GRFF GRANT NUMBER TF0B5836-ZR Global Risk Financing Facility Grant Agreement (National Agriculture Development Program) between DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION (acting as administrator of the Global Risk Financing Facility) GRFF GRANT NUMBER TFOB5836-ZR Global Risk Financing Facility GRANT AGREEMENT AGREEMENT dated as of the Signature Date between DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ("Recipient") and INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION ("Bank"), acting as administrator of the Global Risk Financing Facility. The Recipient and the Bank hereby agree as follows: Article I Standard Conditions; Definitions 1.01. The Standard Conditions (as defined in the Appendix to this Agreement) apply to and form part of this Agreement. 1.02. Unless the context requires otherwise, the capitalized terms used in this Agreement have the meanings ascribed to them in the Standard Conditions or in the Appendix this Agreement. Article II The Project 2.01, The Recipient declares its commitment to the objective of the project described in Schedule I to this Agreement ("Project"). To this end, the Recipient shall carry out the Project through its Ministry of Agriculture ("MoA") in accordance with the provisions of Article II of the Standard Conditions and Schedule 2 to this Agreement. Article III The Grant 3.01. The Bank agrees to extend to the Recipient a grant in an amount not to exceed twenty million United States Dollars ($20,000,000) ("Grant") to assist in financing the Project. 3.02. The Recipient may withdraw the proceeds of the Grant in accordance with Section III of Schedule 2 to this Agreement. 3.03. The Grant is funded out of the abovementioned trust fund for which the Bank receives periodic contributions from the donors to the trust fund. In accordance with Section 3.02 of the Standard Conditions, the Bank's payment obligations in connection with this Agreement are limited to the amount of funds made available to it by the donor[s] under the abovernentioned trust fund, and the Recipient's right to withdraw the Grant proceeds is subject to the availability of such funds. Article IV Effectiveness; Termination 4.01. This Agreement shall not become effective until evidence satisfactory to the Bank has been furnished to the Bank that the conditions specified below have been satisfied: (a) the execution and delivery of this Agreement on behalf of the Recipient have been duly authorized or ratified by all necessary governmental action; and (b) the FinancingAgreement has been executed and delivered and all conditions precedent to its effectiveness or to the right of the Recipient to make withdrawals under it (other than the effectiveness of this Agreement) have been fulfilled. Article V Recipient's Representative; Addresses 5.01. The Recipient's Representative referred to in Section 7.02 of the Standard Conditions is its minister in charge of finance. 5.02. For purposes of Section 7.01 of the Standard Conditions: (a) the Recipient's address is: Ministry of Finance Boulevard du 30 Juin - Commune de la Gombe Kinshasa I Democratic Republic of the Congo; and (b) the Recipient's Electronic Address is: Email: cabfinances@minfinrdc.com 5.03. For purposes of Section 7.01 of the.Standard Conditions: (a) the Bank's address is: International Development Association 1818 1-1 Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 United States of America; and 2 (b) the Bank's Electronic Address is: Telex: Facsimile: 248423 (MCI) or 1-202-477-6391 64145 (MCI) AGREED as of the Signature Date. By Authorized Representative Name: Tewk-cWP §ol~CRh Title: _Co¼.Ar sVtCY Date: A AA j', ), INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION (acting as administrator of Global Risk Financing Facility) By Authorized Representative Name: Title: illq A~ Date: &mLwtk - z o% 3 SCHEDULE I The objective of the Project is to improve agriculture productivity and market access of targeted smallholder farmers in Selected Project Areas. The Project consists of the following parts: Component 1. Agriculture Productivity I1. The provision of support to Smallholder Farmers through, inter alia: (a) the provision of Matching Grants and/or Conditional Cash Transfers ("CCTs") for the adoption of CSA and NSmartAg practices and technologies (including agroforestry, on-farm irrigation systems, conservation agriculture and manure application) and access to quality inputs (seeds, cuttings), agricultural extension services and other relevant inputs required to improve the supply of agricultural products; and (b) the provision of technical assistance to Smallholder Farmers to, inter alia: (i) assist with registration services in the RNA; (ii) carry out marketing functions for agricultural inputs and outputs; and (iii) build linkages with the private agri-business sector in the Selected Project Areas. 