Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN - APPRAISAL DRAFT, NOVEMBER 2004 - VOLUME 1: INTRODUCTION AND CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES VOLUME 2: NAKAI PLATEAU ­ EMDP AND RAP VOLUME 3: DOWNSTREAM AREAS ­ EMDP AND RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION FRAMEWORK VOLUME 4: PROJECT LANDS RESETTLEMENT (ACQUISITION AND COMPENSATION) FRAMEWORK Preface This document is the Appraisal Draft (November 2004) of the Social Development Plan. This Appraisal draft supersedes the earlier Advanced Draft of May/July 2004. It has been drafted to incorporate as mush as possible the comments and advice from World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Agence Française de Développement and the NT2 Project Panel of Experts. This draft will be used as a basis for Appraisal by the IFI's. Comments arising from this Appraisal, and any remaining comments of other stakeholders, will then be thoroughly reviewed and as appropriate, incorporated into the final SDP. This Social Development Plan is drafted in four volumes. The present volume is the third, and includes the Downstream Areas - EMDP and Resettlement and Compensation Framework.. For further description of the four volumes, see Chapter 1. Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN - APPRAISAL DRAFT, NOVEMBER 2004 - Summary Table of Content VOLUME 1: INTRODUCTION AND CROSS CUTTING ISSUES Vol. 1 Chapters: 1 Introduction 2 Project Description 3 Legal and Policy Framework 4 Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure 5 Health Impact Assessment and Public Health Action Plan 6 Organisational Framework and Responsibilities 7 Institutional Capacity Building and Staff Training 8 Risk Management Framework, Monitoring and Evaluation 9 EMDP Executive Sumamry Appendices: A Concession Agreement (Schedule 4, Part 1, Social and Resettlement Component and Schedule 7, Part 2, Termination Obligations) B Relevant Safeguard Policies of IFIs (WB and ADB) C National Legal and Policy Documents D Legal Instruments specific to the NT2 Project (Social Component) E IAG and POE Comments on the SDP F National Public Consultation Workshop G Bibliography VOLUME 2: NAKAI PLATEAU ­ EMDP AND RAP VOL. 2 PART 1: INTRODUCTION 10 Geographical Framework, Description of Impacts and Entitlements 11 Baseline Data ­ Nakai Plateau VOL. 2 PART 2: ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE NAKAI PLATEAU 12 Ethnicity and Project Planning 13 EMDP Baseline Data 14 Participation 15 Mitigation Measures 16 Institutional Arrangements and Capacity 17 Monitoring and Evaluation 18 Scheduling and Financing VOL. 2 PART 3: RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN FOR THE NAKAI PLATEAU 19 Resettlement Site Selection and Land Tenure 20 Resettlement Infrastructure Development 21 Agriculture and Livestock Development 22 Irrigation System Planning 23 Forestry Management and Utilisation, Nakai Resettlement Area 24 Nakai Reservoir Fisheries Development and Management 25 Livelihood Integration and Income Scenarios ­ Transition to Stability 26 Social Development and Community Strengthening 27 Consolidated Schedule of Plateau Resettlement Activities 28 Summary of Plateau/Reservoir Resettlement Budget Appendices: H Nakai Plateau Notification, Registration, Socio-economic Survey I Demonstration Farms J Pilot Village Experience K Agriculture and Livestock Development Modeling L Nakai Plateau Forestry Background Documents M Khamkerd Resettlement Village Site Planning VOLUME 3: DOWNSTREAM AREAS ­ EMDP AND RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION FRAMEWORK VOL. 3 PART 1: INTRODUCTION 29 Introduction and Executive Summary 30 Baseline Data 31 Description of Environmental Impacts 32 Description of Livelihood Impacts VOL. 3 PART 2: ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN 33 Ethnicity and Project Planning 34 Livelihoods and Ethnicity 35 Local Consultation and Participation 36 Mitigation Process Framework 37 Institutional Arrangements and Capacity 38 Monitoring and Evaluation 39 Scheduling and Financing VOL. 3 PART 3: MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION FRAMEWORK 40 Mitigation and Compensation Programme 41 Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures Appendices: N Xe Bangfai Socio-economic Survey (2001) VOLUME 4: PROJECT LANDS ­ RESETTLEMENT (ACQUISITION AND COMPENSATION) FRAMEWORK 42 Introduction 43 Preparation of Project Land Resettlement (Acquisition and Compensation) Plan 44 Camp Followers Management Plan Appendices: O Report on Baseline Study Phase 1, Methodology P Impacted Villages, Land and Assets Assessed to Date Q Preliminary Ethnic Minority Baseline Data and Analysis Chapter 29: Introduction CHAPTER 29 INTRODUCTION Table of Content 29 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................1 29.1 BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................................1 29.2 ISSUES ..........................................................................................................................2 29.3 IMPACTS .......................................................................................................................3 29.4 ADMINISTRATIVE AND DEMOGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK...................................................6 29.4.1 Provinces and Districts...................................................................................................................................6 29.4.2 Zonation...........................................................................................................................................................6 29.4.3 Populations of PAP ........................................................................................................................................6 29.5 DOWNSTREAM RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK...............................................................8 29.5.1 Mitigation or Compensation..........................................................................................................................8 29.5.2 Requirement for Framework........................................................................................................................8 29.5.3 Screening Procedures for Component Sections of the XBF Villages......................................................9 29.5.4 Principles and Objectives of Design, Preparation And Implementation; .............................................10 29.5.5 Legal Framework...........................................................................................................................................10 29.5.6 Likely Scope, Extent and Magnitude of the Resettlement Effects.........................................................10 29.5.7 Eligibility Criteria ..........................................................................................................................................11 29.5.8 Resettlement Entitlements Procedures for Delivery Of Entitlements ..................................................11 29.5.9 Assessment of Compensation needs..........................................................................................................11 29.5.10 Process For Preparing and Approving Resettlement Plans.....................................................................12 29.5.11 Mechanisms for Consultations and Participation;....................................................................................12 29.5.12 Linking Resettlement Implementation with Civil Works; .......................................................................13 29.5.13 Grievance Redress Mechanism ...................................................................................................................13 29.5.14 Monitoring of Outcomes.............................................................................................................................13 29.5.15 Capacity Strengthening of Executing Agency...........................................................................................13 List of Tables Table 29-1: Summary of the probable Environment and Social (Livelihood) Impacts of the NT2 Project in and along the Xe Bangfai. ............................................................................................. 5 Table 29-2: Population of XBF Mainstream villages, and Hinterland fishers, by District......................... 6 Table 29-3: Population of XBF Mainstream vilages, and Hinterland fishers, by Zone.............................. 6 List of Figures Figure 29-1: Provincial and District Administrative Boundaries and NT2 Xe Bangfai Zones................... 7 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 29: Introduction 29 INTRODUCTION This chapter provides an introduction to Volume 3, presenting the main features of the NT2 Project and and a summary of the environmental and social impacts on the Downstream Areas. It also provides a brief analysis as to how this Volume addresses relevant World Bank and Asian Development Bank policies and guidelines. 29.1 BACKGROUND The Nam Theun 2 Project will impound waters of the Nam Theun river ('nam' meaning river in middle and northern Lao) just below the Nakai plateau. The waters will them be diverted from the Nam Theun river basin to the Xe Bangfai river basin via a tunnel in the Phu Ark mountain. These waters will pass thru electricity generating turbines into a regulating pond at the foot of Phu Ark mountain, after which regulated flows (of about 220 cumecs on average, with maximum of up to 330 cumecs) will be released into a 27km long downstream channel which flows, via the Nam Phit, directly to the Xe Bangfai river, entering about 9.5 km upstream from Mahaxai town, and 159 km upstream from the confluence with the Mekong river. (See Chapter 2 for a full project description). The downstream areas whose livelihoods may be impacted by these changes in hydrological regimes and water quality are: The Nam Theun river The Nam Phit and Nam Kathang; The Xe Bangfai, mainstream and hinterland villages XBF The Xe Bangfai river ('Xe' meaning river in southern Lao) is 386 km long from its source on the border between Laos and Vietnam to its confluence with the Mekong river, on the border between Laos and Thailand. The total area of its watershed is about 9,562 km2, of which 4,253 km2 are above the confluence of the downstream channel and about 5,309 km2 below the confluence. A total of 89 villages are located on the section of the Xe Bangfai river (and the Xe Noy tributary) that will be affected in some way by the NT2 project, although 18 of these villages will experience backwater affects only. In addition, there are about 69 non mainstream villages (hinterland villages) in which some of the households travel to the Xe Bangfai river to catch fish or collect aquatic products. That is, in the case of the non mainstream villages, the impacts will only be on those households who may from time to time fish in the Xe Bangfai (see Chapter 30 and 32). Nam Phit and Nam Kathang Water from the Nakai Reservoir will be let into the Xe Bangfai via mainly the Downstream Channel, which is partly embedded in Nam Phit (see Chapter 30 and Figure 30-2). A small amount of water (similar to the current, naturally flowing water) will be let through Nam Kathang as the supply of this river is cut off by the Downstream Channel. Nam Theun The area downstream the Nakai dam will be impacted by the reduced flow in the Nam Theun, since discharge will be limited to the minimum Riparian Release of 2 m3/s on the stretch between the dam and the Nam Phao tributary. There are no permanent settlements or established villages along this reach of the river, but some household (around 250) from nearby villages occasionally use this reach for their fishing activity. The change in the discharge regime due to the transferral of waters from the Nam Theun river has prompted various environmental and socioeconomic studies to be undertaken, which include the followings: · A study on effects of natural flooding on riparian villages, undertaken by GOL and NTPC in 1998; · A socio-economic, fisheries and health survey of 80 mainstream villages, conducted in 2001 by the GOL and NTPC; November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 29: Introduction · the ongoing fisheries CPUE study, commenced in 2002; · A survey in 2003-2004 of the domestic water sources of mainstream villages; · A survey in 2004 of gardens growing on the sloping banks of the Xe Bangfai ; · A preliminary survey in 2004 on the Xe Bangfai fishing households in hinterland villages; and · A preliminary survey in 2004 of fixed (and cultural) assets within 20 m of either side of the river bank. These surveys and studies have provided valuable baseline data on which the NT2 Project has developed a Xe Bangfai programs to mitigate and compensate for the predicted negative impacts that will follow the release of the NT2 waters into the XBF, to fully consult with and involve those people who may be affected and to facilitate the development of the region as a whole. This program (or framework) has the following main components; (i) Incorporation of engineering design features to minimize environmental impacts, such as the intake channel, which will withdraw preferentially water from the oxygenated epilimnion in the dry season; the regulating pond (avoiding most variable flows into the XBF which would otherwise have resulted from the peak load operation of the powerhouse), the downstream channel (avoiding discharge into a small watercourse), the aeration weir in the downstream channel and the riverbank protection at the confluence of the downstream channel and the Xe Bangfai. (ii) The conduct of studies, and surveys in order to define current livelihood that may be impacted and predict the type of level of impacts. (iii) The mitigation in and along the XBF itself, where (a) selected sections of the riverbank will be protected against erosion, (b) village water supplies will be improved, if required, and (c) resolution of the problem of decreased dry season river crossing due to increased dry season flows. (iv) The livelihood compensation program, whereby all and any negative impacts on villagers socio- economy - mainly in fisheries and riverbank gardens - will be compensated, although the exact method of compensation, and the compensation options implemented will be depend on the on going consultations with affected villagers. This compensation program will be fully coordinated with the planned Xe Bangfai development program. (v) The conduct of on-going consultations in which (a) villagers are fully informed of predicted impacts and their rights to compensation, (b) villagers are encouraged to voice their concerns and forward proposals for mitigation and compensation approaches and activities, and (c) the villagers are fully involved in pilot compensation implementation and then the monitoring of impacts. (vi) The participatory monitoring program in which villagers work with GOL and NTPC to observe and measure the environmental impacts of the Project and any resultant socio-economic impacts, and adjust the compensation and development program accordingly. 29.2 ISSUES The main issues which have been investigated and considered in the development of mitigation and compensation strategies and plans in relation to the probable impacts in and along the Xe Bangfai river, as a result of the NT2 projects flows into that river, include the following: 1. The Identification of affected villages and estimation of the population of those villages; 2. An understanding the current villager livelihoods and income that may be impacted; 3. A prediction now of the potential project impact on these incomes and livelihoods, which will vary depending on the zone or location along the river; 4. Measurement, post-COD, of the actual project impact on these incomes and livelihoods; and 5. Developing consensus with regard to (a) the type of compensation options and then estimation of the cost of compensation, and (b) the process and scheduling of the compensation program. Based on the need to address these impacts and issues, the NT2 Projects mitigation and compensation strategy has taken the following approaches to key issues; · The delimitation of Project Affected People (PAP) and Project Affected Villages (PAVs) as being those households and persons living along the XBF mainstream, from just upstream of the junction of the downstream channel and the XBF, to the Mekong River, plus some villages along November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 29: Introduction the lower reaches of the Xe Noy. For fisheries impacts, the population of PAP also includes those villagers who live somewhat distant from the XBF mainstream (hinterland villages) but who may go to the XBF to catch fish or gather aquatic products, plus Nam Theun hinterland villages (downstream the Nakai Dam) · The delimitation of zones along the Downstream Areas, based on river morphology, hydrology and distance from the downstream channel confluence, zones which may experience differential impacts as for example impact is expected to decrease in the Lower Xe Bangfai area. · Notwithstanding the fact that the NTPC is responsible only for compensating negative impacts caused by the Project, it will still be fully engaged to ensure its compensation activities are integrated with the GoLs rural development and poverty alleviation programs in the area. · The actual compensation program will depend largely on community consensus. While the Project favours the development of direct alternatives to impacted livelihoods, such as 'fish for fish' and 'gardens for gardens', some communities may request support for some type of irrigation, generally for integrated cropping and fish farming, which as both these activities require the pumping of water, should be able to be compromised. In any case, consultations will reveal the full range of villager preferred options for compensation linked to their socio-economic development perspectives · The NT2 Project will develop detailed compensation plans and implementation schedules prior to COD, based on the best predicted impacts. While some of the programs will be implemented fully prior to COD, and some will be implemented at pilot scale. These plans for post COD activities will be designed so that they can be scaled up or down to respond to the actual impact situation. 29.3 IMPACTS Xe Bangfai The release of reservoir waters into the Xe Bangfai River will result in the river progressively modifying its geomorphology and ecosystem. Thus, the riparian population will have to adapt and modify livelihood which may be impacted by these increased water flows (an average of 220 m3/s to 330 m3/s will be added to current Xe Bangfai River flow, which is 13 m3/s on a monthly average in April and 920 on a monthly average in August) and modification of water quality. The NT2 Project will have both positive and negative impacts on: · Riverside gardens: There will be some losses of riverbank gardens because of higher water levels (+ 5 m in dry season and + 1.5 m in wet season at Mahaxai) and some erosion of the riverbanks in the upper reaches, in the early years. · Riverside assets: There may be losses of some riverside buildings due to the predicted erosion ­ due to the clear NT2 waters picking up sediment from the river banks, and to the weekly fluctuations. Erosion may be up to 20 m in some early stretches in the upper section, below downstream channel junction, although over what time frame is unknown. · Fisheries: There will be a decrease of fish catch (and aquatic product collection) due to (a) modification of habitat as a result of increased dry season and some sedimentation of habitats; (b) possible effects of water quality in the early years, and (c) more difficult fishing in the higher/faster waters. In terms of biodiversity, while there are no endemic fish species in the Xe Bangfai River, some species may be extirpated and others may flourish. · Domestic water: While poor water quality in the early years (as the reservoir eutrophication stabilises) may result in the inability to use Xe Bangfai waters for domestic uses, higher ground water will make it easier and more reliable to extract well water. In the long run, it is anticipated that reservoir waters and downstream releases will be of reasonable quality. · Irrigation: Though modified water flow may require some modification to the flexible pump-to- supply connections, the overwhelming positive benefit will be the considerably more water during dry season, allowing (a) more reliable dry season irrigation with (b) cheaper pumping cost (savings of 28% in upper section and of 15% in mid-lower sections). · Access and Transportation: Higher water will make dry season river crossing more difficult, but will improve boat navigation along the river. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 29: Introduction Nam Phit The impacts on the Nam Phit are due to the fact that for much of its length it will be incorporated into the downstream channel. Impacts will include; · The upstream of the Nam Phit being isolated, and thus cut off by the Channel, in terms of fish migration, although there may be backwater effect that could provide a habitat for surviving fish species. · The velocity of water, 4.0 m/s in the upstream lined section and at 2.3 m/s in the downstream unlined section, will be too high for most of fish species to maintain a habitat or migrate. A more comprehensive summary of the probable environment and social (livelihood) impacts of the NT2 Project in and along the Xe Bangfai are presented in Table 29-1 and presented in Chapters 31 and 32. Nam Kathang Impacts of the Project on the Nam Kathang are expected to be very limited, mostly due to the conservation of the hydrologic pattern of the river and the water quality improvement of the water released from the regulating dam through the aerating device ("hydraulic jump"). The water may however no longer be suitable for domestic use, and this impact will be compensated through the construction of open wells or tube wells. Nam Theun Environmental impacts on the stretch of the river comprised between the Nakai Dam and the first main tributary ­ the Nam Phao ­ will be quite significant. It is assumed that most of the current fish population will disappear, due to the changes in hydrology and hence in natural habitats. However, the social impact should remain very limited in this area, since few hinterland villages use the affected stretch for fishing. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 29: Introduction Table 29-1: Summary of the probable Environment and Social (Livelihood) Impacts of the NT2 Project in and along the Xe Bangfai. Environmental Impact - Water Quality Environmental Impact - Hydraulics Elevation change (Sunday drawdown, Increased Livelihood Impacts Sediment load O2 T° Bacteria Other Velocity Absolute elevation Monday drawup) flow 1. Fish and aquatic life - - - + - - - + (biodiversity Impact) (sediments from (low O2 level in ( turbined water 3 - (organic debris = (change of habitats in (loss of rapids in the (potential spawning (larger water erosion filling up the middle XBF : 4°C colder than increase food the dry season) dry season) areas exposed by body) habitats) 3 to 4 mg/l) XBF in April ) availability) Sunday drawdown) 2. Fish and aquatic - - - - products catches (organic debris may (fishing more difficult (larger water column, (risk of stranded gillnets or clog gillnets) in fast flowing waters less concentration of hooks ) in the dry season) fish ) 3. Availability of water + for irrigation 4. Irrigation pumping - - - installation (erosion of supply (erosion of supply (management of pipe footing) pipe footing) pumping barges) 5. Pumping cost + (decrease pumping cost 6. Domestic water - - - + (risk of turbid water) (contamination (risk of toxic construction) compounds 7. Groundwater + availability (higher water table 8. Riverbank gardens - - (bank (inundation of the erosion/slumping ) lower gardens) 9. Riverside assets - - - (erosion) (erosion) (erosion) 10. River navigation - + - rapids easier to pass 11. River crossing - - - - 12. Safety (drownings) - - - November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 29.4 ADMINISTRATIVE AND DEMOGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK 29.4.1 Provinces and Districts The Xe Bangfai flows mainly through Khammouane Province in the central Lao PDR, and in its lower reaches forms the border between Khammouane and Savannakhet Provinces. In Khammouane Province, the Upper Xe Bangfai originates in Boualapha District before flowing into Mahaxai District, the first District in relation to NT2 Project impacts. Tributaries in the region flow to the Xe Bangfai from Gnommalat and Xaibouathong Districts. The river then flows through Xe Bangfai District before entering the Lower Xe Bangfai flood plain, in which it forms the southern border of Nongbok District, Khammouane Province, and the northern border of Xaybouli District, Savannakhet Province. 29.4.2 Zonation As impacts of the NT2 Project are expected to decrease progressively downstream of the Xe Bangfai and downstream channel confluence, and because of the different natural topography of the impacted areas along the Xe Bangfai, the NT2 Project has disaggregated sectors or zones of the Xe Bangfai, as follows: Upstream of Upper XBF: The area above the confluence of the downstream channel and the Xe Bangfai, which will experience backwater affect. Upper Xe Bangfai: The area below the confluence of the downstream channel and the Xe Bangfai, down to the Phu Soy range which presents a certain physical barrier. Middle Xe Bangfai: That area below the Phu Soy range until the start of the Xe Bangfai flood plan, just below the Road 13 Bridge. Lower Xe Bangfai: The natural flood plain of the Xe Bangfai, which is influenced by Mekong river backwater. Figure 29-1 illustrates the distribution of districts within which the Xe Bangfai flows, and the identification of the four zones along the Xe Bangfai in relation to the NT2 project. 29.4.3 Populations of PAP Data on the populations along the mainstream XBF which are likely to be affected in some way by the NT2 Project, and hinterland village fishers is detailed in Chapter 30 and summarised in Table 29-2 and Table 29-3 below, grouped according to both administrative (District) and impact zones, respectively. Table 29-2: Population of XBF Mainstream villages, and Hinterland fishers, by District Mainstream PAVs/PAPs Hinterland fishers only Villages HH Persons Villages HH 1 Persons 1 Mahaxai 21 1,215 6,494 8 113 211 2 XBF 16 1,503 7,867 19 637 1,128 3 Nongbok 20 1,915 10,677 18 251 411 4 Xaybouli 32 2,463 15,563 21 707 1,606 Total 89 7,096 40,601 66 1,708 3,356 Table 29-3: Population of XBF Mainstream vilages, and Hinterland fishers, by Zone Mainstream PAVs/PAPs Hinterland fishers Villages HH Persons Villages HH 2 Persons 1 Upstream of DC 12 537 1,768 0 0 0 2 Upper XBF 12 852 5,509 10 132 252 3 Middle XBF 12 704 3,886 17 550 958 4 Lower XBF 53 5,003 29,438 39 1,026 2,146 Total 89 7,096 40,601 66 1,708 3,356 On the Nam Phit/Houay Khama, 1,372 fisher households have been identified as possibly affected by the project, while on the Nam Theun, this figure is estimated at 250 households. 1Estimates only. Verification planned for October 2004. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Figure 29-1: Provincial and District Administrative Boundaries and NT2 Xe Bangfai Zones. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 29.5 DOWNSTREAM RESETTLEMENT FRAMEWORK 29.5.1 Mitigation or Compensation In the analysis and development of the strategy for the Xe Bangfai, the following distinction has been made between mitigation actions, which aim to avoid or lessen the occurrence of environment impacts, and address physical impacts that still do occur, while compensation aims to address livelihood impacts which are unavoidable, as explained below. 29.5.1.1 Definition of Mitigation Mitigation refers to two aspects. Firstly, it refers to engineering design features that are incorporated into project constructed in order to avoid or lessen the environmental impact, which would otherwise occur due to the increased discharge in the Xe Bangfai from the NT2 project. Such proactive investments in engineering designs and structures include; · clearance of biomass in the reservoir; · operation of a regulating pond; · construction of a (27km long) downstream channel; · operation of an aeration wire (in the downstream channel); and · protection of confluence of the downstream Channel and the Xe Bangfai. In addition to design engineering features of the NT2 project, mitigation also refers to physical mitigation of impacts that still occur, such as: · river bank protection; · relocation of buildings, if required; · protection of irrigation supply pipe footings, if required; and · improvement of (non XBF based) village water supplies. 29.5.1.2 Definition of Compensation Compensation relates to assistance to be provided to PAPs and/or PAVs for any negative socio-economic impact caused by the change in Xe Bangfai flows and water quality due to the NT2 Project. Thus, compensation will be applicable to impacts such as · reduction in mainstream fisheries catch; · inability to establish or erosion of riverbank gardens; · difficulties in dry season crossing of the XBF river. The level of actual compensation required will be confirmed before project commissioning and actually assessed regularly after project commissioning. As a general rule, the type of compensation to be given will be identified by community review and consensus, on a household by household basis for riverbank gardens and on a village by village basis for fisheries and crossing of the Xe Bangfai. In terms of restoration in kind or in amount, it may be that the villagers want fish for fish (in which case fish ponds and fish in rice fields would be the option), or gardens for gardens, (in which case irrigated gardens would be the option), or they may opt for production of another commodity of equivalent actual or imputed income to the lost fish or gardens, such as irrigated rice fields, and the raising of small and large animals. Such options will be considered provided these are the reasonably cost-effective and technically feasible and sustainable. 29.5.2 Requirement for Framework The villages will de affected by the project differently, in terms of: i. type of effect; and ii. extent of effect In addition, the effect will be felt only after project starts of operation in 2009 - and thus there is approximately five years available for a compensation and mitigation program to be planned and implemented. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 The probable environment and social (livelihood) impacts of the NT2 Project in the downstream areas are presented in Chapters 31 and 32. Thus, a framework has been developed at this stage and presented for appraisal. However, following appraisal a series of resettlement action plans (in the form of resettlement compensation agreements) would be submitted to the GOL and the Banks as the project moves into its detailed planning and construction phase. Consequently, this XBF framework addresses the following issues consistent with the Banks policies: (i) screening procedures for component sections of the XBF villages (ii) principles and objectives governing resettlement design, preparation and implementation; (iii) the legal framework reviewing the fit between borrower laws and regulations and Bank policy requirements and measures proposed to bridge any gaps between them; (iv) the likely scope, extent, and magnitude of the resettlement effects; (v) eligibility criteria for defining categories of displaced persons; (vi) methods of valuing affected assets (vii)resettlement entitlements (viii)organizational procedures for delivery of entitlements, (ix) a description of the process for preparing and approving resettlement plans; (x) a description of mechanisms for consultations with, and participation of, displaced persons in planning, implementation, and monitoring; and (xi) a description of the implementation process, linking resettlement implementation to civil works; (xii)a description of grievance redress mechanisms; (xiii)arrangements for monitoring ( and evaluation) (xiv)provisions for strengthening the capacity of the relevant executing agency 29.5.3 Screening Procedures for Component Sections of the XBF Villages The ADB policy requires a full resettlement plan for "significant" involuntary resettlement, which is defined as occurring when 200 or more people experiencing major impacts, which are defined as: (i) being physically displaced from housing, or (ii) losing 10% or more of their productive assets (income generating). In the case of the downstream impacted areas of the Nam Theun 2 project, the various impact zones do include more than 200 persons; In terms of the significance of the impacts for income, chapter 30 and 32 presents baseline data of current incomes, and a summary of the significance is presented below: (a) The fisheries income from those currently fishing in the Nam Theun, from the Dam to the Theun Hinboun head pond is unlikely to constitute more than 10 % of these fishers income; (b) The fisheries income from those currently fishing in the Nam Phit is likely to be more than 10 % of total income for a significant portion of these fishers; (c) The fisheries and gardens impacts on incomes on Xe Bangfai villages, will be more than 10 % for a significant number of these villages; (d) Relocation of housing may be required in the upper XBF, where erosion affect will be most pronounced and for planning purposes it is estimated that up to 226 houses or private assets and 6 community owned buildings may need to be relocated; (e) The fisheries income from those hinterland villages fishing in the Xe Bangfai likely not be more than 10 % of total income for most of the fishers, but it may be for some. Thus, it is anticipated that a series of resettlement compensation agreements will be prepared for all sections of the mainstream villages affected by the project. It has also been recognised that villages further away (hinterland villages) are also presently benefiting from fish and aquatic life in the river. For the hinterland villages it is proposed that a series of shorter resettlement compensation agreements will satisfy the intent of the IFI policy. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 29.5.4 Principles and Objectives of Design, Preparation And Implementation; The program is developed following the main World Bank and ADB Policy Objectives which require; Involuntary resettlement avoided and minimized; resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs; Sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits; Displaced persons meaningfully consulted and have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs; Displaced persons should be assisted restore livelihoods to pre-displacement levels; emphasis on economic rehabilitation restoration of livelihoods. In addition, GOL Policies have been taken into account, especially the National Resettlement Policy and Guideline, 2003, which specifies that Lao people have basic rights to receive compensation for land withdrawn by the State is paramount. Thus Resettlement Policy aims to: · help integrate social dimensions in development projects; · address measures to mitigate adverse social impacts, in a particular focus on vulnerable groups; and · have a comprehensive approach to address social issues in development projects. 29.5.5 Legal Framework The legal framework of the social and resettlement components of the NT2 Project include both national level legal instruments, and project specific instruments, including (a) the Resettlement Policy of 2002 (b) the Concession Agreement of 2002 This is explained in full in Chapter 3 of Volume 1 29.5.6 Likely Scope, Extent and Magnitude of the Resettlement Effects The environmental impacts of the NT2 Project on the Xe Bangfai River will have a range of both positive and negative impacts on the riparian communities and their livelihoods. These impacts can be usefully divided into two categories, as follows: Physical impacts · erosion threatening riverside assets such as houses, shops and some cultural sites; · higher dry season flows prohibiting dry season crossing of the river; · impacts on the use of XBF waters for various domestic purposes; and · a positive impact on the ability to navigate up and down the river. Production impacts - and thus income and nutritional impacts · impacts on the fish catch and aquatic product gathering from the mainstream Xe Bangfai; · possible positive impacts on fisheries and aquatic products in connected wetlands and backwater areas; · impacts on the gardens and crop fields currently cultivated on the sloping banks of the (dry season) river; and · positive impact of higher river flows facilitating more and cheaper irrigation. The prediction of these impacts and losses now (as described in this SDP) and up to COD can only be and indicative estimate. Only after COD when these impacts occur and are monitored can we obtain a more accurate understanding of the exact losses. The predicted extent of these impacts, from environmental and livelihood perspectives, is presented in Chapter 31 and 32. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 29.5.7 Eligibility Criteria The categories of Project Affected People are included in the NT2 Project Concession Agreement Schedule 4 Part 1 Clause 14 and for the XBF and other downstream areas are described as follows: C. Downstream of Nakai Dam to the Mekong River, Nam Kathang, Xe Bang Fai and road from Thakhek to the Project site. All those living or working along natural rivers downstream to the Mekong river who will be adversely affected by the operation of the Project either through loss of land or infrastructure or economic loss or disturbance. 29.5.8 Resettlement Entitlements Procedures for Delivery Of Entitlements The entitlements for residents of the XBF are included in entitlements of project affected people in the NT2 Project Concession Agreement, Schedule 4, Part 1 Clauses 9.3 and 14, although these sections are under review. Unlike the Plateau entitlements, there is nit a list of detailed entailments for villagers impacted in the downstream areas. This is because the project is committed and obligated to restore livelihoods or replace or relocate assets, to the at least the level pre-impact or pre-displacement level. In terms of delivery, the compensation will not be delivered as funds as such, but will be in the form of construction and livelihood programs, over a period of many years. These programs will be managed by NTPC, and jointly implemented by the NTPC, GOL and villagers. 29.5.9 Assessment of Compensation needs There are three general types of compensation, as follows; · direct restoration: Rehabilitation of an impact livelihood, such as fish for fish, garden for garden · indirect restoration Rehabilitation of livelihood in terms on imputed incomes, or protein - example the development of cattle raising programs to compensate for loss in fish catch; · community development: The community may decide that they do not require income or food-based livelihood restoration as such, but more development type activities. For the purposes of this SDP, the NTPC and GOl have defined certain compensation needs to address the impacts of the project. Hoverer, during project implementation, the type and level of compensation required will be assessed by: · continued monitoring of the impacts, and the success of the compensation measures · Consultations between affected villages, GOL agencies and NTPC with regard to the best Compensation Strategy for Impacts on Fisheries The NTPC and the GOL will use the results from: (a) the baseline socio-economic monitoring surveys; (b) a study on the size and relative importance of fishing in Xe Bangfai mainstream by villagers from `hinterland' villages; and (c) the fishing effort and catch studies and monitoring program... ... to facilitate informed discussions in each village as to how the Project may, and then following COD actually is, impacting the fisheries catch in the Xe Bangfai. The prediction of fisheries impact and the consensus achieved on how to compensate for this impact will be the basis on which pilot, pre-COD programs will be established to test and measure the feasibility, (both technical and social) sustainability an d productivity of the compensation options piloted. However, it must be understood that this piloting, and assessment of piloted activities can only be indicative and not a test of the real future situation - because during implementation of the pilots the Xe Bangfai has not yet November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 been impacted and thus there is no, or little incentive for riparian peoples to be fully involved in the pilot activities. Following COD, and a better understanding of the actual impact on fisheries, the compensation programs previously identified as required by villages will be finalised and successful aspects of the pilot activities 29.5.10 Process For Preparing and Approving Resettlement Plans The process for preparing XBF Resettlement Plans (in the form of resettlement, land acquisition and compensation agreements) will be a lengthy process due the combination of technical, participatory and administrative activities. The process can be divided into three phases: Phase 1: Before FOC Financial Close (a) Baseline Study 2001 For mainstream villages (b) Further project impact analysis (c) Further baselines studies on the Xe Bangfai, (rive bank gardens, water supply, riverbank assets ) (d) Survey 2004 of fisheries in Hinterland and Nam Phit Villages (e) Preparation of XBF Framework as part of the SDP Phase 2: Before COD (a) Feasibility Study (b) Confirmed consultation protocols with Resettlement Committee and affected villages (c) Confirmation and Training of District Compensation Committees (d) Confirmation and Training of Village Compensation Committees (e) Formation of Village Planning Teams (f) Baseline socioeconomic and all surveys to be carried out after Financial Close (before COD), as the cut-off date for eligibility (g) Selection of villages and PAP's/AP's to pilot compensation and livelihoods replacement options before COD (Commercial Operation Date) (h) Implementation of pilot village schemes and individual PAP/AP compensation and livelihood options (i) Evaluation and analysis of pilot results (j) Disclosure with District and Village Resettlement Committees (k) Preparation of Model pro-forma agreements for villages and individual PAP's/AP's Phase 3: After COD (a) Subsequent implementation of agreed monitoring after COD with measurement of actual impacts at agreed geographic level. (b) Comparison with projected impacts on major components particularly riverbank gardens and fisheries. (c) Confirmation of Monitoring Results by Third Party (d) Negotiations with Village Resettlement Committees and individual PAP's/AP's. (e) Development of Resettlement /Compensation Agreements (f) Confirmation by District Resettlement Committee and RMU (g) Approval of Agreement by Resettlement Committee (h) Implementation of Agreements by Planning Teams, Villages and PAP's/AP's (i) Confirmation of Implementation By District/Village Resettlement Committees (j) Final Approval By Resettlement Committee 29.5.11 Mechanisms for Consultations and Participation; A description of the Consultation, Disclosure and Participation Process for socials and resettlement component of the NT2 Project is presented in Chapter 4 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 In the case of the downstream areas, the District Compensation Committees formed in each District will work closely with the Resettlement Committee, the RMU and NTPC's RO, to collate, review and discuss: The findings of the baseline surveys, and The results of special studies and monitoring programs in each village, ... with a view to determine more precise understanding of: Predicted impact of the NT2 Project on village infrastructure, livelihoods and economies; Actual impacts of the NT2 Project (following COD) on village infrastructure, livelihoods and economics; and Opinions and responses of villages with regard to these predicted impacts and the actual findings. The DCCs, RMU and NTPC will together maintain this dialogue with PAVs in order to review and discuss these results with villages, and especially to elicit ideas and final consensus from villages as to proposals to address the impacts. Site specific Draft Resettlement Action Plan will be prepared which will detail the full list of affected assets and an agreed program prepared by NTPC and GOL for the replacement of livelihoods which has been authorised by the Village authorities. 29.5.12 Linking Resettlement Implementation with Civil Works; A general schedule for the Implementation of the downstream program in relation to civil works is presented in Chapter 1 and Chapter 40. 29.5.13 Grievance Redress Mechanism The Grievance redress mechanism is presented in chapter 8. 29.5.14 Monitoring of Outcomes Monitoring of project impacts and compensation measures are important parts of the project activities. This is carried out internally by project and GoL staff as well as by external / independent bodies, as described in Chapter 8, composed of the following components · Internal Monitoring of socio-economics by the project (NTPC and GOL); · Internal Monitoring of fisheries and other impacts · Monitoring and Measurement of physical impacts · Independent External Monitor · Panel of Experts (PoE) 29.5.15 Capacity Strengthening of Executing Agency Described in Chapter 6 and 7 *************** * * * ************* November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Chapter 30: Baseline Data CHAPTER 30 BASELINE DATA Table of Content 30.1 DATA COLLECTION METHODS....................................................................................1 30.2 DEMOGRAPHIC BASELINE ...........................................................................................2 30.2.1 Downstream Nam Theun..............................................................................................................................2 30.2.2 Nam Phit..........................................................................................................................................................4 30.2.3 Nam Kathang ..................................................................................................................................................6 30.2.4 Project Affected People along the XBF Mainstream, and Hinterland Fishers.......................................6 30.3 ETHNICITY................................................................................................................ 14 30.3.1 Ethnic Groups along Nam Phit.................................................................................................................14 30.3.2 Ethnic Groups along Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang ................................................................................14 30.3.3 Ethnic Groups along Xe Bang Fai..............................................................................................................14 30.4 HOUSEHOLD INCOME ............................................................................................... 17 30.5 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND IRRIGATION ....................................................... 19 30.6 RIVER BANK GARDENS ..............................................................................................25 30.6.1 Types of River Bank Gardens .....................................................................................................................25 30.6.2 Tenure of Gardens........................................................................................................................................25 30.6.3 Area of Gardens, and Gardening Households..........................................................................................26 30.7 LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY...................................................................... 31 30.8 FISHERIES ON THE NAM PHIT AND NAM KATHANG .............................................. 31 30.8.1 Fisheries on the Nam Phit ...........................................................................................................................31 30.8.2 Fisheries on the Nam Kathang ...................................................................................................................33 30.9 FISHERIES ON THE XE BANG FAI ............................................................................34 30.9.1 Ranking of Fisheries Locations...................................................................................................................34 30.9.2 Fishing Techniques and Gears....................................................................................................................34 30.9.3 Fish Consumption and Sale.........................................................................................................................35 30.9.4 Aquaculture....................................................................................................................................................35 30.9.5 Current Fisheries and Aquatic Products Catch and Incomes.................................................................36 30.9.6 Fishing Effort in the Xe Bangfai by Hinterland Village Fishers.............................................................39 30.10 DOMESTIC WATER SOURCES ..................................................................................... 41 30.10.1 Nam Phit........................................................................................................................................................41 30.10.2 Nam Kathang ................................................................................................................................................41 30.10.3 Xe Bang Fai....................................................................................................................................................43 30.11 ASSETS ALONG THE XBF ...........................................................................................45 30.11.1 Riverside Buildings........................................................................................................................................45 30.11.2 Description of Temples................................................................................................................................46 30.11.3 Two Downstream Villages in Xe Bangfai District ...................................................................................47 30.12 ACCESS ACROSS THE XBF ..........................................................................................47 30.13 ELECTRIFICATION.....................................................................................................48 30.14 HEALTH STATUS........................................................................................................ 51 30.14.1 General Health Status...................................................................................................................................51 30.14.2 Diseases Endemic to the Downstream......................................................................................................51 30.14.3 Nutritional and Reproductive Health Problems.......................................................................................53 30.14.4 General Health Situation..............................................................................................................................53 30.14.5 Health Facilities In and Adjacent to the Project Area..............................................................................55 30.15 EDUCATION...............................................................................................................55 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 30: Baseline Data List of Annexes Annex 30-1: Relative Importance of Water Sources for Various Water Uses in Dry and Wet Season in Villages along Nam Phit. ............................................................................................................. 57 Annex 30-2: Relative Importance of Water Sources for Various Water Uses in Dry and Wet Season, by Village, Gnommalath District...................................................................................................... 59 Annex 30-3: Relative Importance of Water Sources for Various Water Uses in Dry and Wet Season on the Xe Bang Fai, by Village and District................................................................................................. 