72204 Horizontal Learning for Strengthening Capacities of Local Government Institutions in Bangladesh REPORT ON THE NATIONAL DISSEMINATION WORKSHOP Dhaka, October 30, 2008 Local Government Division Ministry of LGRD & Cooperatives, Government of Bangladesh and Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank, Dhaka Table of Content Page Glossary of abbreviations and terms iv Preface v 1. Introduction 7 2. Inaugural session 9 3. Display on top eight good practices 13 4. Thematic Session-I: Flashback on experiences of horizontal learning 18 Background of preparing the pata song 22 5. Thematic Session-II: Talk show 22 Summary of the talk show 23 6. Summing up and closing - Recommendations for the future 25 Annexures Annexure A: Background 27 Annexure B: Workshop program 31 Annexure C: Participants and resource persons 32 Annexure D: Presentation on thematic session-I 33 GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS AI Appreciative Inquiry ASEH Advancing Sustainable Environmental Health BDT Bangladesh Taka BUET Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology CBO Community-based organization DASCOH Development Association for Self-Reliance, Communication and Health Danida Danish International Development Agency Dishari Decentralized Total Sanitation Project DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering Eco-friendly Environment-friendly Gambhira Style of traditional folk song and traditional communication technique ('Alkap',' jari', 'shari', and 'bhatiali' are also some examples of the same thing) Gan Translates as 'song' GoB Government of Bangladesh HL Horizontal Learning JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LG Commission Local Government Commission LGD Local Government Division LGI Local Government Institution LGRD&C Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives MDG Millennium Development Goal MJSKS Mohideb Jubo Samaj Kallyan Somity NGO Non-governmental organization NILG National Institute of Local Government Nirbahi Translates as 'executive' Para Translates as 'a section of the village' Pata song Local genre of folk songs Patuas Rural canvas painters (also known as 'gains' in Jessore and Khulna regions) Pir, fakir A saintly man PRDP-2 Participatory Rural Development Project-2 Pucca Translates as 'permanent' Q/A Question/Answer Sangit Translates as 'music' SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDSD Sustainable Solutions for the Delivery of Safe Drinking Water SLGDFP Sirajganj Local Governance Development Fund Project UNO Upazila Nirbahi Officer UP Union parishad Upazila Subdistrict WSP-SA Water and Sanitation Program - South Asia iv PREFACE T he report of the 'National Dissemination Workshop on Horizontal Learning for Strengthening Capacities of Local Government Institutions' summarizes the workshop proceedings and final recommendations for the horizontal learning program. This report is prepared in consultation with all the participating agencies including LGIs (Unions), which will be eventually prepared in both Bangla and English languages. The final recommendations were shared with the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LGRD&C) and necessary steps have already planned to turn the recommendations into action. On behalf of the Local Government Division, Ministry of LGRD&C, we would like to convey our sincere thanks to the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank and other partners for helping us prepare this report, and appreciate their support for our horizontal learning program for enhancing capacities of local government institutions. The horizontal learning program is an evolving process; therefore, any comments or suggestions related to horizontal learning will be welcomed. All comments or feedback on this report, and on the horizontal learning program, should be addressed to any of the resource persons mentioned on the back cover of this report. We hope readers will find this report useful towards further enhancing the capacities of local government institutions in Bangladesh. Shams Uddin Ahmed Deputy Secretary (WS), Local Government Division and Focal Point -Horizontal Learning v vi 1. INTRODUCTION The horizontal learning program is a peer-to-peer learning process that was initiated in Bangladesh by local government institutions (LGIs) in November 2007, aiming to strengthen the capacity of union parishads. The initiative is being facilitated by the Local Government Division, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LGRD&C), Government of Bangladesh, and supported by the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank. Other partners are: Development Association for Self-Reliance, Communication and Health (DASCOH); Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA); Plan Bangladesh; WaterAid Bangladesh through its local NGOs- Shushilon, Green Hill and Mohideb Jubo Samaj Kallyan Somiti (MJSKS); Dhaka Ahsania Mission, NGO Forum Different programs and projects in 10 upazilas under the horizontal leraning program are being supported through various funding agencies, such as, Government of Bangladesh (GoB), Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Department for International Development (DfID), World Bank, and Danish International Development Agency (Danida). The program commenced with the selection of the best performing upazilas (subdistricts) by each partner agency within the horizontal learning program, followed by the identification of best practices in water supply and sanitation activities and gradually expanded for inclusion of a broader range of good governance initiatives in each participating upazila. This approach offers union parishads the opportunity to learn about, and replicate, good practices. The program was initially started in 66 unions of six upazilas and gradually expanded to 93 unions under 10 upazilas covering about 2.2 million people. Through the process of horizontal learning, 21 good practices and relevant indicators were identified for verification. Sixty-two out of 93 participating union parishads allocated BDT 24,198,732 (approx. US$355,865) during the financial year FY 09 (July 2008 - June 2009) for replicating 17 good practices. As part of dissemination of learning, the Local Government Division, Ministry of LGRD&C with support from partners under the horizontal learning program, organized a national dissemination workshop on October 30, 2008, at the Winter Garden of the Sheraton Hotel, Dhaka. The purpose of the workshop was to: (a) share the lessons learned from the first year of the horizontal learning program among a larger audience; and (b) formulate a roadmap for the future, with the consensus of potential players in the sector, to strengthen capacities of local government institutions through the horizontal learning program. More than 300 participants representing government, local government institutions, non-governmental organizations, and development partners participated in the workshop. 7 Overall objective The overall objective of the workshop was to disseminate the lessons learned on best practices under the horizontal learning program, which would facilitate its replication on a larger scale. Specific objectives To share the experiences and lessons learned under the horizontal learning program by LGIs (union parishads) and other stakeholders. To formulate a roadmap for horizontal learning program to strengthen the capacities of LGIs. To design an effective communication strategy for dissemination of lessons learned. To reach consensus for further aid-harmonization for strengthening capacities for local government institutions. Workshop design The workshop was designed in three sessions: Part I : Inaugural session. Part II : Thematic Session I, covering presentations and discussions on experiences of the horizontal learning program, followed by questions and answers from the floor. Session I included a pata song, based on the top eight good practices, with a brief introduction on the background of the pata song preparation. Part III : Thematic Session II was on 'Talk Show' to share experiences of the replication of good practices and highlight the way forward for the horizontal learning program in Bangladesh. Workshop methodologies The workshop methodologies included a combination of video screenings, power point presentations, performance of pata song, holding of talk show and plenary session, followed by question-answer sessions. The national dissemination workshop resulted in a series of recommendations, which will be discussed at the informal core team meeting, followed by their submission to the government for onward action. 