaled forecasting. The increased yield resulted in households having more food for the family and through sales, increased income. 4. ASARECA developed and further customized the Environmental Management and Social Safeguards (EMSS) guidelines, thereby assisting the scientists to observe the EMSS procedures in their respective countries 5. As part of ensuring effective pest management, ASARECA required all supported projects to have an integrated pest management plan. It is mandatory that ASARECA shall only support activities that require the use of pesticides when:  They include the application of integrated pest management (IPM) practices, incorporating the promotion of biological and environmental control methods over chemical pesticides wherever possible;  They include the application and promotion of pesticide management practices outlined in the guidelines of the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides;  Project implementing countries have legislation and or technical services to guide pesticide distribution and use 6. ASARECA further made provisions that the following criteria apply to the selection and use of pesticides in any of its supported projects at the country level:  They must have negligible adverse human health effects;  They must be shown to be effective against the target species;  They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment;  The methods, timing and frequency of pesticide application must be aimed to minimize damage to natural enemies; and  Their use must take into account the need to prevent development of resistance in pests. 26 Compliance with Additional Procedures 7. 
ASARECA also made provisions that if a project is not using pesticides but might result in increased use of pesticides, a budget component has to be set 
aside for training farmers (or farmer groups) and/or creating awareness about proper use of pesticides. 8. 
The ASARECA policies further state that any pesticide used under ASARECA resources must be manufactured, packaged, labelled, handled, stored, disposed of, and applied according to standards that, at a minimum comply with the FAO’s Pesticide storage and stock control manual (FAO, 1996). 
 9. Besides adhering to the World bank’s procedures and protocols, ASARECA does not finance formulated products that fall in World Health Organisation classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II, if:  The country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; or  They are likely to be used by, or be accessible to lay personnel e.g. farmers, or other persons without 
training, equipment and facilities to handle, store and apply these products properly. 
 10. On the other hand, ASARECA does not finance any pesticide products that contain active ingredients that are listed on Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention unless the country in question has taken explicit legal or administrative measures to consent to import and use of that active ingredient. 
 11. Additionally, ASARECA does not finance any pesticide products which contain active ingredients that are listed on Annex A & B of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, unless for an acceptable purpose as defined by the Convention, or if an exemption has been obtained by the Country under this Convention. 12. For over two decades, and in working with its member countries, ASARECA has continued to track compliance with these international regulations. For example, Gender Aspects 13. ASARECA-supported interventions are not expected to have any significant negative social impacts, as it aims to bridge income inequalities through increased productivity and production of selected commodities. Since one of its core activities focuses on TIMPs generation and dissemination for selected value chains within each country, ASARECA ensures that the selected commodities contribute significantly to household food security, including promoting the “women’s crops�. 14. On the other hand, to ensure equitable benefits among target beneficiaries, ASARECA considers social and economic inclusion as key consideration in the identification of stakeholders / beneficiaries along each value chain. 15. Any of its supported projects must consider the unique needs and constraints of vulnerable and marginalized groups including smallholder farmers, displaced communities, and persons with disabilities, women and youth. 16. The following lessons were observed during the implementation of key strategic interventions 27  Inadequate training of downstream stakeholders on bio-safety and occupational safety and health at all levels, which resulted in limited use of protective equipment and knowledge of safe varieties and safe practices of handling  Inadequate access to finance for project participants to purchase protective equipment  Inadequate support for weather monitoring and keeping of a log of chemicals used and trends in their usage. Projects involving field trials and irrigation were noted to lack monitoring capacity of nutrient content in run-off and nearest water bodies  Limited collaboration with the National Environment Management Authorities on hazardous waste management. 28 Appendix B Farmer Stakeholders: Questionnaire Responses Ghana: Male Farmers Focus Group Discussion in Doggoh Village, Jirapa Municipal, Upper West Region Doyogena CSVs Facilitator: Hashim Ibrahim Institution: CSIR-SARI / CCAFS P4S project Community: Doggoh Date: 14th September 2020 Male Farmer Group: 5 participants (see photo below) Introductory Q. (For women, ask first for information whether any female-headed households represented in group?) A. Not applicable for men group. Q. Ask whether all involved in demonstration plots on a) family land, or b) gov/research station land? A. All the farmers are involved in the demonstration plot and uses family land. Q. Are they themselves all champion farmers, or wives/husbands of demonstrator farmers? A. The men are all champion farmers while some of the women are not because they use their husbands’ land and consult them for way forward. Q. What are main subsistence and cash crops, also farm animals in area? A. The main subsistence cash crop in the area includes; Groundnut, cowpea, soybean and maize and vegetable. The animals are; Goats, sheep, pigs, guinea fowl and fowls. Q. What are sources of cash income in your families, cash crops or other… ? A. Families get cash income from the sale of cash crops such as groundnut, soybean, cowpea and vegetables. They also migrate to the southern part of the country for paid labour and sometime get remittances as well as susu savings. Q. Do women or men market their cash crops? Please elaborate. A. mostly women market their cash crops in consultation with their husbands but few men help women in that regard. About 70% women and 30% men market their cash crop. Q. Do most farmers in zone have phones? More women or men? A. Not most farmers have phones; about 50% of the farmers have phones with 60% for men and 40% for women. CSA activities and general context Q. Do you see important advantages to be chosen for trials and demonstrations on your household land/farm? A. There is more advantage for implementing demonstration on households land because they are served as learning centres as such serious and important farmers handle them. 29 Q. Is this normally on land of man/husband’s village and/or family? A. in the community family lands are share to households and demonstrations are established on household lands (man/husband’s lands). Q. Are there jealousies of farmers not selected? A. Yes, there are jealousies because farmer handling demonstration are regarded as very important farmer in the community. Q. Do mostly women or mostly men come to demonstration activities on CSA plots? A. Both women and men participate but men are always many. 60% men and 40% women. Q. Is it normal for perhaps poorer women-headed farmers to attend demonstration activities? A. Yes is very normal. There is no discrimination with that regards. Q. Do ‘ordinary farmers’ currently get advice and/or climate information from government services? A. Yes, ordinary farmers get advice like any other person because climate information is free either coming Research, extension or Government through field days radio or television. Q. Away from demonstration farms, who decides on planting dates, always men or joint? A. Mostly men decide on planting date. Some of them in consultation with their wife’s but there are signs and signals for planting time in the community. Agricultural inputs use, pollution and safety Q. Do men make decisions about expenditure on inputs (improved seeds, expenditure on inputs (fertilisers and pesticides)? A. Mostly men make decisions on farming inputs and some suggestions from the women. Q. Do women households use less improved seed and chemicals (fertilisers and pesticides)? Is spraying or treatment with pesticides always a male activity? A . Women household use less improved seed and chemicals because of the type of crop they cultivate and some of them can’t afford even if interested. Spraying is mainly done by men. Q. Does integrated pest management (IPM) and its implications have resonance in practice of farmers, ie working with nature, fostering beneficial insects and minimal use of chemicals? (perhaps to facilitator)? A. integrated pest management may have long time effect on side of farmer by practicing minimal use of chemical though it better than full use of chemicals. Q. Do people in area use unlicensed (illegal) chemicals (question partly to facilitator familiar with zone)? A. No, farmer or person in the area uses licensed (legal) chemicals. Most chemical sellers are licensed or are approved by the Department of Agriculture and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Q. How are pesticide packets or tins disposed of? How should they be disposed of? 30 A. They are burn or buried on the ground by farmers. They should be buried. Q. Do agents of companies selling agri-chemicals provide safety training? A. At the point of sales, trainings are given to farmers. Q. Is there experience of health effects on villagers from use of chemicals, or unsafe storage, handling or disposal? A. Not exactly is only hearsay but no practical experience. Q. Are there incidences in area of such chemicals affecting quality of water sources, pond/river fish? A. No, due to education from CCAFS P4S project, MoFA and NGOs there no such incidences. Q. Do farmers learn about safety through demonstration events? Yes, Farmers get training through from trials and demonstrations on safety measures. Machinery, animals and safety Q. Is there agricultural machinery used? What type? Are animals used for transport, traction, etc? A. With the Jirapa municipality tractors and animal traction is commonly used for ploughing but not for transportation. Q. Do women-only farmers have access to machinery or traction? Does this restrict their integrated crop-livestock system possibilities? A. Both men and women have common access to machinery or traction. This does not restrict women farmers in their integrated crop-livestock system possibilities. Q. Have there been accidents with processing machinery, 2/4 wheel rotavators/tractors in your village/local area? Such as…? A. They have never been such accidents. Q. Animal hygiene issues: how are safe water sources (drinking water points/taps and wells) protected from contamination? A. For the borehole in the communities they are pre-protected, for the dam’s farmers do not crop close to the dam. Gender, poverty and inclusion Q. Do women work together on each other’s fields, weeding and harvesting? A. Yes, women do communal labour on weeding, planting and harvesting. Q. How is poverty manifest: clothes, children not going to school, poor health? A. The head of household takes most responsibility in the house as such very difficult. Q. Are female-headed households always/necessarily poorer than male headed households? A. Yes, because the main activities around is farming and men own farming lands for crops cultivation and are exposed to other things than women. 