ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES GLOBAL PRACTICE DISCUSSION PAPER 02 IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN ROAD PROJECTS Robert Montgomery, Howard Schirmer, Jr., and Art Hirsch FEBRUARY 2015 WORLD BANK GROUP REPORT NUMBER 93903-LAC ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES GLOBAL PRACTICE DISCUSSION PAPER 02 IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN ROAD PROJECTS Robert Montgomery, Ph.D., Lead Environmental Specialist, Environment and Natural Resource Global Practice, World Bank, Washington DC Howard Schirmer, Jr., P.E., FASCE, ENV-SP, President, Transnational Associates, Inc., Englewood, Colorado Art Hirsch, LEED AP, ENV-SP, ENV-PV, Principal Owner, TerraLogic, LLC, Boulder, Colorado FEBRUARY 2015 © 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Email: feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. This work was developed as knowledge product of the Environment Unit in the Latin America and Caribbean Region of the World Bank, which is now part of the Environment, Natural Resources Global Practice. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover photo credits: front: Sergio Leao; back: Robert Montgomery. CONTENTS Foreword v Acknowledgments vii List of Acronyms ix Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Environmentally Sustainable Road Criteria 7 Chapter Three: Environmental Sustainability Technology Information 13 Chapter Four: Use of This Document 19 General Guidance 19 Utilization in the Road Transport Project Phase 22 Utilization by Road Transport Project Staff 25 Utilization by Road Project Financiers 25 Bibliography 29 Appendix A: Summary of Transport Sustainability Programs 33 Appendix B: Sustainable Transportation Criteria Matrices 35 Appendix C: Environmentally Sustainable Road Transportation Technologies and Approaches 87 BOXES Box 1.1: Representative Examples of Sustainable Transportation Definitions 2 Box 1.2: Representative Examples of World Bank Projects in Latin America Promoting Sustainable Transport Programs and Initiatives 4 Box 2.1: Provincial Road 3, Province of Chaco, Argentina 8 Box 4.1: Road MS-436, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil 20 Box 4.2: San Lorenzo–Olanchito Road Project, Yoro Province, Honduras 21 Box 4.3: Tocantins State Road Project, Brazil 23 TABLES Table 1.1: Representative Benefits of a Sustainable Road Transportation Project 3 Table 2.1: Categories and Subcategories of Environmentally Sustainable Road Criteria 10 Table 3.1: Informational Reference Sources on Road Sustainability Technology 14 Table 4.1: Representative Environmentally Sustainable Criteria Relevant for Road Project Personnel 26 Table 4.2: Representative Examples of Potential Utilization by the World Bank 27 Table B.1: Sustainable Road Transportation System Planning Criteria 35 Table B.2: Sustainable Road Transportation Project Planning and Design Criteria 42 Table B.3: Sustainable Road Transportation Construction Criteria 61 Table B.4: Sustainable Road Operation and Maintenance Criteria 74 Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects iii FOREWORD Aurelio Menendez Practice Manager Transport and ICT Global Practice Bilal Rahil Director Environment & Natural Resources Global Practice Transportation and the environment are strongly interlinked and dependent. Sustainable transport projects, such as more efficient rural road rehabilitation and clean urban transport systems, not only provide economic development but important social benefits. However, transport projects can have significant effects on the environ- ment and local communities if not addressed explicitly in the design and implementa- tion of projects and programs. Moving beyond negative impact mitigation, toward more environmentally sustainable projects and programs, offers additional benefits, and project stakeholders are increasingly demanding and expecting environmental sustainability to be integrated into infrastructure projects. The World Bank Group views development in all sectors through the lens of social inclusion and environmen- tal sustainability to ensure that progress benefits the poor and does not come at the expense of future generations. The World Bank Transport & ICT Global Practice provides clients with infrastruc- ture and policies to improve connectivity and competitiveness, and links people to markets and social services to stimulate economic growth, increase climate resilience, and reduce carbon footprint. These aims are achieved through, among others, financ- ing infrastructure such as transport assets and corridors (rural and inter-urban roads and highways, railways, ports, waterways, aviation, logistics, and trade facilitation) and urban transport (inclusive and “clean” transport modes including public transport and walking/biking). By facilitating the movement of people, goods, and information, Transport and ICT enable economic and social development, food security, and access to jobs, health, and education services. The World Bank Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice contributes to the Bank’s vision of a world without poverty through a strategic and operational focus on the linkages between a healthy environment, sustainable use of natural resources, and poverty alleviation. In partnership with developing countries, this Practice deliv- ers solutions to improve people’s livelihoods and well-being, keeping development options open for both today and tomorrow. The role of this Practice is to advance sustainability in development projects through practical solutions that reduce harm, mitigate risks, and uncover net positive impacts. The Practice aims to ensure projects Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects v and programs are structurally sound across sectors and ultimately deliver more lasting and robust development outcomes. The World Bank is committed to providing technical knowledge and support to mem- ber countries, including contributing to the global knowledge exchange on innovation in addressing environmental and transport issues and the pursuit of greener and more inclusive growth. The World Bank often has the privilege to partner with countries and key stakeholders to pioneer innovative environmental policies and initiatives. This document seeks to bring to a broader public—decision makers, development practi- tioners, academics and other partners—ideas on improving the environmental sus- tainability in road projects in low and middle income countries. We hope that this will make a contribution to knowledge sharing among a wider audience within the Latin America and Caribbean region and globally. vi Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are Robert Montgomery, Lead Environmental Specialist, World Bank, Howard Schirmer Jr., President, Transnational Associates Inc., and Art Hirsch, Prin- cipal Owner, TerraLogic LLC. The latter two authors assembled the environmen- tally sustainable criteria under contract to the World Bank. The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to valuable comments provided by the follow- ing reviewers: Dan Millison (Manager, Transcendergy), Arturo Ardila Gomez (Lead Transport Economist, World Bank), Ernesto Monter Flores (Principal Environmental Specialist, Inter-American Development Bank), Paul Tapas (Senior Environmental Specialist, World Bank), and Raul Tolmos (Environmental Specialist, World Bank). Information on World Bank projects was provided by the following World Bank staff: Pablo Herrera, Márcio Cerqueira Batitucci, and Aurelio Menendez. Special gratitude is extended to Sandra Gain, Editor, and Keiko Ashida, publication support. Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects vii LIST OF ACRONYMS AASHTO American Association of State Highway and HMA Hot mix asphalt Transportation Officials iRAP International Road Assessment Programme CEEQUAL Civil Engineering and Environmental Quality ISO International Standards Organization and Assessment Scheme NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research CSR Corporate social responsibility Program CST Canadian Centre for Sustainable NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety Transportation and Health DOTs Departments of transportation PCC Portland cement concrete EMS Environmental Management System RAP Recycled asphalt pavement EPA Environmental Protection Agency RCA Recycled concrete aggregate EU European Union SRI Solar reflectance index FHWA Federal Highway Administration UL Underwriters Laboratories Inc. GHG Greenhouse gas VOC Volatile organic compound Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects ix Photo Credit: Shutterstock. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Sustainable economic growth in low- and middle-income countries is a key to pov- erty reduction and shared prosperity, which in part is dependent on reliable and safe transportation systems. Road and highway systems provide a critical function in creat- ing and maintaining a desirable quality of life. Local businesses depend on reliable road systems for the efficient movement and distribution of manufactured goods and services, employee transportation to and from work, and movement and availability of energy and raw materials. Local communities are dependent on transportation for accessibility to health care, education, food and clothing, farm animal movement, and personal mobility. The planning, design, construction, and operation and main- tenance of highway and road systems are vital to the functioning of communities, regions, and countries. Many transportation planners, engineers, and environmental scientists worldwide rec- ognize that roadway systems need to be more sustainable in light of finite natural resources, sensitive environmental conditions, and limited economic resources. Sus- tainability is not just about the environmental considerations associated with energy conservation and alternative energy generation; it is the inseparable integration of the environmental, community and society, and economic attributes that need to be managed at the project level to be effective and successful (box 1.1). For example, this can include transit accessibility, transit affordability, benefits by income group, aver- age vehicle occupancy, transit productivity and safety. Thus, transportation systems need to be planned, designed, constructed, and maintained in a fashion that properly manages the potentially negative environmental and social impacts and risks while attempting to promote directly and indirectly related positive impacts or benefits. Important benefits can be associated with a sustainable road project, including improved cost effectiveness, reduced material consumption, improved community quality of life, increased protection of finite environmental resources, improved con- sideration of a life-cycle approach, and enhanced innovation and increased knowl- edge transfer and capacity building (table 1.1). The financial and economic benefits can result from improved pollution prevention (for example, waste minimization and reuse, among others), reduced carbon emissions (for example, selling carbon credits), Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 1 can be highly valuable. Improved environmental sustain- BOX 1.1. REPRESENTATIVE ability can also enhance the financing of road transport EXAMPLES OF SUSTAINABLE projects by helping agencies to meet the environmental TRANSPORTATION DEFINITIONS requirements of financiers. For example, many commer- The Canadian Centre for Sustainable Transportation (CST) cial banks, international financial institutions, institutional defines sustainable transport solutions as sustainable trans- investors, and pension funds include social and environ- portation that: 1) allows the basic access needs of individuals mental factors in their financing decisions. And improved and societies to be met safely and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, and with equity within environmental sustainability can potentially increase and between generations; 2) is affordable, operates efficiently, access to “socially responsible” investors, which manage offers choice of transport mode, and supports a vibrant econ- and invest billions of dollars in assets only in projects that omy; 3) limits emissions and waste within the planet’s ability are socially and environmentally sustainable. to absorb them, minimizes consumption of non-renewable resources, limits consumption of renewable resources to the Various types of sustainability-based programs and sustainable yield level, reuses and recycles its components, and minimizes the use of land and the production of noise implementation tools have been developed and executed (CST, 2005). by road transportation agencies to help integrate sustain- ability-based philosophies, concepts, and actions at the The European Union Council of Ministers for Transport program and project levels. These tools can take the form and Telecommunications defined sustainable transportation as one that: 1) allows the basic access and development needs of a list of sustainable actions or the development of sus- of individuals, companies, and society to be met safely and in tainability rating systems that rely on specific criteria for a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health and project team consideration and potential adoption. One promotes equity within and between successive generations; specific approach to help promote environmentally sus- 2) is affordable, operates fairly and efficiently, offers a choice tainable transport projects has been an effort to develop of transport mode, and supports a competitive economy, as comprehensive sustainability rating systems for transpor- well as balanced regional development; and 3) limits emis- tation infrastructure systems (for example, Envision, CEE- sions and waste within the planet’s ability to absorb them, uses renewable resources at or below their rates of genera- QUAL, INVEST, Green Roads, GreenLITES). tion, and uses nonrenewable resources at or below the rates of development of renewable substitutes, while minimizing However, embedding sustainability principles and best the impact on the use of land and the generation of noise practices into road projects in low- and middle-income (European Union Council of Ministers for Transport and countries has been a challenge for several reasons, includ- Telecommunications, 2001). ing changing or varying degrees of commitment and lim- ited financial resources. In addition, there is often a lack of understanding about sustainability concepts and how to payment for environmental services, better labor manage- address them, given country and project specific character- ment (for example, improved retention and productivity), istics. Also, sustainability rating systems are relatively com- and community relations (for example, a better situation plex and their application is challenging given the range for project expansion or accidents). These benefits, in turn, of road projects (type, size, location, and so on) and socio- provide results to support an entity, such as a transport economic and environmental conditions in developing agency, in developing or demonstrating the implementa- countries. There are rapidly evolving sustainable products tion of its sustainability goals, policies, and programs. and technologies for road construction and maintenance, but often limited availability in these countries. The ability to demonstrate sustainability is especially important, as road project stakeholders are increasingly The World Bank promotes a sustainability philosophy demanding and expecting environmental sustainability and the vision of a “Green, Clean, and Resilient World.” to be integrated into infrastructure projects. Although This strategy recognizes that all economies, particularly many benefits are quantifiable and thus often preferred developing ones, still need to grow, but need to do so by decision makers, some of the more subjective benefits sustainably, so that income-producing opportunities are 2 Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper TABLE 1.1. REPRESENTATIVE BENEFITS OF A SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION PROJECT Benefit Description and Rationale Improves cost effectiveness Many sustainable actions can be cost effective, such as use of energy efficient lighting, alternative energy generation within right of ways, material recycling, and material and water reuse. Promotes consistency with The implementation of sustainable action is consistent with the Green, Clean, and Resilient transport entity policy and concepts to improve country development and help protect national and global resources by goals integrating environmental aspects into road transport policy and development planning. Improves community quality Sustainability goes beyond the economics of a project and helps balance and promote improved of life community values and environmental enhancement, for example, on quality of life elements such as aesthetics, public safety, and mobility. Maintains and protects finite A sustainable road transportation project promotes recycling and reuse of materials, which reduce environmental resources the use of materials and extraction impacts; promote protection and possible enhancement of sensitive flora and fauna species; and help protect air, water, and land resources by reducing material usage such as sand, gravel, and other road construction materials. Recognizes infrastructure Long-term transport infrastructure integrity is improved by consideration of potential climate resiliency in light of climate change effects, such as weather extremes, in transportation design. change Reduces energy consumption Reuse of materials, such as concrete and asphalt, reduces the need for concrete and asphalt and GHG emissions manufacturing, reduce GHG emissions, and reduces waste disposal costs and emissions. Improves socioeconomic A sustainable road transportation project can provide an economic boost to local areas by hiring conditions local labor and purchasing local raw materials and other goods and services. Minimizes ecological project An environmentally sustainable project promotes the avoidance or minimization of project area footprint impacts on natural resources, which can reduce project costs, and protects sensitive species and environments. Promotes a life-cycle approach A more accurate total project cost early in the project cycle ensures the project is economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable, especially during the long-term operation and maintenance periods. Promotes innovation and new An environmentally sustainable project provides incentives to project team members to do more project approaches with fewer financial resources and promotes project team research into new, cost-effective technologies. Promotes positive public By promoting and demonstrating to the public and stakeholders the resolve of road project opinion agencies and associated entities to utilize balanced, sustainability-based approaches and innovative transportation management, the project can be a positive public outreach tool to help show concern for and awareness of environmental, social, and economic factors. Demonstrates leadership and An environmentally sustainable project helps show an entity’s leadership in addressing innovation environmental issues by instituting sustainability elements in projects rather than developing high-level programmatic documents with limited implementation. not pursued in ways that limit or close off opportunities people to lead healthy, productive lives. It is also a for future generations. The strategy makes the following world in which cleaner production standards spur points: innovation, whether through reducing air pollu- » Green refers to a world in which natural resources tion, addressing legacy pollution, or recycling. are conserved and sustainably managed to improve » Resilient refers to effective management of disaster livelihoods over time and in which ecosystems are risks, especially for the more frequent natural disas- healthy and increase the economic returns from ters and more volatile weather patterns. Resilience the activities they support. lessens exposure to natural disasters by anticipating » Clean refers to a low-pollution, low-carbon world shocks and adapting to climate change and climate in which cleaner air, land, water, and oceans enable variability. Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 3 The World Bank also recognizes the importance of cli- BOX 1.2. REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES mate change strategies, adaptation, and mitigation. The Bank promotes actions toward realizing the co-benefits OF WORLD BANK PROJECTS IN of adaptation and helping to reduce the vulnerability LATIN AMERICA PROMOTING of human or natural systems to the impacts of climate SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT change and risks. Adaptation addresses climate variabil- PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES ity by maintaining or increasing system adaptive capacity » Argentina Norte Grande Roads Project and resilience. An activity provides climate change mitiga- » Argentina Santa Fe Roads Project tion co-benefits if it reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emis- » Peru Rural Roads Project (three phases) sions into the atmosphere or enhances GHG absorption » Brazil Mato Grosso do Sul Roads Project » Brazil Tocantins Transport Projects (two phases— from the atmosphere. second called Tocantins Regional Development) » Brazil Sao Paulo Sustainable Transport Project An objective of the World Bank’s transport strategy, con- » Bolivia National Roads and Airport Infrastructure Proj- sistent with sustainable transport and aligned with the ect principle of country ownership, is to help partner coun- » Honduras Road Rehabilitation Project tries establish the governance, strategies, policies and » Mexico Urban Transport Transformation Program services that will deliver transport for development in a » Brazil Upgrading and Greening the Rio de Janeiro way that is economically, financially, environmentally, and Urban Transport System » Brazil Sao Paulo Metro Projects socially sustainable. The World Bank sustainable trans- » Colombia Support to the National Urban Transport port priorities recognizes that transport can have signifi- Program cant effects on the environment that should be addressed » Argentina Urban Transport for Metropolitan Areas explicitly in the design of projects and programs. Strategic action is required in the form of better directed planning of land use and stricter management of demand. The World Bank has supported various sustainable transport tion project cycle (system planning, project planning and projects, such as more efficient rural road rehabilitation design, construction, and operation and maintenance) projects and clean urban transport systems (box 1.2). based on environmental sustainability indicators and highlighting environmentally sustainable products and The World Bank’s Environmental and Natural Resources materials for road construction. The environmental focus team in the Latin America and the Caribbean Region is presented within the broader concept of project sus- undertook an effort to assist World Bank clients and Bank tainability and can be integrated with other sustainability project staff in better integrating environmentally sustain- actions (financial, economic, social) in projects as well as able elements into road transportation projects. The main other areas, such as governance and transparency. The goals are to help increase the inclusion of environmentally emphasis is on sustainable actions that go beyond compli- sustainable practices in lower and middle income country ance with applicable in-country environmental regulatory road transport projects and improve local technical capac- requirements (mitigation of negative impacts, compli- ity and knowledge. These efforts should assist in improv- ance with environmental permits, and so forth) and strive ing the decision-making process by program and project for best practices such as the reduction of consumption managers by helping them to recognize the necessary (energy, water, materials, and so on), no net resource balance between environmental, social, and economic impact, and social and environmental enhancement. resource attributes, impacts, and benefits when initiating and executing infrastructure projects. This document integrates various criteria for environmen- tally sustainable road transport projects. The criteria are The focus of this document is to provide a wide range from many technical and programmatic sources and have of ideas and options to improve the inclusion of envi- been compiled in a user-friendly summary table format ronmental sustainability throughout the road transporta- for reference throughout the transportation project cycle. 4 Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper This document aims to serve as a guide and improve sustainable products and materials for road construction technical capacity and knowledge for planners, design and are presented. Chapter 4 explains how to use this docu- construction engineers, and maintenance professionals, ment, with descriptions of ways to use the information in with ideas and options to consider for future and existing chapters 2 and 3 in low- to middle-income road projects, projects including those of the World Bank. including generally and more specifically by road project phase, road transport project staff, and road project finan- Chapter 2 describes environmentally sustainable road pro- ciers such as the World Bank. The appendixes provide a ject criteria, which provide a range of ideas and options summary of transport sustainability programs (appendix to improve environmental sustainability throughout the A), the road transportation sustainability criteria (appen- road transport project cycle. In chapter 3, information dix B), and summary of environmentally sustainable road and sources for potentially relevant, environmentally technologies and approaches (appendix C). Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 5 Photo Credit: Shutterstock CHAPTER TWO ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE ROAD CRITERIA Environmental sustainability road criteria were identified by assessing sustainability guidelines and rating systems that are used for road transportation projects and con- ducting interviews with leading Latin American transportation professionals and pro- fessional societies. (See appendix A for a summary of transport sustainability systems.) A set of criteria representing a synthesis of sustainable best management practices were selected principally from five transportation and infrastructure sustainability rat- ing systems: » Envision (Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure) » CEEQUAL (CEEQUAL Ltd., founded by the UK Institution of Civil Engineers) » INVEST (U.S. Federal Highway Administration) » Green Roads (Green Roads Foundation) » GreenLITES (New York State Department of Transportation) The criteria were selected to promote environmentally sustainable road infrastructure and strive toward resource enhancement and restoration, and were supplemented from World Bank information. The criteria do not include measures associated with mitigation of negative impacts of road transportation construction and operations, which are included in the existing transport and infrastructure sustainability rat- ing systems. Mitigation actions to address negative project impacts are identified during project environmental assessments (environmental impact assessments) and project environmental regulatory permitting. Thus, in this document, such criteria are considered as obligatory and would be part of a project’s environmental regula- tory compliance. Mitigation actions for negative impacts are normally meant to protect and maintain a resource and are usually not meant to enhance or restore the resource. Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 7 However, it is possible that a negative impact mitigation basin, it could be used to treat and filter the storm water. If measure could be done in a more sustainable manner. For the wetland also provided high-quality habitat for wildlife, example, a regulation may require a storm water basin dur- the creation of the wetland would be considered an environ- ing and after construction to contain road storm water with mentally sustainable action in the context herein. Another high amounts of suspended and deposited sediment. The example would be the use of more sustainable materials or installation of the storm water basin is not considered a sus- approaches for erosion control and revegetation, or enhanc- tainability criteria or action. If a permanent wetland was ing road habitat connectivity mitigation measures or develop- constructed within or just downstream of the storm water ing expanded environmental baseline studies (e.g., box 2.1). BOX 2.1. PROVINCIAL ROAD 3, PROVINCE OF CHACO, ARGENTINA The project involved road paving of a 60 km section of tific report on the ecological community in the area, based on Provincial Road 3 in the Northern Province of Chaco, Argen- an expanded survey of plants and animals related to the project tina. The road passes through a very vulnerable area of natural that went well beyond that needed for environmental impact dry forest lands, identified as an extremely valuable corridor in analysis. the Gran Chaco region’s biodiversity. As part of project design, this challenge was transferred into a sustainability opportunity by adopting a landscape approach to ensure that the work and environmental management measures would incorporate the functionality of the ecological corridor, supporting the conser- vation of the natural resources and helping to enhance knowl- edge and local cultural heritage. Examples of environmentally sustainable measures included awareness signs and speed reduction measures in critical habitat areas and key landscape connectivity points were established (eight underground and three canopy wildlife crossings). The work resulted in a scien- Photos Credit: Pablo Francisco Herrera 8 Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper The environmentally sustainable road criteria are sepa- » Table B.4. Sustainable Road Operation and Maintenance rated into four main road transport project phases and Criteria. These 88 criteria are associated with road presented in appendix B: operation and maintenance activities, including » Table B.1. Sustainable Road Transportation System Plan- operation and maintenance actions to maintain ning Criteria. These 41 criteria are associated with safe, effective, and efficient operations for roads road system planning, which includes short-term and associated facilities, such as rest areas and and long-term planning. Long-term planning maintenance shops. focuses on existing and future system regional and corridor planning, capacity needs, future use, traf- Some of the criteria are repeated (or slightly modified) fic congestion, traffic safety, freight movement, sys- in the different road project phases, as the criteria are tem access, and the efficient movement of goods applicable across more than one phase. For example, the and services. Short-term planning involves priori- Sustainable Road Transportation Project Planning and tization of projects and development of defined Design Criteria table (table B.2) and Sustainable Road scopes, assessment of available financial resources, Transportation Construction Criteria table (table B.3) and potential phasing of projects based on pro- contain the criterion “Have components or prefabricated jected budgets. units been easily separated or disassembled-deconstructed » Table B.2. Sustainable Road Transportation Project into material type suitable for recycling?” Depending on Planning and Design Criteria. These 109 criteria the project, it is possible that either the project designer are associated with road planning and design, (design phase) or the prime contractor (construction including project coordination and design actions phase) would be responsible for the development of this (conceptual through final design, including road action to fulfill this criterion. rehabilitation) based on transportation plans, community needs, environmental impact assess- The criteria are presented in a tabular format for each ments, and development of contractor subcon- project cycle and phase and have been grouped into cat- tracts, specifications, and preconstruction docu- egories and subcategories (table 2.1). The five categories ments. The criteria are also associated more and 17 subcategories are somewhat subjective, but they broadly with road transport policy and strategic are relatively consistent with many of the core transpor- planning development and road program and net- tation sustainability rating systems that were used. The work planning. purpose of developing categories and subcategories was » Table B.3. Sustainable Road Transportation Construc- to develop a user-friendly organization for the relatively tion Criteria. These 94 criteria are associated with large number of criteria. Some of the tables do not con- the construction of new roads or rehabilitation of tain all the categories and subcategories in table 1 because existing roads. The criteria include the final design of the nature of their particular function within the trans- elements and specifications of construction and the portation project process. For example, the Transporta- contracting and training of subcontractors on per- tion System Planning table (table B.1) does not have the formance expectations. subcategory material recycling and reuse. Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 9 TABLE 2.1. CATEGORIES AND SUBCATEGORIES OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE ROAD CRITERIA Category Subcategory Subcategory Elements and Definition Quality of Life Community Well-Being Improve community quality of life, stimulate growth and development, develop local skills and labor, improve mobility and access, encourage alternative transportation modes, enhance accessibility and safety Community Context Plan and coordinate with community, design with sense of community, preserve views, enhance community public space, enhance cultural resources Economics Facilitate movement of goods, services, and freight; evaluate life-cycle costs Safety and Health Enhance public and worker health and safety, conduct accident and prevention studies, improve security Project Leadership Collaboration Develop sustainability program, define team structure, monitor sustainability elements Management and Identify byproduct synergies; implement training programs, long-term Planning monitoring, and maintenance Natural World Siting-Alignment Preserve and enhance prime habitat, wetlands, and surface water systems; Selection preserve prime farmland; avoid adverse geology; enhance floodplains; avoid undeveloped land Land-Water-Wildlife Manage pesticide, herbicide, and fertilizer chemical usage; control surface and Habitat groundwater contamination; enhance wetland and surface water functions Biodiversity Preserve and enhance species biodiversity, migration, and mobility; manage invasive species Natural Resource Materials Use recycled and reused materials, use or develop a sustainable procurement Management program, select road materials that use local sources, use materials with cost- effective longevity Recycling-Reuse Divert waste from landfills, reduce materials taken from project site, plan project deconstruction and recycling Waste Management Control hazardous and solid waste, develop waste minimization strategies Energy Reduce energy consumption via renewable energy and energy conservation Water Protect freshwater systems for domestic uses, implement water conservation, develop storm water management enhancement strategies Atmosphere Manage noise and vibration, light pollution, and air pollutant emissions Climate Change Resilience Anticipate climate change induced threats, plan long-term adaptability, design for short-term hazards and heat island effects Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduce GHG emissions Emissions 10 Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Each criteria table includes the following: of resources, improvement of community qual- » Criteria. A description of the sustainability crite- ity, and economic cost effectiveness that should ria in a question-based format that can be used to be considered for selection by the project team. develop project-specific sustainable actions. (Note: Key indicators are subjective in nature and » Measuring Success. Identification of potential ways may depend on project-specific characteristics and to measure or verify quantitatively whether criteria contexts.) were selected and subsequently implemented on » References. Source(s) of criteria. (Note: In some the project. (Note: not all of the identified criteria cases, similar criteria from two or more references have quantitative performance measures.) have been consolidated into one criterion.) » Key Indicator. General prioritization of criteria based on the level of enhancement and restoration Photo Credit: Tony Mangan CHAPTER THREE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION An important element in improving the environmental sustainability of road trans- portation projects is the use of new technologies, processes, and products that directly enhance the projects’ environmental and economic sustainability through reduced consumption of energy and material. A good example is the use of recycled materi- als or more environmentally friendly cement, asphalt, or road base materials. Other examples include the use of energy conservation and generation, lighting, safety, and wintertime maintenance operations. In addition, the use of environmentally sustain- able technology can also enhance road project related activities such as vegetation clearing and slope erosion control and stabilization. While ideally these technolo- gies and process are defined as part of the project design, they can still be identi- fied and implemented during construction and operation and maintenance (e.g., see box 4.1). However, the field of environmentally sustainable transportation technology and materials is rapidly changing and evolving; thus, utilizing updated information is important. Table 3.1 presents a representative list of some references to assist in iden- tifying environmentally sustainable transportation practices and technologies in road projects. The table identifies technology and programmatic-based websites. Appendix C provides additional related information. Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 13 TABLE 3.1. INFORMATIONAL REFERENCE SOURCES ON ROAD SUSTAINABILITY TECHNOLOGY Source Internet Address Overview Technology AASHTO Sustainability http://www.environment.transportation The AASHTO Center for Environmental Excellence Site, Center of .org/ was developed in cooperation with the Federal Excellence Highway Administration (FHWA). The Center helps transportation agencies incorporate sustainability and stewardship into transportation planning, project development, construction, maintenance, and operations. Compendium of http://www.iisd.org/ The International Institute for Sustainable Sustainable Development Development is a public policy research institute Indicator Initiatives that has a long history of conducting cutting-edge research on sustainable development. U.S. EPA Industrial http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve U.S. EPA provides an overview of industrial materials Materials Recycling /imr/index.htm and their benefits and opportunities for reuse and recycling. U.S. EPA Climate Change http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ This site provides resources to help officials and Adaptation Tools for impacts-adaptation/adapt-tools.html transportation stakeholders with climate change Public Officials adaptation planning and provides guidance, tools, and an information clearinghouse. U.S. EPA Comprehensive http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve U.S. EPA provides information about construction Procurement Guidelines /tools/cpg/index.htm and transportation products containing recycled content. U.S. EPA http://www.epa.gov/sustainability/ U.S. EPA’s area on sustainability practices and approaches includes labeling green products and promoting green chemistry and engineering, managing materials rather than creating waste, using green infrastructure to manage storm water runoff, and supporting the sustainable design of communities. 14 Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper TABLE 3.1. INFORMATIONAL REFERENCE SOURCES ON ROAD SUSTAINABILITY TECHNOLOGY (Continued ) Source Internet Address Overview U.S. FHWA Office of www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/recycling This site contains information about current projects Pavement Technology’s and activities, research and references, publications, Recycling and policies associated with the use of recycled materials. U.S. FHWA Sustainability https://www.sustainablehighways.org/1 U.S. FHWA’s INVEST identifies characteristics of Site /home.html sustainable highways and provides information and techniques to help agencies and organizations integrate sustainability best practices into highway and other roadway projects. GreenPave Rating System http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english This material-focused system assists regions in /transtek/roadtalk/rt16-1/#a6 rating selected pavement design alternatives. The objective is to create a rating system for pavement sustainability that applies to all designs of flexible and rigid pavement structures. Green Highways http://www.greenhighwayspartnership This site contains sustainable actions for Partnership .org/ transportation infrastructure, including industrial materials and storm water practices. International Road http://www.irfnet.ch/files-upload/pdf- The International Road Federation is a Federation Innovative files/IRF_BP_Environment_Web.pdf nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization Practices for Greener with the mission to encourage and promote the Highways development and maintenance of better, safer, and more sustainable roads and road networks. (See appendix C.) I-15 Mobility Alliance http://www.i15alliance.org/pdfs/tech The I-15 Mobility Alliance introduces sustainability Sustainable _memos/sustainability_emerging and emerging technologies and discusses how Transportation _technologies/I-15CSMP they influence decision making by engineers. (See Solutions and Emerging _Sustainability_FINAL.pdf appendix D.) Technologies Industrial Resources http://www.industrialresourcescouncil The Industrial Cooperative Highway Research Council .org/ Program provides information on industrial materials and their application for concrete and asphalt aggregate. (Continued) Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 15 TABLE 3.1. INFORMATIONAL REFERENCE SOURCES ON ROAD SUSTAINABILITY TECHNOLOGY (Continued ) Source Internet Address Overview National Cooperative http://www.trb.org/NCHRP/NCHRP The National Cooperative Highway Research Highway Research .aspx Program conducts research in areas that affect Program highway planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance in the United States. Recycled Materials http://rmrc.wisc.edu/ The Recycled Materials Resource Center provides Resource Center systematic testing, evaluation, and development of appropriate guidelines that demonstrate environmentally acceptable increases in recycled material use in transportation system construction and maintenance. Solar Roadways http://www.solarroadways.com/main Solar Roadway is a series of structurally-engineered .html solar panels that are driven on. The idea is to replace all current petroleum-based asphalt roads, parking lots, and driveways with solar road panels that collect energy. Transportation Research http://www.trb.org/Main/Home.aspx The Transportation Research Board’s mission is to Board Sustainability Site provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange. Victoria Transport Policy http://www.vtpi.org/ The Victoria Transport Policy Institute is an Institute independent research organization dedicated to developing innovative and practical solutions to transportation problems. Programmatic Center for Transportation http://www.itre.ncsu.edu/CTE The Center is the Sustainability Blueprint for the and the Environment /Projects/sustainability-blueprint.asp North Carolina Department of Transportation institutionalizes sustainable principles and practices throughout all transportation phases and functions. FHWA Every Day Counts http://www.fhwa.dot.gov Every Day Counts is designed to identify and deploy /everydaycounts/index.cfm innovation aimed at shortening project delivery, enhancing the safety of roadways, and protecting the environment. 16 Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper TABLE 3.1. INFORMATIONAL REFERENCE SOURCES ON ROAD SUSTAINABILITY TECHNOLOGY (Continued ) Source Internet Address Overview EU ECOLABEL http://ec.europa.eu/environment EU ECOLABEL is a voluntary system for /ecolabel/ environmental rating to identify and certificate products or services according to ISO 14024 provided by a third party or certifying agency. Institute for Sustainable http://www.sustainableinfrastructure The Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure is Infrastructure .org/ structured to develop and maintain a sustainability rating system for civil infrastructure in the United States. Sustainable Site Initiative http://www.sustainablesites.org/ The Sustainable Sites Initiative was created to promote sustainable land development and management practices that can apply to sites with and without building. Route-Durable (France) http://www.certivea.fr/certifications Route-Durable is a tool for managing sustainable /certification-route-durable development approach in a road project to assist owners of road projects in establishing harmony of their projects with respect for social and economic life, the land, and the environment. International Road http://www.irap.net/en/ The program provides tools to assist in inspecting Assessment Programme high-risk roads, developing Star Ratings and safer (iRAP) road investment plans, and tracking road safety performance. EU Green Public http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/road/ This involves development of criteria to promote Procurement Criteria for more environmentally sustainable road projects via Road Construction public sector public procurement. VIC Roads INVEST http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/ The purpose of VicRoads is to deliver social, economic, and environmental benefits to communities throughout Victoria, Australia, by managing the Victorian arterial road network and its use as an integral part of the overall transport system. Notes: AASHTO = American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; U.S. EPA = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; U.S. FHWA = U.S. Federal Highway Administration; EU = European Union. Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 17 Photo Credit: Shutterstock CHAPTER FOUR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT Road infrastructure projects need to better balance the demands and impacts associated with the environment, community, and local-regional economy. Implementing sustain- able actions in projects can not only produce enhanced benefits and possibly reduce costs, but also demonstrate leadership in addressing the conservation, protection, and enhancement of the finite resources on which the planet depends. This document is intended as a tool to aid road transport decision makers and technical specialists in striv- ing for more environmentally sustainable road transport projects. The goal is to assist in better integrating environmentally sustainable elements into road transportation projects and is relevant for a broad range of technical staff involved in such projects. Hopefully, this document will be used to improve local technical capacity and knowledge and assist in improving the decision-making process by program and project managers. The aim is for managers to recognize the necessary balance between environmental, social, and economic resource attributes, impacts, and benefits when developing and executing road infrastructure projects. This document was designed to be applicable at any road trans- port project phase or stage, but ideally should be referred to early and routinely through- out the project phases. To help facilitate the use of this document, this section offers ideas and suggestions to improve the usefulness of the environmentally sustainable road criteria presented in chapter 2, including generally and more specifically by road project phase, road transport project staff, and road project financiers such as the World Bank. GENERAL GUIDANCE It is recommended that this document be used early and then continuously during the road project planning, design, construction, and operation phases. It is never too late to implement environmentally sustainable actions, albeit the maximum benefits are likely obtained when actions are implemented at the early project planning and design stage. Continued use helps maximize the capacity-building effect. It is envisioned that the contents of this document, especially the environmental sustainability technol- ogy information presented in chapter 3, will be dynamic in nature. New sustainability- based approaches and technologies will continue to be developed and adopted. It is important to note that the actual potential for addressing environmental sustainability only as part of a project environmental assessment or environment permit regulatory process is normally severely limited due to lack of regulatory specificity and focus (that Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 19 BOX 4.1. ROAD MS-436, MATO GROSSO DO SUL STATE, BRAZIL As part of the Mato Grosso do Sul State Road Transport 10 percent was obtained by the project team by identifying Project, in one section of Road MS-436, the original design and implementing more sustainable approaches, including planned a set of erosion control measures that cost approxi- the use of an enhanced natural vegetation recovery process mately R$1,080 million (approximately US$460 million). with select revegetation techniques and construction inter- However, during the construction phase a cost reduction of ventions that were more superficial. Photos Credit: Marcio Cerqueira Batitucci is, environmental impact avoidance) and sustainability Not all sustainability actions add to the overall cost of a pro- opportunities may have already been missed during the ject; instead, the actions may reduce material and energy program planning and early part of project design phase. consumption or other environmentally-related project costs. Many of the sustainability criteria are cost effective with rela- The focus of the ideas and options to improve environ- tively good return on investments (e.g., box 4.1). In addition, mental sustainability throughout the road transportation many of the criteria for the construction and operation and project cycle is on sustainable actions that go beyond com- maintenance phases are actually part of the normal activities pliance with applicable in-country environmental regula- and thus are not additional, but affect how the activities are tory requirements and strive toward best practices, such as done (for example, material and energy usage). the reduction of consumption (of energy, water, and mate- rials), no net resource impact, and social and environmen- Many environmental sustainability criteria are presented. tal enhancement. Thus, implementation of the measures The criteria represent a comprehensive list of ideas and is not an indicator or surrogate for a proper project envi- options. If the list were used in its entirety, it could be used ronmental impact assessment or related analysis and asso- to perform an assessment (or rating) of a project’s environ- ciated project-specific measures to mitigate a project’s mental sustainability. However, the intent of this document negative environmental and social impacts and commu- is not to provide an assessment tool, but to provide a list nity and worker safety risks. However, the consideration of potential ideas for consideration within a specific pro- of these measures will improve any project’s environmen- ject. Thus, a key challenge is to identify which criteria to tal assessment and associated environmental management use in a specific project or program. Clearly the long-term plan, while also providing potential project cost savings, goal is all road projects to implement all relevant measures reduced environmental impacts, and improved environ- to the extent technically and economically feasible thus mental and community benefits. The criteria focus on maximizing the sustainability outcomes. However, from a environmental aspects and should be considered within practical standpoint, it is not expected that a project will a broader context of other relevant project sustainability adopt all the criteria; instead, the list should be used as a aspects, including financial, economic, and social. menu of potential sustainability ideas and options. Thus, 20 Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper for example, an answer of no to one of the criteria does » Project stakeholder, in particular local community, not imply an unacceptable project. Some criteria can be preferences in terms of sustainability benefits (that implemented in varying degrees, for example, the percent- is, interested in what type of benefits); age of water use reduction during construction. For these » Project material usage and associated local costs; and criteria, just setting a goal and working to obtain it is good. » Sustainable action availability (for example, tech- nology, equipment), implementability (including rel- The selection and success of selected sustainability actions evant institutional capacity) and result (that is, value by the project team will depend on various factors: of benefit given cost or level of effort to implement). » Project scope and size (for example, new road ver- sus rehabilitation, urban versus rural, multi-lane Ideally, the selection should be done in a collaborative highway versus secondary two lane road; large manner with relevant players (decision makers, road design scale versus small scale); engineers, environmental and social specialists, construc- » Project model (for example, public project, public- tion contractors, and operation and maintenance special- private project, road concession) and financial bud- ists). When selecting and integrating sustainable action(s) get (for example, small, large); into a project, there needs to be a reasonable balance » Project phase (for example, design, construction); among environmental, social, and economic elements. » Environmental context of the project, including environmental issues (for example, water or other In some cases, it may be appropriate for a project team to material scarcity, impacted watersheds or airsheds) focus more on the engineering aspects of the project, such and established environmental priorities or strategies; as material usage, waste reduction, and recycling and reuse. » Governmental established sustainability-related In other cases, greater focus will be on community benefits priorities in transport sector and more broadly, or environmental enhancement (e.g., box 4.2). The selected such as water, air, solid waste, and land use; sustainable actions need to be cost effective or provide added BOX 4.2. SAN LORENZO-OLANCHITO ROAD PROJECT, YORO PROVINCE, HONDURAS The San Lorenzo-Olanchito Road Project involved the paving dry thorn forest and purchase of additional private lands for of approximately 45 km of unpaved road located in the Aguan strict conservation to build a network of core areas, conser- Valley which harbors the most representative remnant of very vation incentives for landholders, an ecological and compli- dry forest ecoregion in Honduras characterized by high ende- ance monitoring program, actions to promote ecotourism as mism and habitat fragmentation. An enhanced habitat study a complementary economic activity, environmental education was performed of all endemic species including the Honduran program, and expansion of the Pico Bonito National Park. emerald hummingbird. Additionally, a Conservation Action Financial support was provided, in part, by a debt for nature Plan was developed, including strict protection of 419.9 ha of swap between Honduras and Spain. Photos Credit: Tuuli Johanna