1 BDT is Bangladeshi Taka. US$1 = BDT 68 (as of April 7, 2009). Conversions rates are from http://coinmill.com; all conversions in the text are approximations 8 2. INAUGURAL SESSION The workshop was inaugurated by the Chief Guest, Shaikh Khurshid Alam, Secretary, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperation; Mr. Vinaya Swaroop, Acting Country Director, World Bank, Dhaka Office, addressed the function as Special Guest. The opening session was chaired by Md. Lukman Hakim Talukder, Joint Secretary (WS), LGD; and the welcome speech was made by Mr. Shams Uddin Ahmed, Deputy Secretary (WS-1), LGD and Focal Point Horizontal Learning. Mr. Glenn Pearce-Oroz, Country Team Leader, Water and Sanitation Program, Bangladesh (WSP) of World Bank, made the opening remarks on behalf of participating and developing partners of the horizontal learning program. A colorful video presentation was screened on overall activities of the horizontal learning program at the beginning of the inaugural session to appraise the audience. Mr. Oaliar Rahman, Chairman, Jagdal Union Parishad (Magura Sadar, Magura) presented the vote of thanks on behalf of LGIs under the horizontal learning program. 9 Chief Guest Shaikh Khurshid Alam appreciated the initiation of horizontal learning for building capacity of LGIs, for improving water supply and sanitation services in Bangladesh. Union parishads in Bangladesh have always had the potential for implementing good works. What this horizontal learning program has shown us is that with a little more organization and coordination, union parishads in Bangladesh can make an even bigger impact with the successful home-grown practices that Shaikh Khurshid Alam otherwise might have been limited to only one or a Secretary, LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C handful of union parishads. For instance, the good practices in water quality testing in Chowgacha, or the Chapai Nawabganj Sadar approach of receiving funding directly from NGOs, should not remain limited to just their respective areas. Even if only half of all union parishads could contribute with good practices, that would be over 2,000 proven ideas that could be made available to all. The potential of having in place a horizontal learning network among union parishads, felt Mr. Alam, is extremely important for other reasons as well. The Local Government Division currently has the Local Governance Support Program (LGSP) that provides funds directly to union parishads. Good practices and good uses of these funds by one union parishad could now be effectively and efficiently communicated to other parishads as well, thereby increasing the effectiveness of the entire program. He stressed the need for replication of identified good practices; they should be streamlined in different projects/programs, incorporated at the policy level, and translated into practice. Local level communication is important to share information about good practices. More existing good practices should be identified and disseminated through horizontal learning to speed up development activities in rural areas. Supply of safe water and sanitation is one of the big challenges in Bangladesh-there is no other alternative to face this challenge then capacity building of local government institutions. A pragmatic plan for scaling up the horizontal learning program should be prepared for a longer period. He thanked all the LGI representatives, government officials, supporting partners, and NGOs for initiating and carrying forward the horizontal learning program in Bangladesh. 10 Lukman Hakim Talukder mentioned that horizontal learning is a peer-to-peer learning process initiated by the LGIs in Bangladesh in November 2007. The initiative is being facilitated by the Local Government Division of the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives, and supported by the Water and Sanitation Program - South Asia of the World Bank. Other partners are DASCOH, JICA, WaterAid, Plan Bangladesh, Dhaka Ahsania Mission and supporting local NGOs such as Lukman Hakim Talukder Shushilon, MJSKS and Green Hills. The main objective of Joint Secretary (Water Supply),- LGD the program is building capacity of the LGIs for Ministry of LGR&D improving water supply and sanitation services in Bangladesh. The program has now expanded to 93 union parishads of 10 upazilas covering 2.2 million people. Two more upazilas will join soon under this learning process. The achievements of the horizontal learning program would also help in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). He appreciated the achievements made due to horizontal learning in the short span of one year. He also emphasized the need for scaling up and sustainability of horizontal learning. He expressed his gratitude to the representatives of LGIs and supporting partners for their contribution to the horizontal learning program. Mr. Vinaya Swaroop highlighted the fact that the horizontal learning program is an innovative initiative for building the base of development at the grassroots level. He congratulated the Local Government Division for taking the lead in opening a space for local governments in union parishads where they could acknowledge the good practices that are taking place among them. The encouragement and support provided by the Local Government Division, and the important constructive relationship facilitated between UNOs and union Vinaya Swaroop parishads, Mr. Swaroop felt, was a very important step for Acting Country Director, the World Bank acknowledging that local governments possess the capacity to implement activities that are requested by their communities, and that union parishads can become trusted leaders in the development of the country. He mentioned that this process was initiated by the LGIs to fulfill their needs depending on their own resources-they are trying to expand their resource base through collecting taxes and unveiling untapped resources along with capacity building for improving water and sanitation services in Bangladesh. He expressed his hope that horizontal learning practices that have been so successful during this initial year would continue to provide helpful support for sharing improved decision-making practices and sharing 11 mechanisms for promoting increased responsiveness and accountability of local governments. Programs such as LGSP would benefit clearly from these types of effective practices. He mentioned that, as development partners, we will continue to stand ready to support improved and innovative practices for strengthening decentralized systems of government. More collective efforts are needed on our part, to coordinate our own efforts to better support the local government institutions as they face ongoing challenges, and to support the central government as it stays on course for continuing to advance policies and programs that make decentralized systems more effective. Mr. Shams Uddin Ahmed, on behalf of the government, welcomed the distinguished participants from different spheres, from the government, development partners, representatives from LGIs, NGOs, media and other organizations and commended them for their participation in the 'National Dissemination Workshop on Horizontal Learning for Strengthening Capacities of the Local Government Institutions on Improving Water Supply and Sanitation Services in Bangladesh'. He said the positive impact of the horizontal learning program had contributed Mr. Shams Uddin Ahmed towards achieving Sanitation for All by 2010. He made Deputy Secretary (WS-1), LGD and Focal Point Horizontal Learning especial mention of the bottom-up approach of the horizontal learning program and said that it has created an enabling environment of cooperation, sharing, and confidence-building among the LGIs, development partners, NGOs and different projects. Mr. Ahmed also expressed his satisfaction over tremendous outcome of this learning process-within one year of its inception- which complements other existing capacity-building projects. The Government, development partners, and NGOs render invaluable support, also for the LGIs, he said. Mr. Glenn Pearce-Oroz mentioned that the horizontal learning process had been initiated by LGI representatives about one year ago and is being facilitated by the Local Government Division of the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives and supported by the Water and Sanitation Program of the World Bank and other partner organizations. He hoped that the workshop would enrich future planning by gathering multi-sectoral and institutional experiences 12 through the active participation of relevant stakeholders. Mr. Pearce-Oroz also expected that the findings of the workshop would help disseminate that learning across the sector, horizontally, and also contribute to the further development of the sector. Local government institutions have already shown their innovative ideas and confidence regarding implementation of development activities within this short period. This initiative has opened new opportunities for harmonizing development partners, Glenn Pearce-Oroz Country Team Leader, Bangladesh enabling bottom-up planning, as well as ensuring people's Water and Sanitation Program South Asia participation, transparency, and accountability at the The World Bank grassroots level. This process might be useful in other sectors also. Mr. Pearce-Oroz also hoped that all the remaining unions of the country would gradually be covered by this initiative. On behalf of the union parishads of the horizontal learning program, Mr. Oaliar Rahman, Chairman, Jagdal union parishad, Magura Sadar Upazila, gave the vote of thanks to the guests, resource persons and participants for their inputs for the workshop. He said the set of recommendations made in the workshop would help scaling up the horizontal learning program throughout the country. 