65 List of Tables Table 30-1: Population Data for Villages along Nam Phit / Houay Khama and other Villages using this river (mainly for fisheries)..................................................................................................................4 Table 30-2: List of Villages along Nam Kathang and Household Numbers..................................................6 Table 30-3: Demography of Mainstream Villages ('01) and Hinterland Fishers ('04), by District..............7 Table 30-4: Demography of Mainstream Villages (2001) and Hinterland Fishers (2004), by Zone...........7 Table 30-5: XBF Mainstream Villages - by Zone - and their household populations, 2001 .......................8 Table 30-6: XBF Mainstream PAP Villages - by District - and population, 2001.........................................9 Table 30-7: Hinterland Villages and their Fishers, by Zone (2004) ...............................................................11 Table 30-8: Hinterland Villages and their Fishers, by District (2004) ...........................................................12 Table 30-9: Summary of declared Ethno-Linguistic category of both Male and Female Head of Households - Mainstream Xe Bangfai Villages, 2004. ................................................................15 Table 30-10: Sources of Income (Cash and Imputed) of Xe Bangfai Mainstream Villagers, as surveyed in 2001.....................................................................................................................................................18 Table 30-11: Indicative Paddy Areas and Irrigation Pumps, XBF Villages, 2003..........................................20 Table 30-12: Size of and Households Having River Garden Areas in Mahaxai, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli Districts, 2004 (ha)...........................................................................................................26 Table 30-13: Areas and Crops of Riverside Gardens by Village, Mahaxay District......................................27 Table 30-14: Areas and Crops of Riverside Gardens by Village, Xe Bangfai District ..................................28 Table 30-15: Areas and Crops of Riverside Gardens by Village, Nongbok District.....................................29 Table 30-16: Areas and Crops of Riverside Gardens by Village, Xaybouli District......................................30 Table 30-17: Average Number of Livestock per Household............................................................................31 Table 30-18: List of Villages Fishing in Nam Phit and Annual Catch of Fish, other Aquatic Animals and Aquatic Plants....................................................................................................................................32 Table 30-20: Relative Importance of Fishing Venues, Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang. .................................33 Table 30-21: Estimated Catch of Fish from Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang....................................................33 Table 30-22: Qualitative Ranking Importance of Fishing Venues ...................................................................34 Table 30-23: Monthly and Annual Catch by Gear, Location and Season.......................................................35 Table 30-24: Relative Importance of Consumption and Sale of Fish and Aquatic Products......................35 Table 30-25: Average Household Monthly and Annual Fish Catch, by Season and Location, as Estimated from 2001 XBF Survey (Fisheries Component).......................................................36 Table 30-26: Average Household Fish Catch and Imputed Income from the XBF and from Non-XBF Sources, in Two Seasons, as Determined from the 2001 XBF Survey, by Zone ...................36 Table 30-27: Average Household Fish Catch (of mainstream villages) from XBF and from Non-XBF Sources, in Two Seasons (2001 XBF Survey, fisheries component) ........................................37 Table 30-28: Number of Fishers, Frequency of Fishing and Estimated Annual Catch in Xe Bangfai by Villagers from Hinterland Villages, 2004 ......................................................................................40 Table 30-29: Relative Importance (ranking points) of Dry Season Water Sources for Various Water Uses in 20 Villages of Gnommalath District along Nam Kathang. ...................................................42 Table 30-30: Relative Importance (ranking points) of Wet Season Water Sources for Various Water Uses in 20 Villages of Gnommalath District along Nam Kathang. ...................................................43 Table 30-31: Relative importance (ranking points) of Dry Season water sources for various water uses in 110 Villages of Gnommalath, Mahaxay, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli Districts,......44 Table 30-32: Relative Importance of Wet Season water sources for various water uses in 110 Villages of Gnommalath, Mahaxay, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli Districts, Wet Season...........45 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 ii Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-33: Number and Areas of Privately Owned Buildings within possible area of erosion along the Xe Bangfai..........................................................................................................................................46 Table 30-34: Number and Areas of Communally Owned Buildings within possible erosion area ............46 Table 30-35: XBF Villages with Villagers Crossing the Xe Bangfai (and Xe Noy and Nam Phit) in the Dry Season .........................................................................................................................................48 Table 30-36: Prevalent Illness in the Downstream.............................................................................................52 Table 30-37: Percentage of Children under 5 Years by Nutritional Status.....................................................54 Table 30-38: Health Facilities in Khammouane Province and Project Area Districts 2001 ........................55 Table 30-39: Medical Personnel in Khammouane Province and Project Area Districts 2001....................55 Table 30-40: Educational Levels............................................................................................................................56 List of Figures Figure 30-1: Riparian Area of Downstream Nakai Dam and Villages Participating in Riparian Release Study......................................................................................................................................................3 Figure 30-2: Map of Nam Phit and Nam Kathang with Project Features and Affected Villages................5 Figure 30-3: Location of Villages along the Xe Bangfai....................................................................................10 Figure 30-4: Location of Hinterland Villages......................................................................................................13 Figure 30-5: Maps of Rice Paddy Areas (Wet and Dry Season) and Irrigation Pump Locations, XBF Mainstream villages...........................................................................................................................22 Figure 30-6: Schematic Illustration of Three Types of River Bank Gardens ................................................26 Figure 30-7: Sources of Water for Various Water Uses for the Villages along Nam Phit, Dry and Wet Season (Aggregate of Ranking Scores given to the 3 Most Frequent Sources (3, 2 and 1 points, respectively). .........................................................................................................................41 Figure 30-8: EDL Transmission Lines in the Area of the Xe Bangfai. ..........................................................50 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 iii Chapter 30: Baseline Data 30 BASELINE DATA 30.1 DATA COLLECTION METHODS A number of studies and survey have been conducted in order to understand the current socio-economic situation of villages along the Xe Bangfai, especially aspects which are predicted to be modified or impacted due to the NT2 project. These studies and surveys also provide a baseline on which to plan mitigation and compensation strategies and activities. Such studies and surveys include: · In 1997 NTPC and GOL conducted a survey of villages along the Xe Bangfai for rice production, rice losses and 1996-97 flood levels; · In 1996 the GOL/MAF Centre for Irrigation Investigation and Design produced a report "Feasibility study on conveyance of the Nam Theun (Xe Bangfai) water to upper Xe Chumpone Plan"; · "Potential Impacts of the NT2 Project on the fish and aquatic fauna of the Nam Theun and XBF basins", Kottelat, 1996; · Fishing technologies currently used along the XBF and possible impacts on use due to NT2 Project were studied in 2001; · The 2001 socio-economic survey of XBF villages, which was undertaken in cooperation with the National Statistics Centre, the Ministry of Health and the LARREC. Survey teams interviewed 15 families per village, and inquiried into three subject matters, (i) socio-economy and incomes, (ii) fisheries and (iii) health. Summary results of this survey are provided in Appendix N; · In 2003 NTPC and GOL a study was carried out identifying the ethnicity of each female and male head of household; · A study on domestic water use was undertaken in 2003 and 2004 by NTPC and GOL in mainstream villages along Xe Bangfai. A PRA methodology was used to rank water source importance for a range of domestic water uses, providing an understanding of the water sources used in each village; · A survey was undertaken by NTPC and GOL in 2004, whereby every household was asked to recall the location, area and type of crop grown in their riverbank gardens; · In 2004 a study was undertaken in villages not on the Xe Bangfai mainstream (hinterland villages) but whose populations may be fishing in the Xe Bangfai. · "Impact of releases from NT2 Power Station on the XBF river" SMEC 2002; · SMEC are currently undertaking a supplementary hydrological study of the lower XBF; · In 2004 NTPC and GOL undertook a survey to enumerate the number and type of fixed assets (buildings only) located within 20 m of the top of the bank of the Xe Bangfai in its upper and middle zones; · Since 2002, NTPC has retained LARREC (GOL) and an independent consultant to undertake a fisheries pre-impoundment CPUE study which will continue for some years after COD. In addition, a consultation and disclosure program is being implemented in 2004 in all potentially affected villages ongoing the Xe Bangfai to obtain more qualitative data on villages socio economy, and more importantly, villager concerns about the NT2 Project and their proposals for mitigation and compensation approaches and activities. This program will be continued through the project. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 30: Baseline Data 30.2 DEMOGRAPHIC BASELINE 30.2.1 Downstream Nam Theun No permanent villages lie along the Nam Theun and no land is cultivated from below the Nakai Dam until some 50 km downstream, ie. the headpond of the Theun-Hinboun Hydroelectric Project (see Figure 30-1). However, Fishermen and hunters from nearby villages ("hinterland villages"), use the stretch of river before the Nam Phao confluence (12 km downstream of the dam) and after the Nam Phao confluence, although surveys and interviews indicate that the value of catches is small. It is considered that about 250 households of the hinterland villages go to the Nam Theun for part of their fishing activity. This figure is to be confirmed based on the results of the Riparian Release study, currently under completion. The study looks at hydrological and environmental impacts of the riparian release from the Nakai Dam until the confluence between the Nam Kading and the Mekong, and at social impacts (mainly on fisheries) on the stretch of the Nam Theun from the Dam Site to the Theun-Hinboun area, and in the "Hinterland", where villagers use to a certain extent the resources of the Nam Theun. The overall objective of the study is to identify and, whenever possible, quantify the impacts (mainly hydrological, environmental and fisheries) of the Project downstream of the Nakai Dam. A Preliminary Report is expected in August 2004 and the Final Report will be submitted in September 2004. Village and household surveys (mainly fisheries) are being undertaken in villages located in the vicinity of the Nam Theun and upstream of the Theun-Hinboun dam (see Figure 30-1). For the fisheries component, a pilot consultation based fisheries survey was conducted in June to establish the current community aquatic resource and its use. This survey was carried out in 6 villages to test a questionnaire. 16 villages are currently being surveyed in a second phase, expected to be completed at the end of July. For the environmental component, transects of the riparian habitats were conducted and information was collected on the riparian vegetation and wildlife used by communities along the Nam Theun. This information is also collected during the fisheries survey. Water quality analysis was conducted at each survey site locations and the data will be inserted into a model. A survey of cross-sections along the Nam Theun/Nam Kading is currently underway and completion is scheduled in August 2004. The intention is to input the results from the cross-section survey into a hydrological model. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Figure 30-1: Riparian Area of Downstream Nakai Dam and Villages Participating in Riparian Release Study November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 30: Baseline Data 30.2.2 Nam Phit Water from the Nakai Reservoir will be let into the Xe Bangfai via mainly the Downstream Channel, which is partly embedded in Nam Phit (see Chapter 2). A small amount of water (similar to the current, naturally flowing water) will be let through Nam Kathang as the supply of this river is cut off by the Downstream Channel (see Figure 30-2). Whereas the impact on Nam Phit is expected to be considerable in terms of water discharge and quality, the impacts are expected to be negligible for Nam Kathang. A survey on fisheries and domestic water use was carried out in Nam Phit area in July ­ August 2004. It identified 17 villages along Nam Phit / Houay Khama. These villages depend on Nam Phit / Houay Khama for domestic water supply, irrigation and fisheries. Other 14 villages along Nam Kathang and 5 villages along Xe Bangfai also depend on the Nam Phit / Houay Khama for fishing. For the 17 villages located along or near Nam Phit / Houay Khama the number of households is 1,372 (see Table 30-1). The total number of households in all 36 villages with people fishing in Nam Phit / Houay Khama is 2,913. Table 30-1: Population Data for Villages along Nam Phit / Houay Khama and other Villages using this river (mainly for fisheries) No. Village District Main Ethnic Groups No. of HH 1 Tham phuang + Tham Phong Gnommalath Lao, Brou and Sek 50 2 Thang beng Gnommalath Brou 43 3 Pa thoung + Phone Khene Gnommalath Sek and Tai Moey 75 4 Kaun phan Gnommalath Chalui, Lao and Katak 182 5 Tat Gnommalath Brou 130 6 Maung khai Gnommalath Brou 71 7 Phit (sikhai) Gnommalath Brou 85 8 Phone sang Gnommalath Brou 26 9 Phone thoy Gnommalath Brou 48 10 Khok Savang Gnommalath Brou (?) 41 11 Khok Mahaxai Brou 12 12 Phachoumkhong Mahaxai Lao Kaleung 58 13 Lak kao Mahaxai Phouthai, Lao and Brou 25 14 Na khok nai Mahaxai Lao & Brou 28 15 Lak jet Mahaxai Lao and Brou 144 16 Phon saat + Lak hok Mahaxai Phouthai, Kaleung and Brou 305 17 Phonkham Mahaxai Lao Kaleung 49 Total 1,372 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Figure 30-2: Map of Nam Phit and Nam Kathang with Project Features and Affected Villages. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 30: Baseline Data 30.2.3 Nam Kathang The 2001 Socio-economic survey covered apart from mainstream Xe Bangfai villages, also 23 villages along Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang. Interviews with 15 randomly selected respondents were made in each village. The total population in the 23 villages was 1,632 in 2001 (see Table 30-2). Table 30-2: List of Villages along Nam Kathang and Household Numbers No. Village Main Ethnic Groups No. of HH 1 Laonnagam Brou 130 2 Keovilay Brou 104 3 Koodphadang Kaleung 55 4 Nongsaeng Lao Kaleung 64 5 Vatthat Brou 51 6 Korbong Brou 60 7 Somsanook Brou 87 8 Namixay Brou and Lao Kaleung 86 9 Gnommalath Neua Lao Kaleung, Brou, Phouthai, Tai 75 10 Gnommalath Tay Lao Kaleung, Brou 57 11 Nongping Tai Katak 104 12 Kaenglake Chalui (Brou) 96 13 Naphoxay Brou 88 14 Boungbao Lao Kaleung 46 15 Donepeuang Lao Kaleung 67 16 Houiyeanh Lao Kaleung 72 17 Thaphaa Lao Kaleung 59 18 Naveang Phouthai and Lao Kaleung 65 19 Phontoum Phouthai and Lao Kaleung 67 20 Nahay Phouthai and Lao Kaleung 40 21 Nakatang Phouthai and Lao Kaleung 64 22 Phonsaerd Lao Kaleung, Nyo, Phouthai, Tai, Brou 51 23 Phonsavang Phouthai and Lao Kaleung 44 Total 1,632 Source: 2001 Socio-economic Survey and 2003 Ethnic Survey. 30.2.4 Project Affected People along the XBF Mainstream, and Hinterland Fishers The potentially Project Affected People (PAP) on (or near) the Xe Bangfai mainstream includes: (a) those persons living in 70 villages along the XBF mainstream from the junction of the Downstream Channel and the XBF, to the Mekong River; and (b) villages that will experience backwater affect, including 12 villages above the confluence of the Downstream Channel and the Xe Bangfai, and 7 villages on the lower Xe Noy. Household and population data on these 89 villages (as of 2001) are summarised in Table 30-3 and Table 30-4 and detailed in Table 30-5, and location of villages indicated in Figure 30-3. The zone upstream from the Upper XBF zone contains 12 villages, with impacts associated with the backwater effect created by the additional discharge entering the XBF. The Upper XBF zone also contains 12 villages which are likely to receive the greatest impacts caused by the additional discharge. Issues here November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 30: Baseline Data are mainly related to changes in discharge regime and consequent increases in flows and river levels, erosion of the river banks, effects on land use (river bank gardens) and effects on fisheries. The Middle XBF zone contains a total of 12 villages, of which 5 - on the mainstream - will experience impacts similar to those outlined for the Upper zone, but to a probable lesser extent, while the 7 on the Xe Noy will be influenced only by backwater affect. The lower XBF zone comprises some 53 villages with likely impacts being some flooding of lower riverbank gardens and possible changes in fisheries catches. In addition, the timing and duration of flooding in this zone is likely to change somewhat, but the effect of this is expected to be largely beneficial. It is these 89 villages and their approximately 40,000 persons that are considered as the potentially affected (both positively & negatively) population along the Xe Bangfai. It should be noted that 53 (or 60 %) of these villages are in the lower XBF (its floodplain), an area where the Projects negative impacts will most likely be less. A study in 2004 in the hinterland region of the Xe Bangfai found that there are 66 villages not located on the mainstream Xe Bangfai river (hinterland villages) but whose population are using the XBF for fishing and collection of aquatic products. Details of the 3,356 persons in about 1,708 households are presented in Table 30-27 and location in Figure 30-4. A summary of all potentially project affected persons are summarized in Table 30-3 by district and Table 30-4 by zone below. Table 30-3: Demography of Mainstream Villages ('01) and Hinterland Fishers ('04), by District Mainstream Hinterland fishers only Villages HH Persons Villages HH 1 Persons 1 Mahaxai 21 1,215 6,494 8 113 211 2 XBF 16 1,503 7,867 19 637 1,128 3 Nongbok 20 1,915 10,677 18 251 411 4 Xaybouli 32 2,463 15,563 21 707 1,606 Total 89 7,096 40,601 66 1708 3,356 Table 30-4: Demography of Mainstream Villages (2001) and Hinterland Fishers (2004), by Zone Mainstream Hinterland fishers Villages HH Persons Villages HH 1 Persons 1 Upstream of DC 12 537 1,768 0 0 0 2 Upper XBF 12 852 5,509 10 132 252 3 Middle XBF 12 704 3,886 17 550 958 4 Lower XBF 53 5,003 29,438 39 1,026 2,146 Total 89 7,096 40,601 66 1,708 3,356 1 Estimates only. Verification planned for October 2004. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-5: XBF Mainstream Villages - by Zone - and their household populations, 2001 No. Village Province District Total HH No. Village Province District Total HH Upstream of Upper XBF Lower XBF (cont.) 1 1 Kangyangkham Khammouane Mahaxai 28 44 8 Dongkaasinh Khammouane Nong Bok 79 2 2 Nathanedong Khammouane Mahaxai 36 45 9 Sorkbau Khammouane Nong Bok 105 3 3 Nathanethong Khammouane Mahaxai 32 46 10 Natay Khammouane Nong Bok 76 4 4 Veun Khammouane Mahaxai 33 47 11 Phak-eetou Khammouane Nong Bok 63 5 5 Nakhay Khammouane Mahaxai 51 48 12 Hatxiengdee Khammouane Nong Bok 204 6 6 Nongkok Khammouane Mahaxai 22 49 13 Dongsaanga Khammouane Nong Bok 68 7 7 Eelane Khammouane Mahaxai 59 50 14 Dongphakpheua Khammouane Nong Bok 153 8 8 Naphong Khammouane Mahaxai 56 51 15 Tanetheung Khammouane Nong Bok 148 9 9 Dangkang Khammouane Mahaxai 58 52 16 Sumnadee Khammouane Nong Bok 30 10 10 Vatthat Khammouane Mahaxai 37 53 17 Navangneua Khammouane Nong Bok 196 11 11 Somsanook Khammouane Mahaxai 45 54 18 Navangthong Khammouane Nong Bok 123 12 12 Nakea Khammouane Mahaxai 80 55 19 Hatxaifong Khammouane Nong Bok 56 Sub-total, upstream of upper XBF 537 56 20 Navangnoy Khammouane Nong Bok 69 Upper XBF 57 21 Navangtay Khammouane Nong Bok 73 13 1 Khaengsavang Khammouane Mahaxai 23 58 22 Saadeauneua Khammouane Nong Bok 130 14 2 Mahaxayneua Khammouane Mahaxai 66 59 23 Saadeautay Khammouane Nong Bok 90 15 3 Mahaxaykang Khammouane Mahaxai 99 60 24 Phonhsaoea Khammouane Nong Bok 66 16 4 Mahaxaytay Khammouane Mahaxai 146 61 25 Thamoang Khammouane Nong Bok 38 17 5 Povaneua Khammouane Mahaxai 86 62 26 Danepakse Khammouane Nong Bok 84 18 6 Povatay Khammouane Mahaxai 90 63 27 Manilad Savanakhet Saybouly 41 19 7 Phanang Khammouane Mahaxai 44 64 28 Khamsavang Savanakhet Saybouly 29 20 8 Khamfeuang Khammouane Mahaxai 88 65 29 Daangsavanh Savanakhet Saybouly 59 21 9 Pong Khammouane Mahaxai 36 66 30 Souvanxai Savanakhet Saybouly 73 22 10 Kengpair Khammouane XBF 75 67 31 Hatkhamdee Savanakhet Saybouly 38 23 11 Thakhor Khammouane XBF 49 68 32 Tonhaen Savanakhet Saybouly 175 24 12 Thahant Khammouane XBF 50 69 33 Beungse Savanakhet Saybouly 122 Sub-total, upper XBF 852 70 34 Hatsaisugneua Savanakhet Saybouly 129 Middle XBF 71 35 Hatsaisugtay Savanakhet Saybouly 105 25 1 Kengkhean Khammouane XBF 44 72 36 Thadorkham Savanakhet Saybouly 36 26 2 Kengkasee Khammouane XBF 43 73 37 Kangpa Savanakhet Saybouly 71 27 3 Veunsananh Khammouane XBF 63 74 38 Thabor Savanakhet Saybouly 57 28 4 Hatpeak Khammouane XBF 38 75 39 Kaengphosy Savanakhet Saybouly 69 29 5 Paksenoy Khammouane XBF 85 76 40 Sakong Savanakhet Saybouly 86 30 6 Thasida Khammouane XBF 32 77 41 Phakfeuaneua Savanakhet Saybouly 61 31 7 Nathane Khammouane XBF 83 78 42 Phakfeuatay Savanakhet Saybouly 63 32 8 Lao Savanakhet Saybouly 29 79 43 Somsaa-at Savanakhet Saybouly 102 33 9 Xiengkhay Savanakhet Saybouly 91 80 44 Houi-hai Savanakhet Saybouly 76 34 10 Kaengveang Savanakhet Saybouly 69 81 45 Naxiengkhane Savanakhet Saybouly 65 35 11 Dongmarfai Savanakhet Saybouly 91 82 46 Nongheuathongneu Savanakhet Saybouly 58 36 12 Pahlay Savanakhet Saybouly 36 83 47 Nongheuathongtay Savanakhet Saybouly 23 Sub-total Middle XBF 704 84 48 Thaphoxai Savanakhet Saybouly 102 Lower XBF 85 49 Thakharm Savanakhet Saybouly 97 37 1 Kuase Khammouane XBF 285 86 50 Nasang Savanakhet Saybouly 121 38 2 Dangtha Khammouane XBF 85 87 51 Bouakhay Savanakhet Saybouly 109 39 3 Naphoktha Khammouane XBF 73 88 52 Pong Savanakhet Saybouly 84 40 4 Somsa-at Khammouane XBF 43 89 53 Paksebangfai Savanakhet Saybouly 96 41 5 Yangkham Khammouane XBF 216 Sub-total Lower XBF 5,003 42 6 Hatkhamhieng Khammouane XBF 239 TOTAL 7,096 43 7 Namphou Khammouane Nong Bok 64 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-6: XBF Mainstream PAP Villages - by District - and population, 2001 No. Village Zone HH Persons No. Village Zone HH Persons Mahaxai District, Khammouane Province Nongbok (cont.) 1 1 Kangyangkham Upstream of Upper 28 124 73 9 Tanetheung Lower XBF 148 930 2 2 Nathanedong Upstream of Upper 36 201 74 10 Sumnadee Lower XBF 30 216 3 3 Nathanethong Upstream of Upper 32 165 75 11 Navangneua Lower XBF 196 700 4 4 Veun Upstream of Upper 33 150 76 12 Navangthong Lower XBF 123 462 5 5 Nakhay Upstream of Upper 51 300 77 13 Hatxaifong Lower XBF 56 337 6 6 Nongkok Upstream of Upper 22 115 78 14 Navangnoy Lower XBF 69 453 7 7 Eelane Upstream of Upper 59 258 79 15 Navangtay Lower XBF 73 402 8 8 Naphong Upstream of Upper 56 277 80 16 Saadeauneua Lower XBF 130 868 9 9 Dangkang Upstream of Upper 58 234 81 17 Saadeautay Lower XBF 90 636 10 10 Vatthat Upstream of Upper 37 230 82 18 Phonhsaoea Lower XBF 66 368 11 11 Somsanook Upstream of Upper 45 271 83 19 Thamoang Lower XBF 38 177 12 12 Nakea Upstream of Upper 80 436 84 20 Danepakse Lower XBF 84 431 13 13 Khaengsavang Upper XBF 23 134 Total, Nongbok District 1,915 10,677 14 14 Mahaxayneua Upper XBF 66 354 Xaybouli District, Savannakhet Province 15 15 Mahaxaykang Upper XBF 99 576 106 1 Lao Middle XBF 29 186 16 16 Mahaxaytay Upper XBF 146 844 107 2 Xiengkhay Middle XBF 91 521 17 17 Povaneua Upper XBF 86 476 108 3 Kaengveang Middle XBF 69 406 18 18 Povatay Upper XBF 90 506 109 4 Dongmarfai Middle XBF 91 547 19 19 Phanang Upper XBF 44 222 110 5 Pahlay Middle XBF 36 156 20 20 Khamfeuang Upper XBF 88 451 111 6 Manilad Lower XBF 41 220 21 21 Pong Upper XBF 36 170 112 7 Khamsavang Lower XBF 29 191 Total: Mahaxai District 1,215 6,494 113 8 Daangsavanh Lower XBF 59 489 Xe Bangfai District, Khammouane Province 114 9 Souvanxai Lower XBF 73 510 30 1 Kengpair Upper XBF 75 248 115 10 Hatkhamdee Lower XBF 38 241 31 2 Thakhor Upper XBF 49 261 116 11 Tonhaen Lower XBF 175 1,331 32 3 Thahant Upper XBF 50 274 117 12 Beungse Lower XBF 122 675 33 4 Kengkhean Middle XBF 44 203 118 13 Hatsaisugneua Lower XBF 129 842 34 5 Kengkasee Middle XBF 43 191 119 14 Hatsaisugtay Lower XBF 105 612 35 6 Veunsananh Middle XBF 63 307 120 15 Thadorkham Lower XBF 36 248 36 7 Hatpeak Middle XBF 38 181 121 16 Kangpa Lower XBF 71 509 37 8 Paksenoy Middle XBF 85 430 122 17 Thabor Lower XBF 57 382 38 9 Thasida Middle XBF 32 189 123 18 Kaengphosy Lower XBF 69 425 39 10 Nathane Middle XBF 83 505 124 19 Sakong Lower XBF 86 585 40 11 Kuase Lower XBF 285 1,415 125 20 Phakfeuaneua Lower XBF 61 434 41 12 Dangtha Lower XBF 85 508 126 21 Phakfeuatay Lower XBF 63 432 42 13 Naphoktha Lower XBF 73 401 127 22 Somsaa-at Lower XBF 102 592 43 14 Somsa-at Lower XBF 43 213 128 23 Houi-hai Lower XBF 76 467 44 15 Yangkham Lower XBF 216 1,209 129 24 Naxiengkhane Lower XBF 65 408 45 16 Hatkhamhieng Lower XBF 239 1,332 130 25 Nongheuathongneua Lower XBF 58 412 Total, Xe Bangfai District 1,503 7,867 131 26 Nongheuathongtay Lower XBF 23 169 Nongbok District, Khammouane Province 132 27 Thaphoxai Lower XBF 102 724 65 1 Namphou Lower XBF 64 258 133 28 Thakharm Lower XBF 97 519 66 2 Dongkaasinh Lower XBF 79 448 134 29 Nasang Lower XBF 121 763 67 3 Sorkbau Lower XBF 105 603 135 30 Bouakhay Lower XBF 109 556 68 4 Natay Lower XBF 76 518 136 31 Pong Lower XBF 84 486 69 5 Phak-eetou Lower XBF 63 374 137 32 Paksebangfai Lower XBF 96 525 70 6 Hatxiengdee Lower XBF 204 1,292 Sub-total, Xaibouly District 2,463 15,563 71 7 Dongsaanga Lower XBF 68 323 72 8 Dongphakpheua Lower XBF 153 881 TOTAL 7,096 40,601 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Figure 30-3: Location of Villages along the Xe Bangfai November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-7: Hinterland Villages and their Fishers, by Zone (2004) Households Persons No. Village District Households Persons No. Village District total fishers total fishers total fishers total fishers Upper XBF Lower XBF 1 1 Khamfeuangnyai Mahaxai 92 49 371 109 28 1 Naphoktheung Xe Bangfai 85 77 513 144 2 2 Khampenyai Mahaxai 54 2 274 3 29 2 Navangkang (Tai) Nong Bok 79 22 473 29 3 3 Khampena Mahaxai 63 2 357 2 30 3 Khogsavang Nong Bok 65 2 427 2 4 4 Khampedong Mahaxai 50 14 242 19 31 4 Nakham Nong Bok 448 4 1775 5 5 5 Phonkham Mahaxai 53 6 329 9 32 5 Nongli Nong Bok 142 2 672 2 6 6 Phonsa-at Mahaxai 300 12 1475 27 33 6 Phon Nong Bok 165 2 952 2 7 7 Pachoomkong Mahaxai 56 24 290 32 34 7 Dongkhung Nong Bok 93 3 457 4 8 8 Phonkhen Mahaxai 12 4 71 10 35 8 Dongbounnoi Nong Bok 49 4 245 5 9 9 Some XeBangfai 85 17 456 38 36 9 Nongdone Nong Bok 181 76 1084 134 10 10 Tamlay XeBangfai 91 2 470 3 37 10 Dongbounyai Nong Bok 210 78 977 142 Sub-total, Upper XBF 856 132 4335 252 38 11 Sibounhoung Nong Bok 170 4 1025 5 39 12 Nongsapangthong Nong Bok 78 14 419 18 Middle XBF 40 13 Phonephieng Nong Bok 130 2 781 2 11 1 Noy Xe Bangfai 44 12 220 34 41 14 Nongpham Nong Bok 95 2 555 2 12 2 Yangnyai Xe Bangfai 204 20 1166 47 42 15 Nongsapangtha Nong Bok 108 14 592 21 13 3 Dongsavanh Xe Bangfai 35 9 198 21 43 16 Nongbok Nong Bok 202 2 898 2 14 4 Khongkengkhene Xe Bangfai 38 6 227 8 44 17 Dongpangpao Nong Bok 84 17 506 32 15 5 Nakhomkao Xe Bangfai 54 12 321 16 45 18 Nonchick Nong Bok 56 1 319 1 16 6 Deung Xe Bangfai 178 17 1256 22 46 19 Dongyang Nong Bok 16 2 93 3 17 7 Beunghuanatai Xe Bangfai 116 8 654 10 47 20 Nonenakham Xaybouli 80 31 541 60 18 8 Dongmakbah Xe Bangfai 115 8 663 16 48 21 Donggnang Xaybouli 47 19 301 45 19 9 Nongbone Xe Bangfai 139 62 979 83 49 22 Vernneua Xaybouli 159 122 1000 312 20 10 Huaylangmeu Xe Bangfai 66 14 401 18 50 23 Naoneua Xaybouli 127 124 840 315 21 11 Nakhomthong Xe Bangfai 107 17 664 22 51 24 Kangmixay Xaybouli 104 9 803 23 22 12 Beunghuanakang Xe Bangfai 37 6 216 11 52 25 Kangthong Xaybouli 104 25 813 65 23 13 Sang Xe Bangfai 149 188 1329 385 53 26 Yangkhamtai Xaybouli 100 70 708 180 24 14 Som Xe Bangfai 141 86 852 115 54 27 Dongpao Xaybouli 145 10 881 18 25 15 Beunghuananeua Xe Bangfai 56 72 325 130 55 28 Vernxai Xaybouli 126 77 789 162 26 16 Dongphang Xe Bangfai 44 4 247 5 56 29 Dongpou Xaybouli 164 56 685 106 27 17 Nathong Xaybouli 48 9 288 15 57 30 Syxiengmai Xaybouli 200 7 1204 9 Sub-total, Middle XBF 1571 550 10,006 958 58 31 Yangkhamneua Xaybouli 70 19 466 26 59 32 Naotai Xaybouli 166 2 1147 3 60 33 Vernsivilai Xaybouli 162 5 975 8 61 34 Nakhanay Xaybouli 129 35 902 68 62 35 Phontan Xaybouli 62 14 418 32 63 36 Verntai Xaybouli 157 32 936 82 64 37 Beungbouathong Xaybouli 130 17 889 30 65 38 Laodokmai Xaybouli 72 10 450 13 66 39 Kangtha Xaybouli 91 14 688 34 Sub-total, Lower XBF 4851 1026 28199 2146 Total, XBF Hinterland villages 7,278 1,708 42,540 3,356 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-8: Hinterland Villages and their Fishers, by District (2004) Households Persons Households Population No. Village Zone No. Village Zone Total Fisher Total Fishers Total Fisher Total Fishers Mahaxai District, Khammouane Province Nongbok District, Khammouane Province 1 1 Khamfeungnyai Upper XBF 92 49 371 109 28 1 Navangkang (Tai) Lower XBF 79 22 473 29 2 2 Khampenyai Upper XBF 54 2 274 3 29 2 Khogsavang Lower XBF 65 2 427 2 3 3 Khampena Upper XBF 63 2 357 2 30 3 Nakham Lower XBF 448 4 1775 5 4 4 Khampedong Upper XBF 50 14 242 19 31 4 Nongli Lower XBF 142 2 672 2 5 5 Phonkham Upper XBF 53 6 329 9 32 5 Phon Lower XBF 165 2 952 2 6 6 Phonsa-at Upper XBF 300 12 1475 27 33 6 Dongkhung Lower XBF 93 3 457 4 7 7 Pachoomkong Upper XBF 56 24 290 32 34 7 Dongbounnoi Lower XBF 49 4 245 5 8 8 Phonkhen Upper XBF 12 4 71 10 35 8 Nongdone Lower XBF 181 76 1084 134 Sub-total, Mahaxai District 680 113 3409 211 36 9 Dongbounyai Lower XBF 210 78 977 142 37 10 Sibounhoung Lower XBF 170 4 1025 5 Xe Bangfai District, Khammouane Province 38 11 Nongsapangthong Lower XBF 78 14 419 18 9 1 Some Upper XBF 85 17 456 38 39 12 Phonephieng Lower XBF 130 2 781 2 10 2 Noi Middle XBF 44 12 220 34 40 13 Nongpham Lower XBF 95 2 555 2 11 3 Yangnyai Middle XBF 204 20 1166 47 41 14 Nongsapangtha Lower XBF 108 14 592 21 12 4 Dongsavanh Middle XBF 35 9 198 21 42 15 Nongbok Lower XBF 202 2 898 2 13 5 Khogkengkhene Middle XBF 38 6 227 8 43 16 Dongpangpao Lower XBF 84 17 506 32 14 6 Nakhomkao Middle XBF 54 12 321 16 44 17 Nonchick Lower XBF 56 1 319 1 15 7 Deung Middle XBF 178 17 1256 22 45 18 Dongyang Lower XBF 16 2 93 3 16 8 Beunghuanatai Middle XBF 116 8 654 10 Sub-total, Nongbok District 2371 251 12250 411 17 9 Dongmakbah Middle XBF 115 8 663 16 Xaybouli District, Savannakhet Province 18 10 Nongbone Middle XBF 139 62 979 83 46 1 Nonenakham Lower XBF 80 31 541 60 19 11 Huaylangmeu Middle XBF 66 14 401 18 47 2 Donggnang Lower XBF 47 19 301 45 20 12 Nakhomthong Middle XBF 107 17 664 22 48 3 Vernneua Lower XBF 159 122 1000 312 21 13 Beunghuanakang Middle XBF 37 6 216 11 49 4 Naoneua Lower XBF 127 124 840 315 22 14 Sang Middle XBF 149 188 1329 385 50 5 Kangmixay Lower XBF 104 9 803 23 23 15 Som Middle XBF 141 86 852 115 51 6 Kangthong Lower XBF 104 25 813 65 24 16 Beunghuananeua Middle XBF 56 72 325 130 52 7 Yangkhamtai Lower XBF 100 70 708 180 25 17 Tamlay Upper XBF 91 2 470 3 53 8 Dongpao Lower XBF 145 10 881 18 26 18 Naphoktheung Lower XBF 85 77 513 144 54 9 Vernxai Lower XBF 126 77 789 162 27 19 Dongphang Middle XBF 44 4 247 5 55 10 Dongpou Lower XBF 164 56 685 106 Sub-total, Xe Bangfai District 1784 637 11157 1128 56 11 Syxiengmai Lower XBF 200 7 1204 9 57 12 Yangkhamneua Lower XBF 70 19 466 26 58 13 Naotai Lower XBF 166 2 1147 3 59 14 Vernsivilai Lower XBF 162 5 975 8 60 15 Nathong Middle XBF 48 9 288 15 61 16 Nakhanay Lower XBF 129 35 902 68 62 17 Phontan Lower XBF 62 14 418 32 63 18 Verntai Lower XBF 157 32 936 82 64 19 Beungbouathong Lower XBF 130 17 889 30 65 20 Laodokmai Lower XBF 72 10 450 13 66 21 Kangtha Lower XBF 91 14 688 34 Sub-total, Xaibouly District 244324 43 707 15724 1606 Total, XBF Hinterland Villages 7,278 1,708 42,540 3,356 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Figure 30-4: Location of Hinterland Villages November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Chapter 30: Baseline Data 30.3 ETHNICITY 30.3.1 Ethnic Groups along Nam Phit Table 30-1 indicates the ethnic groups of villages near the Nam Phit, and other villages whose housholds may fish in the Nam Phit. This data is based in part on the ethnic survey carried out in 2003 to supplement the data of the 2001 XBF socio-economic survey, in part collected from district sources and in part collected by anthropologists during short field visits and discussions with affected persons. In general, about 45% of the population along the Nam Katang and Nam Ngom are ethnic minorities, most belonging to the Kautic ethno-linguistic branch of the Mon Khmer group. These include the Brou (Makong or So) and the Chalui (Salui) and other smaller sub-groups. These groups speak languages that are mutually understandable and have similar cultures and belief systems. These groups have been living on the Gnommalath Plain and in surrounding areas together with the Lao Kaleung, Phou Thay, Tai Kadak, Tai Yooy and other lowland groups. All groups share a similar livelihood system based on a combination of irrigated and rain-fed paddy with limited swidden fields in surrounding upland areas for some groups. Ethnic differences to be aware of in consultations and montioring are confinded to language issues and culturally-sensitive approaches to local problems. Most Brou and other minorities are bilingual in this area but discussion groups and local-level consultations are likely to be easier in indigenous languages although information dissemination can be carried out in Lao. 30.3.2 Ethnic Groups along Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Table 30-2 indicates the ethnic groups along the Nam Katang and Nam Ngom. This data is based in part on the ethnic survey carried out in 2003 to supplement the data of the 2001 socio-economic survey, in part collected from district sources and in part collected by anthropologists through a combination of short field visits and discussions with affected persons. It is necessary, however, as part of any further detailed survey relating to impacts and possible mitigation, to include more detailed questionaires on ethnic data. In general, about 40% of the population along the Nam Katang and Nam Ngom are ethnic minorities, most belonging to the Kautic ethno-linguistic branch of the Mon Khmer group. These include the Brou (Makong or So) and the Chalui (Salui) and other smaller sub-groups. These groups speak languages that are mutually understandable and have similar cultures and belief systems. These groups have been living on the Gnommalath Plain and in surrounding areas together with the Lao Kaleung, Phou Thay, Tai Kadak, Tai Yooy and other lowland groups. All groups share a similar livelihood system based on a combination of irrigated and rain-fed paddy with limited swidden fields in surrounding upland areas for some groups. Ethnic differences to be aware of in consultations and montioring are confinded to language issues and culturally-sensitive approaches to local problems. Most Brou and other minorities are bilingual in this area but discussion groups and local-level consultations are likely to be easier in indigenous languages although information dissemination can be carried out in Lao. 30.3.3 Ethnic Groups along Xe Bang Fai In contrast to the Nakai Plateau, the population along the XBF are somewhat more permanent, and, in many places, more homogeneous. The majority of villagers belong to the Tai-Lao ethnic group, including the Tai Lao, Phou Thay, and Lao Kaleung as well as a number of groups that have been assimilated into Lao culture (categorized as "Lao Assimilated" in Chapter 33). There are, however, a number of villages inhabited by ethnic minorities, mostly the Brou (or Makong), although the livelihoods are very similar to the Tai-Lao groups. Table 30-9 presents an summary of the declared ethnicity each head-of household. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 14 Chapter 30: Baseline Data A full analysis of the ethnic dimension of villages along the Xe Bangfai is presented in Chapters 33 to 39, the XBF Ethnic Minority Development Plan, and s declared ethnicity is summarised in Table 30-9 below. These communities of Brou or Makong qualify as "indigenous peoples" or ethnic minorities according to World Bank criteria as outlined in Operational Directive 4.20 because they exhibit some aspects of a distinct (although not necessarily readily discernable) social and cultural identity in comparison with the majority Tai-Lao ethnic groups. Characteristics of these ethnic group communities along the Xe Bangfai which indicate that they qualify under the World Bank policies on indigenous peoples, include: a) Language: While the ethnic minority languages in downstream areas are being replaced by Tai and Lao dialects that are mutually intelligible for lowlanders, there are still many bilingual speakers. b) Customs and Society: There are a number of customary and social institutions, and some hereditary positions of mediums (mo thiem) and ritual priests (mo phi) who perform local rituals and ceremonies, which differ from lowland rituals to some extent. Most of the ethnic groups and persons along the Xe Bangfai have coexisted for many generations, most practicing a form of "folk Buddhism" and cultivating rain-fed and more recently irrigated paddy rice. The Brou, Phou Thay and Lao groups in the lowland areas are well integrated into the national economy, especially in the Gnommalath plains, and the Upper and lower XBF, producing a surplus of rice that is sold in local markets or in Thakhek. Villages in upstream of the upper and the mid Xe Bangfai (many of which are Brou) are more isolated than the other PAVs, although even these villages a now being developed with road access, electricity (see section 30.11), and development of improved agricultural production systems. Table 30-9: Summary of declared Ethno-Linguistic category of both Male and Female Head of Households - Mainstream Xe Bangfai Villages, 2004. Phou Upland Total [HH, No Village Province District Tai Lao Thay Tai Kautuic Khmu Vietic other hHH 2001] Upstream of Upper XBF 1 1 Kangyangkham Khammouane Mahaxai 39 5 1 1 0 0 0 46 28 2 2 Nathanedong Khammouane Mahaxai 49 3 0 2 1 0 0 55 36 3 3 Nathanethong Khammouane Mahaxai 31 2 0 0 0 0 0 33 32 4 4 Veun Khammouane Mahaxai 37 1 0 0 0 0 0 38 33 5 5 Nakhay Khammouane Mahaxai 83 3 1 1 0 0 0 88 51 6 6 Nongkok Khammouane Mahaxai 36 0 0 1 0 0 0 37 22 7 7 Eelane Khammouane Mahaxai 17 1 0 80 0 0 0 98 59 8 8 Naphong Khammouane Mahaxai 1 1 1 91 0 0 0 94 56 9 9 Dangkang Khammouane Mahaxai 8 0 0 68 0 0 0 76 58 10 10 Vatthat Khammouane Mahaxai 5 0 2 67 0 0 0 74 37 11 11 Somsanook Khammouane Mahaxai 3 2 0 76 0 0 0 81 45 12 12 Nakea Khammouane Mahaxai 7 3 0 141 0 0 0 151 80 Upstream of Upper XBF total: 316 21 5 528 1 0 0 871 537 Upper XBF 13 1 Khaengsavang Khammouane Mahaxai 21 12 0 9 0 0 0 42 23 14 2 Mahaxayneua Khammouane Mahaxai 88 5 3 9 0 0 0 105 66 15 3 Mahaxaykang Khammouane Mahaxai 100 17 3 5 0 0 0 125 99 16 4 Mahaxaytay Khammouane Mahaxai 204 35 19 13 0 0 0 271 146 17 5 Povaneua Khammouane Mahaxai 155 2 2 0 0 0 0 159 86 18 6 Povatay Khammouane Mahaxai 138 16 60 12 0 0 1 227 90 19 7 Phanang Khammouane Mahaxai 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 82 44 20 8 Khamfeuang Khammouane Mahaxai 166 1 0 0 0 0 0 167 88 21 9 Pong Khammouane Mahaxai 8 2 2 57 0 0 0 69 36 22 10 Kengpair Khammouane XBF 108 5 1 2 0 0 0 116 75 23 11 Thakhor Khammouane XBF 67 4 1 2 0 0 0 74 49 24 12 Thahant Khammouane XBF 1 1 0 87 0 0 0 89 50 Upper XBF total: 1138 100 91 196 0 0 1 1526 852 Middle XBF November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 15 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Phou Upland Total [HH, No Village Province District Tai Lao Thay Tai Kautuic Khmu Vietic other hHH 2001] 25 1 Kengkhean Khammouane XBF 14 2 0 47 0 0 0 63 44 26 2 Kengkasee Khammouane XBF 30 15 2 39 0 0 0 86 43 27 3 Veunsananh Khammouane XBF 52 24 12 26 0 0 0 114 63 28 4 Hatpeak Khammouane XBF 3 0 0 39 0 0 0 42 38 29 5 Paksenoy Khammouane XBF 122 9 0 5 0 0 0 136 85 30 6 Thasida Khammouane XBF 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 40 32 31 7 Nathane Khammouane XBF 2 132 0 0 0 0 0 134 83 32 8 Lao Savanakhet Saybouly 1 60 0 0 0 0 0 61 29 33 9 Xiengkhay Savanakhet Saybouly 16 180 0 1 0 0 0 197 91 34 10 Kaengveang Savanakhet Saybouly 2 149 0 0 2 0 0 153 69 35 11 Dongmarfai Savanakhet Saybouly 161 2 0 1 1 0 0 165 91 36 12 Pahlay Savanakhet Saybouly 9 10 0 52 0 0 0 71 36 Middle XBF total: 412 623 14 210 3 0 0 1262 704 Lower XBF 37 1 Kuase Khammouan XBF 234 94 6 11 0 0 0 345 285 38 2 Dangtha Khammouan XBF 1 135 0 0 0 0 0 136 85 39 3 Naphoktha Khammouan XBF 152 3 1 0 0 0 0 156 73 40 4 Somsa-at Khammouan XBF 12 34 1 0 0 0 0 47 43 41 5 Yangkham Khammouan XBF 225 2 1 0 0 0 0 228 216 42 6 Hatkhamhieng Khammouan XBF 2 157 0 0 0 0 0 159 239 43 7 Namphou Khammouan Nong Bok 1 117 0 1 0 0 0 119 64 44 8 Dongkaasinh Khammouan Nong Bok 1 131 0 0 0 0 0 132 79 45 9 Sorkbau Khammouan Nong Bok 50 137 0 0 0 0 0 187 105 46 1 Natay Khammouan Nong Bok 145 0 0 0 0 0 145 76 47 10 Phak-eetou Khammouan Nong Bok 8 119 0 0 0 0 0 127 63 48 11 Hatxiengdee Khammouan Nong Bok 30 424 2 1 0 0 0 457 204 49 12 Dongsaangam Khammouan Nong Bok 56 68 6 3 0 0 0 133 68 50 13 Dongphakpheua Khammouan Nong Bok 7 102 0 0 212 0 0 321 153 51 14 Tanetheung Khammouan Nong Bok 231 82 0 0 0 0 0 313 148 52 15 Sumnadee Khammouan Nong Bok 676 351 126 9 0 0 0 1162 30 53 16 Navangneua Khammouan Nong Bok 5 253 3 1 0 0 0 262 196 54 17 Navangthong Khammouan Nong Bok 13 128 3 0 6 0 0 150 123 55 18 Hatxaifong Khammouan Nong Bok 2 112 0 0 0 0 0 114 56 56 29 Navangnoy Khammouan Nong Bok 0 132 0 0 0 0 0 132 69 57 20 Navangtay Khammouan Nong Bok 0 172 0 0 0 0 0 172 73 58 21 Saadeauneua Khammouan Nong Bok 290 0 0 0 0 0 0 290 130 59 22 Saadeautay Khammouan Nong Bok 17 8 0 3 1 0 0 29 90 60 23 Phonhsaoea Khammouan Nong Bok 15 11 1 7 121 0 0 155 66 61 24 Thamoang Khammouan Nong Bok 0 84 0 0 0 0 0 84 38 62 25 Danepakse Khammouan Nong Bok 117 16 3 1 0 0 0 137 84 63 26 Manilad Savanakhet Saybouly 120 26 0 2 0 0 0 148 41 64 27 Khamsavang Savanakhet Saybouly 94 0 0 1 0 0 0 95 29 65 28 Daangsavanh Savanakhet Saybouly 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 59 66 39 Souvanxai Savanakhet Saybouly 25 93 0 1 0 0 0 119 73 67 30 Hatkhamdee Savanakhet Saybouly 71 4 0 0 0 0 0 75 38 68 31 Tonhaen Savanakhet Saybouly 287 9 0 0 0 0 0 296 175 69 32 Beungse Savanakhet Saybouly 42 113 0 0 0 0 0 155 122 70 33 Hatsaisugneua Savanakhet Saybouly 208 1 0 0 0 0 0 209 129 71 34 Hatsaisugtay Savanakhet Saybouly 204 1 0 0 0 0 2 207 105 72 35 Thadorkham Savanakhet Saybouly 32 39 0 0 0 0 0 71 36 73 36 Kangpa Savanakhet Saybouly 36 77 1 0 1 0 0 115 71 74 37 Thabor Savanakhet Saybouly 20 77 0 0 0 0 0 97 57 75 38 Kaengphosy Savanakhet Saybouly 101 7 0 1 0 0 0 109 69 76 49 Sakong Savanakhet Saybouly 151 4 0 0 0 0 1 156 86 77 40 Phakfeuaneua Savanakhet Saybouly 101 0 2 0 0 0 0 103 61 78 41 Phakfeuatay Savanakhet Saybouly 109 0 1 0 1 0 0 111 63 79 42 Somsaa-at Savanakhet Saybouly 170 0 0 0 0 0 0 170 102 80 43 Houi-hai Savanakhet Saybouly 133 0 0 0 0 0 0 133 76 81 44 Naxiengkhane Savanakhet Saybouly 125 0 0 0 2 0 0 127 65 82 54 Nongheuathongne Savanakhet Saybouly 128 0 0 0 24 0 0 152 58 6 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 16 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Phou Upland Total [HH, No Village Province District Tai Lao Thay Tai Kautuic Khmu Vietic other hHH 2001] 83 4 Nongheuathongtay Savanakhet Saybouly 20 2 0 0 0 0 1 23 23 84 4 Thaphoxai Savanakhet Saybouly 171 9 0 1 0 0 0 181 102 85 48 Thakharm Savanakhet Saybouly 151 1 0 0 0 0 0 152 97 86 59 Nasang Savanakhet Saybouly 163 67 0 4 2 0 2 238 121 87 50 Bouakhay Savanakhet Saybouly 213 20 0 1 0 0 5 239 109 88 51 Pong Savanakhet Saybouly 35 112 1 2 1 0 12 163 84 89 52 Paksebangfai Savanakhet Saybouly 136 7 0 0 0 0 12 155 96 3 Lower XBF total: 4633 3686 158 50 371 0 35 8933 5003 TOTAL 6,499 4,430 268 792 375 0 36 12,400 7,096 30.4 HOUSEHOLD INCOME An estimate of annual household income for the Xe Bangfai mainstream communities was obtained during the 2001 Xe Bangfai socio economic survey in which 15 persons per village were the subject of a questionnaire (recall) based survey. A summary of the results of this survey is presented in Table 30-8, and in more detail in detailed in Annex N. The most important source of livelihood is agriculture (17 ­ 43 %), fish (13 ­ 23 %) and wages (13 ­ 32 %). The imputed income for downstream households represents from 27 % (Upper XBF) to 44 % (Middle XBF) of the total income. Off-farm sources of income appear to account for a considerable amount of income for many downstream communities. Income from shops varied from 1.8 to 5.6 % on average per household in the downstream areas and income from services from 1.4 to 8.2 %. Wages in private and public sectors and pensions accounted for 28 %. This reveals that the downstream economy in general terms appears to be more diversified in relation to sources of income. Table 30-10 shows that household incomes in 2001 are highest in the Upper XBF and lowest in the Middle XBF. The average income per year of 6,110,319 Kip in all downstream communities is more than three times that reported for the Nakai Plateau (1,868,860 Kip) in 1998. However, because of the devaluation of the Kip between 1998 and 2001, the US dollar averages show less difference: US$ 664 in the lowlands versus US$ 450 on the Plateau. Approximately two-thirds of the households in the lowland communities are poor, using the Lao PDR definition of poverty (per capita monthly income below 82,000 Kip). Those households relying solely on agricultural production, i.e. full-time farmers, have the highest incidence of poverty in the lowland communities. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 17 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-10: Sources of Income (Cash and Imputed) of Xe Bangfai Mainstream Villagers, as surveyed in 2001 Upstream of Upper XBF Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Total XBF % Total Surveyed Average HH Total Surveyed Average HH Total Surveyed Average HH Total Surveyed Average HH Average HH Income (Kip) Income (Kip) Income (Kip) Income (Kip) Income (Kip) Income (Kip) Income (Kip) Income (Kip) Income (Kip) Total Value of Consumed Agricultural 186,835,805 1,556,965 30.9 297,561,320 1,239,839 16.9 222,653,376 1,236,963 26.5 1,470,819,326 1,850,087 29.8 1,657,336 Products Total Value of Sold Agricultural 22,572,603 188,105 3.7 26,023,200 108,430 1.4 18,979,800 105,443 2.3 669,206,800 841,770 13.5 480,470 Products Total Value of Consumed Fish 68,473,000 570,608 11.2 191,383,000 797,429 10.3 121,372,200 674,290 14.4 574,555,236 722,711 11.6 732,496 Total Value of Sold Fish 13,326,000 111,050 2.2 234,888,800 978,703 12.6 56,767,000 315,372 6.7 167,011,600 210,077 3.4 298,996 Total Value of Consumed Livestock 5,435,000 45,292 0.9 15,885,000 66,188 0.9 21,998,000 122,211 2.6 78,598,000 98,865 1.6 101,286 & Wildlife Total Value of Sold Livestock & Wildlife 36,665,000 305,542 6 118,415,000 493,396 6.4 72,035,000 400,194 8.6 329,265,000 414,170 6.7 462,072 Pensions, retired persons 26,888,000 224,067 4.4 90,262,200 376,093 4.9 33,063,908 183,688 3.9 239,016,692 300,650 4.8 329,029 Wages 149,412,000 1,245,100 24.5 595,190,900 2,479,962 32 190,361,800 1,057,566 22.6 640,234,238 805,326 13.0 1,176,449 Leasing 0 0 4,965,000 20,688 0.3 12,000,000 66,667 1.4 38,332,000 48,216 0.8 45,683 Servicing 50,120,000 417,667 8.2 53,760,000 224,000 2.9 15,164,000 84,244 1.8 68,742,600 86,469 1.4 129,214 Small Shops 34,000,000 283,333 5.6 90,468,050 376,950 4.9 10,125,000 56,250 1.2 88,445,000 111,252 1.8 171,055 Remittance 4,900,000 40,833 0.8 105,100,000 437,917 5.7 34,015,000 188,972 4 549,403,000 691,073 11.1 451,832 Grants 11,540,000 96,167 1.9 35,242,150 146,842 1.9 32,585,500 181,031 3.9 28,485,750 35,831 0.6 74,401 Total Average 5,084,728 7,746,436 4,672,892 6,216,497 6,110,319 Surveyed Income kip/yr kip/yr kip/yr kip/yr kip/year * Agricultural products includes both gifts and self-produced ** Loans are not included in income calculations *** US$ incomes are calculated using US$ 1 = 9,200 Kip November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 18 Chapter 30: Baseline Data 30.5 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND IRRIGATION Livelihood activities along the Xe Bangfai are traditionally based on rice production. Rice is the staple food of the area's population as well as the main crop. It is also the area's largest sector of employment, with 92 percent of the inhabitants having rice production as part of their livelihood systems. In the Project area there are two main types of rice production: rainfed lowland paddy and irrigated lowland. Other agricultural crops including maize, vegetables, sweet potato and tobacco have an important role in the local economy. While food security appears to be far less an issue along the Xe Bangfai, in comparison with the Nakai plateau, the key to improving the economic situation of the region lies in increasing agricultural productivity. To this end, the GoL has embarked on a major program of irrigation development along the Xe Bangfai, and currently there are only 14 of the 89 villages along the NT2 impacted stretch of the XBF do not have irrigation pumps (see Table 30-11). Most of the irrigation pumps are electric, but 14 run on diesel, which is inefficient and relatively costly. In addition, some of the diesel pumps are also in bad repair, with the result that the total irrigation potential of even currently installed pumps and systems is not fully utilized. As shown in Table 30-11, the total area of developed paddy in the 89 XBF villages is about 14,120 ha, of which 10,536 ha are used for wet season paddy, and 5,306 ha for dry season paddy, with about 3,840 used for both wet season and dry season paddy. It is estimated that an additional 2,223 ha could be irrigated if current pumps and irrigation systems are repaired and/or improved. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 19 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-11: Indicative Paddy Areas and Irrigation Pumps, XBF Villages, 2003 Wet Dry Wet-dry Total Cropped Paddy Total season season season cropped area/yr area/ No. Village District Paddy paddy paddy paddy area/yr /HH HH Pump 1) Upstream XBF 1 1 Kang Yang Kham Mahaxai 22.13 21 15.0 13.7 36.0 1.5 0.9 ? 2 2 Som Sanook Mahaxai 49.5 47.1 8.0 5.5 55.1 1.2 1.1 E 3 3 Na Than Dong Mahaxai 36.3 35.0 15.0 13.7 50.0 1.7 1.2 D 4 4 Na Than Thong Mahaxai 23.9 22.7 21.1 0.0 43.8 1.8 1.0 with 5 5 5 Veun Mahaxai 55.6 53.0 20.0 17.5 73.0 2.8 2.1 D 6 6 Na Khai Mahaxai 61.4 58.3 50.0 46.9 108.3 2.2 1.3 D 7 7 Nong Kok Mahaxai 22.6 21.5 20.0 18.9 41.5 2.0 1.1 D 8 8 Elarn Mahaxai 35.2 33.4 20.0 18.2 53.4 1.0 0.7 D 9 9 Na Phong Mahaxai 66.6 63.4 23.5 20.3 86.9 1.6 1.2 E 10 10 Dangkang Mahaxai 54.1 51.4 44.7 0.0 96.0 1.8 1.0 E 11 11 Vat Thard Mahaxai 65.1 61.9 41.3 0.0 103.2 2.1 1.3 with 10 12 12 Na Kio Mahaxai 71.8 68.2 23.0 19.4 91.2 1.0 0.8 E Sub-total 564.3 536.9 301.5 174.2 838.4 1.7 1.1 Upper XBF 13 1 Keng Savang Mahaxai 40.2 38.2 10.0 8.0 48.2 2.0 1.7 E 14 2 Mahaxai Neua Mahaxai 46.4 44.1 46.4 44.1 90.5 1.5 0.8 E 15 3 Mahaxai Kang Mahaxai 29.9 28.4 0.0 0.0 28.4 0.5 0.5 N 16 4 Mahaxai Tai Mahaxai 139.2 132.2 68.0 61.0 200.2 1.4 1.0 E 17 5 Pova Neua Mahaxai 143.7 136.5 15.0 7.8 151.5 1.6 1.5 E 18 6 Pova Tai Mahaxai 90.3 85.8 35.1 31.3 120.9 1.1 0.8 E 19 7 Pha Nang Mahaxai 32.5 30.9 9.0 7.4 39.9 0.9 0.7 E 20 8 Kham Feuang Mahaxai 74.2 70.5 0.0 0.0 70.5 0.7 0.8 N 21 9 Bong Mahaxai 26.5 25.2 6.0 4.7 31.2 0.9 0.8 E 22 10 Keng Pear** XBF 46.0 38.0 0.0 0.0 38.0 0.4 0.5 D 23 11 Tha Korr XBF 206.0 98.0 200.0 92.0 298.0 4.8 3.3 D 24 12 Tha Hard** XBF 78.7 47.7 0.0 0.0 47.7 0.8 1.4 D Sub-total 953.6 775.4 389.5 256.3 1,164.9 1.4 1.1 Middle XBF 25 1 Keng Khean XBF 124.0 114.0 20.0 10.0 134.0 3.0 2.8 D 26 2 Keng Kasi** XBF 82.0 76.0 0.0 0.0 76.0 1.3 1.4 D 27 3 Veun Sananh XBF 88.0 84.0 30.0 26.0 114.0 1.4 1.1 D 28 4 Hard Pek XBF 43.0 41.5 40.0 38.5 81.5 2.1 1.1 D 29 5 Park Xe Noy XBF 112.0 106.0 40.0 34.0 146.0 1.7 1.3 D 30 6 Tha Sida** XBF 51.3 49.0 0.0 0.0 49.0 1.3 1.4 D 31 7 Na Than XBF 160.3 131.1 50.0 20.9 181.1 1.6 1.4 D 32 8 Lao Saybouly 57.5 57.5 7.0 7.0 64.5 1.6 1.4 E 33 9 Xieng Khai Saybouly 153.6 153.6 15.0 153.6 168.6 1.1 1.0 E 34 10 Keng Veang Saybouly 91.1 91.1 0.0 0.0 91.1 0.8 0.8 N 35 11 Dong Mark Fai Saybouly 149.0 149.0 0.0 0.0 149.0 1.5 1.5 N 36 12 Pah Lai Saybouly 27.5 27.5 0.0 0.0 27.5 0.6 0.6 N sub-total 1,139.2 1,080.3 202.0 466.4 1,282.3 1.5 1.3 Lower XBF 37 1 Kua Xe XBF N 38 2 Dang Tha XBF 163.0 157.0 90.0 84.0 247.0 2.1 1.4 E 39 3 Na Phork Tha XBF 131.2 131.2 80.0 80.0 211.2 2.0 1.3 E 40 4 Som Sa Ard XBF 95.8 52.8 30.0 0.0 82.8 1.8 2.0 E 41 5 Yang Kham XBF 407.2 403.2 180.0 176.0 583.2 2.5 1.8 E 42 6 Hard Khamhieng XBF 436.7 436.7 250.0 250.0 686.7 2.5 1.6 E 43 7 Nam Phou Nong Bok 261.0 97.2 153.0 10.8 250.2 2.8 3.0 E 44 8 Dong Kasinh Nong Bok 282.2 200.0 60.0 22.2 260.0 2.7 2.9 E 45 9 Sorkbau Nong Bok 332.0 120.5 200.0 11.5 320.5 3.4 3.5 E 46 10 Na Tai Nong Bok 271.6 139.1 117.0 15.6 256.1 3.4 3.6 E 47 11 Pak Etou Nong Bok 240.5 135.5 90.0 15.1 225.5 3.3 3.5 E 48 12 Hard Xiang Dii Nong Bok 524.4 306.3 184.0 34.0 490.3 2.0 2.1 E 49 13 Dong Sa Nga Nong Bok 190.0 63.0 120.0 7.0 183.0 2.5 2.6 E 50 14 Dong Pak Pheua Nong Bok 446.0 221.4 200.0 24.6 421.4 2.5 2.7 E November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 20 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Wet Dry Wet-dry Total Cropped Paddy Total season season season cropped area/yr area/ No. Village District Paddy paddy paddy paddy area/yr /HH HH Pump 1) 51 15 Tan Theung Nong Bok 465.2 239.1 200.0 26.0 439.1 3.0 3.2 E 52 16 Xamnadii Nong Bok 0.0 30.8 54.0 0.0 84.8 2.4 0.0 E 53 17 Navang Neua Nong Bok 263.3 155.1 100.0 8.2 255.1 1.8 1.8 E 54 18 Navang Thong Nong Bok 361.8 239.2 110.0 12.6 349.2 4.6 4.8 E 55 19 Hard Xay Fong Nong Bok 401.1 122.1 157.0 122.1 279.1 4.3 6.2 E 56 20 Navang Noy Nong Bok 296.8 187.0 100.0 9.8 287.0 4.1 4.2 E 57 21 Navang Tai Nong Bok 223.7 155.5 60.0 8.2 215.5 2.7 2.8 E 58 22 Sadeou Neua Nong Bok 299.4 184.7 105.0 9.7 289.7 1.9 2.0 E 59 23 Sadeou Tai Nong Bok 241.5 134.4 100.0 7.1 234.4 2.4 2.5 E 60 24 Phon Sao Ea Nong Bok 177.7 92.8 80.0 4.9 172.8 2.5 2.6 E 61 25 Tha Muoang Nong Bok 111.3 48.6 60.0 2.6 108.6 2.6 2.6 E 62 26 Dane Park Xe Nong Bok 42.0 25.2 0.0 0.0 25.2 0.3 0.6 N 63 27 Manilad Saybouly 34.1 34.1 0.0 0 34.1 0.4 0.4 N 64 28 Kham Savang Saybouly 47.0 47.0 20.0 47.0 67.0 1.0 0.7 E 65 29 Dang Savan Saybouly 119.8 119.8 16.3 119.8 136.1 1.6 1.4 E 66 30 Souvanxai Saybouly 113.7 113.7 8.5 8.5 122.2 1.2 1.1 E 67 31 Hard Khamdii Saybouly 225.0 225.0 4.5 4.5 229.5 4.2 4.1 E 68 32 Ton Haen Saybouly 356.0 232.0 150.0 150.0 382.0 1.8 1.7 E 69 33 Beung Xe Saybouly 319.7 317.0 109.0 109.0 426.0 3.3 2.4 E 70 34 Hard Xaysung Neua Saybouly 334.0 262.0 64.7 197.7 326.7 2.1 2.2 E 71 35 Hard Xaysung Tai Saybouly 155.0 155.0 54.7 54.7 209.7 1.4 1.0 E 72 36 Tha Dork Kham Saybouly 46.2 46.2 32.7 32.7 78.9 1.5 0.9 E 73 37 Kang Pa Saybouly 161.0 161.0 112.5 112.5 273.5 3.2 1.9 E 74 38 Tha Bor Saybouly 279.0 196.0 103.0 103.0 299.0 4.0 3.7 E 75 39 Keng Pho Sii Saybouly 383.0 383.0 166.0 166.0 549.0 5.7 4.0 E 76 40 Sakong Saybouly 130.0 70.0 83.0 83.0 153.0 1.1 1.0 E 77 41 Pak Feua Neua Saybouly 196.0 166.0 84.0 84.0 250.0 3.6 2.8 E 78 42 Pak Feua Tai Saybouly 220.7 190.0 60.0 130.0 250.0 3.8 3.4 E 79 43 Som Sa Art Saybouly 239.0 239.0 53.0 53.0 292.0 2.3 1.9 E 80 44 Houy Hair Saybouly 217.0 217.0 58.0 158.0 275.0 3.0 2.3 E 81 45 Na Xiengkhanh Saybouly 182.0 110.0 76.0 76.0 186.0 2.0 1.9 E 82 46 Nong Heua Thong Neua Saybouly 98.2 90.2 45.7 45.7 135.9 1.9 1.4 E 83 47 Nong Heua Thong Tai Saybouly 17.5 14.3 0.0 0.0 14.3 0.6 0.7 E 84 48 Tha Phoxai Saybouly 199.0 178.0 4.6 4.6 182.6 1.7 1.9 N 85 49 Tha Kharm Saybouly 165.0 103.3 31.8 31.8 135.0 1.5 1.8 E 86 50 Na Sang Saybouly 214.0 108.3 40.0 40.0 148.3 1.0 1.5 E 87 51 Boua Khai Saybouly 136.2 114.3 62.0 62.0 176.3 1.3 1.0 E 88 52 Pong Saybouly 39.0 31.4 16.4 16.4 47.9 0.5 0.4 E 89 53 Park Xe Bang Fai Saybouly 34.8 27.2 14.9 14.9 42.1 0.5 0.4 N sub-total 11,327 8,029 4,351 2,881 12,381 2.31 2.13 GRAND TOTAL 14,120 10,536 5,306 3,840 15,842 Source : GOL District data, 2003 1) N: No pump, D: Diesel, E: Electric ** villages which have diesel pump, but do not grow dry season rice as fuel is to expensive Note: some villages do not have a pump, but grow rice in an area serviced by a pump located at another village November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 21 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Figure 30-5: Maps of Rice Paddy Areas (Wet and Dry Season) and Irrigation Pump Locations, XBF Mainstream villages November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 22 Chapter 30: Baseline Data November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 23 Chapter 30: Baseline Data November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 24 Chapter 30: Baseline Data 30.6 RIVER BANK GARDENS 30.6.1 Types of River Bank Gardens About 2,415 households, or 30 % of households along the Xe Bangfai (in the 89 villages potentially impacted by the Project) grow crops and vegetables in riverbank plots during the dry season, as assessed by a recall survey in 2004 (see Table 30-12 below). There are various types of river bank gardens (see Figure 30-6), although three main types can be identified, two of which are used in future analysis of impact, as follows: (i) Gardens on the flat land on top of the riverbank. These are more or less permanent garden areas growing either tree crops - bananas, kapok for example, without irrigation, or vegetable crops in the dry season, which must be irrigated either by small pumps or by buckets hand carried from the Xe Bangfai. These are thus not actually riverbank gardens, but are sometimes mistakenly reported as 'riverbank gardens'. (ii) Riverside crop fields, usually planted either at the start or the end of the wet season before the river rises, and as the river flow is ebbing. These crops are grown on the higher slopes of the riverbank, and grown on either rainfall (as start of the rainy season) or ground moisture (end of the rainy season and start of the dry season). Crops grown include maize, tobacco, sweet potato; (iii) Riverside vegetable gardens, planted almost exclusively in the mid to late dry season and on the lower banks of the river. These gardens may be of two general types: (a) Small gardens cut into the side of the riverbank - incised garden beds - planted into moist soils but requiring watering by bucket from the river, cut into the river bank. Planted with vegetables, they are redeveloped every year, often in new locations. These gardens can be planted in the early or mid dry season, before the river has reached its lowest flow; and (b) Late dry seasons gardens, grown on the flat areas beside the slow-flowing dry season flows of the Xe Bangfai. If planted to vegetables, these gardens are also generally watered by hand. In some cases if the areas are flat and fertile, these areas may be planted to field crops such as tobacco. In areas were riverbank gardens are not particularly productive and especially where irrigation systems are well developed, villagers are changing focus any from riverbank gardens to gardens watered from the irrigation systems, and thus generally next to or in the vicinity of irrigated paddy fields. Indeed, some of the dry season paddy fields may also being planted to more extensive areas of the crops which previously would have been group on the riverbank - such as maize and tobacco. The data gathered in 2004 (Table 30-12 below) seems to confirm this trend, as in the mid and upper XBF Districts of Mahaxai and Xe Bangfai, about 45 % and 32 % of households maintain riverside vegetables and crop gardens, compared to only 25 % and 27 % of villagers growing these gardens and fields in Nongbok and Xaibouly Districts in the lower Xe Bangfai region. 