2. (a) The provision of technical assistance and Training to relevant local providers in connection with the services provided to the Smallholder Farmers under Component 1.1 above, particularly on: (i) attracting youth and women to agriculture and agribusiness, taking into consideration their specific needs and barriers; and (ii) the use and adoption of digital technologies for servicing smallholder farmers; and (b) the provision of technical assistance to relevant services providers to support Smallholder Farmers and Eligible AgriMSMEs through, inter alia, financial literacy and entrepreneurial training. 3. (a) When applicable, as determined in accordance with the Agriculture Emergency Manual , the provision of contingent financing in the form of Emergency Cash Transfers ("ECTs") to Smallholder Farmers aimed at mitigating partially their losses resulting from an eligible emergency or crisis in the agriculture sector; and (b) the design and implementation of a risk-transfer mechanism through the provision of relevant technical assistance and the financing of Premia, Fees and Associated Costs for the purchase of risk-transfer products, such as (but not limited to) insurance and derivatives. Component 2. Smallholder Farmers Market Access 1. (a) The carrying out of rehabilitation/upgrading and maintenance of selected unpaved feeder roads (voies de desserte agricoles) in the Selected Project Areas, including river safety measures and small river ramps to allow the loading and unloading of products from between cargo boats and trucks; and (b) the provision of technical assistance to the National Authority for Feeder Roads ("OVDA"). 4 2. (a) the implementation of a line of credit for on-lending by Participating Financial Institutions of medium-to-long-term financing to Eligible AgriMSMEs in the form of working capital and capital investments ("Sub- Loan") to increase their capacity to respond to the new market opportunities in connection with the activities under Component 1.1 above; (b) the provision of BDS to Eligible AgriMSMEs, including for the development of business plans in connection with the practices and technologies supported under Component 1.1 above, the provision of relevant technical assistance and Training; (c) the strengthening of the public-private sector collaboration for the development of the agriculture sector through, inter alia: (i) the improvement of data collection on agribusiness value chains; and (ii) the carrying out of relevant analytical studies; (d) the provision of technical assistance and Training to BDS providers at the sub-national level to assist them in providing better BDS to Eligible AgriMSMEs under Part 2(a) above; and (e) the piloting of agribusiness and agri-finance development activities consisting of the provision of Training and technical assistance, including preparation of relevant studies as further described in the Project Implementation Manual. Component,3. Agriculture Public Goods and Services 1I The provision of support to the Recipient's relevant ministries and entities for delivering agriculture public services through the following activities, including: (a) strengthening the planning, coordination, monitoring and evaluation capacity at national and sub-national levels (including relevant agriculture and meteorological statistics and georeferenced data systems); (ii) strengthening animal and plant health systems to support the development of supply chains and tackle threats from pests and diseases; (iii) strengthening agriculture innovation systems and inputs supplies (seeds production & certification); (iv) establishing operationalizing and maintaining a national farmer registry ("RNA"); (v) the strengthening of the Recipient's public procurement framework; and (vi) supporting the public-private sector dialogue for agriculture sector development through, inter alia, the preparation of relevant analytical studies, impact evaluations and other diagnostics for the expansion of this Project to other provinces. 5 2. The provision of support to the Recipient for the coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the Project, including: (a) the provision of technical assistance (including the selection and hiring of a third-party monitoring when applicable as determined in the Project Implementation Manual) and Training; (b) the purchase of required equipment and financing of Operating Costs; (c) the carrying out of information sharing/communication campaigns on the Project; and (d) the development of a baseline study, a fragility and conflict analysis and an impact assessment of the Project. Component 4. Contingency Emergency response The provision of support to the Recipient to immediately respond to an Eligible Crisis or Emergency, as needed. 