3. DISPLAY ON TOP EIGHT GOOD PRACTICES Oaliar Rahman Chairman, Jagdal Union Display tables were arranged to share the best eight good Magura Sadar Upazila practices, selected by 93 union parishads. The display was inaugurated by Shaikh Khurshid Alam, Secretary, Local Government Division, Ministry of LGRD&C. The salient features of each are highlighted here. 3.1 Water quality surveillance: Arsenic testing, bacteriological testing and sanitary survey: Water quality testing is imperative for more than 9.75 million household tubewells and 93,000 community- based water sources in Bangladesh. It is a matter of concern that water quality monitoring of a huge number of tubewells in the rural areas of Bangladesh is inadequate. To address the inadequacy in water testing, all union parishads under Chowgacha upazila have started arsenic test with field kits (under the leadership of union parishads). The approach is self-sustaining; the villagers pay BDT 50 for each test and the union parishads are able to purchase reagents for field kits. Union parishads keep 13 records of test results and review them in their monthly meetings. They paint the outer surface of each tubewell spout either green (for safe water) or red (for unsafe water), which creates further awareness in the community about the current situation regarding arsenic contamination. Nearly 2,762 tubewells have been tested so far by the union parishads under Chowgacha upazila in the last two years. The Arsenic Mitigation Project provided training for carrying out water testing to volunteers and village police (also the chowkidar, who conducts arsenic test). The union parishads involved within the horizontal learning program identified this initiative as one of the good practices. They therefore visited this upazila to learn more from their peers and then replicate this good practice in their own areas. Twenty-two unions in five upazilas from five districts have already introduced arsenic testing of tubewell water in their own areas. Within six months (May to October 2008) an incredible 3,322 arsenic tests were conducted by these unions. There are nearly 38,000 arsenicosis patients in Bangladesh, but they were without any means of support till the Arsenic Mitigation Project piloted the purchase and provision of medicines to patients by utilizing the Annual Development Budget Grants. This learning was discussed with government and a gazette was issued by the government on January 14, 2008, which then permitted all union parishads to utilize their Annual Budget for buying medicines for arsenicosis patients. Union parishads outside Chowgacha and Sharsha upazilas (outside the Arsenic Mitigation Project), first came to know about this from horizontal learning and have applied the learning in their own areas. As a result, eight unions of Chapai Nawabganj Sadar and Shyamnagar have allocated BDT 4,72,180 for arsenicosis patients. 3.2 Community ignition to achieve 100% sanitary latrine coverage: Union parishads under Shreepur upazila in Gazipur district achieved 100 percent sanitary latrines without subsidy or providing any support towards materials' costs. This was possible through community ignition. This unique initiative has been identified as one of the good practices under the horizontal learning program. Union parishads implemented this good practice with support from the Dishari project. The achievement was possible through activating different taskforces at upazila, union, village, and para levels. Educational institutions, teachers, students, religious leaders, and members of the local elite and civil society were mobilized to achieve the target. Different types of promotional activities and cultural events using local folk media motivated people to want their own latrine and towards positive behavioral changes relating to sanitation. Participatory monitoring, documentation, and record keeping system at para and union levels were introduced to help the community participate effectively in the entire process. A child-to-child approach for community ignition to achieve 100 percent sanitation coverage was found to be very effective for community mobilization. This learning has been identified as one of the good practices, which is being led by union parishads of Shreepur upazila, with support from Dhaka Ahsania Mission in collaboration with Plan Bangladesh. 14 This learning is now being implemented in 13 unions of three upazilas under the horizontal learning program. Besides unions within the horizontal learning program, another 30 unions in Jamalpur Sadar, Malandaha and Bakshiganj upazila are also replicating this initiative. 3.3 Environment-friendly village: Implementing the activities meant for achieving 100 percent sanitation in their village brought the people of Baladangi village (of Bharbhary union parishad under Khansama upazila in Dinajpur district) closer as a community. The common understanding among villagers ignited them taking more development initiatives. Their success in achieving 100 percent sanitation inspired them to also make their village environment-friendly. To achieve their target, they organized discussions, courtyard meetings, rallies, etc. The major achievements illustrating the environment-friendly village are: Drainage management: The people built a Eco-friendly Village 380-foot drain for the disposal of waste. Everybody participated in the implementation process; some also contributed bamboo, polythene, etc. The union parishad welcomed the initiative. It allocated BDT 30,000 for constructing a 60-foot pucca drain and also earmarked allocations for other development activities during the financial year 2008- 09. Waste management and organic fertilizer: The people disposed their waste in a specific pit to make their environment cleaner. They are also producing organic fertilizer, by composting organic waste accumulated in a specific pit, using scientific methods. This fertilizer is then used for increased agricultural production. Hygiene and behavioral change: All households in this village have their sanitary latrines. The people-very much aware about personal hygiene-use and maintenance them properly. For instance, they wash their hands after using the latrines. The use and maintenance of latrines are demonstrated to school students. The village was declared 100 percent sanitized in 2006. Incidents of diarrheal diseases have not been found since 2006 in the village, according to the local Upazila Health Complex report. Recent Initiatives: Villagers are planting plants along a 2.5-kilometer road. In addition, they are repairing roads and abandoned ponds in the village. All villagers have their birth registration certificates. They have declared their village free of child labor, dowry, child marriage, multiple marriage, and separation in conjugal life. Slogans on rights, environment protection, and so on, are displayed at public places to generate awareness among the people. The good practices of Baladangi village are being replicated in five villages, of five unions in Khansama upazila, with support from Plan Bangladesh. They are now implementing a series of activities to make their village environment friendly. Partners under horizontal learning have also visited the village. This initiative is now replicated in many upazilas including Chapai Nawabganj Sadar upazila, Tarash in Sirajganj, Rajarhat in Kurigram, Shreepur in Gazipur and Magura Sadar in Magura districts. 