31 Q. Do female-headed households have fewer livestock? Do they even have fewer small animals? A. Yes female-headed households possessed fewer livestock and small animals because of lack of housing and tethering during the cropping seasons. Q. How are female-headed farmer households, ie without male labour, more affected by drought? A. Is difficult to manage the family during drought such that more time is need in fetching water. Also, vegetables and ingredients difficult to come by during drought. Q. In what way are women generally worse affected by drier or delayed planting seasons and drought periods? A. women are more affected because they are the housekeeper and need to work extract hard such as fetching of water, food and other things. Also, because of lack of alternative sources of income from wider family members. Q. What is coping strategy in extreme situations of poor harvest, destitution….? A. Sale of animal and remittances for the short period, but adoption of climate smart practices such as water harvesting, use of tied ridges, earth bunding and crop rotation cold help the situation in future. Gender harassment and abuse Q. Is there any experience of men making unwanted and forceful sexual approaches to women at times of demonstrations? A. No, farmers are not aware of such experience. Q. Are government extension officers or salesmen sometimes a pest ("me too") on their visits with women and girls in village? A. No, they are agents for developments and are always welcome to the community. Q. Can teachers also be exploitative of children in local schools, seeking sexual favours? A. In practice No because there is no incident recorded. Q. Do you sometimes or always believe girls if they report unwanted approaches from family relations, visitors, etc.? Comment please A. Not really, unless an investigation is taken place before we believe. Q. How do women react or sanction such behaviour toward themselves and on behalf of girls? Would you report to CSA extension organisers? A. Yes, if such happens we will report to CSA extension. Women normal do not feel fine and try to expose it. Q. Could offenders be excluded from CSA activities? (Question to facilitator, potential grievance recourse) A. The offenders will be excluded from CSA activities and the law takes it course. Q. Does poverty and bad agricultural harvests make women more susceptible to sexual advances? Please elaborate. 32 A. is possible poverty and bad agricultural harvest can make women more susceptible to sexual advance but no facts have been identified in the area. Women sometimes go to men for support and their behaviour sometimes suggest that they have some doing with them. Covid 19 Q. Does Covid affect your location? In what way? A. Covid affected our location greatly in the sense that schools are closed, markets initial were lockdown meaning pity trading our women engaged in was no more in existence. Meetings, trainings and workshops suspended and that affected the communities. Q. Does it affect markets or transport costs, schools, gov services or maintenance of physical infrastructure, access to clinics or hospital?. A. It attracted high transport charges because there was the need for social distancing meaning number of people in a particular car will be lesser than the normal intakes which attract high charges. General Price of goods is in the high side, people are afraid to attend hospitals even if they sick for fear of testing positive on covid. Physical infrastructural development is slowed down as well. Q. Family (male) members of family from cities from loss of employment? What implications? A. The implication is that there is less or no support from members of the family who lost their jobs. Q. Can it mean less in remittances from family members in cities and abroad to households, or is this not likely/relevant? A. once there is covid and things are not normal, remittance is not flowing as it was to our households. Open Question Q. Do you (Facilitator) have any other comment on environmental and social issues or priorities. Please make it here or on a new page. Thank you. A. Farmers and people of Doggoh are managing their environment well. They do not crop around their dam to prevent contamination, they buried their chemical containers after used, and they use improved seed and good agronomic practices learnt from the Demonstration fields implementing by CCAFs P4S Project. They have no experience in sexual harassments during demonstration field activities. They need more support to be on their own. 33 Male farmers in Doggoh Group Telephone Number 1. Naab Nakule 02487290122 2. Zuur Dondeme 0551038885 3. Clement Kuubakyene 0554279815 4. Francis Bellingtaa 0547290122 5. Berinkura Deri Nil 34 Ghana: Female Farmers Farmer Group Discussion in Doggoh Village, Jirapa Municipal, Upper West Region Doyogena CSVs Facilitator: Mrs Mavis Derigubah Community: Doggoh Women Farmer Group: 5 interviewees (see photo) Introductory (for women, ask first for information whether any female-headed households represented in group?) Two female-heads Ask whether all involved in demonstration plots on a) family land, or b) gov/research station land? Family land Are they themselves all champion farmers, or wives/husbands of demonstrator farmers? Both wives and husband What are main subsistence and cash crops, also farm animals in area Crop: Groundnuts, sorghum, Bambara beans Animals: sheep and fowls, Tree: shea and mango What are sources of cash income in your families, cash crops or other… ? Groundnuts, Bambara beans and sorghum. Do women or men market their cash crops? Please elaborate Mostly woman market or sell cash crops and give the money to their husband. Do most farmers in zone have phones? More women or men? Yes, mostly men have phones than women. CSA activities and general context Do you see important advantages to be chosen for trials and demonstrations on your household land/farm? Yes Is this normally on land of man/husband’s village and/or family? On our husband’s lands or family land. Are there jealousies of farmers not selected? No they rather learned from each other Do mostly women or mostly men come to demonstration activities on CSA plots? Both of us participate equally 35 Is it normal for perhaps poorer women-headed farmers to attend demonstration activities? Yes, it is very normal Do ‘ordinary farmers’ currently get advice and/or climate information from government services? Yes, through radio, TV by government officials. Away from demonstration farms, who decides on planting dates, always men or joint? Joint decision by both men and women. Agricultural inputs use, pollution and safety Do men make decisions about expenditure on inputs (improved seeds, expenditure on inputs (fertilisers and pesticides)? Yes, before the beginning of the project. Do women households use less improved seed and chemicals (fertilisers and pesticides)? Is spraying or treatment with pesticides always a male activity? Yes, women household used less improved seeds and spraying fertilizer mostly done by men some women. Does integrated pest management (IPM) and its implications have resonance in practice of farmers, ie working with nature, fostering beneficial insects and minimal use of chemicals? (perhaps to facilitator)? It has a long-time effect on us. Do people in area use unlicensed (illegal) chemicals (question partly to facilitator familiar with zone)? The distributors have licences, but the small retailers does not have. How are pesticide packets or tins disposed of? How should they be disposed of? (1) Burning, burying (2) They should be perforated Do agents of companies selling agri-chemicals provide safety training? No, sellers do not have time for us. Is there experience of health effects on villagers from use of chemicals, or unsafe storage, handling or disposal? We realised that many people in the village complains of stomach pains and hernia. Are there incidences in area of such chemicals affecting quality of water sources, pond/river fish? We normally see dead fishes floating on water surface but cannot prove the cause. Do farmers learn about safety through demonstration events? Yes, we have been taught severally 36 Machinery, animals and safety Is there agricultural machinery used? What type? Are animals used for transport, traction, etc? Yes, tractors but not adequate. No animal traction facility available Do women-only farmers have access to machinery or traction? Does this restrict their integrated crop-livestock system possibilities? No it is difficult to get and cost is also high. Yes, we are restricted Have there been accidents with processing machinery, 2/4 wheel rotavators/tractors in your village/local area? Such as…? No Animal hygiene issues: how are safe water sources (drinking water points/taps and wells) protected from contamination? We drink from the borehole but the animal’s drinks from ponds and wells Gender, poverty and inclusion Do women work together on each other’s fields, weeding and harvesting? Yes mostly during harvesting How is poverty manifest: clothes, children not going to school, poor health? (1) Poverty affect our daily thinking leading to sickness (2) Poor eating (3) No payment of school fees and health medication Are female-headed households always/necessarily poorer than male headed households? Female headed HH are poorer than male headed Is this because there are less diverse sources of family income support? Difficulties and time availability to market for cash? Women do not keep livestock like sheep and cattle to sell. Women cannot travel far to labour for cash for the family. Do female-headed households have fewer livestock? Do they even have fewer small animals? We do not have livestock only fowls How are female-headed farmer households, ie without male labour, more affected by drought? • we have to spend the whole day searching for water. • We have to look wild vegetables for food In what way are women generally worse affected by drier or delayed planting seasons and drought periods? There is piled of work on women leading to work pressure Could this be because when water is scarce there is more time fetching water? Yes, women have to look for water and not able to mulch their farms Or could this be because of lack of alternative sources of income from wider family members? 