6 SCHEDULE 2 Project Execution Section 1. Institutional and Other Arrangements A. Institutional Arrangements 1I The Recipient shall vest the overall responsibility of Project coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation on its MoA and to this end, shall, through MoA (through the General Secretariat): (a) maintain, throughout Project implementation, the NPCU, with functions, responsibilities and sufficient resources acceptable to the Bank, and staffed with competent personnel in adequate numbers, with qualifications, experience, integrity and terms of reference satisfactory to the Bank and as set forth in the Project Implementation Manual, which shall be responsible for the: (i) day-to-day financial management of the overall Project, including audits and management of the Designated Accounts; (ii) oversight of all technical, social, and environmental matters related to Project implementation at the centralized level; (iii) monitoring and evaluation of Project activities at the centralized level; (iv) carrying out of the procurement of goods, works and services of the Project at the centralized level: (v) management of any Training activity carried out at the centralized level; and (vi) supervision of the PPIUs; (b) no later than four (4) months after the Effective Date, or such later date as agreed by the Association, establish, and thereafter maintain, throughout Project implementation, each of the PPIUs at the provincial level, with functions, responsibilities and sufficient resources acceptable to the Bank, and staffed with competent personnel in adequate numbers, with qualifications, experience, integrity and terms of reference satisfactory to the Bank and as set forth in the Project Implementation Manual, each of which shall be responsible in its geographic area of responsibility for the: (i) day-to-day financial management of the Project at the provincial level; (ii) oversight of all technical, social, and environmental matters relating to Project implementation; (iii) monitoring and evaluation of Project activities;(iv) carrying out of the procurement of goods, works and services of the Project; and (v) managing any training activity carried out at the provincial level; 7 (c) no later than three (3) months aftler the Effective Date, or such later date as agreed by the Bank, establish and thereafter maintain, throughout the implementation of the Project, a Project Steering Committee chaired by the Secretary General, with terms of reference, composition (including representatives from other relevant Recipient's ministries, including the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, the Ministry of Rural Development and the Ministry of Scientific Research and Technology, and Recipient's agencies, including SNV, 1NERA, SENASEM and OVDA, as well as key stakeholders from the private sector and civil society) and resources satisfactory to the Bank, which shall be responsible for, inter alia, providing overall strategic guidance for the Project and validation of the Annual Work Programs of the Project, as further defined in the PIM; (d) maintain, throughout the implementation of the Project, a national inter- ministerial technical committee ("National Technical Committee"), with terms of reference, composition and resources satisfactory to the Bank, which shall be responsible for, inter alia, providing technical support and guidance to the NPCU and PPIUs, as further defined in the PIM; and (e) maintain, or caused to be maintained, throughout Project implementation., a Provincial Coordination and Monitoring Committee in each of the Participating Provinces, with terms of reference, composition and resources satisfactory to the Bank, which shall be responsible for providing overall guidance and coordination for the Project at the provincial level, as further defined in the Project Implementation Manual. B. Agriculture Emergency Manual 1I The Recipient, through the NPCU, shall ensure that Component 1.3(b) is implemented in accordance with the Agriculture Emergency Manual ("Manuel d'Urgence Agricole"). 2. The Recipient shall not amend the Manuel d'Urgence Agricole without the prior written approval of the Bank. 3. In case of any conflict between the terms of the Manuel d'Urgence Agricole and the terms of this Agreement, the terms of this Agreement shall prevail. 8 C. Annual Work Program L The Recipient shall, through the NPCU, not later than November 30 in each calendar year during Project implementation, prepare and furnish to the Bank, a program of Project activities proposed for implementation in the following calendar year, including: (a) a detailed timetable for the sequencing and implementation of said activities; and (b) the types of expenditures required for such activities, a proposed financing plan and a budget ("Annual Work Program"). 2. The Recipient shall exchange views with and seek approval of the Bank on each such proposed Annual Work Program and shall thereafter carry out such program of activities for such following year as shall have been agreed between the Recipient and the Bank. 3. Only those activities which are included in an Annual Work Program shall be implemented. 