15 3.4 Implementation of development activities through private entrepreneurs: Representatives of LGIs, under horizontal learning, visited the development activities implemented by different union parishads under Chapai Nawabganj Sadar upazila. The visiting team identified the implementation of development activities through private entrepreneurs as a good practice. Union parishads under Chapai Nawabganj Sadar upazila practice community-based planning through CBOs and implement water supply facilities through private entrepreneurs following all government procedures. DASCOH disburses development funds directly to the union parishads' accounts; the CBO collects and deposits users' contributions into the same accounts. Users and CBOs are also taking part for monitoring the quality of the facilities being implemented by the private entrepreneurs. As a result, many private entrepreneurs have evolved-from nil in 2003 to more than 150 in 2008. This has further helped union parishads to delineate their roles and step back from being involved in actual implementation, which has strengthened transparencies, accountability, and good governance in the respective unions. When the LGI representatives of nine upazilas (Shreepur, Khansama, Rajarhat, Tarash, Shyamnagar, Chowgacha, Karimganj, Magura, and Rangamati) under the horizontal learning program visited the area, they were motivated to replicate this initiative in their areas. Chowgacha (in Jessore) and Khansama (in Dinajpur) district already started replicating this initiative; the latter, in fact, has replicated this good practice in six union parishads. 3.5 Open budget meeting: Open budget meetings in union parishads under Tarash upazila in Sirajganj district, involving people from all walks of life, has been identified as another good practice under the horizontal learning program. Open budget meetings-which Tarash union parishads have been practicing for the last five years-were initiated under the Sirajganj Local Governance Development Fund Project (SLGDFP). The union parishads prepare a draft plan and budget for the financial year, along consultations with the community at ward level meetings. This plan is shared with the people in an open budget meeting, organized in the presence of upazila level officials, and NGO and CBO representatives. People can raise questions, get explanations, and give suggestions on the draft budget and plan. After considering all the comments and suggestions, union parishads then prepare the final plan and budget. During budget meetings, budget books are distributed to the people at the meet. The outcome has been an improvement in the governance situation, and in the relationships between the people and the union parishad. Union parishads under eight upazilas (Chapai Nawabganj Sadar, Shreepur, Rajarhat, Shyamnagar, Chowgacha, Karimganj, Magura, and Rangamati Sadar) are now replicating open budget meetings. Despite no involvement in the horizontal learning program, the Auch para union parishad (in Bagmara upazila in Rajshahi district) has also visited Tarash upazila and is now replicating open budget meetings. 3.6 Increased collection of holding tax: This is the good practice of Tarash upazila of Sirajganj district. It was initiated under the SLGDFP to increase the own resource base of the union parishads, so that dependency on the central government 16 and supporting projects/organizations could be reduced. In 2002, the elected chairmen and members had initiated new assessment after many years; they raised the rate of holding tax to reasonable levels and made concerted efforts to increase collection. People did not respond in the beginning. However, through open budgets, introduction of passbooks, community-based planning, and motivational meetings, as well as by showing that they could fulfill peoples' needs, they succeeded in convincing the people about the new initiative. Finally, they achieved their target of increasing collection of holding tax. Before 2003, average holding tax of a union parishad was BDT 60,000- 80,000. Now, in the changing situation, the average tax collection rose to BDT 300,000-400,000. This is more than 300 percent collection than that in 2003. Nine upazilas (Chapai Nawabganj Sadar, Shreepur, Khansama, Rajarhat, Shyamnagar, Chowgacha, Karimganj, Magura and Rangamati Sadar) are now replicating this good initiative. 3.7 Upazila Women’s Forum: Elected female members have to face some inconvenience in the exercise of their role and responsibilities. Upazila Women's Forum was formed in Tarash Upazila in Sirajganj district to empower its female members to work efficiently, and help them exercise their rights according to the rules and regulations of the Government of Bangladesh. The implementation of this particular good practice in the union parishads has brought about tremendous positive changes in the communities in terms of empowerment of women- both socio-politically and economically. The Upazila Women's Forum is non-profit, non- governmental voluntary organization. The overall Upazila Women's Forum objective of the organization is to conduct advocacy programs at the policy level to resolve the problems usually faced by female members. Former as well as current union parishad female members are eligible to be members of the Forum. The activities of the Forum also help build the confidence of the local people towards female members of Tarash upazila who are consequently well aware of their role, responsibilities, rights, obligations and government policies. Their social status has been upgraded. They are now able to champion the cause of destitute women to the union parishad. They provide income-generating training and micro-credit to poor women without interest (from their savings fund); they also contribute to eliminating dowry, early marriage, oppression on women, etc. This good practice is being replicated at Karimganj upazila of Kishoreganj district. 17 3.8 Local Government Association: Elected representatives of all eight union parishads under Tarash upazila in Sirajganj district formed a Local Government Association to implement their activities in a coordinated manner; avoid unwanted intervention from outside; involve the community in union parishad activities; establish inter-relationships among elected representatives; exchange views; and uphold the image of union parishads. The outcomes of the activities of the association include: - Enhancing the capacity of elected representatives for delivering quality services; - Increasing Community participation, transparency, and accountability; - Replicating the good practices of one union in others; - Strengthening cooperation with local administration; - Addressing different types of natural disaster with concerted efforts; - Distributing resources rationally; and - Protecting the union parishads' interests and activities from outside interference. Karimganj Upazila of Kishoreganj and Khansama upazila in Dinajpur district are replicating this good practice. 4. THEMATIC SESSION I: FLASHBACK ON EXPERIENCES OF HORIZONTAL LEARNING Thematic Session I stressed revisiting the potential achievements made so far under the horizontal learning process. Moderated by Professor Mujibur Rahman, Civil Engineering Department, BUET, this session was attended by: Mr. Shafiqul Islam, Deputy Secretary (Fisheries), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock. Mr. Atiqur Rahman, UNO, Karimganj, Kishoreganj. Mr. Mansoor Rahman Bachhu, Chairman, Tarash Sadar union parishad, Tarash, Sirajganj. Mr. Asjadur Rahman, Chairman, Gobratola union parishad, Chapai Nawabganj Sadar. Mr. Md. Khalilur Rahman, Chairman, Alokjhari union parishad, Khansama, Dinajpur. Mr. M.A. Salam, Chairman, Chowgacha union parishad, Chowgacha, Jessore. Mr. Md. Nur Mohammad Fakir, Chairman, Goshinga union parishad, Shreepur, Gazipur. In this session participants presented their lessons learnt. Question answer and views were shared on the basis of presentation. Summary of presentations: Mr. Shafiqul Islam initiated the presentation, which was then supported by the other presenters. He remarked that whereas any capacity-building program starts with the notion that there is a lack of capacity, the horizontal learning program, on the other hand, builds on activities which are working well, that is, where there are capacities existing on the ground. These lessons are being identified by the unions for replication. This peer learning process follows appreciative inquiry which focuses on positive factors and helps to identify, acknowledge, and appreciate achievements. Through holding hands, union parishads learn from their peers and replicate those learnings. This has created a virtual movement within the participating union parishads in