37 Yes, limited source of remittance What is coping strategy in extreme situations of poor harvest, destitution….? Selling of firewood, borrowing from village saving and loan (VSL) groups and Charcoal burning. Gender harassment and abuse Is there any experience of men making unwanted and forceful sexual approaches to women at times of demonstrations? No Are government extension officers or salesmen sometimes a pest ("me too") on their visits with women and girls in village? No Can teachers also be exploitative of children in local schools, seeking sexual favours? Yes, a lot happens in our village. Do you sometimes or always believe girls if they report unwanted approaches from family relations, visitors, etc.? Comment please Our girls does not report but their friends normally leaks the secrete. How do women react or sanction such behaviour toward themselves and on behalf of girls? Would you report to CSA extension organisers? When the girl’s mother contacts her get the truth the girl normally deny having anything doing with the teacher. Could offenders be excluded form CSA activities? (Question to facilitator, potential grievance recourse) No Does poverty and bad agricultural harvests make women more susceptible to sexual advances? Please elaborate. Yes, but such thing has never happened in our village Covid 19 Does Covid affect your location? In what way? No Does it affect markets or transport costs, schools, gov services or maintenance of physical infrastructure, access to clinics or hospital? • Fear to attend hospital • Because of the lockdown School girls are getting pregnant • No marketing of cash crop Can it mean return of family (?male) members of family from cities from loss of employment? What implications? • There is pressure on little food in the house • High theft cases 38 Can it mean less in remittances from family members in cities and abroad to households, or is this not likely/relevant? Yes, there is less remittance Open Question Do you (Facilitator) have any other comment on environmental and social issues or priorities? Please make it here or on a new page. Thank you. • There is high cost agricultural inputs and fertilizer, also no livestock dropping to fertilize our farms. • Delay in rains affects farm size and yield Female farmers in Doggoh Group Telephone Numbers 1. Saanatia Mercy 0507677089 2. Yuopore Babire 0547275336 3. Bellingtaa Ceceilia 0547290122 4. Tang Tengnibe Nil 5. Deri Ayoo Nil 39 Mali: Male Farmers (N’Gakoro CSVs) Male focus group discussion at CSV of N’Gakoro CSV Coordinator and enumerator: Siaka DEMBELE Date of interview: 14/09/2020 Interviewed farmers: 3 Men Guide for Consultation Facilitators/Interpreters for both Women and Men Farmers (adapted for use with men also) v1 Introductory 1. Ask whether all involved in demonstration plots on: Yes all a) family land, or b) gov/research station land? c) Community land: Yes 2. Are they themselves all champion farmers, or wives/husbands of demonstrator farmers? -They are all champion farmers. 3. What are main subsistence and cash crops, also farm animals in area? Crops: millet (Pennisetum glaucaum);- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor);- maize (Zea mays); Cash crops: Sesame (Sesamum indicum);- cowpea (Vigna unguiculata); - groundnut (Arachis hypogea); - fonio (Digitaria exilis); - bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) Farm animals: cattle;- donkey; - sheep; - goat, - poultry/birds (chicken, duck, guinea fow, pigeon…) 4. What are sources of cash income in your families, cash crops or other… ? - Sesame (Sesamum indicum); - cowpea (Vigna unguiculata); - groundnut (Arachis hypogea); - fonio (Digitaria exilis); - bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) - Cattle; - donkey; - sheep; - goat; - poultry/birds (chicken, duck, guinea fowl, pigeon…) - Other sources of cash income: - migration in cities and neighbouring countries; - gold mining areas; - small business; - cattle and sheep fattening. 5. Do women or men market their cash crops? Please elaborate. - both women and men market their cash crops; - gate selling; - sell to neighbouring market. 6. Do most farmers in zone have phones? More women or men? - most farmers in zone have phone (more than 80%); - more men have phone than women. CSA activities and general context, etc 7. Do you see important advantages to be chosen for trials and demonstrations on your household land/farm? - We see a lot of important advantages to be chosen for trials and demonstration on our household land/farm; - new ways to learn agriculture; - good agricultural practices such as: contour ridge tillage, micro-dosing technique; nitrated soil fertility management; improved crops varieties, - trees planting for animals’ nutrition, wind break, soil protection etc. 40 - getting advices; - getting improved yield. 8. Is this normally on land of man/husband’s village and/or family? - It is normal on man/husband’s village and/or family; - we would like specially each household has his own demonstration plot which will increase the rate of adoption. 9. Are there jealousies of farmers not selected? - not selected farmers are jealous in the village and outside the village - at the begin of CSA activities some farmers were not available for participation but now with the visible effects of CSA practices, they are many ready to use CSA technologies and practices. 10. Do mostly women or mostly men come to demonstration activities on CSA plots? - most women and men come to demonstration activities on CSA plot. Women are mainly involved in vegetable production while men mainly involved on staple food crops production, forage shrubs/grasses species production. 11. Is it normal for perhaps poorer women-headed farmers to attend demonstration activities? - It is normal poorer women-headed farmers to attend demonstration activities; - helps more poorer women-headed farmers. 12. Do ‘ordinary farmers’ currently get advice and/or climate information from government services? - Non ordinary farmers don’t get advice/or climate information from government; - few information received from radio 13. Away from demonstration farms, who decides on planting dates, always men or joint? - Always men head of family decide on planting dates, sometimes joint decision are made. Agricultural inputs use, pollution and safety 14. Do men make decisions about expenditure on inputs (improved seeds, expenditure on inputs (fertilisers and pesticides)? - Always men make decisions about expenditure on inputs (improved seed and chemicals: (fertilisers and pesticides). 15. Do women households use less improved seed and chemicals (fertilisers and pesticides)? - women household use less improved seed and chemicals (fertilisers and pesticides), - women inputs come usually from the men household-headed inputs. 16. Is spraying or treatment with pesticides always a male activity? - Yes, spraying or treatment with pesticides are usually a male activity - 17. Does integrated pest management (IPM) and its implications have resonance in practice of farmers, ie working with nature, fostering beneficial insects and minimal use of chemicals? (perhaps to facilitator)? - Integrated pest management (IPM) and its implications have resonance in practice of farmers with low use of chemicals or even no use. 18. Do people in area use unlicensed (illegal) chemicals (question partly to facilitator familiar with zone)? - No unlicensed (illegal) chemicals are used. Chemicals are usually bought from authorized compagnies. 19. How are pesticide packets or tins disposed of? How should they be disposed of? 41 - in bottle; - in sachet; - they dig hole were the disposed of and close it. 20. Do agents of companies selling agri-chemicals provide safety training? - No training is provided by agents selling of companies. 21. Is there experience of health effects on villagers from use of chemicals, or unsafe storage, handling or disposal? - Yes, they had bad experience from the use of chemical on animals. - they have bloat stomach. 22. Are there incidences in area of such chemicals affecting quality of water sources, pond/river fish? - No incidence recorded; - Less use of chemicals. 23. Do farmers learn about safety through demonstration events? - farmers learn about safety through demonstration events - not eat vegetable immediately after spraying and not give to animals. - users should be protected. Machinery, animals and safety 24. Is there agricultural machinery used? What type? Are animals used for transport, traction, etc? - yes - Type of agricultural machinery used: - plow; - cart; - seeder - Animals used for transport and traction: - cattle; - donkey 25. Do women-only farmers have access to machinery or traction? Does this restrict their integrated crop-livestock system possibilities? - less access to machinery. Note Women use usually men-headed machinery when he has finished his work. Yes, this restrict their integrated crop-livestock system possibilities. 26. Have there been accidents with processing machinery, 2/4-wheel rotavators/tractors in your village/local area? Such as…? - there an experience accident with cart, except no known accident was recorded in the village. 27. Animal hygiene issues: how are safe water sources (drinking water points/taps and wells) protected from contamination? - all water sources are well protected from chemicals contamination. We know their dangerousness. Less chemicals are used in our village. Gender, poverty and inclusion 28. Do women work together on each other’s fields, weeding and harvesting? - women work together on each other’s fields in organisation for getting money (ie. weeding and harvesting) 29. How is poverty manifest: clothes, children not going to school, poor health? - poverty manifest by: lack of clothes, children not going to school, poor health, poor house wall, lack of food… 30. Are female-headed households always/necessarily poorer than male headed households? - female-headed households are generally poorer than male headed households? 42 31. Is this because there are less diverse sources of family income support? Difficulties and time availability to market for cash? - yes, less diverse sources of family income support. - difficulties and less available time to market for cash. 32. Do female-headed households have fewer livestock? Do they even have fewer small animals? - have fewer livestock or no and even fewer small animals or no. 33. How are female-headed farmer households, ie without male labour, more affected by drought? - yes, more affected by drought: - less low have or no this give lack of food; - no access to health care; - no condiment price; - increase poverty. 34. In what way are women generally worse affected by drier or delayed planting seasons and drought periods? - women generally worse affected by drier or delayed planting seasons and drought periods. - no harvest, lack of food - increased poverty. 35. Could this be because when water is scarce there is more time fetching water? - when water is scarce there is more time needed for fetching water. 