4. Except with the prior and written concurrence of the Bank, the Annual Work Program shall not be waived, amended, or otherwise modified to include new activities. D. Environmental and Social Standards 1. The Recipient shall ensure that the Project is carried out in accordance with the Environmental and Social Standards, in a manner acceptable to the Bank. 2. Without limitation upon paragraph I above, the Recipient shall ensure that the Project is implemented in accordance with the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan ("ESCP"), in a manner acceptable to the Bank, To this end, the Recipient shall ensure that: (a) the measures and actions specified in the ESCP are implemented with due diligence and efficiency, and provided in the ESCP; (b) sufficient funds are available to cover the costs of implementing the ESCP; (c) policies and procedures are maintained, and qualified and experienced staff in adequate numbers are retained to implement the ESCP, as provided in the ESCP; and (d) the ESCP, or any provision thereof, is not amended, repealed, suspended or waived, except as the Bank shall otherwise agree in writing, as specified in the ESCP, and ensure that the revised ESCP is disclosed promptly thereafter. 9 3. In case of any inconsistencies between the ESCP and the provisions of this Agreement, the provisions of this Agreement shall prevail. 4. The Recipient shall ensure that: (a) all measures necessary are taken to collect, compile, and furnish to the Bank through regular reports, with the frequency specified in the ESCP, and promptly in a separate report or reports, if so requested by the Bank, information on the status of compliance with the ESCP and the environmental and social instruments referred to therein, all such reports in form and substance acceptable to the Bank, setting out, inter alia: (i) the status of implementation of the ESCP; (ii) conditions, if any, which interfere or threaten to interfere with the implementation of the ESCP; and (iii) corrective and preventive measures taken or required to be taken to address such conditions; and (b) the Bank is promptly notified of any incident or accident related to or having an impact on the Project which has, or is likely to have, a significant adverse effect on the environment, the affected communities, the public or workers, in accordance with the ESCP, the environmental and social instruments referenced therein and the Environmental and Social Standards. 5. The Recipient shall establish, publicize, maintain and operate an accessible grievance mechanism, to receive and facilitate resolution of concerns and grievances of Project-affected people, and take all measures necessary and appropriate to resolve, or facilitate the resolution of, such concerns and grievances, in a manner acceptable to the Bank. Section IL Project Monitoring, Reporting and Evaluation A. Project Reports The Recipient shall ensure that each Project Report is furnished to the Bank not later than forty-five (45) days after the end of each calendar semester, covering the calendar semester. Section HiL Withdrawal of Grant Proceeds A. General L The Recipient may withdraw the proceeds of the Grant in accordance with the provisions of: (a) Article III of the Standard Conditions; and (b) this Section; to finance Eligible Expenditures in the amount allocated and, if applicable, up to the percentage set forth against each Category of the following table: 10 Percentage of Amount of the Expenditures to be Grant Allocated Financed Category (expressed in USD) (inclusive of Taxes) (1) Non-consulting services 20,000,000 (including Prenia, Fees and 100% Associated Costs) and consulting services under Component 1.3(b) of the Project TOTAL AMOUNT 20,000,000 B. Withdrawal Conditions; Withdrawal Period 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Part A of this Section no withdrawal shall be made for payments made prior to the Signature Date. 2. The Closing Date is June 30, 2026. 11 APPENDIX Definitions 1. "Agriculture Emergency Manual" or "Manuel d'Urgence Agricole" means the manual adopted by the Recipient satisfactory to the Association and included as an annex to the PIM outlining the terms and conditions for the provision of ECTs under Component 13(a), including the selection criteria of Smallholder Farmers, the individual amounts of each ECT, and methodology and procedures for determining the triggers and thresholds, and any other documentation required for withdrawals of Financing amounts to finance ECTs, as the same may be amended from time to time by agreement between the Recipient and the Association. 2. "Annual Work Program" means each of the annual work program referred to in Section I.C.1 of Schedule 2 to this Agreement. 3. "Anti-Corruption Guidelines" means, for purposes of paragraph 2 of the Appendix to the Standard Conditions, the "Guidelines on Preventing and Combating Fraud and Corruption in Projects Financed by IBRD Loans and IDA Credits and Grants", dated October 15, 2006, and revised in January, 201 1, and as of July 1, 2016. 4. "BDS" means business development services. 