Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017 From World Development Indicators © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 20 19 18 17 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the govern - ments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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Foreword Reaching the targets and overcoming the That expertise is reflected in this  SDG Atlas, challenges facing the Sustainable Develop- which presents a visual and engaging guide ment Goals requires a sharper focus on better to the challenges of the SDGs, to help policy financing, better data, and better methods of makers, managers, and the public alike better delivery, working together with partners. And understand them. The Atlas helps quantify immediate action is necessary if we truly want progress, highlight some of the key issues, and to build a world that is more just, prosperous, identify the gaps that still remain. and secure. The  Atlas   draws on World Development The World Bank Group aims to end extreme Indicators, a database of over 1,400 indicators poverty in a generation and to promote shared for more than 220 economies, many going prosperity. It will help nations meet their back more than 50 years. And it relies on the national goals, and address long-term global work of national and international statistical problems such as climate change, fragility, agencies around the world. I would like to pandemics, and stunting. The Bank’s global acknowledge and commend them all: they play practices and cross-cutting solution areas, a crucial role in measuring and quantifying the broadly aligned with the SDGs, have deep development process, so that we can all make knowledge and experience in virtually every better decisions about our lives and the scarce cross-sectoral area. resources we all manage. Mahmoud Mohieldin Senior Vice President World Bank Group Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    i Acknowledgments The Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals Pollock, William Prince, Anne Marie Provo, 2017 was produced by the Development Holy Tiana Rame, Jorge Rodriguez Meza, Evis Economics Data Group of the World Bank, in Rucaj, Fernanda Ruiz Nunez, Christopher Sall, collaboration with the Global Practices and Valentina Saltane, Maria Laura Sanchez Puerta, Cross-Cutting Solution Areas of the World Meera Shekar, Avjeet Singh, Adam Stone Bank and the Office of the Senior Vice Pres - Diehl, Victoria Strokova, Rubena Sukaj, Emi ident for the 2030 Development Agenda, Suzuki, Robert Townsend, Tea Trumbic, Hiroki United Nations Relations, and Partnerships. Uematsu, Michael Vaislic, Zichao Wei, Dereje Wolde, Tamirat Yacob, Junhe Yang, Soonhwa The publication was prepared by a team led Yi, Nobuo Yoshida, Yucheng Zheng, and Urska by Umar Serajuddin, under the management Zrinski. of Neil Fantom and the overall direction of Haishan Fu. The editorial team was coordi - Guidance from the Office of the Senior Vice nated by Elizabeth Purdie and comprised Ana President for the 2030 Development Agenda, Florina Pirlea, Tariq Khokhar, Jomo Tariku, and United Nations Relations, and Partnerships, Andrew Whitby. Hiroko Maeda and Andrew particularly Marco Scuriatti, Mariana Dahan, Whitby managed the development of the Mike Kelleher and Farida Aboulmagd, and Sustainable Development Goals Interactive discussions with Chiyo Kanda, Nazmul Chaud - Dashboard. hury, Andres Londono, and Sara Okada of the Operations Strategy, Results, and Risk Unit are Contributions were received from Husein gratefully acknowledged. The report bene - Abdul-Hamid, Paola Agostini, Luis Alberto fited from comments and suggestions from Andres, Michelle Ashwin Mehta, Raka Baner- David Rosenblatt, Tatiana Didier Brandao, jee, Randall Brummett, Shun Chonabayashi, Tito Cordella, Poonam Gupta, and Claudia Davida Connon, Simon Davies, Bénédicte de la Paz Sepulveda of the Development Economics Brière, Klaus Deninger, Mustafa Dinc, Angela Operations and Strategy Unit. Marianne Fay, Elzir, Mahyar Eshragh-Tabary, Juan Feng, Carter Brandon, Vivien Foster, and Melissa Caron Grown, Lewis Hawke, Timothy Herzog, Johns provided invaluable advice. Barbro Hexeberg, Thea Hilhorst, Masako Hiraga, Patrick Hoang-Vu Eozenou, Maddalena Bruno Bonansea provided guidance on maps. Honarati, Aira Maria Htenas, Atsushi Iimi, Sara Aziz Gokdemir, Jewel McFadden, and Nora Johansson de Silva, Bala Bhaskar Naidu Kali - Ridolfi oversaw printing and distribution. mili, Haruna Kashiwase, Buyant Khaltarkhuu, A team at Communications Development Silvia Kirova, Irinia I. Klytchnikova, Craig Kull - Incorporated­—­led by Bruce Ross-Larson and mann, Samuel Lantei Mills, Shiqing Li, Libbet including Joe Caponio, Chris Trott, Lawrence Loughnan, Hiroko Maeda, Eliana Carolina Whiteley, and Elaine Wilson­ —­managed the Rubiano Matulevich, Alejandro Moreno, Ines design, editing, and typesetting. Elysee Kiti, Zabalbeitia Mugica, Silvia Muzi, Esther Naikal, Lisa Burke, Juderica Diaz, and Colleen Burke Oya Pinar Ardic Alper, Sonia Plaza, Malvina provided administrative support. ii    About the data The maps, charts, and analyses in this Atlas be no reliable data to use for comparisons of Sustainable Development Goals 2017 are between countries or to measure progress. intended to present data trends and compar- isons in an accessible and visually appealing The primary international source of the data way. Given the breadth and scope of the is provided in footnotes. Where indicators Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the are available in the WDI database, the codes editors have been selective, emphasizing used to identify these indicators are given. issues considered key by experts in the World This “CETS” code (the Catalog of Economic Bank’s Global Practices and Cross-Cutting Time Series classification) can be used to Solution Areas. quickly access each indicator and its metadata, using the format http://data.worldbank.org/ The data draw on the World Development indicator/. Indicators ( WDI) database ­ —­t he World Bank’s compilation of internationally com - The 2017 Atlas uses two primary methods for parable statistics about global development classifying and aggregating countries and econ- and the quality of people’s lives. For each omies — by income (as defined for the World of the 17 SDGs, relevant indicators have Bank’s 2017 fiscal year) and by region. These are been chosen to illustrate important trends presented in the maps on pages vi to ix. and challenges, and highlight measurement issues. For more information, including details on the structure of the coding scheme, the method - New indicators have been added to the WDI ology, concepts and definitions, coverage, database to better reflect coverage of spe - periodicity, development relevance of all WDI cific goals and targets. In some cases­—­for indicators, and the methods used for classify- example, where country or temporal cov - ing countries for analytical purposes, please —­ erage is limited­ s upplementary data from refer to http://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. other databases or published studies have been used. But for some targets, there may The cutoff date for data is January 31, 2017. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    iii Introduction Between 1990 and 2013 nearly one billion To date the environmental cost of growth has people were raised out of extreme poverty. been high. Accumulated damage to oceanic Its elimination is now a realistic prospect, and terrestrial ecosystems is considerable. But although this will require both sustained hopeful signs exist: while greenhouse gas emis- growth and reduced inequality. Even then, sions are at record levels, so too is renewable gender inequalities continue to hold back energy capacity. human potential. Physical infrastructure continues to expand, Undernourishment and stunting have been but so too does population, so that urban nearly halved since 1990, despite increasing housing and rural access to roads remain chal- food loss, while the burden of infectious dis - lenges, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. ease has also declined. Access to water has expanded, but progress on sanitation has Meanwhile the institutional infrastructure of been slower. For too many people, access to development strengthens, with more reliable healthcare and education still depends on per- government budgeting and foreign direct sonal financial means. investment recovering from the financial crisis. Official development assistance, however, continues to fall short of target levels. iv    Contents Forewordi Acknowledgmentsii About the data iii Introductioniv The world by income, FY2017 vi The world by region viii Sustainable Development Goals 1 No poverty 1 2 Zero hunger 8 3 Good health and well-being 14 4 Quality education 20 5 Gender equality 26 6 Clean water and sanitation 32 7 Affordable and clean energy 38 8 Decent work and economic growth 44 9 Industry, innovation, and infrastructure 50 10 Reduced inequalities 56 11 Sustainable cities and communities 62 12 Responsible consumption and production 68 13 Climate action 74 14 Life below water 80 15 Life on land 86 16 Peace, justice, and strong institutions 92 17 Partnership for global development 98 Sustainable Development Goals and targets 109 Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    v The world by income, FY2017  Classified according to World Bank estimates of 2015 GNI per capita (current US dollar, Atlas method) Low income ($1,025 or less) Lower middle income ($1,026–$4,035) Upper middle income ($4,036–$12,475) High income ($12,476 or more) No data Canada United States Bermuda (U.K.) The Bahamas Cayman Is. (U.K.) Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Mexico Haiti Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Guyana R.B. de Suriname Panama Venezuela French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa Caribbean Inset Bolivia American U.S. Virgin British Virgin Samoa (U.S.) Anguilla (U.K.) Fiji French Dominican Islands (U.S.) Islands (U.K.) Saint-Martin (Fr.) Paraguay Tonga Polynesia (Fr.) RepublicPuerto Rico Sint Maarten (Neth.) (U.S.) Saint-Barthélemy (Fr.) Saba (Neth.) Antigua and Barbuda Sint Eustatius (Neth.) Montserrat (U.K.) Saint Kitts and Nevis Guadeloupe (Fr.) Dominica Martinique (Fr.) Aruba (Neth.) Saint Lucia Chile Argentina Uruguay Curaçao (Neth.) Bonaire Saint Vincent & Barbados (Neth.) the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and R.B. de Venezuela Tobago Note: The World Bank classifies economies as low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, or high-income based on gross national income (GNI) per capita. For more information see https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase /articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups. East Asia and Pacific Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Lower middle income Europe and Central Asia American Samoa Upper middle income Mongolia Lower middle income Albania Upper middle income Australia High income Myanmar Lower middle income Andorra High income Brunei Darussalam High income Nauru High income Armenia Lower middle income Cambodia Lower middle income New Caledonia High income Austria High income China Upper middle income New Zealand High income Azerbaijan Upper middle income Fiji Upper middle income Northern Mariana Belarus Upper middle income French Polynesia High income Islands High income Belgium High income Guam High income Palau Upper middle income Bosnia and Hong Kong SAR, China High income Papua New Guinea Lower middle income Herzegovina Upper middle income Indonesia Lower middle income Philippines Lower middle income Bulgaria Upper middle income Japan High income Samoa Lower middle income Channel Islands High income Kiribati Lower middle income Singapore High income Croatia High income Korea, Dem. Solomon Islands Lower middle income Cyprus High income People’s Rep. Low income Thailand Upper middle income Czech Republic High income Korea, Rep. High income Timor-Leste Lower middle income Denmark High income Lao PDR Lower middle income Tonga Lower middle income Estonia High income Macao SAR, China High income Tuvalu Upper middle income Faroe Islands High income Malaysia Upper middle income Vanuatu Lower middle income Finland High income Marshall Islands Upper middle income Vietnam Lower middle income France High income vi    The world by income, FY2017 Greenland (Den.) Faroe Russian Federation Iceland Islands (Den.) Norway Sweden Finland Netherlands Estonia Isle of Man (U.K.) Latvia Russian Denmark Fed. Lithuania Ireland U.K. Germany Poland Belarus Belgium Channel Islands (U.K.) Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Luxembourg France Moldova Switzerland Romania Uzbekistan Dem.People’s Liechtenstein Bulgaria Georgia Azer- Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea Monaco Rep. Japan Spain Armenia baijan Turkmenistan Rep.of Portugal Greece Turkey Tajikistan Andorra Korea Gibraltar (U.K.) Malta Syrian China Cyprus Arab Afghanistan Tunisia Lebanon Rep. Iraq Islamic Rep. Israel Morocco Jordan of Iran Bhutan West Bank and Gaza Kuwait Nepal Algeria Pakistan Libya Arab Rep. Bahrain Western of Egypt Saudi Qatar Bangladesh Arabia United Arab Hong Kong SAR, China Sahara Emirates India Myanmar Lao Macao SAR, China Cabo Mauritania Oman PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Verde Mali Niger Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Sudan Guam (U.S.) The Burkina Yemen Marshall Cambodia Philippines Gambia Faso Djibouti Federated States Islands Guinea Benin Guinea- Brunei of Micronesia Sri Bissau CôteGhana Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Lanka Darussalam Sierra Leone African d’Ivoire Cameroon Republic Sudan Somalia Palau Liberia Togo Malaysia Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Kenya Kiribati Singapore Nauru Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi Rep. of of Congo Indonesia Papua Solomon Congo Tanzania Comoros Seychelles New Guinea Islands Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Mauritius (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Fiji Namibia Zimbabwe Vanuatu Madagascar Botswana Poland La Réunion Germany Ukraine (Fr.) Czech New Republic Swaziland Slovak Australia Caledonia Republic (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Serbia Marino Herzegovina New Bulgaria Italy Zealand Montenegro FYR Kosovo Macedonia Albania Greece Georgia Upper middle income Montenegro Upper middle income Latin America and the Caribbean Germany High income Netherlands High income Antigua and Barbuda High income Gibraltar High income Norway High income Argentina Upper middle income Greece High income Poland High income Aruba High income Greenland High income Portugal High income Bahamas, The High income Hungary High income Romania Upper middle income Barbados High income Iceland High income Russian Federation Upper middle income Belize Upper middle income Ireland High income San Marino High income Bolivia Lower middle income Isle of Man High income Serbia Upper middle income Brazil Upper middle income Italy High income Slovak Republic High income British Virgin Islands High income Kazakhstan Upper middle income Slovenia High income Cayman Islands High income Kosovo Lower middle income Spain High income Chile High income Kyrgyz Republic Lower middle income Sweden High income Colombia Upper middle income Latvia High income Switzerland High income Costa Rica Upper middle income Liechtenstein High income Tajikistan Lower middle income Cuba Upper middle income Lithuania High income Turkey Upper middle income Curaçao High income Luxembourg High income Turkmenistan Upper middle income Dominica Upper middle income Macedonia, FYR Upper middle income Ukraine Lower middle income Dominican Republic Upper middle income Moldova Lower middle income United Kingdom High income Ecuador Upper middle income Monaco High income Uzbekistan Lower middle income El Salvador Lower middle income Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    vii The world by region Classified according to World Bank analytical grouping East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa North America Canada South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa United States Bermuda (U.K.) The Bahamas Cayman Is. (U.K.) Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Mexico Haiti Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Guyana R.B. de Suriname Panama Venezuela French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa Caribbean Inset Bolivia American U.S. Virgin British Virgin Samoa (U.S.) Anguilla (U.K.) Fiji French Dominican Islands (U.S.) Islands (U.K.) Saint-Martin (Fr.) Paraguay Tonga Polynesia (Fr.) RepublicPuerto Rico Sint Maarten (Neth.) (U.S.) Saint-Barthélemy (Fr.) Saba (Neth.) Antigua and Barbuda Sint Eustatius (Neth.) Montserrat (U.K.) Saint Kitts and Nevis Guadeloupe (Fr.) Dominica Martinique (Fr.) Aruba (Neth.) Saint Lucia Chile Argentina Uruguay Curaçao (Neth.) Bonaire Saint Vincent & Barbados (Neth.) the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and R.B. de Venezuela Tobago Note: These regions include economies at all income levels, and may differ from common geographic usage or from regions defined by other organizations. For more information see https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase /articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups. Grenada Upper middle income Trinidad and Tobago High income Malta High income Guatemala Lower middle income Turks and Caicos Morocco Lower middle income Guyana Upper middle income Islands High income Oman High income Haiti Low income Uruguay High income Qatar High income Honduras Lower middle income Venezuela, RB Upper middle income Saudi Arabia High income Jamaica Upper middle income Virgin Islands (U.S.) High income Syrian Arab Republic Lower middle income Mexico Upper middle income Tunisia Lower middle income Nicaragua Lower middle income Middle East and North Africa United Arab Emirates High income Panama Upper middle income Algeria Upper middle income West Bank and Gaza Lower middle income Paraguay Upper middle income Bahrain High income Yemen, Rep. Lower middle income Peru Upper middle income Djibouti Lower middle income Puerto Rico High income Egypt, Arab Rep. Lower middle income North America Sint Maarten High income Iran, Islamic Rep. Upper middle income Bermuda High income St. Kitts and Nevis High income Iraq Upper middle income Canada High income St. Lucia Upper middle income Israel High income United States High income St. Martin High income Jordan Upper middle income St. Vincent and Kuwait High income South Asia the Grenadines Upper middle income Lebanon Upper middle income Afghanistan Low income Suriname Upper middle income Libya Upper middle income Bangladesh Lower middle income viii The world by region Greenland (Den.) Faroe Russian Federation Iceland Islands (Den.) Norway Sweden Finland Netherlands Estonia Isle of Man (U.K.) Latvia Russian Denmark Fed. Lithuania Ireland U.K. Germany Poland Belarus Belgium Channel Islands (U.K.) Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia France Moldova Luxembourg Switzerland Romania Uzbekistan Dem.People’s Liechtenstein Bulgaria Georgia Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea Azer- Rep. Spain Monaco Armenia baijan Turkmenistan Rep.of Japan Portugal Greece Turkey Tajikistan Andorra Korea Gibraltar (U.K.) Syrian China Tunisia Malta Cyprus Arab Afghanistan Lebanon Israel Rep. Iraq Islamic Rep. Morocco Morocco Jordan of Iran Bhutan West Bank and Gaza Kuwait Nepal Algeria Pakistan Libya Bahrain Arab Rep. Saudi Qatar Western of Egypt Bangladesh Arabia United Arab Hong Kong SAR, China Sahara Emirates India Myanmar Lao Oman Macao SAR, China Cabo Mauritania PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Verde Mali Niger Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Sudan Guam (U.S.) The Burkina Yemen Marshall Cambodia Philippines Gambia Faso Djibouti Federated States Islands Guinea Benin Guinea- Brunei of Micronesia Sri Bissau CôteGhana Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Lanka Darussalam Sierra Leone African d’Ivoire Cameroon Republic Sudan Somalia Palau Liberia Togo Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Uganda Maldives São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Kenya Kiribati Singapore Nauru Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi Rep. of of Congo Tanzania Comoros Indonesia Papua Solomon Congo New Guinea Islands Seychelles Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Mauritius (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Fiji Namibia Zimbabwe Vanuatu Madagascar Botswana Poland La Réunion Germany Ukraine (Fr.) Czech New Republic Swaziland Slovak Australia Caledonia Republic (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Serbia Marino Herzegovina New Bulgaria Italy Zealand Montenegro FYR Kosovo Macedonia Albania Greece Bhutan Lower middle income Congo, Dem. Rep. Low income Mozambique Low income India Lower middle income Congo, Rep. Lower middle income Namibia Upper middle income Maldives Upper middle income Côte d’Ivoire Lower middle income Niger Low income Nepal Low income Equatorial Guinea Upper middle income Nigeria Lower middle income Pakistan Lower middle income Eritrea Low income Rwanda Low income Sri Lanka Lower middle income Ethiopia Low income São Tomé and Principe Lower middle income Gabon Upper middle income Senegal Low income Sub-Saharan Africa Gambia, The Low income Seychelles High income Angola Upper middle income Ghana Lower middle income Sierra Leone Low income Benin Low income Guinea Low income Somalia Low income Botswana Upper middle income Guinea-Bissau Low income South Africa Upper middle income Burkina Faso Low income Kenya Lower middle income South Sudan Low income Burundi Low income Lesotho Lower middle income Sudan Lower middle income Cabo Verde Lower middle income Liberia Low income Swaziland Lower middle income Cameroon Lower middle income Madagascar Low income Tanzania Low income Central African Malawi Low income Togo Low income Republic Low income Mali Low income Uganda Low income Chad Low income Mauritania Lower middle income Zambia Lower middle income Comoros Low income Mauritius Upper middle income Zimbabwe Low income Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017 ix No poverty 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere An estimated 766 million people, or 10.7 percent of the world’s population, lived in extreme poverty in 2013. In 2012 the extreme poverty rate stood at 12.4 percent globally, and over the year the number of people living below the international poverty line of $1.90 a day fell by 114 million. Goal 1 aims to end poverty in all its forms by 2030. It also seeks to ensure social protection for poor and vulnerable people, to increase access to basic services, and to support those harmed by conflict and climate-related disasters. Eradicating extreme poverty Saharan Africa now accounts for half the Sub-­ world’s extreme poor (figure 1b). Of the world’s population, 35  percent— 1.8 billion­ —­ lived in extreme poverty in 1990. Reducing poverty in all its dimensions Half were in East Asia and Pacific, where the according to national definitions extreme poverty rate was 60 percent, making it the poorest region at that time (figure 1a). The target of eliminating extreme poverty by While all regions have made progress, the 2030 uses a globally comparable poverty line most significant was in East Asia and Pacific, as a benchmark. Goal 1 also looks to halve which recorded an extreme poverty rate of the share of the population living in poverty just 3.5 percent in 2013, a dramatic fall driven as defined by national authorities (target 1.2). largely by China. In South Asia extreme pov- National poverty lines typically reflect a thresh- erty also fell sharply, to a third of its 1990 level old below which a person’s minimum nutrition, (from 45  percent to 15  percent). Even with clothing, and shelter needs cannot be met, substantial progress, considerable challenges consistent with the country’s economic and remain: despite a decline in the extreme pov- social circumstances. So, richer countries tend erty rate in Sub-­Saharan Africa, to 41 percent, to have higher poverty lines than poorer ones the region’s population growth means that (figure 1c), and in some cases a richer country 389  million people lived on less than $1.90 may have a higher national poverty rate than a a day in 2013, 113 million more than in 1990. poorer country. 1a The extreme poverty rate and the number of people living in extreme poverty have fallen in almost every region Number and share of population living on less than $1.90 a day (2011 purchasing power parity or PPP) (%), 1990 and 2013 1990 2013 Millions Percent Millions Percent East Asia & Pacific 966 60 71 4 Europe & Central Asia 9 2 10 2 Latin America & the Caribbean 71 16 34 5 Middle East & North Africa 14 6 South Asia 505 45 256 15 Sub-Saharan Africa 276 54 389 41 World 1,841 35 766 11 Note: For this indicator, regional aggregates exclude certain high income countries (World Bank Group. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2016: Taking on Inequality. Washington, DC: World Bank., p. 49). 2013 estimates for Middle East and North Africa are not shown because survey coverage is too low. Source: World Bank PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/); WDI (SI.POV.DDAY). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    1 1b The number of people living in extreme poverty has fallen in most countries but has risen in many Sub-Saharan African countries People living on less than $1.90 a day (2011 PPP), 1990 and 2013 1990 Indonesia 104 million China 756 million Vietnam 39 million Thailand Philippines Papua New Guinea Uzbekistan* Mexico Peru Brazil 31 million Haiti Congo, Nigeria Dem. Rep. India 51 million 24 million 338 million South Malawi Kenya Sudan Africa Madagascar Ethiopia 29 million South Angola Ghana Rwanda Zambia Sudan Mozambique Senegal Benin Cameroon Mali Burundi Guinea Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal Tanzania 62 million 45 million Uganda Burkina Niger Faso Côte d’Ivoire *Uzbekistan (1990) based on 1998 rate because of quality issues with earlier survey data. 2 Goal 1 No poverty East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa This square represents Europe & Central Asia South Asia 10 million people living in Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa extreme poverty 2013 Indonesia 25 million China 25 million Vietnam 3 million Thailand Philippines Papua New Guinea Uzbekistan Mexico Peru Brazil 10 million Haiti Congo, Nigeria Dem. Rep. India 86 million 55 million 218 million South Malawi Kenya Sudan Africa Madagascar Ethiopia 20 million South Angola Ghana Rwanda Zambia Sudan Mozambique Senegal Benin Cameroon Mali Burundi Nepal Guinea Pakistan Bangladesh Tanzania 12 million 18 million Uganda Burkina Niger Faso Côte d’Ivoire Source: World Bank PovcalNet; WDI (SI.POV.DDAY). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017 3 1c Richer countries tend to have higher national poverty lines National per capita per day poverty line, 2000–12 (2011 PPP $) 40 Low income Norway (2011) 30 Lower middle income Upper middle income High income Ireland (2011) 20 Slovenia (2011) Spain (2011) Slovak Rep. (2011) 15 Czech Rep. (2011) Estonia (2011) Croatia (2011) Lithuania (2011) 10 Bolivia (2011) Poland (2011) Paraguay (2011) Chile (2011) Honduras (2011) 7 Montenegro (2011) Azerbaijan (2001) Romania (2011) Tajikistan (2009) Armenia (2011) 5 Comoros (2004) Mauritania (2008) Albania (2012) Malaysia (2009) 4 Congo, Rep. (2011) Bhutan (2012) Swaziland (2009) Guinea (2012) Sri Lanka (2010) Turkey (2011) 3 Togo (2011) Namibia (2010) Niger (2011) Lesotho (2010) 2 Mozambique (2009) Malawi (2010) 1.5 1 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 30 40 50 70 100 Household final consumption expenditure per capita per day, 2000–12 (2011 PPP $) Source: Jolliffe, D. M., and E. B. Prydz. 2016, Estimating International Poverty Lines from Comparable National Thresholds, Policy Research Working Paper WPS 7606, Washington, DC: World Bank Group. Countries define monetary poverty lines using Republic, Hungary, and Poland) use a relative either income or consumption. In the years poverty line, usually setting their thresholds at measured up to 2013 (over 9–15 year intervals), 60 percent of the country’s median income or 17 of 45 countries with data reduced their consumption. In such cases, measured poverty poverty rates by more than half. Another 4 may not decline, even if incomes are rising, countries were on track to halve their poverty and halving poverty would be possible only by in 15 years if reduction trends continued. In the drastically reducing inequality. remainder, poverty rate declines were smaller, and indeed the rate increased in a few coun - Some countries­ —­ s uch as Bhutan, Bolivia, tries (figure 1d). Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Mexico­ —­have adopted measures that aim to capture In general, countries maintain the same national the multidimensional nature of poverty by poverty lines over time, adjusting them for assessing how households are deprived in dif- inflation to remain constant in real terms. But ferent ways (in health, education, housing, and some European countries (such as the Czech labor market opportunities). 4    Goal 1  No poverty 1d National poverty rates have fallen Expanding social protection for those substantially in many countries over the most in need last 15 years Reduction in poverty headcount ratio at the national poverty line (%) Social protec tion programs, which can increase the resilience of poor and vulnerable Intersurvey period 15-year equivalent a people and the opportunities available to Turkey, ’02–’13 them (target 1.3), are essential to ending pov- Kazakhstan, ’01–’13 erty. Programs include social assistance (such Ukraine, ’02–’13 as cash and in-kind transfers), social insur- Azerbaijan, ’01–’12 ance (such as pensions and unemployment Belarus, ’00–’13 insurance), and active labor market programs Malaysia, ’02–’12 Sri Lanka, ’02–’12 (such as skills training and wage subsidies). Cambodia, ’03–’12 They reduce poverty by ensuring adequate Thailand, ’00–’13 protection against different types of shocks; Peru, ’04–’13 by redistributing incomes to promote a more Brazil, ’01–’13 equitable society; and by reducing perceived Moldova, ’03–’13 risk, thereby promoting the accumulation of Russian Federation, ’02–’13 human capital and productive investment Tunisia, ’00–’10 opportunities. Ecuador, ’00–’13 Morocco, ’98–’07 Paraguay, ’02–’13 Few poor people, however, are covered by Albania, ’02–’12 social protection programs. Social assistance Indonesia, ’99–’13 coverage in many low-­ i ncome countries Pakistan, ’98–’13 remains especially limited; in Burkina Faso Colombia, ’02–’13 and the Democratic Republic of Congo fewer Bangladesh, ’00–’10 than one in 10 people in the poorest quintile Uganda, ’99–’12 receives any social assistance (figure 1e). Social Bolivia, ’00–’13 insurance coverage is even narrower, with Lao PDR, ’02–’12 fewer than one in 20 people in the poorest Ethiopia, ’99–’10 Armenia, ’01–’13 quintile benefiting in low-­ i ncome countries. Venezuela, RB, ’98–’13 Coverage in some lower-­ middle-­ income coun- Chile, ’98–’13 tries is also restricted, with only a few coun - Chad, ’02–’11 tries, such as the Kyrgyz Republic and Ukraine, Senegal, ’00–’10 extending social insurance to half the people Swaziland, ’00–’09 in the poorest quintile. Lithuania, ’04–’13 Czech Rep., ’04–’13 To be effective in reducing poverty, social Slovak Rep., ’04–’13 protection benefits must reach the poor and Honduras, ’01–’13 Philippines, ’03–’12 vulnerable. But in low-­ i ncome countries the Madagascar, ’01–’10 opposite is true: the richest quintile receives 2030 Latvia, ’04–’13 target 1.2: a much higher share of social assistance ben- reduction Poland, ’00–’13 by half efits than the poorest quintile (figure 1f). In Hungary, ’04–’13 Rwanda the richest quintile receives around Guinea, ’02–’12 seven times more in benefits than the poorest Jamaica, ’98–’12 quintile. For social assistance to be pro-poor, Slovenia, ’04–’13 the poorest quintile’s share of benefits needs Dominican Rep., ’00–’13 to be higher than 20 percent. –100 –50 0 50 a. Based on average compound annual growth rate. Source: WDI (SI.POV.NAHC). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    5 income 1e Social protection coverage among the poorest quintile tends to be lower in low-­ countries Coverage of social assistance and social insurance, poorest quintile, most recent year available during 2010–14 (%) Social assistance Social insurance Low income Nepal Malawi Rwanda Sierra Leone Ethiopia Afghanistan Senegal Congo, Dem. Rep. Niger Burkina Faso Chad Togo Lower middle income Indonesia Bolivia Guatemala El Salvador Vietnam Honduras Ukraine Philippines Sri Lanka India Bangladesh Tunisia Pakistan Tajikistan Kyrgyz Rep. Cambodia Cameroon Upper middle income Thailand Peru Ecuador Mexico South Africa Iraq Jordan Romania Paraguay Belarus Colombia Turkey Dominican Rep. Kazakhstan Serbia Argentina Brazil High income Chile Poland 0 50 100 0 50 100 Note: Excludes countries with a population of fewer than 5 million. Source: World Bank ASPIRE database. Securing land rights Data on tenure security and on the mapping and registering of private plots come from Tenure security is crucial for encouraging pro- administrative records of national land regis- ductive investment, sustainable land manage - tries and cadasters and from census and multi- ment, and access to finance (target 1.4). Clear topic household surveys by national statistical land rights help reduce conflict, increase trans- agencies (figure 1g). parency, and generate revenues for public services through property taxes. Recognizing Around 65  percent of Organisation for rights is vital both for indigenous communities Economic Co‑operation and Development and for women, bolstering their bargaining countries register most private plots across power, household welfare, and equality of the country. But fewer than 5  percent of opportunity through asset ownership. countries in Latin America and the Caribbean 6    Goal 1  No poverty 1f In many countries the poorest get a smaller share of social assistance benefits than the richest Benefit incidence of social assistance and social insurance, by income quintile, most recent year available during 2010–14 (%) Poorest quintile Middle three quintiles Richest quintile Low income Upper middle income Nepal Peru Sierra Leone Turkey Malawi Mexico Rwanda Serbia Senegal Ecuador Congo, Dem. Rep. Paraguay Burkina Faso South Africa Chad Thailand Lower middle income Romania Vietnam Belarus Philippines Jordan El Salvador Dominican Rep. Sri Lanka Colombia Kyrgyz Rep. Kazakhstan Bolivia Argentina Guatemala Brazil Ukraine Iraq Bangladesh High income Tunisia Poland Honduras Chile Pakistan 0 20 40 60 80 100 Tajikistan Cameroon 0 20 40 60 80 100 Note: Excludes countries with a population of fewer than 5 million. Source: World Bank ASPIRE database. 1g Mapping and registering private plots countrywide are less likely in Latin America and Saharan Africa the Caribbean and Sub-­ Share of countries that have the majority of private plots in the country (or main city) registered or mapped, 2016 (%) Plots in country Plots in country Plots in main city Plots in main city registered mapped registered mapped OECD Europe & Central Asia East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean World 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 Note: Regional data exclude OECD member countries. Source: World Bank Doing Business 2016. and Sub-­S aharan Africa do. The registration advocate for enforcing rights that are guaran- of plots in main cities is higher across all teed on paper but not elsewhere. regions. In Rwanda, where 97  percent of households A functional land registration system tends to report having documented rights to land, be strongly linked to women’s rights to land nearly 77  percent of women in those house - and to policies supporting women’s rights. holds say they held documented rights, either Registering women’s rights to land prevents individually or jointly. In Colombia just over half these rights from being lost, through inher- of households are registered, but only 11 per- itance or divorce, and allows individuals to cent of women have documented land rights. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    7 Zero hunger 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture Undernourishment declined globally from 19 percent to 11 percent in the past quarter century, while child stunting fell from 40 percent to 23 percent. But populations and food demand continue to grow, especially in South Asia and Sub-­Saharan Africa. Ending hunger and all forms of malnutrition by 2030 requires faster downward trends. Goal 2 also addresses poverty and food insecurity through enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability. Ending hunger and malnutrition Reducing stunting An end to hunger is an end to chronic The number of stunted children has declined undernourishment, the state of not acquir- steadily since 1990, and many countries are on ing enough food to meet the daily minimum course to meet the target of reducing stunting dietary energy requirements over a year. The by 2025.1 But the absolute number of stunted prevalence of undernourishment declined by children increased in Sub-­Saharan Africa from 8 percentage points between 1991 and 2015 nearly 45 million in 1990 to 57 million in 2015, globally, leaving 793 million people currently and the region will not meet the WHA target affected (see figure 2d on page 10). of reducing the number by 40  percent if the current trend is not reversed (figure 2a). More - Over a third of all undernourished people live over, the East Asia and Pacific downward trend in South Asia, while Sub-Saharan Africa and is driven largely by reductions in China; Indo - East Asia and Pacific each account for around a nesia and the Philippines require accelerated quarter (see figure 2c on page 10). All  these progress to reach the 2025 target. regions have seen fairly steady declines in the prevalence of undernourishment since 1990. Aggregate trends mask inequalities in child Continuing progress is not assured, however: malnutrition among the rich and the poor. the Middle East and North Africa has stag- Evidence from 80 countries from 1990 to 2011 nated in recent years, if at the relatively low shows persistent inequalities in child under- level of 8.2  percent. Ending hunger by 2030 nutrition, particularly stunting, with countries requires accelerated efforts to achieve faster showing little or no progress toward bridging global declines (target 2.1). the gap between the wealthy and the poor.2 Malnutrition refers to both undernutrition and Among 10 countries with the highest child stunt- overnutrition. Goal 2 aims to end “all forms of ing prevalence in 2010–15, many exhibit a wide malnutrition” by 2030 (target 2.2). It encom - gap between the poorest and the richest quin- passes the World Health Assembly (WHA) tile of the population (figure 2b). This gap is the 2025 targets of a 40 percent reduction in the widest in three lower-­middle-­ income countries, number of children under-five who are stunted Lao PDR (a gap of 41 percentage points), Paki- (too short for age), no increase in childhood stan (39), and Yemen (33). The gap in other high-­ overweight (too heavy for height), a 50 percent prevalence countries ranges from 12 percentage reduction of anemia in women of reproduc - points (Benin) to 29 (Burundi). Cameroon, Nepal, tive age, and increasing the rate of exclusive Nigeria, and Peru also have wide gaps in child breastfeeding in the first six months to at least stunting prevalence by wealth quintile, though 50 percent. their average prevalences are not as high. 8    Goal 2  Zero hunger 2a Child stunting is steadily declining in most regions but increasing in Sub-Saharan Africa Number of children under age 5 that are stunted, height for age (millions) 300 Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa North America 200 Europe & Central Asia South Asia 100 East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Source: United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization, and World Bank, 2016, Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition, New York; WDI (SH.STA.STNT.ZS). 2b Child stunting can vary as much within countries as between countries Share of children under 5 that are stunted, height for age (%) Poorest quintile Richest quintile Average 80 60 40 20 0 Timor- Burundi Malawi Yemen, Pakistan Benin Ethiopia Sierra Lao PDR Rwanda Leste 2010 2010 Rep. 2013 2012 2011 Leone 2012 2010 2010 2013 2010 Source: World Bank Health, Nutrition, and Population Statistics database (SH.STA.STNT.Q1.ZS, SH.STA.STNT. Q5.ZS, SH.STA.STNT.QT.ZS). Enhancing agricultural productivity and The depth of food deficit has declined the fast- food security est in East Asia and Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean, but persists at relatively The prevalence of undernourishment pro- high levels in Sub-­ S aharan Africa and South vides only a par tial picture of the food Asia. Globally, the depth of food deficit is security situation. To contribute to a more about half of what it was 20 years ago (figure comprehensive assessment of the multiple 2e). Continuing population growth and rising dimensions and manifestations of food inse- food demand coupled with the projected neg - curity and to better inform policy responses, ative impacts of climate change on agriculture the Food and Agriculture Organization has in the most vulnerable countries add to the compiled a preliminary set of food security challenge of sustaining and accelerating prog- indicators, available for most countries and ress across all regions.3 years. One such indicator is the depth of food deficit, measured as the amount of cal - The populations of both Sub-­ Saharan Africa ories needed to lift the undernourished from and South Asia are increasing faster than else- their current status, everything else being where (figure 2f). Projected rises in those two constant. regions over the next 15 years will together Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    9 2c Undernourishment is most widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and East Asia and Pacific Prevalence of undernourishment, 2015 (% of population) 0–5 5–10 10–20 20–40 Canada Over 40 No data United States Bermuda (U.K.) Cayman Is. (U.K.) The Bahamas Mexico Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Jamaica Belize Haiti Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica R.B. de Guyana Panama Venezuela Suriname French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Kiribati Ecuador Brazil Peru Samoa French Bolivia American Polynesia (Fr.) Samoa (U.S.) Fiji Caribbean Inset Tonga Paraguay British Virgin Anguilla (U.K.) Dominican Islands (U.K.) Republic Sint Maarten (Neth.) Chile St. Martin (Fr.) Argentina Puerto Antigua and Rico, U.S. U.S. Virgin Barbuda Islands (U.S.) Guadeloupe (Fr.) Uruguay Aruba St. Kitts Dominica (Neth.) and Nevis Martinique (Fr.) Curaçao St. Lucia (Neth.) Barbados St. Vincent and the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and R.B. de Venezuela Tobago Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; WDI (SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS). 2d Undernourishment, declining in almost every region, remains highest in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population) 40 Sub-Saharan Africa 30 East Asia & Pacific South Asia 20 World Latin America & Caribbean 10 Middle East & North Africa 0 1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Note: Data refer to the middle year of three-year intervals. For example, data for 2005 are estimates for 2004–06. Data are not available for Europe and Central Asia or North America. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; WDI (SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS). 10 Goal 2 Zero hunger Greenland (Den.) Faroe Islands (Den.) Iceland Sweden Norway Finland Russian Federation Netherlands Estonia Isle of Russian Man (U.K.) Latvia Fed. Denmark Lithuania United Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus Guemsey(U.K.) Jersey(U.K.) Belgium Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Luxembourg Moldova Liechtenstein Switzerland France Romania Dem.People’s Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea Bulgaria Azer- Monaco Armenia Rep. baijan Portugal Spain Andorra Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Japan China Korea Gibraltar (U.K.) Cyprus Syrian Malta Lebanon Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan Tunisia Israel Rep. Iraq of Iran Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan Bhutan Kuwait Nepal Bahrain Pakistan Libya Qatar Western Algeria Arab Rep. Sahara of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh Arabia United Arab Hong Kong SAR, China Emirates India Lao Macao SAR, China Cabo Myanmar PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Mauritania Oman Verde Mali Niger Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Guam (U.S.) The Yemen Cambodia Philippines Gambia Burkina Federated States Faso Djibouti Sri of Micronesia Guinea- Guinea Benin Marshall Bissau Ghana Lanka Islands Côte Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Brunei Darussalam Sierra Leone African Sudan d’Ivoire Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Liberia Togo Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Rep. of Kenya Singapore Nauru Kiribati Congo Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi of Congo Indonesia Solomon Tanzania Comoros Papua Seychelles New Guinea Islands Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Mayotte Mauritius Zambia (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Fiji Zimbabwe Madagascar Vanuatu Namibia Botswana La Réunion Poland Germany (Fr.) Czech Ukraine Republic New Swaziland Slovak Caledonia Republic Australia (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Marino Herzegovina Serbia Bulgaria Italy Montenegro Kosovo Macedonia, New Zealand Albania FYR Greece 2e The depth of food deficit across regions has narrowed but is still highest in Sub- Saharan Africa and South Asia Depth of food deficit (kilocalories per person per day) 300 Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia & Pacific 200 South Asia World 100 Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa 0 1992 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Note: Data are not available for Europe and Central Asia or North America. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization, Food Security Statistics; WDI (SN.ITK.DFCT). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017 11 2f Two-thirds of the projected growth in the world’s population by 2030 is in the high–food deficit regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia Increase in population since 1990, projected from 2015 (millions) 1,000 South Asia 750 Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia & Pacific 500 Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean 250 North America 0 Europe & Central Asia 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Source: World Bank Health, Nutrition, and Population Statistics: Population estimates and projections; WDI (SP.POP.TOTL). 2g Cereal yield growth rates have varied across regions, more than doubling in Sub-­ Saharan Africa and more than halving in the Middle East and North Africa Cereal yield average annual growth rate (%) 4 3 2 1990–99 2000–14 1 0 East Asia Europe & Latin America Middle East & South Sub-Saharan & Pacific Central Asia & Caribbean North Africa Asia Africa Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; WDI (AG.YLD.CREL.KG). account for around two-thirds of the change Sub-­Saharan Africa is to be met by productivity in the global population, anticipated to rise by gains alone, cereal yields will need to increase 16 percent over that period. At the same time, at 3 percent a year, about a third higher than food demand is projected to rise by at least the 2.2 percent rate during 2000–14. 20 percent globally, with the largest increases in Sub-­Saharan Africa (55 percent) and South Some growth will be met by expanding pro - Asia (25 percent). duction to areas currently not under cultiva- tion, but growth in yields will become more Improving agricultural performance will be important. Climate change could further central to addressing poverty and food inse- reduce yields.5 In the Middle East and North curity, as more than three-quarters of poor Africa, cereal yield growth has slowed from people still live in rural areas, and nearly two- 2.5  percent annually in the 1990s to 0.9  per- thirds of the world’s poor work in agriculture.4 cent in 2000–14, less than half the 2 percent Although cereal yields have accelerated in annual population growth rate in the region Sub-­S aharan Africa since the 1990s (dou - since 2000 (figure 2g). Current cereal yields bling the cereal yield growth rate), they are are highest in East Asia and Pacific (4.9 tons a not rising fast enough to meet growing food hectare), and Latin America and the Caribbean demand. If projected food demand to 2030 in Saharan Africa (1.5) and (4.1); and lowest in Sub-­ 12    Goal 2  Zero hunger middle-­ 2h The share of children who are overweight is increasing, particularly in lower-­ income countries Share of children under 5 who are overweight (%) 8 Upper middle income 6 High income World Lower middle income 4 Low income 2 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Source: World Health Organization Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition; WDI (SH.STA.OWGH.ZS). the Middle East and North Africa (2.3). Yield Policy Report. Washington, DC. http://dx.doi. growth, climate resilience, and enhanced trade org/10.2499/9780896295827. will all be needed to help end hunger by 2030. 2. Bredenkamp, C., L. R. Buisman, and E.  Van de Addressing overweight and obesity Poel. 2014. “Persistent Inequalities in Child Undernutrition: Evidence from 80 Countries, Overweight and obesity are rising in nearly from 1990 to Today.” International Journal of every country, creating a major global chal - Epidemiology 43(4): 1–8. lenge. 6 Both the prevalence and absolute number of overweight children under five are 3. World Bank. 2016. Poverty and Shared Prosperity increasing globally. Upper-­ m iddle-­i ncome 2016: Taking on Inequality. Washington, DC. doi: countries have the highest levels of overweight 10.1596/978-1-4648-0958-3. prevalence, while rates have been increasing most rapidly in lower-­middle-­ i ncome and in 4. World Bank. 2016. Poverty and Shared Prosperity i ncome countries. As both prevalence high-­ 2016: Taking on Inequality. Washington, DC. doi: and population continue to rise, so will the 10.1596/978-1-4648-0958-3. numbers of overweight children. (figure 2h). The WHO target of no increase in childhood 5. Townsend, Robert. 2015. Ending poverty and overweight by 2025 will not be met if current hunger by 2030: an agenda for the global food trends continue. system. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. Notes 6. International Food Policy Research Institute. 2016. Global Nutrition Report 2016: From Prom- 1. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Food Po l i c y Research ise to Impact: Ending Malnutrition by 2030 . Ins titute. 2 016 . 2 016 Global Food Washington, DC. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    13 Good health and well-being 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages In 2015, 303,000 mothers died from complications in pregnancy or —­ childbirth­ 216 per 100,000 live births. In Sub-­Saharan Africa the rate was more than twice that. Both there and in South Asia only half of births are attended by skilled staff, and the number of newborn deaths in the first month is also high, at around 30 per 1,000 births. Goal 3 addresses these and other causes of premature death and seeks universal health coverage, so that people can obtain health care without great financial penalty. Reducing maternal and child mortality Ending the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria Fewer women and babies are dying during pregnancy, childbirth, and soon after than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria together affect ever before recorded. But both Sub-­ Saharan hundreds of millions of people worldwide, and Africa and South Asia have some way to go to putting an end to these diseases is a priority reduce the deaths of mothers to fewer than 70 under Goal 3 (target 3.3). While the incidence deaths per 100,000 live births (target 3.1) and of HIV infection has been declining globally neonatal mortality to fewer than 12 per 1,000 since 1995, the disease is still prevalent in live births (target 3.2; figure 3a). In these two Sub-­S aharan Africa, where 3 of every 1,000 regions only half the births were attended by uninfected people ages 15–49 contracted it in skilled health staff, far fewer than the nearly 2015 (figure 3b). The number of people living 90  percent or more elsewhere across the with HIV, now at more than 36 million globally, globe. Fewer pregnancies would reduce the continues to rise since access to antiretroviral number of maternal deaths, but more than therapy increases survival rates.1 50 percent of married women in low-­ income countries report that their demand for family The incidence of tuberculosis, also declining planning is not satisfied by modern contracep - since the early 2000s, remains a global health tive methods. challenge, especially in Sub-­ S aharan Africa 3a More deaths occur during birth and early childhood in regions lacking skilled health staff Maternal mortality ratio, Neonatal mortality rate, Under-five Births attended by 2015 (modeled estimate, 2015 (per 1,000 live mortality rate, 2015 skilled health staff, 2012 per 100,000 live births) births) (per 1,000 live births) (% of total) Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia SDG target: SDG target: SDG target: na North America 70 12 25 World 0 600 0 100 0 100 0 100 na is not available. Source: WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and United Nations Population Division; UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation; WDI (SH.STA.BRTC.ZS, SH.STA.MMRT, SH.DYN.NMRT, SH.DYN.MORT). 14    Goal 3  Good health and well-being Saharan 3b The rate of new HIV cases in Sub-­ Saharan Africa still has over twice 3c Sub-­ Africa has declined dramatically since 1995 the global rate of new tuberculosis cases Incidence of HIV (% of uninfected population ages Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) 15–49) 400 1.00 Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 300 0.75 South Asia 200 0.50 World 100 0.25 World 0 0.00 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Source: UNAIDS; WDI (SH.HIV.INCD.ZS). Source: WHO; WDI (SH.TBS.INCD). (276 new cases per 100,000 people in 2015) Mental health is also a focus of target 3.4. and South Asia (220; figure 3c). Worldwide Suicide accounts for 8.2  percent of deaths there were 10.4 million new tuberculosis cases among young adults ages 15–29 globally and and 1.4  million deaths due to tuberculosis in is the second leading cause of death after road 2015.2 traffic injuries for that age group. 3 Suicide rates for all ages tend to be higher in Europe In 2015 the global incidence of malaria was and Central Asia and in high-­income countries about 94 per 1,000 persons at risk (figure 3d). (figure 3f). Sub-­Saharan Africa bears the highest burden, with an incidence of 234 per 1,000 persons Preventing substance abuse at risk. Countries with the highest incidence include Mali (449 per 1,000 persons at risk) and In 2012, 3.3  million deaths­ —­6  percent of Burkina Faso (389 per 1,000 persons at risk). deaths worldwide­ —­ were attributed to alcohol consumption, predominantly through injuries Tackling premature mortality from or noncommunicable diseases.4 Global con- noncommunicable diseases and suicide sumption was 6.3 liters of pure alcohol per person ages 15 and older in 2015, equivalent As the incidence of, and deaths from, com - to 3 liters of beer (4 percent alcohol) a week. municable diseases such as malaria and Consumption was highest in Europe and tuberculosis fall, the share of deaths from Central Asia (10.2 liters of pure alcohol per noncommunicable diseases increases. Glob - person a year) and lowest in the Middle East ally, premature death (before age 70) caused and North Africa (0.8 liters; figure 3g). Goal 3 by the four major noncommunicable diseases­ includes in its agenda preventing and treating —­ c ardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, harmful use of alcohol (target 3.5). and chronic respiratory disease­ —­ d eclined 16 percent between 2000 and 2015. To reduce Extending financial protection it by one-third by 2030 requires accelerating the current trend (target 3.4). Nine of the 12 Universal health coverage strives for people highest national rates in 2015 were in East Asia having access to health care without suffering and Pacific or Europe and Central Asia, with undue financial hardship. Achieving it would Papua New Guinea the highest, where the prevent people from falling into poverty due probability of 30-year-old people dying from to illness and give people the opportunity to these non­ communicable diseases before their lead healthier and more productive lives (tar- 70th birthday is 36 percent (figure 3e). get 3.8). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    15 Saharan Africa is the worst affected 3d Malaria is widespread in much of the tropics, but Sub-­ Confirmed cases of malaria, 2015 (per 1,000 at-risk people)a No confirmed cases 0.1–10 More than 100 >0–0.1 10–100 No data a. People living in areas of endemic malaria. Source: WHO; WDI (SH.MLR.INCD.P3). 3e Noncommunicable diseases kill a greater proportion of middle-age people in low- and middle-­income countries Mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory disease between ages 30 and 70, 2015 (%) 5–15 15–25 Over 25 No data Source: WHO; WDI (SH.DYN.NCOM.ZS). 16    Goal 3  Good health and well-being 3f High suicide rates are not restricted to any one region Suicide mortality rate, 2015 (per 100,000 people) 0–6 6–12 More than 12 No data Source: WHO; WDI (SH.STA.SUIC.P5). 3g Consumption of alcohol was highest in Europe and Central Asia Pure alcohol consumed per person ages 15 and older, projected estimates, 2015 (liters per year) 0–4 4–8 8–12 More than 12 No data Source: WHO; WDI (SH.ALC.PCAP.LI). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    17 3h Health financing is dominated by out-of-pocket payments in poorer countries Out-of-pocket payments as a share of total health expenditure, 2014 (%) 100 East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa South Asia Yemen, Rep. Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan 75 North America Cambodia Nigeria Bangladesh Azerbaijan Afghanistan India Morocco Pakistan Egypt, Arab Rep. Iran, Islamic Rep. Singapore Myanmar 50 Indonesia Russian Federation Mexico Congo, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Vietnam China Ethiopia Kenya Brazil 25 Italy Burundi Spain Tanzania Turkey Colombia Japan Canada Thailand Malawi United Kingdom United States Mozambique France South Africa 0 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Gross national income per capita ($, Atlas method, log scale) Note: Circle size is proportional to population size. Source: WHO Global Health Expenditure database; World Bank National Accounts database; OECD National Accounts database; WDI (SH.XPD.OOPC.TO.ZS, NY.GNP.PCAP.CD). Health care financing in many low-  and threshold. It should also protect people from middle-­i ncome countries is still dominated impoverishing out-of-pocket payments. by high out-of-pocket expenditures (figure 3h). Weaknesses in prepayment mechanisms The latest available consumption survey data such as taxation or health insurance­ —­a nd for 110 countries show that in the median coun- user fees imposed at the point of service­ —­ try about 7 percent of the population face out- often impede access to care, especially for the of-pocket payments in excess of 10 percent of poorest. their total consumption, including 3 percent for whom health payments represent 15  percent A meaningful measure of universal coverage or more of their consumption. 5 Every year, needs to reflect the ability of a health system 0.74 percent of people are pushed into extreme to protect people from the financial risks poverty (living on less than $1.90 a day) by out- associated with paying for health care. Uni - of-pocket health payments, and 12 percent of versal coverage should offer protection from those already below the $1.90 line are driven catastrophic health expenditures­ —­ o ut-of- deeper into poverty. These problems prevail pocket payments representing a large share of more in countries relying heavily on out-of- household consumption, usually with a specific pocket payments to fund health care (figure 3i). 18    Goal 3  Good health and well-being 3i In systems reliant on out-of-pocket payments, the risk of catastrophic expenditure is higher People experiencing expenditure beyond threshold during year (% of total population) Low threshold High threshold (more than 10 percent of total consumption) (more than 15 percent of total consumption) 15 10 5 0 Low Medium High Low Medium High Health system dependence on out-of-pocket payments Note: Low dependence means 20% or less of national health expenditure is funded by out-of-pocket payments; medium, 20–40%; high, more than 40%. Figure shown is the median for each group. Latest available surveys for 110 countries (2000–15). Source: WHO Global Health Expenditure database; WDI (SH.XPD.OOPC.TO.ZS); World Bank analysis of nationally representative household consumption surveys. Filling the data gaps Systematically collecting health data is chal- //www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2016 lenging. Even a basic indicator like under-five /AIDS-by-the-numbers. mortality requires two complete counts, of live births and child deaths by precise age, 2. World Health Organization. 2016. Global Tuber- which are not always available. More complex culosis Report 2016. Geneva. http://who.int/tb data, such as cause of death, require even /country/en/. more detailed, complete, and correctly coded information. Civil registration and vital statis - 3. World Health Organization. 2016. Global Health tics systems to record these life events remain Estimates 2015: Deaths by Cause, Age and Sex, weak in many countries. Only an estimated by Country and by Region, 2000–2015. Geneva. half or fewer deaths worldwide are registered http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden with cause of death information. In some coun- _disease/en/. tries a verbal autopsy (based on interviews with friends and family members) determines 4. World Health Organization. 2014. Global the probable cause of out-of-facility deaths, Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2014. but distinguishing among noncommunicable Geneva. http://www.who.int/substance_abuse causes of death using this method remains a /publications/global_alcohol_report/en/. challenge.6 Effective monitoring of the Goal 3 targets will require greater investment in such 5. These 110 countries have more than 80 percent data collection systems. of the world population. Notes 6. World Health Organization. 2016. World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring Health for the 1. Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS. SDGs. Geneva. http://who.int/gho/publications 2016. AIDS by the Numbers 2016. Geneva. http: /world_health_statistics/en/. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    19 Quality education 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all The ratio of students completing lower secondary school increased in Sub-­ Saharan Africa from 23 percent in 1990 to 42 percent in 2014 but remains low compared with a global ratio of 75 percent. Increased enrollment at school leads to an empowered citizenry and a more productive labor force. Goal 4 aims to make learning opportunities accessible to all. It also examines the quality of education, which plays a large role in sustainable development and poverty alleviation. Investment in human capital at various ages accelerates improvement in other areas. Measuring learning outcomes (target 4.1). In 2015 success in reading was wide- spread, but mathematics was more challenging The Programme for International Student Assess- (figure 4a). In 9 of the 49 countries surveyed ment (PISA) assesses 15-year-old students’ fewer than two-thirds of students attained literacy in reading, mathematics, and science the lowest mathematics proficiency level. 4a More students struggle to reach proficiency in mathematics than in reading Share of 15-year-old students reaching the lowest proficiency in mathematics and reading, 2015 (%) Vietnam Hong Kong SAR, China Mathematics Reading Russian Federation Singapore Canada Poland Denmark Finland Japan Portugal Korea, Rep. Spain Norway United Kingdom Germany Italy Belgium Netherlands United States Switzerland Australia Chile Czech Republic Hungary Sweden Kazakhstan Austria Mexico Chinaa Greece Turkey France Malaysia Thailand Colombia Israel Argentina Romania Indonesia Slovak Republic United Arab Emirates Peru Brazil Jordan Bulgaria Algeria Tunisia Dominican Rep. Lebanon 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Note: Excludes countries with a population of fewer than 5 million. Data show the share of students above level 1B in reading and above level 1 in mathematics. a. Refers to four provinces: Beijing, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Shanghai. Source: Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development; World Bank EdStats database. 