30.6.2 Tenure of Gardens While the tenure of all the riverbank gardens is still being verified, tenure varies from place to place. In some cases, the same family may go back each year to the same spot on the riverbank, a form of customary or locally recognized tenure. In most cases the portion of river bank used (especially for crops) is actually in front of the non-riverbank crop land owned and used by the villager ­ that is, it is an extension of that households agricultural holding. In some cases, especially in the lower Xe Bangfai, river bank gardens or fields are taxed, and have a specific tax certificate, although this level of tenure is recognized only at the District level, and as such does not constitute a land title. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 25 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Figure 30-6: Schematic Illustration of Three Types of River Bank Gardens 30.6.3 Area of Gardens, and Gardening Households The household level 'recall survey conducted in early 2004 identified a total area of riverside crop and vegetable gardens likely to be affected is 3,346,000 m2 or 335 ha Of this area, 316 ha (95 %) is crop garden, generally on the upper slopes of the riverbank, and 18 ha (5 %) are vegetable gardens generally on the lower slopes. Table 30-12 is a summary of the detailed village level riverbank garden data presented in tables 30-13 to 30-16. Table 30-12: Size of and Households Having River Garden Areas in Mahaxai, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli Districts, 2004 (ha). Garden above River Riverside Vegetable Total (crop Bank Riverside Crop Fields Garden & vegetable) Total HH Area No. Area No. Area No. District (2004) (ha) HH % (ha) HH % (ha) HH % Area (ha) Mahaxay 1,265 41 172 13.4 103 526 41.6 4.01 45 3.6 571 Xe Bangfai 1,651 66 214 13.0 74 486 29.4 5.25 55 3.3 541 Nong Bok 2,120 16 114 5.4 41 432 20.4 4.34 100 4.7 532 Xaybouli 2,808 71 233 8.3 98 698 24.9 4.56 73 2.6 771 Total 7,844 194 733 9.3 316 2,142 27.3 18.16 273 3.5 2,415 Interpretation of this data gathered in 2004 (and presented in Table 30-12), suggests that: (a) The average size of riverside crop fields is 0.15 ha (this compares with the 2001 XBF survey which estimated that the average riverbank garden/field size was 0.16 ha/household). (b) The average size of vegetable gardens, as surveyed is 0.07 ha, or 660 m2 which appears to be too large, and could be due to either (i) recurrent overestimation by the respondents or (ii) respondents adding recurrent crops in the one season to give a seasonal cropped area, rather than a static crop garden area. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 26 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-13: Areas and Crops of Riverside Gardens by Village, Mahaxay District Garden on top of River Bank Crop Garden, generally on upper slopes of riverbank Vegetable Gardens, generally on lower slopes Village Area (m2) No. HH Crops Area (m2) No. HH Crops Area (m2) No. HH Crops Phonevatai 16,100 4 Banana, Maize, Rice 12,300 5 Maize 5,920 12 Vegetables Mahasaykang 800 2 Vegetables, Maize, Sugar cane 0 Kaengsavang 42,800 13 Banana, Kapok, Maize, Cucumber, 'magned' 14,000 12 Maize, Tobacco, Sweet potato 1,400 2 Vegetables, Tomato Vaththat 1,500 1 Chilli 120,243 41 Tobacco, Maize, Sweet potato Nathanthong 19,000 10 Banana, Maize, Chilli, Cucumber, Bamboo 24,925 18 Tobacco, Maize Phovanoua 57,955 19 Rice, Chilli, Maize, Banana, Maize, Tobacco, Sweet potato, Sugar cane, Kapok, Eggplant 88,420 34 Chilli Nakeo 22,450 14 Banana, Sugar cane, Maize, Tobacco 143,750 58 Maize, Sweet potato, Tobacco Khampheungnoi 9,585 10 Banana, Cotton, Maize, Kapok, Maize, Tobacco, Sweet potato, Sugar cane 37,350 23 Chilli Veun 31,765 18 Banana, Rice, Pine apple, Chilli 110,100 19 Tobacco, Maize Dang 200 1 Maize 40,135 35 Tobacco, Maize 350 2 Vegetables Nongkock 4,000 3 Banana, Pine apple 45,140 20 Maize, Sweet potato, Tobacco Somsanouk 13,900 8 Banana, Sugar cane, Pine apple 48,725 24 Maize, Tobacco, Sweet potato 11,800 12 Vegetables Mahaxayneua 25,100 4 Banana, Rice, Sugar cane 14,415 5 Maize, Beans, Sweet Potato Nakhai 600 3 39,650 34 Maize 3,700 5 Pong 45,175 16 Banana, Sugar cane, 41,725 21 Maize, Chilli, Beans 14,750 9 Chilli, Cow pea legume Kangyangkham 12,700 12 Banana, Sweet cassava 15,425 21 Tobacco 675 2 Vegetables ilan 800 1 Rice 20,200 44 Tobacco, Maize, Yam bean Natandong 2,500 1 Rice 84,600 27 Maize, Tobacco Naphong 29,200 9 Banana , Rice 106,550 43 Maize, Tobacco, Yam bean 1,500 1 Phanang 11,000 8 Banana, Sugar cane, Pine apple 31 Maize , Yam bean Mahaxaytai 63,900 15 Banana, Chilli 18,600 11 Maize, Tobacco, Yam bean Total 411,030 172 1,026,253 526 40,095 45 Relative share, % 27.8 69.5 2.7 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 27 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-14: Areas and Crops of Riverside Gardens by Village, Xe Bangfai District Garden above River Bank Riverside Crop Garden Riverside Vegetable Garden Village Area (m2) No. HH Crops Area (m2) No. HH Crops Area (m2) No. HH Crops Nongbone 8,025 7 Rice, Banana, Phay tree 20,725 29 Maize, Tobacco 1,200 3 Vegetables, Beans Hathkhamheing 268,969 44 Banana, Rice, Bamboo, Pineapple, Maize, Tobacco, Sweet Chilli, Fruit trees 57,225 39 potato Beans, Bamboo Gnangkham 52,150 19 Rice, Banana, Bamboo, Pineapple, Maize, Tobacco, Sweet Chilli, Fruit trees, Beans, Kapok 116,700 52 potato, Pineapple 8,200 14 Chilli, Maize, Beans Veunsanan 16,550 15 Banana, Kapok 31,650 39 Maize, Sweet Potato Kangkhaenh 20,300 4 Kapok, Mango, Chilli 27,850 21 Maize, Sweet Potato 100 1 Chilli Kkengkasi 20,200 10 Banana, Kapok, Chilli 68,400 40 Maize Kengpai 42,750 15 Banana, Kapok, Chilli, Fruit trees 34,600 32 Maize, Tobacco, Water melon 1,500 1 Beans Dangtha 16,325 15 Rice, Banana, Phay tree, Galanga, Kapok, Fruit trees, Vegetables 52,160 30 Maize, Tobacco, Sweet potato 3,500 2 Beans, Chilli Naphoktha 450 1 Banana 93,350 38 Maize, Tobacco, Chick pea, Chilli, Cowpea Yam bean 6,000 2 legume Paksenoy 5,200 4 Banana, Chilli, Papaya 28,300 14 Maize, Tobacco 27,650 23 Tobacco, Maize, Yam bean Khouase 107,300 14 Fruit trees, Rice, Banana, Kapok, Bamboo 33,200 14 Maize, Tobacco, Soy bean Thakhor 24,800 11 Banana, Pineapple, Bamboo, Maize, Chilli, Cowpea legume, Kapok, Fruit trees 68,800 34 Yam bean 1,900 4 Vegetables Thasida 17,100 12 Banana 23,700 9 Tobacco, Chick pea Harthphek 1,600 3 Banana, Chilli 6,400 7 Tobacco, Maize, Yam beam Somsaath 21,400 5 Banana, Maize, Water melon 14,650 9 Tobacco, Maize, Yam beam, Water melon 200 1 Vegetables Nathan 7,100 9 Banana, Kapok, Sugar cane Tobacco, Maize, Yam beam, Bamboo 34,700 40 Chilli, Cowpea legume 600 3 Vegetables thahart 10,500 11 Banana, Bamboo, Kapok, Chilli 22,200 25 Tobacco, Maize, Yam beam Sang 12,000 4 Rice, Banana 4,800 3 Maize, Tobacco 1,700 1 Vegetables Natoung 5,400 7 Banana, Kapok, Chilli, Cotton 3,800 8 Maize, Tobacco Nakhormthong 5,700 4 Banana 1,125 3 Maize Total 663,819 214 744,335 486 52,450 55 Relative share, % 45.4 51.0 3.6 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 28 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-15: Areas and Crops of Riverside Gardens by Village, Nongbok District Village Garden above River Bank Riverside Crop Garden Riverside Vegetable Garden Area (m2) No. HH Crop Area (m2) No. HH Crop Area (m2) No. HH Crop Sadeunoua 1,900 2 Tobacco 69,500 37 Maize, Tobacco, Sweet Potato 5,700 6 Chilli, Vegetables Sadeutai 0 56,980 40 Maize, Tobacco, Potato 1,000 2 Cucumber, Beans Danpakse 0 0 Chilli, Pineapple, Beans, Natai 23,000 4 Banana, Fruit trees 101,850 41 Maize, Tobacco, Potato 17,000 11 Vegetables, Cucumber, Banana, Sugar cane Navangthong 0 0 700 1 Dongsangum 9,200 9 Maize, Banana, Pineapple 25,350 20 Maize, Tobacco Pak aeetou 3,600 11 Banana, Pineapple 200 1 Maize 100 1 Vegetables Phonesaoae 10,062 32 Banana, Beans, Maize, Mango, Phay trees, Kapok 6,449 31 Maize, Tobacco Navangtai 920 3 Banana 10,880 15 Maize, Tobacco, Potato 1,600 4 Vegetables Navangnoi 0 19,900 46 Maize, Tobacco Navangnoua 415 3 Banana, Kapok 8,027 31 Maize, Tobacco 1,090 3 Vegetables Numphou 1,250 3 Banana, Kapok 6,200 12 Maize, Tobacco, Potato, Chilli 2,400 8 Vegetables, Chilli Dongphakpheua 1,600 6 Banana, Chilli 25,500 39 Maize, Tobacco, Potato 2,400 6 Vegetables, Chilli, Beans Xamnady 3,900 7 Banana 4,000 8 Maize, Tobacco, Potato, Vegetables Hatsaifong 300 2 Banana 11,510 12 Maize, Tobacco, Potato 1,700 5 Vegetables, Beans, Cucumber Soakbor 7,150 4 Banana 21,190 32 Maize, Tobacco 4,550 27 Vegetables Dongkasin 79,250 13 Banana, Vegetables, Sugar Maize, Tobacco, Sweet cane 4,430 13 Potato 5,370 21 Vegetables Tantung 0 21,033 15 Maize, Tobacco 780 1 Vegetables Hathsiengdy 1,000 1 Banana 12,720 26 Maize, Tobacco, Sweet Potato, Melon 350 2 Vegetables Thamouang 18,275 14 Banana, Tobacco, Maize, Chilli 7,270 13 Maize, Tobacco 350 2 Vegetables Total 161,822 114 184,659 432 43,390 100 Relative share, % 28.8 63.4 7.7 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 29 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-16: Areas and Crops of Riverside Gardens by Village, Xaybouli District Garden above River Bank Riverside Crop Garden Riverside Vegetable Garden Village Area (m2) No. HH Crops Area (m2) No. HH Crops Area (m2) No. HH Crops Lao 56,020 18 Rice, Banana, Fruit trees, Vegetables 60,330 35 Tobacco Xiengkhay 78,100 10 Rice, Banana, Sugar cane 24,195 19 Tobacco 480 4 Vegetables Khengvaeng 7,650 5 Banana 59,480 48 Maize, Tobacco Dongmarkfai 20,000 2 Banana, Rice 107,050 54 Maize, Tobacco 600 1 Vegetables Palay 300 2 Chilli 4,990 11 Maize, Tobacco Manilath 35,000 2 Banana, Tobacco 6,750 3 Maize, Tobacco Khamsavang 3,550 7 Maize 24,650 18 Maize, Tobacco, Yam bean Dangsavanh 25,950 13 Chilli, Banana, Rice, Vegetable, Kapok 33,830 43 Tobacco 200 1 Vegetables Souvanhsay 161,599 28 Maize, Chilli, Rice, Banana 118,000 37 Maize, Tobacco Hardkhamdee 14,900 6 Rice 0 Tonhainh 27,300 12 Banana, Fruit trees, Chilli, Maize 37,050 37 Tobacco Beuuongze 56,020 23 Rice, Banana, Fruit trees, Vegetables 60,330 35 Tobacco Hatsaysoungneua 0 75,050 54 Maize, Tobacco, Yam bean 11,150 15 Chilli, Vegetables, Cowpea Hatsaysoungtai 0 10,625 21 Maize, Tobacco, Yam bean 5,000 11 Vegetables, Cowpea Thadokkham 1,000 1 Banana 7,000 3 Maize, Tobacco Khangpa 4,050 6 Banana 4,015 9 Maize Thabor 3,215 5 Banana, Chilli 1,820 5 Maize, Tobacco Khengphosy 27,000 2 Rice 8,750 8 Maize, Tobacco 1,000 1 Water melon Sakong 0 95,000 38 Maize, Tobacco, Beans Phakfeuanneua 0 13,900 21 Maize, Tobacco, Yam bean Phakfeuatai 0 4,456 12 Maize, Yam bean Somsa Ard 13,907 20 Banana, Maize, Fruit 52,744 61 Maize Huay hair 9,000 8 Banana, Rice 0 Naxiengkhan 21,150 4 Banana, Fruit trees 6,800 18 Maize, Tobacco, Yam bean, Beans 200 1 Vegetables Nongheunthongneua 3,000 3 Banana, Fruit trees 19,800 31 Maize, Tobacco, Yam bean, Beans 550 2 Vegetables Nongheuathongtai 73,500 11 Rice 1,250 3 Maize, Tobacco Thaphoxay 9,150 8 Maize, Vegetables 15,900 14 Tobacco 4,900 6 Vegetables Thakharm 0 26,700 13 Maize, Beans, Tobacco 5,450 4 Vegetables Nasang 2,100 2 3,180 19 Maize, Tobacco 4,200 13 Vegetables Bouakhai 25,860 27 Vegetables, Maize, Chilli, Banana 4,550 5 Maize, Tobacco 1,625 7 Vegetables Pong 6,250 2 Banana 81,900 18 Tobacco 2,000 1 Vegetables Parkxe 21,900 6 Maize, Tobacco 6,607 5 Maize, Tobacco 8,284 6 Vegetables Total 707,471 233 976,702 698 45,639 73 Relative share, % 40.9 56.5 2.6 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 30 Chapter 30: Baseline Data 30.7 LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Table 30-17 shows that, although there is much variation, on average a household raises 2-3 head of cattle, 1 pig and some 10 chickens. Table 30-17: Average Number of Livestock per Household Upstream of Upper XBF Upstream of Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Total All Zones Livestock Total heads Total heads Total heads Avg. / HH Total heads Avg. / HH Total heads Avg. / HH Total heads Avg. / HH Buffalo 443 443 762 3.2 348 1.9 631 0.6 2,184 1.6 Cow 143 143 517 2.2 284 1.6 969 1.0 1,913 1.4 Horse 4 4 9 0.0 11 0.1 11 0.0 35 0.0 Pig 124 124 288 1.2 166 0.9 484 0.5 1,062 0.8 Goat 20 20 20 0.1 12 0.1 34 0.0 86 0.1 Duck 654 654 541 2.3 306 1.7 4,537 4.7 6,038 4.5 Chicken 1,660 1,660 3,106 12.9 1,707 9.5 8,788 9.0 15,261 11.4 Turkey 3 3 2 0.0 0 0.0 17 0.0 22 0.0 Goose 0 0 0 0.0 7 0.0 9 0.0 16 0.0 Total 3,051 3,051 5,245 21.9 2,841 15.8 15,480 15.9 26,617 19.9 Buffalo is the main source of draft power for land preparation, although power tillers are becoming more common, particularly in the larger and more prosperous villages. Cattle are a form of savings, and when needed they are sold for cash to meet household expenditure requirements. 30.8 FISHERIES ON THE NAM PHIT AND NAM KATHANG 30.8.1 Fisheries on the Nam Phit The fisheries survey of 2004 identified 36 villages with people fishing in Nam Phit / Houay Khama. These villages are located along Nam Phit / Houay Khama, Nam Gnom/Nam Kathang and Xe Bangfai. The survey included interviews with key informants (usually village leaders) as well as interviews with 15 randomly selected villagers per village. In some cases where it was difficult to get hold of people, a lower number (around 10) were selected. In total, 497 villagers were interviewed regarding their fishing habits, catch, species and seasonality. According to the survey, the annual catch of fish fro the Nam Phit by the above villagers is 136,000 kg representing a value of US$ 109,000 (at US$ 0.8 per kg, see Table 30-18). Villagers in Phonsaat + Lak 6, Kaun Phan, Phit and Phachoumkhong (all located along or near Nam Phit / Houay Khama) each catch more than 10,000 kg per village. Villagers also catch other aquatic animals and collect aquatic plants, estimated at 64,000 kg and 24,000 kg, respectively. Aquatic animals (other than fish) include mussels, shrimps, snails, etc. and have an average value of around US$ 0.2 per kg. The value of aquatic animals from Nam Phit is therefore US$ 12,800. The value of aquatic plants collected from Nam Phit is estimated at US$ 2,400 (at US$ 0.1 per kg). The total value of the fisheries and other aquatic products is US$ 124,000. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 31 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-18: List of Villages Fishing in Nam Phit and Annual Catch of Fish, other Aquatic Animals and Aquatic Plants. Collection of No. of Fish catch Animal catch aquatic plants No. No. Village Name Nearest river District HH (kg/village) (kg/village) (kg/village) 1 1 Tham phaung + Tham Phong Nam Phit Gnommalath 50 2,950 1,847 390 2 2 Thang beng Nam Phit Gnommalath 43 1,333 806 278 3 3 Pa thoung + Phone Khene Nam Phit Gnommalath 75 3,930 1,995 1,245 4 4 Kaun phan Nam Phit Gnommalath 182 14,475 6,055 2,415 5 5 Tat Nam Phit Gnommalath 130 4,524 3,874 1,716 6 6 Maung khai Nam Phit Gnommalath 71 2,407 1,150 376 7 7 Phit (sikhai) Nam Phit Gnommalath 85 11,911 2,913 680 8 8 Phone sang Nam Phit Gnommalath 26 775 745 331 9 9 Phone thoy Nam Phit Gnommalath 48 102 145 65 10 10 Khok Savang Nam Phit Gnommalath 41 1,339 868 461 11 11 Khok Nam Phit Mahaxai 12 1,876 224 74 12 12 Phachoumkhong Nam Phit Mahaxai 58 11,395 4,423 1,079 13 13 Lak kao Nam Phit Mahaxai 25 1,630 845 258 14 14 Na khok nai Nam Phit Mahaxai 28 205 45 7 15 15 Lak jet Nam Phit Mahaxai 144 1,320 1,450 845 16 16 Phon saat + Lak hok Nam Phit Mahaxai 305 22,631 17,233 6,588 17 17 Phonkham Nam Phit Mahaxai 49 820 889 121 Sub-total, Nam Phit villages 1,372 83,623 45,505 16,929 18 1 Thong mang Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 53 1,124 537 145 19 2 Somsanouk Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 112 2,619 1,324 273 20 3 Gnommalath Neua Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 125 747 216 55 21 4 Gnommalath Tai Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 162 5,624 3,182 1,412 22 5 Namixai Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 88 1,090 831 100 23 6 Nongping Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 107 8,235 2,651 373 24 7 Sivilai Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 55 859 300 109 25 8 Maung Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 57 1,419 621 303 26 9 Kieng lek Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 80 3,363 702 580 27 10 Phone Bok Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 81 3,191 1,328 397 28 11 Fang dieng Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 25 522 155 40 29 12 Boung bao + Naphoxay Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 79 270 244 101 30 13 Pak phoung Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 34 1,383 1,077 208 31 14 Done pauy Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 73 240 230 106 Sub-total, Nam Gnon / Nam Kathang villages 1,131 30,686 13,399 4,203 32 1 Dang Xe Bangfai Mahaxai 167 9,152 2,516 813 33 2 Somsanouk Xe Bangfai Mahaxai 53 3,272 240 244 34 3 Na kio Xe Bangfai Mahaxai 100 7,840 1,829 1,202 35 4 Kiengsavang Xe Bangfai Mahaxai 26 773 128 213 36 5 Mahaxai Neua Xe Bangfai Mahaxai 64 973 171 188 Sub-total, Xe Bangfai villages 410 22,009 4,884 2,659 Total Weight (kg) 2,913 136,319 63,787 23,791 Total Value (US$) 109,055 12,757 2,379 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 32 Chapter 30: Baseline Data 30.8.2 Fisheries on the Nam Kathang The 2001 Socio-economic survey covered apart from mainstream Xe Bangfai villages also 23 villages along Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang. Interviews with 15 randomly respondents were made in each village. Data relating to fisheries is extracted below. The survey shows that Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang is the most important source of fish for nearly a third of the respondents (see Table 30-19). Hence, other sources (among these Nam Phit / Houay Khama) are more important ­ on an aggregate level. Table 30-19:Relative Importance of Fishing Venues, Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang. Location First Rank Second Rank Third Rank No Response Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang 31.7 % 13.2 % 6.8 % 36.3 % Tributaries 24.9 % 19.4 % 10.6 % 20.5 % Paddy fields 13.8 % 21.5 % 31.7 % 9.3 % Other small bodies of water 17.2 % 17.5 % 28.3 % 14.1 % Back swamps and natural ponds 12.3 % 28.3 % 22.5 % 19.8 % Total 99.90% 99.90% 99.90% 100.00% This ranking is somehow supported by catch data from the same survey. The average household is catching 59 kg of fish from the Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang whereas the catch from other areas is 75 kg. For all 1,632 households in the 23 villages, the total catch from Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang is estimated at 96,000 kg (see Table 30-20). The high catch of 122,000 kg from areas outside Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang originate to a considerable extent from Nam Phit (as documented in Section 30.8.1) Table 30-20: Estimated Catch of Fish from Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang. Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Outside Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Dry Season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season Average catch per HH per season (kg) 28.3 30.6 24.9 50.2 Average annual catch per HH (kg) 58.9 75.0 Total annual catch (kg) 96,152 122,412 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 33 Chapter 30: Baseline Data 30.9 FISHERIES ON THE XE BANG FAI 150 lowland Mekong fish species are known to exist in the Xe Bangfai. Most villagers living along the banks of the Xe Bangfai are known to engage in some level of fishing activity. The 2001 survey of the fisheries in the Xe Bangfai clearly demonstrated the importance of the fisheries for household economy, household subsistence and protein intake. 30.9.1 Ranking of Fisheries Locations Rivers, streams and wetlands are seen as a community resource, which belongs to everyone, and so there are no explicit "property or exploitation rights". People go fishing wherever possible, including the XBF and its tributaries, in paddy fields, in the wetlands created by seasonal flooding and in other small bodies of water. A qualitative ranking of fishers venue importance was undertaken in the 2001 survey (see Table 30-21). This ranking showed that for 59 % of the villagers living along the XBF river, the mainstream is the primary fishing location This is more pronounced in the Upper XBF and the upstream of Upper XBF where the river is ranked first by 80 % and 75 % of the respondents, respectively. In the Middle XBF, the importance of tributaries is higher than for the XBF River (49 % and 44 %, respectively). This is due to seven of the 12 villages surveyed being located on the Xe Noy tributary. In the Lower XBF, where 60 % of the villages are located, the XBF river is ranked as the most important fishing venue (54 %) but back swamps and natural ponds (19 %), paddy fields (14 %) and other small water bodies (10 %) are also important. 30.9.2 Fishing Techniques and Gears Villagers use a variety of fishing techniques, and exploit all aquatic species (not only fish, but also larvae, snakes, frogs, invertebrates, etc.). The gears with the highest catch are gillnets (especially 3-6 cm mesh size), single hook and line, and nets with handles (see Table 30-22). The XBF River accounts for 56 % of the annual average catch whereas 44 % is caught outside the XBF. However, in the wet season when it becomes more difficult to fish in the XBF River there is more fish caught outside (19 kg/HH/month) than in the River (15 kg/HH/month). Table 30-21: Qualitative Ranking Importance of Fishing Venues Location Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Upstream Total First Rank XBF River 80% 44% 54% 75% 59% XBF Tributaries 11% 49% 3% 11% 11% Paddy fields 1% 1% 14% 2% 9% Other small bodies of water 6% 5% 10% 3% 8% Back swamps and natural ponds 2% 1% 19% 9% 13% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Second Rank XBF River 14% 3% 19% 21% 16% XBF Tributaries 36% 16% 9% 26% 16% Paddy fields 9% 31% 33% 10% 26% Other small bodies of water 36% 46% 19% 15% 24% Back swamps and natural ponds 5% 3% 20% 27% 17% Total 100% 99% 100% 99% 99% Third Rank XBF River 4% 1% 13% 1% 9% XBF Tributaries 10% 4% 11% 8% 10% Paddy fields 49% 29% 26% 47% 32% Other small bodies of water 26% 45% 24% 28% 28% Back swamps and natural ponds 12% 20% 26% 16% 22% Total 101% 99% 100% 100% 101% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 34 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-22: Monthly and Annual Catch by Gear, Location and Season. Dry season Wet season Year XBF River - Out of XBF XBF River - Out of XBF Total (kg / HH / River (kg / (kg / HH / River (kg / (kg / HH / Gear type month) HH / month) month) HH / month) year) Scoop nets 0.9 1.4 0.5 1.0 22.9 Nets with Handles 0.8 1.2 3.4 1.4 41.2 Push net with handle 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 3.1 Single hook and line 1.4 0.7 2.0 3.7 46.1 Cat Fish Single Hook And Line 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.2 10.5 Long Line With Multiple Hooks 1.5 0.4 1.5 1.2 28.0 Large Bamboo Cylinder Traps 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 5.0 Bamboo Traps 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.8 15.2 Falling Door Trap 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 3.1 Cast Net 3cm and Down 2.5 1.4 0.8 1.5 37.6 Cast Net 4cm and Up 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 7.6 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 4cm and Up 2.6 0.4 1.2 1.8 36.3 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 3-6cm 4.8 0.7 2.1 3.3 64.7 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 7cm and Up 2.0 0.1 1.0 0.6 21.5 Boat 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Engine 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fish Attractant Basket 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fish Attractant With Fence 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Arrow 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 Upright basket trap 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Basket Trap 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.3 Others 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.0 8.8 Total 18 7 15 19 354 Relative share 31 % 12 % 25 % 32 % 30.9.3 Fish Consumption and Sale Fish from the XBF are being sold in markets in District centres and Thakhek. The average share of fish catch that is consumed within the household is 69 %, and varies from 45 % in Upper XBF to 84 % in Upstream of Upper XBF. Fish is an important part of the diet and a main source of protein. Table 30-23: Relative Importance of Consumption and Sale of Fish and Aquatic Products. Upstream of Upper XBF Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Total All Zones Average fish consumed: kg / HH 82 104 90 98 102 Average fish sold : kg / HH 15 127 40 26 45 Total (kg) 97 231 130 125 148 Consumption's share of total (%) 84 45 69 79 69 The relative consumption and sales data presented in Table 30-23 are derived from the socio-economic, not the fisheries component of the 2001 Xe Bangfai socio economic survey, and as such are indicative and comparative only. The absolute catch figures use in later analysis are those derived from the Fisheries component of the survey. 30.9.4 Aquaculture Aquaculture is not well developed in XBF communities. One reason might be the relative abundance of fish within the river and adjacent wetlands. Lack of infrastructure and well-developed market systems or November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 35 Chapter 30: Baseline Data transport services are other valid explanations, as well as lack of knowledge about fish culturing techniques. However, aquaculture is becoming more common in the lower Xe Bangfai zone, in part due to population pressure and in part due to availability of irrigation waters which are also used in aquaculture, which highlights the significant opportunity to develop and expand aquaculture activities within the region. 30.9.5 Current Fisheries and Aquatic Products Catch and Incomes As compensation will be related to the impact on (or losses of) fish catch and income, it is first necessary to estimate the current, or non-project affected fisheries and aquatic product catch and income. The best estimate to date of fisheries catch and imputed income is derived from the response to the detailed fisheries questionnaire of the fisheries component of the 2001 XBF socio-economic survey. In this survey, 15 persons per village were asked a range of questions on the monthly quantity of fish caught, with the full range of gear, disaggregated into: (i) catch in the wet and/or dry season; and (ii) catch in the XBF or outside the XBF (tributaries and other water bodies). The summarised results for each zone are presented in Table 30-24 and detailed per village in Table 30-26. Table 30-24: Average Household Monthly and Annual Fish Catch, by Season and Location, as Estimated from 2001 XBF Survey (Fisheries Component). Average monthly Dry season Wet season catch Average annual catch* no. kg/HH/ kg/HH/ kg/HH/ kg/HH/ kg/HH/ no. HH kg/HH/mth mth mth: mth: mth: mth: kg/HH kg/HH kg/HH Zone vills (2001) - in XBF non-XBF in XBF non-XBF in- XBF non-XBF from XBF non-XBF total Upstream 12 537 30 13 31 28 30 20 362 245 607 Upper 12 852 44 10 24 29 34 20 407 234 641 Mid 12 709 15 3 17 9 16 6 191 71 262 Lower 53 4,998 15 8 13 23 14 16 168 186 354 Average 89 7,096 20 8 16 23 18 15 214 185 399 total for all villages 2,831,304 kg On the assumption that the average return on fish and other aquatic products is US$ 0.8/kg, then the above catch figures would provide the average income as presented in Table 30-25, which includes cash and imputed income. Table 30-25: Average Household Fish Catch and Imputed Income from the XBF and from Non- XBF Sources, in Two Seasons, as Determined from the 2001 XBF Survey, by Zone Catch from XBF Catch from non XBF Total fish catch no. of no. of kg/ HH/ US$/ HH/ Total tons/ kg/ HH/ US$/ HH/ Total tons/ kg/ HH/ US$/ Total tons/ Zone village HH year year year year year year year HH/year year Upstream 12 537 362 290 194 245 196 132 607 486 326 Upper 12 852 406 325 346 234 187 200 641 513 546 Middle 12 709 191 153 135 70 56 50 262 210 186 Lower 53 4,998 168 134 840 186 149 930 354 283 1,771 Total/ av. 89 7,096 214 171 1,517 185 148 1312 399 319 2,828 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 36 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-26: Average Household Fish Catch (of mainstream villages) from XBF and from Non- XBF Sources, in Two Seasons (2001 XBF Survey, fisheries component) Catch per Household (kg) Dry season Wet season Total, No. In XBF Out of XBF In XBF Out of Total, out of Village Zone HH XBF in XBF XBF Total Upstream of Upper XBF Kangyangkham Upstream 28 173 74 151 173 323 247 570 Nakea Upstream 80 162 74 238 178 399 252 651 Nakhay Upstream 51 187 137 141 182 328 320 647 Naphong Upstream 56 118 62 257 133 374 195 570 Nathanedong Upstream 36 210 72 111 200 321 272 593 Nathanethong Upstream 32 222 87 136 186 358 272 631 Nongkok Upstream 22 131 50 78 122 209 173 382 Veun Upstream 33 234 130 159 205 394 335 729 Dangkang Upstream 58 216 50 219 176 434 226 660 Eelane Upstream 59 141 104 105 158 246 262 507 Somsanook Upstream 45 220 18 306 95 526 113 639 Vatthat Upstream 37 160 91 160 190 320 281 601 Average catch per HH in Upstream 362 245 607 Upper XBF Thakhor Upper XBF 49 312 25 106 126 418 151 569 Kengpair Upper XBF 75 722 2 113 123 834 124 959 Khaengsavang Upper XBF 23 279 37 370 73 648 110 759 Khamfeuang Upper XBF 88 298 36 148 175 446 211 657 Mahaxaykang Upper XBF 99 54 32 64 91 118 123 241 Mahaxayneua Upper XBF 66 710 95 172 123 882 218 1100 Mahaxaytay Upper XBF 146 168 128 259 413 427 541 968 Phanang Upper XBF 44 366 60 156 88 522 149 671 Pong Upper XBF 36 253 18 52 99 304 118 422 Povaneua Upper XBF 86 140 77 124 117 264 194 458 Povatay Upper XBF 90 48 73 42 206 90 279 369 Thahant Upper XBF 50 105 8 140 64 245 73 318 Average catch per HH in Upper XBF 407 234 641 Middle XBF Dongmarfai Middle XBF 91 13 19 24 54 38 73 111 Hatpeak Middle XBF 38 96 10 113 62 209 71 280 Kaengveang Middle XBF 69 64 27 83 48 147 75 222 Kengkasee Middle XBF 43 158 23 126 84 284 107 391 Kengkhean Middle XBF 44 328 41 193 113 520 154 674 Lao Middle XBF 29 46 11 85 11 131 22 153 Nathane Middle XBF 83 43 15 88 9 130 24 154 Pahlay Middle XBF 36 66 8 48 17 114 25 139 Paksenoy Middle XBF 85 146 7 143 68 290 75 364 Thasida Middle XBF 32 52 21 33 39 85 60 145 Veunsananh Middle XBF 63 168 49 136 83 304 132 436 Xiengkhay Middle XBF 91 34 11 109 43 143 54 197 Average catch per HH in Middle XBF 191 72 264 Lower XBF 1 Kuase Lower XBF 285 32 22 19 103 51 125 176 Manilad Lower XBF 41 43 3 73 3 116 6 122 Khamsavang Lower XBF 29 92 18 100 12 192 30 222 Daangsavanh Lower XBF 59 99 9 93 11 193 21 213 Souvanxai Lower XBF 73 76 10 96 23 172 34 206 Dangtha Lower XBF 85 34 60 86 158 119 218 338 Naphoktha Lower XBF 73 51 44 101 195 152 239 391 Somsa-at Lower XBF 43 240 47 299 84 539 131 670 Hatkhamdee Lower XBF 38 61 4 50 26 111 29 140 Yangkham Lower XBF 216 233 35 138 153 370 188 559 Hatkhamhieng Lower XBF 239 148 41 147 121 295 162 456 Tonhaen Lower XBF 175 113 64 143 110 256 174 430 Beungse Lower XBF 122 182 82 316 195 498 277 775 Namphou Lower XBF 64 38 65 100 122 138 188 326 Dongkaasinh Lower XBF 79 49 41 72 150 121 191 312 Hatsaisugneua Lower XBF 129 93 33 58 82 152 115 267 Hatsaisugtay Lower XBF 105 160 89 172 125 332 214 546 Sorkbau Lower XBF 105 25 16 80 46 105 62 167 Average catch per HH in Lower XBF 1 223 152 375 Lower XBF 2 Thadorkham Lower XBF 36 78 60 80 97 158 157 315 Natay Lower XBF 76 132 52 87 257 218 309 528 Kangpa Lower XBF 71 29 172 28 296 57 468 524 Thabor Lower XBF 57 87 98 138 257 225 354 579 Phak-eetou Lower XBF 63 49 28 34 96 83 124 208 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 37 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Catch per Household (kg) Dry season Wet season Total, No. In XBF Out of XBF In XBF Out of Total, out of Village Zone HH XBF in XBF XBF Total Hatxiengdee Lower XBF 204 32 86 31 242 62 328 390 Kaengphosy Lower XBF 69 97 29 41 220 138 249 387 Dongsaanga Lower XBF 68 54 41 17 50 71 90 161 Sakong Lower XBF 86 34 34 145 169 179 203 382 Tanetheung Lower XBF 148 25 30 17 129 42 160 201 Dongphakpheuang Lower XBF 153 36 36 15 121 51 157 208 Phakfeuaneua Lower XBF 61 37 80 25 297 62 377 438 Phakfeuatay Lower XBF 63 43 129 20 290 63 419 481 Sumnadee Lower XBF 30 133 28 52 79 184 107 291 Somsaa-at Lower XBF 102 152 114 96 437 249 551 800 Houi-hai Lower XBF 76 120 69 164 199 284 268 552 Navangneua Lower XBF 196 107 52 48 82 155 134 290 Navangthong Lower XBF 123 27 68 34 304 61 371 432 Hatxaifong Lower XBF 56 43 88 22 141 64 229 294 Navangnoy Lower XBF 69 153 28 69 369 222 397 619 Naxiengkhane Lower XBF 65 147 50 57 150 204 200 404 Navangtay Lower XBF 73 31 30 53 87 84 117 202 Nongheuathongneua Lower XBF 58 97 37 109 55 206 92 298 Nongheuathongtay Lower XBF 23 212 9 96 18 308 28 335 Average catch per HH in Lower XBF 2 127 254 380 Lower XBF 3 Saadeauneua Lower XBF 130 50 16 23 74 73 90 163 Saadeautay Lower XBF 90 50 25 78 101 128 126 254 Thaphoxai Lower XBF 102 44 11 48 61 91 71 163 Phonhsaoea Lower XBF 66 58 127 24 296 81 423 504 Thakharm Lower XBF 97 33 22 21 66 54 88 143 Nasang Lower XBF 121 261 1 40 86 301 87 388 Thamoang Lower XBF 38 48 74 12 115 60 189 249 Bouakhay Lower XBF 109 46 9 45 122 90 130 221 Pong Lower XBF 84 244 12 147 95 392 107 499 Paksebangfai Lower XBF 96 54 16 55 35 110 52 161 Danepakse Lower XBF 84 98 33 76 22 173 55 228 Average catch per HH in Lower XBF 3 145 115 260 Average catch per HH in Lower XBF 168 186 354 Average catch per HH in XBF 214 185 399 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 38 Chapter 30: Baseline Data If we consider the catch from the Xe Bangfai only, the average household catch is between 168 kg/HH/year (in Lower XBF) and 406 kg/HH/year (in Upper XBF), or an average value over all zones of 214 kg/HH/yr, equivalent to an income of about US$ 171/HH/year. NTPC will use these indicative XBF catch figures as the basis on which to plan the compensation strategy (except for those 7 villages on the Xe Noy, whose backwater effect may have a net positive affect on fish catch). These figures will be verified one year prior to COD (or earlier, if socio-economic and fisheries surveys are undertaken in the meantime) in order to plan the detailed compensation program. 30.9.6 Fishing Effort in the Xe Bangfai by Hinterland Village Fishers While the 2001 Xe Bangfai Survey was carried out among the villages located on the Xe Bangfai, it is recognised that villagers from other villages further away (not on the mainstream) are also benefiting from fish and aquatic life in the river. A study was therefore carried out to identify the magnitude and relative importance of fishing in Xe Bangfai by villagers from these so-called hinterland villages. The first phase of this study focused on the fishing effort among men and women and the second phase (to be carried out in October 2004) will focus on the actual catch. One hundred villages were identified as possible hosts for villagers fishing in the Xe Bangfai. As it turned out, 66 of these actually had people who go fishing in or collect aquatic products from the Xe Bangfai. Questionnaire interviews were held with key informants and separate focused group discussions with men and women were held to assess the frequency of fishing / collection of aquatic products, location of fishing and size of catch (fish and aquatic products). Of the total village population of 42,540 persons or 7,278 households in the 66 hinterland villages, about 3,356 men and women, in about 1,708 households - or 23 % of the village's households, travel to the Xe Bangfai to catch fish and collect some aquatic products (see Table 30-27). The study also analysed which location men and women prefer to fish and collect aquatic products (i.e. Xe Bangfai, tributary, natural lake / pond, rice field and flooded forest). In 45 villages, men consider that the Xe Bangfai is the most important location for fishing, whereas men in 35 villages rated this location highest for collection of aquatic products (see Table 30-27). Women in hinterland villages, in general, gave less emphasis to XBF, possibly due to distance of travelling and tougher fishing conditions in the major river. Xe Bangfai was found the most important location for fishing by women in 22 villages and for collection of aquatic products in 16 villages. From the study it can be concluded that the Xe Bangfai plays an important role as source of fish and aquatic products for many of the residents of 66 hinterland villages, even though only a minor part of the population in most villages are involved in this activity. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 39 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-27: Number of Fishers, Frequency of Fishing and Estimated Annual Catch in Xe Bangfai by Villagers from Hinterland Villages, 2004 XBF Fishers and Collecters of Aquatic Average no. of XBF ranked as most important source Total in Village Products in Village months fishing/year Fish Aquatic products No. Village District HH Persons Male Female HH1 Persons Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Upper XBF 1 1 Khamfeuang nyai Mahaxai 92 371 189 182 49 109 65 44 7 9 2 2 Khamphe nyai Mahaxai 54 274 128 146 2 3 3 0 7 0 3 3 Khamphe na Mahaxai 63 357 178 179 2 2 2 0 7 0 4 4 Khamhe dong Mahaxai 50 242 126 116 14 19 19 0 5 0 5 5 Phonkham Mahaxai 53 329 186 143 6 9 8 1 5 0 6 6 Phonsaat Mahaxai 300 1475 710 765 12 27 16 11 3 5 7 7 Pachoomkong Mahaxai 56 290 145 145 24 32 32 0 5 0 8 8 Phonkhen Xe Bangfai 12 71 39 32 4 10 5 5 12 9 9 9 Some Xe Bangfai 85 456 220 236 17 38 22 16 12 12 10 10 Thamlay Mahaxai 91 470 210 260 2 3 3 0 12 0 Sub-total, Upper XBF 856 4335 2131 2204 132 252 175 77 Middle XBF 11 1 Noy Xe Bangfai 44 220 108 112 12 34 16 18 10 12 12 2 Yang Nyai Xe Bangfai 204 1166 512 654 20 47 26 21 10 7 13 3 Dongsavanh Xe Bangfai 35 198 109 89 9 21 12 9 4 7 14 4 Khogkengkhene Xe Bangfai 38 227 110 117 6 8 8 0 10 0 15 5 Nakhomkao Xe Bangfai 54 321 166 155 12 16 16 0 3 0 16 6 Deung Xe Bangfai 178 1256 618 638 17 22 22 0 7 0 17 7 Beunghuanatai Xe Bangfai 116 654 316 338 8 10 10 0 5 0 18 8 Dongmakbah Xe Bangfai 115 663 323 340 8 16 11 5 9 2 19 9 Nongbone Xe Bangfai 139 979 508 471 62 83 83 0 11 0 20 10 Huaylangmeu Xe Bangfai 66 401 219 182 14 18 18 0 9 0 21 11 Nakhomtong Xe Bangfai 107 664 319 345 17 22 22 0 8 0 22 12 Beunghuanakang Xe Bangfai 37 216 114 102 6 11 8 3 6 3 23 13 Sang Xe Bangfai 149 1329 684 645 188 385 251 134 7 7 24 14 Som Xe Bangfai 141 852 409 443 86 115 115 0 3 0 25 15 Beunghuananeua Xe Bangfai 56 325 165 160 72 130 96 34 7 6 26 16 (Nong) Dong Phang Xe Bangfai 44 247 119 128 4 5 5 0 7 0 27 17 Nathong Xaybouli 48 288 127 161 9 15 12 3 2 4 Sub-total, Middle XBF 1571 10006 4926 5080 550 958 731 227 Lower XBF 1 28 1 Naphoktheung Xe Bangfai 85 513 247 266 77 144 102 42 11 9 29 2 Nakham Nongbok 448 1775 918 857 4 5 5 0 7 0 30 3 Phon Nongbok 165 952 471 481 2 2 2 0 4 0 31 4 Dongcoung Nongbok 93 457 210 247 3 4 4 0 6 0 32 5 Dongbounnoi Nongbok 49 245 128 117 4 5 5 0 7 0 33 6 Nongdon / NongkonkiaNongbok 181 1084 527 557 76 134 101 33 11 7 34 7 Dongbounyai Nongbok 210 977 488 489 78 142 104 38 4 2 35 8 Sibounheung Nongbok 170 1025 433 592 4 5 5 0 10 0 36 9 Phonphieng Nongbok 130 781 382 399 2 2 2 0 4 0 37 10 Nongpam Nongbok 95 555 161 394 2 2 2 0 2 0 38 11 Nongsapangtha Nongbok 108 592 311 281 14 21 19 2 8 4 39 12 Nonchick Nongbok 56 319 125 194 1 1 1 0 1 0 40 13 Kangthong Xaybouli 104 813 414 399 25 65 33 32 12 12 41 14 Veurnneua Xaybouli 159 1000 486 514 122 312 162 150 12 12 42 15 Veurnsivilai Xaybouli 162 975 531 444 5 8 7 1 9 2 43 16 Veurntai Xaybouli 157 936 469 467 32 82 43 39 12 12 44 17 Dongpao Xaybouli 145 881 441 440 10 18 13 5 6 3 45 18 Dongyang Nongbok 16 93 47 46 2 3 3 0 5 0 46 19 Nongbok Nongbok 202 898 493 405 2 2 2 0 9 0 Sub-total, Lower XBF 1 2735 14871 7282 7589 465 957 615 342 Lower XBF 2 47 1 Navangkang (Tai) Nongbok 79 473 235 238 22 29 29 0 12 0 48 2 Colksawang Nongbok 65 427 198 229 2 2 2 0 10 0 49 3 Nongsapangthong Nongbok 78 419 211 208 14 18 18 0 7 0 50 4 Donggnang Xaybouli 47 301 149 152 19 45 25 20 12 8 51 5 Naoneua Xaybouli 127 840 405 435 124 315 165 150 12 11 52 6 Kangmixay Xaybouli 104 803 393 410 9 23 12 11 6 8 53 7 Gyangkhamtai Xaybouli 100 708 342 366 70 180 93 87 9 9 54 8 Veurnxai Xaybouli 126 789 384 405 77 162 103 59 9 4 55 9 Dongpou Xaybouli 164 685 336 349 56 106 74 32 10 3 56 10 Syxiengmai Xaybouli 200 1204 540 664 7 9 9 0 10 0 57 11 Gyangkhamneua Xaybouli 70 466 228 238 19 26 25 1 7 6 58 12 Naotai Xaybouli 166 1147 571 576 2 3 3 0 3 0 59 13 Nakhanay Xaybouli 129 902 430 472 35 68 47 21 9 2 60 14 Phontan Xaybouli 62 418 206 212 14 32 18 14 9 7 61 15 Boungbaurthong Xaybouli 130 889 430 459 17 30 22 8 9 9 62 16 Laodokmai Xaybouli 72 450 215 235 10 13 13 0 2 0 Sub-total, Lower XBF 2 1719 10921 5273 5648 497 1061 658 403 Lower XBF 3 63 1 Nongli Nongbok 142 672 350 322 2 2 2 0 7 0 64 2 Dongpangpao Nongbok 84 506 239 267 17 32 22 10 3 3 65 3 Nonnakham Xaybouli 80 541 314 227 31 60 41 19 12 12 66 4 Kangtha Xaybouli 91 688 294 394 14 34 18 16 12 9 Sub-total, Lower XBF 3 397 2407 1197 1210 64 128 83 45 Sub-total, Lower XBF 4851 28199 13752 14447 1026 2146 1356 790 Total 7278 42540 20809 21731 1708 3356 2262 1094 45 22 35 16 1 Household figures are estimated. Verification to be made by October 2004 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 40 Chapter 30: Baseline Data 30.10 DOMESTIC WATER SOURCES 30.10.1 Nam Phit The survey on domestic water use shows that water sources related to Nam Phit (directly or through springs, wells, irrigation or tributaries) are not the most important to villagers but nonetheless account to 29 % and 26 % in dry and wet season, respectively (see Figure 30-7)2. The most common uses of these water sources are watering livestock and gardens, bathing and washing clothes. Annex 30-1 presents the relative importance of water sources for each water use in more detail. Figure 30-7: Sources of Water for Various Water Uses for the Villages along Nam Phit, Dry and Wet Season (Aggregate of Ranking Scores given to the 3 Most Frequent Sources (3, 2 and 1 points, respectively). Dry season Source of water Tributary Well on to Nam Lake, Shallow Rain Bottled Nam Phit Water use Nam Phit Spring Nam Phit Phit pond well Deep well Tap water water water Irrigation Other Total Other 8% Spring Drinking 1 12 0 9 0 42 16 0 0 12 0 20 112 21% 7% Well on Nam Cooking 6 10 3 12 0 40 17 0 0 0 0 20 108 Irrigation Phit 1% 3% Bathing 13 9 4 12 0 38 17 0 0 0 0 25 118 Bottled water Tributary to 2% Nam Phit Dish washing 8 10 3 12 0 38 17 0 0 0 0 23 111 10% Deep well Clothes washing 12 9 3 12 0 34 14 0 0 0 0 25 109 13% Lake, pond 5% Watering garden and field 8 3 5 12 16 22 11 0 0 0 4 26 107 Watering livestock 17 6 9 12 27 12 9 0 0 0 3 27 122 Shallow well Total 65 59 27 81 43 226 101 0 0 12 7 166 787 30% Relative importance 8 7 3 10 5 30 13 0 0 2 1 21 100 Wet season Source of water Tributary Nam Phit Well on to Nam Lake, Shallow Rain Bottled Other 9% Well on Nam Water use Nam Phit Spring Nam Phit Phit pond well Deep well Tap water water water Irrigation Other Total Spring 11% Phit 3% 4% Drinking 7 9 0 7 0 54 16 3 26 8 0 17 147 Bottled water 1% Cooking 8 5 5 11 0 52 15 2 32 0 0 17 147 Tributary to Rain water Nam Phit Bathing 16 5 7 13 3 50 14 3 31 0 0 18 160 22% 10% Dish washing 13 3 5 12 0 49 14 3 32 0 0 18 149 Lake, pond 3% Clothes washing 16 3 5 15 0 49 14 3 31 0 0 19 155 Tap water 2% Watering garden and field 13 4 7 20 3 26 9 2 44 0 2 14 144 Deep well Shallow well Watering livestock 20 2 15 23 29 16 0 3 32 0 0 10 150 8% 27% Total 93 31 44 101 35 296 82 19 228 8 2 113 1052 Relative importance 9 3 4 10 3 27 8 2 22 1 0 11 100 30.10.2 Nam Kathang Villagers along Nam Kathang use the river for various domestic water uses, but they also use other water sources for theses same uses, depending on water resource availability, water resource developments, season, and personal inclination. A survey to determine the relative importance of Nam Kathang vis-à-vis other sources of water was carried out in March-April 2004. This survey was conducted at the village (not household) level by a PRA method in which focus groups of men and women ranked the importance of various water sources for a range of domestic water uses. The water sources found to be used in villages along the Nam Kathang, and the domestic purposes for which the water is used, include the following: 2Percentages relate to the sum of ranking points (3 for the most important source, 2 for the second most and 1 for the third most important source) for all water uses and aggregated for all 25 villages along Nam Phit. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 41 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Sources of domestic water: Domestic uses of water: · Nam Kathang - river water drinking · Nam Kathang - bank spring cooking · Nam Kathang - dug soak on rivers edge bathing · tributary (creeks) dish washing · rainwater washing clothes · shallow dug well gardening · deep bore well · lake, pond · tapped water · bottled water · irrigation water On an aggregated level, covering all water uses of drinking, cooking, bathing, dish washing, clothes washing and garden watering, the data shows that Nam Kathang is the most important water source in the dry season (55 %, see Table 30-28)3. This is particularly the case for watering gardens, clothes washing, bathing and dish washing, while respondents to some extent had alternative sources for cooking and drinking water (see Annex 30-2, where results are shown for each village and district). In the wet season, rain water (35 %), open wells (31 %) and the Nam Kathang (24 %) are the most important sources of water (see Table 30-29). The activities, where Nam Kathang is a more important source, are bathing, clothes washing and dish washing. Table 30-28: Relative Importance (ranking points) of Dry Season Water Sources for Various Water Uses in 20 Villages of Gnommalath District along Nam Kathang. Water use, Source dry season Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Drinking 674 234 350 6 - 544 10 - 44 116 22 2,000 Cooking 806 206 276 14 - 626 16 - 16 34 6 2,000 Bathing 1,124 92 212 48 20 404 10 - 26 - 64 2,000 Dish washing 1,090 122 134 32 20 514 20 - 28 - 40 2,000 Clothes washing 1,370 52 80 52 18 346 8 - 12 - 62 2,000 Garden 1,460 - 42 78 - 248 10 - 18 - 144 2,000 Total 6,524 706 1,094 230 58 2,682 74 - 144 150 338 12,000 Bottled water Rain water 1% Irrigation 1% 3% Deep well 1% Well 22% Nam Kathang 55% Tributary 2% NK bank well 9% NK spring 6% Note: Figures are combined index'es based on a village level matrix ranking of water sources of each water use. 3Percentages refer to the relative share for each water source of a cumulated index for all water uses. The index is a sum of index'es for each water use, within which each village has given `seeds' totalling 100 % for each water use. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 42 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-29: Relative Importance (ranking points) of Wet Season Water Sources for Various Water Uses in 20 Villages of Gnommalath District along Nam Kathang. Water use, Source wet season Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Drinking 176 - - 192 54 874 16 - 602 86 - 2,000 Cooking 314 - - 188 16 816 38 - 584 44 - 2,000 Bathing 726 - - 172 20 512 24 - 546 - - 2,000 Dish washing 580 - - 110 - 604 32 - 674 - - 2,000 Clothes washing 712 - - 168 18 534 20 - 548 - - 2,000 Garden 270 - - 42 - 308 16 - 1,164 - - 1,800 Total 2,778 - - 872 108 3,648 146 - 4,118 130 - 11,800 Bottled water Nam Kathang 1% 24% Rain water 35% Tributary 7% Lake, pond 1% Deep well 1% Well 31% Note: Figures are combined index'es based on a village level matrix ranking of water sources of each water use. 30.10.3 Xe Bang Fai Villagers along Xe Bangfai use the river for various domestic water uses, but they also use other water sources for theses same uses, depending on water resource availability, water resource developments, season, and personal inclination. A survey to determine the relative importance of Xe Bangfai vis-à-vis other sources of water was carried out in September 2003 and March-April 2004. This survey was conducted at the village (not household) level by a PRA method in which focus groups of men and women ranked the importance of various water sources for a range of domestic water uses. The water sources found to be used in villages along the Xe Bangfai, and the domestic purposes for which the water is used, include the following: Sources of domestic water: Domestic uses of water: · Xe Bangfai - river water drinking · Xe Bangfai - bank spring cooking · Xe Bangfai - dug soak on rivers edge bathing · tributary (creeks) dish washing · rainwater washing clothes · shallow dug well gardening · deep bore well · lake, pond · tapped water · bottled water · irrigation water On an aggregated level, covering all water uses of drinking, cooking, bathing, dish washing, clothes washing and garden watering, the data shows that Xe Bangfai is the most important water source in the dry season (63 %, see November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 43 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-30)4. This is particularly the case for clothes washing, watering gardens, bathing, dish washing and cooking, while respondents had alternative sources of drinking water (see Annex 30-3, where results are shown for each village and district). In the wet season, rain water and the Xe Bangfai are the most important sources of water (34 % each). The activities, where Xe Bangfai is a more important source, are the same as in the dry season, i.e. washing clothes, dish washing and bathing. For detailed planning and compensation the individual situation for each village will be taken into account. The data for each village is presented in Annex 30-3. This data shows that in the dry season, the Xe Bangfai river is by far the most important source of water for all domestic uses, although for cooking and drinking some other sources are also important, mainly deep (bore) and shallow wells. In the wet season, the Xe Bangfai is still ­ just ­ the most important source for non-consumptive water uses such as bathing and washing, but for consumptive use, drinking and cooking, rainwater is the most important. Table 30-30: Relative importance (ranking points) of Dry Season water sources for various water uses in 110 Villages of Gnommalath, Mahaxay, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli Districts,. Water use, Water source dry season XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Drinking 3,819 1,729 521 410 106 1,413 1,717 141 96 806 242 11,000 Cooking 6,255 786 397 279 31 1,270 1,245 150 78 96 414 11,000 Bathing 7,447 148 259 386 50 871 812 106 48 - 872 11,000 Dish washing 7,345 206 170 160 54 977 927 123 32 - 806 10,800 Clothes washing 8,041 64 80 100 59 732 708 215 12 - 1,002 11,000 Garden 7,530 17 42 280 213 605 241 67 18 - 1,888 10,900 All uses 40,438 2,949 1,469 1,615 512 5,869 5,651 801 284 902 5,224 65,700 Bottled water Irrigation 1% 8% Tap water 1% Deep well 9% Well 9% Lake, pond 1% XBF Tributary 63% 2% Xe bank well 2% Spring 4% Note: Figures are cumulated index'es based on a village level matrix ranking of water sources for each water use. 4Percentages refer to the relative share for each water source of a cumulated index for all water uses. The index is a sum of index'es for each water use, within which each village has given `seeds' totalling 100 % for each water use. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 44 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-31: Relative Importance of Wet Season water sources for various water uses in 110 Villages of Gnommalath, Mahaxay, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli Districts, Wet Season. Water use, Water source wet season XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Drinking 1,549 67 36 785 122 1,478 1,311 94 4,906 453 - 10,800 Cooking 2,823 - 23 889 79 1,830 1,098 67 3,906 186 - 10,900 Bathing 4,714 - 33 1,064 127 1,215 883 137 2,827 - - 11,000 Dish washing 4,606 8 40 705 94 1,332 925 84 3,206 - - 11,000 Clothes washing 5,517 - 30 874 149 1,093 705 162 2,470 - - 11,000 Garden 3,136 - - 575 512 740 320 - 4,217 - - 9,500 All uses 22,345 75 163 4,891 1,083 7,687 5,241 544 21,531 639 - 64,200 Bottled water 1% Rain water XBF 34% 34% Tap water Tributary 1% Deep well 8% 8% Lake, pond Well 2% 12% Note: Figures are cumulated index'es based on a village level matrix ranking of water sources for each water use. 30.11 ASSETS ALONG THE XBF A study of the assets along the Xe Bangfai has been carried out in July 2004 and has registered buildings and other fixed structures up to 20 m from the river edge. The survey covered the stretch from Nam Phit to Road 13 Bridge. 30.11.1 Riverside Buildings With increased erosion rates in the Upper, and possibly Middle Xe Bangfai, there is potential for loss of structures located close to the river in these zones. A survey has been carried out registering the privately owned as well as community assets along the river (see Table 30-32 and Table 30-33). In Mahaxay District, it is assumed that buildings within 20 metres from the river bank will need relocation whereas in Xe Bangfai District erosion will only have less impact and relocation of buildings within 10 metres of the bank will be necessary. Buildings in lower Xe Bangfai District, Nongbok District and Xaybouli District are not expected to be impacted. A total of 226 privately and 6 communally owned buildings in 16 villages were identified in the survey. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 45 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-32: Number and Areas of Privately Owned Buildings within possible area of erosion along the Xe Bangfai. No. of Buildings Area of buildings House Barn Shop, ware house Shop, ware No. District Village Bamboo Timber Bamboo Timber House Barn house 1 Mahaxai Kengsavang - 3 3 - - 316 39 - 2 Mahaxai Phanang - 10 4 - - 965 31 - 3 Mahaxai Khamfeuang Tha - 3 1 - - 202 15 - 4 Mahaxai Pong - 2 1 - - 118 9 - 5 Mahaxai Phova Neua 9 9 1 - 1 796 18 15 6 Mahaxai Phova Tai 2 17 - 2 2 1,385 - 228 7 Mahaxai Mahaxai Neua 5 4 - - - 400 - - 8 Mahaxai Mahaxai Kang 2 - - 3 19 40 - 1,038 9 Mahaxai Mahaxai Tai 9 23 1 1 4 1,659 36 139 Mahaxai (20 meter) Total 27 71 11 6 26 5,881 148 1,420 1 Xe Bangfai Keng Pae 3 7 7 1 - 608 346 24 2 Xe Bangfai Thakor 4 5 19 1 1 674 264 54 3 Xe Bangfai Thahard - 2 - - - 128 - - 4 Xe Bangfai Veunsananh 2 1 1 - - 162 15 - 5 Xe Bangfai Khengkenh 4 2 3 - - 257 31 - 6 Xe Bangfai Kengkasee 2 6 - - - 592 - - 7 Xe Bangfai Hatphek 2 3 9 - - 328 133 - Xe Bangfai (10 meter) Total 17 26 39 2 1 2,749 789 78 Grand total 44 97 50 8 27 8,630 937 1,498 Note: In the currently three villages (marked in bold) where river bank erosion protection is contemplated, it is estimated that 25% of the buildings along the river will enjoy the benefit of this protection and therefore not need relocation. Table 30-33: Number and Areas of Communally Owned Buildings within possible erosion area Material School / Barn / Camp / Toilet / Guest Rest Pumping Half Full Total area No. District Village house Office shade station Total Bamboo Timber Mixed brick brick m2 1 Mahaxai Phanang 1 1 1 100 5 Mahaxai Mahaxai Kang 1 1 1 16 6 Mahaxai Mahaxai Tai 2 2 2 190 Mahaxai (20 meter) Total 3 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 0 1 306 1 Xe Bangfai Keng Pae 1 1 35 2 Xe Bangfai Thakor 1 1 2 30 Xe Bangfai (10 meter) Total 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 65 Grand total 3 0 3 0 6 0 5 0 0 1 371 30.11.2 Description of Temples The Physical Cultural Resources Survey of 2004 identified Temples and spiritual sites located on the banks of the XBF. NTPC personal have also studied and listed assets that are around 20-m or less from the XBF riverbank. Five villages with riverside Temples located in Mahaxai District, Khammouane Province, have been preliminarily studied with regard to river bank protection works. The villages are located on the Upper XBF, downstream of the junction with the NT2 Downstream Channel. Immediately downstream of the junction, about 700 meters, is Ban Kheang Savang. This is a new village, created in 1989 and does not have a Temple located on the riverbank. However the village is located on the outside of a river loop and will experience a significant erosion problem. There is a pipeline fixed to the riverbank for delivering water from pontoon mounted pumps to an irrigation scheme. This will have to be relocated. About 7 km downstream of the junction is the old Mahaxai District Center. This consists of five villages, three with temples on the riverbanks, Ban Mahaxai Tai, Ban Pova Neua and Ban Pova Tai. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 46 Chapter 30: Baseline Data About 15 km downstream of the junction is Ban Pha Nang and about 23 km downstream is Ban Pong. Both of these villages have Temples on the riverbank. 30.11.3 Two Downstream Villages in Xe Bangfai District There are two villages downstream of Ban Pong, located in Xe Bangfai District, with Temples close to the riverbank. Ban Keng Pe is located about 28-km downstream of the NT2 Downstream Channel and Ban Tha Kor is about 32-km downstream. 30.12 ACCESS ACROSS THE XBF A study was conducted in 2003 to assess how often, by what means and for what purpose do Xe Bangfai mainstream villagers cross the river (and tributaries likely to be affected by the backwater). The results of this study, presented in Table 30-34, show that in the dry season many of the villages on the Upstream, Upper and Middle Xe Bangfai zones do cross the river, often by walking, to access fields and grazing area. There is only one temporary (bamboo bridge) built, and that is in old Mahaxai town. (see photo on the front cover). Villagers in these same villages cross the river in the wet season by boats and boat taxis. In addition to the localised or village level types of crossing as presented in Table 30-34 below, there are a number of more regional level crossing, such as; · The major bridge where Road 13 (national highway) crosses the Xe Bangfai. · A bailey bridge across the Xe Bangfai near the mouth, or its confluence with the Mekong river. This bridge connects the Districts of Nongbok in Khammoune Province and Xaibouli District in Savannakhet Province. · A ferry service across the Xe Bangfai about 1 km downstream from old Mahaxai town. This ferry provides access to and from the western areas of Mahaxai Distric,t and to the District of Xaybouathong. The road goes all the way to Vilabouly District of Savannakhet, and is an important crossing for log transportation. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 47 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-34: XBF Villages with Villagers Crossing the Xe Bangfai (and Xe Noy and Nam Phit) in the Dry Season Type of access across river HHs in Permanent Temp. Large Boat Temp. Village (English) District 2001 Bridge Bridge Walking Truck Taxi Ferry Notes - reason for access Upstream Kangyangkham Mahaxai 28 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Nathanedong Mahaxai 36 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Nathanethong Mahaxai 32 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Veun Mahaxai 33 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Nakhay Mahaxai 51 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Nongkok Mahaxai 22 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Eelane Mahaxai 59 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Naphong Mahaxai 56 Feb-May Dangkang Mahaxai 58 Feb-May bamboo bridge across the Vatthat Mahaxai 37 across Nam Phit Feb-May mouth of the Nam Phit, for Somsanook Mahaxai 45 Feb-May walking, 2 wheel traffic Nakea Mahaxai 80 Feb-May Upper XBF Khaengsavang Mahaxai 23 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Mahaxayneua Mahaxai 66 Feb-May Mahaxaykang Mahaxai 99 bamboo Feb-May travel between villages, to Povaneua Mahaxai 86 bridge, Jun-Nov market and school, to District Dec-May Feb-May centre. Povatay Mahaxai 90 Feb-May Mahaxaytay Mahaxai 146 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Phanang Mahaxai 44 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Khamfeuang Mahaxai 88 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Pong Mahaxai 36 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Kengpair XBF 75 Feb-May Yes to B. Khampe Thakhor XBF 49 yes (possibly logging trucks) Thahant XBF 50 yes (possibly logging trucks) Middle XBF Kengkhean XBF 44 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Kengkasee XBF 43 Feb-May Yes to gardens, forest, logging Veunsananh XBF 63 Hatpeak XBF 38 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Paksenoy XBF 85 Feb-May across Xe Noy: iron buffalo, 4x4 cars, logging trucks Thasida XBF 32 Feb-May across Xe Noy Nathane XBF 83 Feb-May across Xe Noy Lao Saybouly 29 Feb-May across Xe Noy Xiengkhay Saybouly 91 Feb-May across Xe Noy Kaengveang Saybouly 69 Feb-May across Xe Noy Dongmarfai Saybouly 91 Feb-May across Xe Noy Pahlay Saybouly 36 Lower XBF Kuase XBF 285 yes - Road 13 Natay NongBok 76 yes cross to village Hatxiengdee Non Bok 204 yes cross to village Navangtay NongBok 73 yes cross to village Hatsaisoongtay Saybouly 105 yes opposite Nong Bok Paksebangfai Saybouly 96 bailey bridge- 12T 30.13 ELECTRIFICATION The provision of electricity to rural communities has been a priority of the Government of the Lao PDR for many years. The villages in and around the Xe Bangfai are also a priority due to the potential to developed irrigated agriculture based on pumping water from the Xe Bangfai river, and for this task the preferred and cheapest method is electricity powered pumps. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 48 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Thus, the area around Xe Bangfai has seen considerable development of electricity distribution networks. To assist in this process, the World Bank has supported a rural electrification project, term SPRE (Southern Provinces Rural Electrification Project). SPRE 1 started in 1999 and is due to finish in 2004. It targeted 7,000 households in Khammouane Province, many along the Xe Bangfai. The Khammouane Province components of SPRE 2, the second phase of this project, has a target to connect 5,500 to 6,540 households between 2005 to 2007, and another 7,000 households from 2008 to 2016. The rural electrification (distribution) network around the Xe Bangfai is illustrated in figure 30-5, which also indicates the future plan for connecting more villages, with finds from SPRE 2. It can be seen that, as of 2003, many of the 89 mainstream villages are connected to electricity, while the SPRE 2 will ensure that all but possibly 4 or 5 villages are connected by the time the NT2 Project commences electricity generation. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 49 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Figure 30-8: EDL Transmission Lines in the Area of the Xe Bangfai. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 50 Chapter 30: Baseline Data 30.14 HEALTH STATUS [note: A detailed presentation of the current health status is provided in Chapter 5, Volume 1 of this SDP] 30.14.1 General Health Status Information was collected during the 2001 survey on the following aspects of health for the downstream communities: · Sources and characteristics of water supply and sanitation; · Availability and characteristics of bed nets; · Maternal, infant and child mortality; · Mortality from selected health problems including acute illness, malaria, anemia and iodine deficiency; · Health-seeking behaviors; · Food sources and food habits; In general, it can be stated that the health status is "fair to poor", better than on the Nakai Plateau due to the fact there are safer supplies of water, somewhat better sanitation facilities (flush toilets and pit latrines are used by approximately 20% of the population) and easier access to medical treatment. However, many of the same problems that plague downstream communities are prevalent on the Plateau and characteristic of the country as a whole. 5.2% of those questioned during the survey reported an acute illness with at least one member of the household with little variation between zones (of the XBF river). Regarding child ailments and absence from schools, an average of 6.4% of school-going children were kept home two weeks prior to the survey. One can conclude that the population suffers from ill health at a higher rate than the average for the country, significantly affecting economic and educational aspects of communities' welfare. 30.14.2 Diseases Endemic to the Downstream A health component of the 2001 survey of affected villages and the results are presented in detail in the XBF Report (Appendix N of this Volume 3) and summarised in Table 30-35 below. These XBF Survey results are based on household interviews concerning prevalent illnesses in the area. The survey along with observations and discussions with villagers as part of formal consultations and informal visits, form the basis for the health analysis. The major public health problems in the project area are similar to those found in the nearby rural communities of adjacent provinces with a similar level of development and not dissimilar from some of the problems on the Nakai Plateau, and are fairly representative of public health problems occurring in the country as a whole. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 51 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Table 30-35: Prevalent Illness in the Downstream Upstream Nam Kathang Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF of Upper Symptoms (%) (%) (%) (%) XBF (%) All Zones (%) Fever 28.8 44.4 65.9 42.6 91.3 44.6 Cough 15.9 23.5 20.0 33.1 39.1 27.3 Cough with phlegm 6.1 9.9 10.6 14.8 4.3 11.7 Cough with blood 0.0 2.5 1.2 2.6 4.3 2.0 Running nose/sneezing 8.3 32.1 16.5 12.7 47.8 15.7 Sore throat 2.3 6.2 7.1 11.4 4.3 8.3 Difficulty/pain in swallowing 0.8 1.2 3.5 4.0 13.0 3.3 Difficulty/abnormal breathing 0.0 3.7 5.9 8.7 0.0 5.9 Chest pain 8.3 13.6 9.4 9.0 0.0 9.2 Watery diarrhea 3.0 2.5 7.1 7.4 0.0 5.7 Diarrhea with blood/mucus 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.0 1.3 Shivers/chills 3.8 22.2 21.2 4.8 4.3 8.6 Body ache/body pain 18.2 33.3 22.4 22.0 34.8 23.0 Headache 30.3 48.1 43.5 33.6 60.9 36.8 Vomiting 7.6 11.1 7.1 4.5 8.7 6.3 Weakness/malaise 9.1 9.9 11.8 8.2 8.7 9.0 Rash 1.5 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 1.6 Stomach/abdominal 13.6 4.9 3.5 14.8 0.0 11.6 Pain in passing urine 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.7 Joints pain 6.1 1.2 2.4 2.1 8.7 3.0 Backache 2.3 1.2 2.4 4.2 0.0 3.1 Blood in urine/black urine 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Whooping cough 2.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.1 Unknown 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.1 4.3 0.9 Respondents speak in terms of symptoms and therefore it is difficult to distinguish different types of diseases. By far `fever' (khai) is given as the major symptom and this would include malaria (khai yung) and dengue fever as well as other diseases causing a raise in body temperature such as pneumonia and a range of viral and bacterial infections (average of 44.6% of all illness for all zones). This is followed by respiratory infections and diarrhoeal symptoms. This seems to indicate the pattern for the country as a whole. The communicable diseases most commonly reported by health institutions in the downstream area are diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections (ARI) and malaria. Malaria is the most potentially life-threatening of the three communicable diseases mentioned. The malaria transmission season in the river valleys probably occurs year round, although with the highest prevalence from May to early July, and again from October to early November, on account of temperature and rainfall patterns which influence mosquito breeding. Diarrhoea due to bacteriological contamination of water and food is probably more common in the hot, humid period of the year. Infections of the upper respiratory tract (coughs, colds and runny nose) and acute respiratory infections (ARI) are at their peak during the cold season in the downstream, especially among younger children. It should also be noted that the transmission season for diarrhoeal infections can be expected to be prolonged in areas where irrigation either exists now or in those areas where it will be introduced due to larger surface water areas. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 52 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Other diseases endemic to the project area are: Opisthorchiasis caused by a trematode worm and contracted by the wide-spread practice in the lowlands of eating raw fish often as conserved paste. Almost all families keep jars of fermented fish (paa daek) stored in their kitchens and this is added to a number of dishes. Large roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) which is transmitted through contaminated food, hook worm (contacted by walking barefoot), whipworm (Trichuris trichuria) and tapeworm were also reported. 30.14.3 Nutritional and Reproductive Health Problems 59.9% of households in the Downstream had safe sources of drinking water, that is piped water, public taps, tube-wells, protected dug or protected springs, or used bottled water, rain water collection or gravity fed systems. The remaining 40.1% of the population used water from rivers, ponds or unprotected dug wells. This is in sharp contrast with the Plateau dwellers who almost exclusively drank unsafe water. The percentage of households within the region with access to safe water varies from 72 % (Num Cho Ko to Pak Num Yom) to 42 % (Lower Xe Bang Fai), which is higher than in other rural communities in Laos (38%). Only about 20 % of the population have some type of sanitary facility (varying from 37 % in the Upper Xe Bang Fai to 7 % in the Nam Kathang/Gnom Zone) (about the same as other rural communities). 97 % of the population use bed nets to prevent malarial infection through mosquito bites (compared to rural Laos 78 %). There is some understanding of the potential health problems but the primary concern among villagers is that the water appears clear, that is without sediment. In some cases, water is boiled with various barks and leaves resembling tea was served but this is the practice only during the cold winter months. Location in relation to water sources and access to technology, rather than ethnic affiliation, determine for the most part whether households have access to safe drinking water with the Lao Kaleung villages in the Upper XBF collecting their water from rivers, ponds and streams more than any other zone. Rainwater collection was commonly used (45%) in all areas. Women are responsible for water collection for the household and the average time spent per household was in the range 5-10 minutes per trip, slightly higher than the national average. The general nutritional situation in the Downstream is fair. The stable food is glutinous rice which provides most of the calorie intake. Fish is the most important source of protein and various green leafy vegetables and fruits provide vitamins. Fruit trees are in general not found in large numbers. Riverside vegetable gardens are common along the Xe Bang Fai and its tributaries. Women are usually responsible for vegetable gardens and food preparation. Improving the diet of children is perhaps the most important preventative means against disease in Southeast Asia (FAO 1995). A particular problem which relates to both health and nutrition is postpartum recovery practices called yuu fai, which means `lying by the fire'. Women are confined for a period of 7-15 days during which they drink medicinal water, usually made from boiling the bark of trees and plants, and sweat profusely. They start to eat dried food (roasted fish, chicken and frogs), rice and salt after a few days. Efforts should be made to modify the diet, by encouraging women to eat more nutritious food containing vitamins during this period, while still continuing the tradition that relates to purifying the body and re-establishing a balance of elements in it. There are midwives (mae sadam or mae kep) in all villages and in a few villages traditional healers (mau yao). The former have a limited knowledge about delivery and postnatal care but cannot deal with serious or complicated cases. Since most of these midwives are elderly, they would not be suitable to be trained as paramedics. Many healers have no apprentices and few practice on a regular basis. It seems that the introduction of medicines, even though on a limited scale, has weakened peoples' beliefs in traditional healing practices. 30.14.4 General Health Situation At the time of the interviews for the Xe Bang Fai Health Survey (see Appendix N) about 7 % of the population were reported to be suffering from an illness. The most frequent symptoms of illness reported were classic signs of acute malarial episodes (fever, chills, body aches and headache). Other signs of illness included coughing (with and without blood), skin eruption and difficulty breathing. The two groups with November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 53 Chapter 30: Baseline Data the highest suspicion of malaria were the age extremes: children under five (18%) and adults over 60 (12%). However, blood analysis for the malaria parasite revealed very few positive cases. The fertility rate among the sampled population in the Lowland Communities was determined to be 5.6 children born per woman, compared to a national average of 4.9. The crude birth rate is 32.4 per 1,000, slightly lower than the national average of 34.0 per 1,000. The maternal mortality ratio was found to be 133 deaths per 100,000 live births, significantly lower than the national average of 530 per 100,000. An assessment of nutritional status was carried out using quantifiable anthropometrical indicators. Weight for age (WA) was used for malnutrition, height for age (HA) and weight for height (WH) for assessment of appropriate growth. Table 30-36: Percentage of Children under 5 Years by Nutritional Status WH-wasted HA-stunted WA-underweight By age (months) < 6 33.3 60.0 50.0 6 ­ 11 44.4 62.5 66.7 12 ­ 23 27.3 61.4 59.6 24 ­ 35 31.4 62.7 72.2 36 ­ 47 8.8 57.1 48.6 48 ­ 59 6.6 76.2 63.9 By gender Boys 24.8 63.5 63.1 Girls 14.9 61.3 68.0 Total 19.8 62.4 65.5 Compared to the national average, significantly more children are classified as wasted (20 % versus 14 %), stunted (62 % versus 44 %) and underweight (66 % versus 42 %) in the region, highlighting a critical problem and priority nutritional health need in the area. For adults over 15 years of age Body Mass Index (BMI) was used as measurement for the nutritional assessment. The majority of adults (76 %) have a BMI that correlates with normal weights, 2 % of the population are malnourished and 3 % underweight. These numbers are slightly lower when compared to national averages (74 %, 3 % and 4 %, respectively). Rice is the staple food, although fish, bamboo shoots and leafy green vegetables are also part of the diet. Fish is consumed more often in the region than the national average. Other components of the diet (leafy green vegetables, protein and iron-rich food and eggs) are consumed more rarely. Fish is most commonly cooked, but raw fish or fermented fish in the form of `padek' is also quite common. The majority of the tested population has mild anaemia (71 %), but only 1.7 % were severely anaemic (compared to 1.5 % nationally). Totally 42 % of the population in the region use salt with acceptable iodisation, compared to the national average of 72 %, putting individuals at higher risks for iodine deficiency and goiter. Overall, the health profile of families of the Xe Bang Fai region appears to be poorer than that of other rural communities. The basis for this lies in a generally worse nutritional profile. Though people supplement their protein intake with fish, other sources seem to be inadequate. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 54 Chapter 30: Baseline Data 30.14.5 Health Facilities In and Adjacent to the Project Area Health facilities in and around the project area include one Provincial hospital, nine District hospitals and eighty-nine health centres in Khammouane Province serving a total population of 331,044 (LECS2 1999). Many health centres have no specific buildings from where they operate. Rather, these are operated from a health professional's home. In the three districts of Mahaxai, Gnommalat, and Nakai the populations are being served by a district level hospital in each district and Health Centres, as shown in Table 30-37. Health personnel available within the province and in four districts are outlined in Table 30-38. Although some health facilities exist, they are frequently incompletely staffed and poorly stocked with essential drugs. Most villages have a designated Village Health Volunteer (VHV), but the volunteer seldom has the necessary medicines and most need technical strengthening. Table 30-37: Health Facilities in Khammouane Province and Project Area Districts 2001 Nakai Gnommalat Mahaxai Khammouane Health Facility District District District Province General Hospital 0 0 0 1 District hospital 1 1 1 9 Health Center 5 5 4 59 Malaria Station 1 1 1 10 Total Facilities 7 7 6 79 (Khammouane Province Health Dept. 2001) Table 30-38: Medical Personnel in Khammouane Province and Project Area Districts 2001 Nakai Gnommalat Mahaxai Khammouane Title District District District Province Medical doctor 2 1 2 69 Asst. doctors 7 6 6 185 Nurse Practitioners 13 21 26 467 Asst. Dentist 0 0 1 5 Pharmacist 0 0 0 9 Dispensers 3 3 3 5 Nurse Auxiliaries 3 2 3 45 Laboratory Technician 0 0 0 5 Malaria control personnel 2 3 1 12 (Khammouane Province Health Dept. 2001) (Khamkeut District Data from 1996) 30.15 EDUCATION The education situation in communities along the Xe Bnagfai differs to some extent from that of the Nakai Plateau, and also differs with location along the Xe Bnagfai itself. This can be seen in both the level of education/literacy and in types of occupations. As in many parts of Lao PDR, some more isolated schools may not always function properly. Equipment is often lacking and the quality of education varies, with teachers having often only the minimum of qualifications and experience. As shown in Table 30-39, only 1.9 % has completed education beyond high school level, while 18.3 % have completed secondary or high school. 47.3 % have completed primary school only whilst as many as 31.6 % have not attended any schooling. The level of education in the Lower XBF is generally higher than in the rest of the XBF. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 55 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Education levels based on gender are not available, but judging from the results of surveys in other parts of Lao PDR, one can estimate that the level of illiteracy for women is significantly higher than for men. Men will also have greater opportunity for skills development. Table 30-39: Educational Levels Upstream upper Education Level Nam Kathang Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF XBF Total Average Illiterate 35.7 % 32.3 % 36.7 % 27.2 % 43.6 % 31.6 % Primary School 47.8 % 47.8 % 47.4 % 46.8 % 48.0 % 47.3 % Secondary School 8.8 % 11.5 % 7.9 % 15.9 % 5.4 % 12.4 % High School 2.3 % 3.2 % 2.2 % 5.6 % 1.2 % 4.0 % Vocational School 1.0 % 0.6 % 0.0 % 0.6 % 0.7 % 0.6 % Technical School 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.6 % 0.3 % 0.5 % University / College 0.1 % 0.3 % 0.0 % 0.2 % 0.0 % 0.2 % Higher University 0.1 % 1.7 % 0.1 % 0.7 % 0.0 % 0.6 % Not specified 4.0 % 2.2 % 5.3 % 2.3 % 0.9 % 2.8 % Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % ********** * * * ********** November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 56 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Annex 30-1: Relative Importance of Water Sources for Various Water Uses in Dry and Wet Season in Villages along Nam Phit. Sources of water for various water uses in 25 villages along Nam Phit, dry season. (Aggregate of ranking scores given to the top 3 frequent sources (3, 2 and 1, respectively) Dry season Source of water Drinking: Tributary Well on to Nam Lake, Shallow Rain Bottled Water use Nam Phit Spring Nam Phit Phit pond well Deep well Tap water water water Irrigation Other Total Nam Phit Spring Other 1% 11% 18% Drinking 1 12 0 9 0 42 16 0 0 12 0 20 112 Tributary to Nam Phit Relative 8% importance 1% 11% 0% 8% 0% 38% 14% 0% 0% 11% 0% 18% 100% Cooking: Bottled water 11% Cooking 6 10 3 12 0 40 17 0 0 0 0 20 108 Other Nam Phit Spring Relative 19% 6% 9% importance 6% 9% 3% 11% 0% 37% 16% 0% 0% 0% 0% 19% 100% Deep well Well on Nam Phit Bathing: 14% 3% Shallow well Tributary to Nam 37% Phit Bathing 13 9 4 12 0 38 17 0 0 0 0 25 118 Deep well 11% Nam Phit Relative 16% Other 11% Spring 8% importance 11% 8% 3% 10% 0% 32% 14% 0% 0% 0% 0% 21% 100% 21% Dish washing: Well on Nam Phit Shallow well 3% 36% Dish washing 8 10 3 12 0 38 17 0 0 0 0 23 111 Tributary to Nam Phit Relative Deep well Nam Phit 10% Spring importance 7% 9% 3% 11% 0% 34% 15% 0% 0% 0% 0% 21% 100% 14% Other 7% 9% 21% Clothes washing: Well on Nam Phit 3% Shallow well Clothes washing 33% 12 9 3 12 0 34 14 0 0 0 0 25 109 Tributary to Nam Nam Phit Relative Deep well Phit 11% Spring importance 11% 8% 3% 11% 0% 31% 13% 0% 0% 0% 0% 23% 100% 15% 11% Other 8% 23% Well on Nam Phit Watering garden and fields: 3% Watering garden Shallow well and field 8 3 5 12 16 22 11 0 0 0 4 26 107 34% Spring 3% Relative Well on Nam importance Tributary to Nam 7% 3% 5% 11% 15% 21% 10% 0% 0% 0% 4% 24% 100% Nam Phit Phit Phit Other 7% 5% Deep well 11% 24% Watering 13% Tributary to Nam livestock 17 6 9 12 27 12 9 0 0 0 3 27 122 Watering livestock: Phit Shallow well 11% Relative 31% Irrigation importance 14% 5% 7% 10% 22% 10% 7% 0% 0% 0% 2% 22% 100% 4% Nam Phit Deep well Lake, pond Total 65 59 27 81 43 226 101 0 0 12 7 166 787 Other 14% 10% 22% Spring 15% 5% Well on Nam Shallow well Phit 21% Irrigation 7% 2% Deep well Tributary to 7% Nam Phit 10% Shallow well Lake, pond 10% 23% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 57 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Sources of water for various water uses in 25 villages along Nam Phit, wet season. (Aggregate of ranking scores given to the top 3 frequent sources (3, 2 and 1, respectively) Wet season Source of water Drinking: Tributary Spring Well on to Nam Lake, Shallow Rain Bottled Nam Phit 6% Water use Nam Phit Spring Nam Phit Phit pond well Deep well Tap water water water Irrigation Other Total 5% Other Tributary to Nam 12% Phit Drinking 7 9 0 7 0 54 16 3 26 8 0 17 147 Bottled water 5% 5% Relative importance 5% 6% 0% 5% 0% 37% 11% 2% 18% 5% 0% 12% 100% Cooking: Rain water 18% Cooking 8 5 5 11 0 52 15 2 32 0 0 17 147 Spring 3% Relative Well on Nam Phit 3% importance 5% 3% 3% 7% 0% 35% 10% 1% 22% 0% 0% 12% 100% Tap water OtherNam Phit Bathing: 2% 12% 5% Shallow well Tributary to Nam Deep well 36% Phit 11% 7% Bathing 16 5 7 13 3 50 14 3 31 0 0 18 160 Rain water Spring 23% 3% Relative Nam Phit importance 10% 3% 4% 8% 2% 31% 9% 2% 19% 0% 0% 11% 100% Tap water Other 10% Well on Nam Phit Dish washing: 1% 11% 4% Shallow well Tributary to Nam Deep well 36% Rain water Phit 10% 8% Dish washing 19% 13 3 5 12 0 49 14 3 32 0 0 18 149 Relative Spring Tap water Lake, pond 2% 2% importance 9% 2% 3% 8% 0% 33% 9% 2% 21% 0% 0% 12% 100% Other Nam Phit 2% Well on Nam Phit 12% 9% 3% Clothes washing: Tributary to Nam Deep well Shallow well Phit 9% Clothes washing 16 3 5 15 0 49 14 3 31 0 0 19 155 32% Rain water 8% Spring Relative 21% Well on Nam Phit Other Nam Phit 2% 3% importance 10% 2% 3% 10% 0% 32% 9% 2% 20% 0% 0% 12% 100% 12% 10% Tap water Watering garden and fields: 2% Watering garden Shallow well Tributary to Nam Deep well Phit and field 13 4 7 20 3 26 9 2 44 0 2 14 144 34% 9% Rain water 10% 20% Relative Nam Phit Other importance 9% 3% 5% 14% 2% 18% 6% 1% 31% 0% 1% 10% 100% 9% Well on Nam Tap water 10% Spring Phit 2% Irrigation 3% 5% Watering Deep well 1% livestock 9% 20 2 15 23 29 16 0 3 32 0 0 10 150 Watering livestock: Shallow well 32% Tributary to Relative Nam Phit importance Rain water 13% 1% 10% 15% 19% 11% 0% 2% 21% 0% 0% 7% 100% 31% 14% Other Lake, pond 7% Nam Phit 2% 13% Total 93 31 44 101 35 296 82 19 228 8 2 113 1052 Spring Tap water Shallow well 1% 18% Relative 1% Rain water Deep well importance 6% 22% Well on Nam Phit 10% Tap water 2% Tributary to Nam Phit 15% Shallow well 11% Lake, pond 19% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 58 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Annex 30-2: Relative Importance of Water Sources for Various Water Uses in Dry and Wet Season, by Village, Gnommalath District Relative importance of sources for drinking water in dry season Dry season Source District Village Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 12 0 0 86 0 0 2 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 16 0 32 6 0 40 0 2 4 0 100 Watthard 30 0 38 0 0 28 0 4 0 0 100 Bottled water Irrigation Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 82 0 0 18 0 100 6% 1% Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 72 0 0 28 0 100 Rain water 2% Gnommalath Neua 24 0 12 0 0 42 0 0 22 0 100 Deep well Namixay 0 32 30 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 100 Nam Kathang 1% 33% Gnommalath Tay 42 0 8 0 0 28 10 0 0 12 0 100 Nongping 40 0 14 0 0 12 0 12 10 12 100 Kenglek 0 68 16 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 100 Well 27% Boungbao 42 28 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 26 0 4 0 0 56 0 14 0 0 100 Houay yen 16 0 46 0 0 24 0 0 4 10 100 Thapha 72 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Navaing 46 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 84 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 4 0 100 NK spring Nahay 84 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 8 0 100 NK bank well 12% Phonsaird 40 20 24 0 0 0 10 6 0 100 18% Nakatang 44 0 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phonsavang 68 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 674 234 350 6 0 544 10 0 44 116 22 2000 Relative importance of sources for drinking water in wet season Wet season Source District Village Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 0 34 0 44 0 0 22 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 38 0 0 100 Nam Kathang 9% Watthard 0 0 0 0 0 72 0 0 28 0 0 100 Bottled water Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 14 16 0 100 4% Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 66 0 0 14 20 0 100 Tributary Gnommalath Neua 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 20 32 0 100 10% Namixay 0 0 0 0 0 76 0 24 0 0 100 Rain water Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 50 16 0 24 10 0 100 30% Lake, pond Nongping 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 36 0 0 100 3% Kenglek 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 40 2 0 100 Boungbao 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 48 0 0 100 Donpeuay 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 38 0 0 100 Houay yen 0 0 0 26 0 34 0 0 34 6 0 100 Thapha 26 0 0 0 0 22 0 52 0 0 100 Deep well Navaing 0 0 0 38 0 40 0 22 0 0 100 1% Phontoum 60 0 0 20 0 4 0 0 16 0 0 100 Nahay 22 0 0 30 0 10 0 0 38 0 0 100 Well 43% Phonsaird 0 0 0 0 54 16 0 0 30 0 0 100 Nakatang 40 0 0 0 0 10 0 50 0 0 100 Phonsavang 28 0 0 44 0 14 0 14 0 0 100 Total 176 0 0 192 54 874 16 0 602 86 0 2000 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 59 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for cooking in dry season Dry season Source District Village Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 12 0 0 86 0 2 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 24 0 34 14 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Deep well 1% Watthard 38 0 32 0 0 24 0 6 0 0 100 1% Bottled water Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 2% Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 0 0 16 0 0 48 8 0 0 28 0 100 Namixay 34 16 22 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 Well Gnommalath Tay 44 0 8 0 0 34 8 0 0 6 0 100 31% Nongping 36 0 24 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 100 Nam Kathang Kenglek 36 46 10 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 40% Boungbao 40 32 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 18 0 14 0 0 60 0 8 0 0 100 Houay yen 16 0 46 0 0 32 0 0 0 6 100 Thapha 70 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Navaing 54 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 90 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 100 Nahay 92 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 Phonsaird 38 42 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary NK bank well NK spring Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% 14% 10% Phonsavang 76 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 806 206 276 14 0 626 16 0 16 34 6 2000 Relative importance of water sources for cooking in wet season Wet season Source District Village Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 48 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 20 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 40 0 0 100 Watthard 0 0 0 0 0 80 0 0 20 0 0 100 Bottled water Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 84 0 0 16 0 0 100 2% Nam Kathang Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 92 0 0 8 0 0 100 16% Gnommalath Neua 0 0 0 0 0 42 14 0 0 44 0 100 Rain water Namixay 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 30 0 0 100 29% Tributary 9% Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 52 24 0 24 0 0 100 Nongping 18 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 40 0 0 100 Kenglek 24 0 0 0 0 40 0 36 0 0 100 Boungbao 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 44 0 0 100 Donpeuay 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 38 0 0 100 Lake, pond Houay yen 0 0 0 18 0 38 0 0 44 0 0 100 1% Deep well Thapha 66 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 100 2% Navaing 0 0 0 40 0 34 0 26 0 0 100 Phontoum 64 0 0 20 0 6 0 0 10 0 0 100 Nahay 46 0 0 10 0 16 0 0 28 0 0 100 Phonsaird 16 0 0 30 16 0 0 0 38 0 0 100 Nakatang 48 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 100 Well 41% Phonsavang 12 0 0 70 0 10 0 8 0 0 100 Total 314 0 0 188 16 816 38 0 584 44 0 2000 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 60 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for bathing in dry season Dry season Source District Village Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Gnommalath Keovilay 42 0 12 0 0 44 0 0 2 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 20 0 50 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 100 Watthard 38 0 38 0 0 18 0 0 6 0 0 100 Rain water Irrigation Well Deep well Korbong 0 0 14 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 36 100 1% 3% 20% 1% Somsanouk 20 0 0 20 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 54 0 0 28 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 100 Namixay 52 0 18 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 38 0 8 0 0 20 10 0 4 0 20 100 Nongping 60 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kenglek 44 38 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Boungbao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Donpeuay 34 0 10 0 0 42 0 0 14 0 0 100 Houay yen 36 0 26 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 8 100 Nam Kathang Tributary Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 56% 2% Navaing 64 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 92 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 100 NK bank well Nahay 86 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 100 11% NK spring Phonsaird 44 18 18 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 5% Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phonsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1124 92 212 48 20 404 10 0 26 0 64 2000 Relative importance of water sources for bathing in wet season Wet season Source District Village Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Gnommalath Keovilay 22 0 0 12 0 30 0 0 36 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 32 0 0 24 0 16 0 0 28 0 0 100 Watthard 10 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 20 0 0 100 Korbong 24 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 36 0 0 100 Somsanouk 10 0 0 14 0 56 0 0 20 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 24 0 0 24 0 24 10 0 18 0 0 100 Rain water Nam Kathang Namixay 48 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 18 0 0 100 27% 36% Gnommalath Tay 16 0 0 0 0 44 14 0 26 0 0 100 Nongping 28 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 46 0 0 100 Kenglek 34 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 20 0 0 100 Boungbao 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 100 Donpeuay 16 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 38 0 0 100 Deep well 1% Houay yen 34 0 0 14 0 22 0 0 30 0 0 100 Thapha 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 100 Navaing 38 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 Phontoum 62 0 0 20 0 6 0 0 12 0 0 100 Nahay 50 0 0 10 0 10 0 0 30 0 0 100 Well Phonsaird 62 0 0 18 20 0 0 0 0 0 100 26% Tributary Lake, pond Nakatang 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 100 9% 1% Phonsavang 24 0 0 10 0 42 0 0 24 0 0 100 Total 726 0 0 172 20 512 24 0 546 0 0 2000 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 61 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for dish washing in dry season Dry season Source District Village Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Gnommalath Keovilay 34 0 12 0 0 52 0 0 2 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 36 0 20 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Watthard 48 0 28 0 0 18 0 0 6 0 0 100 Deep well Rain water 1% 2% Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Somsanouk 10 0 0 12 0 78 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Gnommalath Neua 32 24 0 20 0 16 8 0 0 0 0 100 26% Namixay 52 0 30 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 32 0 6 0 0 32 12 0 8 0 10 100 Nongping 60 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kenglek 32 48 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Boungbao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 16 0 8 0 0 64 0 0 12 0 0 100 Houay yen 36 0 10 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 30 100 Lake, pond Nam Kathang Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% 54% Navaing 68 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 88 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary Nahay 84 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 100 2% Phonsaird 62 18 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 NK bank well NK spring Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 7% 6% Phonsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1090 122 134 32 20 514 20 0 28 0 40 2000 Relative importance of water sources for dish washing in wet season Wet season Source District Village Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 64 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 36 0 0 20 0 20 0 0 24 0 0 100 Watthard 10 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 30 0 0 100 Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 42 0 0 100 Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 36 0 0 100 Nam Kathang Rain water 29% Gnommalath Neua 26 0 0 0 0 26 14 0 34 0 0 100 33% Namixay 30 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 32 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 46 18 0 36 0 0 100 Nongping 18 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 40 0 0 100 Kenglek 32 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 26 0 0 100 Boungbao 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 100 Donpeuay 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 42 0 0 100 Houay yen 32 0 0 8 0 24 0 0 36 0 0 100 Tributary Thapha 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 6% Navaing 34 0 0 18 0 28 0 0 20 0 0 100 Deep well Phontoum 58 0 0 18 0 8 0 0 16 0 0 100 2% Nahay 48 0 0 10 0 8 0 0 34 0 0 100 Phonsaird 38 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 100 Nakatang 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 100 Well Phonsavang 32 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 22 0 0 100 30% Total 580 0 0 110 0 604 32 0 674 0 0 2000 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 62 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for clothes washing in dry season Dry season Source District Village Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Gnommalath Keovilay 60 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 14 100 Koudphadarng 38 0 24 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Watthard 54 0 24 0 0 18 0 0 4 0 0 100 Rain water 1% 3% Korbong 22 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 22 100 Somsanouk 20 0 0 28 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Gnommalath Neua 52 0 0 24 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 100 17% Namixay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 42 0 6 0 0 32 8 0 0 0 12 100 Nongping 68 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Kenglek 52 30 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Boungbao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 46 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 8 0 0 100 Tributary Houay yen 60 0 8 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 14 100 3% Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Navaing 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 NK bank well Phontoum 96 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nam Kathang 4% Nahay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 68% Phonsaird 60 22 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 NK spring Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 3% Phonsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1370 52 80 52 18 346 8 0 12 0 62 2000 Relative importance of water sources for clothes washing in wet season Wet season Source District Village Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Gnommalath Keovilay 18 0 0 14 0 28 0 0 40 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 22 0 0 26 0 28 0 0 24 0 0 100 Watthard 16 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 36 0 0 100 Korbong 30 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 32 0 0 100 Rain water Somsanouk 0 0 0 16 0 54 0 0 30 0 0 100 27% Gnommalath Neua 26 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 26 0 0 100 Nam Kathang Namixay 44 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 26 0 0 100 36% Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 42 20 0 38 0 0 100 Nongping 26 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 32 0 0 100 Kenglek 24 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 34 0 0 100 Boungbao 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Deep well Donpeuay 10 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 42 0 0 100 1% Houay yen 28 0 0 12 0 26 0 0 34 0 0 100 Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Navaing 20 0 0 24 0 18 0 0 38 0 0 100 Phontoum 70 0 0 10 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Nahay 66 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Tributary Well 8% Phonsaird 52 0 0 30 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 27% Nakatang 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 100 Lake, pond Phonsavang 22 0 0 22 0 42 0 0 14 0 0 100 1% Total 712 0 0 168 18 534 20 0 548 0 0 2000 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 63 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of sources for garden water in dry season Dry season Source District Village Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Gnommalath Keovilay 70 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 6 100 Koudphadarng 68 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Watthard 78 0 10 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Well Deep well 1% 7% Korbong 58 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 24 100 12% 1% Somsanouk 22 0 0 34 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 56 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Namixay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 40 0 0 0 0 22 10 0 0 0 28 100 Nongping 38 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 34 100 Kenglek 68 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary Boungbao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 4% Donpeuay 52 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 18 0 0 100 Houay yen 58 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 28 100 Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 NK bank well Navaing 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 2% Phontoum 72 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 24 100 Nahay 80 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nam Kathang Phonsaird 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 73% Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phonsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1460 0 42 78 0 248 10 0 18 0 144 2000 Relative importance of sources for garden water in wet season Wet season Source District Village Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 66 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Watthard 8 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 78 0 0 100 Nam Kathang Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 68 0 0 100 15% Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 32 0 0 100 Tributary Gnommalath Neua 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2% Namixay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 52 16 0 32 0 0 100 Nongping 22 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 58 0 0 100 Kenglek 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 100 Well Boungbao 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 100 17% Donpeuay 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 64 0 0 100 Houay yen 14 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 64 0 0 100 Thapha 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 100 Navaing 22 0 0 26 0 22 0 0 30 0 0 100 Deep well Phontoum 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 Rain water 1% Nahay 28 0 0 16 0 8 0 0 48 0 0 100 65% Phonsaird 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nakatang 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 0 0 100 Phonsavang 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Total 270 0 0 42 0 308 16 0 1164 0 0 1800 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 64 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Annex 30-3: Relative Importance of Water Sources for Various Water Uses in Dry and Wet Season on the Xe Bang Fai, by Village and District. Relative importance of sources for drinking water in dry season Dry season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Rain water Mahaxay Kanggnankham 74 0 0 0 0 0 18 8 0 100 Bottled water 2% Irrigation 7% Nathandong 58 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 12 10 0 100 6% Nathanthong 80 0 20 0 0 0 0 100 Vernh 64 0 10 0 26 0 0 0 100 Deep well Nakhay 62 0 10 0 0 8 20 0 100 1% Nongkork 56 0 0 22 0 22 0 100 Ilarnh 54 20 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 100 Naphong 54 0 46 0 0 0 0 100Well Vat thard 44 0 40 0 0 8 8 0 100 3% Darng 82 0 18 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Somsanouk 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 1% Nakiow 28 24 0 16 16 0 0 0 16 100 Kengsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary Phovaneua 44 38 0 8 0 0 10 100 14% Phovatay 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 14 100 XBF Mahaxayneua 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 64 100 62% Mahaxaykang 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 100 Mahaxaytay 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 28 100 Spring Phanang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 4% Khamfeuang 72 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 100 Pong 22 0 0 78 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1304 82 0 288 16 54 26 0 46 152 132 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 12 0 0 86 0 2 0 0 100 Deep well 1% Koudphadarng 24 0 34 14 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 1% Bottled water Watthard 38 0 32 0 0 24 0 6 0 0 100 2% Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 0 0 16 0 0 48 8 0 0 28 0 100 Well Namixay 34 16 22 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 31% Gnommalath Tay 44 0 8 0 0 34 8 0 0 6 0 100 Nongping 36 0 24 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Kenglek 36 46 10 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 40% Boungbao 40 32 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 18 0 14 0 0 60 0 8 0 0 100 Houay yen 16 0 46 0 0 32 0 0 0 6 100 Thapha 70 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Navaing 54 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 90 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 100 Nahay 92 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 Phonsaird 38 42 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary Xe bank well Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% 14% Phonsavang 76 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Spring Total 806 206 276 14 0 626 16 0 16 34 6 2000 10% Xe Bangfai Kengpae 68 0 16 0 10 0 0 6 0 100 Rain water Bottled water 1% Irrigation Thakor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 5% 1% Thahat 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kengkhenh 14 40 40 4 0 0 0 2 100 Kengkasy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Deep well 26% Vernsananh 20 0 12 0 30 38 0 0 0 0 100 18% Hatphek 70 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakse Noy 50 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 100 Nathan 18 22 8 0 36 0 6 10 100 Thasyda 58 20 0 14 0 0 8 100 Khouaxe 18 0 0 0 28 16 0 38 100 Nongbone 6 6 4 6 0 20 50 0 0 6 2 100 Well Dangtha 8 8 0 16 0 68 0 0 0 100 13% Naphorktha 28 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 100 Spring 25% Somsaaet 86 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 100 Ngangkham 12 48 0 0 0 10 6 0 6 10 8 100 Hatkhamhieng 6 2 0 0 18 56 0 6 12 0 100 Tributary Xe bank well 7% Total 448 418 116 76 0 216 306 0 12 88 20 1700 4% Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 36 64 0 0 0 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 34 66 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation 4% Sorkbor 0 50 0 0 0 32 0 0 18 0 100 XBF Natay 36 8 0 0 0 10 0 0 46 0 100 Bottled water 25% Phak itou 4 32 0 0 0 24 20 0 0 20 0 100 13% Hardxiengdy 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Dongsangam 12 26 0 0 0 18 38 0 0 0 6 100 Hardsayphong 8 50 0 0 0 22 0 0 10 10 100 Tharntheung 14 8 0 0 0 56 0 0 22 0 100 Dongphakpheua 16 22 0 0 0 10 40 0 0 12 0 100 Sadu Neua 80 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Sadu Tay 90 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Samnady 0 72 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 Spring 29% 14% Navangneua 54 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 30 8 100 Navangkang 52 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 26 10 100 Navangnoy 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 20 54 0 0 26 0 100 1% Phonsao e 58 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 30 100 Well Thamouang 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100 14% Danparkxe 0 0 0 0 0 6 50 0 0 44 0 100 Total 504 288 0 0 10 280 580 0 0 254 84 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 50 0 0 0 100 Beungse 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 100 Bottled water Khamsavang 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 9% Tonhaen 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 28 0 16 0 100 Rain water Kaengphosy 0 47 0 0 0 0 53 0 0 0 0 100 1% XBF Kaengveang 0 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water 24% Kangpa 0 29 0 0 0 0 57 0 0 14 0 100 4% Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Lao 30 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Souvanxai 40 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsa-at 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 0 0 31 0 100 Deep well 24% Sakong 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thabor 0 42 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 0 0 100 Thakharm 0 35 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 35 0 100 Spring Thaphoxai 6 0 0 0 0 33 28 0 0 33 0 100 23% Well Thadorkham 8 58 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 100 7% Nasang 42 0 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 11 0 100 Lake, pond Naxiengkhane 77 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well 3% Xiengkhay 30 0 0 0 0 40 30 0 0 0 0 100 4% Tributary Houi-hai 75 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 100 1% Hartkhamdee 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 20 47 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 13 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 40 27 0 7 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 42 0 0 25 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 30 0 0 0 0 40 30 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 0 100 Pong 22 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 22 19 0 100 Phakfeuatay 0 41 9 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Total 757 735 129 32 80 237 789 141 22 278 0 3200 Grand total 3819 1729 521 410 106 1413 1717 141 96 806 242 11000 Irrigation Bottled water 2% Rain water 7% 1% Tap water 1% XBF 34% Deep well 16% Well 13% Lake, pond 1%Tributary Spring 4%Xe bank well 16% 5% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 65 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of sources for drinking water in wet season Wet season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 34 0 0 38 0 0 28 0 100 Nathandong 38 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 52 0 100 Nathanthong 46 0 26 0 0 28 0 100 Bottled water Vernh 26 0 32 0 8 0 34 0 100 3% Nakhay 0 38 0 0 62 0 100 Nongkork 56 0 0 28 0 16 0 0 100 Ilarnh 32 0 0 24 0 14 0 30 0 0 100 Naphong 24 0 62 0 0 14 0 100 Rain water XBF Vat thard 66 0 14 0 0 20 0 100 35% 33% Darng 66 0 14 0 0 20 0 100 Somsanouk 48 0 16 0 0 36 0 100 Nakiow 44 0 30 0 26 0 0 100 Kengsavang 12 0 12 0 12 0 64 0 0 100 Phovaneua 24 0 0 12 0 0 50 14 100 Phovatay 44 0 0 0 0 0 56 100 Mahaxayneua 40 0 0 20 0 0 36 4 0 100 Mahaxaykang 20 0 0 0 0 0 50 30 0 100 Mahaxaytay 26 0 0 0 0 0 52 22 0 100 Well Phanang 40 0 0 12 20 8 0 20 0 0 100 4% Khamfeuang 0 0 0 38 0 44 0 18 0 100 Tributary 24% Pong 0 0 0 80 0 0 20 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Total 686 0 0 506 20 78 8 0 732 70 0 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 66 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 XBF Watthard 8 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 78 0 0 100 15% Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 68 0 0 100 Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 32 0 0 100 Tributary Gnommalath Neua 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2% Namixay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 52 16 0 32 0 0 100 Nongping 22 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 58 0 0 100 Kenglek 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 100 Boungbao 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 100 Well Donpeuay 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 64 0 0 100 17% Houay yen 14 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 64 0 0 100 Thapha 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 100 Navaing 22 0 0 26 0 22 0 0 30 0 0 100 Phontoum 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 Deep well Nahay 28 0 0 16 0 8 0 0 48 0 0 100 Rain water 1% 65% Phonsaird 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nakatang 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 0 0 100 Phonsavang 