5. "Category" means a category set forth in the table in Section III.A of Schedule 2 to this Agreement, 6. "Conditional Cash Transfer" or "CCT" means any of the conditional cash payments to be made to Smallholder Farmers under Component 1.1(a) of the Project as further set forth in the Manuel d' Inception; and "Conditional cash Transfers" or "CCTs" means more than one Conditional Cash Transfer or CCT. 7. "CSA" means Climate Smart Agriculture, practices and technologies that improve farmer income or productivity while also achieving adaptation and mitigation to climate change. 8. "Eligible Crisis or Emergency" means an event that has caused, or is likely to imminently cause, a major adverse economic and/or social impact to the Recipient, associated with a natural or man-made crisis or disaster. 9. "Eligible AgriMSME" means legally registered agriMSMEs, Non- Gouvernamental Organizations, farmer groups, cooperatives and other organizations selected to participate in the Project pursuant to the criteria and procedures established in the PIM. 12 10. "Effective Date" means the date on which this Agreement enter into force as said date shall be communicated in writing by the Bank. 11. "Emergency Cash Transfer" or "ECT" means any emergency cash payment to be made out of the Financing proceeds to a Smallholder Farmer under Component 1.3(a) of the Project in an amount and under terms and conditions as set forth in the Emergency Agriculture Manual; and "Emergency Cash Transfers" or "ECTs" means more than one Emergency Cash Transfer or ECT. 12. "Environmental and Social Commitment Plan" or "ESCP" means the environmental and social commitment plan for the Project, dated May 20, 2021, as the same may be amended from time to time in accordance with the provisions thereof, which sets out the material measures and actions that the Recipient shall carry out or cause to be carried out to address the potential environmental and social risks and impacts of the Project, including the timeframes of the actions and measures, institutional, staffing, training, monitoring and reporting arrangements, and any environmental and social instruments to be prepared thereunder. 13. "Environmental and Social Standards" or "ESSs" means, collectively: (i) "Environmental and Social Standard 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts"; (ii) "Environmental and Social Standard 2: Labor and Working Conditions"; (iii) "Environmental and Social Standard 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management"; (iv) "Environmental and Social Standard 4: Community Health and Safety"; (v) "Environmental and Social Standard 5: Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement"; (vi) "Environmental and Social Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources"; (vii) "Environmental and Social Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples/Sub- Saharan Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities"; (viii) "Environmental and Social Standard 8: Cultural Heritage"; (ix) "Enviromnental and Social Standard 9: Financial Intermediaries"; (x) "Environmental and Social Standard 10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure"; effective on October 1, 2018, as published by the Bank. 14. "Financing Agreement" the agreement of even date herewith between the Recipient and the Bank pursuant to which the Bank agrees to provide an amount equivalent to 500 million Dollars to assist with the financing of the Project. 15, "General Secretariat" means the Secrdtariai Gindral of the MoA. 16. "Matching Grant" means a grant to be made out of the proceeds of the Financing to a Smallholder Farmer to carry out the activities selected under Component 1.1(a), in an amount and under terms and conditions acceptable to the Association and defined in the Manuel d1nception. 13 17. "Ministry of Agriculture" or "MoA" means the Recipient's ministry in charge of agriculture or any successor thereof. 18. "Ministry of Rural Development" means the Recipient's ministry in charge of rural development or any successor thereof. 19. "Ministry of Scientific Research and Technology" means the Recipient's ministry in charge of scientific research and technology (agricultural research) or any successor thereof. 20. "National Project Coordination Unit" or "NPCU" means the unit within the MoA referred to in Section LA. 1(a) of Schedule 2 to this Agreement. 21. "National Technical Committee" means the national committee referred to in Section i.A.1 (d) of Schedule 2 to this Agreement. 22. "NSmartAg" means Nutrition Smart Agriculture, practices and technologies that improve farmer income or productivity while also contributing to addressing a malnutrition problem of the local population. 23. "OVDA" means the Recipient's National Authority for Feeder Roads. 24. "Participating Financial Institutions" means the financial institutions operating in the Recipient's territory that have met the eligibility criteria described under the Line of Credit Manual and which have been selected to participate in the activities under Component 2.2(a) of the Project; and each such Participating Financial Institution. 