20    Goal 4  Quality education Literacy and numeracy are critical at all ages decades, driven by large increases in school for individual and national development (tar- enrollment in China and India (figure 4k). In get 4.6), but can be difficult to measure. For addition, Sub-Saharan Africa reduced the instance, school-based assessments do not number of out-of-school children by 27 percent cover children who are not attending school. from 47 million in 1996 (the peak) to 34 million The number of people who are literate or in 2014, despite 59 percent growth in the pri- illiterate is often based on self-reported data, mary school–age population over that period. and some countries apply different lengths of school attendance or levels of completion to Still, around 61  million primary school–age declare a person literate. The most recently children remained out of school in 2014—a available data show that around 85 percent of third of them in India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and the world’s adults have basic literacy (figure Sudan, many from poor households. In Nigeria 4b). But the level and speed of achievement 71 percent of children from poor households vary across regions and by age group. were not attending school in 2013, compared with only 5  percent of children from rich Leaving no child behind households (figure 4m). The gaps in Pakistan and India are similar. Ninety percent of children worldwide com - pleted a full course of primary education in Children in low- and middle-­ income countries 2014, but just 75  percent went on to finish are less likely to enroll in school as they get lower-­ secondary education (figure 4l). Access older (figures 4g–4j). The trend is seen across to education­ —­ ensuring learning opportunities both rich and poor households, but the gap is for all children, youths, and adults, regardless substantial. There is also inequity in education of background or circumstance­ —­has been one between children from rural and urban areas of the main goals of the global development in many countries: those from urban areas are agenda for more than 25 years and continues almost three times more likely than children to be a priority (target 4.5). from rural areas to complete nine years of schooling in Senegal (figure 4n). And girls are The number of children not attending primary disadvantaged in either case. Girls from poor school was halved worldwide over the past two households are less likely than boys from poor 4b Adult and youth literacy rates increased in all regions between 2000 and 2010 Literacy rate (%) 2000 2010 Adult (ages 15 and older) Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia World Youth (ages 15–24) Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia World 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Note: The reference period is 1995–2004 for 2000 and 2005–14 for 2010. Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; WDI (SE.ADT. LITR.ZS, SE.ADT.1524.LT.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    21 Primary school enrollment is near universal in most countries, but other levels are not  School enrollment by education level, most recent year available during 2013–15 (% gross) 0–25 25–50 50–75 75–100+a No data 4c Preprimary 4d Primary 4g Low income, 2014 4h Lower middle income, 2014 125 125 100 100 75 75 Female 50 50 Female Male Male 25 25 0 0 Preprimary Primary Secondary Tertiary Preprimary Primary Secondary Tertiary a. The gross enrollment ratio is the number of students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population which corresponds to the same level of education, and it may exceed 100 percent. 22    Goal 4  Quality education School enrollment by education level, most recent year available during 2013–15 (% gross) 0–25 25–50 50–75 75–100+a No data 4e Secondary 4f Tertiary 4i Upper middle income, 2014 4j High income, 2014 125 125 100 100 75 75 50 50 Female Female 25 25 Male Male 0 0 Preprimary Primary Secondary Tertiary Preprimary Primary Secondary Tertiary Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; WDI (SE.PRE. ENRR, SE.PRM.ENRR, SE.SEC.ENRR, SE.TER.ENRR). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    23 households to complete nine years of school- Child Development Index to measure the ing; and the trend is similar for girls from rural developmental status of children, but data are households. available only for a few countries (target 4.2). While data disaggregated by sex and wealth Filling the data gaps quintile are available (target 4.5), parity indices for disability, ethnicity, and language are more Measuring learning achievements across limited.1 the globe remains a challenge for Goal 4. While many types of learning assessments Notes are available, different methods and varied coverages of ages, subjects, and years make 1. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). 2016. Sus- comparisons across countries difficult. Also tainable Development Data Digest: Laying the difficult is defining a “minimum competency” Foundation to Measure Sustainable Develop- in different social contexts. Data availability ment Goal 4. Montreal, Canada: UIS. http://www is also a challenge. For example, the United .uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/uis-sdg4 Nations Children’s Fund generates the Early -digest-2016.PDF. 4k The number of children out of school fell across regions Primary school–age children out of school, by region (millions) 125 Europe & Central Asia East Asia & Pacific 100 Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean North America 75 50 South Asia India Pakistan 25 Sudan Sub-Saharan Africa Nigeria 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 Most recent year available, 2010–14 Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; WDI (SE.PRM. UNER). 24    Goal 4  Quality education 4l More children are completing primary education, but fewer finish secondary education Primary completion rate Lower secondary completion rate (% of relevant age group1) (% of relevant age group1) 125 125 Europe & Central Asia East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific 100 100 Europe & Central Asia 75 South Asia 75 Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia 50 50 Middle East & North Africa Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 25 25 0 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; WDI (SE.PRM. CMPT.ZS, SE.SEC.CMPT.LO.ZS). 4m Not all children have the same opportunities to enroll or remain in school Primary school-age children out of school, by wealth quintile (% of relevant age group) 75 50 Richest quintile Poorest quintile 25 0 Nigeria, 2013 Pakistan, 2012 India, 2005 Source: Demographic and Health Surveys; World Bank EdStats. Note: Data are for countries with the highest number of out-of-school children. 4n In Senegal students from poor households and rural areas are at a disadvantage in completing education Proportion of 15-  to 19-year-olds who completed years of education, by wealth quintile and area, Senegal, 2014 (%) 100 75 Richest quintile 50 Rural Urban 25 Poorest quintile 0 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years Source: World Bank EdStats estimates based on Demographic and Health Surveys. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    25 Gender equality 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls One hundred fifty countries have at least one law that treats women and men differently, and 63 countries have five or more. Such institutional biases­ —­together with adverse social norms, persistent gender gaps in access to assets, and the failure to recognize, reduce, and redistribute unpaid domestic work­—­ u ndermine women’s economic empowerment. Goal 5 offers an opportunity to deliver transformative actions for addressing these constraints and for accelerating progress toward stronger economies. Ending legal gender differences East and North Africa have on average 16 laws relating to employment and entrepreneurship Ending all forms of discrimination against that differentiate between women and men, women and girls is crucial for inclusive sus - while countries in South Asia average 8, and tainable development (target 5.1). Widespread those in Sub-­ Saharan Africa average 6 (figure legal gender differences affect women’s eco - 5a).1,2 In East Asia and Pacific, the average nomic prospects­ —­f or example, by making number of legal gender differences is 5, fol - it difficult for women to own property, open lowed by Europe and Central Asia with 3, Latin bank accounts, start businesses, and enter America and the Caribbean with 2, and North certain professions. Countries in the Middle America with 1. 5a Employment and entrepreneurship related legal gender differences are widespread Number of employment and entrepreneurship related laws differentiating between women and men 0 1–4 5–14 15–29 No data Source: World Bank Group, 2015, Women, Business, and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal, Washington, DC. 26    Goal 5  Gender equality Combating harmful social norms practice (target 5.3). Young married girls whose schooling is cut short often lack the knowledge Despite the existence of violence against and skills for formal work and are limited to women across the globe, specific laws against occupations with lower incomes and inferior gender-based violence are not universal (tar- working conditions (figure 5c). Early marriage is get 5.2). In 49 countries there is no specific widespread in parts of South Asia, Sub-­ Saharan law against domestic violence, in 45 there Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, and is no legislation to address sexual harass - Latin America and the Caribbean. Even though ment, and 112 countries do not criminalize Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, and Mali marital rape. And in many countries societal legally prohibit child marriage, and there are norms permit physical and verbal abuse­ —­for penalties for authorizing or knowingly entering instance, if a wife argues with her husband into early marriage, more than half of all girls or partner, refuses to have sex, burns food, are married by age 18.3 goes out without telling him, or neglects the children (figure 5b). In Timor-Leste and Cen - Promoting shared responsibility for tral African Republic, for example, the law unpaid work penalizes domestic violence, sexual harass - ment and marital rape, but around 80 percent Women typically spend disproportionately of women still justify spousal abuse in any of more time on unpaid domestic and care the five circumstances listed. While recent work than men. Goal 5 seeks recognition of laws to address gender-based violence signal this work and a more equitable distribution progress over the past couple of years, social of these activities between women and men norms against wider gender equality reduce (target 5.4). Of the countries surveyed, women the potential for change. spend on average between 13 (Thailand) and 28  percent (Mexico) of their time in unpaid Breaking the cycle of early marriage and domestic and care activities, while men spend poverty between 3 (Japan) and 13  percent (Sweden) (figure 5d).4 This unequal division of responsi- A woman’s access to education and later her bilities is correlated with gender differences in employment opportunities as well as the nature economic opportunities, including low female and terms of her work are often compromised labor force participation, occupational sex by early marriage: Goal 5 looks to eliminate this segregation, and earnings differentials. 5b Women are more likely to tolerate domestic abuse in countries with fewer legal provisions against domestic violence Share of women believing a man is justified in beating his wife for different reasons, by number of legal provisions in a country against domestic violence (%) Neglects children Goes out Argues with him Refuses sex Burns the food 0 provisions 1 provisions 2 provisions 3 provisions 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 50 Note: The number of legal provisions ranges between 0 and 3 depending on the existence of a law on domestic violence, sexual harassment or marital rape. (yes = 1, no = 0). Source: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), and other surveys, most recent year available during 2009–15; World Bank Group, 2015, Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal, Washington, DC; WDI (SG.VAW.NEGL.ZS, SG.VAW.REFU.ZS, SG.VAW.GOES.ZS, SG.VAW.BURN.ZS, SG.VAW. ARGU.ZS, SG.LEG.DVAW); World Bank Gender Statistics database (SG.LEG.DVAW, SG.LEG.MRRP, SG.LEG.SXHR). Aggregations based on available data from 54 countries. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    27 5c Early marriage correlates with women in inferior working conditions Vulnerable employment female (unpaid family workers or own-account workers, % of female employment) 100 Ethiopia Guinea Benin Côte d’Ivoire Lao PDR Madagascar Liberia Zambia Uganda Rwanda Ghana Cameroon Tanzania Timor-Leste 75 Zimbabwe Vanuatu The Gambia Cambodia Vietnam Bhutan Senegal Azerbaijan Albania Georgia Guatemala Thailand Honduras Kiribati Peru Mongolia 50 Iran, Islamic Rep. Colombia Armenia Indonesia Egypt, Arab Rep. Tajikistan Philippines Yemen, Rep. Turkey Kyrgyz Rep. Gabon Bangladesh West Bank and Gaza Jamaica Samoa Maldives Dominican Rep. Serbia Kazakhstan Panama Moldova 25 Algeria Bosnia and Herzegovina Macedonia, FYR Ukraine Uruguay Costa Rica Tunisia Suriname Namibia Belarus Qatar Jordan 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Share of women ages 20–24 who first married by age 18 (%) Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and other surveys ; International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour Market database; WDI (SP.M18.2024.FE.ZS, SL.EMP.VULN.FE.ZS), most recent year available during 2009–15. 28    Goal 5  Gender equality 5d Women spend more time on unpaid 5e Differences persist between men and work than men women’s Internet use Share of total time allocated to unpaid domestic and Difference between the percentage of female and care work, countries for which data are available (%) male population using the Internet (percentage points) Men Women Mexico Turkey Guatemala Saudi Arabia Oman Argentina Morocco Peru Croatia Ecuador Mauritius Austria Algeria Iran, Islamic Rep. Ethiopia Italy Albania Portugal Mexico Iran Japan Morocco Egypt Romania Romania Bolivia Serbia Greece Uruguay Peru Italy Slovenia Germany Mongolia Malaysia Hungary Singapore Macedonia Israel Ukraine Greece Armenia Panama Hong Kong SAR, China West Bank & Gaza Indonesia Hungary Turkey El Salvador Moldova, Rep. Spain Spain United Kingdom Cyprus Costa Rica Bangladesh Bulgaria Luxembourg Poland Malta Macao SAR, China Colombia United Arab Emirates New Zealand Czech Rep. Switzerland Qatar Estonia Poland Estonia Kazakhstan France Austria Latvia Kyrgyz Rep. Russian Federation Bulgaria Tanzania Belgium France Slovakia Canada Burundi Thailand Réunion Brazil Sweden Uruguay Germany Costa Rica Iceland South Africa Kazakhstan Denmark Norway Finland Paraguay Zimbabwe Ghana Denmark Japan Lithuania Netherlands United States Netherlands United States Sweden Korea, Rep. New Zealand Qatar Finland Ireland Norway Panama Honduras Venezuela Brazil Bahrain Cuba Thailand Jamaica 0 10 20 30 –20 –10 0 10 Note: Data may not be strictly comparable across Source: International Telecommunication Union, countries as the methods and sampling involved most recent year available during 2012–15. for data collection may differ. Figure displays most recent year available during 2009–15. Source: United Nations Statistical Division. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    29 5f In most countries women dominate in health and education studies and men in engineering and science studies Share of countries where the field of study is female- or male-dominated (%) Female dominated Neutral Male dominated Engineering, manufacturing, and construction Agriculture Science Social sciences, business, and law Services Arts and humanities Health and welfare Education 0 25 50 75 100 Note: A given tertiary education program is “female dominated” if the female share of enrollment in the program is 5 percentage points higher than female share of tertiary graduates, “male dominated” if female share of enrollment in the program is 5 percentage points less than female share of tertiary graduates, and neutral if the difference between female share of enrollment in the program and female share of tertiary graduates is less than 5 percentage points. The country sample size for each field of study ranges from 101 to 115. Source: Estimations based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Education Statistics database UIS.FEP.56.F600, UIS.FEP.56.F140, UIS.FEP.56.F500, UIS.FEP.56.F700, UIS.FEP.56.F200,UIS.FEP.56.F400, UIS.FEP.56.F800, UIS. FEP.56.F300, SE.TER.GRAD.FE.ZS, most recent year available during 2012–15. Enhancing women’s use of technology report receiving their wage payments into an account, and large gender gaps remain. Technology can contribute to women’s Women in low- and middle-­ income countries empowerment by helping them overcome are about a third less likely than men to report mobility constraints, access relevant informa - having received any wage payments into an tion and new communication channels, and account in the previous year.4 participate in existing networks (target 5.b). Expanding female participation in Widespread differences between men and nontraditional areas women in access to basic technology persist in most parts of the world (figure 5e). Over- Teaching both women and men the technical all, women are less likely to be Internet users skills and capabilities to succeed in the digital regardless of their region or income. The economy is a top priority. Across the world, difference in Internet use can be as high as women are overrepresented in education and 20 percentage points (Turkey). Only one-fifth health; equally represented in social sciences, of countries with data have no evidence of a business, and law; and underrepresented in difference.5 engineering, manufacturing, construction, and science (figure 5f). This sharp divergence does Technology also presents an opportunity not reflect the capabilities of men and women to increase financial inclusion. While only in different subjects. Driving this segregation 2.5 percent of men and 1.6 percent of women are gender biases at school and at home, lim - worldwide have a mobile money account, ited exposure of girls to science and technol - 12.8  percent of men and 10.3  percent of ogy at an early age, and a lack of opportunities women in Sub-Saharan Africa have one. to enroll in such programs. Early exposure can Although financial inclusion starts with having shift stereotypes that discourage girls from a bank account, only with regular use do peo - participating in science and technology fields, ple benefit from it. Around 40 percent of wage with implications for their occupational choices income countries recipients in low- and middle-­ and earning potential. 30    Goal 5  Gender equality Increasing women’s representation in the database) that affect women’s economic parliaments opportunities. Goal 5 strives for the full participation of women 2. The measure of legal gender differences can sum at all levels of decisionmaking in political, eco - to a whole number or a decimal for any economy nomic, and public life (target 5.5). Across the because the question on job restrictions has 10 globe women occupy, on average, 23 percent subquestions that examine specific restrictions of parliamentary seats in 2016, up from 12 per- on women’s work. Each subquestion thus has a cent in 1997. Women made up nearly 29 percent value of one-tenth. Values presented here are of seats in Latin America and the Caribbean and rounded to the nearest whole number. 26 percent in Europe and Central Asia. Despite a fourfold increase in the share of women par- 3. The legal age of marriage for boys and girls is 21 liamentarians in the Middle East and North years in Niger and Chad, and 18 in the Central Africa since 1997, the region still had the lowest African Republic. In Mali, the legal age is 18 years proportion of women-­ held seats, at 17 percent. for boys and 16 years for girls. In 2016, only two countries had 50 percent or more women in parliament: Rwanda, with nearly 4. Demirguc-Kunt, A., L. Klapper, D. Singer, and P. Van 64  percent, and Bolivia, with 53  percent. In Oudheusden. 2015. “The Global Findex Database contrast, seven countries had no women in par- 2014: Measuring Financial Inclusion around the liament: Yemen, Vanuatu, Tonga, Qatar, Palau, World”. Policy Research Working Paper 7255. World Micronesia, and Haiti (figure 5g). Bank, Washington, DC. Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group’s Notes fiscal year 2015 (July 1, 2014–June 30, 2015). 1. Women, Business, and the Law examines 21 5. There is no evidence of a gap when the differ- differences in policies for unmarried women ence in the use of Internet between men and and 26 for married women (or 47 questions in women is ±1 percentage point. 5g Women remain underrepresented in national parliaments in most countries Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (percent), 2016 0–15 15–30 30–45 More than 45 No data Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union (http://www.ipu.org); WDI (SG.GEN.PARL.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    31 Clean water and sanitation 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all More than 90 percent of the world’s people now have access to improved water sources. In the past 25 years 2.1 billion people gained access to improved sanitation facilities. At the same time the share of people practicing open defecation halved, from 27 percent to 13 percent. While such improvements show progress toward access for all, these measures do not capture all dimensions of providing water and sanitation. Goal 6 introduces a new, more comprehensive monitoring framework to ensure access that is safe, equitable, and universal. Expanding access to drinking water and and more refined monitoring framework (tar- sanitation gets 6.1 and 6.2). The unimproved–improved distinction is replaced by “safely managed” Until recently countries reported their popu- services. For water, this requires that the lations’ access to water and sanitation by dis - household’s drinking water source is on prem- tinguishing between “improved” and “unim - ises, available when needed, and free of fecal proved” coverage. In 2015, 663 million people and locally relevant chemical contaminants. were drinking from unimproved sources such For sanitation, emphasis is on the links in the as unprotected dug wells, and 2.4 billion lacked sanitation chain from initial defecation through improved sanitation facilities. The bulk of those waste management (including containment, without were in Sub-­ Saharan Africa and South disposal, and transport of human excreta), and Asia (see figures 6d and 6e on page 34), on the availability of an appropriate handwash- where rural dwellers, especially the poorest, ing facility. Monitoring these components and lagged behind others in access to both water inequalities will help assess progress toward and sanitation (figures 6a, 6b, 6f and 6g). the longer term aim of universal access. Measuring access more comprehensively Household surveys will increasingly measure these new components, but at present, data Goal 6 commits to universal access to water, are limited. Available data show how the sanitation, and hygiene under a new, broader, refined methodology can affect measures 6a The number of people without access to an improved water source is declining Number of people without access to an improved water source (billions) 1.5 Other regions combined 1.0 East Asia & Pacific, urban East Asia & Pacific, rural 0.5 South Asia, urban South Asia, rural Sub-Saharan Africa, urban Sub-Saharan Africa, rural 0.0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.H2O.SAFE.RU.ZS, SH.H2O.SAFE.UR.ZS, SP.URB.TOTL, SP.RUR.TOTL). 32    Goal 6  Clean water and sanitation 6b 2.4 billion people still lack access to improved sanitation facilities Number of people without access to improved sanitation facilities (billions) 3 Other regions combined 2 East Asia & Pacific, urban East Asia & Pacific, rural South Asia, urban 1 South Asia, rural Sub-Saharan Africa, rural Sub-Saharan Africa, urban 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.STA.ACSN.RU, SH.STA.ACSN.UR, SP.URB.TOTL, SP.RUR.TOTL). of access. For example, in Niger 66  percent of access are considered, the shares are likely of the population has access to an improved to fall further.1 These refined measures can source of water, but new data show that only help quantify major issues invisible in previous 10 percent have access on premises (figure 6c). definitions. Those without on-premise access must plan ahead to collect water, an exercise that can Incorporating handwashing in the definition take up to 30 minutes (the threshold for “basic of sanitation access has a similar impact. A water”­— another measure sometimes used) or 54-country study found that the handwashing even longer (improved, but not basic). criterion was unmet for between 4 percent (Ser- bia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina) and 99 per- Even if data are not yet available on all aspects cent (Liberia and Ethiopia) of the population.2 In of safely managed water, there generally is another study of 10 countries, access to cleans- information on improved water on premises, ing materials­ —­f undamental to women for and access to safely managed water can be no menstrual hygiene management­ —­was below higher than that. On average across six coun - 25  percent in more than half the countries.3 tries, 60 percent of urban dwellers and 75 per- Such data4 can give new insights to sanitation cent of rural dwellers previously classified as challenges facing different populations and having access would now be considered to be enable countries and the international commu- without access. When other new requirements nity to refine and focus service provision.5 6c Under stricter definitions, fewer people have access to water Share of population at each access level, according to latest dataset, by country (%) Improved water sourcea Basic waterb Improved water on premises Safely managed waterc 100 75 50 25 0 Pakistan West Bank & Gaza Nigeria Niger Congo, Dem. Rep. Haiti a. Differs from the WDI indicator SH.H2O.SAFE.ZS, which is based on multiple surveys. b. Improved water source, with no more than a 30-minute round-trip collection time. c. Safely managed water access has not yet been assessed and is not shown but can be no greater than improved water on premises. Source: World Bank WASH Poverty Diagnostics 2016. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    33 Saharan Africa 6d Those who lack improved water sources are concentrated largely in Sub-­ Share of population with access to an improved water source, 2015 (%) 0–25 25–50 50–75 75–100 No data Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.H2O.SAFE.ZS). 6e Access to improved sanitation facilities is lacking in some countries in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Share of population with access to improved sanitation facilities, 2015 (%) 0–25 25–50 50–75 75–100 No data Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.STA.ACSN). 34    Goal 6  Clean water and sanitation 6f The poorest people in rural areas suffer from especially low access to water… Angola Congo, Rep. Madagascar Congo, Dem. Rep. Sierra Leone Zambia Togo Mozambique Yemen, Rep. Haiti Tanzania Nigeria Chad Liberia Nicaragua Kenya Mauritania Cameroon Niger Ethiopia Swaziland Guinea-Bissau Senegal Mali Central African Rep. Gabon Honduras Indonesia Colombia Poorest quintile, rural National average Iraq 0 25 50 75 100 Share of population with access to an improved water source, national average and rural poorest quintile, 2012 (%) Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.H2O.SAFE.ZS); Health, Nutrition, and Population Statistics by Wealth Quintile (SH.H2O.SAFE.RU.Q1.ZS). 6g …and to sanitation Togo Burkina Faso Chad Poorest quintile, rural National average Gabon Liberia Madagascar Namibia Niger Congo, Rep. India Sierra Leone Angola Côte d’Ivoire Guinea Central African Republic Tanzania Uganda Cambodia Ethiopia Ghana Haiti Malawi Senegal Yemen, Rep. Kenya Congo, Dem. Rep. Mozambique Zimbabwe Pakistan Bolivia 0 25 50 75 100 Share of population with access to improved sanitation facilities, national average and rural poorest quintile, 2012 (%) Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.STA.ACSN); Health, Nutrition, and Population Statistics by Wealth Quintile (SH.STA.ACSN.RU.Q1.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    35 Saharan Africa 6h Open defecation is widespread throughout parts of South Asia and Sub-­ Number of people practicing open defecation, 2015 10 million 100 million 500 million Source: World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation; WDI (SH.STA.ODFC.ZS, SP.POP.TOTL). Ending open defecation Globally, water supplies per person halved over the past 50 years, and water shortages affect The elimination of open defecation is an many countries (figure 6i). Ninety percent of urgent priority (target 6.2). In 2015, an esti - income countries went water withdrawals in low-­ mated 946  million people defecated in the to agriculture in 2014, while industry had the open­ —­for example, outside in street gutters, income countries (44%). highest share in high-­ behind bushes, or into open bodies of water (figure 6h). This contaminates drinking water Monitoring and managing water resources sources and spreads deadly diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery. Open def- Managing and assessing water resources rely ecation is particularly acute among the rural on incorporating new data sources, such as poor in South Asia and Sub-­ Saharan Africa. satellite measures of aquifer levels. Increased analytical precision, integration of information Addressing the entire water cycle and of national programs, and multinational cooperation are critical to improve monitoring Goal 6 recognizes that sustainably managing and translate global ambitions into national water goes beyond simply providing a safe action. water supply and sanitation, as it addresses broader water cycle issues of water quality and This will require increased participation by wastewater (target 6.3); water use and scarcity local communities and other stakeholders (target 6.4); water resource management (tar- (acknowledged in target 6.b). Of 94 coun - get 6.5); and ecosystems (target 6.6). All these tries in a recent UN survey round, 83 percent issues influence access, particularly for regions reported having clearly defined procedures for facing increasingly frequent extreme weather stakeholder participation in water, sanitation, events due to climate change, urbanization and hygiene planning, but fewer than half had pressures, and shifting pollution patterns. even “moderate” implementation.6 36    Goal 6  Clean water and sanitation 6i Many countries already withdraw a very high proportion of their available water Total annual freshwater withdrawals, by country, 2014 (% of internal renewable freshwater resources) a 0–25 25–75 75+ No data a. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent due to extraction from nonrenewable aquifers, desalination, or water reuse. For example, in Bahrain, Egypt, Turkmenistan, and United Arab Emirates withdrawals exceed 1,000 percent. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; WDI (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS). Improved water management should be seen 3. Loughnan, L., Bain, R., Rop, R., Sommer, M., and in context. Advances in equitable access to Slaymaker, T. 2016. “What Can Existing Data on water and sanitation contribute to progress in Water and Sanitation Tell Us About Menstrual health, nutrition, food security, gender equal - Hygiene Management?” Waterlines 35(3). ity, disaster resilience, environmental sustain - ability, and many other areas.7 For example, 4. The most comprehensive assessment of the access to water, sanitation, and handwashing baseline global situation under these new mea - contributes to inclusive and effective school surements will be released by the World Health learning environments, promoting the goal of Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund quality education for all.8 Joint Monitoring Programme in 2017–18. Notes 5. World Bank WASH Poverty Diagnostic 2016. 1. The Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene 6. UN -Water. 2016. Integrated Monitoring Guide for (WASH) Poverty Diagnostic has been working to SDG 6 Targets and Global Indicators. Geneva. examine the implications of adopting the new measurements of access. 7. Integrated monitoring of water and sanitation related SDG targets – GEMI: http://www.unwater 2. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) .org/gemi/. for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2015, Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water—2015 Update 8. Indicators for target 4.a—see United Nations and MDG Assessment. Economic and Social Council 2015 Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    37 Affordable and clean energy 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all Nearly 1.1 billion people had no access to electricity in 2014, and more than 3 billion had no access to clean fuels and technologies. Goal 7 recognizes that extending access to electricity and other forms of energy is fundamental to improving people’s lives and communities. It aims for efficiencies in energy use and the promotion of renewable sources to sustainably manage resources for development. Easing daily life through access to energy Expanding access to electricity Modern energy improves many areas of daily In 2014 around 15 percent of the world’s pop - life. Better sanitation systems, well function - ulation had no access to electricity (figures 7d ing health care and education services, and and 7e). Nearly half were in rural areas of Sub-­ dependable transportation and telecommu- Saharan Africa, and nearly a third were rural nications all depend on reliable electricity. dwellers in South Asia. In all, 86  percent of Lighting a single room allows a child to read or people without electricity lived in rural areas, do homework at night, while continuous power where providing infrastructure is more chal - can support larger appliances, keep food cold, lenging. Of the remainder in urban areas, most and allow businesses to flourish. Other alterna- were in Sub-­Saharan Africa (figure 7a). tives, where they exist, often have significant health or pollution risks. Emissions from ineffi- Electrification has expanded in all regions and cient household energy sources like kerosene in both urban and rural areas. South Asia has and traditional biomass can directly contribute driven global declines in the share of the rural to diseases and premature mortality among population without access to electricity, with the poorest people, who have little or no just 28 percent of rural dwellers lacking elec- access to health care. Goal 7 seeks to expand tricity in 2014, compared with 68  percent in access to affordable, reliable, and modern 1991, while the urban rate fell from 18 percent energy services to all (target 7.1). to 3 percent. 7a Globally, the number of people without access to electricity is falling People without access to electricity (billions) 1.5 1.0 Other South Asia, urban South Asia, rural Sub-Saharan Africa, urban 0.5 Sub-Saharan Africa, rural 0.0 1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 Source: Sustainable Energy for All; WDI (EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS, EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS, SP.RUR.TOTL, SP.URB.TOTL). 38    Goal 7  Affordable and clean energy In most regions, electrification has outpaced 7b More than 3 billion people still lack access population growth. An exception is Sub-­ to clean cooking fuels and technologies People without access to clean cooking fuels and Saharan Africa, where electrification has not technologies (billions) kept up with population growth: 154  million 4 more people in rural areas lacked access in 2014 than in 1991. Similarly, the number of Other people in urban areas without access rose 3 from 58 million in 1991 to about 108  million in 2014. East Asia & Pacific 2 Converting to clean cooking fuels 1 South Asia Clean cooking fuels and technologies are in many cases less hazardous to health and Sub-Saharan Africa the environment than their alternatives. In 0 2014 more than 40 percent of the global 2000 2005 2010 2014 population—mostly in South Asia, East Asia Source: Sustainable Energy for All; WDI (EG.CFT. and Pacific, and Sub-­ Saharan Africa—had no ACCS.ZS, SP.POP.TOTL). access to these fuels (figure 7b). with population growth, leaving an additional Access to clean cooking fuels and technol - 91 million people without access. ogies has not expanded as fast as access to electricity. In South Asia 77 percent of people Access has improved in East Asia and Pacific­­ did not have access to these fuels in 2000. both in terms of population share and num- —­­ While that share dropped to 68  percent by ber of people affected. Over half of all people 2014 (figure 7c), it was insufficient to keep up did not have access to clean cooking fuels Saharan Africa, but China and India also 7c Access to clean cooking fuels is lowest in Sub-­ have large populations without access Share of population with access to clean cooking fuels and technologies, 2014 (%) 0–33 33–67 67–100 No data Source: Sustainable Energy for All; WDI (EG.CFT.ACCS.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    39 7d Access to electricity is lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa… Access to electricity, 2014 (% of population) 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 Canada 80–100 No data United States Bermuda (U.K.) Cayman Is. (U.K.) The Bahamas Mexico Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Jamaica Belize Haiti Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica R.B. de Guyana Panama Venezuela Suriname French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Kiribati Ecuador Brazil Peru Samoa French Bolivia American Polynesia (Fr.) Samoa (U.S.) Fiji Caribbean Inset Tonga Paraguay British Virgin Anguilla (U.K.) Dominican Islands (U.K.) Republic Sint Maarten (Neth.) Chile St. Martin (Fr.) Argentina Puerto Antigua and Rico, U.S. U.S. Virgin Barbuda Islands (U.S.) Guadeloupe (Fr.) Uruguay Aruba St. Kitts Dominica (Neth.) and Nevis Martinique (Fr.) Curaçao St. Lucia (Neth.) Barbados St. Vincent and the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and R.B. de Venezuela Tobago Source: SE4ALL; WDI (EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS). 7e …but substantial populations in India and Bangladesh also lack access People without access to electricity, 2014 (%) Central African Rep. Congo, Dem. Rep. South Sudan Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. Liberia Papua New Guinea Sierra Leone Guinea-Bissau Burundi Madagascar Burkina Faso 100 Mozambique Chad Malawi Tanzania Niger Somalia Rwanda Uganda Ethiopia Lesotho Zimbabwe Zambia Guinea Namibia The Gambia 80 Angola Mali Mauritania Congo, Rep. Benin Timor-Leste Togo Kenya Haiti Sudan Eritrea Myanmar 60 Cambodia Cameroon Côte d’Ivoire Botswana Bangladesh Nigeria Swaziland Senegal Yemen, Rep. 40 Lao PDR Ghana 20 0 Countries with less than 80 percent access to electricity and a population of at least 1 million (scaled by population) Source: SE4ALL; WDI (EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, SP.POP.TOTL). 40 Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy Greenland (Den.) Faroe Islands (Den.) Iceland Sweden Norway Finland Russian Federation Netherlands Estonia Isle of Russian Man (U.K.) Latvia Fed. Denmark Lithuania United Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus Guemsey(U.K.) Jersey(U.K.) Belgium Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Luxembourg Moldova Liechtenstein Switzerland France Romania Dem.People’s Bulgaria Georgia Azer- Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea Monaco Armenia Rep. baijan Portugal Spain Andorra Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Japan China Korea Gibraltar (U.K.) Cyprus Syrian Malta Lebanon Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan Tunisia Israel Rep. Iraq of Iran Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan Bhutan Kuwait Nepal Bahrain Pakistan Libya Qatar Western Algeria Arab Rep. Sahara of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh Arabia United Arab Hong Kong SAR, China Emirates India Lao Macao SAR, China Cabo Myanmar PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Mauritania Oman Verde Mali Niger Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Guam (U.S.) The Yemen Cambodia Philippines Gambia Burkina Federated States Faso Djibouti Sri of Micronesia Guinea- Guinea Benin Marshall Bissau Ghana Lanka Islands Côte Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Brunei Darussalam Sierra Leone African Sudan d’Ivoire Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Liberia Togo Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Rep. of Kenya Singapore Nauru Kiribati Congo Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi of Congo Indonesia Solomon Tanzania Comoros Papua Seychelles New Guinea Islands Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Mayotte Mauritius Zambia (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Fiji Zimbabwe Madagascar Vanuatu Namibia Botswana La Réunion Poland Germany (Fr.) Czech Ukraine Republic New Swaziland Slovak Caledonia Republic Australia (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Marino Herzegovina Serbia Bulgaria Italy Montenegro Kosovo Macedonia, New Zealand Albania FYR Greece India East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017 41 and technologies in 2000; in 2014 this share as the source and its capacity, the duration of dropped to 42  percent. Despite a rise in the access and its reliability, the quality of energy total population of 11 percent, 206 million fewer delivered (such as voltage), the affordability of people lacked access than 14 years earlier. access, and the legality of the energy provision. Access to electricity will be defined in five tiers: A large population rise and a negligible fall tier 1 encompasses basic lighting and phone in the percentage of people lacking access charging; tier 2 includes a television and electric to clean cooking fuels and technologies in fan; tier 3 includes the use of low-­ intensity and Sub-­Saharan Africa (from 87 percent in 2000 discontinuous thermal or mechanical applica- to 86  percent in 2014) means that, in 2014, tions, such as washing machines or food proces- 250  million more people lacked access than sors; and tiers 4 and 5 enable heavier and con- in 2000. tinuous applications, such as air-­ conditioning and space heating.1 It is likely that many people Measuring modern energy access in new now counted as having access to electricity will ways fall in the lower tiers; but others with off-grid power may reach tiers 1 or 2, despite currently Energy access is currently measured through being counted as not having access. a simple binary indicator: either a house, vil - lage, or facility is connected to a power grid Shifting to renewable energy or it is not. But a connection does not mean that electricity is always available and afford - Goal 7 promotes more use of renewable able. Conversely, advances in low-cost and energy to counter dependence on unsustain- effective off-grid systems now mean that a able, nonrenewable sources (target 7.2). The grid connection may not be necessary to enjoy share of renewables in the global energy mix some important benefits of modern energy. stood at just under 19 percent in 2014. These innovations are particularly relevant for the many people without access to electricity However, this is uneven across regions: the in rural areas, where traditional grid expansion renewable share in the Middle East and is most costly. North Africa stands at 1.8  percent, while the share in North America is under 10.5 percent. The measurement framework for energy access Sub-­S aharan Africa has the highest share of is under revision. It will eventually take into renewables in its energy use­ over 70 percent­ —­ account many aspects of energy delivery, such —­while South Asia records 40 percent. These 7f Wind and solar photovoltaic account for the majority of renewables’ electricity capacity added each year Electricity generation capacity added per year, by renewable source (gigawatts) Hydropower Wind Solar photovoltaic Other renewablesa 200 150 100 50 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 a. Includes biomass, concentrated solar power, geothermal, and ocean. Source: International Renewable Energy Agency. 42    Goal 7  Affordable and clean energy high shares reflect the practice in many per purchasing power parity dollar of output in low-  and lower-middle-income countries of 2010­ —­that is, each dollar of output required an reliance on traditional biomass for fuel. energy input equivalent to 0.18 liters of gaso - line. This decline was from 7.6 megajoules per For the first time, renewables accounted for dollar in 1990, an average decline over the two more than half of net annual additions to power decades of around 1.34 percent a year. capacity globally and overtook coal in terms of cumulative installed capacity in the world. 2 By 2014 global energy intensity had fallen fur- Of the renewables, hydropower accounts for ther, to 5.4 megajoules per dollar, accelerating over 60 percent of total capacity, but wind and the annual decline to 1.9  percent­ —­b ut still solar photovoltaic are now dominating the new short of the target of 2.6 percent (which would capacity added each year (figure 7f). amount to a doubling of the world decline over 1990–2010). However, 7 of the 20 larg - Driving energy efficiency est energy consumers did achieve the target, showing that decoupling growth from energy Goal 7 aims to double the global rate of use is possible in both high-­income countries improvement in energy efficiency (target 7.3). and emerging economies (figure 7g). Energy efficiency refers to the amount of output that can be produced by using a given amount Notes of energy­ —­ for example, kilometers traveled per liter of fuel. A related economy­wide mea- 1. ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assis- sure, energy intensity, reflects the amount of tance Program). 2015. Beyond Connec- energy required to produce a certain value of tions: Energy Access Redefined. ESMAP output. As energy efficiency increases, energy Technical Repor t 008/15. Washington, DC: intensity declines, though the decline also World Bank Group. https://openknowledge reflects other factors, such as changing pat- .worldbank.org/handle/10986/24368. terns of production and consumption. Global energy intensity was around 5.8  megajoules 2. World Bank, Global Tracking Framework 2017. 7g Seven of the highest energy-consuming economies exceeded 2.6 percent annual decline from 2010 to 2014 Compound annual growth Compound annual growth Energy intensity, 2014 rate, 1990–2010 (%) rate, 2010–14 (%) (MJ/2011 PPP $ of GDP) United Kingdom Indonesia China Japan Australia Italy Germany France Nigeria India World –1.34% decline United States Saudi Arabia Russian Federation 2.6% reduction South Africa (double the world Korea, Rep. decline from Mexico 1990 to 2010) Canada Thailand Brazil Iran, Islamic Rep. –5 0 5 –5 0 5 0 5 10 Note: Top 20 economies by energy consumption in 2014. Source: OECD/IEA, IEA World Energy Balances; WDI (EG.EGY.PRIM.PP.KD). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    43 Decent work and economic growth 8 Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all Young people ages 15–24—who make up 22 percent of the world’s adult population—often face great challenges in finding employment. And even after they find work, they are disproportionately engaged in low-productivity and low-quality jobs, with few opportunities. In addition to sustained job creation, Goal 8 recognizes that decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation is fundamental to sustainable development. Getting people into jobs youth population (figure 8a). Jobs for young people are important for several reasons: they Goal 8 aims at full employment for all age are an important vehicle for the social, eco - groups and identifies work, education, and nomic, and political inclusion of groups and training for young people as part of that aim individuals, and a lack of jobs can lead to dis - (targets 8.5 and 8.6). The world’s population is content and unrest among disaffected young young: 42  percent is under age 25. In South people.1 Moreover, an individual’s first job Asia and Sub-­ S aharan Africa the number of tends to set a precedent for lifelong earnings, people ages 15–24 has been steadily rising, and those with poor job prospects risk falling to 525 million in 2015­ —­ almost half the global into “low-pay traps.”2 8a The youth population is growing sharply in regions with high poverty Youth population, ages 15–24 (millions) 400 East Asia & Pacific 300 South Asia 200 Sub-Saharan Africa Europe & Central Asia 100 Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa North America 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Source: World Bank staff estimates based on the United Nations Population Division’s World Population Prospects; World Bank Health, Nutrition, and Population database (SP.POP.1519.FE, SP.POP.1519.MA, SP.POP.2024.FE, SP.POP.2024.MA). 44    Goal 8 Decent work and economic growth 8b Young people are less likely to seek work—and less likely to find it when they do Labor force status, 2014 (% of population) Employed Unemployed Not in labor force 100 75 50 25 0 Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth East Europe & Latin Middle North South Sub-Saharan Asia & Central America & East & North America Asia Africa Pacific Asia Caribbean Africa Note: Adult refers to people ages 15 and older, and youth refers to people ages 15–24. Source: International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour Market database; WDI (SL.EMP.1524. SP.ZS, SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.ZS, SL.UEM.1524.ZS, SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SL.TLF.ACTI.1524.ZS, SL.TLF.TOTL.IN, SP.POP. TOTL); World Bank Health, Nutrition, and Population database (SP.POP.1519.FE, SP.POP.1519.MA, SP.POP.2024. FE, SP.POP.2024.MA, SP.POP.1564.TO, SP.POP.65UP.TO). Sixty percent of young people ages 15–24 middle-  and high-­ in ­ income countries. Com - worldwide are jobless. Less than a quarter of pelled to help support their families, many young people in the Middle East and North drop out of school prematurely and end up in Africa and a third in Europe and Central Asia­ precarious and low productivity employment, —­ c onsiderably less than the percentage of with few opportunities for advancement. They adults­—­ have a job. Because young people are often disproportionately in agricultural are often involved in education and training, activities, which tend to have lower labor pro - they are more likely than adults to be out of ductivity and offer lower earnings and profits the labor force (figure 8b). But these gaps also than do industry and services. And in many reflect the fact that the youth unemployment countries they are more likely than adults to be rate is higher than the total unemployment in unpaid work, contributing to family house - rate in every region (figure 8e). hold enterprises (figure 8d). In many middle-income countries, a high pro - Increasing growth in the Least Developed portion of young people are not in employ- Countries ment, education, or training. Neither working nor developing their productive skills for the Economic growth drives development by future, this group represents a lost opportu - providing more resources for better educa- nity. Young women are much more likely than tion; improved health; expanded transport, men to fall into this group, and a gender gap water, and energy infrastructure, and higher persists in countries at all incomes (figure personal consumption. Economies grow as 8c). The low activity of women is the result work and workers become more productive. of several factors, including their primary Achieving persistently high growth is not role in households and families as well as easy, and few of the Least Developed Coun - societal norms that limit their participation in tries consistently reach 7 percent average working life. annual GDP growth (target 8.1). In addition, many countries are growing in unsustainable Expanding productive job opportunities ways­ —­a chieving economic growth at the for youth expense of existing resources, shifting the burden of environmental degradation and Young people in low-­ i ncome countries are damage to the health and well-being of a more likely to have jobs than young people future citizenry. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    45 8c Young women are more likely than young men to be economically inactive and not in school Share of female youth population (ages 15–24) not in employment, education, or training, most recent year available during 2010–14 (% ) 80 Maldives Yemen, Rep. Honduras Bangladesh 60 India 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 Share of male youth population (ages 15–24) not in employment, education, or training, most recent year available during 2010–14 (% ) Source: International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour Market database; WDI (SL.UEM.NEET. FE.ZS, SL.UEM.NEET.MA.ZS). 8d In some countries a much larger share of youth than adults are in unpaid work Share of employed workers who are unpaid, 20 countries with largest gap between youth (ages 15–24) and working age (ages 25–59), 2011–15 (%) Ghana Zambia Niger Tanzania Togo Senegal Uganda Chad Nigeria Cameroon Guinea Mozambique Georgia Congo, Dem. Rep. Bolivia Peru Congo, Rep. Honduras Working age Youth Tunisia Mauritania 0 25 50 75 100 Source: World Bank Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and Equity database. 46    Goal 8 Decent work and economic growth 8e Globally, youth unemployment rates are higher than adult rates Total unemployment, 2014 (% of labor force ages 15 and older) 0–5 5–10 10–15 More than 15 No data Youth unemployment, 2014 (% of labor force ages 15–24) 0–5 5–10 10–15 More than 15 No data Source: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database; WDI (SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS, SL.UEM.1524.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    47 8f Very few countries show strong decoupling of environmental degradation from economic growth Average annual change in environmental degradation in real U.S. dollar terms, 1990–2015 (%) 15 Intensified Low income coupling Lower middle income Dominica Bosnia & Herzegovina Upper middle income High income Liechtenstein Cuba 10 Federated States Kiribati of Micronesia Seychelles Oman Kuwait Bahamas Iraq China Palau United Arab Vietnam Solomon Islands Emirates Trinidad & Tobago Cabo Verde Antigua & Barbuda Chad Bahrain Marshall Croatia Islands Macao SAR, China 5 Mali Guinea-Bissau Mozambique Cambodia Ukraine Angola Japan Liberia Italy Rwanda Azerbaijan Weak decoupling Nepal 0 Brazil Moldova Nicaragua Tajikistan Costa Rica Kenya Fiji Gabon Latvia Puerto Rico Strong decoupling –5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 Average annual change in GDP in real local currency units, 1990–2015 (%) Note: Data are available for 178 countries. Source: World Bank staff estimates using data from sources in endnote 3. Goal 8 calls for decoupling environmental deg- With strong decoupling, environmental degra- radation from growth (target 8.4). One way to dation declines while the economy continues measure decoupling is to compare the rates to grow (green area in figure 8f). However, of change in environmental degradation and most countries show weak decoupling or inten- in economic growth (figure 8f). Degradation sified coupling. With weak decoupling, degra- includes the costs of greenhouse gas emis- dation may decline, but at a slower rate than sions from fossil fuels, agriculture, forestry, economic growth (blue area in figure 8f). About and land use change; the harvest of forest tim - 80 percent of low-­income countries show weak ber resources beyond sustainable rates; and decoupling, owing largely to reduced health reduced labor output due to premature mor- risks from household air pollution and unsafe tality caused by exposure to environmental water and sanitation. With intensified coupling, risk factors such as air pollution, unsafe water degradation increases at an even faster rate and sanitation, and harmful substances in the than economic growth (red area in figure 8f). workplace.3 About 40 percent of middle-­ income countries 48    Goal 8 Decent work and economic growth and 70 percent of high-­ income countries show 8g Points of access to financial services intensified coupling. worldwide grew 19 percent in 2015 Average annual growth rate of access points, per 100,000 adults (%) Degradation per dollar of economic output continues to be nearly 20 times higher in low-­ 20 income countries than in high-­ income coun- tries. And illnesses due to exposure to environ- 15 mental health risks cause more than 9 million 10 premature deaths each year. That is 16 percent of all deaths recorded for 2015, and three 5 times more deaths than were attributed to malaria, HIV and AIDS, and tuberculosis com - 0 bined.4 So any analysis of decoupling should 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 also consider the magnitude of degradation Source: World Bank Global Payment Systems survey. and the ability of people and the natural envi- ronment to cope with these pressures. by traditional bank branches or are otherwise Expanding access to financial services unprofitable. In 2015 more than half a million new payment services provider agents were Financial services enable individuals to man- established in 25 countries where 70 percent age and enhance their incomes, assets, and of the world’s unbanked population resides. investments (target 8.10). Having a transaction account is more useful when there is a broad Notes network of access points with wide geographic coverage. p ort 1. World Bank. 2012. World Development Re­ 2013: Jobs. Washington, DC. By the end of 2015 there were 1,214 access points to financial services per 100,000 adults 2. P. Falco, A. Kerr, P. Paci, and B. Rijkers. 2014. “Work- worldwide, up 19  percent from 2014 (fig - ing Toward Better Pay: Earning Dynamics in Ghana ure 8g). Access points can be grouped into and Tanzania.” World Bank, Washington, DC. four categories: automated teller machines, point-of-sale terminals, branches of payment 3. World Bank staff estimates using data on services providers, and agents of payment greenhouse gas emissions from CDIAC (Car- services providers.5 bon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department In 2015 the number of point-of-sale terminals of Energy), 2015, Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions increased by 9  million globally, to 1 per 100 (ht tp://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/meth_reg adults. In recent years, the number of auto - .html) and Food and Agriculture Organization, mated teller machines has also increased, 2016, FAOSTAT database (http://faostat3.fao but at a slower rate than the number of point- .org); data on roundwood harvest and exports of-sale terminals. In addition to traditional from FAO (2016); data on premature mortality services (such as withdrawals, deposits, and due to environment-related health risks from account inquiries), the expansion of automated IHME (Institute for Health Metrics and Evalua - teller machine functions enables customers to tion), 2016, Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 perform a broader range of transactions. (http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool). Agents­—­e ntities that provide some banking 4. See Forouzanfar et  al. (2016); data may be and retail payment services on behalf of a accessed at the IHME, Global Health Data payment service provider­ —­have spread across Exchange, GBD Results Tool. some regions and provide financial services to areas and populations that are underserved 5. Some double counting may occur. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    49 Industry, innovation, and infrastructure 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation Just over half the rural population in Nepal live within 2 kilometers of a road in good or fair condition, leaving around 10.3 million people without easy access. And around 15 million rural residents lack good road access in Mozambique. Yet reliable roads and other decent infrastructure are essential for lifting rural communities out of poverty. Goal 9 explores not only opportunities to improve transport but also those in industry, innovation, and other types of infrastructure. Promoting industry roads, farmers can bring produce to markets more efficiently, and families can more easily Goal 9 promotes inclusive and sustainable get to schools, hospitals, and other facilities. industrialization (target 9.2). Manufacturing Enhancing rural road connectivity also helps in value added (MVA) is an indicator for assessing the long term by elevating agricultural produc- a country’s industrialization, and MVA’s share tivity, business profitability, and employment. in gross domestic product (GDP) measures the role of manufacturing in the economy. The rural access index (RAI) measures the proportion of people within two kilometers of Worldwide, MVA as a share of GDP has been an all-season road­—­ a reasonable walking dis - declining for more than two decades, from tance for people’s normal economic and social 21  percent in 1995 to 15  percent in 2014, in purposes. RAIs are currently available for contrast to the rise in the share of services. It eight countries in Africa and Asia (figure 9d), was lowest in Sub-­Saharan Africa (11 percent) of integrating population data from censuses, regions with data available for 2015. By compar- surveys, social media, and administrative ison, it was 16 percent in Europe and Central systems with satellite and other spatial data - Asia, 16 percent in South Asia, and 14 percent sets to produce high-resolution population in Latin America and the Caribbean. MVA per distribution  data. In addition to traditional capita shows a similar pattern. It was $3,114 road assessment surveys, road quality or per person in Europe and Central Asia in 2015, “road roughness” data are captured through $1,123 in Latin America and the Caribbean, and smartphone apps while driving matched with just $144 per person in Sub-­Saharan Africa. high-resolution satellite imagery. Sub-­S aharan Africa also had considerable Around 174 million rural dwellers in the eight variation among countries (figure 9a). Equa - countries lack good access to roads, of a torial Guinea, Mauritius, and Swaziland had total population of more than 461.7 million. the highest MVA per capita at $2,124, $1,209, Access varies according to population den- and $1,188 in 2015, while most countries in the sity, degree of urbanization, and level of region recorded less than $200.1 economic development, and the rural access index ranges from 87 percent in Bangladesh Supporting rural markets and services to 17 percent in Zambia (figures 9b and 9c). But due to a much larger population, the Investment in reliable, sustainable, and resilient number of people without access in Bangla - infrastructure can provide remote populations desh (16  million) is more than twice that in with access to services (target 9.1). With better Zambia (7  million). Of the eight countries, 50    Goal 9  Industry, innovation, and infrastructure Saharan Africa 9a Manufacturing value added varies considerably in Sub-­ Manufacturing value added, most recent value available for 2014–15 Share of GDP (%) Per capita (current US$) Swaziland 35.5 1,188 Congo, Dem. Rep. 19.0 83 Equatorial Guinea 14.9 2,124 Mauritius 14.7 1,209 Côte d’Ivoire 14.1 175 Cameroon 14.0 157 Benin 13.7 93 Senegal 13.5 123 South Africa 13.2 676 Zimbabwe 11.4 90 Kenya 11.4 142 Lesotho 10.7 101 Malawi 10.6 37 Mozambique 10.0 48 Burundi 9.6 24 Nigeria 9.5 249 Uganda 9.2 60 Namibia 9.1 388 Mauritania 8.8 110 Seychelles 8.5 1,128 Zambia 7.9 98 Comoros 7.4 54 Congo, Rep. 7.3 136 Central African Rep. 7.2 22 Guinea 6.7 31 São Tomé and Príncipe 6.6 104 Burkina Faso 6.5 35 Botswana 6.3 364 Niger 6.3 21 Tanzania 5.6 45 Ghana 5.3 65 The Gambia 5.1 23 Rwanda 5.1 34 Togo 4.9 28 Ethiopia 4.1 23 Liberia 3.5 16 Gabon 3.1 234 Chad 2.9 22 Sierra Leone 1.8 12 Source: World Bank national accounts data; United Nations Population Division; WDI (NV.IND.MANF.ZS, NV.IND.MANF.CD, SP.POP.TOTL). 9b The share of rural dwellers who 9c …but the overall number of rural lack good access to roads can vary dwellers cut off from markets is in the widely… millions Rural access index (year varies by country) Population without access (millions) Bangladesh Bangladesh Kenya Kenya Nepal Nepal Uganda Uganda Tanzania Tanzania Ethiopia Ethiopia Mozambique Mozambique Zambia Zambia 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 Source: World Bank, 2016, Measuring rural access: Source: World Bank, 2016, Measuring rural access: Using new technologies, Washington, DC. Using new technologies, Washington, DC. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    51 9d Rural access varied from 17 percent in Zambia to 87 percent in Bangladesh Rural access index (%) 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90–100 Uganda (2015) 1:10,000,000 Ethiopia (2015) 1:25,000,000 Addis Ababa Kampala Tanzania (2008, 2014) 1:20,000,000 Kenya (2009) 1:17,500,000 Dodoma Dar es Salaam Nairobi Mombasa Note: The rural access index is the proportion of people who live within two kilometers of an all-season road. 52    Goal 9  Industry, innovation, and infrastructure Zambia (2011) 1:20,000,000 Mozambique (2010) 1:25,000,000 Lusaka Maputo Nepal (2015) 1:15,000,000 Bangladesh (2015) 1:10,000,000 Dhaka Kathmandu Chittagong Source: World Bank, 2016, Measuring rural access: Using new technologies, Washington, DC. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    53 9e Air freight has risen by 60 percent over the last 15 years globally Air freight (billion ton-kilometers) 80 East Asia & Pacific 60 Europe & Central Asia 40 North America Middle East & North Africa 20 Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Latin America & Caribbean 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 Note: Region in which the carrier is registered. Source: International Civil Aviation Organization; WDI (IS.AIR.GOOD.MT.K1). Ethiopia has the most people without access efficiency in both energy production and con - —­ to an all-season road­ almost 64 million. sumption, along with use of fuels and clean technologies. Developing regional and transborder infrastructure Global CO 2 emissions per unit of GDP declined by about one quarter during the Reliable and frequent air transport is vital to last two decades. Only the Middle East and efficient regional and transborder infrastruc- North Africa showed a slight increase during ture (target 9.1). Between 2000 and 2015 this period. East Asia and Pacific has the global air passenger transport doubled, to highest carbon intensity of GDP, despite a reach 3.4 billion passengers, of which 1 billion 13  percent decline between 1990 and 2013 were in carriers registered in East Asia and The carbon intensity of GDP fell by 38  per- Pacific. The region tripled its passenger num - cent in North America and by 42  percent bers between 2000 and 2015, a trend which in Europe and Central Asia over the same has been driven primarily by China. Carriers period. 