Bangladesh-in six upazilas, the horizontal 18 learning program has been able to identify 21 good practices and, if this process continues, in 507 upazilas there may be thousands of good practices revealed for replication. The horizontal learning program thus has unveiled untapped resources in Bangladesh; it has helped in growing confidence and credibility within local government institutions and creating a harmonization among aid partners. Mr. Islam invited each of the local government representatives from various participating upazilas to highlight some of the key findings of the horizontal learning program. Mr. Atiqur Rahman praised the active participation of LGI representatives in Karimganj upazila. He mentioned that the LGI representatives are leading the activities for eradication of open defecation and use of sanitary latrines, formation of Karimganj Development Committee (KDC) to implement different development activities in a coordinated manner, formation of Women's Forum to uphold the rights of disadvantaged female members, holding of open budget meetings, increase collection of holding tax, and the construction of bamboo bridge over a river with the contribution of he local people, commonly known as Swapner Satu (that is, 'Bridge of our dreams'). Mr. Md. Mansoor Rahman Bachhu, Chairman, Tarash Sadar union parishad, said that he learned about increased tax collection mechanisms. Sirajganj Local Governance Development Fund Project (SLGDFP) facilitated them in this regard, he mentioned. He said that when he started his tenure in 2003, people were not aware of the tax and its assessment, and were very reluctant to pay tax at that time. However, when he educated the community-through consultations and ward level meetings-that the tax would be used for the development of the union itself, such as constructing roads or culverts, renovating public properties, etc, the attitude of the people changed. Mr. Bachhu said open budget meetings with people from the community ensured the transparency and accountability of LGI activities and also improved the quality of the budget. While various upazilas learned open budget and increase in collection of holding tax from Tarash, they also learned many new best practices from Chowgacha, Khansama and others, which they are now replicating. Mr. Khalilur Rahman, Chairman, Alokjhari union parishad, Khansama, was motivated by Plan Bangladesh for implementing sanitation activities. Describing the process, he said that he discussed 19 the importance of practicing improved sanitation facilities with parishad members and formed ward- wise committees. He involved the community in the whole implementation process by conducting social mobilization activities. He recalled the concerted efforts of LGIs, the community and development partners for achieving 100 percent sanitation in his union. To ensure the effective participation and provide ownership of the program to the people in the community, they introduced participatory planning and monitoring systems. They are also working towards making their villages eco-friendly and have already declared six villages as 'Eco-friendly Model Village' in six unions. As part of ensuring a healthy environment, they initiated plantation activities; three varieties of trees, including fruits, timber and harval, have been planted. Many upazilas have liked their approach and are now replicating their good practices, while they have also learned other good practices from Chowgacha, Tarash, etc, and are replicating them. Mr. Abdus Salam, Chairman, Chowgacha union parishad, described his experiences regarding identifying arsenic and arsenicosis patients, and techniques of testing of arsenic. JICA provided technical and financial support for strengthening the capacity of LGIs and the community in this regard. He pointed out that JICA helped them form committees to implement arsenic-related activities. The committee members disseminated the messages in various institutions such as schools, mosques, etc. Mr. Salam said that JICA also provided them and LGI representatives arsenic test kit boxes free of cost. They are thus able to conduct arsenic tests on tubewell water. The charge of BDT 50 for each test was given to the local hospital for purchasing medicines. People could collect medicine from the hospital free of cost. Safe water options are also installed to address the arsenic problem. This learning is now being replicated by other upazilas and the horizontal learning program is helping them replicate other good practices in their own areas. Mr. Md. Asjadur Rahman, Chairman, Gobratola union parishad, Chapai Nawabganj Sadar, described the implementation of development activities through private enterprises, an initiative that is being implemented with support from DASCOH. He told that the people in the community assessed the need and submitted the demand to the union parishad. Accordingly, DASCOH transferred the funds to the parishad. The latter selects the contractor, manages the contract, maintains government procedures and issues work orders. The union parishad pays the bills upon satisfactory completion of work. Mr. Rahman said the union parishad is always ready to implement all sort of development activities. Therefore, more opportunities should be created for parishads to carry out such activities. Short discussion of question and answer session: Mr. Shajahan Siraj, Chairman, Kaikhali Union Parishad, Shyamnagar, pointed out that 21 good practices had been identified so far. But only eight good practices were being discussed in this national forum. He suggested arranging another forum to discuss all the 21 good practices. Union parishad chairman Mr. Liakot Ali wanted to know from the Bachhu chairman whether the union parishad had any provision to allocate money for marriage purposes. If it was not possible, he suggested opening a separate social head to meet such requirements. Chairman Mohsin Reza wanted to know what the safe distance between a safe water source and sanitary latrine would be. 20 Mr. Saiful Islam, a veterinary doctor from Tarash, suggested that the respective ministries of the government should identify good practices and should also initiate replication on a larger scale. Mr. Rashedul Islam, Sub-Assistant Engineer, DPHE of Karimganj upazila, pointed out that increased collection of tax would help create confidence among the community but, at the same time, it might be exactly the opposite if the tax amount was misused. He also suggested an expansion of the network of horizontal learning program in all union parishads, in phases. Mr. Naimur Rahman, a school student from Shreepur upazila, highlighted that 100 percent sanitation has been achieved in Shreepur due to the active participation of school children and the community in the sanitation program. Mr. Abdul Kader, Chairman, Pashapole union parishad, Chowgacha, suggested organizing workshops for people in the community at a village level to orient them about lessons learned under the horizontal learning program. Mr. Md. Yanus Ali, Chairman, Singhhozul union parishad, Chowgacha, suggested using surface water instead of extracting groundwater. Amin Kuddus from Plan Bangladesh suggested support for bottom-up planning, people's participation, and change of attitudes Professor Mujibur Rahman summarized the salient features of the thematic discussions: Updating of the union parishad manual in line with developments made under the horizontal learning program. Proper open budget meetings create incentive for increased tax collection. More emphasis should be given to: (a) objective settings; (b) capacity-building regarding technic knowhow; and (c) appreciation of good work. Declaration of model union based on best performance. Good practices will be replicated considering socio-economic conditions. Need to prepare local resource policy. Hardcore list should be prepared permanently. Need media and other channel partnerships for disseminating the learnings. Encourage other development agencies to transfer funds directly to union parishads. Award to LGIs for good performance. Policy advocacy. Program approach. Acknowledge LGIs for replication of good practices. Include new upazilas in the horizontal learning network. Horizontal learning should be incorporated in the union parishad manual. Increase people's involvement. Provide incentives for the higher tax-collecting union parishads. Documentation of replicated best practices. Dissemination through television, community radio, etc. 21 Communications using local tools/methods like pata song. Sharing of experience on horizontal learning at the national and international levels. Horizontal learning program