36. Or could this be because of lack of alternative sources of income from wider family members? - there is lack of alternative sources of income from wider family members. All expenditure is mainly supported by men. 37. What is coping strategy in extreme situations of poor harvest, destitution….? - in extreme situations of poor harvest, destitution. - the men-headed authorize family members to migrate in cities or neighbouring countries for seeking income. - sell of animals to by food and assure other’s needs. - give a child to a rich person in return for the money borrowed for a while Gender harassment and abuse 38. Is there any experience of men making unwanted and forceful sexual approaches to women at times of demonstrations? - no any harassment to women recorded at times of demonstrations. 39. Are government extension officers or salesmen sometimes a pest ("me too") on their visits with women and girls in village? - no any case recorded. 40. Can teachers also be exploitative of children in local schools, seeking sexual favours? - no any case reported 41. Do you sometimes or always believe girls if they report unwanted approaches from family relations, visitors, etc.? Comment please - girls will report if there are unwanted approaches from family, visitors. 42. How do women react or sanction such behaviour toward themselves and on behalf of girls? Would you report to CSA extension organisers? 43 - women will report for sanctions 43. Could offenders be excluded form CSA activities? (Question to facilitator, potential grievance recourse) - when establishes the offenders will be first punished by the chief of the village and excluded from CSA activities. 44. Does poverty and bad agricultural harvests make women more susceptible to sexual advances? Please elaborate - yes, poverty and bad agricultural harvests make women more susceptible to sexual advances in general. Covid 19 45. Does Covid affect your location? In what way? - Covid-19 did not affected our location. 46. Does it affect markets or transport costs, schools, gov services or maintenance of physical infrastructure, access to clinics or hospital? - It has affected markets, transport costs, closing of schools, reducing staff attending to work for just maintenance. Reduced staff in clinics and hospitals. Increase of some item’s prices. 47. Can it mean return of family (?male) members of family from cities from loss of employment? What implications - we register a lot of loss of employment which seriously affected family supported by their member outside the village. 48. Can it mean less in remittances from family members in cities and abroad to households, or is this not likely/relevant? - of course, reduction in remittance from family members in cities and abroad to households. Open Question 49. Do you (Facilitator) have any other comment on environmental and social issues or priorities. Please make it here or on a new page. Thank you. Main priorities in the intervention are: - Help farmers in building agro-ecological infrastructures; - More investment in infrastructures for fixing farmers in their environment; - Promoting integrated agro-sylvo-pastoral system for increasing resilience; - This on individual base for motivated end engaged farmers for a deep transformation - Water availability in longue dry season is key in the sahel zone. 44 Interviewed men in the CSV of N’Gakoro N° First and last name Age Phone number 1 Lamine KON 33 9169 0064 2 Sitapha COULIBALY 60 7281 9875 3 Abdou DIARRA 27 - 45 Mali: Male Farmers (Tongo CSV) CSV Coordinator and enumerator: Siaka DEMBELE Date of interview: 14/09/2020 Interviewed farmers: 3 Men (see photo below) Guide for Consultation Facilitators/Interpreters for both Women and Men Farmers (adapted for use with men also) v1 Introductory 1. Ask whether all involved in demonstration plots on: - Yes all family land, gov/research station land? Community land: Yes 2. Are they themselves all champion farmers, or wives/husbands of demonstrator farmers? -They are all champion farmers. 3. What are main subsistence and cash crops, also farm animals in area? - Main subsistence crops are: millet (Pennisetum glaucaum); - sorghum (Sorghum bicolor); - rice (Oryza sativa) in lowland; - maize (Zea mays); - fonio (Digitaria exilis); - Main cash crops are: sesame (Sesamum indicum);- cowpea (Vigna unguiculata); - groundnut (Arachis hypogea); - Main farm animals in the area: cattle; - donkey; - sheep; - goat; - horse; - poultry/birds (chicken, duck, guinea fowl, pigeon…) 4. What are sources of cash income in your families, cash crops or other…? - Cash crops: sesame (Sesamum indicum); - cowpea (Vigna unguiculata); - groundnut (Arachis hypogea); - fonio (Digitaria exilis); - bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) - Cash animals: cattle;- donkey; - sheep; - goat; - poultry/birds (chicken, duck, guinea fowl, pigeon…) - Other sources of cash income: migration in cities and neighbouring countries; - gold mining areas; - small business; - small work during dry season (bricklayer, carpenter, tailor…); - cattle and sheep fattening. 5. Do women or men market their cash crops? Please elaborate. - both women and men market their cash crops; - sell to neighbouring markets (Cinzana, Katiena, Djouna, Tonah etC.). 6. Do most farmers in zone have phones? More women or men? - most farmers in zone have phone (more than 70%); - more men have phone than women. CSA activities and general context 7. Do you see important advantages to be chosen for trials and demonstrations on your household land/farm? - yes, a lot of important advantages: - microdose practice; - thinning; - integrated soil fertility management; - contour ridge tillage; - improved crops varieties, - trees planting for animals’ nutrition, wind break, soil protection etc. - getting advices; - getting improved yield. 8. Is this normally on land of man/husband’s village and/or family? - It is normal on man/husband’s village and/or family; - we learn a lot from the farmer field school demonstration plot - increase yield and increase the rate of adoption; 46 9. Are there jealousies of farmers not selected? - not selected farmers are jealous. 10. Do mostly women or mostly men come to demonstration activities on CSA plots? - mostly men CSA staple crop plot demonstration activities than women. Women are mainly involved in vegetable production while men mainly involved on staple food crops production. 11. Is it normal for perhaps poorer women-headed farmers to attend demonstration activities? - It is normal poorer women-headed farmers to attend demonstration activities; - this will empower them. 12. Do ‘ordinary farmers’ currently get advice and/or climate information from government services? - except on radio, they are not getting advice/or climate information from government; 13. Away from demonstration farms, who decides on planting dates, always men or joint? - Always men-head of family decide on planting dates. Agricultural inputs use, pollution and safety 14. Do men make decisions about expenditure on inputs (improved seeds, expenditure on inputs (fertilisers and pesticides)? - Always men make decisions about expenditure on inputs (improved seed and chemicals: (fertilisers and pesticides). 15. Do women households use less improved seed and chemicals (fertilisers and pesticides)? - women household use less improved seed and chemicals (fertilisers and pesticides), - women inputs come usually from the men household-headed inputs. 16. Is spraying or treatment with pesticides always a male activity? - Yes, spraying or treatment with pesticides are usually a male activity. 17. Does integrated pest management (IPM) and its implications have resonance in practice of farmers, i.e. working with nature, fostering beneficial insects and minimal use of chemicals? (perhaps to facilitator)? - Integrated pest management (IPM) and its implications have resonance in practice of farmers with low use of chemicals or even no use. - IPM has a great implication on good agricultural management (soil, water, air, in all environment). 18. Do people in area use unlicensed (illegal) chemicals (question partly to facilitator familiar with zone)? - No unlicensed (illegal) chemicals are used. Chemicals are usually bought from authorized companies. 19. How are pesticide packets or tins disposed of? How should they be disposed of? Pesticides are usually packeting in: - can; - bottle; - sachet - they usually throw in toilet because if they put in hole some children may remove and re-used them. 20. Do agents of companies selling agri-chemicals provide safety training? - No training is provided by agents selling of companies. 47 21. Is there experience of health effects on villagers from use of chemicals, or unsafe storage, handling or disposal? - Yes, they got contaminated from using a chemical to treat animal insect (tick). 22. Are there incidences in area of such chemicals affecting quality of water sources, pond/river fish? - No incidence recorded; - very low use of chemicals in the village 23. Do farmers learn about safety through demonstration events? - yes, farmers learn about safety through demonstration events, - not eat vegetable immediately after spraying and not give to animals. - users should be protected with appropriate shoes, clothes and gloves). Machinery, animals and safety 24. Is there agricultural machinery used? What type? Are animals used for transport, traction, etc? - yes, there is agricultural machinery used. - Type of agricultural machinery used: - plough; - cart; - seeder, - mill. - yes, Animals are used for transport and traction: - mainly: cattle and donkey. 25. Do women-only farmers have access to machinery or traction? Does this restrict their integrated crop-livestock system possibilities? - women and men have access to machinery or traction. Note Women use usually men-headed machinery or traction. Yes, this restrict their integrated crop-livestock system possibilities. 26. Have there been accidents with processing machinery, 2/4-wheel rotavators/tractors in your village/local area? Such as…? - no accident has been recorded with processing machinery in the village. 27. Animal hygiene issues: how are safe water sources (drinking water points/taps and wells) protected from contamination? - all water sources are well protected from chemicals contamination. Less chemicals are used in our village. Gender, poverty and inclusion 28. Do women work together on each other’s fields, weeding and harvesting? - women work together on each other’s fields in small group of 6-10 or more for getting money (i.e. weeding and harvesting) 29. How is poverty manifest: clothes, children not going to school, poor health? - poverty manifest by: lack of clothes, lack of shoes, lack of locomotion mean, children are not going to school, poor health, lack of food… 30. Are female-headed households always/necessarily poorer than male headed households? - not always female-headed households are generally poorer than male headed households. It depends to inherited mean. If poorer women did not inherited mean, the poverty will increase. In general female-headed poorer are many than men. 48 31. Is this because there are less diverse sources of family income support? Difficulties and time availability to market for cash? - yes, less diverse sources of family income support. - difficulties and less available time to market for cash. - she doesn’t have mean 32. Do female-headed households have fewer livestock? Do they even have fewer small animals? - some have fewer livestock - some have small animals (goat mainly). 