Bernardini Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 21 value to the project. Identifying and implementing sustain- Measuring performance or success via field supervision, able actions can have a direct cost-saving effect to the pro- monitoring, and documentation is an important step to ject, such as using LED or lunar resonant street lighting, as demonstrate actual results and thus needs to be planned and opposed to normal metal halide and high-pressure sodium implemented. Some criteria can be assigned quantitative lighting. However, the cost benefit of not only avoiding a performance metrics. Such monitoring can be established resource impact but actually enhancing a resource needs as part of the construction or operation and maintenance to be considered by the project team. Thus, while ideally environmental management plan. Monitoring helps to addressing all the environmentally sustainable criteria may establish continuing quality improvement and measure the be a goal, for projects in low- and middle-income countries, success of a specified action and its relevance for future pro- even the implementation of any action that provides signifi- jects. However, the value of monitoring data needs to be cant results can be deemed a success to some degree and a weighed against the cost of data collection and verification step in the right direction. by the project owner or its contracted project supervisor. Environmental sustainability criteria can be included as part Linking and, more important, properly communicating the of a road project bid process and contractual requirement. benefits from implementing an environmentally sustain- For example, it could be required that the environmental able action (criteria) require focused attention and efforts. sustainability criteria be specifically considered as part of Benefits expressed in monetary units (economic or finan- the project design contract. Alternatively, specific criteria cial) create strong evidence and incentives for sustainability. (actions) could be included in the road construction contract However, there may be a lack of adequate data to monetize or operation and maintenance contract. The bid and con- the benefits, the presence of shadow costs and cost dispari- tract could request the preparation of project sustainability ties, or technically difficult to monetize a specific benefit. management plan that established how a contractor will Benefits from more sustainable projects must be considered implement sustainability measures, including equipment and measured given the local socio-economic, political and and technologies, and measure and report on actual imple- environmental context in the particular country. Addition- mentation. These contractual requirements can be specific ally, it important to understand that different stakeholders to the type of sustainable actions expected throughout the (for example, governmental road agency, municipal author- project process or based on the achievement of a particu- ities, local citizens using the road and living near the road) lar level or result. Sustainability actions can be expressed will likely have differing perceptions on the importance or as “best efforts” clauses and thus there would be no pen- value of the benefits. The effects of some sustainability crite- alty should the contractor fail to fulfill them. For example, ria may have longer returns on investments or the return on include as part of the design analysis consideration of envi- investment or cost effectiveness may not be easily calculated ronmental sustainability measures or as a requirement to or estimated. Thus, although the quantification of benefits report on environmental sustainability during construction provides much stronger results and evidence for additional but with no required levels to be met. Alternatively, sustain- actions, even reporting subjective benefits is valuable. ability actions could be expressed as clauses with specified remedies should the contractor fail to fulfill them or with It is important that the project manager and project team incentive clauses with specific economic or other rewards have strong support and commitment from the relevant provided if the contractor fulfills the requirements. However, senior management to explore new sustainability avenues consideration of the necessary monitoring and verification is and actions, as identified in this guide. needed, depending on the selected clause. For example, for the action of providing an economic incentive, a required level of environmental sustainability, such as material uti- UTILIZATION IN THE ROAD lization or waste generation, could be established. The bid TRANSPORT PROJECT PHASE selection method should allow for consideration of improv- This document can serve as a reference tool for identify- ing environmental sustainability, by addressing issues that ing potentially relevant, environmentally sustainable prac- can arise from selection based on lowest cost. tices in the main road transport project phases. 22 Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Common to all project phases is that the consideration of representatives to identify future transportation needs and sustainability-based actions should be done in a collabora- identify financial resources for design and construction. tive manner with a team composed of the project manager, Representative examples of how the guidance criteria design or planning team members, environmental and (table B.1) could be used include as: social specialists, construction engineers, and maintenance » An educational tool by environmental profession- representatives. It is also encouraged that major stakehold- als in interfacing (and training) with transportation ers be identified to participate in the sustainability action planning officials to improve the environmental selection process. Selected sustainability actions that are sustainability plan; incorporated into a project design should continually be » A mechanism to help initiate improved environ- referenced throughout the project process. The sustain- mental and community considerations early in the ability concept should be initiated early in all stages of the decision making process; project cycle and ideally should be an integral part of the » A verification tool to assess the extent to which sustain- road infrastructure project management. able transportation planning elements are considered; » A mechanism to promote improved consideration of environmental sustainability in country road TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PLANNING transport policy and strategic planning develop- Long-term transportation planning takes into account ment (e.g., box 4.3) local and regional transportation needs for the future. For » Input to improve capacity of public sector procure- example, transportation planning may look forward 20 to ment regarding environmental sustainability; and 30 years to estimate vehicle miles traveled, projected con- » A tool to improve public education related to envi- gestion areas, potential safety-problem areas, and business ronmentally sustainable road system planning. access to facilitate economic growth. Transportation plan- ning representatives coordinate with local and regional BOX 4.3. TOCANTINS STATE ROAD PROJECT, BRAZIL The Tocantins Integrated Sustainable Regional Develop- ported the establishment of an improved state envi- ment Project included various rural road improvement sub- ronment policy and regulatory framework. The results projects. The project promoted improved sustainability at included development of practices such as ecological cor- a programmatic level by incorporating, as part of the proj- ridors; integrated management strategies for water, par- ect planning and design stage, capacity building in areas of ticularly in semi-desert areas; preparation of watershed biodiversity protection, sustainable land use management, master plans and orientations for basin committees; stud- strengthening of environmental monitoring, and sustainable ies on land cover and fauna and flora; and studies on 16 hydrologic resources management. The project also sup- new protected areas. Photos Credit: Marcio Cerqueira Batitucci Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 23 TRANSPORTATION PROJECT PLANNING struction. Design specifications, bid requests, and contract AND DESIGN language are important elements and provide opportuni- The Transportation Project Planning and Design Phase ties to define such actions. In many cases, construction includes various aspects, such as alternative analysis, contractors are selected based on low bids and may have concept design, feasibility analysis, environmental assess- little idea about environmentally sustainable actions and ments, and public and stakeholder participation. The specifically the cost-saving opportunities that the actions design stage is a critical step in the road transportation may present. Table B.3 provides the project owner, design cycle to integrate sustainability-based actions into the team, and contractor with a list of criteria that can be project, including as design specifications and contract reviewed and agreed on by all parties before construc- requirements for the construction of the project. tion is started. However, even if the criteria are not speci- fied in the construction contract, it may be viable for the Representative examples of how the planning and design construction contractor to implement environmentally criteria (table B.2) could be used include as a: sustainable actions, while meeting the bid and contract » List of sustainability criteria that the project team specifications, and thus provide potential cost savings and should consider at the initial scoping stage and to improved environmental benefits. During construction, assist in establishing design criteria and potential ongoing dialogue with relevant actors, including local mitigation strategies; stakeholders, can help identify these opportunities. Addi- » Reference tool to support the development of tional representative examples of how the criteria (for project-specific environmentally sustainable road example, table B.3) could be used include: elements; » As a menu of potential actions that can eliminate » Periodic reference guide for the entire project team or reduce construction impacts, reduce costs, or throughout the design process (checked at a mini- improve environmental benefits; mum at the 30, 60, and 100 percent design phases) » For identification of new sustainability construc- to track selected sustainability actions; tion options for project design and construction » List of possible sustainability actions to be con- contractors that can be cost effective, such as mate- sidered as part of the project’s alternative design rial selection, reuse, and recycling; analysis process; » As a checklist to assess how environmentally sus- » Public outreach and education document for the tainable elements were implemented during con- project for public participation and outreach to struction, including potential opportunities for help demonstrate the environmental sustainability consideration during construction; and of a proposed project; » For potential consideration in purchasing materials » Project evaluation tool (checklist) that can be used and hiring employees locally. to assess the environmental enhancement actions that are incorporated into the project’s design and SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION specifications; OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE » Validation tool to assist in a project life-cycle cost Road operation and maintenance are essential, ongoing, assessment to ensure that relevant cost and cost long-term actions. Highway operations and maintenance is savings associated with environmental aspects are often underfunded. And cost-effective operations and actions properly considered; and are important to maintain safety, mobility, and movement » Tool to assess the incorporation and consistency of goods and services. Representative examples of how the of sustainability with the road transport agency or guidance criteria (table B.4) could be used include as a: road project financier’s sustainability policies. » Reference guide to identify potential environmen- tally sustainable actions for road maintenance and TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION operations; Construction contractors can be directed by the project » List of options to reduce finite resource consump- owner to incorporate sustainability actions into road con- tion, thus saving financial resources; 24 Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper » Guide for long-term maintenance planning that tors, road planning and design engineers, consultants, and promotes improved environmental sustainability others). The document can also be used to help address and quality of life for the community; and the mandates, goals, and strategic objectives of financial » Reference for the development or improvement of institutions, related to their financial and technical sup- road maintenance standard operating procedures port activities. For the principal stages of interaction that integrate environmental sustainability. between a financial institution and its clients, table 4.2 presents some representative examples of how the guide can be utilized in investment project financing. As dis- UTILIZATION BY ROAD cussed earlier in this chapter, the degree of criteria use in TRANSPORT PROJECT STAFF a given project should depend on the project’s character- This document can be used by many types of road trans- istics and does not imply a significant additional burden, portation professionals. For example, it can be used as but an opportunity for significant additional benefits. The a tool by regional or corridor-scale transportation system document can also help lead to more “bankable” projects, planners or as a reference for design engineers since it pro- for example by helping to improve and demonstrate pro- vides a list of environmentally sustainable options that can ject environmental sustainability and client commitment be employed during project scoping, analysis of alterna- to environmental sustainability. This demonstration can tives, and throughout the design process. The document indirectly support the adequate management of project- can provide a road construction contractor with a wide related negative environmental and social impacts and range of cost-effective sustainability actions for resource risks, thus helping the project to meet the environmental consumption, such as material selection, recycling or reuse, and social safeguard policies of project financiers. and waste minimization. For maintenance professionals, the document describes environmentally sustainable ways For project financing based upon outputs or results, such to conduct long-term maintenance operations. Table 4.1 as the World Bank Program for Results financing, the doc- summarizes the potentially relevant environmentally sus- ument could be used to identify specific criteria or indica- tainable road criteria for road transport personnel. tors to measure road project environmental sustainability and thus provide partial financial support to improving the sustainability in a countries road program. For financ- UTILIZATION BY ROAD ing linked to policy, such as the World Bank Develop- PROJECT FINANCIERS ment Policy Financing, the document could be an input This document can be an important tool to assist road to establish links to disbursements related to modification project financiers, such as the World Bank, not only in of existing laws or regulations to specifically promote promoting and improving environmental sustainability increased environmental sustainability in road projects, in individual projects, but also capacity building in cli- establishment of a sustainability program and measures ents (for example, road governmental agencies) and other within a country’s road program, or development of a project stakeholders (for example, construction contrac- sustainability rating system to be used in road projects. Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 25 TABLE 4.1. REPRESENTATIVE ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE CRITERIA RELEVANT FOR ROAD PROJECT PERSONNEL Transportation Appendix Table User Project Cycle Phase Reference Criteria Elements Regional transportation Regional and corridor B.1 Community quality of life, economic benefits, planning organizations planning sensitive environmental areas, life-cycle costs (engineers and planners) Transportation and Project planning and B.2 Alignments, community coordination, local roadway highway design employment, material selection, environmental designers enhancement, contractor specifications, system resilience Environmental impact and Project planning and Appendix C and Innovative impact mitigation and environmental assessment staff design, construction, tables B.2, B.3, protection, enhancement and restoration and operation and and B.4 included in regulatory document to promote maintenance implementation, life-cycle GHG emissions Prime contractors Construction, including B.3 Local employment, material selection, waste as part of corporate management, material recycling and reuse, social responsibility reduction of temporary impacts (staging areas, (CSR) actions haul roads) Highway and roadway Operation and B.4 Material reuse and recycling, safety, asset operation and maintenance management, right-of-way management, energy, maintenance and emissions management Public outreach and All phases Appendix B Sustainable criteria tables filled out during scoping education specialists and throughout the project and provided to and discussed with the public Bank environmental and All phases Appendix B Auditing checklist, borrower performance metrics, engineering staff public outreach tool, life-cycle GHG emissions, rating system scoring Bank borrowers, Design, construction, Appendixes B.2, Best practices for all phases of transportation consultants, contractors, and operation B.3, and B.4 with emphasis on system planning early in the and public-private and maintenance, process, used as a guidance document for public- partnership investors including as part of private partnership projects private company CSR actions Bank sustainability program All phases Appendix B Mechanism to gauge project sustainability management implementation, accountability, and project comparison; foundation for rating system; indicator of sustainability program benchmarks, progress and areas for adjustment 26 Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper TABLE 4.2. REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF POTENTIAL UTILIZATION BY THE WORLD BANK Stage or Type of World Bank Activity Examples of Utilization of the Document Country • Input to Policy Note and Country Programming Strategy to help improve environmental sustainability in programming road transport projects, which in turn can provide reduced costs and improved benefits • Input to governments in developing more environmentally sustainable transportation policies, programs, and projects, which benefit the country and its population and create a better project for financing • Potential study (technical assistance) for a country on environmentally sustainable road programs and projects, including recommended good practices and opportunities • Promotion of improved consideration of environmental sustainability in country road transport policy and strategic planning development, road program and network planning, and sustainable transport agency Project • Identification of opportunities to improve environmental sustainability in assessment and design of road identification policies, network and road development, and specific road projects and preparation • Input to Terms of Reference for road project feasibility or design regarding how to increase environmental sustainability • Input to project Environmental Analysis, Environmental Impact Assessment, and Environmental Management Plans on how to help reduce potential environmental impacts and increase environmental sustainability and benefits • Input to the definition and selection of Project Development Outcomes and results indicators and the identification of potential project-related benefits • Identification of potential activities to include in project-related technical assistance to help improve environmental sustainability • Identification of potential environmental sustainability indicators to be used in project impact evaluation Project execution • Potential criteria and clauses to include in project bid packages and contracts • Input to construction contractors and operation and maintenance entities to improve environmental sustainability, which in turn can reduce costs and increase benefits • Input to project supervisors of construction contractors and operation and maintenance entities to establish environmental sustainability performance measures • Use by the Bank to assess project environmental performance and identify opportunities to improve environmental sustainability, thus providing value-added advice to clients to help reduce costs and increase benefits • Potential indicators of project environmental performance for Implementation Status Reports • Input to develop and implement specific capacity-building plans and activities (for example, training and learning events) that focus on demonstrating the value for decision makers and the range of potential environmentally sustainable actions in road projects for technical specialists • For entities with a goal of demonstrating the development of more sustainable roads, use to promote the environmental sustainability rating of projects to help track progress in sustainability Project closing • Input for assessment on project environmental performance and benefits for Implementation Completion Reports and value-added of Bank participation • Basis for identifying more technical-based results and lessons learned on improving environmental sustainability • Input on lessons learned to 0 Improve the identification and quantification, to the extent possible, of benefits from implementing environmentally sustainable actions in developing country road projects 0 Develop more specific and detailed approaches for incorporation in project contracts (design, construction, operation, and maintenance and construction supervision), including proactive actions by relevant players and rewarding positive results 0 Improve the identification of “high return” environmentally sustainable actions in the context of developing countries and their intrinsic characteristics, thus assisting in prioritization of actions to implement first 0 Develop better cost-benefit approaches for monitoring and supervision of implementation of environmentally sustainable criteria, in light of cost and resource limitations in most developing country road projects Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 27 Photo Credit: Ernesto Monter Flores BIBLIOGRAPHY AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials). 2008. “Above and Beyond: The Environmental and Social Contributions of Amer- ica’s Highway Programs.” Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. 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APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF TRANSPORT SUSTAINABILITY PROGRAMS Over the past 14 years, there has been an effort by some organiza- » INVEST (2011–2012), planning, design, construction, and tions to develop large, comprehensive sustainability rating systems operation and maintenance for transportation infrastructure systems that are similar to the » ENVISION (2012), design LEED sustainability rating system for buildings. Instead of adopt- » Greenway (2012), construction ing the large rating system programs, some state departments of » VicRoads-INVEST (2012), design and construction transportation (DOTs) and municipal transportation departments These sustainability rating systems have some similarities in that have embraced the sustainability rating system concept by develop- they use criteria that are weighted, meaning that criteria are ing programs with their own unique criteria, indicators, and perfor- given a priority ranking based on their importance by numeric mance measures that encompass transportation planning, design, points. The more important the criteria are to the organization, construction, and operation and maintenance activities. DOT- the more points are designated to the criteria. The rating systems specific rating systems have an advantage over larger template-type calculate the totals in a spreadsheet format and the total scores programs in that the sustainable criteria reflect the actual state’s are compared with certification threshold values. Certification environmental conditions and community context. Specific rating levels are given based on achieving scores beyond predetermined systems can be developed based on the DOT management style, thresholds (silver, gold, platinum, and so on). Most rating systems executive orders, philosophy, financial resources, and sustainability use a yes/no format when addressing a criterion in a question program needs. format. According to the Compendium of Sustainable Development The criteria categories—such as site selection, community, Indicator Initiatives, there are more than 140 sustainability-based energy, atmosphere, water, natural environment, and materials— transportation initiatives that encompass performance indicator are similar across the rating systems. The sustainability criteria in programs, methodologies, guidance documentation, and sus- these rating systems are a mixture of activities related to system tainability development programs. The number of worldwide enhancement, restoration, protection, mitigation, and regulatory sustainability-based initiatives continues to grow for all infra- compliance. The simplistic rating system formats are popular structure-type projects, and there are reportedly more than 900 because of their ease of use and understanding. initiatives. The transportation rating systems differ according to internal One of the first transportation-specific sustainability rating application and management involvement. Project managers are systems was developed and implemented by the New York State directed and required by the New York State DOT Chief Engineer Department of Transportation, which developed the GreenLITES to go through the GreenLITES processes before a project can be (Recognized Leadership in Transportation and Environmental allowed to go to bid. The other rating systems are voluntary and are Sustainability) program. The nationally recognized GreenLITES intended to be reference tools for engineers, contractors, and main- program initially developed an extensive list of criteria specifically tenance professionals. The ENVISION checklist is unique, since it for transportation design activities. Since the creation of Green- is based on levels of achievement of a sustainability-based objec- LITES, other sustainability rating systems have been developed tive (question)—the higher the level of achievement toward resto- that address all or portions of the transportation process (planning, ration and enhancement levels, the higher the numeric scores. As design, construction, and operation and maintenance). The fol- a program prerequisite, Greenroads requires the development of a lowing is a list of some of the more notable infrastructure-trans- life-cycle cost and inventory analysis in addition to nine resource- portation rating systems, the date of their development, and the specific management plans (waste management, noise manage- corresponding transportation phase: ment, emission controls, and so on) to be submitted and approved » LEED (1998), design before starting the certification process. CEEQUAL makes exten- » CEEQUAL (2003), design and construction sive use of quantitative performance indicators to acquire numeric » GreenLITES (2008), design, planning (draft), and opera- points. tion and maintenance Sustainability rating systems have been found to be an added » Sustainable SITES (2009), design and construction value tool to transportation agencies at the program and project » STARS (2010), planning levels. These rating systems are a mechanism for implementing a » Green Roads (2010), design and construction sustainability vision and philosophy directly into projects. Trans- » ILAST (2010), design portation agencies and departments have found that the develop- » BE2ST(2010), design and construction ment and implementation of sustainability-based criteria form the Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 33 basis of important decision-making tools for engineers and project approaches that are cost effective based on the worldwide dynamic managers toward integrating their sustainability program within changes and challenges facing infrastructure projects and systems. and outside their organizations. Rating systems can also be used as an effective public relations tool Some DOTs and organizations recognize that rating systems during public meetings and as a management tool that contains provide a mechanism to develop new program and management metrics to measure project or program success. 