should continue for a minimum of three more years. BACKGROUND OF PREPARING THE PATA SONG Pata gan or Patua sangit is a genre of folk song performed by patuas (rural canvas painters) who paint stories on canvas based on myth and folklore. The illustrated canvas is unrolled as the patua narrates the story through dance and song. The stories of the pats (paintings) and their accompanying songs are very diverse in subject matter. Patua reflects the ordinary traditional folk painters who are adept in drawing images connected to folk beliefs. Their drawings are generally known as pata paintings (patachitras). Normally, they draw on a piece of cloth with figures of Hindu gods and goddesses or Muslim pirs and fakirs. At one time patua songs were very popular in many areas of Bangladesh, among both Hindus and Muslims, as they dealt with issues of religious reforms and social change. Though the popularity of these folk songs has lessened in many areas, they still survive and are the main occupation of a particular sect or group of people. Patuas earn their livelihood by displaying their work, with accompanying music. They hold sessions where they display patachitras and narrate the stories in song. They were known as gains in the Jessore and Khulna regions. Local level communication is important to share information effectively. It was agreed by LGIs within the horizontal learning program that traditional communication techniques, such as, pata song, gambhira, alkap, jari, shari, and bhatiali songs, etc, would be used for effective communication between the LGIs and rural people. Pata song was given a high priority because it is a strong communication tool for mass awareness, accepted by the community, and cost effective. The pata song on horizontal learning was performed by Shushilon, a local NGO. The script of the pata song was prepared by Shushilon with support from Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank under the overall guidance of a core group consisting of various support agencies. The pata song described the horizontal learning process-appreciative inquiry, holding hands for identification, learning, replication and peer review including highlighting eight good practices. The performance was well received and appreciated by the national and international participants. 5. THEMATIC SESSION-II: TALK SHOW The talk show was moderated by Mr. Mohammad Jahangir and attended by eight LGI representatives including six chairmen and two women members; two deputy secretaries and two upazila nirbahi officers of the government, and one representative from a partner organization. This session was specifically designed to provide an opportunity to LGI representatives to share their lessons learned 22 from the horizontal learning process. The maximum number of participants were drawn from LGIs to showcase the learning at the grassroots level. LGI representatives were enthusiastic about sharing their views. The participants in the talk show were: Mr. Shams Uddin Ahmed, Deputy Secretary, Local Government Division, M. Shafiqul Islam, Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock; Md. Atiqur Rahman, UNO, Karimganj Kishoreganj; Md. Fazlul Kabir, UNO, Khansama, Dinajpur; Azahar Ali, Director, Governance and Strategic Support, WaterAid Bangladesh; Md. Sahadat Hossain Bablu, Chairman, Goaldehi Union Parishad Khansama, Dinajpur; Md. Abdul Hakim Khondaker, Chairman, Omarmajid Union Parishad, Rajarhat, Kurigram; Mr. Arun Kumar Chakma, Chairman, Makban Union Parishad, Rangamati Sadar, Rangamati; Mr. Amirul Islam Groho, Chairman, Naogaon Union Parishad, Tarash, Naogaon, Alhaj Alamgir Haider, Chairman, Ramjannagar Union Parishad, Shyamnagar, Satkhira, Ms. Monowara Begum, Female Member, Baruhas Union Parishad, Tarash, Sirajganj, Ms. Shuktara Yasmin, Female Member, Baliadanga Union Parishad, Nawabganj Sadar D.M. Ziaur Rahman, Chairman, Auspara Union Parishad, Bagmara, Rajshahi, SUMMARY OF THE TALK SHOW. The talk show discussed the chronological development of the horizontal learning process. The concept of this peer-to-peer learning was evolved at an experience-sharing workshop of LGI representatives in June 2007 in Elenga, Tangail, and started its journey in November 2007. The talk show highlighted the differences between a normal development process and the horizontal learning process. The discussants pointed out that a normal development process maintains a top-down, project-based, and target-oriented approach where involvement of primary beneficiaries usually remains absent. The horizontal learning process, however, maintains bottom-up and program-based approaches. Beneficiaries are directly involved in identifying their capacity building needs and also in implementing activities according to local priorities. The participants identified confidence-building through 'appreciative inquiry' as the most important element under the horizontal learning process. About the benefits of the process, the LGI representatives unanimously acknowledged that the horizontal learning process contributed to strengthening the capacity of LGIs in all respects. When the moderator wanted to know how the philosophy of 'appreciative inquiry' had influenced them, LGI representatives said the philosophy of 'appreciative inquiry' helped them change old mind- sets towards positive dimensions that reflect in their behavioral patterns. One of the major strengths 23 of such inquiry is to learn how to respect other people's opinions. It also helps ensure the involvement of the community in the implementation of development activities and also ensure transparency, accountability, and good governance. When a participant was invited to explain how they were replicating good practices, a participant from Karimganj said on the basis of the good practices, a preliminary replication plan had been developed with communities at ward level and then shared with the union parishad and Upazila Development Coordination Committee meetings. The final draft replication plan, along with the budget, is also shared with people in the community. Through holding meetings and consultations at different levels, the final draft plan had been finalized to go for replication. Already positive results are already happening, they admitted. The participants of the talk show said good practices have been shared among larger audiences through holding meetings, briefings, and personal contacts. Monitoring of replication is done through peer review by a team from the initiator of the good practice. The process helps strengthen the capacity of women for effective participation in development activities. The implementation of horizontal learning is possible without external support by using untapped resources, involving community in the implementation process. However, some external support is initially required to facilitate this process. The large-scale implementation of this learning process is also possible with coordinated efforts of LGI representatives, government, development partners, NGOs and private entrepreneurs. One LGI representative mentioned how his union had initiated replication of good practice though his union had not yet joined in the horizontal learning program. Representative of the supporting partners mentioned that supporting partners and projects may benefit by initiating replication of good practices and horizontal learning process within their own working areas. He also stressed the need for policy support for the scaling up of the horizontal learning program. The talk show pointed out that horizontal learning contributes to the betterment of local people through replication of identified good practices. People get direct benefits from activities such as improvements in sanitation, arsenic testing of tubewell water and arrangement of alternative safe 24 water devices, eco-friendly model villages, community based-planning, open budgets, livelihood activities, upgradation of tubewells through construction of platforms and introduction of safer pump heads, etc. The community plays a pivotal role in implementing this process. The talk show discussed the expansion of the horizontal learning process in all union parishads in Bangladesh. The participants stressed the need for scaling up the program on a priority basis. 