33. How are female-headed farmer households, i.e. without male labour, more affected by drought? - yes, more affected by drought: - delayed in implementation of all activities - lack of food; - lack of firewood. 34. In what way are women generally worse affected by drier or delayed planting seasons and drought periods? - women generally worse affected by drier or delayed planting seasons and drought periods. - yes, delayed planting; - no harvest, lack of food; - increased poverty. 35. Could this be because when water is scarce there is more time fetching water? - difficulties will increase; - when water is scarce there is more time needed for fetching water. 36. Or could this be because of lack of alternative sources of income from wider family members? - yes, lack of alternative sources of income from wider family members. 37. What is coping strategy in extreme situations of poor harvest, destitution….? - in extreme situations of poor harvest, destitution. - some family members migrate in cities or neighbouring countries for seeking income. - sell of animals to buy food and assure other’s needs. - reduce food use by at least 1/3 of normal food use. - dietary change. Gender harassment and abuse 38. Is there any experience of men making unwanted and forceful sexual approaches to women at times of demonstrations? - no any harassment to women recorded at times of demonstrations. 39. Are government extension officers or salesmen sometimes a pest ("me too") on their visits with women and girls in village? - no any case recorded. 40. Can teachers also be exploitative of children in local schools, seeking sexual favours? - no any case reported 41. Do you sometimes or always believe girls if they report unwanted approaches from family relations, visitors, etc.? Comment please - in case it happens, girls will report. 49 42. How do women react or sanction such behaviour toward themselves and on behalf of girls? Would you report to CSA extension organisers? - women will report to village chief first for sanctions and later CSA extension organisers. 43. Could offenders be excluded form CSA activities? (Question to facilitator, potential grievance recourse) - when establishes the offenders will be excluded from CSA activities. 44. Does poverty and bad agricultural harvests make women more susceptible to sexual advances? Please elaborate - yes, poverty and bad agricultural harvests make women more susceptible to sexual advances in general. - lack of mean to satisfy her need; - sometimes, she borrows money or others items, when she is not able to refund, she could offer herself easily to sexual advance. Covid 19 45. Does Covid affect your location? In what way? - Covid-19 did not affected our location. 46. Does it affect markets or transport costs, schools, gov services or maintenance of physical infrastructure, access to clinics or hospital? - It has affected markets, - lowdown of animal’s price, increase transport costs, closing of schools, Increase of some item’s prices. 47. Can it mean return of family (? male) members of family from cities from loss of employment? What implications? - loss of employment; - return to family from cities and neighbouring counties; - increase lack of income. 48. Can it mean less in remittances from family members in cities and abroad to households, or is this not likely/relevant? - reduce remittance from family members in cities and abroad to households even nothing. Open Question 49. Do you (Facilitator) have any other comment on environmental and social issues or priorities. Please make it here or on a new page. Thank you. Main priorities in the intervention are: - Water availability in long dry season is key in the Sahel zone; - Make available some found for cattle and sheep fattening; - Help farmers in building agro-ecological infrastructures; - More investment in infrastructures for fixing farmers in their environment; - Promoting integrated agro-sylvo-pastoral system for increasing resilience; - This should be on individual base for motivated and engaged farmers for a deep transformation. 50 Photo. Interviewed men in the CSV of Tongo N° First and last name Age Phone number 1 Bourama KEITA 45 9109 1228 2 Brehima COULIBALY 45 7044 3249 3 Makan TOURE 43 - 51 Mali: Female Farmers (N’Gakoro CSV) Focus groupe de discussion des femmes de VCI N’Gakoro Coordinateur VCI : Siaka DEMBELE Enquêteur : Oumou FONGORO Date : 14/09/2020 Productrices enquêtées : 4 femmes Guide d’enquête pour les Facilitateurs/Interprètes pour les agriculteurs femmes et hommes (adapté pour une utilisation avec les hommes également) v1 Introduction (Pour les femmes, demandez d'abord si des ménages dirigés par une femme sont représentés dans le groupe ?) Oui, un ménage dirigé par une femme : Mayama YATTOURA 1. Demandez si tous sont impliqués dans des parcelles de démonstration sur : a) des terres familiales ou b) des terres gouv / station de recherche? c) Champs collectifs ou jardin collectifs 2. Sont-ils tous eux-mêmes des agriculteurs champions ou épouses / maris d'agriculteurs des parcelles de démonstrations ? - Oui, c’est les femmes qui sont meilleures productrices dans les parcelles de démonstration 3. Quelles sont les principales cultures de subsistance et de rente, ainsi que les animaux de ferme dans la région ? Les principales cultures de subsistance : - Mil, Sorgho, Mais, Fonio Les principales cultures de rente : -Arachide, Niébé, Sésame, plus les légumes, les cultures vivrières. Les principaux animaux de ferme dans la région sont: -Chèvre, mouton, béttail, l’âne, la vollailles (poules, coq, pintade, canard, pigeon). 4. Quelles sont les sources de revenus monétaires dans vos familles, les cultures commerciales ou autre ? - les produits maraichères (piment, tomate, gombo, aubergine africaine) et les cultures commerciales comme le niébé, l’arachide, le sésame). 5. Les femmes où les hommes commercialisent-ils leurs cultures de rentes ? Veuillez préciser. - Oui, les femmes commercialisent leurs cultures de rentes comme l’arachide, sésame, et les produits des cultures maraichères comme (piment, tomate, aubergine africaine et gombo). 52 6. La plupart des agriculteurs de la zone ont-ils des téléphones ? Plus de femmes ou d’hommes ? -Oui la plupart des agriculteurs ont des téléphones, mais les hommes ont plus de téléphones que les femmes. Activités de l'AIC et contexte 7. Voyez-vous des avantages importants de vous choisir pour les essais et les démonstrations sur vos parcelle / ferme de votre ménage ? -Oui, on a bénéficié des avantages des essais de démonstration dans nos ménages, on applique les pratiques et technologies apprises dans nos parcelles. 8. Est-ce normalement sur la parcelle de l’homme/femme du village ou celle de la famille? - sur la parcelle collective des femmes (périmètre maraicher). 9. Y a-t-il des jalouse agricultrices non sélectionnées ? - Oui, il y’a beaucoup d’agricultrices non sélectionnées. 10. Lesquelles des femmes ou des hommes viennent-ils plus aux activités de démonstration sur les parcelles AIC ? - les femmes qui sont dans les associations villageoises, 11. Est-il normal que des agricultrices pour peut-être les chefs de ménages plus pauvres participent aux activités de démonstration ? - Oui, elles peuvent participer aux activités des parcelles de démonstrations, car l’objectif du projet aussi est d’aider les femmes pauvres 12. Es ce que les « agriculteurs ordinaires » reçoivent-ils actuellement des conseils et / ou des informations climatiques des services gouvernementaux ? - Non, à part le projet CCAFS on n’a pas d’autres services ou de conseils sur l’agriculture et sur les informations climatiques. 13. En dehors des parcelles de démonstration, qui décide des dates de semis/plantation, toujours les hommes ou en commun ? -les hommes décident pour leurs travaux des céréales, et nous les femmes nous prenons notre décision de semis, des plantations ou repiquages des cultures maraichères. Utilisation des intrants agricoles, pollution et sécurité 14. Les hommes prennent-ils des décisions concernant les dépenses en intrants (semences améliorées, dépenses en intrants (engrais et pesticides) ? - les hommes dépensent uniquement dans les cultures céréalières (semences non améliorées, du fumier, et un peu engrais chimiques) nous les femmes ; nous prenons en charges les dépenses des cultures maraichères du niébé et l’arachide. 53 15. Les ménages de femmes utilisent-ils moins de semences améliorées et de produits chimiques (engrais et pesticides) ? - Oui, elles utilisent moins les semences améliorées, engrais chimiques à cause des coûts élevés des intrants. 16. La pulvérisation ou le traitement avec des pesticides est-il toujours une activité masculine ? -Non, nous les femmes nous faisons nos traitements nous-mêmes (avec les bio pesticides, extrait de feuilles de neem). 17. La lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs (IPM) et ses implications ont-elles une résonance dans la pratique des agriculteurs, c'est-à-dire en travaillant avec la nature, en favorisant les insectes bénéfiques et en utilisant un minimum de produits chimiques ? (Peut-être au facilitateur) ? - la combinaison des méthodes agronomiques, biologiques et un minimum d’utilisation de produits chimiques pour un meilleur rendement sans contaminer l’environnement. 18. Les habitants de la zone utilisent-ils des produits chimiques non autorisés (illégaux) (question en partie adressée à l'animateur familier avec la zone) ? -Non 19. Comment les paquets ou boîtes de pesticides sont-ils éliminés ? Comment doivent- ils être éliminés ? -Nous les mettons dans les trous et fermés 20. Les agents des entreprises de commerce et de distribution des produits agro- chimiques offrent-ils une formation en matière de sécurité ? - Non, ont reçoivent ses informations à travers les agents du projet CCAFS 21.Y a-t-il une expérience des effets sur la santé des villageois dûs à l'utilisation de produits chimiques ou à un stockage insécurisé, une manipulation ou une élimination dangereuse ? - Non, nous n’avons pas rencontré des problèmes de santé. 22. Y a-t-il des incidences dans la région tels que les produits chimiques affectant la qualité des sources d'eau, d'étang /de rivière ? -Non 23. Les agriculteurs apprennent-ils/elles la sécurité lors des événements de démonstration ? - Oui, lors des travaux on les conseils sur la sécurité et l’utilisation des produits chimiques. Il y a une faible utilisation de produits chimiques dans notre village. Machines, animaux et sécurité 24. Y a-t-il des machines agricoles utilisées ? Quel type ? Les animaux sont-ils utilisés pour le transport, la traction, etc. ? -les machines agricoles utilisées sont : charrues, semoir 54 -les animaux sont utilisés pour les transports et la traction (ânes, bœufs) 25. Les agricultrices uniquement ont-elles accès aux machines où à la traction ? Cela limite-t-il les possibilités de leur système intégré agriculture-élevage ? - l’absence des machines et la traction limitent le système agriculture-élevage. 