2 registered in North America and in Europe and Central Asia accounted for 26 percent each of Encouraging innovation the global total. Investing in research and development (R&D) Air freight rose by almost 60 percent between across sectors and facilitating innovation in 2000 and 2015, to reach 188  billion ton-km science and technology are two ways that globally (figure 9e). The share of global freight Goal 9 hopes to raise the competitiveness of transported by carriers registered in the Mid- developing countries (target 9.5). R&D expen - dle East and North Africa increased rapidly diture as a share of GDP and the proportion from 4 percent in 2000 to 15 percent in 2015. of people working in R&D tend to be highest The trend has been primarily driven by the in high-­i ncome economies. Japan invested United Arab Emirates and Qatar. nearly 4  percent of GDP in R&D in 2014, higher than the shares invested in recent years Improving resource-use efficiency by Singapore, the United States, and other upper-­m iddle-income economies including Goal 9 seeks to improve resource-use effi - China, Russia, and Malaysia (figure 9f). Japan ciency and promote greater adoption of clean recorded nearly 2,600 patent applications and environmentally sound technologies and per million people in 2014, the highest of any industrial processes (target 9.4). Carbon diox- country, indicative of its supportive environ - ide (CO2) emissions per unit of GDP captures ment for innovation. 54    Goal 9  Industry, innovation, and infrastructure 9f Japan, the United States, and Singapore invest heavily in research and development Research and development Researchers in R&D Patent applications expenditure (% of GDP) (per million people) (per million people) Japan United States Singapore China European Union Malaysia Brazil Russian Federation Turkey India South Africa Thailand Nigeria Philippines 0 2 4 0 4,000 8,000 0 1,500 3,000 Source: UNESCO; World Intellectual Property Organization; United Nations Population Division; WDI (GB. XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS, SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6, IP.PAT.NRES, IP.PAT.RESD, SP.POP.TOTL). Most recent data available for 2010–14, and 2007 R&D data for Nigeria. 9g Many small and medium-size enterprises lack financing size enterprises with a loan or line of credit (%) Small and medium-­ 50 40 30 20 10 0 Thailand Lao PDR Timor-Leste Cambodia Philippines Indonesia Malaysia Papua Vietnam Solomon New Guinea Islands Source: Enterprise Surveys (database), World Bank, Washington, DC. http://www.enterprisesurveys.org. size enterprises Financing small and medium-­ Notes Access to financial services enables firms to 1. Data for Swaziland are for 2014. smooth cash flows, accumulate assets, make productive investments, and promote better 2. Data for Europe and Central Asia cover the use of resources (target 9.3). Yet many small period 1992–2013. enterprises around the world, formal or infor- mal, lack the financing they need. Enterprise 3. World Bank Enterprise Sur veys have been surveys 3 in East Asia and Pacific during 2015 collecting firm-level data (representative of and 2016 showed that, in the 10 economies sur- an economy’s private sector) in more than 130 veyed, small and medium-­ size enterprises are economies around the world for over 10 years. credit-constrained (figure 9g). In Thailand only Surveys are implemented every year in around one in ten SMEs has a loan or line of credit, and 20 countries. in Vietnam fewer than one in four SMEs. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    55 Reduced inequalities 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries The income and consumption of the poorest 40 percent of the population (the “bottom 40”) grew faster than the national average in 49 of 83 countries between 2008 and 2013. By providing a platform for sustained income growth among the poorer segments of society, Goal 10 aims to reduce inequalities between a country’s citizens and to promote shared prosperity and gains in wealth for all. While the growth of the poorest 40  percent of the population (the bottom 40) at a rate outpaced the national average in more than higher than the national average (target 10.1). half the countries with data, it was negative in eight countries. Most were high-­ income coun- The World Bank’s Global Database of Shared tries, among them Iceland, the Netherlands, Prosperity covers 83 countries, with 75 percent Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United of the world’s people, with most recent esti - States (see figure 10c on page 58, left). mates available for 2013. In the Middle East and North Africa only 2 of 20 countries have By contrast, in 34 of the 83 countries with data, sufficient data for estimating shared prosperity per capita income or consumption of the bot- indicators. Estimates are available for 8 of 29 tom 40 grew slower than the national average countries in East Asia and Pacific and for 9 of from 2008 to 2013. In 15 of the 34 the income 48 countries in Sub-­ Saharan Africa (figure 10a). or consumption of the bottom 40 contracted. In most of these 15 countries (such as Greece Reducing the costs of migration and Serbia), living conditions deteriorated overall but even more quickly among the poor- Goal 10 also seeks to address inequality by facil- est (see figure 10c on page 59, right). itating orderly, safe, regular, and responsible migration and mobility of people (target 10.7). To reduce inequality and promote shared prosperity, Goal 10 looks to achieve sustained As advanced economies demand more nontrad- income growth among the poorest 40 percent able services, the need for low-skilled labor in 10a The geographical coverage of shared prosperity data is uneven across regions Shared prosperity data availability (number of countries) Countries without data Countries with data East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa North America South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 50 25 0 25 50 Source: World Bank Global Database of Shared Prosperity; WDI (SI.SPR.PC40.ZG, SI.SPR.PCAP.ZG). 56    Goal 10  Reduced inequalities 10b Recruitment costs are often higher than one month’s earnings Recruitment costs (months of earnings at destination) 15 10 5 One month’s earnings 0 Vietnam Vietnam Pakistan Ethiopia India Philippines Nepal Bangladesh India Sri Lanka Pakistan Bulgaria Morocco Indonesia Thailand Ecuador Origin Destination Saudi Qatar Kuwait United Spain Korea, Rep. Malaysia Arabia Arab Emirates Note: All surveyed Sri Lankan workers in Kuwait were females engaged in domestic help services. Source: KNOMAD survey data of migrant workers. construction, caregiving, and domestic help has Lowering remittance transaction costs been rising. Although transport costs declined in the 20th century, the costs of moving In addition to recruitment costs, many migrants between countries remain high.1 This is espe- incur costs sending money home. Remittances cially pertinent for the low skilled, who, unlike totaled an estimated $582 billion in 2015, sent the high skilled, tend to pay their initial recruit- by about 232 million migrants. Of this, $432 bil- ment costs out of pocket, which can amount income countries.3 lion went to low- and middle-­ to several years of earnings in home countries. These high costs inhibit global mobility of the The costs of remitting money can be very high low skilled, especially the financially constrained relative to the amount sent and relative to poor, and reduce potential remittances. the low incomes of migrant workers and their families in the home country. Goal 10 calls Recruitment costs can be grouped in three for reducing the transaction costs of migrant major categories: costs to comply with laws remittances to less than 3 percent and for and regulations of origin and destination eliminating remittance corridors with costs countries (such as obtaining work permits or higher than 5 percent (target 10.c). This target medical check-ups), fees paid to recruitment includes the G20 commitment to reduce the agents, and internal and international trans - global average to 5 percent. portation costs. At an average cost of 15 percent of the total Those costs vary considerably across migra- sent, for those countries with available data, tion corridors.2 For workers from various coun- South Africa was the most costly G20 coun - tries of origin going to Spain and Korea, and try to send money from in 2015; at 2 percent workers from the Philippines going to Qatar, Russia is the least costly (figure 10d). Among they amount to about one month’s earnings remittance-receiving G20 countries, China (or about 8  percent of annual earnings). But is the most expensive to send money to, at for workers from Pakistan in low-skilled jobs in 10  percent of the total sent, and Mexico the Saudi Arabia, the recruitment costs are about cheapest, at 6 percent (figure 10e). 11 months’ earnings (or about $4,400 in 2014 dollars), and for those from Ethiopia about Moreover, sending money through post offices 4 months’ earnings (or close to $1,000 in 2014 and money transfer operators (at a little over dollars) (figure 10b). 6  percent) is cheaper than going through a Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    57 10c In 6 of 10 countries with data the per capita income or consumption of the bottom 40 grew faster than the national average between 2008 and 2013 Annualized per capita growth rate, 2008–13 (%) Where incomes of the poorest people are growing faster than average China Belarus Mongolia Ecuador Kazakhstan Bhutan Cambodia Bolivia Brazil Russian Federation Colombia Peru Chile Uruguay Macedonia, FYR Thailand Moldova Georgia Vietnam Panama Ukraine Indonesia El Salvador Uganda Tanzania Norway Iran, Islamic Rep. Pakistan Togo Romania Poland Switzerland Sri Lanka Philippines Finland Argentina Dominican Rep. Germany Belgium Kyrgyz Rep. Rwanda Netherlands United States Albania United Kingdom Portugal Honduras Average growth of Growth of the bottom Latvia the whole population 40 percent of the population Iceland –5 0 5 10 Source: World Bank Global Database of Shared Prosperity; WDI (SI.SPR.PC40.ZG, SI.SPR.PCAP.ZG). 58    Goal 10  Reduced inequalities Annualized per capita growth rate, 2008–13 (%) Where incomes of the poorest people are growing slower than average Congo, Dem. Rep. Growth of the bottom Average growth of Paraguay 40 percent of the population the whole population Slovak Rep. Nicaragua India Turkey Congo, Rep. Sweden Lao PDR Cameroon Bulgaria Costa Rica Mauritius Armenia Mexico Iraq Austria France Czech Rep. Senegal Denmark Slovenia Spain Serbia Lithuania Hungary Estonia Luxembourg Montenegro Cyprus Italy Ireland Croatia Greece –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    59 10d Among G20 countries with data, South Africa is the costliest to send remittances from Average cost of sending the equivalent of $200 in remittances from G20 countries, 2015 (%) 20 15 10 5 0 Russian Saudi Korea, United Italy Germany Brazil United France Canada Australia Japan South Federation Arabia Rep. States Kingdom Africa Note: Data available for 13 G20 countries. Source: World Bank Remittance Prices Worldwide database (http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/en); WDI (SI.RMT.COST.OB.ZS). 10e Among G20 countries with data, China is the costliest to send remittances to Average cost of sending the equivalent of $200 in remittances to G20 countries, 2015 (%) 15 10 5 0 Mexico India Indonesia Turkey Brazil South Africa China Note: Data available for 7 G20 countries. Source: World Bank Remittance Prices Worldwide database (http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/en); WDI (SI.RMT.COST.IB.ZS). commercial bank (at 11  percent). With new remitting money. In the remaining 18 countries, and improved technologies, prepaid cards and costs are much higher, well above the 3 percent mobile operators have become the cheapest target. In 2015 it was most expensive to send ways of sending money home, reducing the cost remittances to Lebanon at 13  percent, and to 2 to 4 percent. 16  percent of Lebanon’s GDP came from per- sonal remittances. In Nepal the top recipient Elsewhere, in non-G20 countries remittance country in remittances as a share of GDP, the costs can remain high for receiving countries­ cost is 4 percent. —­s uch as in Sub-­S aharan Africa (on aver- age 10  percent), a large outlay for a region Changing the focus of aid delivery where many families rely heavily on overseas remittances. Goal 10 encourages the flow of aid to where the need is greatest (target 10.b). Since 2010, 70 per- In the 22 countries where total personal remit- cent of bilateral aid has been channeled directly tances received were more than 10 percent of to recipient countries by donors, and the remain- GDP in 2015, the cost varies greatly (figure 10f). ing 30 percent through multilateral institutions. It is less than 3 percent of the total in Armenia, But a marked change in its composition reflects Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan, where the increasing demands of humanitarian crises the majority of the remittances originate from and, more recently, the surge in refugees and Russia­ —­ one of the least expensive countries for migrants into European countries that belong to 60    Goal 10  Reduced inequalities 10f The average cost of sending remittances to top receiving countries remains very high Average cost of sending the equivalent of $200 in remittances, Personal remittances received, 2015 by receiving countries, 2015 (%) (% of GDP) Nepal 3.6 32.2 Liberia 5.0 31.2 Tajikistan 1.5 28.8 Kyrgyz Rep. 1.2 25.7 Haiti 9.4 24.7 Moldova 5.7 23.4 Samoa 8.5 20.3 Honduras 4.2 18.2 Jamaica 8.5 16.9 Kosovo 8.6 16.7 El Salvador 4.2 16.6 Lebanon 13.1 15.9 Jordan 5.8 14.3 Armenia 1.5 14.1 Ghana 9.4 13.2 Cabo Verde 10.7 12.3 Senegal 5.6 11.7 Bosnia & Herzegovina 7.3 11.1 Kiribati 12.0 11.0 Georgia 1.2 10.4 Guatemala 4.7 10.3 Philippines 6.0 10.3 Note: Data are the annual average for remittances receiving countries. Data on the cost of sending remittances for Kiribati are for 2011. Source: World Bank Remittance Prices Worldwide database (http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/en); WDI (SI.RMT.COST.ZS, BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS). the Organisation for Economic Co‑operation 10g Shares of in–donor country refugee and Development Development Assistance costs and humanitarian and food aid have increased significantly since 2010 Committee. Humanitarian and food aid and Distribution of net bilateral aid flows (%) in-donor country expenditure on refugees, taken together, doubled in volume between 100 2010 and 2015, and their combined share of all net bilateral aid rose from about 16 percent to 75 28 percent (figure 10g). 50 This upward trend in in–donor country refugee 25 costs contrasts with an observed slowdown in net bilateral aid for development projects and 0 programs, including technical cooperation. 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 In 2015 the latter rose only by an estimated Bilateral development projects and programs 1.8 percent in real terms. Technical cooperation Debt relief Humanitarian and food aid Notes In–donor country refugee costs Source: OECD–DAC. 1. Flanagan, Robert J. 2006. Globalization and Labor Conditions: Working Conditions and dataset on migration costs incurred by low- Worker Rights in a Global Economy. New York: skilled migrants, in collaboration with the ILO. Oxford University Press. The dataset is based on interviewing migrants who went to foreign jobs mostly through a reg - 2. To better understand the magnitude and struc- ular channel. ture of migration costs, the World Bank’s KNO - MAD (Global Knowledge Partnership on Migra - 3. World Bank Remittance Prices Worldwide tion and Development) has compiled a novel database. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    61 Sustainable cities and communities 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable The number of urban dwellers is growing by 2 percent a year globally, but by 4 percent in Sub-­ Saharan Africa, which will double the number of people in the region’s cities in two decades. Cities are engines of economic growth and offer opportunities for innovation and sustainable development. But Goal 11 recognizes that urban areas still face numerous challenges in ensuring access for all to safe housing, affordable transport, clean air, and green and public spaces. Ensuring access to safe and adequate 11a More than half of all urban dwellers in housing Saharan Africa live in slums Sub-­ Share of urban population living in slums, 2014 (%) 0–40 40–70 Achieving Goal 11 requires providing access for all to basic services and to adequate, safe, and 70–100 No data affordable housing (target 11.1). For many cit- ies this means improving and upgrading slum areas, where many of the poor live. According to the United Nations Human Settlements Pro- gramme (UN-HABITAT), slums are areas where households lack durable housing, sufficient liv- ing space, secure tenure, or easy access to safe water or adequate sanitation facilities. Countries have made considerable progress in recent years, but the percentage of urban populations living in slums1 remains very high. In Sub-­Saharan Africa an average of 67 percent of the urban population was living in slum conditions in 1990; by 2014 this had fallen to 55 percent (figure 11a). But the last decade saw rises in several countries. Between 2005 and Source: UN-HABITAT; WDI (EN.POP.SLUM.UR.ZS). 2014, slum populations in Burkina Faso rose by 6 percentage points, in Lesotho by nearly 16  percentage points, and in Zimbabwe by Air quality is commonly measured by levels 7 percentage points. of PM2.5: particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns in diameter. The World Health Improving air quality in cities Organization recommends that PM2.5 levels not exceed 10 micrograms per cubic meter as a As rural residents move to cities in search guideline for average annual PM2.5. Long-term of better livelihoods, reducing the adverse exposure to pollution above this level has been impact on the environment is crucial to build- shown to increase the risk of fatal illness. It is ing safer and more sustainable cities (target estimated that nearly 92 percent of the world’s 11.6). Air quality and waste management are people live in places where this safe level is two areas of environmental impact needing exceeded. 2 In three regions levels of mean urgent attention. annual exposure have worsened since 1990, 62    Goal 11  Sustainable cities and communities 11b The highest levels of air pollution are and the global level increased from 39.6 micro- in the Middle East grams per cubic meter in 1990 to 44 in 2015. PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure, 2015 (micrograms per cubic meter) 49 highest countries. Of the 194 countries with data in 2015, only 26 reported safe levels of PM2.5, and in 145 Qatar countries more than 99 percent of the popu- Saudi Arabia lation was exposed to unsafe levels. In Egypt, Egypt, Arab Rep. Qatar, and Saudi Arabia, the PM2.5 levels are 10 Bangladesh Mauritania times the recommended level—more than 100 Libya micrograms per cubic meter (figure 11b). Nepal India Defining “urban” Kuwait Cameroon Pakistan The terms “urban” and “rural” are often used United Arab Emirates to understand how environments and the lives Niger of those within them differ around the world. The Gambia But there is no consistent international defini- Uganda China tion of “urban.” Instead, each country has its Bhutan own classifications to identify its urban popu- Bahrain lation, and these vary widely across countries. Myanmar Criteria include combinations of population Oman size, population density, type of economic Congo, Rep. Yemen, Rep. activity, physical characteristics, and level of Iraq infrastructure. Djibouti Sudan Tajikistan Rwanda 11c “Urban” areas range from 200 to Afghanistan 50,000 habitants Minimum population threshold considered “urban” Bosnia & Herzegovina (number of countries) Equatorial Guinea Central African Rep. 200 4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 400 1 Chad 500 1 Burundi Tunisia 600 1 Mali 9 1,000 World 1,500 6 Eritrea Iran, Islamic Rep. 2,000 24 Syrian Arab Rep. 2,500 12 Macedonia, FYR 3,000 3 Burkina Faso Gabon 4,000 2 Uzbekistan 5,000 22 Cabo Verde 9,000 1 Jordan Nigeria 10,000 12 Honduras 20,000 3 Senegal 1990 2015 30,000 1 El Salvador 50,000 1 0 50 100 150 Note: Circles show relative population sizes. Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; WDI (EN. Source: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 ATM.PM25.MC.M3). Revision (database), United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York, https://esa .un.org/unpd/wup/. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017 63 11d In some countries, slum dwellers make up a large share of the urban population 2014 (percent) Urban population living in slums Urban population living outside slums Rural population Angola Argentina Armenia Bangladesh Belize Central Cameroon African Rep. Chad China Colombia Dominican Egypt, Equatorial Rep. Ecuador Arab Rep. Guinea Ethiopia Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras India Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Myanmar Namibia Nepal Niger Nigeria São Tomé Sierra South & Príncipe Senegal Leone Somalia Africa Tanzania Thailand Togo Tunisia Turkey 64    Goal 11  Sustainable cities and communities Burkina Benin Brazil Faso Burundi Cambodia Congo, Congo, Costa Côte Comoros Dem. Rep. Rep. Rica d’Ivoire The Gabon Gambia Ghana Guatemala Guinea Indonesia Iraq Jordan Kenya Lao PDR Mauritania Mexico Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Rwanda South Syrian Sudan Sudan Suriname Swaziland Arab Rep. Yemen, Uganda Vietnam Rep. Zambia Zimbabwe Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects; UN-HABITAT; WDI (EN.POP.SLUM.UR.ZS, SP.RUR.TOTL), (SP.URB.TOTL). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    65 11e Regional urbanization varies dramatically depending on the approach Proportion of population in high-density and urban clusters, using European Commission approach (%) High-density clusters Urban clusters Rural grid cells United Nations World Urbanization Prospects urbanization rate 100 75 50 25 0 All 53 Latin America & Middle East & East Asia & South Sub-Saharan countries Caribbean North Africa Pacific Asia Africa Source: C. Deuskar and B. Stewart, 2016, “Measuring Global Urbanization Using a Standard Definition of Urban Areas: Analysis of Preliminary Results,” paper presented at the World Bank Land and Poverty Conference 2016, Washington, DC, March 3–4; WDI (SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS). About 100 countries use some form of mini- in another. These conflicting definitions make mum population threshold to define a settle - it difficult to make meaningful cross-country ment as “urban.” These thresholds range from comparisons, let alone establish consistent as few as 200 people to as many as 50,000. estimates of urbanization worldwide. The average minimum population threshold is just under 5,000 inhabitants (figure 11c). The European Commission (EC) has developed an approach to standardize the definition of This inconsistency is like comparing apples urban areas by using population distribution and oranges, where a city of 1,000 is urban grids consisting of one square kilometer cells. in one country, while a city of 10,000 is rural “High density” clusters of grid cells are those 66    Goal 11  Sustainable cities and communities with 1,500 inhabitants per square kilome - (Global Urban Footprint), 6 and the European ters and a minimum combined population of Space Agency’s Urban Thematic Exploitation 50,000. “Urban” clusters have 300 inhabitants Program7 allows nontechnical users to custom- per square kilometers and a minimum com - ize results through supercomputing power and bined population of 5,000, while “rural” clus - tools. These advances herald a new frontier in ters make up all remaining grid cells. understanding urbanization worldwide. Gridded population distribution data are Notes available from WorldPop3 and Global Human Settlements Population Layer (GHS Pop).4 Ana- 1. The proportion of people living in slums is mea- lyzing these datasets using the EC clustering sured by a proxy, represented by the urban pop - approach results in higher estimates of urban ulation living in households with at least one of population (64 percent on average) for the 80 four characteristics: lack of access to an improved countries in the analysis, relative to estimates water supply; lack of access to improved san - from the United Nations World Urbanization itation facilities; overcrowding (three or more Prospects,5 which relies on national definitions persons per room); and dwellings made of non - of urbanization (57 percent on average). durable material. The distribution of urban populations across 2. See WDI indicator PM2.5 air pollution, population regions varies dramatically depending on the exposed to levels exceeding WHO guideline approach. Using the EC clustering approach, value (% of total) (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.ZS). Data countries in Asia and Africa appear to be more are as of February 1, 2017. urbanized than their national definitions of “urban” would suggest, whereas the opposite 3. http://www.worldpop.org.uk/. is true for countries in Latin America (figure 11e). 4. http://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/. As satellite data continue to become available at higher frequencies and resolutions, we draw 5. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/. closer to standardizing the way urbanization is defined and measured globally. The German 6. http://www.dlr.de/. space agency DLR recently released a global map of built-up areas derived from radar data 7. https://urban-tep.eo.esa.int. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    67 Responsible consumption and production 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns The equivalent of more than 500 kilocalories of food per person a day is lost in the supply chain in Latin America and the Caribbean before it even gets to the final consumer. By reducing such waste, and promoting recycling, reuse, and more efficient practices across high-consumption economies and those highly dependent on natural resources, Goal 12 looks to bolster the mechanisms for sustainable development to flourish. Doing more with less A comparison of average saving rates to the average share of natural resource rents in Goal 12 aims at “doing more and better with national income over 1990 to 2014 reveals that less,” increasing net welfare gains from eco - many low-­ income countries are undercutting nomic activities by reducing resource use, deg- the productive base of their economies over radation, and pollution. It involves different the longer term (see figure 12c on page 70). stakeholders across the full production cycle, Adjusted net savings in low-­ i ncome coun - including business, consumers, policymakers, tries averaged -0.4 percent of gross national media, and communities. It addresses aspects income (GNI), meaning their national savings ranging from resource and chemical use to and investment in human capital are less than food loss, solid waste, recycling, consumer their capital depletion. In contrast, it averaged behavior, subsidies, technology, tourism, and +13.7  percent of GNI in the lower-­ m iddle-­ government procurement. income countries, +15.6  percent in upper-­ middle-­ income countries, and +8.6 percent in Balancing the use of natural resources to high-­income countries. foster growth Forgoing some consumption by increasing Goal 12 encourages the efficient use and sus - savings and reinvestment of resource rents tainable management of natural resources (tar- is a tough proposition in poorer countries, get 12.2). The difference between national pro - where living standards are already low. But duction and consumption­ —­the policy-induced improving the sustainable and ef ficient change in a country’s wealth­ —­is measured by management of resources in these countries adjusted net savings. This takes into account will be critical for long-term growth and investment in human capital, depreciation of development. fixed capital, depletion of natural resources, and pollution damage. Consistently negative Minimizing food loss and waste saving rates indicate diminishing wealth and unsustainable development. Positive savings Food loss can occur at any stage of the food form the basis for future growth. supply chain, and refers to decreases in both food quantity and food quality. Goal 12 seeks Resource-rich countries that depend heav- to minimize waste throughout the chain (target ily on extractive industries ideally balance 12.3). Food loss estimates are based on FAO the depletion of their natural resources by food balance sheets that do not, however, investing in other forms of capital, such as include post-consumer food waste. Per capita building human capital through education. food losses have risen in most regions since 68    Goal 12  Responsible consumption and production 1995 and are now highest in Latin American 12a Globally, food loss has increased since and the Caribbean, where they averaged 1995 Kilocalories per person per day 521  kilocalories per capita a day in 2011, up from 329 in 1995 (figure 12a). North America North America 1995 dropped considerably from 190  kilocalories 2011 South Asia per capita a day in 1995 to the lowest of all regions (71 kilocalories per capita per day) in Europe & Central Asia 2011. Food waste by consumers may account East Asia & Pacific for 28  percent of total food loss in the high-­ Middle East & North Africa income countries and 7  percent in low-  and Sub-Saharan Africa middle-­ income countries.1 Latin America & Caribbean Since 1995 food loss has risen in nearly all categories of food. Fruits and vegetables, World and dairy and eggs were lost in 2011 at a rate nearly 50 percent higher than 16 years previ- Low income ously. Only meat, offal, and animals fats fell, with losses in 2011 amounting to around half Lower middle income that lost before reaching consumers in 1995 Upper middle income (figure 12b). High income 0 200 400 600 To provide a more complete and accurate picture of global food loss, the Food Loss and Source: World Bank staff estimates using FAOSTAT (database), Food and Agriculture Organization. Waste Accounting and Reporting Standard was announced at the Global Green Growth Forum in Copenhagen in June 2016. 2 It provides a flexible measurement tool to allow govern - —­ those parts­ such as food consumed, animal ments, institutions, and agricultural producers feed, composting, landfill, refuse, or sewer. and companies to consistently and credibly A suite of quantification methods under the measure, report on, and manage food loss standard gives users a range of technolo- and waste. Users can identify both food types gies and resources to assess food loss on a and inedible parts, and the end destination of comparable basis. 12b Food loss has increased for nearly all types of food, except meat Food loss by category (index, 1995 = 100) 150 Dairy and eggs Fruits and vegetables Roots and tubers Oil crops, nuts, and pulses 100 Cereals and rice Meats, offals, and animal fats 50 0 1995 2000 2005 2011 Source: World Bank staff estimates using FAOSTAT (database), Food and Agriculture Organization. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    69 12c Many resource-dependent countries have negative adjusted net savings Average adjusted net savings as a share of GNI, 1990–2014 (%) 50 Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income 25 Maldives Cabo Verde Bahamas Panama Sri Lanka Ha Sweden Korea, Rep. Ban Switzerland Luxembourg Ireland Netherlands Jordan Austria Turkey Israel Lithuania Tonga Slovenia Vanua Belgium Spain Finland Croatia Cyprus France Germany Moldova Uru Portugal El Salvador Japan Barbados Mauritius Italy Czech Rep. Ge Greece Hungary United St. Lucia Slovak Rep. Kingdom 0 Tajik St. Vincent & the Grenadines –25 –50 –75 0.01 0.1 Average natural resource rents as a share of GNI, 1990–2014 (%) Note: Adjusted net savings is net national savings plus education spending and minus energy, mineral, and forest depletion, carbon dioxide damage, and particulate emission damage. Source: Preliminary estimates, WDI. 70    Goal 12  Responsible consumption and production Qatar Algeria Bhutan Botswana Zimbabwe Philippines Suriname China Morocco Libya Malaysia Kuwait Nepal Belarus Namibia Norway aiti Honduras ngladesh Saudi Arabia Lesotho Indonesia Vietnam Denmark Thailand Jamaica Iran, Islamic Rep. Timor-Leste Estonia Costa Rica India Bahrain Ecuador Mexico atu Paraguay Brazil Russian Federation Dominican Rep. Australia New Zealand Pakistan Peru Egypt, Guyana uguay Argentina Canada Arab Rep. Zambia Papua Côte d’Ivoire New Guinea United States Chile Ethiopia Fiji Belize Albania Kenya Trinidad & Tunisia Colombia Mali Iraq eorgia Poland Tanzania Tobago Bulgaria Cambodia Mauritania Nicaragua South Central African Rep. Mongolia Sudan Africa Madagascar Ghana Azerbaijan Armenia Latvia Senegal kistan Macedonia, Ukraine Burkina Faso Swaziland FYR Cameroon Serbia Mozambique Kazakhstan Romania Benin Gabon Comoros Kyrgyz Rep. Rwanda Guatemala Malawi Uganda Oman Chad Lao PDR Guinea-Bissau Togo Nigeria The Gambia Guinea Solomon Islands Congo, Dem. Rep. Niger Afghanistan Sierra Leone Burundi Liberia Equatorial Guinea Congo, Rep. Angola 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 Average natural resource rents as a share of GNI, 1990–2014 (%) Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    71 Recycling and reusing waste Adopting sustainable practices Goal 12 calls on nations to substantially Reporting on sustainability measures has reduce waste through prevention, reduction, emerged as common practice among many recycling, and reuse (target 12.5). Many high-­ of the world’s largest companies. Goal 12 income countries recycle at least a fifth of their encourages such reporting and the inte- municipal solid waste, which is most commonly gration of good sustainable processes in recorded at the point of final disposal, for all industries and sectors (target 12.6). More example, by weighing trash trucks when they than 80  percent of the S&P 500 companies arrive at landfill sites (figure 12d). In low- and reported on sustainability in 2015, up from middle-­ i ncome countries, most recycling is just 20 percent in 2011 (figure 12e).5 Globally, through the informal sector and through waste about 73 percent of the largest 100 compa- picking, so accurate data are hard to collect, nies in 45 countries surveyed by KPMG (4,500 and the contribution of this sector to waste companies) report information on corporate reuse may be underestimated. The Interna - responsibility. Three-quarters of these compa- tional Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that nies reference established guidelines for sus- as many as 15 to 20  million people in these tainability reporting by the Global Reporting countries earn their living from informal recy- Initiative, but fewer than half have their corpo - cling activities.3 And it is estimated that infor- rate responsibility information independently mal waste pickers in India collect and recycle verified and assured by a third party. 6 The about 60  percent of the 5.6  million tons of growth in sustainability reporting by industry plastic waste that the country generates each leaders reflects a growing demand by inves - year.4 tors and governments for greater disclosure. 12d Singapore has the highest recycling rate of 60 percent, but data are lacking for many countries Municipal solid waste recycling rates (percent of total waste generated) 0–3 3–20 20–100 No data Source: Waste Atlas (database), D-Waste, Athens, http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/. 72    Goal 12  Responsible consumption and production 12e The majority of large companies report /files/FLW_Standard_Exec_Summary_final_2016 on sustainability measures .pdf. Share of companies reporting on sustainability measures (%) 3. Cited in P. Bhada-Tata and D. Hoornweg. 2015. 100 “Solid Waste and Climate Change.” In State of the World: Can a City Be Sustainable?, edited by 75 L. Mastny, p. 249. Washington, DC: Island Press. 50 S&P 500 4. S. Singh. 2013. “India Reports Plastic Waste and Recycling Statistics.” Plastics News, May 1. 25 N100 http://www.plasticsnews.com/article/20130501 G250 /NEWS/130509998/india-reports-plastic-waste 0 2011 2013 2015 -and-recycling-statistics. Note: “S&P 500” = Standard & Poor’s 500; “N100” = 100 largest companies in 45 countries 5. Governance & Accountability Institute. 2016. (4,500 companies total), surveyed by KPMG; “G250” = world’s 250 largest companies, according “Flash Report: Eighty One Percent (81%) of to the Fortune Global 500 rankings in 2014. the S&P 500 Index Companies Published Source: Standard & Poor’s; KPMG; Fortune. Corporate Sustainability Repor ts in 2015.” http://www.ga-institute.com/nc/issue-master -system/news-details/article/flash-report-eighty In 2016 governments in more than 50 coun - -one-percent-81-of-the-sp-500-index-companies tries had regulations, guidance, standards, -published-corporate-sustainabi.html. or other policies to encourage or require sus- tainability reporting by companies and other 6. KPMG. 2015. Currents of Change: The KPMG organizations.7 Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting 2015. Amsterdam: KPMG. http://www.kpmg.com Notes /crreporting. 1. B. Lipinski, C. Hanson, J. Lomax, L. Kitinoja, 7. KPMG, Global Repor ting Initiative, United R. Waite, and T. Searchinger. 2013. “Reducing Nations Environment Programme, and Univer- Food Loss and Waste.” Working Paper, World sity of Stellenbosch Business School Centre Resources Institute, Washington, DC. for Corporate Governance in Africa. 2016. Carrots & Sticks: Global Trends in Sustainability 2. World Resources Institute. 2016. Food Loss and Reporting Regulation and Policy. Amsterdam: Waste Accounting and Reporting Standard. KPMG. http://www.sseinitiative.org/wp-content Washington, DC. http://www.wri.org/sites/default /uploads/2016/05/Carrots-Sticks-2016.pdf. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    73 Climate action 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts1 Without climate-informed development, climate change could erode development gains and force 100 million more people into extreme poverty by 2030. Climate change is already affecting every country on every continent through changing seasons and weather patterns, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events. Goal 13 addresses the changes in climate that pose substantial risks for agriculture, water supplies, food production, ecosystems, energy security, and infrastructure. Understanding the impacts of climate global temperature of 1.0°C (±0.7°C) by 2100, change relative to 1986–2005. The high-emission scenario models project a likely mean global Global emissions of carbon dioxide, a major temperature increase of 3.7°C (±1.1°C), with greenhouse gas (GHG) and driver of climate substantial regional variation under any sce- change, increased from 22.4  billion metric nario (figure 13d). Projected changes in annual tons in 1990 to 35.8  billion in 2013, a rise of precipitation also vary greatly depending on 60  percent (figure 13a). The increase in CO2 the scenario used (figure 13e). Extreme pre - emissions and other greenhouse gases has cipitation events over most of the mid-latitude contributed to a rise of about 0.8 degrees land masses and wet tropical regions are likely Celsius in mean global temperature above to become more intense and more frequent preindustrial times. by the end of the century. But under the high-emission scenario, mean annual precipi - Continuing emissions of greenhouse gases will tation is likely to decrease in many mid-latitude cause further warming and changes in all parts and subtropical dry regions.3 of the climate system.2 Climate change projec- tions use scenarios that approximate levels of Given the lag between emissions reduc - GHG buildup (translated as radiative forcing) tion policies and their impact on global in the atmosphere. In the lowest-emission sce - temperatures, an additional warming of at nario, models project a likely mean increase in least 1 degree Celsius in the near future is 13a CO2 emissions are unprecedented Billions of metric tons 40 Low income Lower middle income 30 20 Upper middle income 10 High income 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 Fuel CO2 Emissions (database), Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge Source: Fossil-­ National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN; WDI (EN.ATM.CO2E.KT). 74    Goal 13  Climate action 13b Climate change could raise extreme poverty rates substantially by 2030 Percentage point increase in poverty rate 0–1 1–5 5–10 No data Source: S. Hallegatte, M. Bangalore, L. Bonzanigo, M. Fay, T. Kane, U. Narloch, J. Rozenberg, D. Treguer, and A. Vogt-Schilb, 2016, Shock Waves: Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty, Washington, DC: World Bank, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22787. inevitable; this could have a large impact on Goal 13 calls for stronger resilience and capac- poverty reduction efforts.4 Recent analysis ity to adapt to climate-related hazards and nat- finds that climate change could push more ural disasters. Climate change is expected to than 100 million more people into poverty by heighten the intensity of certain natural disas- 2030 (figure 13b).5 But good development­ —­ ters, such as storms, hurricanes, cyclones, and rapid, inclusive, and climate informed­ —­c an flooding events. Historically, natural disasters prevent most of the impacts of climate change have had a disproportionately adverse effect on extreme poverty by 2030. on low- and middle-­ income countries, both in income countries and small island 13c Natural disasters have a significant impact on low-­ developing states (SIDS) Effects of natural disasters on population and GDP Total affected, 2000–15 (% of 2013 population) Total economic loss, 2000–15 (% of 2013 GDP) SIDS Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income 0 20 40 60 0 5 10 15 Source: EM-DAT, The International Disaster Database, School of Public Health, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, http://www.emdat.be; WDI (SP.POP.TOTL, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    75 13d Climate change is likely to increase global temperatures, with large regional differences Change in average surface temperature, 1986–2005 to 2080–99 (°C) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 9.0 Low emissions scenario, RCP 2.6 High emissions scenario, RCP 8.5 Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; temperature anomaly in 2080–99 using bcc_csm1_1_m model (CMIP5, RCP 2.6 and 8.5). Data are from the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. 76    Goal 13  Climate action 13e Climate change is likely to result in some regions receiving more precipitation while others receive less Change in average precipitation, 1986–2005 to 2080–99 (%) –60 –40 –20 –10 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 80 Low emissions scenario, RCP 2.6 High emissions scenario, RCP 8.5 Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; temperature anomaly in 2080–99 using bcc_csm1_1_m model (CMIP5, RCP 2.6 and 8.5). Data are from the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    77 the percentage of population affected and the 13f Nationally determined contributions relative loss of GDP (figure 13c). Small Island span many sectors Number of countries with commitments Developing States are particularly vulnerable, owing to their exposure to cyclones, their low Mitigation sectors elevation, and in some cases their economic Energy vulnerability or lack of capacity. Given the Land use/forestry expected increase in storm intensity attribut- able to climate change, these impacts could Transport be even greater in the future. Waste Agriculture Addressing climate change Industries Buildings Integrating climate change measures into Adaptation sectors national policies, strategies, and planning Agriculture is critical (target 13.2). The December 2015 Environment (including Paris Agreement under the United Nations land use/forestry) Framework Convention on Climate Change Water (UNFCCC) aims to hold increases in the global Disaster risk management average temperature to well below 2° C above Health preindustrial levels and to reach peak global Coastal zone greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible 0 50 100 150 200 with rapid reductions thereafter. Source: World Bank, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (http://indc.worldbank.org). Par ties to the UNFCCC have submitted nationally determined contributions (NDCs) detailing intended actions to address climate change. As of November 2016, 162 NDCs transfer, and 104 will require support for have been submitted by 189 countries. NDCs capacity building initiatives. include measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation), better manage climate Financing the response to climate change change impacts on socioeconomic systems and ecosystems (adaptation), and support The UNFCCC established a goal of commit- national policies and planning (both mitiga- ting $100  billion a year by 2020 from devel - tion and adaptation). They cover a wide range oped countries to address the mitigation and of sectors, including energy, agriculture, adaptation needs of developing countries water, health, and disaster risk management (target 13.a).6 In total, the OECD projects cli - (figure 13f). mate finance flows attributable to developed countries to be almost $93  billion in 2020, Fifty countries’ NDCs include cost estimates with around $67  billion from public sources, for implementation totaling US $5.1  trillion. up from $43.5  billion in 2014. Export credits Overall, 112 countries mentioned that they will may account for an estimated $1.6 billion. The require financial support for NDC implemen - estimated contribution from private finance tation, 108 will require support for technology varies depending on underlying assumptions 78    Goal 13  Climate action 13g Mobilized climate finance could reach $93 billion by 2020 Climate finance ($ billions) Bilateral public finance Multilateral public finance Export credits Private co-finance mobilized 2013 2014 Lower estimate 77 Upper estimate 133 2020 (est.) 0 50 100 150 Source: OECD, 2016, 2020 Projections of Climate Finance Towards the USD 100 Billion Goal, Paris, http://www .oecd.org/env/cc/oecd-climate-finance-projection.htm. (figure 13g). Development is moving toward 4. World Bank. 2012. Turn Down the Heat: Why climate-resilient and low emission pathways a 4°C Warmer World Must Be Avoided. https: in many low-  and middle-­ i ncome countries, //openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986 enhanced by multilateral development bank /11860. commitments to increase support for climate change and disaster risk management. 5. World Bank 2016. Shock Waves: Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty. Climate Notes Change and Development. https://openknowledge .worldbank.org/handle/10986/22787. Several 1. The United Nations Framework Convention on approaches are currently being used to estimate Climate Change is the primary international, the climate finance provided to developing coun - intergovernmental forum for negotiating the tries. While the multilateral development banks global response to climate change. have developed their own agreed methodology, the Organisation for Economic Co‑operation 2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. and Development approach is presented here 2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science because it addresses a wider range of donor Basis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University sources, and accounts only for contributions from Press. developed countries. 3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 6. United Nations Framework Convention on Cli - 2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science mate Change. 2010. “Report of the Conference of Basis: Summary for Policy­ m akers. Cambridge, the Parties on its fifteenth session.” http://unfccc UK: Cambridge University Press. .int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/11a01.pdf. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    79 Life below water 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development Almost 90 percent of global marine fish stocks are now fully exploited or overfished, and wild capture fisheries struggle without sound regulatory frameworks and strong enforcement. The status of marine biodiversity is closely connected with ocean pollution and acidification. About two-thirds of the world’s oceans showed signs of increased human impact between 2008 and 2013. Goal 14 recognizes these broad challenges and seeks the conservation and sustainable use of oceans. Preserving fish stocks for future the proportion of overfished stocks has been generations increasing over the last four decades.2 Driven by rising populations, higher incomes, The situation is worst in low-­ i ncome and and greater awareness of seafood’s health middle-­ i ncome countries, where weak reg - benefits, the demand for fish is twice the esti- ulation and enforcement have produced mated supply of sustainably caught wild fish.1 above -­ a verage declines. Illegal fishing Data deficiencies continue to hamper analysis, constitutes an additional challenge, as it but aggregates based on data that govern- accounts for around 20 percent of the global ments report to the Food and Agriculture catch, undermining the efforts of both small Organization (FAO) and estimates of under- and large fishing enterprises to implement reporting indicate that total fish catches are sustainable fishing regimes and making it declining worldwide (figure 14a). harder for well-­ m anaged fisheries to com - pete in international markets by undercut- Goal 14 aims to rapidly rebuild sustainable ting fair pricing. 3 fish stocks (target 14.4). According to FAO, 14a After decades of growth, fish catches have either plateaued or are declining Catch (millions of metric tons) 150 Discards 100 Industrial Large scale 50 Recreational Subsistence Small Artisanal scale 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: Pauly, D. & Zeller, D. Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining. Nat. Commun. 7:10244 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10244 (2016). 80    Goal 14  Life below water An additional challenge is that global fisheries 14b Most government subsidies for continue to forgo substantial economic bene- fisheries go to sea fishing fits each year due to poor management. And Marketing and processing Aquaculture 3% even if the most drastic measures to reduce 5% fishing were implemented globally, it would still take up to 20 years for the overexploited stocks to recover and for global fisheries to be sustainable. The cost of delayed action, com - pared with accelerated reform, is more than $500 billion.5 Eliminating subsidies Sea fishing 92% Goal 14 supports ocean well-being through the elimination of subsidies that encourage overcapacity and overfishing (target 14.6). Note: Government support to capture fisheries, aquaculture, and marketing and processing is only Globally, these subsidies, about $10  billion for selected OECD countries, but it is indicative of annually and mainly directed to sea fisheries, such subsidies worldwide. drive continued fishing despite declining catch Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Fisheries Support (database), Paris, values and profits (figures 14b and 14c).4 https://data.oecd.org/fish/fisheries-support.htm. Meeting more demand through aquaculture 14c Italy and Turkey give the biggest subsidies per catch ton, among OECD countries Subsidy per metric ton ($) As capture fisheries struggle with overcapacity and weak regulatory frameworks, aquaculture Italy has been steadily increasing output to meet Turkey rising consumer demand. Aquaculture now Sweden provides half the global seafood supply, with Estonia Japan China the leading producer (58  percent of Colombia total), followed by Indonesia, India, and Viet- Greece nam (figure 14e). Belgium Portugal Supporting livelihoods Denmark Spain Norway About 61  percent  of global gross national United States product is produced within 100 km of oceans.6 New Zealand Goal 14 seeks to increase economic benefits to Australia producers from the sustainable use of marine United Kingdom resources, particularly for producers in small Latvia states and lower income economies (target Germany 14.7). About 11 percent of the world’s people Ireland Iceland rely on fisheries and aquaculture as the main –1,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 source of income, and more than 90 percent of them work in capture fisheries in small enter- Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Fisheries Support (database), Paris, income countries.7 prises in low- and middle-­ https://data.oecd.org/fish/fisheries-support.htm; WDI (ER.FSH.CAPT.MT). FAO data from 2014 indicate that 56.6 million people were engaged in capture fishing and entirely due to a decrease of approximately aquaculture in 2014. Over the last decade 1.5  million fishers, while the number of fish employment in the sector decreased, almost farmers was stable.8 Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    81 14d Capture fisheries are starting to shrink Annual catch (per square kilometer) 100 g 1 kg 10 kg 100 kg 1 ton 10 tons 100 tons 1950 Change in annual catch (metric tons per square kilometer) –10 tons –1 ton –100 kg –10 kg 0 +10 kg +100 kg +1 ton +10 tons 1950–65 1965–80 Source: Pauly, D., and D. Zeller, eds., 2015. Sea Around Us Concepts, Design and Data (http://seaaroundus.org) Capture fisheries production, reported (millions of metric tons) East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean 50 50 50 40 40 40 Others 30 30 30 Japan 20 20 20 Indonesia Others 10 10 Others 10 China Russian Federation Peru 0 0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; WDI (ER.FSH.CAPT.MT). 82    Goal 14  Life below water Annual catch (per square kilometer) 100 g 1 kg 10 kg 100 kg 1 ton 10 tons 100 tons 2013 Change in annual catch (metric tons per square kilometer) –10 tons –1 ton –100 kg –10 kg 0 +10 kg +100 kg +1 ton +10 tons 1980–95 1995–2013 Source: Pauly, D., and D. Zeller, eds., 2015. Sea Around Us Concepts, Design and Data (http://seaaroundus.org) Capture fisheries production reported (millions of metric tons) South Asia North America 20 20 10 Others 10 Others India United States 0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014 Sub-­Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa 20 20 10 10 0 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2014 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; WDI (ER.FSH.CAPT.MT). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    83 14e China is the largest aquaculture producer Aquaculture production (metric tons) 1 million 10 million 50 million 100 million Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; WDI (ER.FSH.AQUA.MT). global ocean (98 percent) is affected by mul - Reducing ocean pollution tiple factors, including higher than normal sea surface temperatures, ocean acidification, and Marine biodiversity and the global environ- high ultraviolet radiation.11 ment are closely connected with ocean pollu - tion and acidification. Increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmo- sphere increase the acidity of the oceans, Restricting human activities in marine pro- compromising marine life by making shell for- tected areas helps preserve coastal and mation more difficult. Since the industrial rev- shoreline ecosystems (target 14.5).9 If properly olution, surface ocean acidity has increased by enforced, these measures can help rebuild 30 percent, threatening the multibillion-dollar depleted stocks and act as sanctuaries for shellfish industry and the marine ecosystems biodiversity. In 2014 low-­income countries had that depend on clams, oysters, and mussels for just 3.5 percent of their territorial waters under water filtration. a protected designation, and high-­ i ncome countries about 24 percent. Data challenges About two-thirds of the ocean area presented Globally, data on fishing and fish stocks are insuf- evidence of increased human impact in 2013, ficient to support proper management. While compared with 2008.10 The cumulative impact stock status is fairly well known in industrialized encompasses effects of commercial fishing, countries, 80 percent of captures are in countries climate change, and other ocean and land- with little systematic fisheries data collection based factors. Highly affected areas are places mechanism, and status is often little more than where nearly all pressures converge, as in the an educated guess.12 A concerted national and North Sea and the South and East China Seas international effort is needed to collect, analyze, (figure 14f). An overwhelming share of the and interpret fishing data for policymaking. 84    Goal 14  Life below water 14f Cumulative human impact to marine ecosystems in 2013 Impact score (0, lowest, to 16, highest) 0 1 2 3 4 5 16 Source: Halpern, B. S. et al. Spatial and temporal changes in cumulative human impacts on the world’s ocean. Nat. Commun. 6:7615 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8615 (2015). Notes 6. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/environment /brief/oceans. 1. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. 2010. Rethinking Global Biodiversity Strategies: 7. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2014. The Exploring Structural Changes in Production and State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014: Consumption to Reduce Biodiversity Loss . The Opportunities and challenges. Rome. Hague, Netherlands. 8. FAO 2016 (see endnote 2). 2. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016: Contrib- 9. World Bank. 2012. “Marine Protected Areas Vital uting to food security and nutrition for all. Rome. to Restoring Biodiversity.” Washington, DC. 3. Trends in regional estimates of illegal fishing, 10. Halpern, B., M. Frazier, J. Potapenko, K. Casey, K. averaged over five-year periods from 1980 to Koenig, C. Longo, J. Lowndes, R. Rockwood, E. 2003. Agnew, D. J., J. Pearce, G. Pramod, T. Peat- Selig, K. Selkoe, and S. Walbridge. 2015. “Spatial man, R. Watson, and others. 2009. “Estimating and Temporal Changes in Cumulative Human the Worldwide Extent of Illegal Fishing.” PLoS Impacts on the World’s Ocean.” Nature Commu- ONE 4(2): e4570. nications 6: 7615. 4. World Bank. 2009. The Sunken Billions: The Eco- 11. Brummett, R. 2013. Growing Aquaculture in Sus- nomic Justification for Fisheries Reform. Wash - tainable Ecosystems. Agriculture and Environmental ington, DC. Services Note, No. 5. Washington, DC: World Bank. 5. World Bank. 2015. The Sunken Billions Revisited: 12. Costello, C., D. Ovando, R. Hilborn, S. D. Gaines, Progress and Challenges in Global Marine Fish- O. Deschenes, and S. E. Lester. 2012. “Status and eries. Preliminary results from the forthcoming Solutions for the World’s Unassessed Fisheries.” World Bank study. Washington, DC. Science 338(6106): 517–20. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    85 Life on land 15 Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss. Over the last 25 years Brazil lost around half a million square kilometers of —­ forest­ around the same area that China gained. Losses and gains are spread across the globe, but the farther south a country, the more likely it is to have depleted forest land, while more northern countries tend to have gained more forests (figure 15a). Human activity can have a detrimental effect on forests and other parts of the environment, and Goal 15 pledges to reduce or reverse these consequences to provide a more viable ecological platform for sustainable development. Halting forest loss contribute to long-term economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental stabil - Forests cover about one-third of all land world- ity. Goal 15 encourages an increase in both wide and nearly half of this is within Europe afforestation and reforestation worldwide and Central Asia and Latin America and the (target 15.2). Caribbean. Crucial to the health of the planet and its diverse species and to the livelihoods The growing demand for forest products and of one-fifth of the human population, forests for agricultural land has contributed to an 15a China gained as much forest area as Brazil lost over the last 25 years Change in forest area, 1990–2015 (square kilometers) Gains Losses Change in forest area (square kilometers) 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; WDI (AG.LND.FRST.K2). 86    Goal 15  Life on land average annual loss of global forest area of Protecting habitats and preserving diversity more than 50,000 square kilometers over the last 25 years. This depletion is concentrated Climate change, poaching, overfishing, and in low-  and lower-­ i ncome countries m iddle-­ pollution come together with the degradation where more than 1.2  million square kilome - of forests, landscapes, and ecosystems to make ters of forest disappeared between 1990 the habitat that harbors biodiversity much and 2015. The biggest losses were in Latin more vulnerable. Goal 15 seeks to reverse America and the Caribbean, where more these trends and dampen the threat of extinc- than 9  percent of their forest disappeared, tion to many plant and animal species (target and in Sub-­S aharan Africa, which had a loss 15.5), especially in Latin America and the i ncome of 12  percent (see figure 15a). High-­ Caribbean, Sub-­ Saharan Africa, and East Asia economies gained about 191,000 square kilo - and Pacific. The number of threatened plants is meters of forest land during the last quarter highest in Ecuador, the number of threatened of the century. fish in the United States, the number of threat- ened mammals in Indonesia, and the number of threatened birds in Brazil (figures 15b–f). 15b Thirteen countries each have more than 500 threatened species of plants, birds, mammals, and fish Number of species classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known, 2016 Plants Birds Mammals Fish Ecuador 1,856 98 45 59 Malaysia 721 50 73 83 Indonesia 427 131 188 158 China 574 89 74 133 Tanzania 602 47 38 176 Madagascar 607 35 120 93 Brazil 521 165 81 86 United States 462 77 35 249 India 388 84 92 222 Mexico 402 61 96 179 Cameroon 490 26 44 119 Peru 326 120 53 50 Colombia 257 119 54 96 Philippines 239 89 39 87 Sri Lanka 291 16 29 54 Vietnam 204 46 55 80 Thailand 150 51 56 106 Kenya 222 39 30 71 New Caledonia 286 16 9 35 Spain 216 15 17 78 Australia 92 50 63 118 Nigeria 197 21 29 71 Panama 208 22 16 54 South Africa 116 46 26 107 Papua New Guinea 152 37 39 56 Congo, Source: United Rep. 113 Dem. Nations 37 36 93 Environment Programe; World Conservation Monitoring Centre; International Union for of Nature: ConservationTurkey 104 Species; Froese, R., and IUCN Red List of Threatened20 131FishBase 18 D. Pauly (eds.), 2008, database (http://www.fishbase.org); WDI (EN.HPT.THRD.NO, EN.BRD.THRD.NO, EN.MAM.THRD.NO, EN.FSH. THRD.NO). Jamaica 214 10 6 30 162 6 Gabon Atlas of 20 71 Sustainable Development Goals 2017    87 Cuba 179 17 12 44 15c Indonesia and Madagascar have the greatest number of threatened mammal species Threatened mammal species, 2016 Threatened mammal species 30 100 Source: United Nations Environment Programe; World Conservation Monitoring 300 Centre; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; WDI (EN.MAM.THRD.NO). 15d Many species of birds are threatened across Latin America and the Caribbean and East Asia and Pacific Threatened bird species, 2016 Threatened bird species 30 100 Source: United Nations Environment Programe; World Conservation Monitoring Centre; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; WDI (EN.BIR.THRD.NO). 300 Note: Scales are assigned separately to each map. 88    Goal 15  Life on land 15e India, Mexico, and the United States have the largest number of threatened fish species Threatened fish species, 2016 Threatened fish species 30 100 Source: Froese, R., and D. Pauly (eds.), 2008, FishBase database (http://www.fishbase.org); 300 WDI (EN.FSH.THRD.NO). 15f Ecuador has substantially more threatened plant species than any other country Threatened plant species (higher), 2016 Threatened plant species (higher) 30 100 300 Source: United Nations Environment Programe; World Conservation Monitoring Centre; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; WDI (EN.HPT.THRD.NO). 1,000 3,000 Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    89 Protecting land plantations, agroforestry systems, and riparian plantings to protect waterways. Worldwide, nearly 15 percent of all terrestrial land is now protected, over 80 percent more Worldwide, nearly 25 million square kilometers than in 1990. Many countries in Latin America offer opportunities for restoration, many in protect at least 20 percent of their land, while tropical and temperate areas. Nearly 18  mil - South Asia lags behind other regions with an lion square kilometers would ideally combine average of just under 7 percent (figure 15g). forests and trees with other land uses through “mosaic restoration,” including smallholder Restoring forests and degraded agriculture, agroforestry, and settlements. A landscapes further 5  million square kilometers would be suitable for wide-scale restoration of closed Restored landscapes support sustainable forests. Africa provides the largest resto - development in many ways: they benefit live - ration opportunity, followed by Latin America lihoods and biodiversity by reducing erosion, (figure 15h). supplying clean water, and providing wildlife habitat, biofuel, and other forest products Providing pathways out of poverty (targets 15.1 and 15.3). Forests and trees also help mitigate climate change, enhance soil fer- Some 300 to 350 million people, about half of tility, conserve soil moisture, and boost food them indigenous, live within or close to dense production (target 15.3). A restored landscape forests and depend almost entirely on forests may accommodate a range of land uses such for subsistence.1 And many more in urban as agriculture, protected reserves, ecological areas depend on forest resources for food, corridors, regenerated forests, well-managed energy sources, and construction materials. 