6. SUMMING UP AND CLOSING – RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE The workshop presented a set of recommendations for the consideration of the government and partners under the horizontal learning program: Creating an enabling environment Need to expand the horizontal learning process across all union parishads in Bangladesh. The union parishad manual, LGSP, and other national modules need to be modified to include the best practices identified by the LGIs under horizontal learning. LGIs from the horizontal learning program can be included in the committee responsible for the oversight of curriculum development at the national level. LGIs should identify those best practices that should be included in the national curriculum. Representatives from 'good practice' union parishads can be co-opted into curriculum revision. Representatives from 'best practice' union parishads can sell their training services to other parishads. The provision of orientation for newly elected representatives of local government institutions should be kept under the horizontal learning program. The horizontal learning program will continue to support union parishads to move towards programmatic approaches through showcasing 'bottom-up' approaches to aid-harmonization. A four-year business plan for the horizontal learning program needs to be planned to ensure an enabling environment for replicating and scaling-up of good practices in union parishads in Bangladesh. Pomoting improved service delivery Exposure visits and peer reviews should be continued to assist in the replication of good practices within the horizontal learning program. Lessons learned during successful replication and scaling-up of good practices need to be documented and disseminated, using both Bangla and English languages. A special emphasis is required on deepening the horizontal learning process within the participating unions to ensure strengthened downward accountability to citizen stakeholders. Linkages with national institutions are essential to integrate the lessons learned in their regular course curricula. Periodic events to share the lessons learned from the horizontal learning program within all participating upazila and unions are essential. Periodic regional events could disseminate the lessons learned from the horizontal learning program. Incentive mechanisms need to be designed to acknowledge LGIs for the replication of good practices. 25 Improving effective communication Need to utilize the independent media and other communication channels for disseminating the key horizontal learning messages. Need to utilize local and traditional forms of communication for disseminating horizontal learning messages within the participating and non-participating unions. Successful stories from the horizontal learning program could be telecast on television programs. The preparation and dissemination of various analytic learning products could strengthen the bottom-up teaching and lobbying power of the horizontal learning program. Challenges ahead The initial success of horizontal learning created interest among many partners and central agencies. The challenge is to maintain the bottom-up spirit of this horizontal learning and protecting against the imposition of external wisdom that tends to erode the confidence of union parishads. People's participation is the key for replicating good practices. Therefore, as LGIs learn new ideas and seek to replicate these approaches, they need to ensure that their citizens have ownership of these new and sometimes conflicting new initiatives. Finally, it was also agreed in the workshop that the government would review these recommendations and take necessary actions for further development of the pace of the horizontal learning program. 26 ANNEXURE A: BACKGROUND An innovative challenge to learn, share, empowerment and work together for better results: A background The horizontal learning program is a peer-to-peer learning process that was initiated by Local Government Institutions (LGIs) in Bangladesh in November 2007. The initiative is being facilitated by the Local Government Division, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (LGRD&C) and supported by the Water and Sanitation Program - South Asia (WSP- SA) of the World Bank, in partnership with Development Association for Self-Reliance, Communication and Health (DASCOH) with financial support from Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (SDC); Japan International Cooperation Agency; WaterAid Bangladesh with assistance from its local NGOs-Shushilon, Green Hill and Mohideb Jubo Samaj Kallyan Somiti (MJSKS); with financial support from Department for International Development (DfID); Plan Bangladesh; Dhaka Ahsania Mission, and NGO Forum with financial support from Danish International Development Agency (Danida). The program was initially started in 66 unions of six upazilas (subdistricts) to enhance the capacities of local water and sanitation service delivery, and has been expanded to 10 upazilas (see map) with the potential to benefit approximately 2.2 million people in 93 unions with improved water and sanitation and good governance practices. Introduction of horizontal learning in LGIs In June 2007, WSP-SA organized a two-and-a-half day participatory workshop for union parishad (UP) chairmen and members from 29 UPs with support from SDC. The main purpose of the workshop was to review, identify and understand the existing capacities of the LGIs and to agree on a roadmap for improving UPs' capacities to manage for sustainable water supply, sanitation, and hygiene practices. During the workshop the participants conceptualized and recommended a collective mutual learning approach for strengthening the capacities of the UPs to create positive impact in planning and implementing improved water supply, sanitation, and hygiene activities. As a follow-up of the June workshop, stakeholders' meetings were held between July and November 2007 and the horizontal learning approach was launched. This approach is intended to complement conventional methods of capacity building. Horizontal Learning is an initiative undertaken by Local Government Institutions with support from the Local Government Division, Ministry of LGRD&C, Water and Sanitation Program – South Asia of the World Bank in partnership with JICA, DASCOH, WaterAid Bangladesh, Plan Bangladesh, Dhaka Ahsania Mission, NGO Forum, Shushilon, MJSKS and Green Hill. 27 Horizontal learning in Bangladesh The traditional capacity building program usually starts with assumption that "there is a lack of capacity" that has to be addressed. What, how, and when these deficiencies will be delivered are generally decided upon by experts. In contrast, the basic assumption in the horizontal learning program is that "there are existing capacities, which are working well at grassroots level". What, how, and when learning will be undertaken is decided by a peer group. Therefore, though the horizontal learning program is not replacing conventional capacity building efforts, it aims to reinforce the target groups' commitment for enhancing its own capacities. Similarly, capacity building efforts are also adding values to horizontal learning program. Horizontal learning: The implementation process A draft learning framework was developed, discussed, and later shared with development partners and the Local Government Division (Ministry of LGRD&C) to agree upon the operationalization of this horizontal learning program. All the participating partner agencies agreed to Adding value to capacity building processes collectively support this initiative with LGD leadership (a Deputy Secretary was subsequently designated as Focal Person) and Capacity Building Horizontal Learning coordination from WSP-SA. As per the learning Starting Point Deficiency Capacity framework, several workshops were held with What Should be….. Is working…. representatives from the five selected upazilas Who teaches Experts Peers to undertake the horizontal learning by union Who decides Program Self selection parishads. In the FIRST PHASE, the UPs Why To meet standards To address my needs identified through an appreciative inquiry Where Classroom Field based process 26 'good practices' and their respective Result Increased capacity Increased confidence indicators of verification. It was agreed that development partner agencies would pre-visit these 'good practices' and help each upazila to validate them as well as help them plan for upcoming exposure visits. In a SECOND PHASE, network workshops were organized to summarize the learning from the exposure visits and, most importantly, to plan for replicating these good practices. Each union parishads selected many 'good practices' for replication. However, it was also agreed among LGIs that if any union parishad will go for replicating 'good practices' it would need to incorporate necessary support in its own annual plans and budgets, which would be shared with partners. From the final list of 21 good practices, 16 are being picked up by UPs for replication, through integration in their individual annual plan and budget. 