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Total 270 0 0 42 0 308 16 0 1164 0 0 1800 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 8 0 24 0 40 0 24 4 0 100 Thakor 0 0 60 0 40 0 100 Bottled water XBF Thahat 28 0 10 24 0 38 0 100 4% Tributary 4% Kengkhenh 0 32 0 30 0 32 6 100 10% Kengkasy 0 24 0 42 0 34 0 100 Vernsananh 0 16 0 30 16 0 38 0 100 Hatphek 0 20 0 58 0 22 0 100 Phakse Noy 0 0 0 66 0 34 0 100 Rain water Nathan 10 0 12 0 46 0 32 0 100 34% Thasyda 0 0 16 0 50 0 34 0 100 Khouaxe 0 0 0 0 32 16 0 12 40 0 100 Nongbone 4 0 6 0 14 40 0 32 4 0 100 Dangtha 6 0 0 0 10 34 0 42 8 100 Well 36% Naphorktha 0 0 0 42 0 58 0 100 Somsaaet 0 0 0 0 46 0 54 0 100 Deep well Ngangkham 10 0 0 0 42 10 0 38 0 0 100 12% Hatkhamhieng 6 0 2 0 12 52 0 20 8 0 100 Total 66 6 0 162 0 602 210 0 584 70 0 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 44 42 0 14 0 0 100 Tributary Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 30 38 0 100 1% Lake, pond Sorkbor 0 0 0 0 36 0 48 16 0 100 1% Natay 0 0 0 0 30 0 54 16 0 100 Bottled water XBF 8% 8% Phak itou 0 0 0 0 0 74 26 0 100 Hardxiengdy 0 0 0 0 0 34 32 34 0 0 100 Well Dongsangam 0 0 0 16 22 0 62 0 100 10% Hardsayphong 14 0 0 0 28 0 48 10 100 Tharntheung 0 0 0 74 0 26 0 100 Dongphakpheua 0 0 0 8 74 0 18 0 0 100 Sadu Neua 36 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 100 Sadu Tay 18 0 0 10 0 72 0 0 100 Samnady 0 0 0 0 50 0 50 0 0 100 Deep well 22% Navangneua 34 0 0 0 0 10 0 48 8 0 100 Navangkang 16 0 0 0 0 0 72 12 0 100 Navangnoy 0 0 0 0 0 74 0 26 0 100 Rain water Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 16 30 0 34 20 0 100 48% Phonsao e 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 100 Thamouang 18 0 0 0 10 0 72 0 0 100 Tap water Danparkxe 0 0 0 0 0 4 26 0 54 16 0 100 2% Total 166 0 0 10 10 190 460 32 970 162 0 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 33 33 0 0 100 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 71 0 0 100 Bouakhay 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 31 0 100 Khamsavang 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Tonhaen 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 28 22 0 100 Bottled water XBF Spring Kaengphosy 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 47 0 0 100 5% 11% 2% Kaengveang 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 100 Xe bank well 1% Kangpa 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 61 6 0 100 Tributary Daangsavanh 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 2% Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond 3% Lao 20 0 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 100 Souvanxai 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 Well 9% Somsa-at 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 0 15 15 0 100 Sakong 57 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 0 0 100 Thabor 7 0 0 0 0 0 67 0 27 0 0 100 Rain water 46% Thakharm 0 0 36 27 0 0 9 0 27 0 0 100 Thaphoxai 7 0 0 14 0 29 14 0 29 7 0 100 Thadorkham 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 60 0 0 100 Deep well 19% Nasang 21 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 50 7 0 100 Naxiengkhane 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 0 0 100 Tap water 2% Xiengkhay 17 17 0 0 0 0 33 0 33 0 0 100 Houi-hai 39 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 39 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 17 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 57 9 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 29 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 43 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 23 0 0 23 0 0 23 0 31 0 0 100 Pahlay 0 0 0 0 0 58 32 0 11 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 40 0 100 Pong 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 67 14 0 100 Phakfeuatay 0 0 0 0 5 0 55 0 41 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 53 0 0 100 Total 361 61 36 65 92 300 617 62 1456 151 0 3200 Grand total 1549 67 36 785 122 1478 1311 94 4906 453 0 10800 Bottled water 4% XBF 14% Spring 1% Tributary 7% Lake, pond 1% Rain water 46% Well 14% Tap water Deep well 1% 12% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 66 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for cooking in dry season Dry season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100Well Deep well Irrigation 1% Bottled water Nathandong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3% 100 2% 7% Nathanthong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Vernh 78 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Nakhay 74 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Nongkork 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 100 Ilarnh 68 14 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 7% Naphong 62 0 24 0 0 0 0 14 100 Vat thard 54 0 40 0 0 6 0 0 100 Darng 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsanouk 80 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 14 100 Nakiow 28 28 0 14 14 0 0 0 16 100 Kengsavang 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 100 Spring Phovaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 2% Phovatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Mahaxayneua 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 100 Mahaxaykang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Mahaxaytay 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 100 XBF Phanang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 77% Khamfeuang 56 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 58 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1622 42 0 152 14 62 22 0 6 40 140 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 12 0 0 86 0 2 0 0 100 Deep well Rain water Koudphadarng 24 0 34 14 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 1% 1% Watthard 38 0 32 0 0 24 0 6 0 0 100 Bottled water 2% Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 0 0 16 0 0 48 8 0 0 28 0 100 Namixay 34 16 22 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 Well Gnommalath Tay 44 0 8 0 0 34 8 0 0 6 0 100 31% Nongping 36 0 24 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Kenglek 36 46 10 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 40% Boungbao 40 32 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 18 0 14 0 0 60 0 8 0 0 100 Houay yen 16 0 46 0 0 32 0 0 0 6 100 Thapha 70 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Navaing 54 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 90 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 100 Nahay 92 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 Phonsaird 38 42 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary Spring Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Xe bank well 14% 10% Phonsavang 76 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 806 206 276 14 0 626 16 0 16 34 6 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 88 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 100 Thakor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Thahat 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well 2% 15% Kengkhenh 44 18 0 26 0 12 0 0 0 100 Kengkasy 90 10 0 0 0 0 0 100 Vernsananh 32 0 0 0 28 40 0 0 0 0 100 Well Hatphek 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 14% Phakse Noy 32 0 0 68 0 0 0 100 Nathan 48 0 10 8 0 20 0 0 0 14 100 Thasyda 60 22 0 18 0 0 0 0 100 Khouaxe 34 0 0 0 40 26 0 0 0 100 XBF 51% Nongbone 6 4 4 6 0 34 42 0 0 0 4 100 Dangtha 66 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 100 Tributary 4% Naphorktha 48 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 100 Somsaaet 90 0 0 10 0 0 0 100 Spring Ngangkham 40 26 0 0 8 6 0 6 0 14 100 13% Xe bank well Hatkhamhieng 16 14 0 0 10 60 0 0 0 0 100 1% Total 872 216 14 64 0 236 260 0 6 0 32 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 34 66 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation 12% Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 34 48 0 0 18 0 100 Sorkbor 74 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Natay 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 100 Phak itou 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100 Bottled water Hardxiengdy 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 1% Dongsangam 40 8 0 0 0 16 30 0 0 0 6 100 Hardsayphong 44 16 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 26 100 XBF Tharntheung 18 10 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well 49% Dongphakpheua 36 0 0 0 0 8 56 0 0 0 0 100 24% Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Sadu Tay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Samnady 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 100 Navangneua 68 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 4 16 100 Navangkang 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 100 Navangnoy 14 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 26 100 Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 30 40 0 0 0 30 100 Well Phonsao e 56 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 30 100 11% Thamouang 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 Spring 3% Danparkxe 38 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 0 100 Total 986 60 0 0 0 222 474 0 0 22 236 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 100 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water 2% Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tonhaen 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water 5% Kaengphosy 83 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 100 Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well 14% Kangpa 31 0 0 0 0 13 56 0 0 0 0 100 Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Dongmarkfai 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lao 63 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well 4% Souvanxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsa-at 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Sakong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Thabor 31 23 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 61% 2% Thakharm 46 46 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 Thaphoxai 46 0 0 0 0 46 8 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well 3% Thadorkham 47 18 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 0 100 Nasang 86 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 100 Spring 8% Naxiengkhane 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xiengkhay 88 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Houi-hai 91 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 0 31 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 83 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 79 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 38 23 0 8 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 43 0 0 29 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 40 0 0 0 0 20 40 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 33 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 50 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 91 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1969 262 107 49 17 124 473 150 50 0 0 3200 Grand total 6255 786 397 279 31 1270 1245 150 78 96 414 11000 Bottled waterIrrigation Tap waterRain water 1% 4% 1% 1% Deep well 11% Well 12% XBF Tributary 56% 3% Xe bank well 4% Spring 7% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 67 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for cooking in wet season Wet season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 52 0 0 30 0 0 18 0 0 100 Nathandong 40 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 100 Bottled water Nathanthong 44 0 32 0 0 24 0 0 100 1% Vernh 22 0 0 32 0 8 0 38 0 0 100 Nakhay 24 0 0 40 0 0 36 0 0 100 Nongkork 52 0 0 30 0 0 18 0 0 100 Ilarnh 46 0 0 16 0 14 0 24 0 0 100 Rain water 38% Naphong 36 0 36 0 0 28 0 0 100 XBF Vat thard 12 0 38 0 0 50 0 0 100 35% Darng 70 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 Somsanouk 48 0 0 16 0 0 36 0 0 100 Nakiow 36 0 28 0 0 36 0 0 100 Kengsavang 20 0 0 12 0 12 0 56 0 0 100 Phovaneua 48 0 0 10 0 0 42 100 Phovatay 32 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 100 Mahaxayneua 40 0 0 14 0 0 46 0 0 100 Well 3% Mahaxaykang 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 100 Mahaxaytay 26 0 0 0 0 0 56 18 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Phanang 40 0 0 8 18 0 34 0 0 100 Tributary Khamfeuang 0 0 0 44 0 44 0 12 0 0 100 22% Pong 0 0 0 64 0 0 36 0 0 100 Total 738 0 0 458 18 70 8 0 790 18 0 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 48 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 20 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 40 0 0 100 Watthard 0 0 0 0 0 80 0 0 20 0 0 100 Bottled water Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 84 0 0 16 0 0 100 2% XBF Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 92 0 0 8 0 0 100 16% Gnommalath Neua 0 0 0 0 0 42 14 0 0 44 0 100 Rain water Namixay 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 30 0 0 100 29% Tributary 9% Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 52 24 0 24 0 0 100 Nongping 18 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 40 0 0 100 Kenglek 24 0 0 0 0 40 0 36 0 0 100 Boungbao 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 44 0 0 100 Donpeuay 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 38 0 0 100 Lake, pond Houay yen 0 0 0 18 0 38 0 0 44 0 0 100 1% Deep well Thapha 66 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 100 2% Navaing 0 0 0 40 0 34 0 26 0 0 100 Phontoum 64 0 0 20 0 6 0 0 10 0 0 100 Nahay 46 0 0 10 0 16 0 0 28 0 0 100 Phonsaird 16 0 0 30 16 0 0 0 38 0 0 100 Nakatang 48 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 100 Well 41% Phonsavang 12 0 0 70 0 10 0 8 0 0 100 Total 314 0 0 188 16 816 38 0 584 44 0 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 8 0 24 0 40 0 24 4 0 100 Thakor 0 0 0 56 0 44 0 100 Thahat 20 0 0 12 0 44 0 24 0 100 Bottled water XBF Kengkhenh 18 0 0 22 0 18 0 42 0 100 2% 11% Kengkasy 20 0 0 24 0 26 0 30 0 100 Tributary Vernsananh 0 0 20 0 32 28 0 20 0 100 10% Hatphek 0 0 22 0 56 0 22 0 100 Rain water Phakse Noy 0 0 0 56 0 44 0 100 32% Nathan 16 0 0 16 0 30 0 38 0 100 Thasyda 26 0 0 14 0 36 0 24 0 100 Khouaxe 0 0 0 0 36 14 0 14 36 0 100 Nongbone 8 0 0 6 0 16 38 0 32 0 0 100 Dangtha 20 0 0 0 20 38 0 22 0 100 Naphorktha 0 0 0 40 0 60 0 100 Somsaaet 0 0 0 0 46 0 54 0 100 Well Deep well 32% Ngangkham 32 0 0 12 0 20 10 0 26 0 0 100 13% Hatkhamhieng 14 0 0 4 0 16 46 0 20 0 0 100 Total 182 0 0 176 0 548 214 0 540 40 0 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 44 42 0 14 0 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 24 38 0 26 12 0 100 Sorkbor 0 0 0 38 0 62 0 0 100 Natay 66 0 0 0 0 2 0 32 0 100 Bottled water 2% Phak itou 12 0 0 0 0 0 64 24 100 XBF 20% Hardxiengdy 0 0 0 0 0 34 30 0 36 0 0 100 Dongsangam 14 0 8 0 10 26 0 42 0 100 Tributary Hardsayphong 20 0 0 0 0 26 0 54 0 100 1% Tharntheung 16 0 10 0 36 0 38 0 100 Dongphakpheua 0 0 0 0 8 56 0 36 0 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Sadu Neua 36 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 100 Rain water Sadu Tay 56 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 100 43% Samnady 18 0 0 0 0 36 0 46 0 100 Well Navangneua 40 0 0 0 0 10 0 46 4 0 100 10% Navangkang 38 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 100 Navangnoy 0 0 0 0 68 0 32 0 0 100 Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 28 50 0 22 0 0 100 Phonsao e 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 100 Thamouang 42 0 0 0 20 0 38 0 0 100 Deep well 23% Danparkxe 0 0 0 0 4 32 0 58 6 0 100 Total 396 0 0 18 20 190 452 0 878 46 0 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 25 25 0 0 100 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 58 0 0 100 Bouakhay 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Bottled water Tonhaen 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 0 0 29 0 100 1% Kaengphosy 56 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 17 0 0 100 Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kangpa 25 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 50 0 0 100 Rain water 36% Daangsavanh 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 100 XBF 38% Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lao 18 0 0 12 0 29 0 0 41 0 0 100 Souvanxai 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 100 Somsa-at 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 47 0 0 100 Sakong 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 100 Thabor 40 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 13 0 0 100 Xe bank well 1% Thakharm 15 0 23 0 0 0 23 0 38 0 0 100 Tap water Thaphoxai 31 0 0 6 0 25 13 0 25 0 0 100 2% Thadorkham 53 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 20 0 0 100 Deep well Nasang 50 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 33 0 0 100 12% Tributary Well Naxiengkhane 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 2% 7% Xiengkhay 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Lake, pond Houi-hai 46 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 46 0 0 100 1% Hartkhamdee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 17 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 58 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 36 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 36 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 31 0 0 31 0 0 15 0 23 0 0 100 Pahlay 0 0 0 0 0 56 44 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 9 0 100 Pong 8 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 67 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 62 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 31 0 0 100 Total 1193 0 23 49 25 206 386 67 1114 38 0 3100 Grand total 2823 0 23 889 79 1830 1098 67 3906 186 0 10900 Bottled water 2% XBF 26% Rain water 35% Tributary 8% Lake, pond 1% Deep well Well 10% 17% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 68 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for bathing in dry season Dry season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nathandong 80 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Deep well Irrigation 9% Nathanthong 70 0 0 12 0 18 0 0 0 0 100 2% 2% Vernh 70 0 0 12 0 18 0 0 0 0 100 Nakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Nongkork 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Ilarnh 80 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 100 Naphong 60 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 20 100 Tributary Vat thard 54 0 0 16 0 0 4 0 26 100 7% Darng 96 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsanouk 90 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 6 100 Nakiow 42 0 0 34 12 0 0 0 12 100 Kengsavang 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 100 Phovaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phovatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Mahaxayneua 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 100 Mahaxaykang 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100 Mahaxaytay 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 100 Phanang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Khamfeuang 72 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 79% Pong 66 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1660 0 0 156 12 48 36 0 4 0 184 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 42 0 12 0 0 44 0 0 2 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 20 0 50 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Irrigation Watthard 38 0 38 0 0 18 0 0 6 0 0 100 Well Deep well 1% 3% 20% 1% Korbong 0 0 14 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 36 100 Somsanouk 20 0 0 20 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 54 0 0 28 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 100 Namixay 52 0 18 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 38 0 8 0 0 20 10 0 4 0 20 100 Nongping 60 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kenglek 44 38 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Boungbao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Donpeuay 34 0 10 0 0 42 0 0 14 0 0 100 Houay yen 36 0 26 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 8 100 XBF Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 56% 2% Navaing 64 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 92 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nahay 86 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well 11% Phonsaird 44 18 18 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Spring 5% Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phonsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1124 92 212 48 20 404 10 0 26 0 64 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Deep well 11% Thakor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 8% Thahat 72 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 Kengkhenh 62 0 0 28 0 10 0 0 0 100 Kengkasy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Vernsananh 36 0 0 12 0 24 28 0 0 0 0 100 Well Hatphek 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 7% Phakse Noy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nathan 52 0 0 12 0 22 0 0 0 14 100 Thasyda 76 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 100 Khouaxe 46 0 0 0 26 14 0 0 0 14 100 Tributary Nongbone 14 0 0 10 0 18 40 0 0 0 18 100 7% Dangtha 64 0 0 12 0 12 0 0 0 12 100 Naphorktha 48 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 30 100 XBF 65% Somsaaet 24 18 14 0 10 0 0 0 34 100 Xe bank well 1% Ngangkham 58 0 0 0 6 8 0 0 0 28 100 Spring 1% Hatkhamhieng 40 0 0 2 4 18 0 0 0 36 100 Total 1092 18 14 126 2 120 142 0 0 0 186 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 40 60 0 0 0 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 50 100 Sorkbor 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 100 Natay 84 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 14 100 Irrigation 22% Phak itou 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100 Hardxiengdy 42 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 32 100 Dongsangam 56 0 0 0 0 8 12 0 0 0 24 100 Hardsayphong 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 Tharntheung 40 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 18 100 Dongphakpheua 26 0 0 0 0 6 52 0 0 0 16 100 Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Sadu Tay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well 56% Samnady 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 100 13% Navangneua 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 100 Navangkang 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 100 Navangnoy 60 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 24 100 Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 34 36 0 0 0 30 100 Well 9% Phonsao e 66 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 20 100 Thamouang 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 100 Danparkxe 64 0 0 0 0 6 30 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1128 0 0 0 0 170 264 0 0 0 438 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Beungse 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Tap water 1% Tonhaen 37 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 100 Well 11% 3% Kaengphosy 0 0 0 0 0 18 18 45 18 0 0 100 4% Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kangpa 50 0 0 0 0 15 35 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 2% Dongmarkfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lao 67 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well 1% Souvanxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsa-at 27 0 0 0 0 0 73 0 0 0 0 100 Spring Sakong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Thabor 44 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 100 Thakharm 63 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF 77% Thaphoxai 73 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thadorkham 76 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 100 Nasang 83 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 100 Naxiengkhane 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xiengkhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Houi-hai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 84 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 60 0 0 10 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 38 0 0 46 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 44 0 0 0 0 22 33 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 57 0 0 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 2443 38 33 56 16 129 360 106 18 0 0 3200 Grand total 7447 148 259 386 50 871 812 106 48 0 872 11000 Irrigation Tap water 8% Deep well1% 7% Well 8% Tributary 4% Xe bank well 2% Spring 1% XBF 69% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 69 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for bathing in wet season Wet season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 50 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 100 Nathandong 38 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 100 Nathanthong 44 0 0 14 0 0 42 0 0 100 Vernh 38 0 0 30 0 0 32 0 0 100 Nakhay 42 0 0 26 0 0 32 0 0 100 Nongkork 48 0 0 28 0 0 24 0 0 100 Rain water Ilarnh 38 0 0 22 0 16 0 24 0 0 100 35% Naphong 38 0 0 32 0 0 30 0 0 100 Vat thard 40 0 0 38 0 0 22 0 100 Darng 60 0 0 16 0 0 24 0 0 100 XBF Somsanouk 42 0 0 20 0 0 38 0 0 100 44% Nakiow 46 0 0 28 0 0 26 0 0 100 Kengsavang 52 0 0 10 0 10 0 28 0 0 100 Phovaneua 46 0 0 6 0 0 48 0 100 Phovatay 62 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 100 Mahaxayneua 52 0 0 12 0 0 36 0 0 100 Well 2% Mahaxaykang 40 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 Mahaxaytay 26 0 0 0 0 0 74 0 0 100 Tributary Phanang 56 0 0 6 10 0 28 0 0 100 19% Khamfeuang 22 0 0 38 0 16 0 24 0 0 100 Pong 36 0 0 44 0 0 20 0 0 100 Total 916 0 0 404 10 42 0 0 728 0 0 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 22 0 0 12 0 30 0 0 36 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 32 0 0 24 0 16 0 0 28 0 0 100 Watthard 10 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 20 0 0 100 Korbong 24 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 36 0 0 100 Somsanouk 10 0 0 14 0 56 0 0 20 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 24 0 0 24 0 24 10 0 18 0 0 100 Rain water XBF 27% Namixay 48 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 18 0 0 100 36% Gnommalath Tay 16 0 0 0 0 44 14 0 26 0 0 100 Nongping 28 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 46 0 0 100 Kenglek 34 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 20 0 0 100 Boungbao 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 100 Donpeuay 16 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 38 0 0 100 Deep well Houay yen 34 0 0 14 0 22 0 0 30 0 0 100 1% Thapha 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 100 Navaing 38 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 Phontoum 62 0 0 20 0 6 0 0 12 0 0 100 Nahay 50 0 0 10 0 10 0 0 30 0 0 100 Well Phonsaird 62 0 0 18 20 0 0 0 0 0 100 26% Tributary Nakatang 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 100 Lake, pond 9% Phonsavang 24 0 0 10 0 42 0 0 24 0 0 100 1% Total 726 0 0 172 20 512 24 0 546 0 0 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 48 0 0 16 0 8 0 28 0 0 100 Thakor 14 0 0 22 0 42 0 22 0 100 XBF Thahat 30 0 0 18 0 26 0 26 0 100 26% Kengkhenh 30 0 0 30 0 10 0 30 0 100 Rain water Kengkasy 14 0 0 24 0 28 0 34 0 100 28% Vernsananh 14 0 0 24 0 20 24 0 18 0 100 Hatphek 16 0 0 46 0 16 0 22 0 100 Phakse Noy 30 0 0 24 0 22 0 24 0 100 Nathan 28 0 0 12 0 24 0 36 0 100 Thasyda 22 0 0 14 0 36 0 28 0 100 Khouaxe 10 0 0 0 40 16 0 34 0 0 100 Deep well Nongbone 8 0 0 10 0 18 24 0 40 0 0 100 8% Dangtha 44 0 0 8 14 6 6 0 22 0 100 Tributary 17% Naphorktha 46 0 0 0 24 0 30 0 100 Somsaaet 24 0 0 26 0 16 0 34 0 100 Well Ngangkham 46 0 0 12 0 14 10 0 18 0 0 100 20% Lake, pond Hatkhamhieng 24 0 0 4 10 34 0 28 0 0 100 1% Total 448 0 0 286 18 336 138 0 474 0 0 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 34 48 0 18 0 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 36 36 0 28 0 100 Sorkbor 58 0 0 24 0 0 18 0 100 Natay 86 0 0 0 0 2 0 12 0 100 Phak itou 68 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 100 Rain water Hardxiengdy 28 0 0 0 0 32 28 0 12 0 100 26% Dongsangam 36 0 0 8 0 8 20 0 28 0 100 XBF Hardsayphong 62 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 100 45% Tharntheung 12 0 0 10 0 44 0 34 100 Dongphakpheua 0 0 0 0 8 56 0 36 0 100 Sadu Neua 90 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 100 Sadu Tay 88 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 100 Samnady 72 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 100 Navangneua 50 0 0 8 0 0 42 0 0 100 Deep well 17% Navangkang 64 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 Navangnoy 48 0 0 0 0 22 0 30 0 0 100 Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 32 48 0 20 0 0 100 Well Tributary 8% Phonsao e 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 100 3% Thamouang 66 0 0 0 12 0 22 0 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Danparkxe 16 0 0 0 0 6 34 0 44 0 0 100 Total 916 0 0 50 12 156 338 0 528 0 0 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 86 0 0 14 0 0 100 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 29 0 0 100 Bouakhay 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Tonhaen 30 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 25 0 0 100 17% Kaengphosy 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 67 22 0 0 100 Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kangpa 50 0 0 0 0 6 25 0 19 0 0 100 Tap water Daangsavanh 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 100 4% Dongmarkfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lao 50 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Souvanxai 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 100 12% XBF Somsa-at 9 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 27 0 0 100 54% Sakong 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 100 Well Thabor 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 5% Thakharm 42 0 33 17 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Thaphoxai 38 0 0 8 8 23 15 0 8 0 0 100 2% Thadorkham 44 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0 0 100 Tributary Nasang 43 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 29 0 0 100 Xe bank well 5% 1% Naxiengkhane 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 100 Xiengkhay 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 100 Houi-hai 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 59 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 24 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 50 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 17 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 50 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 25 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 31 0 0 38 0 0 13 0 19 0 0 100 Pahlay 30 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 100 Pong 88 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 60 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 100 Total 1708 0 33 152 67 169 383 137 551 0 0 3200 Grand total 4714 0 33 1064 127 1215 883 137 2827 0 0 11000 Rain water 26% XBF 43% Tap water 1% Deep well 8% Well 11%Lake, pond Tributary 1% 10% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 70 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for dish washing in dry season p Dry season Source 1% Irrigation District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total 9% Mahaxay Kanggnankham 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Nathandong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 2% Nathanthong 90 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Vernh 88 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 100 1% Nakhay 70 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 100 Nongkork 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary Ilarnh 68 10 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 100 4% Naphong 66 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 16 100 Vat thard 66 0 0 30 0 0 4 0 0 100 Darng 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsanouk 84 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 12 100 Nakiow 42 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 100 Spring Kengsavang 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 100 2% Phovaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phovatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Mahaxayneua 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 Mahaxaykang 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 Mahaxaytay 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 100 XBF Phanang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 81% Khamfeuang 82 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 84 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1712 42 0 78 30 40 12 0 4 0 182 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 34 0 12 0 0 52 0 0 2 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 36 0 20 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Deep well Rain water 2% Watthard 48 0 28 0 0 18 0 0 6 0 0 100 1% 1% Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsanouk 10 0 0 12 0 78 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well 26% Gnommalath Neua 32 24 0 20 0 16 8 0 0 0 0 100 Namixay 52 0 30 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 32 0 6 0 0 32 12 0 8 0 10 100 Nongping 60 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kenglek 32 48 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Boungbao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 16 0 8 0 0 64 0 0 12 0 0 100 Houay yen 36 0 10 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 30 100 XBF Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond 54% 1% Navaing 68 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 88 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nahay 84 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 2% Phonsaird 62 18 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Spring Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well 6% 7% Phonsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1090 122 134 32 20 514 20 0 28 0 40 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thakor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Irrigation 10% Thahat 72 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 10% Kengkhenh 56 0 0 26 0 18 0 0 0 100 Kengkasy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Vernsananh 34 0 0 0 24 42 0 0 0 0 100 Hatphek 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakse Noy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well 10% Nathan 50 0 0 10 0 24 0 0 0 16 100 Thasyda 92 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 Khouaxe 32 0 0 0 38 14 0 0 0 16 100 Nongbone 6 0 0 6 0 26 46 0 0 0 16 100 XBF 65% Dangtha 72 0 0 0 10 8 0 0 0 10 100 Tributary Naphorktha 64 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 26 100 3% Somsaaet 24 8 8 0 8 0 0 0 52 100 Ngangkham 60 0 0 0 8 8 0 0 0 24 100 Hatkhamhieng 24 0 0 4 6 50 0 0 0 16 100 Xe bank well 2% Total 1086 8 36 50 4 162 178 0 0 0 176 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 40 60 0 0 0 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 50 100 Sorkbor 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 100 Natay 88 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 10 100 Irrigation 20% Phak itou 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100 Hardxiengdy 40 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 32 100 Dongsangam 54 0 0 0 0 10 10 0 0 0 26 100 Hardsayphong 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 Tharntheung 18 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 18 100 Dongphakpheua 26 0 0 0 0 8 44 0 0 0 22 100 Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Deep well 55% Sadu Tay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 16% Samnady 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 100 Navangneua 70 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 20 100 Navangkang 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 100 Navangnoy 40 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 24 100 Well Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 42 40 0 0 0 18 100 9% Phonsao e 68 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 22 100 Thamouang 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 Danparkxe 58 0 0 0 0 6 36 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1096 0 0 0 0 184 312 0 0 0 408 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tonhaen 23 0 0 0 0 0 55 23 0 0 0 100 Kaengphosy 60 10 0 0 0 20 10 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water 4% Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Kangpa 63 0 0 0 0 5 32 0 0 0 0 100 14% Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3% Lao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Spring Souvanxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Somsa-at 21 0 0 0 0 0 79 0 0 0 0 100 Sakong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thabor 29 0 0 0 0 0 71 0 0 0 0 100 Thakharm 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thaphoxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thadorkham 60 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 100 XBF 78% Nasang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Naxiengkhane 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xiengkhay 73 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 100 Houi-hai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 76 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 70 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 75 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 44 0 0 0 0 22 33 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 83 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 83 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 100 Total 2361 34 0 0 0 77 405 123 0 0 0 3000 Grand total 7345 206 170 160 54 977 927 123 32 0 806 10800 Irrigation 7% Tap water 1% Deep well 9% Well Lake, pond 9% 1% Tributary 1% Xe bank well 2% Spring XBF 2% 68% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 71 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for dish washing in wet season Wet season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 56 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 100 Nathandong 34 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 100 Nathanthong 38 0 0 10 0 0 52 0 0 100 Vernh 40 0 0 14 0 0 46 0 0 100 Nakhay 54 0 0 22 0 0 24 0 0 100 Nongkork 40 0 0 20 0 0 40 0 0 100 Ilarnh 40 0 0 14 0 20 0 26 0 0 100 Naphong 48 0 0 16 0 0 36 0 0 100 Rain water 40% Vat thard 40 0 0 8 0 0 52 0 0 100 Darng 62 0 0 12 0 0 26 0 0 100 XBF Somsanouk 60 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 100 44% Nakiow 40 0 42 0 0 18 0 0 100 Kengsavang 46 0 0 8 12 0 34 0 0 100 Phovaneua 58 0 0 0 0 42 0 100 Phovatay 34 0 0 0 0 0 66 0 100 Mahaxayneua 70 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 Well Mahaxaykang 40 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 3% Mahaxaytay 10 0 0 0 0 0 90 0 0 100 Phanang 54 0 0 6 14 10 0 16 0 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Tributary Khamfeuang 38 0 0 28 0 20 0 14 0 0 100 12% Pong 24 0 0 34 0 0 42 0 0 100 Total 926 0 0 258 14 62 0 0 840 0 0 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 64 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 36 0 0 20 0 20 0 0 24 0 0 100 Watthard 10 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 30 0 0 100 Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 42 0 0 100 XBF Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 36 0 0 100 Rain water 29% Gnommalath Neua 26 0 0 0 0 26 14 0 34 0 0 100 33% Namixay 30 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 32 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 46 18 0 36 0 0 100 Nongping 18 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 40 0 0 100 Kenglek 32 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 26 0 0 100 Boungbao 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 100 Donpeuay 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 42 0 0 100 Houay yen 32 0 0 8 0 24 0 0 36 0 0 100 Tributary Thapha 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 6% Navaing 34 0 0 18 0 28 0 0 20 0 0 100 Phontoum 58 0 0 18 0 8 0 0 16 0 0 100 Deep well 2% Nahay 48 0 0 10 0 8 0 0 34 0 0 100 Phonsaird 38 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 100 Nakatang 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 100 Phonsavang 32 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 22 0 0 100 Well Total 580 0 0 110 0 604 32 0 674 0 0 2000 30% Xe Bangfai Kengpae 48 0 0 14 0 8 0 30 0 0 100 Thakor 0 0 18 0 50 0 32 0 100 XBF Thahat 44 0 0 12 0 18 0 26 0 100 22% Kengkhenh 22 0 0 22 0 30 0 26 0 100 Kengkasy 14 0 0 24 0 20 0 42 0 100 Rain water Vernsananh 0 0 18 0 28 20 0 34 0 100 33% Hatphek 14 0 0 32 0 32 0 22 0 100 Phakse Noy 0 0 0 52 0 48 0 100 Nathan 26 0 0 10 0 16 0 48 0 100 Thasyda 8 0 0 16 0 44 0 32 0 100 Tributary 13% Khouaxe 12 0 0 0 38 22 0 28 0 0 100 Nongbone 4 0 0 6 0 16 24 0 50 0 0 100 Dangtha 48 0 0 8 0 12 0 32 0 100 Naphorktha 50 0 0 0 16 0 34 0 100 Somsaaet 26 0 0 28 0 10 0 36 0 100 Deep well 8% Lake, pond Ngangkham 50 0 0 10 10 10 6 0 14 0 0 100 Well 1% Hatkhamhieng 10 0 0 0 14 44 0 32 0 0 100 23% Total 376 0 0 218 10 398 132 0 566 0 0 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 42 46 0 12 0 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 36 26 0 38 0 100 Sorkbor 62 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 100 Natay 82 0 0 0 0 2 0 16 0 100 Phak itou 72 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 100 Rain water Hardxiengdy 34 0 0 0 0 26 24 0 16 0 100 26% Dongsangam 48 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 36 0 100 Hardsayphong 70 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 100 XBF Tharntheung 0 0 20 0 58 0 22 100 48% Dongphakpheua 8 0 0 0 10 54 0 28 0 100 Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Sadu Tay 94 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 100 Samnady 74 0 0 0 0 26 0 100 Navangneua 52 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 100 Deep well Navangkang 52 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 100 16% Navangnoy 36 0 0 0 0 26 0 38 0 0 100 Tributary Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 26 46 0 28 0 0 100 Well 1% Phonsao e 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 8% Thamouang 78 0 0 0 14 0 8 0 0 100 Lake, pond Danparkxe 28 0 0 0 0 6 34 0 32 0 0 100 1% Total 952 8 0 20 14 154 324 0 528 0 0 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 67 0 0 100 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 33 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tonhaen 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 17 35 0 0 100 Kaengphosy 82 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 9 0 0 100 Rain water 19% Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kangpa 33 0 0 0 0 11 33 0 22 0 0 100 Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water 3% Lao 20 0 0 27 0 27 0 0 27 0 0 100 Souvanxai 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 100 Somsa-at 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 0 29 0 0 100 XBF Deep well 54% Sakong 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 14% Thabor 55 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 100 Well Thakharm 30 0 40 0 0 0 20 0 10 0 0 100 4% Thaphoxai 50 0 0 17 0 0 17 0 17 0 0 100 Thadorkham 62 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 12 0 0 100 Nasang 63 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 13 0 0 100 Lake, pond 2% Naxiengkhane 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 100 Xe bank well Xiengkhay 44 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 22 0 0 100 1% Houi-hai 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 100 Tributary Hartkhamdee 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 3% Hartsaisungneua 25 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 54 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 39 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 26 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 64 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 18 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 42 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 100 Pahlay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 100 Pong 86 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 78 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 64 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 18 0 0 100 Total 1772 0 40 99 56 114 437 84 598 0 0 3200 Grand total 4606 8 40 705 94 1332 925 84 3206 0 0 11000 Rain water 29% XBF 43% Tap water 1% Deep well 8% Well Tributary 12% Lake, pond 6% 1% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 72 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for clothes washing in dry season Dry season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nathandong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Nathanthong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well 12% Vernh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 1% Nakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Nongkork 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Ilarnh 84 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 100 Naphong 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 100 Vat thard 86 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 100 Darng 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 100 Somsanouk 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 100 Nakiow 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 100 Kengsavang 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 100 Phovaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phovatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Mahaxayneua 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 100 Mahaxaykang 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 100 Mahaxaytay 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 100 Phanang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Khamfeuang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 86% Pong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1820 0 0 14 0 16 0 0 0 0 250 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 60 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 14 100 Koudphadarng 38 0 24 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Irrigation Watthard 54 0 24 0 0 18 0 0 4 0 0 100 1% 3% Korbong 22 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 22 100 Somsanouk 20 0 0 28 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Gnommalath Neua 52 0 0 24 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 100 17% Namixay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 42 0 6 0 0 32 8 0 0 0 12 100 Nongping 68 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Kenglek 52 30 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Boungbao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 46 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 8 0 0 100 Tributary Houay yen 60 0 8 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 14 100 3% Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Navaing 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 96 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well 4% XBF Nahay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 68% Phonsaird 60 22 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Spring Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 3% Phonsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1370 52 80 52 18 346 8 0 12 0 62 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Thakor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 14% Thahat 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Kengkhenh 50 0 0 24 0 26 0 0 0 100 5% Kengkasy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Vernsananh 54 0 0 0 0 18 28 0 0 0 0 100 Hatphek 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Phakse Noy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 9% Nathan 46 0 0 10 0 24 0 0 0 20 100 Thasyda 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Khouaxe 40 0 0 0 0 28 10 0 0 0 22 100 1% Nongbone 6 0 0 0 0 28 26 0 0 0 40 100 Dangtha 84 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 6 100 Naphorktha 74 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 18 100 Tributary Somsaaet 24 12 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 48 100 2% Spring XBF 68% Ngangkham 60 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 32 100 1% Hatkhamhieng 16 0 0 0 12 10 6 0 0 0 56 100 Total 1154 12 0 34 12 154 92 0 0 0 242 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 30 56 0 0 0 14 100 Irrigation Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 60 100 22% Sorkbor 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 100 Natay 82 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 16 100 Phak itou 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 100 Hardxiengdy 44 0 0 0 0 12 12 0 0 0 32 100 Dongsangam 62 0 0 0 0 4 8 0 0 0 26 100 Hardsayphong 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 100 Tharntheung 28 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 20 100 Dongphakpheua 18 0 0 0 0 10 44 0 0 0 28 100 Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well XBF Sadu Tay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 13% 58% Samnady 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 100 Navangneua 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 100 Navangkang 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 100 Navangnoy 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 100 Well Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 36 36 0 0 0 28 100 7% Phonsao e 60 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 26 100 Thamouang 94 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 100 Danparkxe 58 0 0 0 0 6 36 0 0 0 100 Total 1154 0 0 0 0 138 260 0 0 0 448 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 100 Beungse 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tonhaen 36 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 0 100 Kaengphosy 80 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 7% Deep well Kangpa 65 0 0 0 0 12 24 0 0 0 0 100 11% Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 Well Lao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 2% Souvanxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsa-at 28 0 0 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Sakong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thabor 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 100 Thakharm 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thaphoxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 0 100 Thadorkham 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nasang 83 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 100 Naxiengkhane 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Xiengkhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 79% Houi-hai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 71 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 88 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 75 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 38 0 0 0 0 38 25 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 75 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 2543 0 0 0 29 78 348 215 0 0 0 3200 Grand total 8041 64 80 100 59 732 708 215 12 0 1002 11000 Irrigation 9% Deep well 6% Well 7% Tributary Xe bank1%well 1%Spring 1% XBF 72% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 73 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for clothes washing in wet season Wet season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 56 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 100 Nathandong 72 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 100 Nathanthong 62 0 0 6 0 0 32 0 0 100 Vernh 36 0 0 40 0 0 0 24 0 0 100 Rain water Nakhay 66 0 0 14 0 0 20 0 0 100 25% Nongkork 22 0 0 46 0 0 32 0 0 100 Ilarnh 44 0 0 20 0 16 0 20 0 0 100 Naphong 52 0 0 22 0 0 26 0 0 100 Vat thard 40 0 0 44 0 0 16 0 0 100 Darng 54 0 0 10 0 0 36 0 100 Well Somsanouk 74 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 100 1% Nakiow 38 0 0 30 0 0 32 0 0 100 Kengsavang 88 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 100 Lake, pond Phovaneua 90 0 0 0 10 0 100 1% XBF Phovatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 57% Mahaxayneua 80 0 0 4 0 0 16 0 0 100 Mahaxaykang 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 100 Mahaxaytay 18 0 0 0 0 0 82 0 0 100 Tributary Phanang 74 0 0 0 14 8 0 4 0 0 100 16% Khamfeuang 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 100 Pong 40 0 0 46 0 0 14 0 100 Total 1206 0 0 336 14 24 0 0 520 0 0 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 18 0 0 14 0 28 0 0 40 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 22 0 0 26 0 28 0 0 24 0 0 100 Watthard 16 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 36 0 0 100 Korbong 30 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 32 0 0 100 Rain water Somsanouk 0 0 0 16 0 54 0 0 30 0 0 100 27% Gnommalath Neua 26 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 26 0 0 100 XBF 36% Namixay 44 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 26 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 42 20 0 38 0 0 100 Nongping 26 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 32 0 0 100 Kenglek 24 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 34 0 0 100 Boungbao 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Deep well Donpeuay 10 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 42 0 0 100 1% Houay yen 28 0 0 12 0 26 0 0 34 0 0 100 Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Navaing 20 0 0 24 0 18 0 0 38 0 0 100 Phontoum 70 0 0 10 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Nahay 66 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Tributary Phonsaird 52 0 0 30 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well 8% 27% Nakatang 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 100 Phonsavang 22 0 0 22 0 42 0 0 14 0 0 100 Lake, pond Total 712 0 0 168 18 534 20 0 548 0 0 2000 1% Xe Bangfai Kengpae 56 0 0 8 0 8 0 28 0 0 100 Thakor 12 0 0 16 0 50 0 22 0 100 Thahat 38 0 0 14 0 18 0 30 0 100 Kengkhenh 24 0 0 34 0 20 0 22 0 100 XBF Kengkasy 14 0 0 20 0 32 0 34 0 100 29% Rain water Vernsananh 0 0 26 0 16 18 0 40 0 100 32% Hatphek 40 0 0 16 0 0 44 0 100 Phakse Noy 30 0 0 18 0 18 0 34 0 100 Nathan 32 0 0 10 0 24 0 34 0 100 Thasyda 8 0 0 50 0 0 42 0 100 Khouaxe 28 0 0 0 0 38 10 0 24 0 0 100 Nongbone 8 0 0 8 0 10 36 0 38 0 0 100 Dangtha 48 0 0 10 0 16 26 0 100 Deep well 6% Naphorktha 48 0 0 0 0 8 0 44 0 100 Tributary Somsaaet 18 0 0 32 0 14 0 36 0 100 16% Ngangkham 56 0 0 8 6 10 0 20 0 0 100 Well 17% Hatkhamhieng 38 0 0 0 0 8 22 0 32 0 0 100 Total 498 0 0 270 6 282 94 0 550 0 0 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 36 52 0 12 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 44 40 0 16 0 100 Sorkbor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Natay 84 0 0 0 0 2 0 14 0 100 Phak itou 74 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 100 Hardxiengdy 34 0 0 0 0 24 22 0 20 0 100 Rain water Dongsangam 52 0 0 0 0 8 12 0 28 0 100 21% Hardsayphong 76 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 100 Tharntheung 0 0 0 0 66 0 34 100 Dongphakpheua 16 0 0 0 0 10 50 0 24 0 100 XBF Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 54% Sadu Tay 96 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 100 Deep well Samnady 76 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 100 17% Navangneua 60 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 100 Navangkang 64 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 Navangnoy 50 0 0 0 0 20 0 30 0 0 100 Well Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 20 50 0 30 0 0 100 7% Phonsao e 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 100 Lake, pond Thamouang 78 0 0 0 12 0 10 0 0 100 1% Danparkxe 36 0 0 0 0 6 28 0 30 0 100 Total 1080 0 0 0 12 148 342 0 418 0 0 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 40 0 0 100 Beungse 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tonhaen 14 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 36 0 0 100 Kaengphosy 63 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 25 0 0 100 Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water 14% Kangpa 47 0 0 0 0 7 33 0 13 0 0 100 Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 5% Lao 40 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Souvanxai 50 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Somsa-at 10 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 55 0 0 100 8% Sakong 