15g One in three countries protects at least a fifth of its terrestrial land Terrestrial protected areas, 2014 (% of total land area) 0–10 10–20 20–100 No data Source: United Nations Environment Programe and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, as compiled by the World Resources Institute; WDI (ER.LND.PTID.ZS). 90    Goal 15  Life on land 15h Africa provides the most opportunities for landscape restoration Millions of square kilometers Mosaic restoration Remote, unpopulated regions Wide-scale restoration of closed forests Africa South America Asia Europe North America Oceania 0 2 4 6 8 Source: WRI/IUCN, 2011, A World of Opportunity (http://www.forestlandscaperestoration.org/sites/default /files/resource/4._bonn_challenge_world_of_opportunity_brochure_2011-09.pdf). 15i Forest income accounts for around a quarter of all income for rural communities near forests Sources of income for rural communities with access to forests (%) Forests Crops Self-owned business Livestock Wages Non-forest environmental Other 100 75 50 25 0 Latin America Asia Africa Source: Angelsen, A., P. Jagger, R. Babigumira, B. Belcher, and N. J. Hogarth, 2014, “Environmental Income and Rural Livelihoods: A Global-Comparative Analysis,” World Development 64(S1). Beyond subsistence, forests and landscapes Notes are an important aspect of rural livelihoods. Rural households living near forested areas 1. S. Chao. 2012. Forest Peoples: Numbers Across in Africa and Asia derive over 20 percent of the World. Moreton-in-Marsh, UK: Forest Peo - their income from forest sources, and those in ples Programme. Latin America derive over 28 percent from for- ests (figure 15i). 2 About half the income from 2. A. Angelsen, P. Jagger, R. Babigumira, B. Belcher, forests is noncash and includes food, fodder, and N. J. Hogarth. 2014. “Environmental Income energy, medicine, and house-building materi- and Rural Livelihoods: A Global-Comparative als. This noncash contribution, or “hidden har- Analysis.” World Development 64(S1). http://dx vest,” is especially important for people living .doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.006. The PEN in extreme poverty. survey covers about 8,000 households in 24 S aharan Africa, South and countries across Sub-­ East Asia, and Latin America, and is representa - dominated communities living tive of smallholder-­ close to forests (with access to forest resources). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    91 Peace, justice, and strong institutions 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels Nearly one in three firms in countries surveyed in East Asia and Pacific encounter at least one bribe payment request, the most of any region. Businesses in poorer countries are more likely to encounter bribery than those in richer ones, impeding sustainable development. Goal 16 promotes just, transparent, and accountable governance, together with inclusive frameworks and peaceful societies. Combating bribery in all its forms In the economies worst affected, more than half the firms encounter such requests, adding to Good governance in regulation, business their costs (figures 16d and 16e). The requests licensing, taxation, and access to public also impede the creation and growth of firms. services is fundamental to a sustainable busi- ness environment. Opaque, burdensome, and Minimizing violent and conflict-related inefficient regulations and procedures nurture deaths opportunities for corrupt officials to extract bribes or unofficial payments, and Goal 16 The global rate of intentional homicide fell seeks to minimize these opportunities (target from 6 per 100,000 people to 5 between 2012 16.5). and 2014, showing progress toward Goal 16’s aim of greatly reducing all forms of violence One in four firms in low-­ i ncome and lower-­ related deaths (target 16.1). Eight and conflict-­ middle-­ income countries encounter requests countries in Latin America and the Caribbean for bribes and informal payments from offi - were in the top  10, with Honduras the most cials, while one in five are expected to offer violent at 70 homicides per 100,000 people gifts to tax officials (figure 16a). Bribery often (figure 16b). In Sub-­S aharan Africa, Lesotho occurs in transactions necessary for a private had the most homicides at 38 per 100,000 firm to conduct business: paying taxes; obtain- people. ing an operating license, import license, or construction permit; and obtaining an electri- Most battle-related deaths in 2015 were in cal or water connection. Syria, at more than 46,500 Afghanistan saw income countries encounter more bribery than those in 16a Firms in low- and lower-middle-­ other countries Bribery incidence, 2015 Firms expected to give (% of firms experiencing gifts in meetings with Informal payments to at least one bribe tax officials, 2015 public officials, 2015 payment request) (% of firms) (% of firms) Low income 26 20 25 Lower middle income 25 18 32 Upper middle income 13 10 14 High income 4 2 11 World 18 13 21 Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys; WDI (IC.FRM.BRIB.ZS: IC.TAX.GIFT.ZS: IC.FRM.CORR.ZS). 92    Goal 16  Peace, justice, and strong institutions Saharan Africa had the highest homicide rates in 2014 16b Parts of Latin America and Sub-­ Intentional homicides, 2014 or most recent year available (per 100,000 people) 0–5 5–9 10 or more No data Source: UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Homicide Statistics database; WDI (VC.IHR.PSRC.P5). battle-­r elated deaths escalate to more than 16c Syria saw more battle-related deaths in 17,200 in 2015. Conflict casualties rose in 2015 than any other country Battle-related deaths in the eight countries with the Yemen too, with around 6,700 deaths in 2015 highest totals in 2015 (thousands) (figure 16c). 60 Achieving good budgetary governance Syrian Arab Rep. 50 To provide a sound basis for development, government budgets should be comprehen- sive, transparent, and realistic (target 16.6). 40 The Public Expenditure and Financial Account- ability (PEFA) Program identifies how well gov- ernments execute their budgets in accord with 30 the appropriations authorized at the beginning of each year. Since 2005, 147 countries and 178 subnational governments have carried out 20 Afghanistan a PEFA assessment, with national spending more likely to be on target than subnational Iraq 10 spending. Yemen, Rep. Nigeria Pakistan Nearly two-thirds of countries surveyed were Ukraine 0 Sudan within 10  percent of their original national 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 budgets, and nearly half of these were within Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program; WDI (VC. 5  percent. But nearly one in ten countries BTL.DETH). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    93 16d Bribery requests are most common in parts of Asia and Africa Bribery incidence, most recent year available (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request) 30 or more 10–30 0–10 No data Canada United States Bermuda (U.K.) Cayman Is. (U.K.) The Bahamas Mexico Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Jamaica Belize Haiti Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica R.B. de Guyana Panama Venezuela Suriname French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Kiribati Ecuador Brazil Peru Samoa French Bolivia American Polynesia (Fr.) Samoa (U.S.) Fiji Caribbean Inset Tonga Paraguay British Virgin Anguilla (U.K.) Dominican Islands (U.K.) Republic Sint Maarten (Neth.) Chile St. Martin (Fr.) Argentina Puerto Antigua and Rico, U.S. U.S. Virgin Barbuda Islands (U.S.) Guadeloupe (Fr.) Uruguay Aruba St. Kitts Dominica (Neth.) and Nevis Martinique (Fr.) Curaçao St. Lucia (Neth.) Barbados St. Vincent and the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys; R.B. de Venezuela Tobago WDI (IC.FRM.BRIB.ZS). 16e Bribery and informal requests for gifts and payments are common in some countries in Africa and Asia Top 39 countries where firms experience bribery, most recent year available Bribery incidence (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request) Firms expected to give gifts in meetings 100 75 50 25 0 G . Ar eria . en ia a em p. An . U a ne n h n te ds p. q Ta co an ad o, r ep Ca ep ep a Co Kyr ine l Ba uda s a Ira od go Co anm e m Les Re Af de an ist oc ist i Ch So kra ,R R zR .R b u b an jik Isl or la S Li ab r- m ng gy y ng So mo M h gh ng M on ut m D Ti Ye n o, ria lo Sy Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys; WDI (IC.FRM.BRIB.ZS, IC.TAX.GIFT.ZS, IC.FRM.CORR.ZS). 94 Goal 16 Peace, justice, and strong institutions Greenland (Den.) Faroe Islands (Den.) Iceland Sweden Norway Finland Russian Federation Netherlands Estonia Isle of Russian Man (U.K.) Latvia Fed. Denmark Lithuania United Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus Guemsey(U.K.) Jersey(U.K.) Belgium Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Luxembourg Moldova Liechtenstein Switzerland France Romania Dem.People’s Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea Bulgaria Azer- Monaco Armenia Rep. baijan Portugal Spain Andorra Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Japan China Korea Gibraltar (U.K.) Cyprus Syrian Malta Lebanon Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan Tunisia Israel Rep. Iraq of Iran Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan Bhutan Kuwait Nepal Bahrain Pakistan Libya Qatar Western Algeria Arab Rep. Sahara of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh Arabia United Arab Hong Kong SAR, China Emirates India Lao Macao SAR, China Cabo Myanmar PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Mauritania Oman Verde Mali Niger Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Guam (U.S.) The Yemen Cambodia Philippines Gambia Burkina Federated States Faso Djibouti Sri of Micronesia Guinea- Guinea Benin Marshall Bissau Ghana Lanka Islands Côte Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Brunei Darussalam Sierra Leone African Sudan d’Ivoire Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Liberia Togo Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Rep. of Kenya Singapore Nauru Kiribati Congo Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi of Congo Indonesia Solomon Tanzania Comoros Papua Seychelles New Guinea Islands Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Mayotte Mauritius Zambia (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Fiji Zimbabwe Madagascar Vanuatu Namibia Botswana La Réunion Poland Germany (Fr.) Czech Ukraine Republic New Swaziland Slovak Caledonia Republic Australia (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Marino Herzegovina Serbia Bulgaria Italy Montenegro Kosovo Macedonia, New Zealand Albania FYR Greece with tax officials (% of firms) Informal payments to public officials (% of firms) m on n ad olia M ay Pa a In tan sia Bu a au di ia ia a- ia au i a n ya a a Pa car al v o Ka opi ne bi oo a an er s n na M gu do N Ken ss st m ne ay as am kis ru g ui ig er rit kh Bi et hi Sa ra al ol ag do G N m G Et Vi za M M Ca ew ne M e Th M ui G a pu Pa Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017 95 assessed deviated by more than 15  percent. Budget reliability has been assessed at least Implementing realistic national budgets is twice in 102 countries since 2005. Around four particularly challenging in Sub-­Saharan Africa, of five countries in East Asia and Pacific and where nearly four-fifths of countries were more South Asia showed improvement, while two than 5 percent off (figure 16f). of five in Sub-­Saharan Africa saw their scores deteriorate (figure 16g). 16f Public spending was within 10 percent of the budget in two-thirds of countries surveyed Variation from original approved budgets (above or below), most recent year available during 2006–16 (%) Less than 5 5–10 10–15 15 or more No data Source: Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability database. 16g More than half the countries with multiple assessments improved budget execution Change in budget reliability score of countries assessed at more than one time, various years, 2005–16 (percentage of countries) Improved Deteriorated No change East Asia & Pacific (16 countries) Europe & Central Asia (13 countries) Latin America & Caribbean (25 countries) Middle East & North Africa (4 countries) South Asia (6 countries) Sub-Saharan Africa (38 countries) 0 25 50 75 100 Source: Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability database. 96    Goal 16  Peace, justice, and strong institutions Ranging from large states in Brazil to small Bestowing comprehensive legal identity municipalities in Croatia, almost half the 178 local government budgets surveyed in 34 Civil registration systems should record major countries deviated by more than 15  percent life events such as births, marriages, and from the original budget, and only one in deaths for all citizens (target 16.9). But in parts seven subnational budgets was within 5  per- of rural Sub-­ Saharan Africa, birth registration centage points (figure 16h). The link between is lacking: in Somalia, fewer than 2 percent of national and subnational performance is not rural births are recorded, and in Malawi and systematic. But Ethiopia and South Africa are Ethiopia fewer than 5  percent. Civil registra - good examples of where the majority of sub - tion systems are also lacking in some parts of national and national budgets were very close Asia: Yemen and Pakistan record fewer than a to the ones the legislature approved. quarter of their rural births (figure 16i). 16h Many subnational governments deviated substantially from their planned budgets Difference between planned and actual subnational budget expenditures, most recent year available during 2006–16 Less than 5% 5% to less than 10% 10% to less than 15% 15% or higher Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 0 25 50 75 100 Source: Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability database. 16i In many Asian and African countries, babies in rural areas are less likely to be registered than those in urban areas Completeness of birth registration, bottom 25 countries for rural registration, most recent value (%) Somalia Malawi Rural Urban Ethiopia Chad Zambia Tanzania Nigeria Liberia Guinea-Bissau Congo, Dem. Rep. Pakistan Zimbabwe Yemen Angola Uganda South Sudan Afghanistan Bangladesh Vanuatu Tuvalu Lesotho Swaziland Mozambique Equatorial Guinea 0 25 50 75 100 Source: UNICEF, State of the World’s Children; WDI (SP.REG.BRTH.RU.ZS, SP.REG.BRTH.UR.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    97 Partnership for global development 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development Personal remittances received from across borders and foreign direct investment (FDI) reached $2.7 trillion in 2015, representing 3.6 percent of global GDP. These transfers and official aid enable the poorest countries to lay the foundations for viable long-term development. Funding, capacity building, knowledge sharing, international outreach, debt sustainability, trade facilitation, domestic resource mobilization, effective public–private partnerships, and access to tools and technologies form the basis of Goal 17, which seeks to strengthen global partnerships to support sustainable development. Rising aid flows In Germany, one of the most affected coun - tries, in-donor country spending on refugees Members of the Development Assistance rose to nearly 17 percent of net ODA in 2015, Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for up from 1 percent the previous year. In Swe - Economic Co-operation and Development den the comparable expenditures absorbed extended $131.6 billion in official development nearly 34 percent of net ODA, double that of assistance (ODA) in 2015 (figure 17b opposite). the year before, and in Austria they accounted After adjustment for inflation and exchange for 27 percent in 2015, triple that of 2014. In rate valuations, this represents an increase seven EU countries, in-country spending on of 6.9 percent in real terms from 2014 and of refugees was greater than 15  percent of net 83 percent from 2000. But ODA still accounts ODA in 2015 (figure 17a). for a small share of donors’ gross national income (GNI), averaging 0.3 percent. Just six DAC countries exceeded the UN benchmark 17a More aid is being spent in-country on for ODA contributions of at least 0.7 percent of refugee support Share of aid budgets for in-country cost of refugees (%) GNI (target 17.2). The three largest donors by volume­ t he United States, the United King - —­ DAC countries 2014 2015 dom, and Germany­ —­ accounted for more than EU countries half of DAC ODA. Bilateral aid to the poorest EU countries countries rose 4 percent in real terms in 2015, (continental) reflecting the commitment by DAC donors to refocus aid where it is needed most. But much Sweden of the increase in flows was attributable to a Austria rise in humanitarian aid rather than to develop- ment projects and programs. Italy Netherlands Addressing the cost of the refugee crisis Greece Germany The share of countries’ net ODA spent on hosting or processing refugees increased from Denmark 5 percent in 2014 to 9 percent in 2015, largely 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 as a result of more refugees arriving in Europe. Source: OECD, Development Assistance Committee. 98    Goal 17  Partnership for global development 17b Only six countries exceeded the target of providing ODA of at least 0.7 percent of gross national income in 2015 ODA ($ billions) Share of GNI (%) United States 31.1 0.17 0.7 percent United Kingdom 18.7 0.71 Germany 17.8 0.52 Japan 9.3 0.22 France 9.2 0.37 Sweden 7.1 1.40 Netherlands 5.8 0.76 Canada 4.3 0.28 Norway 4.3 1.05 Italy 3.8 0.21 Switzerland 3.5 0.52 Australia 3.2 0.27 Denmark 2.6 0.85 Korea, Rep. 1.9 0.14 Belgium 1.9 0.42 Spain 1.6 0.13 Finland 1.3 0.56 Austria 1.2 0.32 Ireland 0.7 0.36 Poland 0.4 0.10 New Zealand 0.4 0.27 Luxembourg 0.4 0.93 Portugal 0.3 0.16 Greece 0.3 0.14 Czech Republic 0.2 0.12 Slovak Republic 0.09 0.10 Slovenia 0.06 0.15 Iceland 0.04 0.24 Source: OECD–DAC. Increasing foreign direct investment domestic firms and their labor force as well as productivity gains and greater access to domes- FDI flows to low-  and middle-­ income coun - tic and export markets. Global flows of FDI rose tries have increased substantially over the past an estimated 22 percent in 2015, to $2.2 trillion, decade (figures 17c–17e). Such flows are attrac- driven by a surge in mergers and acquisitions in tive because they are in large part equity invest- high-­income countries (figure 17g). FDI proved ment and thus non–debt creating. They bring resilient with the majority of countries posting such benefits as skills and technology transfer to higher inflows in relation to GDP. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    99 17c FDI flows to low- income countries 17d …and in lower- middle-income countries have been falling since 2011 and stood at they averaged around 2 percent of GDP in around 4 percent of GDP in 2015… 2015 FDI, net inflows to low-income countries FDI, net inflows to lower- middle-income countries (% of GDP) (% of GDP) 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2000 2005 2010 2015 Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics and Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics and Balance of Payments databases; World Bank, Balance of Payments databases; World Bank, International Debt Statistics; World Bank and OECD International Debt Statistics; World Bank and OECD GDP estimates; WDI (BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS). GDP estimates; WDI (BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS). 17g FDI net inflows were positive in most countries FDI, net inflows, 2015 (% of GDP) Less than 0 0–5 5–10 10–15 More than 15 Canada No data United States Bermuda (U.K.) Cayman Is. (U.K.) The Bahamas Mexico Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Jamaica Belize Haiti Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica R.B. de Guyana Panama Venezuela Suriname French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Kiribati Ecuador Brazil Peru Samoa French Bolivia American Polynesia (Fr.) Samoa (U.S.) Fiji Caribbean Inset Tonga Paraguay British Virgin Anguilla (U.K.) Dominican Islands (U.K.) Republic Sint Maarten (Neth.) Chile St. Martin (Fr.) Argentina Puerto Antigua and Rico, U.S. U.S. Virgin Barbuda Islands (U.S.) Guadeloupe (Fr.) Uruguay Aruba St. Kitts Dominica (Neth.) and Nevis Martinique (Fr.) Curaçao St. Lucia (Neth.) Barbados St. Vincent and Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics and the Grenadines Grenada Balance of Payments databases; World Bank, Trinidad and International Debt Statistics; World Bank and OECD R.B. de Venezuela Tobago GDP estimates; WDI (BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS). 100 Goal 17 Partnership for global development 17e In upper- middle-income countries 17f …while in high- income countries it FDI remained at around 3 percent rose from 2 to 3 percent of GDP… FDI, net inflows to upper- middle-income countries FDI, net inflows to high-income countries (% of GDP) (% of GDP) 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2000 2005 2010 2015 Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics and Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics and Balance of Payments databases; World Bank, Balance of Payments databases; World Bank, International Debt Statistics; World Bank and OECD International Debt Statistics; World Bank and OECD GDP estimates; WDI (BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS). GDP estimates; WDI (BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS). Greenland (Den.) Faroe Islands (Den.) Iceland Sweden Norway Finland Russian Federation Netherlands Estonia Isle of Russian Man (U.K.) Latvia Fed. Denmark Lithuania United Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus Guemsey(U.K.) Jersey(U.K.) Belgium Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Luxembourg Moldova Liechtenstein Switzerland France Romania Dem.People’s Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea Bulgaria Azer- Monaco Armenia Rep. baijan Portugal Spain Andorra Greece Turkey Turkmenistan Tajikistan Rep.of Japan China Korea Gibraltar (U.K.) Cyprus Syrian Malta Lebanon Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan Tunisia Israel Rep. Iraq of Iran Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan Bhutan Kuwait Nepal Bahrain Pakistan Libya Qatar Western Algeria Arab Rep. Sahara of Egypt Saudi Bangladesh Arabia United Arab Hong Kong SAR, China Emirates India Lao Macao SAR, China Cabo Myanmar PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Mauritania Oman Verde Mali Niger Sudan Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Guam (U.S.) The Yemen Cambodia Philippines Gambia Burkina Federated States Faso Djibouti Sri of Micronesia Guinea- Guinea Benin Marshall Bissau Ghana Lanka Islands Côte Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Brunei Darussalam Sierra Leone African Sudan d’Ivoire Palau Cameroon Republic Somalia Malaysia Liberia Togo Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Rep. of Kenya Singapore Nauru Kiribati Congo Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi of Congo Indonesia Solomon Tanzania Comoros Papua Seychelles New Guinea Islands Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Mayotte Mauritius Zambia (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Fiji Zimbabwe Madagascar Vanuatu Namibia Botswana La Réunion Poland Germany (Fr.) Czech Ukraine Republic New Swaziland Slovak Caledonia Republic Australia (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Marino Herzegovina Serbia Bulgaria Italy Montenegro Kosovo Macedonia, New Zealand Albania FYR Greece Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017 101 Financing infrastructure through public–private partnerships Public–private partnerships (PPPs) can make 17h PPP infrastructure investments in low-­ an important contribution to the delivery of income countries are split between energy and transport efficient public services (target 17.17). Between Average investment in PPP infrastructure projects, 1991 and 2015, investments in PPP infra - 2011–15 (% of GDP) structure commitments totaled $1.5  trillion Energy Transport in 118 low- and middle-­ income countries and covered more than 5,000 projects, such as Togo the construction of roads, bridges, light and Senegal heavy rail, airports, power plants, and energy Nepal and water distribution networks.1 The average Rwanda investment in the 65 low- and middle-­ income Mozambique countries with investments between 2011 and Liberia 2015 was 0.8  percent of GDP. In low-­ income Sierra Leone countries, projects were split equally between Haiti the energy and transport sectors, the latter bolstered by a large port terminal in Togo, Uganda while in richer countries the energy sector was Zimbabwe predominant. Water projects accounted for a Tanzania negligible investment globally (figures 17h and Somalia 17i). Ethiopia 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Nearly two-thirds of PPP energy investment in 2015 focused on renewable sources, with solar Source: World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure Database. and wind energy sources accounting for over half (figure 17j). income countries are dominated by energy 17i PPP infrastructure investments in middle-­ projects Average investment in PPP infrastructure projects, 2011–15 (% of GDP) Energy Transport Water Lower middle income Upper middle income Honduras Peru Zambia Turkey Morocco Brazil Ghana Jordan India Panama Nicaragua Georgia Philippines Montenegro Vietnam Bosnia & Herzegovina Armenia South Africa Kenya Thailand Guatemala Bulgaria Bangladesh Romania Tonga Gabon 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Source: World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure Database. 102    Goal 17  Partnership for global development 17j Investments in wind and solar now account for more than half of PPP investments in energy Investment in PPP infrastructure projects ($ billions) Solar Wind Other renewable Nonrenewable Other 100 75 50 25 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Source: World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure Database. Expanding access to the Internet Goal 17 recognizes that enabling the use of information and communications technology In 2015 China had the most Internet users of in the poorer countries of South Asia and Sub- any country: approximately 705 million. Nearly Saharan Africa will bolster capacity building in 44 percent of the global population used the science, innovation, and technology. Target Internet (figure 17k), and North America and 17.8 aims to increase access for people in Europe and Central Asia had the highest rate the 48 Least Developed Countries, where on of users, of fi xed broadband subscriptions average, fewer than 13 percent of people have and of secure Internet servers (target 17.6). access to the Internet. 17k China has more Internet users than India and the United States combined, but only half its people have access Individuals using the Internet, 2015 (% of population) 0–25 25–50 50–75 75–100 Total number of people using the Internet, 2015 10 million 50 million 100 million 500 million 1 billion Note: The darker the shade, the greater the share of the population using the Internet. The larger the circle, the more Internet users in a country. Source: ITU World Telecommunications ICT indicators database; WDI (IT.NET.USER.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017 103 Facilitating trade benefit from a whole spectrum of productivity gains from trade. Trade is paramount to sustaining development and advancing economic growth, and inclusive In addition to burdensome customs clear- trade facilitation is a powerful tool to foster ance, obtaining necessary documents can be global competitiveness (targets 17.10, 17.11, time-consuming and costly for some exports. and 17.12). Within agriculture, cereal exports are subject to more documentation requirements and lon- Effective and efficient customs processes are ger phytosanitary certification than are other fundamental to good trade practices: delays product categories, taking on average five in clearing customs for exports and imports days to be processed, compared with just over increase costs to firms, interrupt produc - two days for vegetables. Additionally, the doc- tion, interfere with sales, and may result in uments necessary to export cash crops tend to damaged supplies or merchandise. Clearing be costly (figure 17n). customs tends to take longer for imports than exports across most regions, with the longest Traders spend less time on customs clearance delays in Sub-­Saharan Africa (figures 17l and in countries with fully operational electronic 17m). Easing the flow of imports into a coun - systems that allow customs declarations to try helps local manufacturers and businesses be submitted and processed online. Around obtain component parts of better quality or 70 percent of countries have fully or partially at lower cost. Enhancing customs capacity implemented electronic data interchange sys- to clear exports and imports enables firms to tems (figure 17o). 17l Exports take more than 10 days to clear customs in some African and Latin American countries Days to clear direct exports through customs, most recent year available during 2005–16 0–5 6–10 11 or more No data Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys, http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/data. 104    Goal 17  Partnership for global development 17m Imports take more than 10 days to clear customs in many countries Days to clear imports through customs, most recent year available during 2005–16 (manufacturing firms only) 0–5 6–10 11 or more No data Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys, http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/data. 17n Obtaining documents is more time consuming for cereal exports than for other agricultural products Average time to obtain documents (days) Average cost (percent of income per capita) Cereals 5.0 2.9 Cash crops 4.4 5.1 Fruits 2.0 1.8 Vegetables 2.2 1.1 Note: The sample consists of 40 economies. Source: World Bank, Enabling the Business of Agriculture, http://eba.worldbank.org/. 17o Nearly 70 percent of countries use electronic data interchange systems at the border Stages of implementation of electronic data interchange systems, 2016 (% of economies) Fully implemented Implementation in progress Not implemented 100 75 50 25 0 East Asia Europe & Latin America Middle East & South Sub-Saharan & Pacific Central Asia & Caribbean North Africa Asia Africa Note: The sample consists of 156 economies. Source: World Bank Doing Business database. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    105 Building statistical capacity inputs. The overall statistical capacity score is then calculated as an average on a scale of 0 Timely, relevant, reliable, and high-quality data to 100. are fundamental to countries setting their own agendas and to monitoring progress toward Since 2004, around two-thirds of countries national and global development goals. Goal assessed have improved their scores, indicat- 17 calls on countries to strengthen their statis- ing a stronger ability to follow internationally tical capacity by 2020 (target 17.18). recommended statistical methodologies and to collect and disseminate core socioeconomic The World Bank’s Statistical Capacity Indicator statistics. But the scores for a third of countries assesses a country’s statistical system against fell between 2004 and 2016. Overall, 26 per- numerous criteria on methodology, data cent of all countries assessed in 2016 scored sources, and periodicity and timeliness using over 80, while 16 percent scored less than 50 publicly available information and country (figure 17p). income countries scored above 80 on 17p In 2016 more than a quarter of low- and middle-­ the World Bank’s Statistical Capacity Indicator Statistical capacity score, 2016 0–50 50–80 80–100 Not measured Source: WDI (IQ.SCI.OVRL). 106    Goal 17  Partnership for global development 17q Most countries have conducted a recent population census Census between 2005 and 2015 Conducted a census Did not conduct a census Source: United Nations Statistics Division. A country’s score may improve due to a range members of each household in a country. of factors. For the Dominican Republic more Comprehensive surveys are typically carried reliable national immunization estimation and out every 10 years, but some countries, such a timely agricultural census contributed to an as Australia, Canada, Ireland, Japan, and increase in its score from 71 in 2004 to 83 in New Zealand, conduct them every five years. 