34 Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper APPENDIX B SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION CRITERIA MATRICES TABLE B.1. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PLANNING CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Key # Category Category Criteria Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life P-1 Community Does transportation planning support and consider Ensure estimation or measurement of community- x ENVISION Well-being sustainable growth stimulation including based improvement in skill education and business improved labor skills, business attractiveness, and attractiveness community livability? P-2 Does the transportation planning increase access Evaluate transportation plan or reports identifying x NCHRP 708 Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects to job opportunities and to other essential key employment opportunity areas to promote destinations? employment and measure increases in job growth P-3 Does transportation planning promote and preserve Assess current bicycle usage and locations and projected x Bogota Declaration the use and safety of pedestrian and bicycle area improvements; assess accident data; plan placed 2011 transportation as an integral part of efficient, in design scope of work sustainable transport systems? P-4 Does the transportation planning promote the Review the transportation plan to ensure the transport Bogota Declaration expansion and improvement of public transport services meet users’ needs in estimated costs and 2011 services, based on attending the user’s needs, in services such a way that these are affordable, safe, reliable, and of high quality? P-5 Does the transportation planning support behavioral Conduct transportation user surveys and/or establish x Bogota Declaration changes towards sustainable mobility alternatives monitoring program on mobility options to assess 2011 through information and education of the increased ridership and use population? P-6 Does the transportation planning promote special Ensure that the transportation plan incorporates x Bogota Declaration consideration and assess vulnerable users in the planning of the transportation project(s) that 2011/GreenLITES planning, implementation, and operation of address accessibility equity for women, elderly, and infrastructure and sustainable transport systems, disadvantaged people; studies have been conducted actions aimed at improving the quality, safety, and to assess their travel needs and affordability; items accessibility for all, including women, the elderly, placed in design scope of work disabled persons, children, and low income people? (Continued ) 35 36 TABLE B.1. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PLANNING CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Key # Category Category Criteria Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life P-7 Does transportation planning ensure accessibility to Evaluate plan regarding local community needs studies x NCHRP/ jobs and essential destinations for all communities and existing planning documents; access to critical INVEST that accommodate the level of access for services; education and health care is identified and disadvantaged populations to jobs, schools, addressed; alignments placed in design scope of work health services, grocery stores, civic and public spaces, and recreation? P-8 Does the transportation planning address Ensure community equity in the transportation plan NCHRP improved transportation infrastructure and that will not allow one community to economically accessibility equitably for all communities dominate within the corridor? P-9 Has the transportation planning considered the Ensure that future projects will identify, consider, and ENVISION expected degree to which projects will contribute prioritize locations in areas for employment and skill to local employment, training, and education, training with emphasis on the most needy and disadvantaged groups? P-10 Does the transportation planning approach address Ensure consistency with local land use plans—the ENVISION traffic congestion and improve mobility and community vision on growth land use and congestion access while not promoting urban sprawl? P-11 Community Does the transportation planning consider the Determine coordination with public officials and x GreenLITES Context unique and cultural characteristics of the stakeholders; cultural information is reviewed and communities by investing in healthy, culturally summarized to identify unique community and sound, safe, and walkable neighborhoods? cultural features; financial resources were estimated or obtained for enhancement P-12 Does the transportation planning avoid impacts Determine if there is documentation that is referenced GreenLITES/ to cultural, physical, social, and environmental in transportation plan addressing type and location World Bank resources such as indigenous territories, natural of unique cultural attributers for enhancement or protected areas (for example, parklands), critical avoidance; avoidance alignment in design scope of historical and archeological sites, farmlands, work and view sheds? P-13 Does the transportation planning take into account Determine if transportation plan has performed x NCRHP 708/Bogota accident frequencies and user and pedestrian or references accident frequency analysis for Declaration 2011 injuries and deaths with consideration of transportation corridors; evaluate if design’s increasing share of motorcycle ridership? purpose and need is based upon safety improvements. Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Key Category Category Criteria Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life P-14 Economics Does the transportation planning promote the Transportation plan identifies creative funding x Bogota Declaration adoption of innovative financing mechanisms mechanisms for building and maintaining new 2011 (taxing or public-private partnerships) for building infrastructure leading to a reliable system for sustainable transport infrastructure and providing the movement of goods and services and public complementary services? mobility; funding estimates provided; public-private partnerships obtained P-15 Does the regional transportation planning Review life-cycle cost estimates, funding acquired for the x TRB/ address the life-cycle cost estimations to ensure design, construction and long term operations and World Bank long term reliability and operation and maintenance Transport Business maintenance of the regional and local Strategy 2008–12 transportation system? Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects P-16 Does the transportation plan consider targeting Evaluate transportation plan for needed financial x World Bank Transport investments to improve rural and fringe-urban estimated investments; funding opportunities and Business Strategy transport that are critical to access markets and improvements identified for fringe systems; ensure 2008–12 service and increasing the productivity of small mobility to critical markets is identified farmers beyond subsistence levels? P-17 Does the transportation planning ensure that a Evaluate the transportation plan for focus on major NCHRP 708 competitive option for freight movement exists freight movement roads and corridors; equity in or all communities in the region? corridor improvements is considered for economic competitiveness Project Leadership P-18 Collaboration Has the transportation planning process used Review file documentation and talk with local x GreenLITES engaging public meeting participation community officials to determine if innovative techniques beyond normal planning outreach outreach actions were used and if pubic feedback activities such as charettes, newsletters, project- was considered and added into the resulting specific web pages with communications issued transportation project design scope of work in multiple languages? P-19 Does the planning recognize the early engagement Review file meeting documentation and the x INVEST of natural resource and environmental regulatory transportation plan, and talk with agency officials agencies regularly in creating transportation plans about planned alignment avoidance for sensitive and programs? area environmental protection and enhancement; alignments in design scope of work reflect avoidance (Continued ) 37 38 TABLE B.1. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PLANNING CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Key # Category Category Criteria Measuring Success Indicator Reference Project Leadership P-20 Does transportation planning institutional Review file documentation and transportation plan, x INVEST mechanisms engage the local community and key and talk with local community officials, and review stakeholders routinely in creating plans and community land use or vision plans to determine programs (education, engineering, enforcement if final transportation plans and resulting project and emergency services) that are consistent with addressed existing community goals and vision the local community goals and vision? P-21 Does the planning call for the engagement of freight Review file documentation, the transportation plan, INVEST service providers and stakeholders in creating and talk with local and regional business-freight local and regional plans and programs to owners and leaders to determine if plans address improve freight mobility? their freight mobility concerns; determine if resulting design project addressed freight mobility and access improvements P-22 Do the local and regional transportation planners Review planning documentation; interview regulatory INVEST consult with environmental impact specialists, agencies and natural resource officials about regulators, and natural resource agencies to data acquisition and coordination; evaluate if coordinate data and information to support the environmental avoidance was considered during initiation and performance of environmental alignment placement; review meeting summaries with statements and strategic environmental agencies to see if concerns were addressed in future assessments? plans and projects P-23 Management Does the planning process foster the integration of Obtain and review file documentation and the x Bogota Declaration and transport, environment, urban development, and transportation plan; talk with local stakeholders about 2011 Planning health policies? the integration success and if the transportation planning was successful P-24 Does the transportation planning address or consider Evaluate transportation plan and documentation World Bank Transport combating corruption (informal payments to to determine if corruption was considered in the Business Strategy inspectors, traffic police), which can facilitate transportation planning process with concerns about 2008–12/ dangerous driving, unsafe vehicles, noxious safe operations, long term maintenance, and the World Bank exhaust, vehicle overloading and transport from necessary funding to support those activities illegal activities (illegal logging, endangered fauna and flora species)? P-25 Does the transportation plan consider road traffic Evaluate transportation plan and documentation to x World Bank Transport accidents and the role of transport in disease determine if disease and pest transmission was considered Business Strategy and pest transmission? in the road alignment; evaluate conversations and 2008–12 meetings with health officials to see if improved safety Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper considerations are included in design scope of work Sub- Key Category Category Criteria Measuring Success Indicator Reference Project Leadership P-26 Have the environmental opportunities for Obtain and review transportation plan and x CEEQUAL environmental enhancements and associated documentation and determine if environmental social issues been identified and clearly recorded and social enhancement were part of the criteria for for planning and prioritization according to prioritization; review enhancement elements elected significance? for future project scope P-27 Is there clear evidence that the transportation Review planning documentation to assess if CEEQUAL planning team has adopted a whole life-cycle environmental protection and enhancements were approach to environmental aspects of the project? identified throughout the life the project P-28 Were land and home acquisition avoidance or Review the transportation plan and documentation; x CEEQUAL minimization approaches considered in the determine if the type and number of relocations transportation planning process? influenced alignment planning and were included Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects in the prioritization criteria; design scope reflects minimizing land and residential takes Natural World P-29 Siting- Does the transportation planning consider alignments Review transportation plan documentation and file to GreenLITES Alignment upon waste sites, which can lead to public benefits assess if hazardous waste sites were researched and Selection and protection through the removal or remediation considered for remediation; assess if action contained of hazardous wastes? in design scope P-30 Does the transportation planning attempt to Review transportation plan documentation to determine x GreenLITES avoid previously undeveloped lands for if undeveloped land was avoided for alignment transportation alignments such as open spaces locations or wildlife refuges? P-31 Land-Water Did the transportation planning team assemble Review transportation plan documentation and file to x INVEST Wildlife data on natural resources and apply system or assess if sensitive environmental areas were mapped Habitat landscape scale evaluation to assess ecological and avoided for alignment selection; determine if conditions and avoid and/or minimize potential resource agencies were involved with the alignment impacts of planned transportation projects to the locations natural environment? P-32 Did the transportation planning team assemble data Assess if socioeconomic dynamic assessments and World Bank on socioeconomic, population, immigration, and modeling were performed during transportation change in land value dynamics and apply planning to evaluate natural resource impacts; modeling scenarios to assess pressures on determine if results directly impacted planned renewable resources and avoid potential alignments and design scope impacts to the natural environment? 39 (Continued ) 40 TABLE B.1. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PLANNING CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Key # Category Category Criteria Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management P-33 Energy Does the planning identify transportation strategies Review and evaluate transportation planning x INVEST that could reduce fossil fuel consumption? documentation and file to assess if fuel consumption and conservation estimates were calculated; determine if findings influenced alignments and design scope P-34 Does the transportation planning seek for a reduction Determine if user outreach education and incentives x Bogota Declaration of individual travel by integrating the concepts of were offered by planning officials; determine 2011 land use and accessibility using strategic planning coordination and communication between land tools for regional development? use planning and transportation agencies in the placement of alignments P-35 Does the transportation planning address more Review transportation plan documentation to determine Bogota Declaration sustainable modes of passenger transport, such as if a full range of multimodal options and alternatives 2011 buses and trains, including the implementation of were considered in the transportation planning high quality services that, according to the demand decision making; assess if sustainable modes included conditions, offer alternatives to private cars and air in design scope transport? P-36 Does the transportation planning encourage the Determine if energy conservation techniques were x GreenLITES efficient use of energy resources and renewable considered and incentives developed for vehicle energy alternatives? energy efficiency; ascertain if the selected alignments consider alternative energy sources within the right of way (wind, solar) P-37 Atmosphere Does the transportation planning promote the Determine if education and incentive programs were x Bogota Declaration increased use of cleaner vehicles and fuels, developed to promote cleaner vehicles; assess if 2011/World Bank phasing out highly polluting vehicles, and electric charging or alternative fuel stations were Transport Business implement greater energy efficiency and emission considered; assess if emission control monitoring Strategy 2008–12 control measures in all transport modes? has been established to measure emission control success P-38 Does transportation planning establish or improve Determine if vehicle emission and/or safety inspection Bogota Declaration technical vehicle inspection regimes, and requirements have been instituted or considered; 2011 progressively implement safety standards and determine if plans address reduced vehicle miles standards to reduce atmospheric emissions? traveled to reduce emissions Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Key Category Category Criteria Measuring Success Indicator Reference Climate Change P-39 Resilience Does the transportation planning consider adaptation Determine if increasing engineering safety factors have x Bogota Declaration of existing transport infrastructure, existing services, been considered to allow for changes over the life of 2011/ and new projects to reduce their vulnerability to the the project; evaluate if planning addressed the need INVEST adverse effects associated with climate change such for new infrastructure materials and the revision of as relative sea level rise, storm activity/intensity, structure drainage safety factors for flow and velocity, temperature and heat waves, precipitation events, transportation flexibility, and redundancy to address lake levels, and stream flow, etc.? hazards in design scope P-40 Greenhouse Does the transportation planning promote mitigation Determine if transportation planning decision makers INVEST/ Gas of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that assessed greenhouse gas/carbon loading projections World Bank Emissions contribute to climate change by considering from projected operations vehicle miles traveled; Transport Business sustainable transport actions? see if programs have been developed for economic Strategy 2008–12 incentives for transit and carpooling, carbon Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects sequestration projects, and reduction in worker commuting during peak travel hours. P-41 Are transportation plans consistent and do they Review transportation plan documentation to x NCHRP complement adopted climate change action plans evaluate consideration of regional or state climate and international protocols? control plans; assess if Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommendations protocols and international agreements and protocols (Kyoto, Rio De Janeiro) were considered; evaluate whether energy and emission controls are in design scope 41 42 TABLE B.2. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life D-1 Community Does the design identify at least one access Review project designs to identify tourist and x INVEST Well-being point from the project to a designated user services structures and pull-outs such area for vehicles to exit the traffic stream as scenic viewpoints or overlooks, welcome to stop and experience scenic, natural, centers, tourist activities or information recreational, or other features along the centers, or recreation areas; verify that roadway? services were built according to designs and are being used by public D-2 Will the project create a significant number of Review job creation estimations from design- x ENVISION local jobs during its design, construction, based studies; assess baseline conditions and operation, and maintenance? measure short- and long-term job creation as a result of the transportation project D-3 Will the road rehabilitation project strive to Review job creation estimations from design- x African create job opportunities for members of the based studies; assess baseline conditions Development local communities, particularly in regard and measure short and long-term job Fund/ to the most needy, disadvantaged, and creation as a result from transportation ENVISION unskilled laborers, and gender equality? project; additional surveys may be needed to assess employment success with unskilled labor and gender equality issues D-4 Is there evidence that appropriate measures Review designs and specifications to x CEEQUAL have been taken in the design of the project determine if light scattering is controlled and implemented to prevent light spillage by lighting fixtures that directly focused to neighboring areas during operation? lighting onto the roadway or rest area; review if lighting timers or sensors are within the design; assess public acceptance D-5 Has the land and residential takes (voluntary Evaluate design alternatives and analyze to x CEEQUAL and involuntary relocations) of different see if the number of land and residential scheme designs, process designs, and takes were taken into account and avoided layouts of the planned works been whenever possible by the final alignment calculated, and have these calculations influenced the design process and the land use efficiency of the final design? D-6 Has the Design Team identified sensitive Review the design project file to determine if x NCHRP 708 community facilities and receptors and sensitive facilities (hospital, schools, nursing avoided the placement of alignments and homes, etc.) were identified and if various traffic volumes near them? alignment alternatives were adopted for avoidance or, if appropriate, buffer zones provided beyond regulatory requirements Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life D-7 Community Is the unique character or sense of place Obtain project meeting summaries and x GreenLITES/ Context (both natural and built) of the project reports to determine if community CEEQUAL area taken into account for the project character was defined; review project beyond regulatory requirements in terms structures, landscape plans, and alignment of structure designs, materials, landscaping, to assess consistency with community and townscape pattern? quality; determine community acceptance D-8 Have the designs for noise and vibration Review project documentation for the x INVEST mitigation, enhancement, and monitoring identification of sensitive receptors and review for the construction stage been developed noise/monitoring plan for implementation; for implementation for sensitive receptors review monitoring data to assess if thresholds such as schools or hospitals? were exceeded and mitigation performed D-9 Does the road rehabilitation design address Review the project documentation file to x African the impacts to small businesses that identify communication and coordination Development are established in the right of way by with small, poor businesses; determine identifying alternative relocation sites that if business removal was necessary and if Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects can improve the vending environment by relocation occurred with appropriate cost constructing purposeful stalls and sheds? reimbursement or support D-10 Economics Has the Project Team conducted life-cycle Review the project file documentation to assess x INVEST cost analyses of key project items such life-cycle costs for pavement material and as pavement structure alternatives and other structures and if financial resources long-term maintenance including road necessary for sustainable operation were rehabilitation? estimated; determine if annual funding is consistent with life-cycle cost estimates D-11 Does the road rehabilitation project encourage Review project documentation to assess the World Bank proactive and innovative private sector cost of the rehabilitation project and the involvement in the maintenance of public-private mechanism used to finance infrastructure, strengthen monitoring/ the project and long term maintenance control of road maintenance activities, and provide basic institutional support for sustainable road maintenance planning? D-12 Has the design project considered future road Review project documentation regarding local World Bank rehabilitation and maintenance by local community involvement and employment; population committees? interview local community members to determine if maintenance employment occurred for the project D-13 Has the Design Team determined if the Obtain project socio-economic and NCHRP 708 expected value of the economic and social environmental information gathered during benefits created by the project exceeds the the environmental assessment and compare project costs? to past and estimated future project cycle costs; attempt to place actual costs to environmental mitigation and enhancement 43 (Continued ) 44 TABLE B.2. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life D-14 Safety and Has the Design Team incorporated intelligent Assess whether the project design and final INVEST Health transportation system technology for project addresses some of the following sustainable system efficiency and safety? ITS items: signal control, advanced signal systems, vehicle restrictions reversible flow lanes, pricing lane control, variable speed limits, emergency evacuation dynamic message signs, speed enforcement, traffic signal enforcement, ramp meter enforcement, ramp metering, highway‐rail crossing warning systems, intersection collision warning, animal warning, hazardous systems pavement conditions, atmospheric conditions, internet/wireless toll collection call boxes, and service patrols emergency D-15 Have truck transport spill prevention and Determine if sensitive and environmental ENVISION response plans and/or structures been locations were identified relative to incorporated into the design beyond truck tanker transport; determine if risk regulatory requirements? evaluation was performed by Design Team toward development of spill prevention and response plans; evaluate if plans and structures were implemented along right of way at high risk areas D-16 Has the Design Team incorporated safety Determine from project documentation that INVEST improvements specifically for truck freight a safety analysis was performed within the such as additional safety signage, speed project area and high accident areas were warning systems for hills, and other identified; assess if pro-active safety design intelligent transportation system solutions and signage was implemented beyond basic beyond those required by regulations or regulations standards? D-17 Have recommendations or opportunities for Determine if the project Design Team x CEEQUAL installing special structures or facilities reviewed road kill and wildlife related data for encouraging or accommodating in migration areas; determine if special appropriate wildlife and the safety of structures such as escape ramps, higher traveling vehicles (road kill protection) been fencing, or underpasses were designed and identified and incorporated in the project constructed design? Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life D-18 Does the project design consider addressing Determine if Design Team considered special World Bank corruption (informal payments to inspectors, precautions in the project such as creating traffic police), which can facilitate dangerous inspection check point areas or cell phone driving, unsafe vehicles, noxious exhausts, call in numbers to identify dangerous and vehicle overloading related to, but not conditions on roadway system limited to, transport of illegal freight such as timber from unauthorized areas and wild flora and fauna species? Project Leadership D-19 Collaboration Has the Design Team incorporated a Review project documentation and files to assess x INVEST/ comprehensive and innovative public that the project outreach plan goes beyond GreenLITES/ educational outreach program beyond regulatory requirements in outreach and World Bank/ Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects regulatory environmental assessment interaction; determine if Design Team used CEEQUAL requirements that promotes and educates a qualified coordinator who used newsletters, the public about sustainability in the a project-specific web page, development of planning, design, construction, and grievance mechanisms, and communications operational phases of the roadway project? issued in multiple languages; determine if meaningful public participation occurred during the design phase D-20 Has the project Planning Team taken a Review project documentation for meeting x GreenLITES proactive approach beyond normal summaries and outreach plans for pro- regulations or requirements in working active coordination and communication with regulators and resource agencies to early and often throughout the project; avoid the negative environmental effects or assess if regulatory and resource agency enhance environmental conditions? recommendations for avoidance and enhancement were integrated into the design and construction documents D-21 Does the road rehabilitation use a community- Review project documentation and/or contact World Bank driven development approach that allows local community officials to determine if communities to choose their own priorities? community feedback was used to identify and prioritize road rehabilitation locations and improvements D-22 Did the community relations program go Review public outreach plans and meeting CEEQUAL beyond normal requirements and allow for summaries to determine if face to face a mechanism for local interest groups to interactive forums were used to explain the communicate directly and interact with the project and solicit design feedback; evaluate project Design Team? if public recommendations were included in the designs 45 (Continued ) 46 TABLE B.2. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Project Leadership D-23 Management Has the Prime Contractor (designer) Review Prime Contractor and subcontractor x World Bank and Planning developed incentives, especially financial, contract language to identify if to increase subcontractor commitment environmental performance expectations, and actual environmental performance in requirements, and incentives were contract bids? addressed early in the project; determine if incentives were awarded D-24 Has the Prime Contractor (designer) Review Prime Contractor and subcontract x World Bank developed subcontractor contract language contract language to identify health, to promote worker safety, ergonomics, and safety, environmental compliance, and environmental enforcement? enforcement requirements; determine if reduced injuries and compliance problems occurred D-25 Has the Prime Contractor (designer) selected Review Design Team subcontractor x World Bank/ subcontractors based upon their past requirements and determine if selection CEEQUAL achievement of specified environmental criteria is based upon environmental and social performance, corporate social and social responsibilities; evaluate if responsibility concerning labor benefits, subcontractor selection was actually based community investment programs, upon these elements philanthropy donations, and employee voluntarism? D-26 Has the project Design Team defined a sound 15% of materials Obtain and review the Design Team, client, x ENVISION/ and viable sustainable procurement plan from sustainable or subcontractor procurement policy and for materials and equipment from vendors sources; plan; evaluate plan based upon sound with sustainable actions or policies? sustainable practices; assess if indicator 15% of purchased measurements were achieved CEEQUAL materials and supplies certified by reputable, third-party accreditation and standard- setting organizations Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Project Leadership D-27 Has the project team made efforts to identify Determine if the project team performed ENVISION any unresolved worker health, safety, or due diligence actions by investigating environmental violations of manufacturers the environmental performance/worker or suppliers? violations of selected vendors; review project documentation and vendor information D-28 Is the project developing or better enabling Determine if project designs addressed transit GreenLITES use of public transit areas such as bus area enhancements to promote more use shelters, bicycle parking, and security? of public transportation systems; evaluate increase in ridership from actions D-29 Are the project roles, responsibilities, and Review the project design documentation x ENVISION authorities for addressing the sustainability- such as project management plans or Stage 1 Second based issues and management follow up sustainability plans; review organizational Draft/ beyond regulatory requirements for the charts for sustainability responsibilities; NCHRP project Design Team clearly assigned and evaluate if sustainability reporting to Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects sufficiently delegated commensurate with the management is within the project plan and scope, scale, and complexity of the project? has been performed D-30 Has the project Design Team considered the Ensure that the project scope and design is x ENVISION ability for future transportation expansion consistent and complements the long term or reconfiguration? sustainable transportation planning; expand environmental investigations beyond normal boundaries D-31 Has the Project Team assembled the necessary Determine if the project Design Team ENVISION/ information needed to train future developed a training program for all project World Bank/ construction and operations workers in a members including all subcontractors; CEEQUAL way that facilitates proper training to guide review meeting summaries, presentations, workers’ interaction and behavior with documentation of conducting meetings, indigenous groups and local communities? and member attendance signatures D-32 Has project identified and allocated time and Review the project design management plan x NCHRP budget for the responsibility to collect data to determine if a sustainability coordinator and report on sustainability performance to is identified to work in an integrated the owner and project management? fashion with the transportation design engineers; review project monitoring plans before construction for sustainability and environmental enhancement commitments D-33 Do the project designs recognize the need for Review project designs to determine if x World Bank equipped check points to control weight of extended shoulder areas or structures are trucks and buses and prevent damage to addressed in the project; assess if there are pavement in case road alignments are close truck weight control plans and monitoring to forest lands and protected areas? systems to prevent unnecessary road impacts and reduced roadway longevity 47 (Continued ) 48 TABLE B.2. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Project Leadership D-34 Has proactive road rehabilitation provisions Determine if rehabilitation designs or x African and techniques beyond local requirements activities are addressing enhancements in Development been included in the design or future drainage systems and road safety via design Fund/Planning maintenance of existing bridges, roads, review and onsite inspections Rural Roads drainage structures, accommodating storm in Developing water flow, road safety devices, and truck Countries lay-bys? D-35 Is there evidence that there has been a suitable Evaluate design consistency to existing CEEQUAL level of consultation on, or consideration in bicycling plans and programs, existing the design given to, the future development and future transit planning and land use to pedestrians and cyclists, links with planning documentation existing and proposed routes to local services, links between communities, the quality of new open space, and its position within the hierarchy of local amenity space provision? D-36 Does the Design Team have a documented Assess if project EMS system or plan was Greenroads Environmental Management System (EMS) in place for the design and construction for the entire project and in place for the phases; assess if can-do-plan-act system was duration of project construction consistent actually used in the design of the project with International Standards Organization (ISO) 14001:2004? D-37 Has the Design Team implemented new Review design documentation to assess if x Greenroads (or improved existing) operations or enhanced bicycle accommodations are technologies for bicycle facilities such incorporated into the design and verify as (but is not limited to) added signage, that they were implemented during installing bicycle detectors in driving lanes, construction; evaluate if increased bike granting signal priority, and adding bicycle usage occurred in project area storage facilities (lockers, racks, etc.)? Natural World D-38 Siting- Does the project road design alignment Review design documentation to determine if x GreenLITES/ Alignment avoid impacts to social and environmental the final alignment was aggressive in impact World Bank Selection resources of parklands, wetlands, historic avoidance and enhancement and that the sites, farmlands, residential and commercial final alignment was not totally based upon buildings, indigenous lands, etc.? lowest financial cost Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural World D-39 Does the project design address new separated Review design documentation to assess x GreenLITES bike path or shoulder widening to bicycle or pedestrian enhancements for (modified) provide for on-road bike lanes or provide essential movement of goods and services shoulder restoration for bicycling, farm- and the movement of agricultural farm related equipment, farm animals, 2- and animals for poor communities; determine if 3-wheelers, and non-motorized vehicles? enhancements were constructed D-40 Does the design provide flexibility to align Review design documentation for utility x GreenLITES roadway and other highway features/ planning, mapping and coordination; assess structures (water lines, sewer lines, consistency and flexibility to future multi- communication lines, gas lines, etc.) within modal transportation planning right of way to enable future development of separated multi-use paths or other bike and pedestrian facilities? D-41 Does the design conserve undeveloped land Percent of Review design documentation to assess x ENVISION by locating alignments and right of ways alignment area if alignment alternatives considered Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects on previously developed sites and/or previously used: the placement in already developed or previously contaminated sites? 25% previously contaminated land; verify 50% percentage of previously used area 75% calculations 100% D-42 Land-Water Has the project team designed the landscaping Determine if the project team developed x ENVISION Wildlife to incorporate plant species that require no an integrated pest management plan for Habitat pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, or use implementation during and after construction; integrated pest management approaches? verify success by onsite assessment D-43 Has the Design Team provided enhancements Review design documentation for wildlife x GreenLITES/ to existing wildlife habitat or created new habitat design enhancements; verify World Bank/ ones (for example, bird and bat houses, implementation and habitat improvements CEEQUAL nesting boxes, fish spawning, threatened in the field and endangered habitat improvements) and identified wildlife mortality reduction measures such as right-of-way fence, wildlife crossing signs, etc.? D-44 Did the Design Team develop scheduling and Review project-based wildlife management x GreenLITES logistic requirements to avoid disrupting plans and the preliminary project wildlife nesting or breeding activities? construction schedule that accommodates wildlife nesting and breeding periods beyond regulatory requirements D-45 Did the Design Team permanently protect Review easement and conservation GreenLITES the new or expanded habitat through easement agreements with local agencies environmental or conservation easements? or conservation groups in project documentation; review meeting summaries 49 and easement documentation (Continued ) 50 TABLE B.2. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural World D-46 Does the project alignment progressively Review design alternative analysis to x GreenLITES minimize the overall construction determine if footprint reduction beyond “footprint” to avoid environmental regulatory requirements was conducted impacts? by the Design Team; assess if additional area impact minimization could have been performed D-47 Has the project specified the use of native Review the specified seed mix specification x GreenLITES species for seed mixes and other native provided by the Client or by the Design plantings for vegetation restoration and soil Team Landscape Architect; assess if native stabilization? species are in landscaping and revegetation plan; assess implementation via field assessment D-48 Does the project maintain or enhance Determine if habitat restoration assessments x ENVISION/ riparian and aquatic habitat connectivity and plans were developed for project CEEQUAL and the maintenance or enhancement of designs; review environmental assessment the riparian and in-channel physical and to determine if additional habitat vegetative habitat to support and enhance improvements were designed; assess actual threatened and endangered or otherwise implementation via onsite visit desirable species? D-49 Do project designs protect, buffer, enhance, Buffer zone Review design documentation and measure x ENVISION and restore areas designated as wetlands, distance from buffer width distances from sensitive areas; shorelines, and water bodies by providing sensitive area verify buffer zones in the field natural buffer zones, vegetation, and soil (meters): protection zones? >15 >30 >60 >90 D-50 Is there evidence that the project team have Review project design landscaping plan and CEEQUAL actively considered, beyond regulatory compare to environmental assessment to requirements, the retention and determine if tree/vegetation enhancement enhancement of trees and other vegetation was considered in the design; determine as part of design as recommended by a if sensitive vegetation was identified and qualified landscape architect? protected by the design team D-51 Has the Design Team developed a monitoring Review project documentation for the wildlife x CEEQUAL program after construction to assess the management plan and monitoring plan; success of habitat enhancement and assess performance measures for successful conservation measures? enhancement and conservation; verify Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper implementation by field visit Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural World D-52 Biodiversity Will the project remove undesirable invasive Determine if Design Team specified to GreenLITES/ plant species (removal or burial of invasive Contactor the control of invasive species ENVISION species) to preserve desirable overall natural during construction and ensure compliance species diversity? with pest management plan during construction and operations D-53 Does the project design enhance aquatic and Review design plans to determine if habitat x ENVISION terrestrial habitat connectivity to promote restoration assessments and plans were system mobility and biodiversity? developed specifically to address mobility and habitat fragmentation; assess if structures constructed and successful via field visit Natural Resource Management Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects D-54 Materials Has the Design Team specified that the <10% Review design specifications and x CEEQUAL highest possible proportion of timber and >10% to <25% documentation showing that certified timber products used in permanent works is >25% to <40% sustainable lumber (Forest Stewardship either from legal and sustainably managed >40% to <55% Council or equivalent) was required for sources with recognized timber labeling or >55% to <70% project; review and certify calculations; from reuse? >70% to <85% verify certification labeling from vendor >85% D-55 Has the Design Team required new or 75% of new Review design specifications and x Greenroads reconstructed pavement surface area for pavement documentation showing that long life pavement to meet long‐life pavement design pavement was selected criteria (minimum 40‐year design life)? D-56 Has the Design Team or Contractor Determine if a full range of material INVEST/ considered materials beyond only the alternatives was considered by the Design GreenLITES pavement binder materials or considered Team only the hot mix asphalt (HMA) or Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement materials? D-57 Has the Design Team considered all pavement Determine if a full range of material x INVEST/ materials that include the HMA or PCC alternatives was considered by the Design GreenLITES layers as well as granular base layers (either Team unbound or bound) as well as any other added materials or considered recycling/ reuse of all structure materials (bridge piers, structures) in existing structures within the project? 51 (Continued ) 52 TABLE B.2. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management D-58 Does the Design Team promote use of locally Maximum haul Review design specifications and list of x Greenroads/ sourced materials and plants to reduce distance vendors showing that locally sourced impacts from transportation emissions, (kilometers): materials were used on the project; identify reduce fuel costs and support local 800 selected vendors and calculate haul economies? 540 distances 360 240 160 Percent locally ENVISION sourced: <30% >30% to <60% >60% to <90% >90% to <95% D-59 Does the project design and specifications Review project waste minimization plan to x NCHRP 708/ substantially minimize or eliminate verify that no hazardous materials that GreenLITES the need to use hazardous materials to could generate hazardous waste were used maintain bridge or highway infrastructure on the project; verify by reviewing material and reduce or eliminate hazardous waste ordering and waste disposal records generation (for example, non-solvent traffic signage, bridge paints, lower Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) and nonhazardous air pollutant bridge deck sealers and elimination or reduction of toxic metals components)? D-60 What percentage of all coatings and other Review design material specifications CEEQUAL treatments for temporary and permanent that detail low VOC materials and works has been specified by the Design biodegradable products, when feasible Team as low-VOC and/or biodegradable? D-61 Has the Design Team specified the use Review design material specifications and x GreenLITES of asphalt pavement mixes containing material documentation that considered or Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and/ specified RAP and RCA or Portland concrete pavement mixes containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA)? Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management D-62 Has the Design Team specified the use of Review design material specifications and GreenLITES/ porous pavement systems in light duty material documentation that specify porous Greenroads situations (for example, sidewalks, truck pavement turnarounds, rest stops, parking lots, police turnarounds) to control and treat at least 50% of the 90th percentile average annual rainfall event post‐construction runoff volume to 25 mg/L concentration of total suspended solids or less for storm water control? D-63 Recycling- Has the Design Team estimated the amount Percent re-use: Review project design documentation x CEEQUAL/ Reuse of excavated material (soil and topsoil) that <15% calculations and contractor specifications GreenLITES Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects is suitable for use and has been beneficially >15% to <30% for reuse; evaluate if reuse indicators were reused on site such as revegetation, >30% to <50% met by contractor’s field records embankments, and fill? >50% to <90% >90% to 100% D-64 Has the Design Team specified what Percent by volume: Review project design documentation to CEEQUAL percentage (by volume) of components <15% determine if disassembly or deconstruction for prefabricated units used can be easily >15% to <30% was considered in the design placed in separated on disassembly or deconstruction >30% to <45% contractor specifications; assess volume into material types suitable for recycling? >45% to <60% calculations >60% to <75% >75% to <90% >90% D-65 Does the design identify that the reuse of Percent by volume: Review project design documentation to CEEQUAL/ previous pavement and other materials <30% determine whether waste material other ENVISION/ (excluding topsoil and subsoil) have >30 to <60% than soil was considered in the design; GreenLITES been incorporated into the project as >60 % assess volume calculations and if indicator replacement road subbase, embankment value(s) placed in contractor specifications fill, or usable aggregate material (as opposed to being disposed of via landfilling)? D-66 Has the Design Team identified existing Percent by volume: Review project design documentation to x CEEQUAL/ structures (such as roads, tanks, and <25% determine if road-based waste material and GreenLITES pipework) that have been retained and >25% to <50% other materials were reused on the project; reused within the project? >50% to <75% assess volume calculations and if placed via >75% contractor specifications 53 (Continued ) TABLE B.2. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA (Continued ) 54 Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management D-67 Did the Design Team specify the lumber Review project design documentation to GreenLITES salvaging of removed trees for lumber or determine if lumber salvaging was used on similar uses other than standard wood- the project; find documentation of wood chipping? material transport to lumber vendor and if placed via contractor specifications D-68 Did the Design Team specify the use of Review project design documentation to GreenLITES tire shreds, removed concrete, or other determine if waste concrete material and materials for embankments? tire shreds were addressed in the design; find documentation of receipt of tire shreds or other types of suitable reused rubber material D-69 Has the Design Team specified the use of Review project design documentation to GreenLITES recycled glass in pavements and embankment determine if recycled glass in pavements as drainage material or filter media, where and embankments were addressed in the adequate local sources can be obtained? design D-70 Has the Design Team specified the use of Review project design documentation to determine GreenLITES crumb rubber or recycled plastic for noise if crumb rubber or recycled plastic for noise barrier material? barrier material was addressed in the design; obtain receipts of recycled materials to verify D-71 To avoid landfilling, are the project specifications Review project design specifications or x GreenLITES specifying the recycling or reuse of chipped contractor logs to determine if recycling untreated wood waste for use as mulch and/ of wood chips and waste used onsite for or ground cover (pressure-preservative- landscaping and erosion control; verify use treated or painted/coated wood excluded)? via onsite inspection D-72 Do the project specifications require the Review project design documentation and x GreenLITES salvage of materials for reuse/recycling or contractor specifications to determine if usable moving of houses or other structures rather material from demolished homes was salvaged; than demolition for disposal in landfills? verify by material receipts from vendors D-73 Will the project establish and strive to achieve Percent by volume Determine if the project Design Team x Greenroads/ a recycling goal of existing pavement or weight: 50% developed a recycling goal within the waste materials and structural elements (that Percent of management plan; assess documentation include but are not limited to asphalt, significant waste calculations for achieving recycling actions ENVISION Portland Cement Concrete, unbound streams diverted granular base material, stabilized base from disposal: material, reinforced concrete, structural <25% steel, and timber)? 50% 75% Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper 100% Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management D-74 Did the Design Team reduce the use of Percent by weight Review design specifications and X ENVISION/ virgin materials and avoid sending useful or volume of documentation showing that recycled materials to landfills by specifying the use the materials and reused materials were required for of reused or recycled materials, including used are from the project; review and certify indicator structures and material with recycled reclaimed calculations content? or recycled materials: >5% to <20% >20% to <50% >50% to <80% >80% Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects Percent by volume: CEEQUAL < 20% >20% to <30% >30% to <60% >60% D-75 Waste What percent of the demolition and Percent diverted: Review waste management plan to determine x ENVISION Management deconstruction waste, by volume, would be <30% if waste streams were separated; review diverted from a landfill? >30% to <70% contractor requirements for waste; verify >70% to <90% indicator calculations >90% D-76 Has an assessment by the Design Team been Review the design grading plan and other x CEEQUAL made to ensure optimization of cut and documentation; review cut/fill calculations fill to reduce the quantity of excavated and approaches for onsite use optimization material to be taken off site? D-77 Has the project Design Team developed Review the project waste management plan; x ENVISION a plan or strategy to decrease project evaluate if long term waste management Stage 1 Second waste and divert waste from landfills and extending into operations via standard Draft incinerators during operations? operating procedures D-78 Has the project Design Team identified and/ Review the project waste management plan x ENVISION or contracted landfill disposal operations and evaluate the vendors’ environmental for waste generated on site that are records, environmental safeguards, and protective to the environment and go monitoring systems that surpass regulatory beyond regulatory requirements? requirements and reduce client risk (Continued ) 55 56 TABLE B.2. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management D-79 Energy Has the design incorporated operational Percent of lifetime Compare design documentation and vendor x INVEST/ energy though autonomous renewable energy provided: information to determine the amount of ENVISION energy sources? 20% autonomous renewable energy that will 40% be used; verify energy use calculations 60% by Design Team or vendor; evaluate 80% installation by onsite evaluation 100% 110% D-80 Does the design address energy efficient Percent of reduced Assess design documentation and vendor x CEEQUAL/ lighting that meets illumination energy: information to determine if efficient GreenLITES requirements for solar powered streets, 10% lighting was specified; research and verify signal lighting, warning signs, and 20% energy use calculations by Design Team or retrofitting existing street/sign lighting? 