25. "Participating Provinces" means the Recipient's provinces of Kongo Central, Kwilu, North Kivu, Kasai Central and Kasai, and any other Recipient's province as agreed in writing between the Recipient and the Association and listed in the PIM. 26. "Personal Data" means any information relating to an identified or identifiable individual. An identifiable individual is one who can be identified by reasonable means, directly or indirectly, by reference to an attribute or combination of attributes within the data, or combination of the data with other available information. Attributes that can be used to identify an identifiable individual include, but are not limited to, naie, identification number, location data, online identifier, netadata and factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of an individual. 27. "PPIUs" means Provincial Project Implementation Units, each of the units within the MoA established at the provincial level and referred to in Section l.A. 1(b) of Schedule 2 to this Agreement. 14 28. "Premia, Fees and Associated Costs" means premia, fees and other relevant costs associated with the purchase of risk-transfer products under Component 13(b), as said premia, fees and associated costs shall be approved by the Association and further described in the Agriculture Emergency Manual. 29. "Procurement Regulations" means, for purposes of paragraph 20 of the Appendix to the Standard Conditions, the "World Bank Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers", dated November 2020. 30. "PIM" means the Recipient's manual for the Project, at all times in form and substance acceptable to the Association, setting forth the details of all operational arrangements for the implementation, monitoring and supervision of the Project, including: (a) the respective roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the Project; (b) the accounting, financial management, auditing and reporting arrangements; (c) the procurement arrangements; (d) the monitoring and evaluation procedures including the selected indicators for measuring Project performance; (e) the procedures and eligibility criteria governing the provision of Matching Grants, CCTs, ECTs and Sub-Loans; (f) the Manuel d' Incitation; (g) the Manuel d' Urgences Agricoles; (h) the Line of Credit Manual; (i) the model forms of the: (i) Matching Grant Agreement; (ii) Payment Service Agreement; (iii) PI Agreement; and (iv) Sub-loan Agreement; (j) the Anti-corruption Guidelines; (k) rules and procedures for processing and collection of Personal Data in accordance with good international practice; and (1) all other relevant arrangements necessary for the carrying out of the Project; as the same may be amended from time to time with the Associations' prior written consent. 31. "Project Steering Committee" means the Conit de Pilotage referred to in Section I.A. 1(c) of Schedule 2 to this Agreement. 32. "Provincial Coordination and Monitoring Committee" means each of the provincial committees referred to in Section I.A.1(e) of Schedule 2 to this Agreement. 33. "RNA" means Registre National d' Agriculteurs, the national agriculture registry to be established under Component 3.1 (iii) of the Project 34. "Selected Project Areas" means the eligible rural areas of the Recipient's Participating Provinces. 35. "SENASEM" means Service National des Senences, the Recipient's National Service for Seeds established under the MoA pursuant to the Recipient's Arr&d Dgpartenental No. 003/BCE/AGRIDRAL/84 dated May 13, 1984. 15 36. "Signature Date" means the later of the two dates on which the Recipient and the Bank signed this Agreement and such definition applies to all references to "the date of the Grant Agreement" in the Standard Conditions. 37. "SNV" means Service National de VulgarisationAgricole, the Recipient's national agriculture extension service established within the MoA pursuant to MoA's Arr6t6s No 0045/BCE/DDR/89 du 06 mars 1989 portant cration du Service National de Vulgarisation and N' 025/CAB/VPM/94 du 26 avril 1994 portant adoption de la politique nationale de vulgarisation en Ripublique D&mocralique du Congo. 38. "Smallholder Farmers" means each smallholder farmer eligible to receive Matching Grants and/or CCT under 1.1, and/or eligible to receive ECTs under component 1.3(a), pursuant to the selection criteria and procedures set forth in the PIM. 39. "Standard Conditions" means the "International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Development Association Standard Conditions for Grant Financing Made by the Bank out of Trust Funds", dated February 25, 2019. 40. "Sub-Loan" means any sub-loan to an Eligible AgriMSME under Component 2.2(a) of the Project. 41. "Training"means the training and training-related activities included in the Annual Work Plan, including seminars, workshops and study tours, travel and subsistence allowances for training participants, trainers' fees, rental of training facilities, preparation and reproduction of training materials and other activities incidental to the preparation and implementation of training activities. 16