26. Y a-t-il eu des accidents avec des machines de traitement, des rotatoires / tracteurs à 2/4 roues dans votre village / localité ? Tel que… ? - Non, on peut dire qu’il n’y a pas d’accident par ce que l’utilisation des machines de traitement et/ou rotatoires sont rare. 27. Problèmes d'hygiène animale : comment les sources d'eau potable (points d'eau potable / robinets et puits) sont-elles protégées de la contamination ? - l’eau de robinets, l’eau du puits sont protégés des contaminations des produits chimiques. Genre, pauvreté et inclusion 28. Les femmes travaillent-elles ensemble dans les champs, le désherbage et la récolte ? - Pour l’essai Oui, - pour leurs parcelles c’est individuel - souvent ; elles sont organisées en petits groupes pour faire des prestations chez les gens qui ont besoins d’eux. 29. Comment la pauvreté se manifeste-t-elle : vêtements, enfants qui ne vont pas à l'école, mauvaise santé ? -l’insuffisance alimentaires, le manque de vêtements, non scolarisation des enfants, et manque des soins de santé. 30. Les ménages dirigés par des femmes sont-ils toujours / nécessairement plus pauvres que les ménages dirigés par des hommes ? - les ménages dirigés par les femmes pas toujours plus pauvres que ceux dirigés par les hommes. Cela dépend des ménages. Il faut noter que les femmes sont plus vulnérables que les hommes à cause de la faiblesse de leur moyen de production. Donc peuvent être plus pauvre que ceux des hommes. 31. Est-ce qu’il existe des sources diverses de soutien du revenu familial ? Difficu ltés et disponibilité du temps pour le marché (argent espèce) ? -c’est ne pas toujours certain, 32. Les ménages dirigés par des femmes ont-ils moins de bétail ? Ont-ils même moins de petits animaux ? -Oui, les femmes ont généralement plus de petits animaux (chèvre, mouton). 33. Comment les ménages d'agriculteurs dirigés par des femmes, c'est-à-dire sans main-d'œuvre masculine, sont-ils plus touchés par la sécheresse ? - Oui, 55 34. De quelle manière les femmes sont-elles généralement plus affectées par les saisons de semis/plantation plus sèches ou retardées et les périodes de sécheresse ? -elles vont dans le jardin maraicher - retard dans le semis des cultures, manque de main d’œuvre ; - manque de nourriture. 35. Serait-il parce que lorsque l'eau est rare, il y a plus de temps pour aller chercher de l’eau ? - Oui, si l’eau se fait rare, nous serons obligés d’aller chercher l’eau dans les puits, dans les rivières cela demande plus de temps. 36. Où est-ce que cela pourrait être dû au manque de sources alternatives de revenus des membres de la famille élargie ? -oui 37. Quelle est la stratégie d'adaptation dans des situations extrêmes de mauvaise récolte, de pénurie… ? - mauvaise récolte : - nous allons dans le jardin - pénurie - vendre des bétails, chercher des crédits, demande d’aide aux voisins. Harcèlement et abus de genre 38. Y a-t-il une expérience d'hommes faisant des rapports sexuels non désirés et forcés aux femmes lors des démonstrations ? - Non 39. Les agents de vulgarisation du gouvernement où souvent les vendeurs sont-ils parfois un ravageur (« moi aussi ») lors de leurs visites avec des femmes et des filles dans le village ? - Non 40. Les enseignants peuvent-ils également exploiter les enfants des écoles locales, à la recherche de faveurs sexuelles ? - Non 41. Croyez-vous parfois ou toujours les filles si elles signalent des approches indésirables de la part de relations familiales, de visiteurs, etc. ? Commentaire s'il vous plait - Non 42. Comment les femmes réagissent-elles ou sanctionnent-elles un tel comportement envers elles-mêmes et au nom des filles ? Souhaitez-vous rendre compte aux organisateurs de vulgarisation de l’AIC ? - Elle va lui donner des conseils en cachète, - Non, elles ne diront rien aux organisateurs de vulgarisation de l’AIC. - Si c’est très sérieux le problème peut être amené auprès du chef de village. 56 43. Les délinquants pourraient-ils être exclus des activités de l’AIC ? (Question à l'animateur, recours potentiel de réclamation). - Non, l’auteur sera conseillé d’abord, s’il reprend il sera sanctionné. 44. La pauvreté et les mauvaises récoltes agricoles rendent-elles les femmes plus vulnérables aux avances sexuelles ? Veuillez préciser. -Oui - la pauvreté et la mauvaise récolte aggrave la vulnérabilité des femmes et facilement accepte les avances sexuelles ; Covid 19 45. Covid-19 affecte-t-il votre emplacement ? De quelle manière ? - Non - en empêchant nos enfants (garçons, filles) d’aller en exode ; - confinement et fermeture des frontières ; - perte d’emploi. 46.Cela affecte-t-il les marchés où les coûts de transport, les écoles, les services gouvernementaux où l'entretien des infrastructures physiques, l'accès aux cliniques où à l’hôpital ? - Oui, cela affecte les marchés, les écoles sont fermées, et les coûts de transports sont élevés. 47. Cela peut-il signifier le retour des membres de la famille (Hommes ?) de la famille des villes après la perte de leur emploi ? Quelles implications ? -Oui, les garçons et les filles qui sont aux aventures sont retournées en famille, perte de travail. -aider les familles dans les travaux champêtres 48. Cela peut-il signifier moins d'envois de fonds des membres de la famille des villes et à l'étranger vers les ménages, où est-ce peu probable / pertinent ? - Oui, cela à diminuer l’envoie l’argent de l’étranger vers nos familles Question ouverte 49.Avez-vous (l'animateur) d'autres commentaires sur les questions où priorités environnementales et sociales ? Veuillez le faire ici ou sur une nouvelle page. Je vous remercie. - le changement climatique est réel dans la zone où j’opère, et je suis sûr que sans des mesures d’adaptation approprié face au climat les conséquences seront très graves dans l’avenir. - La majeure partie des enfants du village font en aventures chaque année à la recherche de revenus pour satisfaire les besoins de la famille. 57 Photos. Interviewed women and enumerator at the CSV of N’Gakoro Productrices enquêtées : N° Prénom et nom Age Numéro de téléphone 1 Mayama YATTOURA 76 - 2 Mah DIARRA 50 - 3 Bintou DEMBELE 60 - 4 Rokiatou DIARRA 54 58 Mali: Female Farmers (Tongo CSV) Focus groupe de discussion des femmes de VCI Tongo Coordinateur VCI : Siaka DEMBELE Enquêteur : Oumou FONGORO Date : 14/09/2020 Productrices enquêtées : 5 femmes Guide d’enquête pour les Facilitateurs/Interprètes pour les agriculteurs femmes et hommes (adapté pour une utilisation avec les hommes également) v1 Introduction (pour les femmes, demandez d'abord si des ménages dirigés par une femme sont représentés dans le groupe?). Oui, toutes ces femmes participant dans les activités CSA 1. Demandez si tous sont impliqués dans des parcelles de démonstration sur: d) des terres familiales ou e) des terres gouv / station de recherche? f) champ collectif (jardin maraicher communautaire) 2. Sont-ils tous eux-mêmes des agriculteurs champions ou épouses / maris d'agriculteurs des parcelles de démonstrateurs? -Elles sont toutes agricultrices champions dans les parcelles demonstration 3. Quelles sont les principales cultures de subsistance et de rente, ainsi que les animaux de ferme dans la région? Les principales cultures de subsistence: -Mil, Sorgho, Maïs, Fonio Les principals cultures de rente: -Sésame, Niébé, Arachide , Oignon, Piment, Gombo, Tomate Les principaux animaux de ferme dans la region sont: - Mouton, chèvre, âne, vâche, poule, pintate,canard. 4. Quelles sont les sources de revenus monétaires dans vos familles, les cultures commerciales ou autres…? -Culture commerciale comme sésame, niébé, arachide, piment, oignon, aubergine africaine. A cela il faut ajouter les animaux domestiques 5. Les femmes ou les hommes commercialisent-ils leurs cultures de rentes? Veuillez préciser. - Les femmes vendent les legumes produit dans le périmètre maraicher et leur petits perimètres familliaux. Exemple: piment, oignon, tomate, gombo..). 6. La plupart des agriculteurs de la zone ont-ils des téléphones? Plus de femmes où d'hommes? -Les femmes qui ont des telephones sont rare, -Les homes ont plus de téléphoe que de femmes. 59 Activités de l'AIC et contexte 7. Voyez-vous des avantages importants de vous choisir pour les essais et les démonstrations sur vos parcelle / ferme de votre ménage? -Oui, nous voyons avantages importants de la participation dans les activités des essais et de demonstration. Non seulement nous consomons les legumes produits mais nous vendons. Nous apprenons les bonne pratique d’agriculture dans ces rencontres. Nous avons nos aussi à côté sans allez au marché. Ce qui nous aide beaucoup. 8. Est-ce normalement sur la parcelle de l’homme/femme du village ou celle de la famille? - champ collectif (perimeter maraicher Communautaire). 9. Y a-t-il des jalous agriculteurs non sélectionnés? - Oui, il y a beaucoup d’agricultrices jalouses non selectionnées. 10. Lesquelles des femmes ou des hommes viennent-ils plus aux activités de démonstration sur les parcelles AIC? - Les participantes sont des members d’association de femmes du village 11. Est-il normal que des agricultrices pour peut être les chefs de ménages plus pauvres participent aux activités de démonstration? - Oui 12. Es ce que les «agriculteurs ordinaires» reçoivent-ils actuellement des conseils et / ou des informations climatiques des services gouvernementaux? -Non a part l’intervention du projet CCAFS sur le CSA qui nous informe sur le changement climatique et les conseils agricoles en genral. 13. En dehors des parcelles de démonstration, qui décide des dates de semis/plantation, toujours les hommes ou en commun? -Les femmes decident de leur activités de cultures maraichères. Les hommes aussi decident de leur travaux des grandes culture. Utilisation des intrants agricoles, pollution et sécurité 14. Les hommes prennent-ils des décisions concernant les dépenses en intrants (semences améliorées, dépenses en intrants (engrais et pesticides)? - Les femmes prennent leurs decisions concernant les cultures maraichères (achaat de semences ameliorée). 15. Les ménages de femmes utilisent-ils moins de semences améliorées et de produits chimiques (engrais et pesticides)? Oui, les menages de femmes utilisent les semences ameliorées et les engrais. 16. La pulvérisation ou le traitement avec des pesticides est-il toujours une activité masculine? 60 -Non au contraire nous les femmes c’est nous meme qui fabriquons nos biopesticides à base des feuilles que nous utilisons pour traiter nous nos legumes. 17. La lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs (IPM) et ses implications ont-elles une résonance dans la pratique des agriculteurs, c'est-à-dire en travaillant avec la nature, en favorisant les insectes bénéfiques et en utilisant un minimum de produits chimiques? (peut-être au facilitateur)? - La lutte integrée a une bonne implication pour le maintien d’un environnement sain. 18. Les habitants de la zone utilisent-ils des produits chimiques non autorisés (illégaux) (question en partie adressée à l'animateur familier avec la zone)? - Non dans notre zone, les agricultrices utilisent très peu de produits chimiques - 19. Comment les paquets où boîtes de pesticides sont-ils éliminés? Comment doivent- ils être éliminés? - On met les emballages dans des trous et on ferme. 