30% vendor and product specifications 40% >50% D-81 Does the project reduce energy consumption 10% reduced Assess design documentation and contractor x ENVISION by a minimum of 10% over industry energy specifications to reduce project energy norms? consumption consumption during the life of the project over industry norms D-82 To reduce fuel and water consumption, is the Review project landscaping plan to assess x GreenLITES project reestablishing natural ground cover native species used and reduced mowing and/or seeding with low maintenance seed areas; review design material specifications; species? verify installation via onsite inspections D-83 Has a life-cycle energy assessment been Assess design documentation for life cycle CEEQUAL undertaken for the key materials and analysis for materials; assess if energy and components to be used in the project? carbon life cycles performed according to accepted protocols D-84 Water Does the project Design Team reduce potable Percent of industry Review contractor specification and/or x ENVISION water consumption for the duration of the norms: requirements about water conservation; project? <25% review contractor information on water 50% consumption; perform calculations and 75% review data associated with industry norms 100% Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management D-85 Does the road alignment establish a minimum Minimum 30 Review design documentation and measure GreenLITES buffer zone between the edge of pavement meter buffer buffer width distances from sensitive areas; and a natural watercourse or significantly zone verify buffer zones in the field sized natural wetland to serve the purpose of storm water filtration? D-86 Does the project strive to enhance existing Review the storm water management plan x GreenLITES water quality and/or nearby habitat and/or water quality management plan to conditions through the use of construction assess storm water controls and determine based storm water controls, stream that enhanced storm water controls are restoration, additional wetland utilization, improving water quality and aquatic and inclusion of permanent-sustainable habitat storm water management practices? Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects D-87 Does the long term post construction storm Review the storm water management plan GreenLITES/ water best management practices design and/or water quality management to Greenroads reflect effectively removing surface pollutants determine design and installation of from runoff through low impact development controls that promote infiltration and techniques such as infiltration trenches or sustainable low impact techniques basins, grass buffers, or storm water wetlands (going beyond regulatory requirements)? D-88 Does the project avoid potential alignments Acquire and assess the project floodplain areas x ENVISION within the design frequency floodplain for and alignments to determine floodplain waterways of all sizes (unless water dependent avoidance beyond normal requirements infrastructure must cross a waterway)? D-89 Do the project designs recognize the need for Review landscaping plan to assess native x INVEST water conservation and the reduction and species used and the eventual elimination elimination of irrigation after native plant of irrigation; review design material species establishment, post construction? specifications for native plants D-90 Is there evidence that the project Design Review the storm water management plan CEEQUAL Team has made provisions for capturing and/or water quality management plan and storm water runoff for beneficial use on the storm water control designs to determine project or for environmental enhancement if water capturing for environmental for the completed project? enhancement was implemented D-91 Have proactive opportunities been identified Assess the project revegetation and x CEEQUAL by the Design Team beyond regulatory landscaping plan for erosion control for requirements for vegetative planting prior to innovative approaches construction, thus enabling plants to become established during the construction phase to reduce erosion and protect water quality? 57 (Continued ) TABLE B.2. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA (Continued ) 58 Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management D-92 Have the most environmentally beneficial Assess the project revegetation and CEEQUAL ways beyond regulatory requirements been landscaping plan for erosion control adopted for addressing the percent exposed for innovative approaches that reduce soil, vegetative grubbing, and clearance to the amount of exposed soil without reduce erosion and protect water quality? stabilization during construction D-93 Atmosphere Has the Design Team developed strategies Percent reductions Review project emissions control plan or other x INVEST that will reduce air emissions (compared to compared to project documentation; identify pollutant base year of plan) for at least one pollutant? base year: reduction strategy and verify calculations 1% 3% 5% D-94 Do design specifications identify non- Percent of reduced Review project emissions control plan, INVEST usable cutback asphalt (Volatile Organic energy: material specifications, or other project Compound [VOC] emitter) and all paints 10% documentation; identify VOC reduction and coatings so as to comply with GS‐11 20% strategies and reduction calculations Green Seal Environmental Standard for 30% Paints and Coatings? 40% 50% or greater D-95 Do the project specifications reduce energy 50% of total Review project emissions control plan or other x Greenroads and emissions in pavement materials such project project design documentation; identify if that low‐energy materials are used for the pavement low energy pavement material is used at the project pavement? indicator level D-96 Do specifications identify that ENERGY Energy Rating Review design specifications and contractor Greenroads STAR® certified cement production plant System requirements to determine if the vendor’s for cement materials must be used on the concrete production plan is qualified or project by the contractor? has ENERGY STAR® certification (score in the top 25% based on the EPA National Energy Performance) D-97 Does the project team prioritize vendors who Reduce Review design specifications and contractor INVEST burn recycled oil, waste materials, or other conventional requirements to determine if the vendor fuel saving technologies in hot mix asphalt fuel usage by uses this fuel conservation technique; verify plants or cement production plants to a minimum of percent reduction achieved reduce conventional fuel usage? 25%. D-98 Has the Project Team designed the project Review the project dust control and air x ENVISION to eliminate the occurrence of adverse pollution management plan that eliminates dust during construction and operations or significantly reduces air particulates; through innovative construction phasing, review landscape or erosion control plan for Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper landscaping, and erosion control techniques? innovative approaches Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management D-99 Has the team adopted a design in which at Review the project noise control plan or the Greenroads least 75% of the total new or reconstructed project materials plan to identify pavement pavement surface area produces tire‐ types and traffic speeds for reduced noise pavement noise levels below 88dBA? generation beyond normal pavement types D-100 Does the design attempt to minimize surfaces Percent reduction in Review the design materials plan to identify if x ENVISION with a high solar reflectance index (SRI) to surfaces with low SRI criteria was considered for heat island reduce localized heat accumulation, reduce SRI: effect; review project material specifications; heated storm water runoff and manage >10% to <30% verify implementation in the field microclimates? >30% to <60% >60% to <90% >90% to Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects <100% Climate Change D-101 Resilience Has the Design Team conducted a system‐ Prepared for: Review the project climate adaptation plan x INVEST/ level assessment of potential hazards to 1 in 50 year or other design documentation; evaluate ENVISION the project such as seismic events, relative event existing risk studies in and outside of sea level rise, storm activity/intensity, 1 in 100 year project area; ensure designs provide safety temperature and heat waves, precipitation event factors or features that address the indicator events, elevated lake levels, and stream levels flows, etc. and identified potentially vulnerable locations at risk? D-102 Has the project Design Team considered Review the project climate adaptation plan x ENVISION ways to extend the durability and resilience or other design documentation; evaluate of the project early in the design stage extended safety factors and enhanced to reduce future transportation system design elements maintenance and rehabilitation? D-103 Does the road rehabilitation design address Review the project climate adaptation plan x African adaptation to the impacts of climate or other design documentation; evaluate Development change to ensure that drainage structures achievement in reaching extended safety Fund are able to accommodate high rainfall and factors and enhanced design elements for flash floods? critical high flow events D-104 Has the Design Team developed a Verify that the project climate change plan x ENVISION comprehensive Climate Impact Assessment was developed and adaptation design and Adaption Plan? elements were integrated into design (Continued ) 59 60 TABLE B.2. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Climate Change D-105 Have designs reduced human and natural Evaluate programs or plans that detail World Bank system vulnerability by increasing adaptive evaluations and improvements in resilience capacity in the project and system? to climate change impacts D-106 Greenhouse Has an embodied life-cycle carbon and Review life cycle analysis performed according CEEQUAL Gas greenhouse gas emission assessment been to accepted greenhouse gas emission Emissions undertaken for the key materials and protocols components to be used in the project? D-107 What percent of the carbon emission Percent carbon Review emissions control plan developed for x CEEQUAL reduction identified in the life-cycle reduction: the project; identify key emissions; ascertain assessment has subsequently been <10% that project calculations meet indicator incorporated in the design and the >10% to <20% levels completed works? >20% to <40% >40% to <60% >60% to <80% >80% D-108 Has the Design Team conducted a Percent reductions Review emissions control plan developed for ENVISION comprehensive life-cycle carbon analysis in carbon the project and carbon/greenhouse gas and used this assessment to reduce the emissions as emissions life cycle analysis; verify that anticipated amount of net greenhouse compared to calculations meet indicator levels gas emissions during the life cycle of the regulatory project, thus reducing project contribution requirements: to climate change? <10% >10% to <40% >40% to <80% >80% to <100% >100% D-109 Do design actions provide mitigation as a Obtain design plans and landscaping records World Bank co-benefit by reducing greenhouse gas to evaluate greenhouse gas reductions emissions or enhancing absorption from the and landscaping planning for carbon atmosphere? sequestration or other absorption methods Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper TABLE B.3. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life C-1 Community Does the project create a significant number Assess number of local jobs created versus the x ENVISION Stage Well-being of jobs during construction? total number on the workforce 1 Second Draft C-2 Has the Contractor for the road rehabilitation Review documentation in project file showing x African project created local public awareness advertisements, media announcements, and Development about available job opportunities to ensure outreach plan that addressed gender equity Fund both men and women are availed equal opportunities to apply for various jobs? C-3 Has the Contractor provided local people with Review documentation regarding meeting African on-the-job training for road rehabilitation minutes, lesson plans, and records of Development Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects construction positions? training courses held; review local Fund employment records toward achieving increased employment C-4 Will the project contribute to creating training Analysis of community outreach and x ENVISION and education programs, with emphasis education programs initiated by the Stage 1 Second on the most needy and/or disadvantaged project; identification of community Draft groups, through construction? groups; evaluate increase in employment of disadvantaged groups C-5 Has the project been able to contribute to Review specifications, training records, and CEEQUAL maintaining key conservation skills and meeting minutes creating sustainable heritage employment? C-6 Was there a documented commitment to Review evidence in written plans to address x World Bank consider and assess the community social community social issues and meeting aspects during construction? minutes C-7 Has the Contractor encouraged sustainable Review project files for purchasing x World Bank growth in small businesses in close agreements, advertisements, and minutes of proximity to the construction site? meetings with workforce; evaluate if growth in business occurred as a result of project C-8 Has the Contractor actively promoted the Assess evidence in interviews with government X World Bank development of good laws, regulations, officials, competitors, subcontractors, and and contract documents with government trade organization officials; evaluate if new agencies and in local and regional trade laws and regulations were developed by organizations? project (Continued ) 61 62 TABLE B.3. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life C-9 Has the Contractor considered selection Review evidence in announcements of World Bank of subcontractors based on corporate upcoming contracts, stated selection social responsibility concerning labor criteria, and minutes of meetings benefits, community investment programs, philanthropy donations, and employee voluntarism? C-10 Is there evidence that there has been a suitable Review minutes from meetings with local x CEEQUAL level of consultation on, or consideration groups, drawings or documents that show given to, the compatibility and permeability consideration of public space/access of the development during construction to pedestrians and cyclists, links with existing and proposed routes to local services, links between communities, the quality of new open space, and its position within the hierarchy of local amenity space provision? C-11 Is there evidence that measures have been Review documentation of measures taken; CEEQUAL taken to minimize the adverse visual impact verify implementation by site records and of the site during the construction stage? photographs; evaluate improved aesthetic conditions from project C-12 Community If historical restoration or enhancement works Review design report and file information x CEEQUAL Context have been completed, is there evidence that assessing different materials, receipts Design the current best practices have been applied of material purchases, photographs, and historically appropriate materials used? and consultation with relevant expert organizations; determine if actual improvements occurred by visual evaluation C-13 Has there been any public opportunity Review the level of public access such as CEEQUAL provided to learn about, observe, or take visitor books, press advertisements of part in any activity to understand or access or tour times, photographs of public promote the historic environment local to facilities, information boards, leaflets, web the project? postings, and notices of invitations to public to participate in assessment or mitigation of the project C-14 Safety and Has the Contractor developed Subcontractor Review subcontracts, minutes of meetings, x World Bank Health contract language and trained its and construction memorandums to supervisors to actively promote worker supervisors; evaluate if improved worker safety, ergonomics, and environmental safety and compliance was experienced on enforcement when needed? project via accident reports and compliance documentation Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life C-15 Has the Contractor instructed its workers Access health and safety manuals, employee x World Bank and personnel about procedures to follow files, list of emergency telephone numbers in case one of them is bitten by poisonous given to workforce, and posters in fauna species and provided telephone workplace; review map showing closest numbers of health centers nearby? medical facility to work place C-16 Has the Contractor proactively fenced the Review photographs taken during x African project to avoid accidents to children and construction, contractor specifications Development livestock? diaries, and accident reports Fund/ World Bank C-17 Has the Contractor removed temporary Review before and after photographs, x African fencing when construction is complete? contractor diaries, and documentation Development acknowledging removal Fund Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects C-18 Collaboration Is there evidence that the Construction Team Obtain and review value engineering reports, x CEEQUAL proposed changes to the specifications agreement of alternative methods within to improve the whole-life environmental management plans, design change notes, performance of the project during the and letters to the Design Team; study list of construction stage easing its reuse or waste materials recycled and reused ultimate disassembly? C-19 Has Contractor developed incentives, Review evidence in contract agreements x World Bank especially financial, to increase with Subcontractors; retrieve contract Subcontractor commitment and agreements with Subcontractors to environmental performance in contract improve environmental performance and bids? sustainability awareness C-20 Is there evidence that the Owner/Client and Review project documentation in x CEEQUAL Contractor have taken steps to actively advertisements and number of tenders encourage local firms to compete for work? from local companies; assess increased local employment C-21 Have any partnership links been established Determine relationships formed that will CEEQUAL with local groups (for example, donation of facilitate resource purchasing and allow skills or surplus materials)? for better coordination of local resources; review meeting minutes describing donations to local community groups C-22 Has the Construction Team assessed the Review evidence that comments from the CEEQUAL responses from the community relations community assessed and were taken into program and have they taken appropriate account in the decision-making process action within the construction process? (Continued ) 63 64 TABLE B.3. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life C-23 Has a local participatory environmental Review evidence that a committee was formed World Bank monitoring committee been established by to hold interviews with community leaders, the community? meeting minutes, and newspaper articles C-24 Management Was there a documented commitment to Assess documentation in a written x CEEQUAL and Planning consider and assess the environmental commitment from Project Director with aspects during construction? policy statement, objectives, and targets C-25 Is there clear evidence that a member of Review project file for a formal note of x CEEQUAL/ the Contractor’s Team was identified as appointment, records of meetings where ENVISION responsible for managing the environmental the role, responsibilities, and authorities Stage 1 Second and sustainability aspects of the project were clearly set out, and reports from Draft and was the project role, responsibilities the appointed environmental person and authorities for addressing the issues of during operations resulting in achieving sustainability during construction clearly sustainability goals and objectives defined? C-26 Have the environmental opportunities Review evidence in a report on the x CEEQUAL for environmental enhancements and environmental opportunities, minutes of associated social issues been identified and project team meetings, and management clearly recorded during construction and directive about enhancement integration prioritized according to significance? C-27 Did the selection procedure for the Contractor Assess evidence in supplier appraisals and x CEEQUAL and the key Sub-contractor(s) consider their quality submissions information on past environmental performance? environmental issues during the tender stage C-28 Has a Fire Control Plan been prepared to Obtain and review the Fire Control Plan, x World Bank specify actions to prevent and mitigate fires photographs, and meeting minutes; verify during road construction in forest areas and that no fires were created by project has it been implemented? C-29 Has a Hunting Control Plan been prepared Review the Hunting Control Plan and World Bank to specify actions to prevent and mitigate meeting minutes hunting during road construction in nearby forest areas? C-30 Has the Contractor developed and Review the Environmental Training Plan x Greenroads/ implemented an Environmental Training and a signed letter from the Client’s INVEST Plan that is customized to the project? representative stating that the Contractor followed the plan as submitted and updated; assess presentation outlines and Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper compliance record Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life C-31 Does the Contractor, Design-builder, or Review evidence in ISO 9001:2008 or ISO x Greenroads Construction Management firm have a 9001:2000 certification or in a Quality documented Quality Management System for Management System that meets ISO the entire company or at least the portion(s) 9001:2008 or ISO 9001:2000 requirements of the company participating in the project? but is not formally certified C-32 Does the Contractor have a formal Obtain and review the Quality Control Plan x Greenroads/ construction Quality Control Plan in place for the project INVEST and used for the project? C-33 Did the Contractor search for and identify Evaluate project information that the x ENVISION unwanted by-products, discarded or Contractor and Subcontractors actively Stage 1 Second salvaged materials located in nearby searched for unwanted by-products, Draft facilities for use in the project? discarded or salvaged materials for use on Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects the project, and transportation tickets C-34 Does the Contractor have a policy or code of Assess documentation in Code of Practice x CEEQUAL practice regarding considerate behavior or Policy statement coupled with an with respect to neighbors? assessment of results Natural World C-35 Siting- Is there evidence that the Construction Team Review records of evaluation of the options, x CEEQUAL Alignment has made effective use of land resources calculations from alternative site layouts, made available to them and minimized the plans, site guidelines, and photographs long-term adverse impacts to natural land showing avoidance of sensitive areas to temporarily used during the construction prevent disturbance period (staging areas and haul roads)? C-36 Land-Water- Has the Contractor designated a qualified Review evidence in the letter of appointment, x GreenLITES Wildlife Environmental Construction Monitor to qualifications, and the definition of role Habitat provide construction oversight in sensitive and responsibilities environmental areas? C-37 Have opportunities been taken for Review site programs; compare photographs CEEQUAL advance works, such as planting prior showing the extent of advance work to construction, thus enabling plants to become established during the construction phase? C-38 Has the Contractor restored or reused 100% Review evidence in photographs and inclusion x ENVISION Stage 1 of the soils disturbed during construction? in landscaping plans; inspect site after Second Draft completion (Continued ) 65 66 TABLE B.3. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural World C-39 Has the Contractor restored or reused 100% of Review evidence in before/after photographs; x ENVISION Stage 1 the soils disturbed by previous development? inspect site after completion Second Draft C-40 On completion of the construction stage, Percent by square Assess information in written report by an x CEEQUAL/ is there any evidence of a net increase kilometers: ecologist or equivalent World Bank in wildlife habitat area compared to site <5% baseline data prepared before construction >5% to <25% commences? >25% to <50% >50% to <75% >75% C-41 Has the Contractor scheduled work and Review documentation in meeting notes with x GreenLITES provided logistics to avoid disrupting biologists, fish, wildlife, and environmental wildlife nesting or breeding activities? agencies and actual construction schedules Natural Resource Management C-42 Materials Have existing structures, such as roads, tanks, Percent by volume: Review site photographs, construction x CEEQUAL pipe work, etc. been retained and used <25% drawings, and bill of quantities coupled within the project? >25% to <50% with substantiation of the percent being >50% to <75% claimed >75% C-43 Has the Contractor defined a sound and Evaluate documentation in minutes of meetings, x ENVISION viable sustainable procurement plan? bill of quantities, and notes detailing locations Stage 1 Second for products needed to construct the project Draft C-44 Has the Contractor made efforts to identify Obtain evidence in a check with enforcement ENVISION any unresolved worker health and safety or agencies for any unresolved or pending Stage 1 Second environmental violations of Manufacturers, health and safety issues tied to Suppliers Draft Suppliers, and Subcontractors identified for and Subcontractors the project? C-45 Has the Contractor purchased the materials and Percent by dollar Review material bills from confirmed x ENVISION supplies that are certified from sustainable amount: reputable suppliers detailing quantities Stage 1 Second sources by reputable, third party accreditation, >15% purchased Draft and standard-setting organizations? C-46 Has the Contractor verified local sources of supply Review reports for material sourcing, notes; x Greenroads by making an itemized list of all materials, hold discussions with vendors and material parts, components, and products intended for lists permanent installation on the project including weights, total costs, shipping costs, location of Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper purchase, and/or source of these materials? Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management C-47 Has the Contractor researched and used <80 kilometers of Review project file reports for material x CEEQUAL/ locally sourced equipment, materials, site sourcing, address of source, records of ENVISION plants, aggregates, and soils including those discussions with vendors, and invoices for Stage 1 Second that have been recycled? materials and equipment Draft/ Greenroads C-48 Is there evidence that the selection and use Review the comparison of design and x CEEQUAL of prefabricated units has been considered construction records, meeting notes, and and implemented by the Contractor on the photographs merit of their environmental benefits? C-49 Is there evidence that the highest possible Percent by board Review calculations showing the comparison x CEEQUAL proportion of timber and timber products feet: of specification requirements to overall Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects used in permanent and/or temporary <10% timber quantities; review subcontracts with works has been specified to be either from >10% to <25% timber suppliers with positive declarations legal and sustainable managed sources >25% to <40% with proof of quantities with recognized timber labeling (Forest >40% to <55% Stewardship Council or equivalent), or >55% to <70% from reuse? >70% to <85% >85% C-50 Have bulk fill and subbase material used in Percent by volume: Review calculations showing the comparison x CEEQUAL the project come from previously used <20% of specification requirements to material, whether reclaimed from the site >20% to <30% substantiated actual amounts or elsewhere? >30% to <60% >60% C-51 Has the Contractor used hot-in-place or Review contractor specifications and evidence x GreenLITES cold-in-place recycling of hot mix asphalt in contractor diaries, equipment utilization, pavements? and photographs C-52 Has the Contractor placed hot mix asphalt Percent by volume: Review copy of the manufacturing Greenroads using a paver that is certified to have met >90% of hot certification provided with the paver the National Institute for Occupational mix when purchased and signed statement by Safety and Health (NIOSH) emission a Paving Contractor indicating that the guidelines as set forth in engineering certified paver was used on the project for Control Guidelines for Hot Mix Asphalt 90% of the work Pavers, Part 1 New Highway-Class Pavers? C-53 Have all coatings and treatments for Review and assess evidence in specifications, x CEEQUAL permanent work materials been factory- subcontract requirements, and inspection applied (except for cut ends)? reports (Continued ) 67 TABLE B.3. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION CRITERIA (Continued ) 68 Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management C-54 Has the Contractor reduced or eliminated Compare the design documents/specifications x ENVISION Stage 1 potentially polluting substances from the with the as built drawings/specifications, Second Draft construction of the completed works? as well as hold discussions with the Client’s inspection staff C-55 Reuse-Recycle Has the Contractor salvaged removed trees for Review photographs, construction diaries, and x GreenLITES lumber or similar uses other than standard on site material logs wood chipping? C-56 Can components or prefabricated units Percent by volume: Substantiate by any means that assesses how x CEEQUAL be easily separated on disassembly- <15% materials are utilized and combined within deconstruction into material types suitable >15% to <30% the works for recycling? >30% to <45% >45% to <75% >75% to <90% >90% C-57 Has a materials register been provided to the Review evidence in log of material types that CEEQUAL Client, Agency, or Operator identifying will enable recycling upon demolition main material types to facilitate recycling during disassembly or deconstruction? C-58 Have unused materials been beneficially Percent by volume: Verify evidence in records showing that x CEEQUAL reused (or stored for reuse)? <10% surplus materials have been taken to >10% to <30% another site for use compared with waste >30% to <50% disposal records with declaration by >50% to <70% Contactor as to use and volume >70% to <90% >90% C-59 Waste Has the Contractor used an on-site location Review evidence in meeting minutes, diaries, x GreenLITES Management for chipped wood waste disposal from Waste Management Plan, design plans clearing and grubbing operations? and specifications, and before and after photographs C-60 Has the Contractor used tire shreds in Assess evidence in photographs, material GreenLITES embankments? transfer information, and waste transfer slips C-61 Has the disposal or transfer site been checked Review documentation such as chain CEEQUAL to ensure the waste was taken there? of custodies or bills of lading; verify documentation by telephone checks, following trucks carrying waste, and daily consignment notes Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management C-62 Have the most environmentally beneficial Percent by volume: Review onsite records such as photographs, x CEEQUAL ways of dealing with clearance and disposal <50% waste transfer notes, and evidence of of existing vegetation been explored and >50% exempt activity implemented for the majority of vegetation cleared? C-63 Has an identification of waste streams arising Obtain and review evidence in analyses of design CEEQUAL on site from construction been undertaken? documents identifying where waste is likely to be generated, its composition, and quantity C-64 Does the Contractor have a formal Review documentation to verify inclusion with x CEEQUAL/ Construction and Demolition Waste the waste management plan and quality or INVEST/ Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects Management Plan for waste minimization environmental management system records Greenroads and for identifying and dealing with all wastes arising from the project? C-65 Has waste from demolition or deconstruction Percent by volume: Obtain and review evidence in quantity x CEEQUAL been taken to the landfill? >70% surveyors’ documentation or project >50% to <70% accounts substantiating percentage >30% to < 50% >10% to <30% <10% >25% ENVISION Stage 1 Second Draft C-66 Has non-hazardous waste material been Percent by volume: Review waste transfer notes or photographs x CEEQUAL segregated (on or off site) and diverted from <10% showing different segregated groups landfill? >10% to <25% >25% to <40% >40% to <55% >55% to <70% >70% to, 85% >85% C-67 Is there evidence of measures (and their Review copies of instructions, inspection CEEQUAL effectiveness) to keep access roads that are logs, complaint records, and photographs open to the public and clean, and any site during construction showing screening, tidy roads properly managed? storage of material, absence of litter, and lack of site hoardings (Continued ) 69 70 TABLE B.3. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management C-68 Energy Is there evidence that the Contractor has Review transportation records for materials, x CEEQUAL considered energy consumption and waste, and analyses of size of components appropriate measures to reduce energy to enable efficient lifting and placing consumption and/or carbon emissions during construction and have these been incorporated through an energy management plan? C-69 Has the Contractor assessed and implemented Assess evidence in records showing x CEEQUAL use of other, more sustainable transport consideration of alternative transport routes (other than road), such as rail and methods water, for the movement of construction materials and/or waste? C-70 Is there evidence that construction areas and Obtain and review contractor records of x CEEQUAL ancillary equipment have been maintained regular maintenance and emission testing to maximize fuel efficiency and minimize carbon emissions? C-71 Has the Contractor reduced the fossil fuel Percent by number Review analysis of number of operating x INVEST requirements of non-road construction of hours: hours accomplished using equipment that equipment by using biofuel or biofuel >50% of fleet meet one or more of the emissions control blends as a replacement for fossil fuel or >75% of fleet criteria use engines that meet US Environmental Percent by gallons: Protection Agency Tier 4 emission 15% reduction Documentation in a signed letter from Greenroads standards or have diesel retrofit devices for of fossil fuel the Contractor that describes fossil fuel after-treatment pollution control? using biofuel or use reduction measures used and the biofuel blends percentage reduction achieved: review 25% reduction spreadsheet summarizing all receipts for of fossil fuel all fuel used in non-road equipment for the using biofuel or project biofuel blends C-72 Has the procurement, maintenance, and use Review the comparison of actual plant and CEEQUAL of construction areas been influenced by equipment with contract specifications consideration of their energy efficiency, energy type, or carbon emissions? Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management C-73 Has warm mix asphalt been used to reduce Percent by weight: Review evidence in records of the warm x Greenroads fossil fuel use at the asphalt plant? >50% of mix asphalt design, name of technology, total project additive used if any, total tons of percent pavement by weight of binder or by weight of mix, tons of warm mix asphalt compared total tons of pavement, exit temperature at drum exit, total fuel used in burner per ton of warm mix asphalt, and total fuel used in burner; review photographs if hot mix used C-74 Water Has the Contractor created a spreadsheet that Review contractor water consumption spreadsheet Greenroads records total water use during construction? used to record water use that includes: • dates of use Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects • amounts of use • locations and sources of water used • portability of water source(s) • each construction activity requiring water use • total water quantity used in each construction activity • method of measurement to determine total quantity used • disposal practice for unused water • type of water use permit, if any C-75 During construction, has consultation been Review available meeting notes or letters, x CEEQUAL undertaken with regulatory authorities on obtaining consents or licenses, applications, water conservation issues related to the granting of licenses, licensing application project, including the need for any consent outcomes, notes of team briefings, and and has the outcome been communicated circulation of consent conditions to the Project Team members? C-76 Has a practical system been put in place to Review information that positive measures x CEEQUAL minimize consumption of water during the have been implemented to reduce water construction process? usage such as a comparison of before/after volumes used from meter records and third party written assessments C-77 Will the water quality monitoring of surface Within 0.8 Review monitoring reports, data tables and African waters for domestic drinking supplies for kilometers of analyses, meeting minutes, and reports to Development community users be monitored during the the site government authorities Fund 71 construction period? (Continued ) 72 TABLE B.3. SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management C-78 Have opportunities to improve the local Review before/after photographs and before/ x CEEQUAL drinking water been implemented? after water quality sample comparisons to determine improvement levels C-79 Has the Contractor during construction Assess evidence showing features that make use x GreenLITES reduced runoff and controlled associated of highly permeable soils through infiltration pollutants into adjacent water resources trenches or basins, bio-retention cells or rain by allowing infiltration of surface water, gardens, grass buffers, storm water wetlands, filtration of pollutants or other methods to wet or dry swales, sand filters, filter bags, treat storm water runoff? storm water treatment systems, underground detention systems, and catch basin inserts C-80 Atmosphere Did the construction site set-up include Evaluate evidence showing what facilities the x CEEQUAL measures to minimize travel impacts of the Site Team provided to minimize workforce workforce? travel such as access to public transport links, provision of a minibus, provision of temporary accommodation, encouraging carpooling, and prescribing specific routes for travel C-81 Have these travel impact measures been Review reports on numbers of workforce CEEQUAL successful in reducing workforce travel traveling to work by car as opposed to impacts during construction? public transport and car counts compared to total number of workforce living on site C-82 Has the local authority been consulted regarding Review correspondence with local authority CEEQUAL the noise implications of construction? and minutes of meetings C-83 If there are noisy aspects of construction that Review documentation such as a project x CEEQUAL can impact sensitive receptors, have they Noise Plan, collected noise data, and noise been monitored at appropriate intervals analysis throughout the construction stage? C-84 Did the monitoring of noise levels at sensitive Review evidence in noise monitoring data, x CEEQUAL locations demonstrate that acceptable records, and method statements noise levels were achieved throughout the construction stage? C-85 Have vibration levels been monitored at Review documentation in Vibration Plan, x CEEQUAL appropriate intervals for sensitive locations monitoring records, and method statements throughout the construction stage and has corrective action been taken where necessary? Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management C-86 Is there evidence that appropriate measures Review evidence in design drawings, x CEEQUAL have been taken at the construction stage to specifications, and records of complaints eliminate or significantly minimize adverse impacts on local air quality? C-87 Is there evidence that appropriate measures Review evidence in design drawings, x CEEQUAL have been taken to prevent nuisance specifications, photographs, and records of light spillage to sensitive receptors into complaints neighboring areas during construction? C-88 Resilience Has the Contractor planned the temporary Review and assess construction drainage x African works to accommodate high rainfall and design drawings, hydrologic data, and Development Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects flash floods, which could arise from climate prediction model in files, meeting minutes, Fund change weather patterns? and photographs C-89 Has construction actions reduced human and Evaluate programs or plans that detail asset World Bank natural system vulnerability by increasing evaluations and improvements in resilience adaptive capacity in assets? to climate change impacts C-90 Greenhouse Has energy from renewable and/or low- or Evaluate project information showing source x CEEQUAL Gas zero-carbon resources been used during of energy such as agreements with energy Emissions construction? suppliers showing fully renewable sources, photographs of alternative energy sources, and use of renewable energy C-91 Is there evidence that energy use has been Review and assess documentation that energy x CEEQUAL monitored and controlled on site as and use and/or carbon emissions were assessed where possible? and monitored, targets set, and equipment used to proactively manage consumption and emissions C-92 Has the Contractor maintained plant and Review contractor information regarding African equipment to limit carbon emissions? maintenance logs and equipment disposal Development records Fund C-93 Has the Contractor planted trees along the 10 trees per Assess contractor landscaping plans; review African road periphery to help absorb carbon kilometer before and after photographs and invoices Development emissions from road traffic? for trees; perform field reconnaissance Fund C-94 Will construction actions provide mitigation Obtain construction records to evaluate World Bank as a co-benefit by reducing greenhouse gas greenhouse gas reductions and landscaping emissions or enhancing absorption from the for carbon sequestration or other atmosphere? absorption methods 73 74 TABLE B.4. SUSTAINABLE ROAD OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life M-1 Community Are products bought from local vendors to Evaluate the comparison of payments x GreenLITES Well-being support the local economy? of invoices having local vendor names Operations with those vendors located at distance; determine if there was an increase in local business revenue M-2 Is there a comprehensive public educational Review outreach plan, minutes of management x Greenroads outreach program in the operational phase meetings, and minutes of documented of the project? meetings with community organizations; determine number of meeting attendees and their continued participation M-3 Has the Agency or Operator coordinated Evaluate assessment studies and reports, ENVISION with Owners and Operators of adjacent memorandums, minutes of meetings, Stage 1 Second facilities, amenities and/or transportation and letters to Managers and Operators Draft hubs to address issues of mobility and access of adjacent facilities; contact adjacent during operation of the constructed works? operators of facilities to gage coordination M-4 Does the Agency or Operator encourage Review documentation to demonstrate x INVEST active management of vehicles within the effective and safe traffic management in existing roadway infrastructure to alleviate one of the following: the major causes of congestion, including • Improvement Plan detailing implementable insufficient capacity (bottlenecks), incidents strategies and technologies, or (crashes, disabled vehicles), weather (snow, • mature program in place for signal ice, fog), work zones, poor signal timing, timing and coordination, work zone and nonrecurring events (special events)? coordination, incident management, or • performance metric and report of where the greatest improvements made, or • list of goals achieved and proof of progress toward goals M-5 Has the Agency or Operator encouraged Determine increase in small businesses x World Bank sustainable growth in small businesses in generating jobs via evidence in purchasing close proximity to the construction site? agreements, advertisements, and minutes of meetings with workforce M-6 Has the Agency or Operator actively Review evidence through interviews and x World Bank promoted the development of good laws, meeting notes with government officials, regulations, and contract documents with competitors, subcontractors, and trade government agencies, and in local and organization officials; study new regulations regional trade organizations? developed to support community improvement Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life M-7 Has the Agency or Operator considered Determine promotion and awareness x World Bank selection of subcontractors based on of sustainability expectations via corporate social responsibility concerning announcements of upcoming contracts, labor benefits, community investment stated selection criteria, and minutes of programs, philanthropy donations, and meetings employee voluntarism? M-8 Has the Agency or Operator enhanced scenic Study before and after photographs, diaries, x GreenLITES/ overlooks by trimming trees and shrubs to minutes of meetings; make on site visit for World Bank allow for views, planting and maintaining verification of enhanced aesthetics and wildflower beds, placing picnic tables, and quality of life elements garbage cans? M-9 Community Do maintenance buildings and other facilities Review evidence in photographs, minutes of x GreenLITES Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects Context fit into the environment where they are meetings with community and government Operations located and are unsightly scrap metal piles, organizations; make onsite visit for pipes, etc. screened from the public view? verification for improved visual aesthetics M-10 Has the Agency or Operator improved bridge Obtain from project file documentation in GreenLITES aesthetics by using form liners to match photographs, minutes of meetings with existing aesthetic features and earthen historical societies and community; make tone stone matching historic-aesthetically on site visit for verification for sense of pleasing features? place aesthetics M-11 Safety and Has the Agency or Operator developed Obtain and review Subcontractor contracts, x World Bank Health Subcontractor contract language agreements, minutes of meetings, and and trained its supervisors to actively construction memorandums to supervisors; promote worker safety, ergonomics, and review training outline or presentation; environmental enforcement? verify that no environmental fines and injuries occurred on the project M-12 Has the Agency or Operator instructed its Access health and safety manuals, employee x World Bank workers and personnel about procedures files, list of emergency telephone numbers to follow in case one of them is bitten by given to workforce, and posters in poisonous fauna species, and provided workplace; review map showing the closest telephone numbers of health centers medical facility in work place nearby? M-13 Have bridge crews replace grates that have Review documentation in diaries, photos, and GreenLITES their openings parallel to the roadway invoices for new grates; assess improved Operations which are dangerous to bicycle riders (as safety conditions via the elimination of bicycle wheels may become lodged in the bicycle accidents grate with reticulin grates)? 75 (Continued ) TABLE B.4. SUSTAINABLE ROAD OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CRITERIA (Continued ) 76 Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Quality of Life M-14 Have shoulders been restored for pedestrian Evaluate evidence in before and after GreenLITES and bicycling safety? photographs and on site evaluations of Operations safety features; determine reduction in accidents and improved local mobility M-15 Where appropriate, have pedestrian Acquire project documentation such as GreenLITES countdown timers been installed to aid invoices for new timers and inspection logs Operations pedestrians in safer street crossings and to for all the traffic lights serving pedestrian increase the use of sidewalks? traffic; study improved pedestrian safety via reduced accident data M-16 Has the Agency or Operator gathered data Assess documentation of parties doing x INVEST/ and completed Road Safety Audits/ the safety audits proving qualifications, Greenroads Assessments during road use? audit scope, data on frequency, crash type, and severity with a summary of recommendations executed; determine improved public safety achievement M-17 Does the Agency or Operator maximize the Review evidence in safety plans, x INVEST safety of the existing roadway network implementation of the recommendations in through a systematic and comprehensive the Road Safety Audit; determine improved review of safety data and the allocation of worker and pedestrian safety resources in planning and programming to support safety in operations and maintenance? M-18 Does the Agency or Operator use paints and Review contract requiring Operator to use x INVEST coatings that comply with GS-11 Green paint and coatings that meet GS-11 Green Seal Environmental Standard for Paints Seal Environmental Standard for Paints and and coatings and not use cutback asphalt Coatings and that no cutback asphalt used; to reduce exposure to hazardous airborne review invoices for products purchased that compounds? results in less VOC emissions Project Leadership M-19 Collaboration Is there evidence that the Agency or Operator Obtain and review value engineering reports, x CEEQUAL proposed changes to improve the whole- agreement of alternative methods within life environmental performance of the management plans and design change project thus easing its reuse or ultimate notes and letters to the Design Team; study disassembly? list of recycled or reused waste materials M-20 Has the Agency or Operator developed Retrieve and review contract agreements with x World Bank incentives, especially financial, to Subcontractors to verify improvements increase Subcontractor commitment and in environmental performance and Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper environmental performance in contract bids? sustainability awareness Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Project Leadership M-21 Have any partnership links been established Determine relationships formed that will CEEQUAL with local groups (for example, donation of reduce resource purchasing and allow for skills or surplus materials)? better coordination of local resources M-22 Management Is there clear evidence that a member of Review project file for a formal note of x CEEQUAL/ and Planning the Agency or Operator was identified appointment and records of meetings ENVISION as responsible for managing the where the role, responsibilities, and Stage 1 Second environmental and sustainability aspects authorities were clearly set out; study Draft of the project, and was the project reports from the appointed environmental role, responsibilities, and authorities for person during operations to confirm addressing the issues of sustainability achievement of sustainability goals and during operation clearly defined? objectives M-23 Has the Agency or Operator developed and Evaluate Environmental Training Plan and x Greenroads/ implemented an Environmental Training updates and a signed letter from the Agency’s INVEST Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects Plan that is customized to the project? representative stating that the Agency or Operator followed the plan as submitted and updated; evaluate whether the training resulted in a high level of compliance and accomplished sustainable actions M-24 Have the environmental opportunities Review evidence in a report on the x CEEQUAL for environmental enhancements and environmental opportunities, minutes of associated social issues been identified and project team meetings, and management clearly recorded during highway operation directive about enhancement integration and prioritized according to significance? M-25 Have sufficient resources been allocated for Review existing Monitoring Plan, site access ENVISION the monitoring and maintenance of the for designated persons, budget for long Stage 1 Second constructed works? term monitoring according to the plan, Draft and commitment that assures the budgeted resources will be available long term M-26 Is there an Asset Management System in Review evidence in a signed letter or document x Greenroads effect that includes the paved and unpaved from the Agency or Operator stating: roads? • a Pavement Management System is in place or will be put in place • Agency or Operator will manage the pavements and unpaved roads • means for accomplishing measuring road conditions, processing documented decision criteria for timing preservation actions, storage of database, and information display 77 (Continued ) 78 TABLE B.4. SUSTAINABLE ROAD OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Project Leadership M-27 Is there an Asset Management System in Review evidence in a signed letter from the x Greenroads effect that includes critical structural Agency or Operator stating: features on the project, such as bridges and • a Bridge Management System is in place drainage structures? or will be put in place • Agency or Operator will manage bridges and drainage structures • means for accomplishing measuring bridge and drainage structure conditions, processing documented decision criteria for timing preservation actions, storage of database, and information display M-28 Has the Agency or Operator done Ensure existence of a signed letter from the Greenroads performance tracking by integrating quality Agency or Operator stating that there is and pavement performance data using a a performance tracking system in place process that allows quality measurements that is operational and populated with the and long‐term pavement performance required data; obtain evidence in the field measurements to be spatially located and or in project file correlated to one another? M-29 Has a comprehensive environmental Review documentation in one of the following INVEST compliance tracking system been in the project file to ensure all formal designed and implemented to ensure commitments have been addressed: that commitments made during project • copies of databases, forms, lists, and development are tracked, fulfilled, and hold points used for environmental verified throughout operations and commitment tracking maintenance activities? • documentation of the ISO 14001:2004 certification • summary of system performance in a chart, table, or spreadsheet • progress towards the goal in a chart, table, or spreadsheet M-30 Does the Agency or Operator use a Review documentation in one of the x INVEST Maintenance Management System to following: inventory, assess, analyze, plan, program, • existence of a Maintenance Management implement, and monitor maintenance System activities to effectively and efficiently extend • documentation of features and elements the life of the system and improve the of a Maintenance Management System service, such as to roadside and facilities? Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Project Leadership M-31 Does the Agency or Operator have Review evidence in the Snow and Ice Control x INVEST/ an implemented plan to reduce the Plan, meeting minutes with interagency GreenLITES environmental impact of snow and ice control, stakeholders, photographs, and annual Operations such as reducing salt use, using an anti-icing reports on plan progress; assess monitoring program, conducting a training course on of water quality data or reports of nearby proper use of salt and chemicals, calibration surface waters; evaluate reductions in of equipment, reducing cost, and improving material (traction sand) collected from fuel efficiency by optimizing routes? highway ditches M-32 Does the Agency or Operator have a Obtain and review evidence in a written x INVEST program, committee, or task force that program and meeting minutes; assess reviews and establishes policies (including success of traffic controls by reduced training) regarding work zone traffic accidents and road closures control? Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects M-33 Does the Agency or Operator have a policy Review documentation in Code of Practice or x CEEQUAL or code of practice regarding considerate policy statement coupled with an assessment behavior with respect to neighbors? of results; assess neighborhood complaints and ensure code is in contractor training materials Natural World M-34 Land-Water- Has the Agency or Operator implemented Review project file for work plans and x GreenLITES Wildlife wildlife-vehicle reduction measures or accident logs of the number of wildlife Habitat maintained activities/projects that enhance killed before and after reduction measures habitat and reduce wildlife mortality? implemented; assess if a reduction in traffic accidents and road-kill occurred M-35 Is there a program in place (for the years Review specific Monitoring Plan or part of x CEEQUAL after project completion) for monitoring a more generic Maintenance Plan that the success of any management, habitat demonstrates monitoring is in place to creation or translocation and species ensure successful habitat improvements and conservation measures undertaken on site? mobility M-36 Has the Agency or Operator reduced or Review operational files to assess if hazardous x ENVISION eliminated potentially polluting substances material purchases have been reduced Stage 1 Second from the operation of the completed works? and replaced; review documents showing Draft replacements and/or reductions M-37 Have bridges and roadways been cleaned Review standard operating procedures GreenLITES/ consistent with good environmental and documentation in meeting notes GreenLITES practices avoiding fish spawning season, if with biologists in fish, wildlife, and Operations applicable, and considering bird nesting environmental agencies confirming that activities? cleaning schedules for bridges do not coincide with spawning and nesting seasons 79 (Continued ) 80 TABLE B.4. SUSTAINABLE ROAD OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural World M-38 Have opportunities to construct storm water Review standard operating procedures and x GreenLITES management facilities such as infiltration storm water best management plans to Operations basins, dry swales, and permanent stone assess use of infiltration based practices; check dams been assessed to improve water review inspection and assessment reports, quality? photographs, and storm water maintenance reports M-39 Have both large and small culverts and catch Review standard operating procedures and x GreenLITES basins undergone preventative maintenance maintenance documentation; assess if Operation and cleaning? practices prevented culvert plugging and overflow conditions; perform onsite inspection M-40 Does the crew use natural alternatives to Review documentation in diaries, landscaping x GreenLITES herbicides for invasive species control? records, and chemical composition reports Operations showing the use of vegetation barriers, planting weed suppressive vegetation or grasses, and use of a herbicide composed of naturally based ingredients or a hot foam system M-41 Has the Agency or Operator installed mowing Obtain evidence in before and after GreenLITES markers to protect natural areas and photographs, diaries, and invoices for wetlands? mowing markers or site specific standard operating procedures; perform onsite inspections to evaluate mowing distance from road and vegetative height M-42 Biodiversity Do crews establish/maintain wildflowers/ Review evidence in before and after x GreenLITES native species on the right of way including photographs, diaries, invoices for wildflower Operations hand pulling weed management? purchases, and standard operating procedures to verify actions performed Natural Resource Management M-43 Materials Has the Agency or Operator defined a sound Review Operator or Agency policies and x ENVISION and viable sustainable procurement plan? criteria for supplier identification via a Stage 1 Second formal written procurement plan; assess Draft that sustainable products are being purchased and used Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management M-44 Has the Agency or Operator purchased Percent by dollar Obtain and assess policies and criteria x ENVISION materials and supplies that are certified volume: for supplier identification, third party Stage 1 Second from sustainable sources by reputable, third >25% to <50% accreditation, bill of quantities to be Draft party accreditation and standard-setting >50% to <75% purchased, documentation of the weight, organizations? >75% and volume purchased M-45 Has the Agency or Operator made efforts Assess compliance to contract requirements ENVISION to identify any unresolved worker health made with suppliers and enforcement Stage 1 Second and safety or environmental violations of agencies regarding their health and safety Draft manufacturers or suppliers identified for violations the project? M-46 Are recycled products bought first, (whenever Review current procurement policy to x GreenLITES Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects possible) such as office paper, aggregate, glass, determine priority purchasing; inspect Operations rubber, wood related products, and so forth? evidence in invoices from local suppliers M-47 Are recycled materials used in erosion/ Review approved materials listing for erosion x GreenLITES sediment control for maintenance projects? control; review evidence in photographs, Operations inspection logs, and Maintenance Plan; review project Erosion Control Plans M-48 Has rubberizing crack and sealing of Portland Obtain evidence in construction documents x GreenLITES cement concrete pavement been done? and specifications, photographs and inspection reports M-49 For asphalt pavements, is crack sealing done Review maintenance logs documents and x GreenLITES using material with 50% recycled asphalt specifications, photographs, and inspection Operations content? reports M-50 Are single course overlays used? Evaluate evidence in construction documents x GreenLITES and specifications, photographs, and Operations inspection reports M-51 Are liquid asphalt treatments used to extend Assess evidence in construction documents, x GreenLITES the life cycle of the pavement surface? specifications, photographs, and inspection reports M-52 Is recycled asphalt used in pavements for Review evidence in the construction x GreenLITES repairs? documents and inspection reports Operations M-53 Is paving done using recycled asphalt? Review evidence in construction documents x GreenLITES and material specifications, photographs, and inspection reports (Continued ) 81 TABLE B.4. SUSTAINABLE ROAD OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CRITERIA (Continued ) 82 Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management M-54 Has mechanical snow fencing been installed to Review documentation in maintenance plans, x GreenLITES reduce the need for frequent snow plowing photographs, diaries, and invoices for snow Operations and road salt applied in areas where the fencing; evaluate if there was a reduction in wind carries snow onto the highway? road plowing maintenance costs and accidents M-55 Has living snow fencing, such as new plantings Review evidence in the amount of new x GreenLITES or agreements with local farmers asking landscape or tree planting, Maintenance Operations them to leave corn rows or similar tall Plan, inspection logs, letter exchanges with vegetation standing through the winter farmers; evaluate if there was a reduction months been used to reduce the need for in road plowing maintenance costs and frequent snow plowing? accidents M-56 Is all salt stored on top of an impervious Obtain documentation in photographs and GreenLITES surface and covered to protect it from site plans; review groundwater data if Operations precipitation and wind? available on presence of salt concentrations greater than background conditions M-57 Has a Chemical Storage Inventory (item Verify documentation in the inventory and GreenLITES description, quantity, container size, and past operational audit findings Operations expiration date as well as receiving date) been prepared for maintenance yard facilities? M-58 Reuse-Recycling Has previous subbase been reused in full- Review project files and assess if designs called x GreenLITES depth asphalt reconstruction projects? for full depth reconstruction reusing road base; evaluate construction documents, specifications, photographs, and inspection reports; review disposal document to verify sub base was not disposed of in landfill M-59 Has granite curbing been reused? Review evidence in construction documents, GreenLITES specifications, photographs, inspection reports, or via onsite observations M-60 Is in place recycling of pavements used? Assess documentation in the maintenance x GreenLITES documents, photographs, and maintenance Operations standard operating procedures M-61 Are spent asphalt and concrete products such Percent by volume Review calculations by adding up only x INVEST/ as millings recycled for other purposes? or weight: pavement binder and hot mix asphalt GreenLITES 10% and Portland cement concrete pavement Operations 20% materials; determine if in maintenance 30% standard operating procedures 40% Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper 50% Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management M-62 Are spent asphalt and concrete products such Percent by volume Review calculation by adding up all reused x INVEST as millings and structures reused within the or weight: materials; determine if in maintenance project limits? 50% standard operating procedures 60% 70% 80% 90% M-63 Are all materials (pavement binder, hot mix Percent by volume Review calculations by adding up pavement x INVEST/ asphalt, Portland cement concrete, rock or weight: binder, hot mix asphalt, Portland cement GreenLITES base layers concrete structures, signs and 20% concrete, rock base layers concrete Operations traffic control devices) recycled for other 30% structure, signs, and traffic control devices Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects purposes on project or made available for 40% reuse on other projects or by others, for 50% example, local Highway Departments? 60% M-64 Waste Is a “Zero Waste Strategy” used to allow only Review documentation in Maintenance Waste x GreenLITES Management those items to enter the waste stream (trash) Minimization Management Plan; review Operations that cannot be recycled or reused? disposal records of material being disposed M-65 Have bridges been cleaned consistent Review documentation in maintenance x GreenLITES with good environmental practices with plans, notes, photographs, and waste Operations sweepings, and have the debris been transportation transfer slips; determine if properly disposed of ? in routine maintenance standard operating procedures M-66 Has a high production vacuum paint removal Assess maintenance documentation in GreenLITES system been used to control paint particles maintenance manuals, invoices, operational while allowing the operation to proceed logs, and standard operating procedures for in a time efficient manner reducing road vacuum paint removal tool closures and detours? M-67 Are office and maintenance facility wastes Review Waste Management Plan, meeting x GreenLITES collected and recycled? minutes, and inspection records for offices; Operations review disposal records; evaluate recycle containers via onsite evaluation M-68 Are fluorescent light bulbs collected and Assess evidence in Waste Management Plan, x GreenLITES recycled? meeting minutes, and inspection records for Operations offices showing recycle receptacle locations; review disposal records; evaluate recycle containers via onsite evaluation (Continued ) 83 84 TABLE B.4. SUSTAINABLE ROAD OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management M-69 Does the Agency or Operator operate animal Documentation in Waste Management Plan, GreenLITES composting facility to dispose of road kill? maintenance logs, and disposal records detailing dead animal pick up; determine if included in standard operating procedures M-70 Energy Has the Agency engaged an independent Obtain and review evidence in commissioning x ENVISION entity to commission and oversee requirements in contract documents; study Stage 1 Second monitoring of the whole system or to the engagement contract with third party Draft periodically check the monitoring of the to commission and oversee monitoring the transportation project? project M-71 Have building and maintenance facilities been Verify via audit inspection documentation x GreenLITES audited routinely for energy usage? Operations M-72 Has the Agency or Operator reduced the Obtain and assess operational information x Greenroads fossil fuel requirements of maintenance in a signed letter from the Agency or and operation equipment by using biofuel Operator that describes fuel use reduction or biofuel blends as a replacement for fossil measures used, the percent reduction fuel? achieved, and a spreadsheet summarizing all receipts for all fuel used highlighting the associated biofuel blend M-73 Does the agency use hybrid/alternative fuel Review evidence in capital asset inventory of GreenLITES vehicles? vehicle fleet and calculations of fuel and cost savings quantified; perform onsite verification; review vehicle phase out plan M-74 Has the Agency or Operator reduced lifetime Percent reduction Assess documentation that demonstrates an x INVEST/ energy consumption of signal and lighting in KWh: energy reduction level such as in contract GreenLITES/ systems for roadways by replacing existing <10% documents and cut sheets compared to World Bank incandescent lights with LED lighting, >10% to <20% traditional lighting design induction lighting, or other new technology >20% to <30% that is Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) >40% to <50% listed for the intended use? >50% M-75 Has the Agency or Operator replaced Obtain evidence in before and after GreenLITES overhead sign lighting with higher type photographs, invoices for sign panels, reflective sign panels? maintenance logs, diaries, and energy savings Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management M-76 Does the Agency or Operator have a Review evidence in Renewable Energy Plan x INVEST documented plan that outlines how with current usage and projected usage for renewable energy will be procured for the next two years, copy of the monitoring operations and maintenance of facilities, system, and statement of renewable energy including roadway lighting, traffic control, goal rest areas, maintenance and operations facilities, and other Agency or Operator operated administration facilities? M-77 Is there a documented Fleet Management Review documentation in the Fleet x INVEST Plan that, as a minimum, describes the Management Plan that describes the Agency’s or Operator’s planned actions Agency’s or Operator’s planned actions Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects to reduce fossil fuel usage, transition to reduce fossil fuel usage, transition to to alternative fuels or energy sources, alternative fuels, efficiency improvements, increase overall fuel efficiency, and reduce and miles traveled reduction plus tracking vehicle miles traveled in operations and program and goal definition maintenance activities? M-78 Has the truck fleet been retrofitted with LED Review evidence in truck fleet maintenance GreenLITES lighting and battery upgrades to eliminate records the need for idling during work zone and other activities? M-79 Water Will the project integrate operational impact Review documentation of commissioning x ENVISION monitoring to mitigate negative impacts and monitoring authority requirements in Stage 1 Second and improve efficiency? the contract documents, signed agreement Draft with third party to monitor, installation of labeled submeters to check flows and leak detection systems, and written rationale as to how monitoring will improve efficiency and mitigate impacts M-80 Have washout threats been addressed such Obtain evidence in inspection reports, GreenLITES/ as those located along stream banks, steep diaries and before and after photographs GreenLITES slopes, ditches, and alongside bridges and that indicates successful erosion control Operations culverts using preventative maintenance, practices plants, and bio-engineered materials? (Continued ) 85 86 TABLE B.4. SUSTAINABLE ROAD OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CRITERIA (Continued ) Sub- Indicator Key # Category Category Criteria Measurement Measuring Success Indicator Reference Natural Resource Management M-81 Atmosphere Do bridge crews use dust-free concrete Evaluate maintenance documentation in x GreenLITES preparation tools to reduce impacts to the maintenance manuals, dust-free tool Operations environment by preventing dust? invoices, and diaries M-82 Are paving equipment and tools cleaned with Review evidence in construction documents, GreenLITES green cleaning products instead of diesel specifications, photographs, and inspection Operations and kerosene? reports; evaluate if green cleaning products are being used via onsite evaluation M-83 Have maintenance trucks and equipment Review evidence in truck fleet maintenance GreenLITES received air emissions retrofits to help records Operations improve air quality? M-84 Has the truck fleet been converted to liquid Obtain evidence in truck fleet maintenance x GreenLITES natural gas so as to run on a clean fuel? records and any clean fuel conversion plans M-85 Has noise from maintenance operations been Review documentation in community GreenLITES/ reduced such as through rescheduling complaint letters and meeting minutes; INVEST activities to lessen impacts on receptors? evaluate compliance to local noise regulations M-86 Will maintenance actions provide mitigation Obtain maintenance records to evaluate World Bank as a co-benefit by reducing greenhouse gas greenhouse gas reductions and landscaping emissions or enhancing absorption from the planning for carbon sequestration or other atmosphere? absorption methods M-87 Resilience Has maintenance actions reduced human and Evaluate programs or plans that detail asset World Bank natural system vulnerability by increasing evaluations and improvements in resilience adaptive capacity in assets? to climate change impacts M-88 Has the Agency or Operator developed an Obtain and evaluate documentation of a x INVEST Emergency Response Plan that enables system level assessment of potential hazards efficient recovery after extreme weather such as seismic events, relative rise in sea and geologic events such as snow and level, storm activity/intensity, temperature rainstorms, typhoons, earthquakes, and heat waves, precipitation events, stream tsunamis, and landslides? flow for current and future hazards, and the Emergency Response Plan Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper APPENDIX C ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES AND APPROACHES Many new road transportation technologies and approaches are A Sustainable Future for Transport, Towards an Integrated being developed in the area of transportation sustainability. This Technology Led and User Friendly System, European Commission is a new and exciting area and offers great potential to improve Directorate General for Energy and Transport, June 2009: transportation projects and systems, reduce costs, and create » Transporters Benefit from Integrated ITS Systems, such as green-sustainable projects. The development and implementation Navigation and Digital Tachographs of environmentally sustainable transportation technologies and » Fleet and Freight Management and Electronic Toll actions is dynamic, with a large focus on the effective management Payment of energy and environmental resources. This appendix presents » Toll Payments Automated, Eliminating the Need to Stop some representative examples of new transportation technologies at the Toll Gate that are being researched and implemented. See Table 3.1 and the » Vehicle Involvement in an Accident Sends its Precise Loca- bibliography in the main report for websites on new, environmen- tion, Obtained by Satellite Positioning via a Communica- tally sustainable technologies. tions Network, to an Emergency Center Mobility Alliance, Sustainable Transportation Solutions and » Real-time Traffic Information for Drivers Helps Fight Emerging Technologies I-15: Congestion and Reduce Bottlenecks » Automated Snow Plow Routing International Road Federation, International Road Federation » Biofuels-Based Pavements Innovative Practices for Greener Roads: » Carbon Nano Fiber Reinforced Cement Composite » Carbon-Neutral Roadways » 3M Diamond Grade DG³ Reflective Sheeting » Car Plug-in Stations » Mimar: Map for the Interpretation of the Environment » Design for Deconstruction Throughout the Road Network » Electric Vehicles » Greener Roads Through New Mixing and Compaction » Emerging Highway Technologies Technologies » Glass Highways » Delivering Sustainable Outcomes » Glass Materials in Highways » Achieving Innovation for Sustainable Roads » Green Cement » Marketing Environmentally Sound Road Marking Prod- » Heated Bridge Decks ucts that Enhance Safety » Hydrogen Highways » The Caterpillar D7E Tractor » Improvements to Reduce Rolling Resistance for » Developing Silent, Natural, Low Temperature, Recycled Pavements Road Products and Techniques » Inherently Low Emission Vehicles » Promoting the Widespread Use of VALORCOL » ITS Technologies for Traffic Management » Reduction of Road Noise with Crumb Rubber Modified » ITS Technology for Vehicular Spacing and Speed Asphalt (IntelliDrive) » Maximizing Sustainability in Concrete Road Construction » Maglev » Creating New Methods and Materials for 21st Century » Natural Gas and/or Biofuel Fueling Stations Roads » Online Electric Vehicle » The IRF Greenhouse Gas Calculator » Pavement Heat Exchangers » Intelligent Electronic Road User Charging Systems » Photocatalytic Concrete » Michelin Fleet Solutions » Plug-in Hybrids » Assessing Storm Water Runoff into Sensitive Receiving » Resin-Based Pavement Areas » Solar Highway Energy Generation » Road Energy Systems Thermal Energy Asphalt Pavements » Solar Power Pavement Markings and Signs » Highway Sustainability Checklist » Solar and Wind Power Generators » Building Green Infrastructures » Sustainable Rest Areas » Delivering The Right Highways Using the Right Materials Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 87 » Eco-Design of LED Traffic Lights and Variable Message The Victoria Transport Policy Institute: Signs » Strategies to Achieve Specific Objectives » Keeping Runoff Pollutants out of Long Island Sound » Best Strategies for Various Organizations and Stakeholder » Amphibian Rescue Fences Groups » Combining Human Factors with Intelligent Transport Systems » TDM Strategies L Street Light Research Project » Improved Transport Options Remaking Cities Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September » Parking and Land Use Management 2011: » Policy and Institutional Reforms » TDM Programs and Program Support » LED Street Lighting » Street Lighting Standards NCHRP Report 577 Guidelines for the Selection of Snow and » Street Lighting Conditions Ice Control Materials to Mitigate Environmental Impact: » Business District Typologies » Snow and Ice Control Operational and Performance » Dimensions of Nighttime Vision Considerations » Lighting the Public Right-of-Way: Considerations » Products Used and Properties » Sustainable Street Lighting Concepts » Chloride Salts » Business District Focus Group Analysis » Organic Products » Measuring and Evaluating LED Street Light Installations » Sand or Abrasives » Case Study Measurements » Storage Transportation Research Board Technical Journals: » Solid Snow and Ice Control Materials » Travel Behavior » Liquid Snow and Ice Control Materials » Social, Environmental, and Economic Sustainability » Sand or Abrasives » Concrete Materials » Handling and Application Methods » Developing Countries » Agency Survey—Current and Future Status of Use in the » Hazardous Waste United States and Canada » Energy and Global Climate Change » Product Use and Methods of Application » Current Practices in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Savings » Natural Environment Concerns from Transit » Corrosion Concerns » Bituminous Materials and Mixtures » Purchasing Issues » Geomaterials » Application Strategies » Maintenance Services and Surface Weather » Anti-Icing » Deicing AASHTO Above and Beyond: » Prewetting » Planning and Designing Transportation to Fit the Com- » Dry Abrasive and Chemical Mixes munity » Abrasive Use » Transportation and Land Use to Promote Sustainable » Stockpile Treatment Communities » Application Strategy Studies » Enhancing Quality of Life by Promoting Walking and » Materials Loading Biking » Product Selection » On the Road to Cleaner Air and Water Quality and » Application Amounts Wetlands » Strategy Selection » Preserving Wildlife and Ecosystems for Future » Framework for Protection of Environmental Systems Generations Federal Highway Administration, Flexibility in Highway » Building Bridges to America’s Past Design, FHWA-PD-97-062: » Recycling—Transportation Agencies “Go Green” Beauti- fying America’s Roadsides » Overview of the Highway Planning and Development Process » Sound Solutions Keep Down the Noise » Highway Design Standards » Functional Classification University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research » Design Controls Center: » Horizontal and Vertical Alignment » Accessible Pedestrian Signals » Cross-Section Elements » Red-Light Cameras » Bridges and Other Major Structures » Road Diets » Intersections » Roundabouts Pavement: » Speed Management » Traffic Data » Tire Rubber Asphalt » Traffic Calming » Recycled Materials in Stabilized Base 88 Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper » Recycled Materials in Embankment or Fill Greenhouse Gas » Recycled Materials in Granular Base » Construction CO2e Measurement Protocol (European » Recyled Materials in Portland Cement Concrete Network of Construction Companies for Research and Pavement Development) http://www.ghgprotocol.org/ENCORD » Recyled Materials in Asphalt Concrete Pavement -guidance-for-construction-companies » Recycled Concrete Pavement » Carbon calculator for construction activities (United King » Crushed Concrete Aggregate dom Environment Agency) http://www.environment- » Hot-In Place Asphalt tools.co.uk/directory/tool/uri/%2Fgroups%2Flcf/name » Foundry Sand in Subbase Layers /carbon-calculator-for-construction-activities/id/482 » Recycled Materials in Flowable Fill » PE-2 Transportation infrastructure greenhouse gas estima- » Porous Asphalt Pavements tor (Michigan Technological University) http://www » DS-328 Polymer: Cement Adhesive .construction.mtu.edu/cass_reports/webpage/ » Soil-Cement » Road construction emissions model (Sacramento Metropol- » Ecological Bricks itan Air Quality District) http://www.airquality.org/ceqa/ Improving Environmental Sustainability in Road Projects 89 E N V I R O N M E N T A N D N AT U R A L R E S O U R C E S G LO B A L P R A C T I C E D I S C U S S I O N PA P E R 02 W O R L D B A N K G R O U P R E P O R T N U M B E R 93903-LAC 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20433 USA Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org/environment