2016. For Serbia quality education statistics Timely censuses, as well as inclusive vital reported to the United Nations Educational, registration systems, are characteristics of a Scientific and Cultural Organization, use of country with high statistical capacity (target the Balance of Payments Manual in data com- 17.19). Only 17 countries worldwide did not pilation, and an agricultural census all helped conduct a census between 2005 and 2015 boost its score from 53 to 90. And for Tanzania (figure 17q). improved periodicity of data on child malnu- trition and maternal health helped boost its Notes score from 68 to 73. 1. This figure excludes ICT sector investments A population census aims to record the because methodological changes for this sector socioeconomic char ac ter is tic s of the in 2015 render earlier years incomparable. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    107 Sustainable Development Goals and targets Goal 1  End poverty in all its forms everywhere 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that 1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people increase productivity and production, that help main- everywhere, currently measured as people living on tain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adap- less than $1.25 a day tation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of improve land and soil quality men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cul- tivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection and their related wild species, including through systems and measures for all, including floors, and by soundly managed and diversified seed and plant 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and banks at the national, regional and international the vulnerable levels, and promote access to and fair and equita- ble sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particu- genetic resources and associated traditional knowl- lar the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to edge, as internationally agreed economic resources, as well as access to basic ser- vices, ownership and control over land and other 2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agri- appropriate new technology and financial services, cultural research and extension services, technology including microfinance development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in developing countries, in particular least developed vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and countries vulnerability to climate-­related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks 2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions and disasters in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export 1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from subsidies and all export measures with equivalent a variety of sources, including through enhanced effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha development cooperation, in order to provide ade- Development Round quate and predictable means for developing coun- tries, in particular least developed countries, to 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of implement programmes and policies to end poverty food commodity markets and their derivatives and in all its dimensions facilitate timely access to market information, includ- ing on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme 1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, food price volatility poor regional and international levels, based on pro-­ and gender-­ sensitive development strategies, to being Goal 3  Ensure healthy lives and promote well-­ support accelerated investment in poverty eradica- for all at all ages tion actions 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to Goal 2  End hunger, achieve food security and less than 70 per 100,000 live births improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situ- as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-­ 5 mortality to at ations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and suffi- least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births cient food all year round 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets borne diseases and other communi- hepatitis, water-­ on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of cable diseases age, and address the nutritional needs of adoles- cent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality persons from non-­ communicable diseases through preven- tion and treatment and promote mental health and 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and well-­being incomes of small-­scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pas- 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of sub- toralists and fishers, including through secure and stance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and equal access to land, other productive resources harmful use of alcohol and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-­ farm 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and inju- employment ries from road traffic accidents Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    109 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and repro- 4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowl- ductive health-­care services, including for family edge and skills needed to promote sustainable planning, information and education, and the inte- development, including, among others, through gration of reproductive health into national strate- education for sustainable development and sustain- gies and programmes able lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promo- tion of a culture of peace and non-­ violence, global 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including finan- citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and cial risk protection, access to quality essential health-­ of culture’s contribution to sustainable development care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all 4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-­ 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths violent, inclusive and effective learning environments and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water for all and soil pollution and contamination 4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally the number 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health of scholarships available to developing countries, Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco in particular least developed countries, small island Control in all countries, as appropriate developing States and African countries, for enrol- ment in higher education, including vocational train- 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines ing and information and communications technology, and medicines for the communicable and non-­ technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in communicable diseases that primarily affect develop- developed countries and other developing countries ing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha 4.c By 2030, substantially increase the supply of quali- Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public fied teachers, including through international coop- Health, which affirms the right of developing coun- eration for teacher training in developing countries, tries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement especially least developed countries and small island on Trade-­ Related Aspects of Intellectual Property developing States Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all Goal 5  Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of 5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and the health workforce in developing countries, espe- girls everywhere cially in least developed countries and small island developing States 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including traf- 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular ficking and sexual and other types of exploitation developing countries, for early warning, risk reduc- tion and management of national and global health 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early risks and forced marriage and female genital mutilation Goal 4  Ensure inclusive and equitable quality 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work education and promote lifelong learning through the provision of public services, infrastruc- opportunities for all  ture and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the 4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete family as nationally appropriate free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and outcomes equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-­making in political, economic and public life 4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-­ 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive primary education so that they are ready for primary health and reproductive rights as agreed in accord- education ance with the Programme of Action of the Interna- tional Conference on Population and Development 4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome to affordable and quality technical, vocational and documents of their review conferences tertiary education, including university 5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to 4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth economic resources, as well as access to ownership and adults who have relevant skills, including tech- and control over land and other forms of property, nical and vocational skills, for employment, decent financial services, inheritance and natural resources, jobs and entrepreneurship in accordance with national laws 4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education 5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular and ensure equal access to all levels of education information and communications technology, to pro- and vocational training for the vulnerable, including mote the empowerment of women persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations 5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforcea- ble legislation for the promotion of gender equality 4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial pro- and the empowerment of all women and girls at all portion of adults, both men and women, achieve lit- levels eracy and numeracy 110    Sustainable Development Goals and targets Goal 6  Ensure availability and sustainable Goal 8  Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all 8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable 7 percent gross domestic product growth per annum sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defeca- in the least developed countries tion, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations 8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollu- innovation, including through a focus on high-­value tion, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of added and labour-­ intensive sectors hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the pro- portion of untreated wastewater and substantially 8.3 Promote development-­oriented policies that support increasing recycling and safe reuse globally productive activities, decent job creation, entrepre- neurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage 6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-­use efficiency the formalization and growth of micro-­ , small-­and across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdraw- medium-­ sized enterprises, including through access als and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity to financial services and substantially reduce the number of people suf- fering from water scarcity 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and 6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources man- endeavour to decouple economic growth from agement at all levels, including through transbound- environmental degradation, in accordance with the ary cooperation as appropriate 10-­Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production, with developed coun- 6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-­related ecosys- tries taking the lead tems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes 8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including 6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and for young people and persons with disabilities, and capacity-­building support to developing countries equal pay for work of equal value in water-­and sanitation-­related activities and pro- grammes, including water harvesting, desalination, 8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and not in employment, education or training reuse technologies 8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate 6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local forced labour, end modern slavery and human traf- communities in improving water and sanitation ficking and secure the prohibition and elimination management of the worst forms of child labour, including recruit- ment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child Goal 7  Ensure access to affordable, reliable, labour in all its forms sustainable and modern energy for all 8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, relia- working environments for all workers, including ble and modern energy services migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewa- ble energy in the global energy mix 8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes 7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in local culture and products energy efficiency 8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institu- 7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facil- tions to encourage and expand access to banking, itate access to clean energy research and technol- insurance and financial services for all ogy, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-­ fuel technology, 8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for developing coun- and promote investment in energy infrastructure and tries, in particular least developed countries, includ- clean energy technology ing through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-­ related Technical Assistance to Least Devel- 7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technol- oped Countries ogy for supplying modern and sustainable energy ser- vices for all in developing countries, in particular least 8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strat- developed countries, small island developing States egy for youth employment and implement the Global and landlocked developing countries, in accordance Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization with their respective programmes of support Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    111 Goal 9  Build resilient infrastructure, promote 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster financial markets and institutions and strengthen the innovation implementation of such regulations 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for devel- infrastructure, including regional and transborder oping countries in decision-­ making in global inter- infrastructure, to support economic development national economic and financial institutions in order and human well-­ being, with a focus on affordable to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and and equitable access for all legitimate institutions 9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of migration and mobility of people, including through employment and gross domestic product, in line with the implementation of planned and well-­ managed national circumstances, and double its share in least migration policies developed countries 10.a Implement the principle of special and differential 9.3 Increase the access of small-­scale industrial and other treatment for developing countries, in particular enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to least developed countries, in accordance with World financial services, including affordable credit, and Trade Organization agreements their integration into value chains and markets 10.b Encourage official development assistance and 9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to make them sustainable, with increased resource-­ to States where the need is greatest, in particular use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and least developed countries, African countries, small environmentally sound technologies and industrial island developing States and landlocked developing processes, with all countries taking action in accord- countries, in accordance with their national plans and ance with their respective capabilities programmes 9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technologi- 10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 percent the transaction cal capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remit- particular developing countries, including, by 2030, tance corridors with costs higher than 5 percent encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers Goal 11  Make cities and human settlements per 1 million people and public and private research inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable and development spending 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and 9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure affordable housing and basic services and upgrade development in developing countries through slums enhanced financial, technological and technical sup- port to African countries, least developed countries, 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, acces- landlocked developing countries and small island sible and sustainable transport systems for all, developing States improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of 9.b Support domestic technology development, those in vulnerable situations, women, children, per- research and innovation in developing countries, sons with disabilities and older persons including by ensuring a conducive policy environ- ment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbani- addition to commodities zation and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and man- 9.c Significantly increase access to information and com- agement in all countries munications technology and strive to provide uni- versal and affordable access to the Internet in least 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the developed countries by 2020 world’s cultural and natural heritage Goal 10  Reduce inequality within and among 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths countries and the number of people affected and substan- tially decrease the direct economic losses relative to 10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income global gross domestic product caused by disasters, growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population at including water-­related disasters, with a focus on pro- a rate higher than the national average tecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations 10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environ- and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, mental impact of cities, including by paying special disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic attention to air quality and municipal and other waste or other status management 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular laws, policies and practices and promoting appropri- for women and children, older persons and persons ate legislation, policies and action in this regard with disabilities 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social pro- 11.a Support positive economic, social and environmen- tection policies, and progressively achieve greater urban and rural areas tal links between urban, peri-­ equality by strengthening national and regional development planning 112    Sustainable Development Goals and targets 11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities Goal 13  Take urgent action to combat climate and human settlements adopting and implement- change and its impacts* ing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to cli- 13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to mate change, resilience to disasters, and develop related hazards and natural disasters in all climate-­ and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for countries Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels 13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national pol- icies, strategies and planning 11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in build- 13.3 Improve education, awareness-­ raising and human ing sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local and institutional capacity on climate change mitiga- materials tion, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning Goal 12  Ensure sustainable consumption and 13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by production patterns developed-­ country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal 12.1 Implement the 10-­Year Framework of Programmes on of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns, from all sources to address the needs of develop- all countries taking action, with developed countries ing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation taking the lead, taking into account the development actions and transparency on implementation and and capabilities of developing countries fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources 13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effec- tive climate change-­ related planning and manage- 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the ment in least developed countries and small island retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses developing States, including focusing on women, along production and supply chains, including post-­ youth and local and marginalized communities harvest losses Goal 14  Conserve and sustainably use the 12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound manage- oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable ment of chemicals and all wastes throughout their development  life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to 14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pol- air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse based activ- lution of all kinds, in particular from land-­ impacts on human health and the environment ities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation 14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and trans- and take action for their restoration in order to national companies, to adopt sustainable practices achieve healthy and productive oceans and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle 14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidifica- tion, including through enhanced scientific coopera- 12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sus- tion at all levels tainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities 14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the fishing and destructive fishing practices and imple- relevant information and awareness for sustainable ment science-­ based management plans, in order development and lifestyles in harmony with nature to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable 12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their sci- yield as determined by their biological characteristics entific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and 14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 percent of coastal and production marine areas, consistent with national and interna- tional law and based on the best available scientific 12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable information development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products 14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, 12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-­ fuel subsidies that eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unre- encourage wasteful consumption by removing ported and unregulated fishing and refrain from market distortions, in accordance with national cir- introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that cumstances, including by restructuring taxation and appropriate and effective special and differential phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they treatment for developing and least developed coun- exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking tries should be an integral part of the World Trade fully into account the specific needs and conditions Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities * Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    113 14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values island developing States and least developed coun- into national and local planning, development pro- tries from the sustainable use of marine resources, cesses, poverty reduction strategies and accounts including through sustainable management of fish- eries, aquaculture and tourism 15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use bio- 14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research diversity and ecosystems capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic 15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Trans- all levels to finance sustainable forest management fer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean and provide adequate incentives to developing health and to enhance the contribution of marine countries to advance such management, including biodiversity to the development of developing coun- for conservation and reforestation tries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries 15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poach- ing and trafficking of protected species, including 14.b Provide access for small-­ scale artisanal fishers to by increasing the capacity of local communities to marine resources and markets pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities 14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of Goal 16  Promote peaceful and inclusive societies oceans and their resources by implementing interna- for sustainable development, provide access to tional law as reflected in the United Nations Conven- justice for all and build effective, accountable and tion on the Law of the Sea, which provides the legal inclusive institutions at all levels framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in para- 16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related graph 158 of “The future we want” death rates everywhere Goal 15  Protect, restore and promote sustainable 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage violence against and torture of children forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and interna- tional levels and ensure equal access to justice for all 15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater 16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obli- assets and combat all forms of organized crime gations under international agreements 16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable their forms management of all types of forests, halt deforest- ation, restore degraded forests and substantially 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent insti- increase afforestation and reforestation globally tutions at all levels 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded 16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and repre- land and soil, including land affected by desertifica- making at all levels sentative decision-­ tion, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land 16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of develop- degradation-­neutral world ing countries in the institutions of global governance 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosys- 16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth tems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance registration their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development 16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fun- damental freedoms, in accordance with national leg- 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the deg- islation and international agreements radation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiver- sity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction 16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including of threatened species through international cooperation, for building capac- ity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to 15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as 16.b Promote and enforce non-­ discriminatory laws and internationally agreed policies for sustainable development 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking Goal 17  Strengthen the means of implementation of protected species of flora and fauna and address and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products Development 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduc- 17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, includ- tion and significantly reduce the impact of invasive ing through international support to developing alien species on land and water ecosystems and con- countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and trol or eradicate the priority species other revenue collection 114    Sustainable Development Goals and targets 17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official 17.10 Promote a universal, rules-­ based, open, non-­ development assistance commitments, including discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading the commitment by many developed countries to system under the World Trade Organization, includ- achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national ing through the conclusion of negotiations under its income for official development assistance (ODA/ Doha Development Agenda GNI) to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; 17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a countries, in particular with a view to doubling the target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI least developed countries’ share of global exports by to least developed countries 2020 17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for develop- 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-­ free and ing countries from multiple sources quota-­free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World term 17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-­ Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring debt sustainability through coordinated policies that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and from least developed countries are transparent and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the simple, and contribute to facilitating market access external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence 17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries 17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable develop- ment 17.6 Enhance North-­ South, South-­South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access 17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to science, technology and innovation and enhance to establish and implement policies for poverty erad- knowledge-­ sharing on mutually agreed terms, ication and sustainable development including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United 17.16 Enhance the Global Partnership for Sustainable Devel- Nations level, and through a global technology facil- opment, complemented by multi-­ stakeholder partner- itation mechanism ships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the 17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies all countries, in particular developing countries to developing countries on favourable terms, includ- ing on concessional and preferential terms, as mutu- 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-­ ally agreed private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships 17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and sci- ence, technology and innovation capacity-­ building 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-­ building support to devel- mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 oping countries, including for least developed coun- and enhance the use of enabling technology, in par- tries and small island developing States, to increase ticular information and communications technology significantly the availability of high-­quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, 17.9 Enhance international support for implementing age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geo- effective and targeted capacity-­ building in develop- graphic location and other characteristics relevant in ing countries to support national plans to implement national contexts all the Sustainable Development Goals, including through North-­ South, South-­South and triangular 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop cooperation measurements of progress on sustainable develop- ment that complement gross domestic product, and building in developing support statistical capacity-­ countries Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017    115