20. Les agents des entreprises de commerce et de distribution des produits agro- chimiques offrent-ils une formation en matière de sécurité? - Non les agents de distribution de produits chimiques ne forment pas. C’est le projet CCAFS qui nous informe et forme sur l’utilisation des biopesticides et les precautions à prendre si nous devrons utilisés les produits chimiques. 21.Y a-t-il une expérience des effets sur la santé des villageois dûs à l'utilisation de produits chimiques où à un stockage insecurisé, une manipulation où une élimination dangereuse? -pas encore d’experience connue sur la santé à cause de la faible utilisation des produits chimiques au village. 22. Y a-t-il des incidences dans la région tells que les produits chimiques affectant la qualité des sources d'eau, d'étang /de rivière? - Non, l’utilisation des produits chimiques est très faible ou pas. - Nous n’avons pas enregistré de sources d’eau affetée par les produits chimiques. 23. Les agriculteurs apprennent-ils/elles la sécurité lors des événements de démonstration? - Oui, lors événements de demonstration ils nous apprennent sur les principes de la sécurité. Machines, animaux et sécurité 24. Y a-t-il des machines agricoles utilisées? Quel type? Les animaux sont-ils utilisés pour le transport, la traction, etc.? - les types de machines utilisés charrues, semoir - Oui, les animaux sont utilisés pour le transport et la traction: âne, boeuf - Les femmes n’ont pas de moyens de traction animale. 61 25. Les agricultrices uniquement ont-elles accès aux machines où à la traction? Cela limite-t-il les possibilités de leur système intégré agriculture-élevage? - les femmes ont un faible acces au machines et la traction animale. - Acause de la faiblesse du nombre de tête où le manque d’animaux. Les possibilités integration agriculture et élevage sot très faible. 26. Y a-t-il eu des accidents avec des machines de traitement, des rotatives / tracteurs à 2/4 roues dans votre village / localité ? Tel que…? - Non nous n’avons pas enregistrés dans notre village de cas d’accident dû à une machine. 27. Problèmes d'hygiène animale: comment les sources d'eau potable (points d'eau potable / robinets et puits) sont-elles protégées de la contamination? - Avec sensibilisation des agents de vulgarisation et la faible utilisation des produits chimiques. Nous n’avoons pas enregistrés de contamination de nos point d’eau. Nos sources d’eau (puits, robinet ) sont généralement protégés de la contamination des produits chimiques. Genre, pauvreté et inclusion 28. Les femmes travaillent-elles ensemble dans les champs, le désherbage et la récolte? - Les travaillent dans les parcelles de demonstration et même endehors en association pour faire le désherbage et la récollte. 29. Comment la pauvreté se manifeste-t-elle: vêtements, enfants qui ne vont pas à l'école, mauvaise santé? - Oui, la pauvreté se manifeste par le manque de vêtement, à insuffisance ou manque alimentaire, les enfants qui ne vont pas l’école à cause de la faiblesse financière, également la mauvaise santé. 30. Les ménages dirigés par des femmes sont-ils toujours / nécessairement plus pauvres que les ménages dirigés par des hommes? - Les menages dirriges par des femmes sont plus pauvre que ceux des ménages dirigés par des hommes a cause de la faiblesse d’accès aux ressources, moyens de productions et finances. 31. Est-ce parce qu'il existe des sources moins diverses de soutien du revenu familial? Difficultés et disponibilité du temps pour le marché (argent espèce) ? - Il existe pas de sources diversifié de soutien du revenue famillial - Toujours des difficultés reccurentes faiblesse d’alimentation. - Faible disponiblilité de temps pour le marché et le manque d’argent 32. Les ménages dirigés par des femmes ont-ils moins de bétail? Ont-ils même moins de petits animaux? - Les femmes n’ont pas generalement de gros bétail mais ells ont généralement plus de petits animaux pa exemple les chèvres et la volaille. 33. Comment les ménages d'agriculteurs dirigés par des femmes, c'est-à-dire sans main-d'œuvre masculine, sont-ils plus touchés par la sécheresse? 62 -les menage d’agricultrice dirigé par des femmes sont généralement plus touchésr par la sécheresse, que ceux dirigé par les hommes. 34. De quelle manière les femmes sont-elles généralement plus affectées par les saisons de semis/plantation plus sèches ou retardées et les périodes de sécheresse? - Les manques moyens de productions agricoles (équipement;main d’oeuvre animaux de travaillent). - Faible accès aux ressources terres, matériels, capital. 35. Serait-il parce que lorsque l'eau est rare, il y a plus de temps pour aller chercher de l'eau? - Oui, il faut plus de temps pour chercher de l’eau s’il y a rareté d’eau . 36. Où est-ce que cela pourrait être dû au manque de sources alternatives de revenus des membres de la famille élargie? - Oui sources alternatives de revenus des menbres de la famille élargie faible. 37. Quelle est la stratégie d'adaptation dans des situations extrêmes de mauvaise récolte, de pénurie….? - mauvaise récolte: - La stategie dans les situations de mauvaise récoltes; les cultures maraicheres ont uncycle plus court peu aider à minimiser la famine. -penurie - Vendre les animaux pour subvenir aux besoins. Harcèlement et abus de genre 38. Y a-t-il une expérience d'hommes faisant des rapports sexuels non désirés et forcés aux femmes lors des démonstrations? - Il n’y a jamais eu de harcelement sexuel lors des demonstrations. 39. Les agents de vulgarisation du gouvernement où souvent les vendeurs sont-ils parfois un ravageur («moi aussi») lors de leurs visites avec des femmes et des filles dans le village? - Non aussi on a pas rencontré de cas de genre dans notre village. 40. Les enseignants peuvent-ils également exploiter les enfants des écoles locales, à la recherche de faveurs sexuelles? - Non plus également pas de cas d’exploitation des enfants par les enseignants dans le village. 41. Croyez-vous parfois où toujours les filles si elles signalent des approches indésirables de la part de relations familiales, de visiteurs, etc.? Commentaire s'il vous plait - Non pas des cas, s’il y a en, ells vont reporté aux autorités du village. 42. Comment les femmes réagissent-elles ou sanctionnent-elles un tel comportement envers elles-mêmes et au nom des filles? Souhaitez-vous rendre compte aux organisateurs de vulgarisation de l'AIC? 63 - Si le cas est avéré les femmes vont se plaidre pour des sanctions soiient prises à l’en contre de l’auteur. 43. Les délinquants pourraient-ils être exclus des activités de l'AIC? (Question à l'animateur, recours potentiel de réclamation). - Les delinquants seront exclus de nos activités et sanctionné séverement. 44. La pauvreté et les mauvaises récoltes agricoles rendent-elles les femmes plus vulnérables aux avances sexuelles? Veuillez préciser. - C’est bien possible mais pour le respect de mariage on évite de faire surtout à cause de l’argent! Covid 19 45. Covid affecte-t-il votre emplacement? De quelle manière? - Non Covid-19 n’a pas affecté notre localité Si elle affecte on note un depart massif des garçons et filles en exodes dans les villes et pays voisins. 46.Cela affecte-t-il les marchés où les coûts de transport, les écoles, les services gouvernementaux où l'entretien des infrastructures physiques, l'accès aux cliniques où à l'hôpital? - Oui affecte nos marches, non disponibilité de certains matériel, augmentation du prix à cause de la rareté. - les coûts de transport ont augmenté, fermeture de l’ecole, 47. Cela peut-il signifier le retour des membres de la famille (?hommes) de la famille des villes après la perte de leur emploi? Quelles implications? - Oui il y a retour des membres de la famille de l’exode les villes et pays voisins dans les villages. - la perte d’emploi Reduction des sources de revenus, augmentation de la pauvreté. 48. Cela peut-il signifier moins d'envois de fonds des membres de la famille des villes et à l'étranger vers les ménages, où est-ce peu probable / pertinent? - Oui, difficultés d’envoyer de l’argent pour le soutien de la famille - augmentation des difficultés, souffrances accrues. Question ouverte 49.Avez-vous (l'animateur) d'autres commentaires sur les questions où priorités environnementales et sociales? Veuillez le faire ici ou sur une nouvelle page. Je vous remercie. (pas de réponse) 64 Photos: Interviewed women and enumerator at the CSV of Tongo N° Prénom et nom Age Numéro de téléphone 1 Safiatou COULIBALY 50 - 2 Mariama DIALLO 40 9011 4849 3 Nènè DIARRA 50 - 4 Korotoum TANGARA 50 5 Bintou MARIKO 45 65 File name: AppxCont1_EAKenyaFarmers1 • Kenya Male Farmers (Nyando CSV) • Kenya Female Farmers (Nyando CSV) File name: AppxCont2_EAEthiopMenFarmers1.pdf • Ethiopia: Male Farmers (Doyogena CSV) File name: AppxCont3_EAEthiopFemFarmers1.pdf • Ethiopia: Female Farmers (Doyogena CSV) 66 AICCRA Farmer Stakeholder Responses -- KENYA Men Farmers 1. Introduction (for women, ask first for information whether any female-headed households represented in group?) 1.1 Ask whether all involved in demonstration plots on a) family land, or b) gov/research station land? - All are involved in demonstration plots on own/family land 1.2 Are they themselves all champion farmers, or wives/husbands of demonstrator farmers? - All are champion farmers/husbands of demonstrator farmers 1.3 What are main subsistence and cash crops, also farm animals in the area? - Crops - sorghum, maize, beans, green gram, cowpeas, tomatoes, kale onions, indigenous vegetables, cassava - Animals - Goats, sheep, chicken, cattle 1.4 What are sources of cash income in your families, cash crops or other..? - sales of farm produce (subsistence crops, livestock products like milk and livestock) - Remittances - Wages from off-farm duties 1.5 Do women or men market their cash crops? Please elaborate. - Yes, but by a large percentage by women as men mainly engage in marketing of livestock 1.6. Do most farmers in zone have phones? More women or men? - Women and men equally own phones 2. CSA activities and general advice, etc 2.1 Do you see important advantages to be chosen for trials and demonstrations on your household land/farm? - Yes i. It will give an opportunity to learn from others ii. It will help interact with different expertise on different farming techologies iii. it will give an opportunity to be trainers of trainees iv. it will help boost taking up CSA activities v. Interaction and communication with other community members enhances cohesiveness 2.2 Is this normally on land of man/husband's village and/or family? - family lands/husband's lands 2.3 Are there jealousies of farmers not selected 67 - Yes - but for positive reason. everyone would like to be associated with CSA activities as a smart farmer 2.4. Do mostly women or mostly men come to demonstration activities on CSA plots? - 60% are always women 2.5 Is it normal for perhaps poor women-headed farmers to attend demonstration activities? - Very normal and they always tend to be the best implementers of CSA activities. 