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Well Thabor 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 100 3% Thakharm 40 0 30 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 100 Lake, pond XBF Thaphoxai 60 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 3% 63% Thadorkham 58 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 17 0 0 100 Tributary Nasang 73 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 9 0 0 100 3% Naxiengkhane 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 100 Xe bank well Xiengkhay 83 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 100 1% Houi-hai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 29 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 52 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 70 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 10 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Pong 83 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 80 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 Total 2021 0 30 100 99 105 249 162 434 0 0 3200 Grand total 5517 0 30 874 149 1093 705 162 2470 0 0 11000 Rain water 23% Tap water 1% XBF 51% Deep well 6% Well 10% Lake, pond 1% Tributary 8% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 74 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of sources for garden water in dry season Dry season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nathandong 72 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nathanthong 34 0 0 30 36 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation 19% Vernh 68 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nakhay 72 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 Nongkork 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Ilarnh 84 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 100 1% Naphong 62 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 22 100 Vat thard 24 0 0 76 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Darng 78 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 10 100 5% Somsanouk 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 100 Nakiow 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 100 Kengsavang 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 100 Phovaneua 82 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 14 100 Tributary 8% Phovatay 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 100 Mahaxayneua 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 100 Mahaxaykang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Mahaxaytay 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 100 67% Phanang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamfeuang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1428 0 0 166 96 16 0 0 0 0 394 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 70 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 6 100 Koudphadarng 68 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Irrigation Watthard 78 0 10 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well 1% Deep well 7% 12% Korbong 58 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 24 100 1% Somsanouk 22 0 0 34 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 56 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Namixay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 40 0 0 0 0 22 10 0 0 0 28 100 Nongping 38 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 34 100 Kenglek 68 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 4% Boungbao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 52 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 18 0 0 100 Houay yen 58 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 28 100 Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well Navaing 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 2% Phontoum 72 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 24 100 Nahay 80 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Phonsaird 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 73% Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phonsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1460 0 42 78 0 248 10 0 18 0 144 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thakor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Thahat 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 23% Kengkhenh 54 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 100 Kengkasy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Vernsananh 54 0 0 0 0 18 28 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Hatphek 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 4% Phakse Noy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nathan 40 0 0 8 0 20 0 0 0 32 100 Thasyda 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Khouaxe 48 0 0 0 0 26 12 0 0 0 14 100 10% Nongbone 10 0 0 8 0 24 14 0 0 0 44 100 XBF Dangtha 30 0 0 14 6 0 0 0 50 100 59% Naphorktha 34 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 58 100 Lake, pond Somsaaet 16 0 0 6 0 8 0 0 0 70 100 2% Ngangkham 24 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 60 100 Tributary Hatkhamhieng 16 0 0 0 12 10 6 0 0 0 56 100 2% Total 1026 0 0 36 26 168 60 0 0 0 384 1700 Nongbok Namphou 28 0 0 0 0 10 12 0 0 0 50 100 Dongkasin 38 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 46 100 Sorkbor 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 100 Natay 30 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 68 100 Phak itou 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 100 Hardxiengdy 16 0 0 0 0 12 14 0 0 0 58 100 Dongsangam 26 0 0 0 0 10 10 0 0 0 54 100 Hardsayphong 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 100 XBF Tharntheung 34 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 42 100 Irrigation 41% 49% Dongphakpheua 26 0 0 0 0 6 22 0 0 0 46 100 Sadu Neua 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100 Sadu Tay 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 100 Samnady 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 100 Navangneua 70 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 24 100 Navangkang 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 100 Navangnoy 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 100 Navangthong 0 0 0 0 6 24 0 0 0 70 100 Deep well Phonsao e 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 100 7% Well 3% Thamouang 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 100 Danparkxe 66 0 0 0 0 6 28 0 0 0 100 Total 826 0 0 0 0 66 142 0 0 0 966 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 60 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 100 Beungse 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well 1% Tonhaen 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water Lake, pond Well 2% Kaengphosy 0 0 0 0 17 17 0 67 0 0 0 100 3% 3% Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kangpa 71 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 100 Spring Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Souvanxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsa-at 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Sakong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thabor 56 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thakharm 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thaphoxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thadorkham 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF 90% Nasang 88 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Naxiengkhane 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xiengkhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Houi-hai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 83 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 50 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 83 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 2790 17 0 0 91 107 29 67 0 0 0 3100 Grand total 7530 17 42 280 213 605 241 67 18 0 1888 10900 Irrigation 17% Tap water 1% Deep well 2% Well 6% Lake, pond 2% Tributary 3% XBF 69% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 75 Chapter 30: Baseline Data Relative importance of sources for garden water in wet season Wet season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 100 Nathandong 26 0 0 12 0 0 0 62 0 0 100 Nathanthong 30 0 0 20 36 0 14 0 0 100 Vernh 58 0 0 34 0 0 8 0 0 100 Nakhay 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Nongkork 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Ilarnh 26 0 0 14 0 20 0 40 0 0 100 XBF Naphong 52 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 100 31% Vat thard 20 0 0 22 0 0 58 0 0 100 Darng 46 0 0 28 0 0 26 0 100 Somsanouk 22 0 0 0 0 0 78 0 0 100 Nakiow 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Kengsavang 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Phovaneua 76 0 0 0 18 0 6 0 100 Tributary Phovatay 54 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 100 Rain water 4% Mahaxayneua 16 0 0 0 18 0 66 0 0 100 57% Mahaxaykang 40 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 100 Lake, pond Mahaxaytay 22 0 0 0 0 0 78 0 0 100 Well 7% Phanang 58 0 0 0 20 0 22 0 0 100 1% Khamfeuang 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 100 Pong 74 0 0 8 0 0 18 0 100 Total 652 0 0 92 138 20 0 0 1198 0 0 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 66 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 XBF Watthard 8 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 78 0 0 100 15% Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 68 0 0 100 Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 32 0 0 100 Tributary Gnommalath Neua 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2% Namixay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 52 16 0 32 0 0 100 Nongping 22 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 58 0 0 100 Kenglek 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 100 Well Boungbao 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 100 17% Donpeuay 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 64 0 0 100 Houay yen 14 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 64 0 0 100 Thapha 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 100 Navaing 22 0 0 26 0 22 0 0 30 0 0 100 Deep well Phontoum 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 1% Nahay 28 0 0 16 0 8 0 0 48 0 0 100 Rain water 65% Phonsaird 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nakatang 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 0 0 100 Phonsavang 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Total 270 0 0 42 0 308 16 0 1164 0 0 1800 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 44 0 0 16 24 10 0 6 0 0 100 Thakor 18 0 0 32 0 22 0 28 0 100 XBF Thahat 44 0 0 34 0 10 0 12 0 100 20% Kengkhenh 20 0 0 38 0 0 42 0 100 Kengkasy 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 100 Vernsananh 0 0 22 0 18 14 0 46 0 100 Rain water Hatphek 14 0 0 12 0 0 74 0 100 39% Phakse Noy 0 0 28 0 0 72 0 100 Nathan 28 0 0 20 0 24 0 28 0 100 Thasyda 14 0 0 22 0 50 0 14 0 100 Tributary Khouaxe 36 0 0 0 0 28 8 0 28 0 0 100 18% Nongbone 0 0 4 4 26 20 0 46 0 0 100 Dangtha 14 0 0 18 38 16 0 14 0 100 Naphorktha 36 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 100 Somsaaet 16 0 0 24 0 8 0 52 0 100 Ngangkham 30 0 0 28 20 10 0 12 0 0 100 Hatkhamhieng 18 0 0 0 10 16 6 0 50 0 0 100 Deep well Well Lake, pond 3% 6% Total 332 0 0 298 96 238 48 0 688 0 0 1700 14% Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 20 20 0 60 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 28 0 72 0 100 Sorkbor 60 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 100 Natay 46 0 0 0 0 2 0 52 0 100 Phak itou 42 0 0 40 0 0 18 0 100 XBF Hardxiengdy 24 0 0 24 0 8 6 0 38 0 100 34% Dongsangam 34 0 0 4 0 4 4 0 54 0 100 Hardsayphong 64 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 100 Rain water Tharntheung 0 0 0 0 62 0 38 0 100 48% Dongphakpheua 8 0 0 0 0 6 36 0 50 0 100 Sadu Neua 28 0 0 0 0 0 72 0 100 Sadu Tay 58 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 100 Samnady 30 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 100 Tributary Navangneua 52 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 100 3% Navangkang 42 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 100 Navangnoy 60 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 100 Lake, pond Navangthong 0 0 0 0 20 26 0 54 0 0 100 1% Phonsao e 40 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 Deep well Well Thamouang 52 0 0 0 24 0 24 0 0 100 9% 5% Danparkxe 34 0 0 0 0 6 26 0 34 0 100 Total 674 0 0 68 24 92 182 0 960 0 0 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Beungse 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 25 0 0 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Tonhaen 56 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 100 11% Kaengphosy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Deep well Kaengveang 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4% Kangpa 47 0 0 0 0 12 29 0 12 0 0 100 Well Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 4% Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lao 20 0 0 50 0 20 0 0 10 0 0 100 Souvanxai 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 100 Lake, pond 13% Somsa-at 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 100 Sakong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 XBF Thabor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64% Thakharm 75 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 4% Thaphoxai 50 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thadorkham 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nasang 50 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 13 0 0 100 Naxiengkhane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Xiengkhay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houi-hai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hartkhamdee 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 58 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pahlay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phakfeuaneua 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1208 0 0 75 254 82 74 0 207 0 0 1900 Grand total 3136 0 0 575 512 740 320 0 4217 0 0 9500 XBF 33% Rain water 45% Tributary 6% Lake, pond Deep well 5% 3% Well 8% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 76 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts CHAPTER 31 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Table of Content 31.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1 31.2 CURRENT XE BANGFAI DISCHARGE............................................................................ 1 31.3 NT2 PROJECT DISCHARGES INTO THE XE BANGFAI...................................................4 31.3.1 Annual Discharge............................................................................................................................................4 31.3.2 Monthly / Seasonal Discharge ......................................................................................................................4 31.3.3 Daily Discharge during a Typical Week in the Wet Season.......................................................................5 31.3.4 Daily Discharge in the Dry Season...............................................................................................................6 31.4 IMPACT OF NT2 DISCHARGES ON THE XE BANGFAI HYDROLOGY .............................6 31.4.1 Dry Season at Mahaxai ...................................................................................................................................6 31.4.2 Wet Season at Mahaxai...................................................................................................................................8 31.4.3 Early/Late Wet Season at Mahaxai...............................................................................................................8 31.4.4 Flooding at Mahaxai........................................................................................................................................8 31.4.5 Dry and Wet Season at Road no. 13 Bridge ................................................................................................9 31.4.6 Flooding at and below Road no. 13 Bridge .................................................................................................9 31.4.7 Prediction of Water Levels at each Xe Bangfai Village..............................................................................9 31.5 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION ................................................................................11 31.5.1 Current Status of Erosion and Sedimentation ......................................................................................... 11 31.5.2 Impacts of NT2 on Erosion and Sedimentation ..................................................................................... 12 31.6 WATER QUALITY ....................................................................................................... 13 31.6.1 Water quality in the Xe Bang Fai ............................................................................................................... 13 31.6.2 Total Suspended Solids................................................................................................................................ 14 31.6.3 Impacts of NT2 Reservoir on Xe Bangfai Water Quality ...................................................................... 18 31.6.4 Water quality in the Nam Kathang ............................................................................................................ 24 31.7 IMPACTS ON FISH ...................................................................................................... 29 31.7.1 Natural Fluctuation of Abundance of Fish Populations......................................................................... 29 31.7.2 Impacts by NT2 on Abundance of Fish Populations ............................................................................. 32 31.7.3 Impact on fisheries in the Nam Phit ......................................................................................................... 34 31.7.4 Summary........................................................................................................................................................ 35 List of Tables Table 31-1: Xe Bangfai Water Level Changes Due to the NT2 Project at Mahaxai. .................................. 7 Table 31-2: Example of Predicted Change in Water Levels in Xe Bangfai at Lowest Discharge Measured (6.7 m3/s) at Mahaxai, April 1993, with Maximum and Average NT2 Discharge. .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Table 31-3: Maximum, Mean, and Minimum of Xe Bangfai Water Quality Parameters Compared with the Surface Water Quality Standards of Thailand (Class2).......................................................13 List of Figures Figure 31-1: Maximum, Mean, and Minimum Rainfall at Mahaxai.................................................................. 1 Figure 31-2: Maximum, Mean, and Minimum Discharge in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai.................................... 2 Figure 31-3: Wet Season Satellite Photo of the Lower Xe Bangfai, September 2000, Showing Natural Wet Season Flooding. ....................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 31-4: Annual Discharge in the Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai and NT2 Annual Discharges...................... 4 Figure 31-5: Estimated Monthly NT2 Discharges and Mean Xe Bangfai Discharges ................................. 5 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Figure 31-6: NT2 Weekly Discharges for Various Energy Levels...................................................................5 Figure 31-7: Example of Discharge in the XBF with the Project.................................................................... 6 Figure 31-8: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai during April with NT2 Discharge of 220m3/s and 330m3/s ..................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 31-9: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai during April with NT2 Discharge of 30m3/s ................................................................................................................................................ 7 Figure 31-10: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai with XBF discharge of 1,970m3................ 8 Figure 31-11: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai with XBF discharge of 265.4m3/s............ 8 Figure 31-12: Predicted Increase in Xe Bangfai Water Levels for Villages from Mahaxai to Koua Xe. ...10 Figure 31-13: Predicted Increase in Xe Bangfai Water Levels for Villages from Koua Xe to Mekong.....10 Figure 31-14: Pattern of Concentration of Suspended Solids with the Rise of Water Levels.....................11 Figure 31-15: Maximum, Median, and Minimum Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Concentrations Measured during Monthly Sampling in Xe Bangfai at the Bridge of Road No. 13 from 1996 to 2003. ............................................................................................................................................................14 Figure 31-16: Monthly Median of Daily Discharge Fluctuation and Median of Monthly Measured TSS Concentrations in Xe Bangfai from 1989 to 2003. ....................................................................15 Figure 31-17: Monthly Maximum of Daily Discharge Fluctuation and Maximum of Monthly Measured TSS Concentrations in Xe Bangfai from 1989 to 2003.............................................................15 Figure 31-18: Maximum Daily Discharge Fluctuations and Maximum TSS Concentrations in Xe Bangfai with and without NT2. ...................................................................................................................16 Figure 31-19: Maximum and Minimum TSS Concentrations Measured in Nam Theun at Ban Thalang from 1997 to 2001...........................................................................................................................17 Figure 31-20: Median Montly Concentrations of TSS in Xe Bangfai (1989-2003), below Nam Ngum Dam, and below Ubolratana Dam (both 1985-2000)................................................................17 Figure 31-21: Monthly DO Concentrations below Nam Ngum Dam, Lao PDR.........................................20 Figure 31-22: Monthly DO Concentrations below Ubolratana Dam, Northeast Thailand.........................20 Figure 31-23: Measured DO Concentrations Downstream of Nam Ngum Dam and Predicted Fluctuation of DO Concentrations. .............................................................................................21 Figure 31-24: Nam Ngum Reservoir in 1995 ......................................................................................................21 Figure 31-25: Comparison of Oxygen Level Scenarios in Nam Kathang, March, April and May .............26 Figure 31-26: Comparison of NH4 Level Scenarios in Nam Kathang, March, April and May ..................27 Figure 31-27: Comparison of BOD Level Scenarios in Nam Kathang, March, April and May .................28 Figure 31-28: Relationships between Water Discharge and Water Level in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai..........30 Figure 31-29: Monthly Median Discharges in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai with and without NT2 from 1989 to 2003....................................................................................................................................................33 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 ii Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts 31 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 31.1 INTRODUCTION The environmental impacts of the NT2 Project discharges in to the Xe Bangfai can be viewed as being either 'primary' or 'secondary' in nature, as follows: Primary impacts: · increase of water quantity discharges down the Xe Bangfai, comparatively more in the dry season than the wet seasons (see Sections 31.3 and 31.4), leading to increased river depth, more in the dry season than the wet, and decreasing from Nakai to the confluence with the Mekong river; · variation in this increased quantity of water from weekday discharges of between 250 to 330 m3/s) to low flows on Saturday and Sunday of between 30 to 80 m3/s (see Section 31.4) · changes, and probable decrease in water quality, especially during the early years during degradation of biomass in the Nakai reservoir (see Section 31.6.3.4) Secondary impacts: · erosion and slumping of the river banks (see Section in 31.5) · impacts on the biology of fish in the mainstream (see Section 31.7) For description of the livelihood impacts caused by these environmental impacts, refer to Chapter 32. 31.2 CURRENT XE BANGFAI DISCHARGE The Xe Bangfai has a catchment area of 4,520 km2, as measured at Mahaxai, the first major settlement downstream from where the Downstream Channel joins the Xe Bangfai. Based on 13 years of records, annual water flow in the Xe Bangfai averages 8,370 MCM. The mean annual rainfall at Mahaxai is 2,646 mm, and this mean monthly rainfall exhibits a strong seasonal variation, which is shown in Figure 31-1. This strong seasonality is reflected in the mean monthly river flow in the Xe Bangfai, with a mean monthly high at Mahaxai of 921m3/s in the wet season month of August and a mean monthly low of 13 m3/s in the dry season month of April for Mahaxai. A minimum flow of about 3 m3/s was measured in 1993. Figure 31-1: Maximum, Mean, and Minimum Rainfall at Mahaxai 2000 Maximum Mean 1800 Minimum 1600 1400 1200 mm)( llaf 1000 inaR 800 600 400 200 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Figure 31-2: Maximum, Mean, and Minimum Discharge in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai 3000 Maximum Mean Minimum 2500 2000 /s) 3 (m egrahcs 1500 Di 1000 500 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 31-2 shows clearly the annual, seasonal, and monthly differences in discharge, that determine water depth, water velocity, water level fluctuation, water quality, river bank erosion, and sedimentation. The river appears to have widened in places over the recent past, but essentially has maintained its course within the present channel. Notwithstanding, the high annual and monthly differences in the hydrological conditions of Xe Bangfai determine the livelihood options of the riparian human population and provide a highly dynamic environment for aquatic life with fluctuating abundance of fish populations Downstream of Mahaxai, the Xe Bangfai flows in a sandy channel until it reaches the Phou Xoy Gorge, where its runs through the Sayphou Xoy Ridge. Further downstream, at the Bridge on Road 13, the Xe Bangfai has a catchment area of 8,560 km2. The area downstream of the bridge on Road 13 consists of flat plains, and when the river level exceeds a certain height, whether due to flood in the Xe Bangfai or the backwater effect from high Mekong River flows, flooding occurs. This region is flooded to some extent nearly every year. In the 36 years of discharge monitoring at the bridge on Road 13, the Xe Bangfai in these lower sections has spilled over its bank in 31 years. The flooding can be significant with up to approximately 30,000 to 45,000 ha covered with one to three meters of water. The time, duration, and frequency of flooding depend not only on the hydrological conditions of the Xe Bangfai but on the hydrological conditions of the Mekong River as well. The annual flooding pattern varies greatly. Flooding can result in damage to agricultural crops, but paradoxically the flooding pattern is of major importance for fish productivity in Xe Bangfai River Basin. Figure 31-3 shows the extent of such flooding in September 2000. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Figure 31-3: Wet Season Satellite Photo of the Lower Xe Bangfai, September 2000, Showing Natural Wet Season Flooding. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts 31.3 NT2 PROJECT DISCHARGES INTO THE XE BANGFAI Discharge from the NT2 Project into the Xe Bangfai will vary on annual, monthly and weekly basis, and will depend on hydrological conditions as well as energy demand from Thailand and Lao PDR. Discharge may also be affected by power station maintenance periods during which discharges may be reduced or ceased. 31.3.1 Annual Discharge Approximately 7,000 MCM per annum will be diverted from the Nakai Reservoir through the power station to the Xe Bangfai, which will almost double the annual flow in the Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai, from 8,370 MCM to 15,370 MCM. Figure 31-4 shows the increase in annual Xe Bangfai discharges at Mahaxai using hydrological information from the period 1989 to 2002. While the maximum rate of discharge from the NT2 Project into the Xe Bangfai will be 330m3/s, the NT2 Project's average annual discharge will be approximately 220 m3/s, with variations over the weeks and seasons. A minimum discharge of 30 m3/s will be maintained in the Downstream Channel when the power station is not operating, unless the power station is not operated for more than 32 hours. Figure 31-4: Annual Discharge in the Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai and NT2 Annual Discharges 12000 Mahaxai Nam Theun 2 10000 8000 ) 6 0 x1 3 m( 6000 rgeahcs Di 4000 2000 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 31.3.2 Monthly / Seasonal Discharge Over the year, the monthly NT2 discharge will vary, and as a general rule the average (and maximum and minimum NT2 discharges) will be lower in the dry season than the wet season. During the cooler dry season it is expected that less power is required by Thailand. Thus, during weekdays the NT2 discharge will typically vary from around 240 m3/s in the dry season to over 300 m3/s during the wet season months. Figure 31-5 provides an indication of the estimated monthly discharges. The mean monthly flow in the Xe Bangfai exceeds 300 m3/s for only 3 months of the year, July to September inclusive. Therefore, depending on energy demand, the addition of the NT2 discharge could more than double the flow in the Xe Bangfai during the nine dryer months of the year, from October through to the June. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Figure 31-5: Estimated Monthly NT2 Discharges and Mean Xe Bangfai Discharges 1000 Xe Bang Fai 900 Nam Theun 2 800 700 )/s 600 3 m( rge 500 hac Dis 400 300 200 100 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 31.3.3 Daily Discharge during a Typical Week in the Wet Season During the week in the wet season, the NT2 discharge into the Xe Bangfai will be constantly high from Monday to Saturday (up to a maximum of 330 m3/s), and will be reduced on Sunday to reflect power demand. Discharges from the re-regulating pond will be lower during the weekends because energy will not be produced on Sundays. This period of reduced NT2 flows will normally extend from Saturday evening through to Monday morning each week. It is expected that from mid Saturday water discharges will be reduced from the weekly maximum to the weekly minimum over a period of approximately 20 hours, until Sunday morning, when it will remain low for a period of approximately 16 hours before water discharge will increase again on Monday morning. Figure 31-6 below illustrates possible weekly fluctuations in the NT2 discharge. Figure 31-6: NT2 Weekly Discharges for Various Energy Levels 350 Zero SE 25% SE 300 50% SE 75% SE 100% SE 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 21 42 63 84 105 126 147 168 Hrs from Sunday 0:00 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts 31.3.4 Daily Discharge in the Dry Season The dry season weekly discharge regime will be similar to that of the wet season, with lower discharge during the weekend. The weekly maximum is likely to be less in the dry season than the wet season because of a lower power demand from Thailand. The period of reduced NT2 flows from the regulating dam will normally extend from Saturday evening through to Monday morning each week. Refer to Figure 31-6 above for examples of possible weekly variations. 31.4 IMPACT OF NT2 DISCHARGES ON THE XE BANGFAI HYDROLOGY The NT2 Project will increase the discharge in the Xe Bangfai, and consequently the water surface level will also be increased in the river. The impacts on Xe Bangfai flow and water level are expected to be the greatest at Mahaxai, the first major settlement downstream of the confluence between the Downstream Channel and the Xe Bangfai. Downstream of Mahaxai, as more tributaries join the Xe Bangfai and the river channel dimensions generally increase the impact of the NT2 discharge on flow and water heights will gradually diminish. Figure 31-7: Example of Discharge in the XBF with the Project 1400 1200 s) 1000 3/ m( 800 Maximum NT2 Monthly ge Discharge 600 Minimum NT2 Monthly Discharge schar Mean Monthly XBF Discharge Di 400 200 0 Jan bMa Apr r y g p v c Fe Ma Jun Jul Au Se Oct No De Months The increases in water levels due to NT2 project discharges at Mahaxai are indicated in Table 31-1 for Mahaxai. 31.4.1 Dry Season at Mahaxai Despite having a large catchment area, Xe Bangfai flow records reveal periods of very low flow during some dry seasons. The mean monthly flow in the Xe Bangfai for April at Mahaxai is 12.7 m3/s. Thus, in the dry season, the height of water in the Xe Bangfai will be greatly increased by the addition of the NT2 discharge. For example, the mean NT2 project discharge of an additional 220 m3/s will increase the water level by approximately 4.9 m for the month of April at Mahaxai. The maximum NT2 discharge of 330 m3/s will increase depth at Mahaxai would increase the water level at Mahaxai by approximately 5.8 m. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Table 31-1: Xe Bangfai Water Level Changes Due to the NT2 Project at Mahaxai. Change in water level Change in water level Average natural at Mahaxai with NT2 at Mahaxai with NT2 monthly discharge at discharge 330 m3/s discharge 220 m3/s Month Mahaxai (m3/s) (m) (m) January 25.0 5.2 4.2 February 17.6 5.6 4.6 March 13.3 5.7 4.8 April 12.7 5.8 4.9 May 40.3 4.3 3.4 June 244.3 2.7 1.9 July 655.8 2.0 1.4 August 921.2 1.5 1.1 September 693.9 2.0 1.4 October 230.4 2.7 1.9 November 106.6 3.4 2.4 December 41.6 4.2 3.3 Mean 265.4 2.6 1.9 Table 31-2: Example of Predicted Change in Water Levels in Xe Bangfai at Lowest Discharge Measured (6.7 m3/s) at Mahaxai, April 1993, with Maximum and Average NT2 Discharge. Change in Elevation Change in Elevation Natural Minimum with NT2 Discharge 330 with NT2 Discharge 220 Description of Event Discharge at Mahaxai m3/s m3/s April 1993, lowest mean monthly flow on record 6.7 m3/s 6.2 m 5.2 m Figure 31-8: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai during April with NT2 Discharge of 220m3/s and 330m3/s On Sunday (or at other times of low levels of electricity generation) the NT2 project will deliver a minimum of 30 m3/s to the flows in the Xe Bangfai, and in the dry season this corresponds to a water level height increase of about 0.5 meters at Mahaxai. This addition of the NT2 minimum during dry season is shown in Figure 31-9. Figure 31-9: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai during April with NT2 Discharge of 30m3/s November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts 31.4.2 Wet Season at Mahaxai In the wet season, as the combined discharges of the Xe Bangfai and NT2 Project reach about 1970 m3/s, the increase in water level due to the weekly maximum NT2 discharge of 330 m3/s will be about 1.3 m (see Figure 31-10). The increase in water levels will be significantly less on Sundays with a minimum NT2 discharge of 30 m3/s. Figure 31-10: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai with XBF discharge of 1,970m3 31.4.3 Early/Late Wet Season at Mahaxai The average discharge in the Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai is approximately 265.4 m3/s, which corresponds to the discharge in early and then the late wet season. The addition of the maximum NT2 discharge (330 m3/s) to this mean Xe Bangfai discharge will increase the water level by approximately 3.5 m, and this increase in water level is shown in Figure 31-11. Figure 31-11: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai with XBF discharge of 265.4m3/s 31.4.4 Flooding at Mahaxai The upper Xe Bangfai currently floods under natural conditions. At Mahaxai the average frequency of over-bank flows is approximately 1 in 2.3 years. The deeply incised morphology of the Xe Bangfai means it can carry a discharge of 2,000 m3/s or more without flooding. Therefore for most of the year, apart from flood periods, the river is large enough to accommodate the NT2 discharge. During flood periods the additional water entering the Xe Bangfai from the NT2 Project will not increase the frequency or height of these floods due to an agreement with Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) that allows NT2 to cease electricity generation, and therefore stop discharge, when the Xe Bangfai is close to overbank flooding. It has been deduced from satellite imagery that the normal first point of flooding is at Mahaxai. Consequently, obligations for reducing NT2 discharge and cessation of discharges are related to Mahaxai. Progressive reduction in NT2 discharges to the Xe Bangfai will commence when the combined flow of the Xe Bangfai and NT2 discharges approaches 1,970 m3/s at Mahaxai. Discharge from the NT2 Project will have completely stopped when the discharge in the Xe Bangfai reaches 2,270 m3/s at Mahaxai gauging station, or before the Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai overflows its banks. Therefore any over-bank flooding of the Xe Bangfai will be the result of natural flows and not the NT2 discharge. Obligations for reducing and cessation of discharges because of flooding in the Xe Bangfai have been incorporated into November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with EGAT as well as in the Concession Agreement between NTPC and GOL. To facilitate this shutdown, flows and rainfall will be monitored by a network of permanent hydrometric and climatic stations in the Xe Bangfai region to expand knowledge of the hydrological conditions, prior to and during operation of the NT2 Project. This hydrological information, together with historical hydrograph data collected prior to the Construction Phase of the Project, will be utilized in planning and revising regulating dam operational procedures and allow accurate advance forecasts of river levels and floods at Mahaxai. Additionally, during potential flood periods personnel with direct communication links with the power station will also visually monitor river levels in the Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai. If at any time prior or during the Operating Phase, knowledge becomes available to indicate that Mahaxai is not the most appropriate place to monitor for flooding conditions on the Xe Bangfai (i.e. another location floods prior to Mahaxai), the above mentioned obligations which involve monitoring or measuring at Mahaxai will be transferred to the new location. This means that flows from the NT2 Project will not worsen the natural over-bank flooding of the Xe Bangfai. Any over-above bank flooding, and the resulting loss or damage to property, crops, or livestock, will strictly be a result of flooding that already occurs naturally. Because NTPC will not be responsible for any flooding of the Xe Bangfai then there will be no compensation payment for claims of loss or damage to property or livelihood resulting from this natural flooding. 31.4.5 Dry and Wet Season at Road no. 13 Bridge1 Similar to the upper reaches of the Xe Bangfai, in the dry season, the height of water in the Xe Bangfai as measured at the Road 13 Bridge will be increased by the addition of the NT2 discharge. For example, assuming a low natural Xe Bangfai flow of 100 m3/s, the maximum NT2 project discharge of an additional 330 m3/s will increase the water level by approximately 3.5 m at the Road 13 Bridge. In the wet season, as the combined discharges of the Xe Bangfai and NT2 Project reach bank full level at the Road 13 Bridge, the increase in water level due to the weekly maximum NT2 discharge of 330 m3/s is approximately 0.5 m. The increase in water levels will be significantly less on Sundays with a minimum NT2 discharge of 30 m3/s. 31.4.6 Flooding at and below Road no. 13 Bridge The lower section of the Xe Bangfai floods on almost an annual basis, resulting in damage to crops. In most years the severity of the current flooding in the lower Xe Bangfai is principally caused by the height of adjacent Mekong River and the resulting backwater effect. When the Mekong is lower, the Xe Bangfai can discharge more easily and this reduces the height and duration of floods in the lower Xe Bangfai. During the wet season the Project will be storing water in the Nakai Reservoir that would otherwise discharged to the Mekong via Nam Theun. Consequently the Project will reduce the backwater effect of the Mekong in the Xe Bangfai and should consequently reduce flooding in this region. Additional hydrological studies for the Lower Xe Bangfai region are currently being undertaken to further develop understanding of this region. 31.4.7 Prediction of Water Levels at each Xe Bangfai Village Hydrology and cross sectional data have been verified for two places along the Xe Bangfai., at Mahaxai and at Road 13 Bridge, as described in Sections 31.4.1 to 31.4.6 above. Cross sections have been surveyed at various sections from Mahaxai to just below the Road no. 13 Bridge (see Figure 31-12) but no discharges have been measured for these sections. Thus, a prediction on the height of water which each village will experience in the dry season has been made on the assumption ­ recognized to be not fully accurate but nonetheless a reasonable estimation for consultation purposes ­ that water level increase of 5.5 m at Mahaxai (with maximum flow of 330 m3/s) will decrease linearly to 3.5 m at the Road no. 13 1As discussed elsewhere in this document, the height of the XBF in the lower region is strongly influenced by the level of the water in the Mekong River. Therefore, it is not possible to predict precisely what the level increase will be for any particular month. The figures presented in Section 31.4 have been calculated to provide an indication of the magnitude of impact. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Bridge and to 20 cm at the confluence of the Xe Bangfai and the Mekong River. The resulting height at each village is presented graphically in Figure 31-12 below. Figure 31-12: Predicted Increase in Xe Bangfai Water Levels for Villages from Mahaxai to Koua Xe. 6.0 ) m( 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 velelretaw 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 ni 3.0 e eas crni 2.0 detciderP 1.0 0.0 uaeN aueN iaT av gnaN gn eP Po taHa )i is Not Ka kePt iaL Xe aixaha av ngaKia yaTia ioNgn Pa au Po Th Ha enehK gn Ha Po haxa haxa haP uaef engK horKahT M M M amhK ahT( ngeK Ke nanhasnueV Ko Villages along Xe Bangfai from Mahaxai to Koua Xe For the lower Xe Bangfai, that section from the Road no. 13 Bridge to the Xe Bangfai confluence with the Mekong River, again the dry season assumption is that the rivers increase in dry season height due to the NT 2 discharges will decrease linearly from 3.5 m at the Road no. 13 Bridge to about 20 cm at the XBF/Mekong. If this were the case, then the increases in dry season river height in front of each village in the Xe Bangfai would be as illustrated in Figure 31-13. Figure 31-13: Predicted Increase in Xe Bangfai Water Levels for Villages from Koua Xe to Mekong. 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.33.33.3 3.23.2 3.1 3.13.1 3.0 2.9 ) 2.8 m(levelretaw 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.42.4 2.2 2.12.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 ni 2.0 1.9 1.9 se 1.8 1.7 creani 1.6 1.5 1.5 detci 1.31.2 1.2 edrP 1.0 1.11.01.0 1.0 1.00.9 0.80.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.20.2 0.0 Villages along Xe Bangfai from Koua Xe to Pak Xe (Mekong) November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts 31.5 EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 31.5.1 Current Status of Erosion and Sedimentation The river banks of Xe Bangfai are currently naturally eroding. Slumping and collapses of the riverbank are visible along the Xe Bangfai. Most of XBF riverbanks exist of dense silty sand soils. Such soils have low permeability and once saturated with water, will drain slowly resulting in pressure gradients when river water levels are reduced rapidly. In addition, the locations with steep slopes of riverbanks along XBF are highly sensitive to erosion. The existing conditions (silty sand soils and slope instability) make the river banks in XBF susceptible to erosion. In addition to natural erosion of river banks, river banks erode through (i) human uses at the village landing places and river bank vegetable gardens, and (ii) cattle and buffaloes seeking access to the river and grazing riverbank vegetation. As river banks erode, soil particles are transferred to the water column as suspended solids. With the natural occurring fluctuation of shear forces and flow velocities such soils are brought into suspension after which the suspended solids settle at downstream locations. Figure 31-14 illustrates how concentrations of suspended solids measured at one cross section of a neighbouring river fluctuates with the rise of water levels in time. High amounts of solids are brought into suspension with the rise of water levels, sheer forces and water velocity. Figure 31-14: Pattern of Concentration of Suspended Solids with the Rise of Water Levels 2.50 350 300 2.00 ] m[leveLret 250 1.50 /l]g 200 spendeduS [m s 1.00 150 noitar lidoS Wa 100 0.50 50 Concent 0.00 0 11:00 15:00 19:00 23:00 3:00 7:00 11:00 15:00 19:00 Time [Hours] Water Fluctuation Concentration Suspended Solids However, solids do not stay in suspension (are not transported) all the way downstream to the Mekong River. These suspended solids settle depending on water velocity and density of suspended solids. In short, river bank material that end up locally in the river, will be brought into suspension and back to the river bed during each rise and subsequent decrease in water level. Such process is repeated continuously resulting in the movement of river bank material in a downstream direction over time. However, the intensity of such process differs depending on the geology and geomorphology of the river In those section where the river bank exists mainly of rocks, no or little amounts of solids are brought into suspension, and at those river locations where the river widens or where the river exists of deep pools more solids settle causing increased sedimentation. In general, the process causes erosion of river banks in outer bends of the river and deposition of soils in inner bends. Such meandering of a mature river as Xe Bangfai occurs over long periods of time. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts 31.5.2 Impacts of NT2 on Erosion and Sedimentation The erosion rate of riverbanks along XBF will be increased by NT2 project as a result of (i) increased discharges and water levels, (ii) increased water level fluctuation during the week ends when discharges from the re-regulation pond fluctuate, and (iii) increased flow velocities and shear forces. Changes to flow in the Xe Bangfai by the NT2 Project, both through increases in discharge and fluctuations in discharge, will result in the river readjusting its shape. As a result of increases in river discharge from the re-regulating pond with largely sediment-free water, scouring will increase the tendency of erosion in Xe Bangfai. Rock bars will prevent deepening of the river bed, but accelerated bank erosion and channel widening can be expected. The main conclusions of the Impact Analysis of Releases from Nam Theun 2 Power Station on the Xe Bangfai River of the first 45 kilometres in Xe Bangfai downstream of the confluence with Nam Phit made in 2002 were as follows: While it is evident that the river appears to have widened in places over the recent past, the 2 river essentially has maintained its course within the present channel. However, from the assessment of the geology of the banks, it is expected that the river bank will retreat to varying degrees as a direct result of increased discharges from NT2, both as a result of the increased erosive potential of the flow and due to the heightened impact of bank instability. In some places the retreat may be as much as 10 meters in the initial active period (a river widening of around 20 meters). A more detailed study and assessment would be necessary to refine this figure and to quantify the magnitude and rate of regression, but this is considered to be unwarranted. It is concluded that the impact of the increased Xe Bangfai discharges will be to significantly enlarge the river cross sections, with an accompanying impact on the river morphology (bars, shoals, and such like). The degradation (river widening) activity initially will be most marked at the exit from the Nam Phit and the first few kilometres of the Xe Bangfai. Subsequently, the degradation will extend in a downstream direction as the river moves towards a new morphology. Xe Bangfai morphology will continue to enlarge until the river stabilizes at a new width that can accommodate the NT2 discharge and fluctuations. It is predicted that up to 20 m of the river bank may be eventually lost to erosion. The size of this loss, however, will decrease with distance downstream of the confluence of the Xe Bangfai and the Nam Phit. The increased erosion rate resulting from Project waters and discharge regime will be temporary. Over a longer period of time, a new cross sectional equilibrium will be established that can accommodate the NT2 waters. Once the new cross section has stabilized the rate of erosion will decrease back towards existing levels. The general process of adjustment to the river morphology is likely to be slow and obvious which will give communities time to adjust without unpredicted losses to property or injury. The prediction of river bank recession in Xe Bangfai made in 2002 appears to be remarkably similar to the river bank recession that occurred and still occurs in Nam Hai downstream of the Theun-Hinboun powerhouse five years after start of operation. As the writers of the 2002 SMEC report visited Nam Hai only and were fully briefed by environmental staff of Theun-Hinboun Power Company, the estimation of river bank recession in Xe Bangfai may be a worst case scenario. Downstream Theun-Hinboun powerhouse, Nam Hai widened approximately 3 times at many cross sections within a period of 5 years. However, Nam Hai can not be compared with Xe Bangfai, since Nam Hai used to be more like an ephemeral stream, with natural dry season discharge less than 1 m3/sec. Downstream of Theun-Hinboun powerhouse, Nam Hai discharges into Nam Hinboun. At Nam Hinboun, river bank recession of such magnitude occurred only at the confluence of Nam Hinboun and Nam Hai. Thus, while the predicted recession of river banks in Xe Bangfai is of the same magnitude as occurred in Nam Hai, the location where such riverbank erosion will occur is predicted at a complete different location. The Nam Hai at Theun-Hinboun power plant cannot be compared with Xe Bangfai, but should be compared with Nam Phit, downstream of NT2 powerhouse. 2SMEC International Pty Ltd, 2002, Impact Analysis of Releases from Nam Theun 2 Power Station on the Xe Bangfai River, a report prepared for NTEC. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts The NT2 Downstream Channel can be compared with Nam Hai downstream of Theun-Hinboun powerhouse. The NT2 Downstream Channel is 27 km long; bank enforcement is planned at about 2/3 of this channel stretch and at the confluence of Xe Bangfai with Nam Phit. At the remaining 1/3 of the channel stretch between the tunnel and the confluence with Xe Bangfai the channel is unlined and erodible (EAMP). Its geometry consists of a pilot channel of 20 meter width and will extend on both sides, with a flat minor bed demarcated by levee banks, situated 150 m from the axis of the pilot channel. Average water velocity in the total unlined section will reach 2.3 m/sec. As the levee banks are planned rightfully at 300 meter distance from each other, it is in this stretch of the Downstream Channel that a similar or worse river bank recession as in Nam Hai downstream of Theun-Hinboun can be expected. Nam Hai downstream of the powerhouse to the confluence with Nam Hinboun is about 13 km long. The unlined and erodible section of the channel downstream of NT2 powerhouse between the tunnel and the confluence with Xe Bangfai is approximately 8 km long. The expected increase of erosion and sedimentation together with the increased depth of Xe Bangfai (see Section 31.5) have significant impacts on aquatic habitats and productivity of aquatic life in Xe Bangfai. Aquatic habitats as riverbanks, sand banks, deep pools, and rapids will be altered. Deep pools are the most important fishing grounds in rivers as Xe Bangfai. These pools will at least partially fill in after start of operation of the powerhouse. 31.6 WATER QUALITY 31.6.1 Water quality in the Xe Bang Fai The Water Quality Network of the Mekong River Commission measures water quality parameters in Xe Bangfai at the Bridge of Road No. 13 on a monthly basis since June 1985. Table 31-3 shows the summary results of this long term (June 1985 to December 2003) water quality monitoring exercise. Table 31-3: Maximum, Mean, and Minimum of Xe Bangfai Water Quality Parameters Compared with the Surface Water Quality Standards of Thailand (Class23) W.Q. Parameter Unit Maximum Mean Minimum Thai Water Quality Standards Temperature Natural, but change should not be more o C 33.0 26.5 21.0 than 3oC pH 8.82 7.81 6.38 Between 5-9 TSS mg/l 386 50 0 Conductivity mS/m 36.00 27.05 10.90 Ca meq/l 3.17 1.95 0.75 Mg meq/l 1.38 0.52 0.03 Na meq/l 0.543 0.093 0.016 K meq/l 0.089 0.021 0.003 Alkalinity meq/l 3.553 2.318 0.499 Cl meq/l 0.318 0.035 0.001 SO4 meq/l 2.461 0.160 0.006 Total-Fe mg/l 0.934 0.090 0.005 (NO3+ NO2)-N mg/l 1.152 0.103 0.001 (NO3 not higher than 5) NH4-N mg/l 0.480 0.027 0.000 (NH3-N not higher than 0.5) PO4-P mg/l 0.162 0.008 0.000 Total-P mg/l 0.147 0.017 0.000 Si mg/l 9.70 4.30 0.98 DO mg/l 9.93 7.48 4.21 Not lower than 5 CODMn mg/l 6.2 0.9 0.0 (BOD5 not higher than 1.5) The Xe Bangfai is primarily situated on a limestone bed, which causes the pH to be slightly basic. Minimum values of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (not lower than 4.21) are measured particularly after heavy rainfalls and when water recedes from the floodplains and paddy fields. During these times also the high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) has been measured. In surface waters, COD is generally a factor 2 to 3 higher than Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The BOD standard is not higher than 1.5, while the 3Class 2 of the surface water quality standards of Thailand is identified as very clean fresh surface water resources used for: (i) consumption which requires ordinary water treatment processes before use; (ii) aquatic organism of conservation; (iii) fisheries, and (iv) recreation. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts maximum COD measured in Xe Bangfai is 6.2. Apart from occasional times during the rainy season when DO concentrations are lower and COD concentrations are higher than Class 2 of surface water quality standards of Thailand, the Xe Bangfai is presently quite good. 31.6.2 Total Suspended Solids In Thailand no surface water standards for TSS concentrations exist. But the countries of the European Union, Australia/New Zealand and Canada have surface water quality standards for TSS concentrations. The Environment & Conservation Council of Australia and New Zealand formulated summary guidelines for protection of aquatic ecosystems. Australia and New Zealand require for suspended particulate matter/turbidity (equivalent to TSS) any changes that are not more than 10 % of the seasonal mean concentration. Canada has also special guidelines and maximum allowable concentrations of water quality parameters for fisheries and aquatic life. In Canada the increase of TSS concentrations should not be more than 10 above background level. 31.6.2.1 Present Natural TSS Concentrations Maximum values of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (as high as 386 mg/l) have been measured during the rainy season. Figure 31-15 shows the maximum, median, and minimum TSS concentrations in Xe Bangfai as measured by MRC. Figure 31-15: Maximum, Median, and Minimum Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Concentrations Measured during Monthly Sampling in Xe Bangfai at the Bridge of Road No. 13 from 1996 to 2003. 