16 good practices are now Initially, 26 good pr actices After field validation jointly being replicated after wer e indicated by by LGIs and par tner s, 21 exposure visits and par ticipating upazilas. good pr actices wer e integratedin finalized. Annual Development Plan. By the end of September 2008, in the THIRD PHASE, 54 out of 93 participating union parishads had allocated BDT 24,198,732.00 (around US$355,865) in their union budgets (July 2008 - June 2009) for the purpose of replicating 16 good practices. Another eight UPs have begun replicating good practices without explicit budget allocations. In addition to the horizontal learning field work, an Executive Briefing was organized by LGI representatives and partner agencies for the Secretary, LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C and other senior officials. Linking good local practices to policy-makers and senior level decision-makers has helped them to develop a greater awareness of local governments' potential to implement demand-responsive development activities. 28 Twenty-one good practices identified by LGIs in the first year of horizontal learning Upazila Good Practices Water quality surveillance - arsenic testing, bacteriological testing, sanitary survey Chowgacha Allocation of money for providing medicine to the arsenicosis patients from ADP allocation Installation of water sources based on the demand of villagers and offering informed choices Women's Forum for empowerment of women and creating environment for income generation Formation of Local Government Association Tarash Open budget meeting Enhancement of holding tax assessment and increase of collection Moving towards total sanitation (community ignition to achieve 100 percent sanitary latrine coverage) Sreepur Initiated process for activation of the Task Forces at upazila, union and ward level Children’s leadership in hygienic behavioral change programme through educational institutions Eco-friendly villages Establishment of village sanitation centers and its effective operation Khansama Effective communication with UPs, VDCs, upazila parishads and NGOs Integration of sanitation and education programme Up-gradation of tube wells Rajarhat Introduction of different low cost durable latrine options Performance monitoring for improving watsan services – social map, inventory, ward summary, action plan, Shyamnagar Resolutions, actions applied, review of social map Alternate technology options – pond sand filter (type-1), pond sand filter (type-2), rain water harvesting Community based planning and monitoring Nawabganj Implementation of development activities through small scale (local) private entrepreneurs Disbursement of project grants directly to the union parishads and implementation of development projects through union parishads During this first year of horizontal learning, seven pre-visits and seven exposure visits were organized. About 300 representatives from LGIs, upazilas, local leaders, school teachers, and partner agencies participated from the concerned UPs. In addition, many separate field missions aimed at 'good practice' verification and replication assistance were supported by individual partners. Replicating good practices: Some examples Enhancement of holding tax assessment and increase of collection Gazipur UP (Shreepur upazila) has initiated the replication and has collected BDT 240,000 against a new tax assessment of BDT 316,000. Tax collection increased from 25 percent the previous year to approximately 76 percent. Pashapol UP (Chowgacha upazila) collected BDT 55,000 against an assessment of BDT 70,000. Tax collection increased from 15 percent the previous year to approximately 79 percent. Dehunda UP (Karimganj) was able to adopt similar methods and in the first year secure a 20 percent increase in its annual holding tax collection. Water Quality Surveillance (Arsenic Testing) Once UPs learned through exposure visits to Chowgacha how to test water samples for arsenic, the Naogaon UP and Tarash Sadar UP (Tarash upazila), Ranihati and Moharajpur UPs (Nawabganj upazila) and Omarmajid UP (of Rajarhat upazila) also undertook systematic testing of water samples for arsenic. 29 Moving towards total sanitation The success of UPs in Khansama and Shreepur upazilas for 100 percent sanitation coverage inspired union parishad of Dehunda (Karimganj) to reduce open defecation by 45 percent (from an estimated 55 percent to 10 percent) in five months. Eco-friendly villages Learning from Khansama UP, Tarash Sadar and Naogoan UPs (Tarash upazila) and Omarmajid UP (Rajarhat upazila) have already initiated similar approaches to effectively manage excreta disposal, wastewater disposal and solid waste disposal at union level. Women's Forum Formation of an upazila Women's Forum has been replicated in two upazilas (Karimganj and Shreepur). Future challenges The horizontal learning process has just begun in Bangladesh. The immediate results are encouraging and there is an ongoing demand from various union parishads and upazilas to join the process of horizontal learning. However, some challenges also remain in order to fully internalize this approach: Deepening of the horizontal learning: To deepen the concept and practice of horizontal learning, it was agreed that each ward within each upazila would start to peer review other wards replication of good practices. Union parishads of Tarash upazila has already embarked on this process. Communication to internalize the horizontal learning: Local level communication is quite important to share the information effectively. It was agreed by LGIs within the horizontal learning program that traditional communication techniques, such as, pata song, alkap, Bhatiali songs, etc, would be used for effective communication within LGIs. However, for dealing with official communication local display boards, sharing information in radios and official announcements will be further strengthened. Maintaining the 'bottom-up' spirit: Maintaining the bottom-up spirit of this initiative and protecting against the imposition of external wisdom that tends to erode the self-respect and confidence of union parishads is essential. Therefore, broader capacity-building programs should take measures to protect this spirit in the horizontal learning, even as they complement this approach. Ensuring people's participation in the process for sustainable development: People's participation is the key for replicating good practices and therefore, carrying out an open budget meeting, dialoguing with people and then integrating the replication plan within the ADP is mandatory for LGIs to continue to incorporate their citizens' opinions. 30 ANNEXURE B: WORKSHOP PROGRAM 08:00 – 09:30 Registration Inaugura Session: 09:30 - 09:35 Welcome Speech by Mr. Shams Uddin Ahmed, Deputy Secretary (WS), LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C 09:35 – 09:50 Presentation on horizontal learning: A process for enhancing capacities of union parishads 09:50 – 10:00 Opening remarks by Mr. Glenn Pearce-Oroz, Country Team Leader and Senior WSS Specialist, WSP- SA, World Bank 10:00 – 10:10 Speech by Special Guest – Mr. Vinaya Swaroop, Acting Country Director, WB, Dhaka Office 10:10 – 10:25 Speech by Chief Guest –Shaikh Khurshid Alam, Secretary, LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C 10:25 – 10:35 Speech by the Chairperson – Mr. Md. Lukman Hakim Talukder, Joint Secretary (WS), LGD, Ministry of LGRD&C 10:35 – 10:40 Vote of thanks by Mr. Oaliar Rahman, Chairman, Jagdal union parishad, Magura Sadar upazila 10:40 – 11:00 Refreshment Thematic Session: 11:00 – 11:40 Flashback on field exposure experiences under horizontal learning - moderated by Prof. Dr. Md. Mojibur Rahman, Dept. of Civil Engineering, BUET 11:40 – 12:20 Floor participation 12:20 – 01:15 Pata song on horizontal learning in Bangladesh – by Shushilan 01:15 – 02:30 Prayer and lunch 02:30 – 04:00 Talk show: Experiences on replication of good practices under horizontal learning 04:00 – 04:30 Summing-up 04:30 – 05:00 Closing tea 31 ANNEXURE C: PARTICIPANTS AND RESOURCE PERSONS Sl. Category of participants Number of participants 1. LGI representatives 115 2. Upazila administration 37 3. Supporting agencies 42 4. Government agencies 35 5. Special guests and others 75 6. Informal working team members 37 7. Media persons 64 8. Pata song group members 15 9. Volunteers 20 10 WSP-SA 10 TOTAL PARTICIPANTS 450 32 ANNEXURE D: PRESENTATION ON THEMATIC SESSION-I 33 34 35 36 Horizontal Learning in Bangladesh Open Budget Declaration Horizontal Learning in Bangladesh Local Governments Association 37 38 39 40 41