2.6 Do ordinary farmers currently get advice and/or climate information from government services? - No - Majority of ordinary farmers currently get climate advice /information through local radio stations or community based organisation leaders/research persons/community facilitators 2.7 Away from demonstration farms, who decides on planting dates, always men or joint? - For women/widows headed farmers, they decide - For men headed farmers in most cases it is joint but women make most of the decision, around 60% 3. Agricultural inputs use, pollution and safety 3.1 Do men make decisions about expenditure on inputs (improved seeds, expenditure on inputs (fertilisers and pesticides)? - Yes, but most purchases especially seeds are done by women 3.2 Do women households use less improved seed and chemicals (fertilisers and pesticides)? Is spraying or treatment with pesticides always a male activity? - Women household use both improved and recycled seeds depending on their income. Spraying or treatment with pesticides is mainly a male activity even women households will hire male youths to do the service. Women tend to have poor knowledge on chemical handling and proper use. 3.3 Does integrated pest management (IPM) and its implications have resonance in practice of farmers, i.e. working with nature, fostering beneficial insects and minimal use of chemicals? (perhaps to facilitator)? - There has been no reported cases of IPM having any effect on insects like bees etc - The use of IPM has perhaps been used be instructions given 3.4 Do people in area use unlicensed (illegal) chemicals (question partly to facilitator familiar with zone)? (no response) 3.5 How are pesticide packets or tins disposed of? How should they be disposed of? - Throwing in a pit latrine, throwing in a bush especially for those farming along the river bank (River Asarro), burning 68 - The best method should be burying 3.6 Do agents of companies selling agri-chemicals provide safety training? - They don't, some of the agents are not trained 3.7 Is there experience of health effects on villagers from use of chemicals, or unsafe storage, handling or disposal? - There has been a few cases of skin and eye affected due to poor spraying especially those doing tomato production 3.8 Are there incidences in area of such chemicals affecting quality of water sources, pond/river - On several occasions people have experienced fish dying in the river without knowing the cause - There has been incidences of livestock dying due to improper use of caricides for spraying ticks 3.9. Do farmers learn about safety through demonstration events? - This happened in farmer field school. But there has been no demonstration on chemicals handling organised by the Ministry or relevant organisation. 69 4. Machinery, animals and safety 4.1. Is there agricultural machinery used? what type? Are animals used for transport, traction, etc? - Machinery used is tractor and maize sheller (for hiring) - Donkey are rarely used for transporting harvests from farms - Bulls are often used for traction but the rate of use is going down due to use of tractor and also to avoid possibility of cattle theft 4.2 Do women-only farmers have access to machinery or traction? Does this restrict their integrated crop-livestock system possibilities? - Yes they do, and this gives them more time to engage in other CSA's activities like livestock management 4.3 Have there been accidents with processing machinery, 2/4 wheel rotavators/tractors in your village/local area? Such as... - No 4.4 Animal hygiene issues: how are safe water sources (drinking water points/taps and wells) protected from contamination? - Only water from the taps and water ponds with the homesteads are mainly protected from contamination - Rivers, communal dams and wells are not that protected as they used by majority 5. Gender, poverty and inclusion 5.1 Do women work together on each other's fields, weeding and harvesting? - Yes but to an extent around 30% 5.2. How is poverty manifest: clothes, children not going to school, poor health? - Ninety percent to 95 percent put on second hand clothes (mitumba) - Majority of students (especially high schools) join day schools as they are affordable to most parents compared to boarding schools. Tertiary learning becomes a challenge many due to high cost involved - Majority of households get two meals a day. Accessing good services is a challenge as ninety five percent don't have National Health Insurance Fund Card 5.3 Are female-headed households always/necessarily poorer than male headed households? - Not - Some of the female headed households are better place in terms of earning and living standards. Majority get remittances from relatives and government support every month. But some who do not have support from either way are very poor and mainly depends on off-farm duties for survival. 5.4 Is this because there are less diverse sources of family income support? Difficulties and time availability to market cash? 70 - Yes, there are no many options for income generation apart from basket weaving and majority don't sell their farm produce for income 5.6 Do female-headed households have fewer livestock? Do they even have fewer small animals? - Not true. They own a number of livestock and own bigger number of small animals especially goats, sheep and poultry 5.7. How are female-headed farmer households, i.e., without male labour, more affected by drought? - Drought affects every household in equal measures especially concerning crop/livestock production 5.8 In what way are women generally worse affected by drier or delayed planting seasons and drought periods? - sixty percent of women are directly engaged as primary producers and are more affected by climate change - In most cases women and girls child are involved in drawing water for domestic use - Women are the ones directly involved /looking for food i.e., vegetables 5.9 Could this be because when water is scarce there is more time fetching water? - Yes, they are sometime forced to walk longer distances looking or water for domestic use, i.e. cooking, drinking, and washing. This reduces their time in engaging in other activities. 5.10 Or could this be because of lack of alternative sources of income from wider family - Yes, with good income, most families could have put up water storage facilities like tanks and water pans with dam liners for use during drier periods 5.11 What is coping strategy in extreme situations of poor harvest, destitution....? - Purchasing food - Barter trade with other communities or areas with good harvest (especially rift valley) - Small scale irrigation mainly for vegetables - Borrowing from neighbours/friends/relatives Gender harassment and abuse Is there any experience of men making unwanted and forceful sexual approaches to women at times of demonstrations? (no response) Are government extension officers or salesmen sometimes a pest ("me too") on their visits with women and girls in village? (no response) Can teachers also be exploitative of children in local schools, seeking sexual favours? 71 (no response) Do you sometimes or always believe girls if they report unwanted approaches from family relations, visitors, etc.? Comment please (no response) 6.5 How do women react or sanction such behaviour toward themselves and on behalf of girls? Would you report to CSA extension organisers? - Yes and more importantly to the local administrator (i.e., Chief) 6.6 Could offenders be excluded from CSA activities? (Question to facilitator, potential grievance recourse) - If this approach would cause serious fall-out with the members to an extent of him quitting the CSA, Yes, the offender will have to be excluded 6.7. Does poverty and bad agricultural harvests make women more susceptible to sexual advances? please elaborate - Yes - With the role of household managers, women are to see that they put food on the table for their family and sometimes are forced to engage in illicit relationships to ensure their families are fended for especially non headed households 7 Covid 19 7.1 Does Covid affect your location? In what way - Yes i. Social interaction has been minimized to a greater extent ii. Local business has dropped iii. Remittance from outside has gone down due to job losses iv. Social mischievous especially among school going has increased (early pregnancies, drug abuse, frequent fights) 7.2 Does it affect markets or transport costs, schools, gov services or maintenance of physical infrastructure, access to clinics or hospital? - Yes i. Transport cost has been hiked (gone-up) ii. Less people attending markets iii. Schools have been closed (All learning institutions) iv. poor health services experienced in local hospital 7.3 Can it mean return of family (?male) members of family from cities from loss of employment? i. Family conflicts/misunderstanding ii. poor livelihood/drop in family status iii. social mischievous, i.e. drunkerdness 72 7.4. Can it mean less in remittances from family members in cities and abroad to households or is this not likely/relevant? - Yes families who might depended on remittances for support have really hard times to cope considering the poor harvest this season 8. Open Question 8.1 Do you (Facilitator) have any other comment on environmental and social issues or priorities. Please make it here or on a new page. Thank you i. Re-establishment of farmer field school/farmer business school will not only help in training farmers on integrated soil management but also on integrated pests/chemicals management ii. To successfully engage young people, they need to be able to see agriculture as desirable profession. There is need to create information centres within this community. The centres should be equipped with appropriate ICT tools to enhance information generation, access, dissemination and skills development in CSA's activities among others iii. Establishing drip-kits irrigation among households with water reservoirs will not only increase the households food security but also income iv. organising learning visits/trade fairs will help in quick adoption of CSA technologies v. Train further community facilitators/resource persons to help in disseminating quality CSAs practices to farmers vi. Empower women organisations to access financial support especially community .......words cut 73 CSA MALE FARMERS NYANDO-KENYA Mr. Stephen Matinde Kenyan male farmers matindestephen@yahoo.com 16th Sept. Mr. Edward Ouko +254 708 302730 Mr. Peter Odera 17:00 hrs Mr. Joshuo Omollo EAT Mr. John Obuom 74 CSA FEMALE FARMERS, NYANDO,-KENYA Ms. Caroline Atieno Kenyan women farmers adera.caroline@yahoo.com 16th Sept. Ms. Rose Omae +254 721 236522 ; +254 16:00 hrs 782 216377 Ms. Marceline Atieno EAT Ms. Peres Owiti Ms. Pauilin Obuom 75 Ethiopian Farmers Mr. Lapiso Lagiso Ethiopian men farmers Mesfin Dessalegn 16th Sept. Mr. Tadesse Anshebo mesfindslgn@gmail.com 14:00 hrs Mr. Tadesse Lagiso +251939845050 EAT Mr. Chufamo Gebre +251913574701 Mr. Dasta Mante Ms. Bekelech Belachew Ethiopia women farmers Mesfin Dessalegn 16th Sept. Ms. Abebech Dejene mesfindslgn@gmail.com 15:00 hrs Ms. Adanech Nune +251939845050 EAT Ms. Tigist Tomas +251913574701 Ms. Ayelch Tesema The summaries of the consultations with male and femal farmers are in the attached pdfs. AppxCont2_EthiopMe AppxCont3_Ethiop_F nFarmers1.pdf emFarmers1.pdf 76