350 300 ]l/g m[ 250 S TS 200 noi atrtn 150 nceoC100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month median TSS conc. maximum TSS conc. minimum TSS conc. In unaltered rivers in Lao PDR, mean concentrations of TSS are in the range of to 25 mg/l in the dry season. The following Figure 31-16 illustrates clearly the close relationship between median TSS concentrations and median discharge fluctuations as measured in Xe Bangfai from 1989 to 2003. During the rainy season when natural discharge fluctuations in Xe Bangfai are high there is a high erosion rate and low sedimentation rate. During the dry season when water fluctuations are low there is a high sedimentation rate and a low erosion rate. Under seasonal dynamic conditions of Xe Bangfai where dry season discharge fluctuations are low and rainy discharge fluctuations are high, the seasonal differences in TSS concentrations and resulting turbidity and water transparency fluctuate with the seasons as well. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 14 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Figure 31-16: Monthly Median of Daily Discharge Fluctuation and Median of Monthly Measured TSS Concentrations in Xe Bangfai from 1989 to 2003. 25 125 n iota 20 100 ]l/g tuculFegrahcsiD m[ ] 15 75 sec3/ noitar m[ 10 50 ncentoC ilyaD S 5 25 TS 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Median Daily Discharge Fluctuation Median TSS Concentration The monthly maximum of daily discharge fluctuations and the monthly maximum TSS concentrations measured (as shown in Figure 31-17) confirm the close relationship between daily discharge fluctuations and TSS concentrations. Note that maximum daily discharge fluctuations and monthly measured maximum TSS concentrations are a magnitude higher than their median (compare Figure 31-16 and Figure 31-17). Some minor discrepancies can be observed in Figure 31-17 because TSS concentrations are measured only on a monthly basis, while discharge fluctuations are measured on a daily basis. As a result of such differences in monitoring frequency, measurement of TSS concentrations may have missed out any sampling during some high daily discharge fluctuations. Figure 31-17: Monthly Maximum of Daily Discharge Fluctuation and Maximum of Monthly Measured TSS Concentrations in Xe Bangfai from 1989 to 2003 1,000 350 900 300 noi 800 atut /l]g 700 250 m[ uc Fl 600 200 SST ge ]ce/s 500 3 noi [m 150 atrt schariDyliaD 400 300 100 200 encnoC 50 100 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Maximum Daily Discharge Fluctuation Maximum TSS Concentration The present natural occurring TSS concentrations are within the water quality standards set by the countries of Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 15 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts 31.6.2.2 Impact of NT2 on TSS Concentrations Figure 31-18 shows the monthly maximum of daily discharge fluctuations with and without NT2, the measured monthly maximum of TSS concentrations without NT2, and the predicted maximum TSS concentrations with NT2. Apparently there are not many differences in TSS concentrations in Xe Bangfai with and without NT2. Only during the dry season one can observe a slight increase in TSS concentrations. Without NT2, maximum TSS concentrations are between 44 and 70 mg/l during the dry season. With NT2, maximum TSS concentrations are predicted as between 90 and 95 mg/l. Such is a conservative estimate. A rapid increase of discharge from 50 m3/sec to 300 m3/sec within 12 hours causes higher TSS concentrations than 90 mg/l as could be observed in Figure 31-14. Figure 31-18: Maximum Daily Discharge Fluctuations and Maximum TSS Concentrations in Xe Bangfai with and without NT2. 1,250 400 c] se3/ 350 m[ 1,000 noi 300 ]l g/ atu m[ 750 250 uct Fleg 200 onitartne 500 150 oncC S schariDyliaD 100 TS 250 50 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Maximum Daily Discharge Fluctuation without NT2 Maximum Daily Discharge Fluctuation with NT2 Maximum TSS Concentration without NT2 Predicted Maximum TSS Concentration with NT2 According to guidelines for protection of aquatic life in Australia, New Zealand and Canada such small changes in seasonal TSS concentrations are not negligible. An increase of maximum background TSS concentrations between 44 and 70 mg/l during the dry season to between 90 and 95 mg/l is well above 10 % of the seasonal mean concentration and more than 10 above background level. As such water quality standards will be exceeded during the dry season on a weekly basis when nearly all fish productivity in Xe Bangfai mainstream takes place, significant impacts on fish productivity can be expected. Figure 31-19 shows the maximum and minimum TSS concentrations measured in Nam Theun at Ban Thalang from 1997 to 2001. After inundation of the reservoir these quantities of suspended solids will be trapped and settle out in the reservoir. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 16 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Figure 31-19: Maximum and Minimum TSS Concentrations Measured in Nam Theun at Ban Thalang from 1997 to 2001. 300 ]l/g 250 m[ noi 200 atrtn 150 nceoC 100 S 50 TS 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Maximum TSS Concentration Minimum TSS Concentration In the process of settling of suspended solids, nutrients as phosphates ­ and less so nitrates ­ will be settled as well. Downstream of reservoirs the concentrations of suspended solids and nutrients are considerably reduced as well. Figure 31-20 shows the measured median concentrations of TSS of Xe Bangfai as well as downstream of Nam Ngum and Ubolratana Reservoirs. The figure shows a complete different pattern in monthly concentrations of TSS for downstream Nam Ngum and Ubolratana than what naturally occurs in Xe Bangfai. Diversion of water with low concentrations of suspended solids and nutrients from storage reservoirs increases the scouring effect of downstream discharges and may result in critical low levels of nutrients for aquatic life. Figure 31-20: Median Montly Concentrations of TSS in Xe Bangfai (1989-2003), below Nam Ngum Dam, and below Ubolratana Dam (both 1985-2000). 140 120 ]l/g 100 m[ n iotartnecnoC 80 S 60 TS n diae 40 M 20 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Downstream Nam Ngum Downstream Ubolratana Xe Bangfai (natural) November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 17 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts 31.6.3 Impacts of NT2 Reservoir on Xe Bangfai Water Quality Three different water layers will occur in NT2 reservoir. Air temperature and absorption of sunlight induce a temperature difference in fresh water bodies deeper than 10 meters between a top water layer and a deep water layer if wind and wave action and water discharges are limited. The limited speed and depth of air diffusion in water and the absorption of sun light penetration in the top water layer cause water temperature differences with depth. This ultimately leads to separation of two water layers in deep water bodies; a top layer (epilimnion) and a bottom layer (hypolimnion) are separated by a thermoclyne. The epilimnion and the hypolimnion have different water temperatures and thus different densities. The epilimnion with high water temperature and low water density is floating on top of the hypolimnion with low water temperature and high water density. 31.6.3.1 Temperature An important water quality parameter that will change in Xe Bangfai after COD is temperature. Water temperature will change as result of the difference in altitude between the reservoir and the Xe Bangfai. As a result of differences in altitude, water will be discharged from NT2 powerhouse that has approximately 3 C lower temperature than water in Xe Bangfai. However, when reservoir levels are high o during the rainy season, water will be diverted to the powerhouse that at least partially will stem from the hypolimnion in the reservoir. Temperature differences between the epilimnion and the hypolimnion can be 5 C or higher. Water o diverted from the reservoir into the Downstream Channel and subsequently into Xe Bangfai may have a higher difference than 3 C as estimated from the difference in altitude alone. The difference between o water temperatures of the epilimnion and the hypolimnion changes with air temperature. In the thermoclyne, temperature gradients of 5 C and higher can be measured. Discharges from NT2 power o house will be cooler than the receiving waters from Xe Bangfai, probably between 3 and 5 C during the o rainy season, and 3 C during the dry season. However, this difference in temperature will be o progressively decreased by exposure to ambient temperatures down the 27km Downstream Channel and flow over the aeration weir. Temperature has a direct impact on growth and productivity of aquatic life and consequently temperature has impacts on fish yield/catch as well. 31.6.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) The epilimnion is in contact with air and contains phytoplankton; both factors generally cause high Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentrations in the epilimnion. Sunlight does not penetrate deeper than 10 meter, thus the hypolimnion does not contain phytoplankton. The hypolimnion is also not in contact with air. Therefore, the hypolimnion can become anaerobic in stratified water bodies when organic material is present. Settling of detritus and settling of dead phytoplankton from the epilimnion to the hypolimnion can provide sufficient organic load to cause anaerobic conditions of the hypolimnion. Such can be observed at all storage reservoirs deeper than 10 meter in Southeast Asia. Storage reservoirs in Southeast Asia are stratified for most of the year. Generally, a lower water layer (hypolimnion) with low water temperature and low water quality and an upper water layer (epilimnion) with water temperatures similar to air temperatures and with good water quality are separated by a thermoclyne. During the period of the year that air temperatures are low (around the month of January), water temperature of the epilimnion reaches the same temperature as that of the hypolimnion, and the two water layers mix. Around the month of January, storage reservoirs in Southeast Asia turn over and are not stratified. As measured in three storage reservoirs, (i) Sirinthorn Reservoir in Northeast Thailand, (ii) Yali Reservoir in Vietnam, and (iii) Nam Ngum Reservoir in Lao PDR, the epilimnion forms a water layer of approximately 10 meter depth from the surface4,5,6. At depths deeper than 10 meters, a thin thermoclyne 4 Bernacsek G., 1997, Large Dam Fisheries of the Lower Mekong Countries: Review and Assessment. Mekong River Commission Report 97023. 5Asian Development Bank, 2000, Environmental Impact Assessment of Se San 3 in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. 6Mekong Secretariat, 1984, Interim Committee for Coordination of Investigations of the Lower Mekong Basin, Development and Management of Fisheries in Nam Ngum reservoir Lao PDR, MKG/112. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 18 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts of approximately 1 to 2 meters separates the epilimnion from the hypolimnion. Such stratification of water reservoirs occurs between the turn-over periods each year around January. The thermoclyne is "wobbling" during August/September as a result of high inflows to the reservoirs and also as a result of increased wind and wave action. During August/September there is no sharp difference in temperature between water layers, but temperature and water quality gradually decline from the reservoir surface to the bottom of the reservoir. Stratification of storage reservoirs has implications for aquatic life. The hypolimnion has low water quality that will be avoided by fish and most other aquatic life except from those species than can survive under anaerobic conditions. Relatively few of such species exist. Storage reservoirs with high average depth and a high relative water volume consisting of the hypolimnion have much lower annual fish productivity than shallow reservoirs with less water volume consisting of hypolimnion. Nam Theun 2 Reservoir is shallow with relatively low impacts of the hypolimnion on annual fish production compared to deep reservoirs. In January when storage reservoirs in Southeast Asia are turning over and the hypolimnion and the epilimnion are mixed, low water quality from the bottom layer and high water quality from the top layer are mixed. In some reservoirs, water quality in January can reach levels that are so low that fish kills occur. This happens generally in reservoirs that receive a high pollution load of organic material, either from the inflow of domestic and industrial waste water or from intensive fish culture in cages. Such occurred in a small irrigation reservoir in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, where the proliferation of fish culture in cages caused organic material to accumulate in the hypolimnion. During subsequent mixing of the hypolimnion with the epilimnion around January, low water quality with high Biological Oxygen Demand resulted in large die-offs of the fish held in cages. Nam Theun 2 Reservoir has low average depth and will have virtually no pollution (cage culture of fish will not be allowed under the reservoir management plan and inflows come from a relatively pristine NBCA). Thus, during the expected turn over of Nam Theun 2 Reservoir in January/February, water quality of the reservoir most likely will have no impacts on fish populations. However, during the other months of the year, water quality of the hypolimnion does not allow fish productivity in the deeper parts of the reservoir. During these 10 to 11 months per year, water quality of the hypolimnion may have even impacts on fish populations at downstream locations of the reservoir. Depending on the invert level elevation of the reservoir water intake to the powerhouse, and depending on the reservoir water level elevation, water that will be sent to the powerhouse can origin from the epilimnion or the hypolimnion. When reservoir levels in Southeast Asia are low, water is generally taken from the epilimnion, but when reservoir levels are high there is a good chance that water is taken from the hypolimnion. Figure 31-21 and Figure 31-22 show the danger for low water quality downstream of the powerhouse as a result of difference between reservoir water levels and invert levels of water intakes. Figure 31-21 shows the monthly measured DO concentrations downstream of Nam Ngum Dam in Lao PDR from 1985 to 2000. In Nam Ngum, the difference between Full Supply Level (FSL) and the invert level of the water intake of the penstock is approximately 30 meter (different penstocks to different turbines have different invert level elevations at Nam Ngum Dam). Figure 31-22 shows the monthly measured DO concentrations below Ubolratana Dam in Northeast Thailand. At Ubolratana Reservoir, the difference between FSL and the invert level of the water intake is only 20 meter. In both figures7, the Thai DO water quality standard for healthy fisheries of 5 mg/l is shown. From the pattern of low DO concentrations as shown in Figure 31-21 and Figure 31-22 it appears that downstream of the dams low DO concentrations are particularly occurring during the wet season when reservoir water levels are highest. DO concentrations are based on a monthly sampling and measurement and may miss out certain occurring minimum and maximum occurring DO concentrations. 7 Data made available by the Mekong River Commission; MRC's water quality monitoring network measures surface water quality parameters, including DO concentrations at selected sampling points in the Lower Mekong Basin on a monthly basis since 1985. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 19 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Low DO concentrations are more often measured downstream of the powerhouse of Nam Ngum than downstream of Ubolratana powerhouse. As the invert level of the water intake in Nam Ngum is 30 meter below FSL and the invert level of the water intake at Ubolratana is 20 meter below FSL, there is more chance at Nam Ngum than at Ubolratana that reservoir water from the hypolimnion will be released downstream from the powerhouse. Figure 31-21: Monthly DO Concentrations below Nam Ngum Dam, Lao PDR. 10 8 l]/g 6 m[ OD 4 2 0 58-y 58-v 68-y 68-v 78-y 78-v 88-y 88-v 98-y 98-v 09-y 09-v 19-y 19-v 29-y 29-v 39-y 39-v 49-y 49-v 59-y 59-v 69-y 69-v 79-y 79-v 89-y 89-v 99-y 99-v 00-y 00-v Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Figure 31-22: Monthly DO Concentrations below Ubolratana Dam, Northeast Thailand. 10 8 /l]g 6 m[ OD 4 2 0 58-y 58-v 68-y 68-v 78-y 78-v 88-y 88-v 98-y 98-v 09-y 09-v 19-y 19-v 29-y 29-v 39-y 39-v 49-y 49-v 59-y 59-v 69-y 69-v 79-y 79-v 89-y 89-v 99-y 99-v 00-y 00-v Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Ma No Low DO concentrations below the dams of mature reservoirs as Nam Ngum and Ubolratana are the result of the difference between the invert level elevation of the water intake and the elevation of the reservoir water surface level. With the seasonal fluctuation of the reservoir water surface level, the elevation below which DO concentrations are lower than 2 mg/l fluctuates as well. Figure 31-23 shows the actual monthly measured DO concentrations below Nam Ngum Dam and the predicted DO fluctuation. DO fluctuation was calculated based on water elevations below which DO concentrations of 2 mg/l (or lower) in the reservoir occurred in 1982 and 19838. Baseline data of DO concentrations in Nam Ngum Reservoir obtained in 1982 and 1983 with follow up monitoring of the reservoir water surface level elevation have provided a predictive model for downstream DO fluctuations. Downstream DO concentrations are low during the rainy season when reservoir water levels are high, and downstream DO concentrations are high when reservoir water levels are low. Stratification is the result of a physical process that occurs as a result of (i) limited depth of diffusion of air in water and (ii) limited depth of penetration of sunlight. Water quality of stratified reservoirs is the result of a biological process depending on phytoplankton growth in the epilimnion and decomposition of organic material in the hypolimnion by bacteria that can lead to anaerobic conditions. 8Mekong Secretariat, 1984, Interim Committee for Coordination of Investigations of the Lower Mekong Basin, Development and Management of Fisheries in Nam Ngum reservoir Lao PDR, MKG/112. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 20 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Figure 31-23: Measured DO Concentrations Downstream of Nam Ngum Dam and Predicted Fluctuation of DO Concentrations. 18 16 14 n iota 12 tuculF 10 8 OD 6 4 2 0 n-85aJ 58-l Ju n-86aJ 68-l Ju n-87aJ 78-l Ju n-88aJ 88-l Ju n-89aJ 98-l Ju n-90aJ 09-l Ju n-91aJ 19-l Ju n-92aJ 29-l Ju n-93aJ 39-l Ju n-94aJ 49-l Ju n-95aJ 59-l Ju n-96aJ 69-l Ju n-97aJ 79-l Ju n-98aJ Date Prediction of Fluctuation of DO Level of Water Releases from Nam Ngum Reservoir DO Concentration Downstream Nam Ngum Dam 31.6.3.3 Other Water Quality Parameters Water quality conditions of the hypolimnion lead not only to low DO concentrations, but result also in high turbidity, increase of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), low temperature, and under anaerobic conditions even high levels of methane, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, and reduction of Fe 3+ . In addition to downstream impacts on fish populations from DO concentrations alone, aquatic life can be affected by many other water quality parameters of the hypolimnion. The following picture of Nam Ngum tells the story. An apparent blue and clean Nam Ngum Reservoir (epilimnion) discharges brown and highly turbid water from the hypolimnion. Figure 31-24: Nam Ngum Reservoir in 1995 Such impacts on water quality as shown in the picture above can generally be noticed, only when water levels of the reservoir are high and only at those reservoirs where the distance between the invert level of the off take and the full supply level is high. In Nam Ngum Reservoir, this distance is much higher than at Ubolratana reservoir. Figure 31-22 and Figure 31-23 illustrate that a reduced distance between the off take and the full supply level has improved the downstream water quality considerably. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 21 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts The distance at Nam Ngum is 30 meter, at Ubolratana 20 meter and at NT2 only 13 meter. When NT2 Reservoir water levels are at Full Supply Level, the invert level of the reservoir intake (head race channel) is more than 10 meters from the surface. Thus during the months of August/September water with low water quality could be diverted to the powerhouse. However, when Nam Theun 2 Reservoir is at Full Supply Level, high inflows to the reservoir and much wind and wave action will contribute to a wobbling thermoclyne. When Nam Theun 2 Reservoir is at FSL, there is little risk that water with low DO concentrations and high BOD load will be sent to the powerhouse. Water is discharged from NT2 powerhouse into the re-regulation pond and subsequently discharged into Nam Kathang, Nam Phit and the Downstream Channel. Before discharging into Nam Kathang, Nam Phit and the Downstream Channel, water from the re-regulation pond is passing an aeration weir. The aeration weir will increase low DO levels and decrease to some extent possible methane and hydrogen sulphide concentrations, but the aeration weir will have little impact on reductions of ammonia concentrations, turbidity, and BOD. However, the aeration weir is very likely not necessary at all after maturation of NT2 Reservoir. According to the water quality standards and water use classification of the Kingdom of Thailand9, water bodies used for fisheries and conservation of aquatic life should not have DO concentrations lower than about 5 mg/l, should also have ammonia concentrations lower than 0.5 mg/l, and should not have BOD concentrations higher than 1.5 mg/l. Any actual DO concentrations lower than 5 mg/l and any ammonia concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/l in the epilimnion of NT2 Reservoir or downstream in the Xe Bangfai may lead to decreased productivity, fish diseases and reduction of household fish catch. Water with BOD higher than 1.5 mg/l discharged in the Downstream Channel will lead to low DO concentrations further downstream of the re-regulation pond depending on the water retention time in Nam Phit and Xe Bangfai. DO oxygen modelling10 showed that in the early years high BOD concentrations could result in lower DO concentrations particularly in Xe Bangfai at a river stretch well downstream of the confluence of Xe Bangfai and Nam Phit as a result of the so called oxygen sac curve. However, there is only a small risk that low reservoir water quality conditions of the hypolimnion in September will reach the powerhouse and thus cause detrimental impacts on fish populations in the Xe Bangfai. The water quality model of NT2 Reservoir11,12 presents an even more optimistic picture. The model predicts low DO concentrations only at considerably deeper locations than 10 meters from the surface. Such optimistic prediction by modelling is in contradiction with DO levels measured during the dry season each year at Theun-Hinboun headpond, downstream of NT2 dam site. Theun-Hinboun is a run- of-the-river scheme where the surface water level elevation of the headpond does not reach higher levels than which are naturally reached during the rainy season. Detritus and phytoplankton rain form the only sources of organic material in the hypolimnion of the headpond. Nevertheless, DO concentrations as low as 0.0 mg/l are measured at Theun-Hinboun headpond at depths between 10 and 13 meters during the dry season from February to the beginning of the rainy season in May/June. 31.6.3.4 Water Quality during First Years after Reservoir Inundation The low DO concentrations measured at Theun-Hinboun headpond at depths between 10 and 13 meter give a clear warning what can be expected in NT2 Reservoir after inundation till the reservoir matures. During the filling of storage reservoirs after completion of dam construction and during the subsequent years before reservoir maturation, reservoir water quality is highly depending on the total biomass left standing in the inundation area, but also on the filling procedure of the reservoir. 9Pollution Control Department, 1997, Surface Water Quality Standards in Thailand. 10EDF R&D, 2001, Modelling of Dissolved Oxygen in the Nam Kathang and Xe Bang Fai rivers (Lao PDR). 11Centre for Water Research (CWR ), 1997, Prediction of the water quality characteristics of the proposed Nam Theun 2 Reservoir, Centre for Water Research / Sinclair Knight Mertz, Australia. 12Centre for Water Research (CWR), 2000, Review of Prediction of Nam Theun 2 Reservoir Water Quality, Centre for Water Research / Sinclair Knight Merz, Australia. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 22 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts As water quality changes due to an organic load that is decomposed by a biological process that depends on time, the distribution of quantities and qualities of organic material and the soil quality over the inundation zones are of great importance for prediction of reservoir water quality after inundation. Biomass quantities are generally not spread evenly over the inundation area. Of much importance is the distribution of quantity of biomass over (i) the dead storage area of the reservoir, (ii) the area that will be covered by the hypolimnion, and (iii) the area that will be covered by the epilimnion only. Reducing risks of low reservoir water quality is particularly effective by removal of biomass from the dead storage area, followed by the area where the hypolimnion will occur, but less effective in the area where reservoir depth will be shallow and only the epilimnion will occur. These three areas have different aeration rates, with the lowest aeration rate in the dead storage area and the highest rate in the area that is covered by the epilimnion only. As the areas that will covered by the hypolimnion and the epilimnion are changing in time with reservoir water levels, aeration rates are not constant over the year. Removal of biomass only at those areas where the hypolimnion will occur for long duration per year is particularly effective in shallow reservoirs as NT2. The filling procedure of the reservoir together with the time of start of operation by the powerhouse is also important for impacts on water quality in the reservoir If the retention time in the reservoir is kept as short as possible by filling the reservoir quickly and by starting operation of the powerhouse as soon as possible, water quality impacts during the first years of operation can be kept at a minimum. Such procedure will limit the build up of BOD, and formation of CH4, H2S, and Ferrous Iron. Nam Leuk Reservoir in Lao PDR was an example where, despite removal of a high estimated quantity of biomass at the inundation area, the remaining ash of the burned vegetation and the re-growth of vegetation before inundation caused significant impacts on water quality in the reservoir and downstream of the powerhouse13. Anaerobic conditions in Nam Leuk Reservoir were measured at all locations deeper than 0.3 meter from the surface at the time of start of operation of the powerhouse. One year after operation, anaerobic conditions occurred at depths deeper than 0.5 meter from the surface, two years after operation, anaerobic conditions were measured at locations deeper than 6 meter from the surface. Downstream of Nam Leuk powerhouse fish kills occurred as a result of discharge of anaerobic reservoir water. Such impacts could have been avoided at Nam Leuk not by removal of extra biomass, but by (i) an appropriate filling procedure of Nam Leuk Reservoir and by (ii) the installation of a variable off-take from the reservoir. As the build up of BOD within reservoir water layers depends on time as well as quantity of biomass, any reservoir filling procedure that does not cause unnecessarily long reservoir retention time before start of powerhouse operation will limit the build up of BOD and postpone the formation of CH4, H2S, Ammonia, and Ferrous Iron. If Nam Leuk Reservoir would have been filled quickly within two months time (which would have been feasible during the rainy season), after which the powerhouse would have been set in immediate operation at full capacity by taking the water from the reservoir as deep as possible, the built up of BOD could have been considerably reduced, while natural aeration of the top layer of the reservoir would not have been affected. Instead, filling of the reservoir started well before the rainy season, and the powerhouse could not function due to the incomplete transmission lines. Thus, during 7 months, the water was released from the top layer of the reservoir over the spillway to Nam Leuk, before the powerhouse started operation. As could be noticed during filling of the Yali Reservoir (450 km2 at FSL) in the Central Highlands of Vietnam14, water quality in the 10 meter deep epilimnion was good, while water quality of the hypolimnion was bad at the time that reservoir water levels reached FSL. Yali Reservoir inundated an area that existed mainly of rice paddies with little biomass in the inundation area. The aeration weir in the re-regulating pond does provide some solution to improve low DO concentrations, but cannot improve DO from 0 mg/l to 5 mg/l and cannot improve critical water quality 13Hydreco, 2002, The Dissolved Oxygen Consumption kinetics in the water turbined by the Nam Leuk power plant. 14Asian Development Bank, 2000, Environmental Impact Assessment of Se San 3 in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 23 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts parameters for aquatic life as BOD and ammonia. A reservoir water quality model could give reliable advice on biomass removal, including reservoir filling procedures and downstream releases by the powerhouse. The value of impacts on annual reservoir fish yields and on downstream annual fish yields in Nam Kathang, Nam Gnom, Nam Phit and Xe Bangfai may reach more than one million USD per year if water quality in the reservoir and at downstream locations is significantly impacted by inundated biomass. The outcome of such water quality model could perhaps be that no ­ or only a small ­ area (for instance the dead storage area) should be cleaned of biomass to avoid expected high impacts on fish yields. Probably, no water quality model can provide such detailed advice until endless calibrations have been performed and more than 20 years of monitoring data are available. After all, Leopold, Wolman and Miller15 argue that as a result of annual differences in seasonal, monthly, and daily rainfall, meteorological and hydrological forecasts are difficult to make. Minimum, mean, and maximum estimates can only be made based on rainfall and hydrological data collected over a period of at least 20 years. It appears that a period of 20 years largely covers hydrological cycles of rivers. Any water quality model is not able to cope with high fluctuations in daily meteorological and hydrological conditions, e.g. the extreme cold periods in January 1975 that caused air temperatures to dip well below 0 C; the extremely high daily rainfall of more o than 30 cm that occurred in 1996 and 2002 in Nam Theun/Kading River Basin; and the daily rise of water levels of more than 9 meter that occurs annually in Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai. When the results of the present biomass study at Nakai Plateau becomes available, a risk assessment of impacts on household fish catch in the reservoir and downstream of the reservoir can be made. With such risk assessment, a decision will be made on whether to remove biomass or not, on the amount and location of biomass removal, on the best procedure of reservoir filling before start of operation, and on the best compensation procedure of affected villagers that loose income through their reduced fish catch. At present it is uncertain what the affects of biomass on reservoir water quality will be during filling of the reservoir and during the first years of operation. 31.6.4 Water quality in the Nam Kathang Basic calculations of the water quality model consisted of determining the longitudinal profiles of dissolved oxygen in the Nam Kathang. Results are shown in the EAMP Advanced Draft. The results of the modelling indicate that there will be no critical dissolved oxygen content in the Nam Kathang during the dry season, with a constant release of 15 m3/s. This has been confirmed for the dry season months, when the water released into the Nam Kathang will be equivalent to the natural inflows, as represented on the following figures: · Dissolved oxygen concentrations: unchanged (see Figure 31-21); · Concentration of NH4: reduced compared with a constant release (see Figure 31-22); and · BOD: increased for the first 10 km (to above 10 mg/l), then reaching pre-project condition (around 7 mg/l, see Figure 31-27). As the water released into the Nam Kathang will be its natural flow in any particular season and year, there is not expected to be any cumulative impacts from the NT2 project on erosion, on the ability to grow riverbank gardens and on ability to use the water for domestic purposes. There may be some small impacts on fisheries due to damming of the upper reaches of the stream, but this is not expected to be significant. 15Leopold, Luna B., M. Gordon Wolman, John P. Miller, 1992, Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology, Dover Publications, Inc., New York. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 24 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Notwithstanding the minimal impacts in the Nam Kathang, especially in comparison to the significant development benefits that will accrue to the area, the NT2 Project has collected considerable socio- economic data from the 23 villages living on or close to the Nam Kathang, including: · 2100 socio-economic, fisheries and health survey ­ see Appendix N; and · 2003/2004 survey of domestic water use and riverside gardens. When the fish catch and demographic data from the currently ongoing Nam Phit survey is complete, the baseline data for the Nam Kathang area will be finalised and presented (along with the baseline data from the Nam Phit survey). November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 25 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Figure 31-25: Comparison of Oxygen Level Scenarios in Nam Kathang, March, April and May Month of MARCH : Comparison of different scenarios Minimum and maximum levels of oxygen in the Nam Kathang 20 18 l)/g 16 m( 14 ax 12 m d 10 an ni 8 m2 6 O 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km) 20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam- Releases Q = Qnatural Month of APRIL : Comparison of different scenarios Minimum and maximum levels of oxygen in the Nam Kathang 20 18 )l/g 16 m( 14 ax 12 m d 10 an ni 8 m 6 2O 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km)20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam- Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural Month of MAY : Comparison of different scenarios Minimum and maximum levels of oxygen in the Nam Kathang 20 18 l)/g 16 m( 14 ax 12 m d 10 an 8 ni m2 6 O 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km)20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam- Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 26 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Figure 31-26: Comparison of NH4 Level Scenarios in Nam Kathang, March, April and May Month of MARCH : Comparison of different scenarios Concentrations of NH4 in the Nam Kathang 1.6 1.4 )l/g 1.2 m( 1.0 yo 0.8 m 0.6 NH4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km) 20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural Month of APRIL : Comparison of different scenarios Concentrations of NH4 in the Nam Kathang 1.6 1.4 )l/g 1.2 m( 1.0 yo 0.8 m 0.6 NH4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km)20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam- Releases Q = Qnatural Month of MAY : Comparison of different scenarios Concentrations of NH4 in the Nam Kathang 1.6 1.4 )l/g 1.2 m(yo 1.0 0.8 m 0.6 NH4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km)20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam- Releases Q = Qnatural November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 27 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Figure 31-27: Comparison of BOD Level Scenarios in Nam Kathang, March, April and May Month of MARCH : Comparison of different scenarios First stage BOD in the Nam Kathang 14 12 )l/g 10 m(y 8 mo 6 R LO 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km) 20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam- Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural Month of APRIL : Comparison of different scenarios First stage BOD in the Nam Kathang 14 12 )l/g 10 (m yo 8 m 6 R LO 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km) 20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam- Releases Q = Qnatural Month of MAY : Comparison of different scenarios First stage BOD in the Nam Kathang 14 12 )l/g 10 (m yo 8 m 6 R LO4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km) 20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam- Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 28 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts 31.7 IMPACTS ON FISH Impacts by NT2 on aquatic life result from changes in water discharges, water depth, and water quality. Changes in water discharge and water depth have their direct impacts on aquatic life, but also lead to impacts on water quality, subsequently resulting in impacts on aquatic life. The prediction of the value of such impacts on aquatic life is particularly complicated in dynamic conditions with many variables that cause annual and seasonal fluctuations in abundance of species' populations. 31.7.1 Natural Fluctuation of Abundance of Fish Populations Meteorological conditions fluctuate annually, seasonally, and daily. Extreme cold spells and high floods have severe impacts on aquatic life. Natural discharges in Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai fluctuate highly annually, seasonally, and daily as a result of fluctuations of rainfall. Naturally occurring floods change aquatic habitats resulting in significant impacts on aquatic habitats and aquatic life. Meteorological and hydrological forecasts can only be made after 20 years collection of data. Fish populations and their annual productivity fluctuate with the fluctuation of meteorological, hydrological, and water quality conditions. Water quality changes with discharge and water depth. Especially temperature, concentration of suspended solids, and nutrient concentrations depend on water discharge and water depth. Discharges determine the time, duration, and frequency of existence of aquatic habitats that function as spawning grounds. Rapids may drown and floodplains may fall dry as a result of natural fluctuating discharges. Not surprisingly, aquatic productivity fluctuates seasonally and annually in rivers as Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai with the natural hydrological conditions. Limited food resources, competitive interactions, and the effects of diseases are all important factors that determine the abundance of species' populations in the community of which they are a part. But, a single flood or single cold spell can cause populations to bust after which the community may recover over years, possibly with different dominant species. Because ecological communities are rarely blessed with long periods of freedom of external buffeting, populations fluctuate for much of the time (Leaky and Lewin)16. External forces on aquatic life consist of natural occurring meteorological and hydrological fluctuations, but also of ongoing man-made impacts by fishing, riverbank erosion, deforestation, introduction of exotic fish species, and agricultural development and irrigation. The size of a species' population may vary dramatically as a result of (i) interactions within the ecosystem and (ii) external change (climate, hydrology, fishing efforts, etc). But, even in the absence of external change, the size of a population may vary dramatically and unpredictably. Hastings and Higgins17 noted: "Population eruptions may be an underlying feature of the dynamics without any change in physical or biological condition." The seasonal and annual differences of the hydrological regime of Xe Bangfai provide a dynamic environment for aquatic life. Natural occurring discharges change seasonal water depth in Xe Bangfai more than 15 meter (see Figure 31-28). 16Leaky, Richard, and Roger Lewin, 1995, The Sixth Extinction, Biodiversity and its Survival, Doubleday, New York. 17Hastings, Alan, and Kevin Higgins, 1994, Persistence of transients in spatially structured ecological models, Science, vol. 263. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 29 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Figure 31-28: Relationships between Water Discharge and Water Level in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai 2,250 2,000 1,750 ] ec/s 1,500 3 [m 1,250 ge 1,000 schariD 750 500 250 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Water Level [m] Under natural conditions, the number and type of fish species occurring in Xe Bangfai mainstream change highly seasonally. Such is the result of seasonal differences in discharge rates, but also of seasonal differences in water depth. 31.7.1.1 Distribution of Fish Species The distribution of aquatic species in the different aquatic habitats of Xe Bangfai changes with the seasons. Fishers in Xe Bangfai change their fishing gears with the season. They catch different fish species in the dry season than in the rainy season. Almost a complete turn-over of fish species occurs in their catch with the change of seasons. Abundance of fish populations and the distribution of fish species in Xe Bangfai differ per aquatic habitat, per season, and per year with the seasonal and annual changes of the hydrological regime. In a dynamic aquatic environment as Xe Bangfai, distribution of fish species fluctuates seasonally and annually. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations fluctuate with water discharges and water level fluctuations; TSS concentrations are high during the rainy season and low during the dry season. TSS concentrations are the main contributor to turbidity that reduces water transparency, penetration of sunlight in water, and exposure of aquatic life to sunlight. Low TSS concentrations are measured when daily water discharges and water levels decline. High TSS concentrations are measured when daily discharges and water levels increase. TSS concentrations are directly related with increasing water levels. In the dry seasons, water levels in Lao rivers and in Xe Bangfai do not fluctuate much; TSS concentrations are low each year throughout the dry season. High TSS concentrations cause high turbidity and low water transparency during the rainy season when discharges and water levels fluctuate. Many fish species migrate upstream Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai during different periods of the year. The hydrological regime of Xe Bangfai determines the migration of fish populations. During January / February when discharges are low and fluctuate little, fish species mainly belonging to the family Cobitidae migrate upstream. During May / June, at the beginning of the rainy season, when discharges increase and start fluctuating, a large number of other fish species migrate upstream to spawn. After the rainy season, around the months of September / October, when water levels recede, young-of-the-year (Pba Soi) of more than 20 fish species leave the drying floodplains and ephemeral streams to migrate upstream into Xe Bangfai. In September when discharges are high, many species, as for instance those belonging to the families Bagridae and Pangasiidae migrate upstream to spawn at rapids and pool areas when water levels recede and concentrations of suspended solids decline. All such migrations in Xe November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 30 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Bangfai and the success of spawning of fish species are determined by water discharge, water level fluctuations, and water quality. In aquatic habitats as floodplains and ephemeral streams, fish species avoid the highly dynamic environment in Xe Bangfai mainstream with fluctuating discharges causing high concentrations TSS and high turbidity. At floodplains, turbidity is low as suspended solids settle. Unaltered aquatic habitats as ephemeral streams such as forest creeks have little erosion and low turbidity. The May/June upstream fish migration is directed to ephemeral streams and floodplains with low TSS concentrations for spawning, feeding, and nursing. The September upstream fish migration is directed to rapids and pool areas in the mainstream for spawning when water levels recede and TSS concentrations decline. Fish feed and breed on separate grounds for good reasons. In dynamic environments as the Xe Bangfai, the distribution of fish species does change with the season. The fish species composition in the fish catches changes highly with the season. A large turn over of fish species appears to occur with the seasons. 31.7.1.2 Fish Productivity Annual productivity is defined as the total quantity of tissue formed over one year regardless of whether or not all of it survives to the end of that year. The seasonal distribution of fish populations is directly related to the seasonal opportunities for fish to spawn, multiply, and grow. Annual fish productivity in the mainstream of Xe Bangfai is limited to the dry season while the rainy season does not provide much opportunity for fish to spawn and grow. Productivity of fish during the rainy season occurs only on floodplains and in tributaries and ephemeral streams. Not surprisingly, fish are using Xe Bangfai mainstream during the rainy season mainly as a migration corridor and less so as a feeding, spawning, or nursery ground. In The fundamentals of ecology, Odum 18 mentions water transparency as one of the limiting factors to productivity of aquatic life. What Odum means to say is that the exposure of aquatic life to sunlight is a limiting factor to productivity. Production of aquatic life in mainstreams of Lao rivers is low during the rainy season as a result of less exposure to sunlight caused by (i) cloudy skies, (ii) increased water depth with less sunlight penetration, and (iii) high turbidity with low water transparency. Productivity of aquatic life in mainstreams of Lao rivers occurs mainly during the dry season with sunny days, low water depth, and high water transparency. Annual production of aquatic plants, including ­ but not limited to ­ phytoplankton and periphyton, occurs in the mainstream mainly during the dry season. The contribution of rainy season production to annual production in Xe Bangfai mainstream is negligible. Productivity of aquatic plants, phytoplankton, and periphyton in Xe Bangfai mainstream is largely restricted to the dry season, resulting in high productivity of snails, shrimps, and mussels in the dry season only. In Xe Bangfai mainstream, aquatic plants, phytoplankton, periphyton, snails, shrimps, and mussels all are in a survival mode during the rainy season, instead of in a growing and production mode. Under natural conditions, the food availability for fish in the mainstream is limited during the rainy season. Time and location of spawning of fish species depend on discharges and water transparency as well. All upstream spawning migrations of fish are timed and directed to avoid high concentrations of suspended solids that may smother fish eggs and to ensure food availability for young-of-the-year in the form of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Densities of phytoplankton depend on exposure to sunlight and thus on clear water. TSS concentrations and resulting turbidity hamper sunlight penetration. Densities and number of species of phytoplankton and zooplankton are high in Xe Bangfai mainstream during the dry season and low during the rainy season. Sheer numbers of fish species (more than 100 in Xe Bangfai) and limited human knowledge of the interaction of fish species, their migration patterns, and dependence for food on another high number of 18Odum, Eugene P., 1971, Fundamentals of Ecology, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 31 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts aquatic species make any impact assessment on fluctuating aquatic ecological communities only more complicated. 31.7.2 Impacts by NT2 on Abundance of Fish Populations NT2 will increase discharges and water depth in Xe Bangfai, relatively more so during the dry season than the rainy season. The impacts of NT2 will be significant in Xe Bangfai mainstream during the dry season mainly. During the dry season fish productivity is high. During the rainy when fish productivity is low and NT2 induces relatively less changes in discharge and water depth, the impacts by NT2 are less. The introduction by NT2 of rainy season conditions in Xe Bangfai during the dry season will be the main cause of decline in fish productivity. Water depth decreases sunlight penetration and decreases exposure of aquatic life to sunlight. Water depth has impacts on fish productivity. After inundation of streams and rivers, a large percentage of natural occurring riverine fish species disappears. The number of fish species in reservoirs and headponds in Southeast Asia is about 50 % or less of the original number of riverine species. Three vital statistics need to be determined to calculate fish productivity: (i) biomass (numbers of fish and their weight), (ii) growth rate, and (iii) mortality rate. Thus, increased water depth appears to cause decline of biomass and decrease of fish productivity as a result of disappearance of fish species. But, in reservoirs and headponds, the remaining 50 % of the fish species may start to proliferate. Such increase of sheer numbers of remaining fish species generally leads to increased fish productivity in reservoirs and headponds, compared to fish productivity before inundation. In Nam Theun at Theun-Hinboun headpond something similar occurred. Number of fish species declined after inundation, but annual village fish yields increased in many cases along the headpond, indicating that fish productivity increased. In Theun-Hinboun headpond, the proliferation of one fish species (Cyprinus carpio) and the resulting high productivity, more than compensated for the loss of fish productivity by a large number of original riverine fish species. A small increase of water depth of not more than 3.5 meters can result in a 50 % decrease in number of fish species. Vegetation forms the basis in the aquatic food web. Vegetation forms the food source for many species of aquatic life that in turn form food sources for fish. Fish species that depend on aquatic vegetation and on species of aquatic life depending on vegetation will be impacted by rise of water levels in Xe Bangfai. It is a question whether a similar drastic decline in fish species in Xe Bangfai after start of operation of NT2 can be expected as a result from increased water depth. Figure 31-29 shows the median discharges in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai before and after NT2. It can be clearly noticed that the discharges from NT2 re-regulation pond cause a relative higher impact during the dry season than during the rainy season. Water depth during the dry season is relatively more increased by NT2 during the dry season than during the rainy season. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 32 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts Figure 31-29: Monthly Median Discharges in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai with and without NT2 from 1989 to 2003. 1,400 1,200 ] 1,000 ec /s 3 m[ 800 harge 600 sciD 400 200 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Median Discharge with NT2 Median Discharge without NT2 Water levels in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai are expected to increase with approximately 5 meters during the dry season (see Figure 31-28 and Figure 31-29). During the rainy season, water levels in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai increase less. Increases in water depth during the rainy season will have little impacts on productivity of aquatic life. Fish productivity in the mainstream of Xe Bangfai is limited to the dry season only. In Xe Bangfai, discharges will not stay the same and water velocities will not be decreased as in Theun- Hinboun headpond. The hydrological conditions in Xe Bangfai will change in a manner that the occurrence of fish species are only little impacted. After his fish surveys in Xe Bangfai, Maurice Kottelat concluded that all endemic species had their distribution range upstream of the confluence with Nam Gnom. Endemic fish species will not be affected by downstream discharges. In Xe Bangfai, no such decline in number of fish species will occur as in reservoirs and headponds. During the wet season, Xe Bangfai mainstream can be considered more as a migration corridor for fish instead of a stable environment for aquatic life. Fish productivity during the rainy season takes place on floodplains and in ephemeral streams, and not in the Xe Bangfai mainstream. There is little opportunity for fish to find food in Xe Bangfai mainstream during the rainy season. Aquatic habitats as floodplains and ephemeral streams are generally not affected in the rainy season by increased water depth in mainstreams. Floodplains and ephemeral streams do not exist in the dry season. The impacts by NT2 in Xe Bangfai occur in the mainstream during the dry season. Aquatic vegetation, including periphyton, and phytoplankton grow little or not at all in the rainy season; they grow only in the dry season. Aquatic vegetation is harvested by households just before the rainy season starts. Numbers and densities of phytoplankton and zooplankton species are significantly reduced during the rainy season. Mussels, shrimps, and snails are harvested by households from mainstream rivers during the dry season only. Fish catch in the mainstreams is less during the rainy season than in the dry season. In mainstreams, fisheries during the rainy season is focused on the interception of fish migrations as there are not many fish species that are well adapted to linger in mainstreams for the whole rainy season. Such can be observed in all unaltered tributaries of the Mekong River in Lao PDR. River bank erosion and subsequent sedimentation will increase by NT2 both in the dry and the rainy season. Increased discharges and increased water level fluctuations will increase TSS concentrations particularly during the dry season, when fish productivity in the mainstream is high. The main impacts by NT2 are limited to the mainstream Xe Bangfai, particularly during the dry season. Therefore, any changes in discharge, water depth, and water quality will have impacts during the dry season mainly. If any such changes, however, do exceed an ecological threshold value such dry season November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 33 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts impacts may have an impact during the rainy season as well. One such ecological threshold value is the exposure of aquatic life to sunlight. Limited exposure of aquatic life to sunlight as a result of high TSS concentrations, increased water depth, and sedimentation during the dry season will result in severe reductions of abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, mussel, snail, and shrimp populations that are important food sources for fish. Such a collapse in the aquatic food chain is highly likely to occur in Xe Bangfai mainstream. As a result, food availability for fish will be reduced and abundance of fish populations is expected to be significantly impacted after COD. The impacts on fish productivity in Xe Bangfai mainstream will be most severe close to the confluence with Nam Phit, but declining in severity downstream with distance from Nam Phit. 31.7.3 Impact on fisheries in the Nam Phit Impacts from the release of water from the reservoir will affect different parts of the Nam Phit ­ Houay Khama river system in different ways: · Upstream of the Downstream Channel. This area will effectively be cut off by the Channel in terms of fish migration. However, there might be a backwater effect that could provide a habitat for surviving fish species. The resulting fishery will depend on the water quality and the fishing pressure from the surrounding population. Once the fish population has been exhausted it will not re-establish through migration. · The Downstream Channel. The velocity of water (estimated in the EAMP at 4.0 m/s in the upstream lined section and at 2.3 m/s in the downstream unlined section) will be too high for most of fish species to maintain a habitat. Only mussels might have a chance to withstand the water flow. The impact on the fish population may be a 100 % loss in these two sections. · Nam Phit West of the Downstream Channel. Fish in this area is likely to establish in its own habitat, supported by backwater flow from the Channel. As the population pressure is lower than in the area upstream of the Downstream Channel (Houay Khama), there is a potential for a sustained fisheries in this area. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 34 Chapter 31: Description of Environmental Impacts 31.7.4 Summary It is predicted that the NT2 discharges into the Xe Bangfai will cause a collapse in the aquatic food chain, due to: (i) increased discharges that are relatively more significant in the dry season than in the rainy season, (ii) introduction of water level fluctuations during the dry season, (iii) river bank erosion and subsequent sedimentation, and (iv) increase of water depth. A combination of factors will cause reduced exposure of aquatic life to sunlight during the dry season. Under natural conditions aquatic productivity in Xe Bangfai mainstream is limited to the dry season only. Reduced exposure of aquatic life to sunlight and movement of riverbed sediment will affect particularly aquatic vegetation, including but not limited to periphyton and phytoplankton, snails, shrimps, and mussels. Fish productivity will decline significantly as a result of the collapse in food availability. In addition to a decline in fish productivity, the changes in discharge and resulting changes in aquatic habitats may have an impact on spawning of fish within Xe Bangfai mainstream. Deep pools and rapids are important spawning grounds for fish. Deep pools will partially be filled with sediment and rapids may be drowned during time of spawning. Impacts on abundance of fish populations in Xe Bangfai mainstream will be most severe close to the confluence with Nam Phit and declining downstream in severity with distance from the confluence with Nam Phit. The upstream Pba Soi migration during the period when water recedes from the floodplains and ephemeral streams will probably follow the powerhouse discharge into Nam Phit if water velocities of 2.3 m/sec will be reduced after widening of the pilot channel. At that time, less Pba Soi will migrate upstream of the confluence with Nam Phit into Xe Bangfai and more Pba Soi will migrate into the downstream channel. However, as a result of increased discharges, increased back water effect in Xe Bangfai upstream of the confluence with Nam Phit, and at tributaries of Xe Bangfai downstream of the confluence with Nam Phit will lead to increase of abundance of fish populations at tributaries and backwaters. ********** * * * ********** November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 35 Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts CHAPTER 32 DESCRIPTION OF LIVELIHOOD IMPACTS Table of Content 32.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1 32.2 IMPACT ON FISHERIES .................................................................................................2 32.2.1 Location and Season of Impact...................................................................................................... 2 32.2.2 Probable Impacts on Fishing Techniques and Gears ................................................................. 2 32.2.3 NT2 Impact's Dependence on Fishing Effort and Fish Catch................................................. 3 32.2.4 Environmental Impacts Not Related to the NT2 Project.......................................................... 5 32.3 PREDICTED IMPACT ON THE CATCH OF FISH..............................................................5 32.3.1 Current Level of Harvest of the Fisheries Resource 'Maximum Yield'.................................... 5 32.3.2 Summarised and Cumulative Impact on Fish Catch on the Xe Bang Fai ............................... 5 32.3.3 Impacts on the Nam Phit ................................................................................................................ 8 32.3.4 Impacts on the Nam Kathang ........................................................................................................ 9 32.3.5 Potential Positive Impacts on Fish Yield ...................................................................................... 9 32.4 IMPACTS ON AQUATIC PRODUCTS COLLECTION AND 'INCOME'..................................9 32.5 IMPACT ON RIVERSIDE GARDENS .............................................................................. 10 32.6 IMPACT OF EROSION ON RIVERSIDE ASSETS.............................................................. 12 32.6.1 Buildings........................................................................................................................................... 12 32.6.2 Irrigation Pump Installations......................................................................................................... 12 32.7 IMPACT ON ACCESS ACROSS THE RIVER ..................................................................... 12 32.8 IMPACT ON PUMPING INSTALLATION MANAGEMENT ............................................... 13 32.9 IMPACT ON DOMESTIC WATER USE........................................................................... 13 List of Tables Table 32-1: Monthly Catch of the more Important Gears, in and outside the Xe Bangfai, in Two seasons (Kg/HH/month). .................................................................................................................. 3 Table 32-2: Summary of predicted % impact of the NT2 Project on current fish catch............................... 6 Table 32-3: Estimated Maximum Impact of NT2 Project on Existing Fish Catch by Xe Bangfai RIPARIAN Households...................................................................................................................... 7 Table 32-4: Estimated Maximum Impact of NT2 Project on Existing Fish Catch in the Xe Bangfai Mainstream by HINTERLAND Households ................................................................................. 7 Table 32-5: Summary of estimated Weight of Existing Fish Catch and Prediction of Maximum Impacts of the NT2 on Fish Catch in the Xe Bang Fai, during the Dry and the Rainy Season..................................................................................................................................................... 8 Table 32-6: Summary of Weight and Value of Fish Catch and Estimated Loss on the Nam Phit .............. 9 Table 32-7: Size and Households with Riverside Fields/Gardens (2004), and Possible Maximum Impact of the NT2 Project................................................................................................................ 11 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts 32 DESCRIPTION OF LIVELIHOOD IMPACTS 32.1 INTRODUCTION The Xe Bangfai area is typical of many lowland areas in Lao PDR with its dependency on paddy cultivation and fishing. The reliance on the Xe Bangfai as a source of food and water is a central aspect of livelihoods for the communities. Fish are an important item in their diet as a source of protein, vitamins and minerals. The majority of fish are consumed locally, although about 23 % surveyed families reported to gain some cash income from fishing. In addition to the importance of rice and fishing, dry season riverside gardens supply vegetables for local consumption, and crops for household consumption, animal feed and some sale. The environmental impacts of the NT2 Project on the Xe Bangfai River will have a range of both positive and negative impacts on the riparian communities and their livelihoods. These impacts can be usefully divided into two categories, as follows: Physical impacts: · erosion threatening riverside assets such as houses, shops and some cultural sites; · higher dry season flows prohibiting dry season crossing of the river; · impacts on the use of XBF waters for various domestic purposes; and · a positive impact on the ability to navigate up and down the river. Production impacts - and thus income and nutritional impacts: · impacts on the fish catch and aquatic product gathering from the mainstream Xe Bangfai; · possible positive impacts on fisheries and aquatic products in connected wetlands and backwater areas; · impacts on the gardens and crop fields currently cultivated on the sloping banks of the (dry season) river; and · positive impact of higher river flows facilitating more and cheaper irrigation. . The prediction of these impacts and losses now (as described in this SDP) and up to COD can only be and indicative estimate. Only after COD when these impacts occur and are monitored can we obtain a more accurate understanding of the exact losses. The 89 villages along the affected stretches of the Xe Bangfai (see Chapter 30) were populated in 2001 by approximately 7,096 households and about 40,600 people. Figure 30-1 shows the location of the potentially impacted villages along the Xe Bangfai. For an analysis and determination of impact, the villages along the Xe Bangfai (and the Xe Noy villages affected backwater) have been nominally divided into four zones of impacts, as follows (and as located in Figure 29-1): · Upstream of the upper Xe Bangfai ( upstream of the Downstream Channel confluence with the Xe Bangfai); · Upper Xe Bangfai (from downstream channel confluence to the Phu Soy 'gorge'); · Mid Xe Bangfai (from Phu Soy gorge to just before Xe Bangfai flood plain; · Lower Xe Bangfai (the region of the Xe Bangfai floodplain). November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts Most of the data and analysis in this chapter is presented disaggregated into these zones, except for fisheries which does not consider backwater villages in the Upstream zone, and along the Xe Noy in the middle zone. 32.2 IMPACT ON FISHERIES The two fundamental impact of the NT2 Project that will result in impact on the fish catch of riparian and some hinterland villages are: (i) The impacts on the biological productivity of fish (see Chapter 31); (ii) The impacts on the efficiency of fishing gears and techniques, related to (a) the physical ability to catch fish in deeper water with higher water velocity, and weekly fluctuation of water levels, and (b) problems in trapping fish travelling to and from wetlands. A third impact, which is more of an extension of a current problem is the impacts on fishing efforts, in that fishers will probably invest more time and money (more fishing gears) to try to catch the same amount of fish as before the Project, which itself may have an impact on fish yields. 32.2.1 Location and Season of Impact Difficulties in predicting the type and level of impact are due to the difference in impact in different fishing locations and seasons. However, following extensive review of the available information, comparison with other similar projects and discussion amongst experts, it has been predicted ­ and used as a basis for the following analysis ­ that the impacts on aquatic productivity, fish catch and aquatic product collection will: (a) occur mainly, if not only in the mainstream of Xe Bangfai river, from its confluence with the Nam Phit (Downstream Channel) all the way to the Mekong River. That is, there will be limited, if any negative impact on fish productivity in the non-mainstream fisheries locations, and certainly no negative impact on the fishing and collection techniques in these areas)1; (b) be much more pronounced in the dry season than in the wet season, as the amount of NT2 water discharge will be relatively higher in the dry season compared to the wet season, when the Xe Bangfai itself carries a lot of water; and (c) decrease in intensity and effect progressively downstream, and especially in the lower Xe Bangfai stretch of the river. 32.2.2 Probable Impacts on Fishing Techniques and Gears As noted above, the impacts on fishing efficiency and use of gears will result from: · higher and deeper water; · faster flowing water in the dry season; · fluctuation of water levels in the dry season; and · less pronounced fluctuation between wetlands and main river, from wet to dry season. The most important fishing gears, and the average catch from these gears ­ averaged over all 89 mainstream villages surveyed in 2001 ­ is presented in Table 32-1, adapted from Table 30-17, Chapter 30. While the figures in table ?? above are indicative averages only, they show that in and around the Xe Bangfai river, as elsewhere in the Lao PDR, fishing methods and fishing gears are extremely diversified. Many fishing gears are only seasonally used and only in specific aquatic habitats, and thus fishing gears and techniques will be affected to varying degrees by the Project. The following are some examples of how the NT2 Project might affect some fishing gears and techniques: · Fixed gillnets may be difficult to set at locations with high water velocity, especially in the reaches immediately downstream of the confluence with the Nam Phit. However, fishers already set gillnets 1NT2 has adverse impacts on fish productivity and fish yields in the mainstream of Xe Bangfai and not in any locations outside Xe Bangfai mainstream, such as floodplains, tributaries, ephemeral streams, ponds, pools, and puddles, in which the NT2 may well have positive impacts on fish yields. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts in periods of high flow during the wet season and sheltered areas may still provide opportunity for gillnets to be set; · Setting nets or traps across tributaries may also not be as effective with the NT2 Project as they rely on seasonal reduction in flow in the Xe Bangfai channel, which will not be as pronounced with the NT2. However, due to the weekly fluctuation of water levels in Xe Bangfai by the Project, fisheries in the backwaters of the tributaries probably will become lucrative when water levels decline during each week-end; · Hook and line fisheries will only be affected by the weekend fluctuation in water levels, the hooks with bait set before the decrease in discharge could be left stranded in the air instead of positioned in the water; · Cast netting will probably be significantly affected by rise of water levels in Xe Bangfai during the dry season, as this method is employed by people without boats, by wading into shallow waters; · In addition, during the first few years after operation, river bank erosion may result in branches, roots and other debris flowing down the river which could block or otherwise damage fishing gears. Table 32-1: Monthly Catch of the more Important Gears, in and outside the Xe Bangfai, in Two seasons (Kg/HH/month). Dry season Wet season XBF Wetlands XBF Wetlands Possible NT2 Impact on gear use in Gear type River etc. River etc. Total the Xe Bangfai mainstream only Mesh Nylon Gillnets 9.4 1.2 4.3 5.7 122.5 still usable, but affected by fast water Single hook and line 1.9 0.7 3.0 3.9 56.6 still usable Cast Net 3.1 1.6 1.0 1.7 43.2 not usable Nets with Handles 0.8 1.2 3.4 1.4 41.2 not usable Scoop nets 0.9 1.4 0.5 1.0 22.9 currently not used much in mainstream Long Line, multiple hooks 1.5 0.4 1.5 1.2 28.0 still usable, but affected by fast water Bamboo Traps 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.8 15.2 still usable in places Large Bamboo Cylinder Traps 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 5.0 not used much in mainstream Push net with handle 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 3.1 not used mush in manatee, Falling Door Trap 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 3.1 may not be usable However, while the NT2 discharges will have a negative effect on some fishing gears, the gears and techniques used are diverse and it is expected that some villagers will adapt by using other techniques that will be not or little affected by the Project. Such techniques include drift nets, beat nets, long lines with multiple hooks (taking into account discharge fluctuations), falling-door traps, cylinder traps, shallow water fish baskets, and lift nets. Villagers will also change the dimensions of gillnets and their mesh size, and adapt new techniques to catch fish during the week end especially to be effective when water levels fluctuate. The improved use of the most effective gears in the mainstream will often require a boat, and thus it is these people who will best adapt to the change in conditions of the fisheries in the Xe Bangfai mainstream. On the other hand it will be those who currently focus on wetlands fisheries who may benefit from the possible improved catches in these areas. 32.2.3 NT2 Impact's Dependence on Fishing Effort and Fish Catch The complexity of the assessment of impacts of the NT2 Project on household fish is that it is not only the NT2 Projects impacts on aquatic productivity that will be important, but that there are (and will be) other impacts on fish catch due to fishing efforts, which themselves have an impact on aquatic productivity. Thus, the line of Project Impacts leading to impacted Fish Productivity leading to impacted Fish Yield/Catch is not a linear relationship of causes and effects. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts 32.2.3.1 Fish catch variation due to location and population Households living in the riparian villages along Xe Bangfai fish and collect aquatic products not only inside the main channel of Xe Bangfai, but also in streams and ponds, and on floodplains. Most of the households do not own a boat and usually fish close to their village area. The average household fish catch differs from village to village depending on the existence of productive aquatic habitats near the villages such as (a) wetlands, and (b) deep pools in the Xe Bangfai mainstream. Some villages have less deep pools in their village area and other villages are blessed with many deep pools. In addition, the average household fish catch will differ on an annual basis due to environmental variations (and other influences) resulting in variable fish productivity from year to year. The size of villages and number of households per village varies largely along Xe Bang Fai and thus the competition for the fisheries resources varies, higher where there are higher populations. Thus, the average annual household fish catch differs form village to village also due to this issue. The average population growth in Xe Bangfai River Basin is about 2.5 to 3 % per year. Household fish catch declines year by year, as a result of natural population growth, but in some villages household fish catch also declines as a result of influx of new households that take up fishing in Xe Bangfai. In some villages that have large influx of households from other areas, households invest more and more money and time to catch the same or less quantity of fish. Not surprisingly, as an important outcome of the Socio-Economic Survey held in 2001, households consider over-fishing as the main threat to their annual fish catch. 32.2.3.2 Fish catch variation due to gears and markets Introduction of nylon monofil gillnets in Lao PDR has resulted in increased opportunities for villagers to catch fish. Increased access to markets has provided more opportunities for households to sell fish and thus incentive to catch more fish ­ and thus put pressure of the fisheries resources. When access to markets increases, households that used to fish for consumption only increase their fishing efforts to earn extra cash income. Households use more fishing gears and spend more time to try to catch more fish for more cash income. The above social factors and impacts which will occur irrespectively of the NT2 Project implementation significantly complicates the assessment of the impacts of NT2 on household fish catch. Household catch fluctuates annually, but it is already declining over time. NT2 will have negative impacts on mainstream Xe Bangfai fish productivity, but such impacts will occur on top of background impacts on fish productivity. Assuming that all households fish at (or close) to the maximum sustainable yield just before COD, households may likely change their fishing gears and fishing efforts after COD2. 32.2.3.3 Fish catch variation due to fishing practice effect on ecology and productivity As explained below, there is a series of cyclical causes and effects, mainly of them going on now and not related to the NT2 Project, such as the growing number of fishers and increasing fishing efforts which have an influence on basic fish productivity as well as fish catch. Fish yields obtained in one year can have severe impacts on fish yields in subsequent years, an effect of what is commonly known as over-fishing or unsustainable fisheries. The impacts on the annual household fish catch by interception of fish migrations can be significant3 and it is likely that a process similar to that observed in the Nam Hinboun occurred in Xe Bangfai during 2 Downstream of Theun-Hinboun powerhouse households living along Nam Hinboun increased their number of gillnets by as much as a factor 3 after start of operation of the powerhouse. Number of fishing households at each village stayed more or less constantly along Nam Hinboun and household catch was severely impacted. 3 An example of the complexity of impacts between fish yields and fish productivity is the catch of Pba Soi in Nam Hinboun during the last 6 years of operation of the powerhouse. When water recedes from the flood plains and ephemeral streams, Pba Soi start migrating from these habitats up into Nam Hinboun. Entrepreneurs run large scale fisheries to block off ephemeral streams and drains from floodplains to intercept Pba Soi migration. Some of these large scale fishing practices catch as much as 1,000 kg of Pba Soi per day during the peak days of migration. Households living along Nam Hinboun try to catch the remaining Pba Soi that managed to pass the large scale fisheries. Households catch on an average between 30 and 90 kg of Pba Soi within a period of two weeks each year. This fish is small young-of-the-year with a length of not more than 10 cm. Households process their Pba Soi catch by fermentation into Padek for later consumption. In September 2003, households could not catch any Pba Soi. The year 2003 was a dry one, and most probably Pba Soi productivity was not as high as in normal years and the time and duration of November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts 2003-2004, and the Pba Soi migration in the Xe Bangfai is even higher than the Nam Hinboun as a result of larger areas of flood plains. In other words fish yields can have considerable impacts on fish yields. 32.2.4 Environmental Impacts Not Related to the NT2 Project In addition to these background social impacts on fish yields, there are a range of socio-environmental impacts on fish yields (see Chapter 31) which are and will continue to occur irrespective of the NT2 Project, including: · land uses (with the conversion of forests and floodplains into paddy, fish spawning and nursery areas as floodplains reduce and forest creeks turn into paddy drains); · river bank erosion (utilization of river bank vegetation for firewood, bamboo, and fishing gears, and conversion of river banks into vegetable gardens); · sedimentation (shifting cultivation and loss of top soils that ultimately end up in rivers); · agriculture development (low dissolved oxygen concentrations in rivers in Thailand and Lao PDR can be detected downstream of farms and agricultural land after high floods each year); and · irrigation (reduction of water discharges as a result of irrigation; water demand of 5,306 hectares of existing irrigated dry season paddy along Xe Bangfai is conservatively estimated at 7.5 m3/sec, while the measured median natural discharge in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai during the month of April is only 10.3 m3/sec); 32.3 PREDICTED IMPACT ON THE CATCH OF FISH 32.3.1 Current Level of Harvest of the Fisheries Resource 'Maximum Yield' The impact of the NT2 Project on fish catch will depend partly on the extent (the %) that the impacted communities are currently (immediately prior to COD) harvesting productive potential of the fisheries resources. This linkage between impact or effect of the NT2 Project and the 'efficiency' of pre-project catch by the various villages can be summarised as follows: · communities whose current fishing effort results in a catch which is at or near the maximum sustainable yield for that area will be more impacted, as there is less buffer; while · communities whose current fishing effort results in a catch which is somewhat below the maximum sustainable yield for that area will be less impacted. That is, it will depend on whether households (just before COD) are fishing at the maximum sustainable yield, or whether they are fishing under or over the maximum sustainable yield4. If households fish well below the maximum sustainable yield before COD, impacts by the NT2 Project on abundance of fish populations may have relatively minor impacts on household fish catch after COD. If households fish at or above the maximum sustainable yield just before COD, the impacts by NT2 on abundance of fish populations may cause dramatic decreases in household fish catch after COD. If households fish at the maximum sustainable fish yield, the impacts on fish populations by NT2 form a fair representative value of decline in fish yield at downstream locations. 32.3.2 Summarised and Cumulative Impact on Fish Catch on the Xe Bang Fai By taking into account: (a) the environmental impact of the NT2 Project discharge into the Xe Bangfai (see Chapter 31); (b) an understanding of the non-NT2 specific background environmental impacts; migration was affected. Normally, Pba Soi passes upstream villages in Nam Hinboun within a period of 2 weeks. It could be that Pba Soi passed the villages in much less densities over a longer period of time and households could not detect Pba Soi as in normal years. Thus, household fish catch along Nam Hinboun was affected in 2003; households could not catch between 30 and 90 kg during this dry year. However, the next dry season, households along Nam Hinboun experienced a bumper harvest that they never had since start of operation of Theun-Hinboun powerhouse. Pba Soi that normally is caught in September appeared to escape from being caught and had the opportunity to grow and increase in weight during the subsequent dry season, after which households enjoyed the increase of dry season fish productivity with high fish catches. Fish yields and fishing efforts determine fish productivity. 4 The maximum sustainable yield of one year is that portion of fish productivity that can be harvested without causing decline of the fish yields in the following years. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts (c) the impacts of the NT2 Project on efficiency of gear and fishing techniques; (d) an understanding of non-NT2 specific impact of fishing practices on fish productivity; and (e) the experience of similar projects ... a predicted maximum impact in fish catch has been developed for the different stretches of the Xe Bangfai river, as detailed in Table 32-2 below. Table 32-2: Summary of predicted % impact of the NT2 Project on current fish catch Dry season Wet season Zone in XBF out XBF in XBF out XBF Upstream of Upper XBF 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % Upper XBF 80 % 0 % 80 % 0 % Mid XBF** 70 % 0 % 50 % 0 % Lower XBF 1 60 % 0 % 30 % 0 % Lower XBF 2 45 % 0 % 10 % 0 % Lower XBF 3 30 % 0 % 10 % 0 % Average 60 % 0 % 41 % 0 % ** Note: fish catch of backwater affected villages on the Xe Noy are predicted not to negatively impacted. This 'ball park' estimate of the maximum potential impact of NT2 on annual fish yields at villages located along Xe Bangfai between the confluences with Nam Phit and the Mekong River has been used to further compute an indicative impact on the kilograms of fish catch, based on the current fish catch data obtained from the 2001 socio-economic (and fisheries) survey (see Chapter 30). Thus, Table 32-3 presents the estimated impacts by the NT2 Project on existing fish catch by riparian households in Xe Bangfai, while Table 32-4 presents the estimate of the impact of the NT2 Project on existing fish catch (in the mainstream Xe Bangfai) by hinterland households. To recap on the analysis above, this predicted impact on weight of fish catch is based on the following data and assumptions: · The Xe Bangfai mainstream (below the confluence of the Downstream Channel) can be divided into 5 fisheries impact zones of approximately 30 kilometres each: (i) Upper Xe Bangfai, (ii) Middle Xe Bangfai, (iii) Lower Xe Bangfai 1, (iv) Lower Xe Bangfai 2, and (v) Lower Xe Bangfai 3; · The predicted severity of impacts by NT2 on fish yields is based on the prediction of recession of riverbanks (SMEC, 2002). While impact prediction also takes lesson learned from the Theun Hinboun Project, the predicted decline in fish yield in the two lower zones (Lower Xe Bangfai 2 and Lower Xe Bangfai 3) is considerably lowered because the Xe Bangfai is longer than Nam Hinboun, and Nam Hinboun has additional impacts on fish yields by tin mine discharges; · While fish catch from the mainstream of Xe Bangfai will be impacted by the NT2 Project as a result of the major changes in the aquatic food chain, thus resulting in lower fish productivity, households will not only change their fishing efforts, but this change in fishing will be required less with the gradual decline of water depth and water level fluctuation from Upper Xe Bangfai to Lower Xe Bangfai 3; · There are a number of people who fish in Xe Bangfai mainstream but live far from the mainstream, in the hinterland villages identified during a survey in 2004, and it is estimated that the hinterland household fish catch is about 60 % of the household fish catch by riparian households. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts Table 32-3: Estimated Maximum Impact of NT2 Project on Existing Fish Catch by Xe Bangfai RIPARIAN Households Number of Distance Maximum Number of Average Annual Fish Dry Season Rainy Season Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Estimated Villages from Nam Water Level Households Annual HH Yield in XBF Fish Yield in Fish Yield in Decline in Decline in Decline in Decline in Decline in Value of Along Xe Phit Fluctuation (HH) Fish Catch in Mainstream XBF XBF Mainstream Mainstream Mainstream Mainstream Annual Fish Decline in Bangfai from Confluence During Dry XBF Mainstream Mainstream Fish Yield Fish Yield Fish Yield Fish Yield Yield Annual Fish Confluence with Xe Season Mainstream During Dry During Rainy During Dry During Rainy Yield Impact Zone with Nam Bangfai Season Season Season Season Phit to Mekong River [km] [m] [kg/hh/year] [kg/year} [kg/year] [kg/year] % % [kg/year] [kg/year] [kg/year] [USD/year] Upper Xe Bangfai 12 0-32 4.3-5.0 852 383 326,291 225,577 100,714 80 80 180,461 80,571 261,033 208,826 Middle Xe Bangfai 5 32-71 3.5-4.1 224 296 66,275 37,776 28,499 70 50 26,443 14,249 40,693 32,554 Lower Xe Bangfai 1 18 71-100 2.2-3.5 1,960 221 433,494 205,814 227,680 60 30 123,488 68,304 191,792 153,434 Lower Xe Bangfai 2 24 100-128 0.8-2.0 2,026 130 262,639 153,737 108,902 45 10 69,182 10,890 80,072 64,058 Lower Xe Bangfai 3 11 128-145 0.0-0.6 1,017 145 147,383 94,690 52,692 30 10 28,407 5,269 33,676 26,941 TOTAL 70 6,079 1,236,081 717,594 518,487 427,982 179,284 607,266 485,813 Table 32-4: Estimated Maximum Impact of NT2 Project on Existing Fish Catch in the Xe Bangfai Mainstream by HINTERLAND Households Number of Distance Maximum Population of Hinterland Villages Fishing In Xe Number of Fishers of Hinterland Villages Fishing in Estimated Estimated Dry Season Rainy Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Estimated Hinterland from Nam Water Level Bangfai Mainstream Xe Bangfai Mainstream Annual Maximum Fish Yield in Season Fish Decline in Decline in Decline in Decline in Annual Maximum Villages Phit Fluctuation Household Annual Fish XBF Yield in XBF Mainstream Mainstream Mainstream Mainstream Decline in Value of Fishing in Confluence During Dry Fish Catch Yield Mainstream Mainstream Fish Yield Fish Yield Fish Yield Fish Yield Mainstream Decline in Xe Bangfai with Xe Season During Dry During During Dry During Fish Yield Annual Fish Mainstream Bangfai Season Rainy Season Rainy Yield Impact Zone Season Season Estimate of Number Number Number Number Maximum Number Number Number [km] [m] [kg/hh/year] [kg/year] [kg/year] [kg/year] % % [kg/year] [kg/year] [kg/year] [USD/year] Households Persons Men Women Number of Persons Men Women Households Upper Xe Bangfai 10 0-32 4.3-5.0 568 3,409 1,701 1,708 132 211 150 61 230 30,331 20,969 9,362 80 80 16,775 7,490 24,265 19,412 Middle Xe Bangfai 17 32-71 3.5-4.1 1,990 11,937 5,849 6,088 550 1,122 948 318 178 97,637 55,652 41,985 70 50 38,957 20,992 59,949 47,959 Lower Xe Bangfai 1 19 71-100 2.2-3.5 2,557 15,344 7,572 7,772 465 1,000 606 393 133 61,707 29,297 32,410 60 30 17,578 9,723 27,301 21,841 Lower Xe Bangfai 2 16 100-128 0.8-2.0 1,820 10,921 5,273 5,648 497 1,118 658 403 78 38,657 22,628 16,029 45 10 10,183 1,603 11,786 9,428 Lower Xe Bangfai 3 4 128-145 0.0-0.6 401 2,407 1,197 1,210 64 128 83 45 87 5,565 3,575 1,990 30 10 1,073 199 1,272 1,017 TOTAL 66 7,336 44,018 21,592 22,426 1,708 3,579 2,445 1,220 233,897 132,122 101,775 84,565 40,007 124,572 99,658 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts Table 32-5 summarizes the predicted impacts by NT2 on fish yields by riparian and hinterland villages in Xe Bangfai. Table 32-5: Summary of estimated Weight of Existing Fish Catch and Prediction of Maximum Impacts of the NT2 on Fish Catch in the Xe Bang Fai, during the Dry and the Rainy Season. Dry Season Catch (kg) Rainy Season Catch (kg) In XBF In XBF Total mainstream Wetlands etc. mainstream Wetlands etc. (kg per year) Riparian Households Fish Catch before Project 717,594 455,103 518,487 1,137,138 2,828,322 kg Predicted Impact by Project as % 60 % 0 % 41 % 0 % of Fish Catch Predicted Fish Catch after Project 289,612 455,103 339,203 1,137,138 2,221,056 kg Predicted Decline in Fish Catch (kg) 427,982 kg 0 179,284 kg 0 607,266 kg Hinterland Households Fish Catch before Project 132,122 0 101,775 0 233,897 kg Predicted Impact by Project as % 64 % 0 39 % 0 of Fish Catch Predicted Fish Catch after Project 47,556 61,768 Predicted Decline in Fish Catch (kg) 84,565 kg 0 40,007 kg 0 124,572 kg Total Predicted Loss of Fish after Project (kg) 512,547 kg 0 219,291 kg 0 731,838 kg Table 32-3 and Table 32-5 reveal that for riparian or mainstream villagers, up to 607,300 kgs of the annual fish yield may be lost. This compares to the present total annual fish catch of these riparian villages of 2,828,322 kgs. Thus, about 21.5 % of the total fish catch of these villages will be impacted by NT2. This result is based on the household interviews which revealed that much more fish is caught by riparian households outside Xe Bangfai mainstream at floodplains, tributaries, ephemeral streams, ponds, and puddles than in the mainstream itself. The annual fish yield by hinterland households in Xe Bangfai mainstream is estimated to be maximum 124,572 kgs per year. Of the total of 7,336 households living in the hinterland villages only 1,708 households, or 23.2 %, are fishing in the Xe Bangfai mainstream. Spot checks of household fish catch along Xe Bangfai and adjustments of the ongoing fish catch monitoring will improve confidence in the prediction of impacts by NT2 on fisheries. 32.3.3 Impacts on the Nam Phit The fishery of the Nam Phit / Houay Khama will be severely impacted by the Project, due to the high velocity of the water in the downstream channel, the decrease of water quality and the loss of natural habitats. It is estimated that up to 90 % of the fishery could be lost. The value of the estimated loss of fish and aquatic products is US$ 112,000 (see Table 32-6). November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts Table 32-6: Summary of Weight and Value of Fish Catch and Estimated Loss on the Nam Phit Other aquatic Fish animals Aquatic plants Total Total catch (kg) 136,319 63,787 23,791 223,897 Value of total catch (US$) 109,055 12,757 2,379 124,192 Estimated loss (kg) 122,687 57,409 21,412 201,507 Value of estimated loss (US$) 98,150 11,482 2,141 111,772 32.3.4 Impacts on the Nam Kathang The catch in Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang is currently not expected to be affected by the Project, compared to the current situation. 32.3.5 Potential Positive Impacts on Fish Yield The increased water depth of Xe Bangfai due to the NT2 Project discharges increase somewhat the backwater effect in the ephemeral streams, tributaries, and in Xe Bangfai upstream of the confluence with Nam Phit. At these locations, fish catch will most likely increase. It is highly likely that during the weekends when water levels are highly fluctuating, fishers will try to increase their catch by blocking such locations off with nets. All fish yields outside Xe Bangfai mainstream between the confluences with Nam Phit and the Mekong River are not expected to be adversely impacted, but more likely to be positively impacted. Fish will try to find food in such locations that they are not able to find in the Xe Bangfai mainstream after COD. In addition, the increased discharge of the Xe Bangfai may also result in a slightly increased area, duration, or frequency of flooding in the seasonal wetlands adjacent, and connected to Xe Bangfai, and this will contribute to an increased fish productivity and increase of fish catch from these areas, and increased catch and collection of aquatic products in the area. 32.4 IMPACTS ON AQUATIC PRODUCTS COLLECTION AND 'INCOME' Riparian households also forage for aquatic animals as frogs, shrimps, crabs, snails, and mussels and collect aquatic vegetation, mainly for consumption. Household catches, collection and consumption of such aquatic life may reduce as a result of the impacts in the mainstream. However, in aquatic habitats such as tributaries, wetlands, floodplains, and ponds (nong) where aquatic life is not affected, villagers will still be able to collect these aquatic products. If the impact on household income from collection of aquatic products (excluding fish) is expressed in kilograms per household, then assigning a value in terms of USD is difficult because: (a) all aquatic products are used mainly for household consumption; and (b) the range in types of products. A kilogram of just harvested vegetation when wet may change to less than 0.1 kilogram when stored and dry. The weight of collected mussels and snails is different from the weight of consumed mussels and snails. Most of these aquatic products are collected during the dry season only, mainly by women and children, and quantities collected differ considerably per household. A collapse in the aquatic food chain in Xe Bangfai mainstream is predicted to occur as a result of increased discharges, water depth, river bank erosion, sedimentation, and fluctuation of water levels during the dry season. Households are expected not to be able to collect aquatic vegetation, snails, mussels, and shrimps after COD. The maximum value in losses in household catch of aquatic products from Xe Bangfai mainstream is estimated to be USD 20 per household per year, assuming an average November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts value of USD 0.3 per kilogram harvested aquatic products. These losses are expected to occur all the way to the Mekong River. Detailed baseline data on aquatic products from the mainstream Xe Bangfai have yet to be collected, and thus the following assumptions have been made: · An average annual loss in aquatic products valued at USD 20 per household per year for the 6,079 riparian households (population data from 2001) that live along Xe Bangfai mainstream between the confluence with Nam Phit and the Mekong River; · An average annual loss in aquatic products valued at USD 10 per household per year for the 1,708 households (population data from 2004) that live in the so-called hinterland villages, but collect aquatic products in the Xe Bangfai mainstream. Based on the above, it is reasonably estimated that about USD 138,490 per year would be the value of possible losses in collection and catch of non-finfish aquatic products from the mainstream Xe Bangfai. This is only an indicative average, as most of the riparian and hinterland population is concentrated in the lower reaches of Xe Bangfai close to the Mekong River and aquatic products are most likely less harvested in the lower reaches of the Xe Bangfai. 32.5 IMPACT ON RIVERSIDE GARDENS As described in Chapter 30, there are various types of crops and gardens grown on the sloping banks of the Xe Bangfai, generally established in two locations and in three main periods or seasons as follows: Locations: (a) sloping mid and upper slopes of the river, (b) lower, and often flat slopes Seasons: (a) early dry season, when the rivers discharge is decreasing, and crops are grown on the groundwater still in the upper and mid slopes, (b) mid to late dry season, when the river has achieved its relatively stable low flow and crops bit mainly vegetables are grown with water drain from the river, (c) early wets season, when the river is still low but increasing in discharge, and crops can be grown on rainfall, on the upper slopes. The impact of the NT2 Project on these gardens will be due to two main affects: Effect of higher water levels: The higher water levels in the Xe Bangfai due to the NT2 project discharges will physically flood those areas in which fields and gardens are currently established on the mid and lower levels of the riverbank. Effect of erosion and slumping: The increased rate of erosion which may be caused by the NT2 Project discharges will erode those areas currently used as riverbanks gardens or fields. These gardens and fields can probably be re-established on the new banks of the re-formed river, but it may take some time to establish exactly how the new riverbank will be shaped. The impact of the NT2 Project on riverbank gardens will be: (a) most pronounced in the upper areas of the Xe Bangfai, and less pronounced in the lower areas, due mainly to the relatively less increase in river discharge due to the NT2 Project, in the lower Xe Bangfai; November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts (b) almost 100 % impact on the lower level dry season gardens, but progressively less impact on the mid and especially upper slope gardens, the impact being dependant on erosion and especially slumping; (c) some people will try to re-establish gardens, especially vegetable gardens., on the mid and upper slopes, although this may be difficult in the early years while the river is still establishing its new morphology; (d) even in the absence of an erosion effect on upper riverbank slope gardens and fields, there will be physically less room or area in which to establish these gardens and crops. Based on the above prediction of what may happen after the NT2 Project, a maximum predicted impact on river bank gardens and fields is presented in Table 32-7 below. Table 32-7: Size and Households with Riverside Fields/Gardens (2004), and Possible Maximum Impact of the NT2 Project. Riverside Crop Fields Riverside Vegetable Garden Possible impact Possible impact Current from NT2 Current from NT2 Total HH No. of Area Area No. of Area Area District (2004) Area (ha) HH as % in ha Area (ha) HH as % in ha Mahaxay 1,265 103 526 80 82.5 4.01 45 100 4.01 Xe Bangfai 1,651 74 486 80 59,2 5.25 55 100 5.25 Nong Bok 2,120 41 432 40 16.4 4.34 100 70 3.01 Xaybouli 2,808 98 698 40 39.2 4.56 73 70 3.19 Total 7,844 316 2,142 199.1 18.16 273 15.46 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts Thus, a maximum of about 199 ha of crop fields and about 15.46 ha of vegetable gardens fields, farmed by up to 1,500 households may be impacted by the NT2 Project, and may not able to re-establish field and gardens higher up on the river bank, at least in the early years after project commissioning. 32.6 IMPACT OF EROSION ON RIVERSIDE ASSETS 32.6.1 Buildings It is expected that the NT2 Project will cause erosion, to some extent, in the upper and mid sections of the Xe Bangfai, and it is the fixed structures in these 2 zones that will be affected. Erosion, if any, in the lower Xe Bangfai is not predicted to cause any impact to structures on the edge of the riverbank. Various fixed assets or buildings are currently located on the banks of the Xe Bangfai, mainly some houses, but also some shops, rice barns, open rest pavilions and temples. The exact type and number of such structures located within 20 m of the brink of the Xe Bangfai riverbank, on both sides of the river has recently been surveyed, and the data is now being analysed. With increased erosion rates along the Xe Bangfai (predicted to be up to 20 m in the early sections of the upper Xe Bangfai) there is a potential that those structures located close to the river may start to slip into the river. For the owners of fixed assets on the edge of the riverbank structures in the mid and upper zones of the Xe Bangfai, such impact of erosion will either result in: (a) the construction of riverbank protection in sections of the riverbank in front of (and to protect) these structures; or (b) the requirement to relocate the structures further away from the edge of the riverbank. For fixed structures which have cultural or community value, or for stretches of the river bank which have a high density of fixed structures, and where it is observed that these structures are threatened by erosion, then the NT2 Project will construct riverbank protection. In other cases, and where relocation is feasible, the NT2 Project will assist in the relocation of buildings that are under threat from the increased erosion. 32.6.2 Irrigation Pump Installations Increased river bank erosion may affect or erode the footing which support supply pipes carrying water from floating irrigation pumps to irrigation channels on the top of the river bank. There are currently 19 such pump irrigation systems in the mid and upper Xe Bangfai, and this would be the maximum number of system that will be effected. In cases where the erosion is undermining the footings then the NT2 Project will ensure protection of the supply pipe footings or reestablishment of the supply pipeline. Thus, this effect will be totally negated by Project mitigation. 32.7 IMPACT ON ACCESS ACROSS THE RIVER As detailed in Chapter 30, some communities often cross the Xe Bangfai in dry season by various means for various reasons and by various methods ­ mainly walking across rapids to visit gardens and forests, but also across temporary bamboo bridges, and some low level truck and hand tractor crossings (see Table 30-25). The increased water level in the dry season will make such seasonal temporary dry season river crossings no longer possible. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 Chapter 32: Description of Livelihood Impacts 32.8 IMPACT ON PUMPING INSTALLATION MANAGEMENT The weekly (weekend) drop in the Xe Bangfai river level, due to the cessation of NT2 Project discharges on Sundays, will require adjustments to the way irrigation pumps floating on the Xe Bangfai are connected by flexible hoses to the supply pipes carrying water up the irrigation canals on top of the river bank. Currently, the positions (inlets) along the supply pipe that these flexible hoses are connected to changes a few times per year, as the river falls in the dry season and rises in the wet season. The hoses and connectors are not particularly sophisticated, and changing them is somewhat laborious. After NT2 Project Commission, the river will rise and fall significantly once per week, and thus the way in which these hoses are connected and disconnected to the supply pipe footings will have to be improved to make it more practical. In addition, there may be some 'within weekly' variations in NT2 Project discharge from the regulating pond, resulting in fluctuations of the Xe Bangfai river level of up to (about) 1 m in the upper zones. Thus, the flexible hoses currently connecting the floating pump to the supply pipe may be too short to account for such variation, which will also not be known or predicted by the irrigation pump operators. Thus, these pipes will need to be lengthened and made more flexible. It may be that current ­ and certainly future ­ irrigation pump installations are designed and constructed as axial lift pumps, with engines situated on top of the river bank, with no flexible connectors required. This would totally void the problems described above. 32.9 IMPACT ON DOMESTIC WATER USE The water in the areas downstream the power station might not be suitable for human consumption, or even domestic use, during the first years of operation, due to four main factors : - increased turbidity, especially during the dry season; - presence of organic matters, originating from the decay of the biomass on the plateau; - possible presence of sulphur compounds (H2S), due to anoxic decomposition of biomass, most likely during the dry season; - difficulty to access the water during the week-end drawdown (slippery and/or eroded riverbanks). Although some of these impacts may have a limited geographical extension, an extensive compensation program will need to be implemented, in order to maintain access to a water of domestic quality during operation of the powerplant. ********** * * * ********** November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai CHAPTER 33 ETHNIC GROUPS ALONG THE XE BANGFAI Table of Content 33 ETHNICITY AND PROJECT PLANNING.............................................................1 33.1 DEFINITIONS OF ETHNIC MINORITIES ........................................................................1 33.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ETHNIC GROUPS (ALL COMMUNITIES) ALONG THE XE BANGFAI .4 33.2.1 Overview of Ethnic Composition in the Downstream................................................................................... 4 33.2.2 Lao or Tai-Lao...................................................................................................................................................... 8 33.2.3 `Lao Assimilated' .................................................................................................................................................. 9 33.2.4 Phou Thay............................................................................................................................................................. 9 33.2.5 Lao Kaleung........................................................................................................................................................ 10 33.2.6 Other Lao Loum Groups.................................................................................................................................. 12 33.2.7 Brou ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13 33.2.8 Khmu...............................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 33.2.9 Other Groups..................................................................................................................................................... 15 33.3 INTEGRATION AND INTERMARRIAGE.......................................................................... 15 33.3.1 Degree of Integration into Mainstream Economy ........................................................................................ 15 33.3.2 Degree of Intermarriage.................................................................................................................................... 16 33.3.3 Language and Dialects....................................................................................................................................... 16 33.3.4 Integration Case Study 1 ­ Upper XBF.......................................................................................................... 17 33.3.5 Integration Case Study 2 ­ Middle XBF......................................................................................................... 17 33.3.6 Integration Case Study 3 ­ Lower XBF.......................................................................................................... 18 33.4 RELATIONS WITH OTHER GROUPS ............................................................................. 18 33.5 BELIEF SYSTEMS AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ISSUES.................................................. 18 33.5.1 Overview of Belief Systems.............................................................................................................................. 18 33.5.2 Folk Buddhism ................................................................................................................................................... 19 33.5.3 Territorial and Ancestral Spirits ....................................................................................................................... 19 33.5.4 Life Cycle Rituals................................................................................................................................................ 20 33.5.5 Moving Houses................................................................................................................................................... 21 33.5.6 Cultural Heritage ................................................................................................................................................ 21 List of Tables Table 33-1: Classification of Ethnic Groups along the XBF............................................................................1 Table 33-2: Ethnic Groups in Relation to OD 4.20...........................................................................................3 Table 33-3: Overview of Ethnic Groups in Districts along the Xe Bangfai ..................................................4 Table 33-4: Self-nominated Ethnicity of Male and Female Heads of Household along XBF (2003)........4 Table 33-5: Ethnicity in Downstream Villages....................................................................................................5 Table 33-6: Overview of Buddhist Rituals.........................................................................................................19 List of Figures Figure 33-1: Ethnic Groups of Villages along the Xe Bangfai...........................................................................7 Figure 33-2: Continuum of Socio-Economic and Cultural Integration............................................................9 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai 33 ETHNIC GROUPS ALONG THE XE BANGFAI 33.1 DEFINITIONS OF ETHNIC MINORITIES Unlike the Nakai Plateau, the Xe Bangfai communities consist of Tai-Lao ethno-linquistic category (commonly referred to as Lao Loum), and ethnic minorities (Mon-Khmer groups, primarily Brou, often collectively referred to as Lao Theung). Applying the principles of OD 4.20 (1991) and ADB Policy on Indigenous Peoples/Ethnic Minorities (1998), therefore, requires distinguishing which groups qualify as minorities that may require additional measures in planning, implementation and monitoring. Table 33-2 below differentiates between these groups based on criteria outlined in the WB Operational Directive and ADB Policy. · Self-identification and identification by others as being part of a distinct cultural group, and the display of desire to preserve that cultural identity (this is applicable only to the Brou communities and related Mon-Khmer groups); · A linguistic identity (indigenous language) different from that of the dominant society; · Social, cultural, economic, and political traditions and institutions distinct from the dominant culture (only some aspect applicable to Brou communities); · Economic systems oriented more toward traditional systems of production than mainstream systems (only applable to some Brou communities in the Middle Xe Bangfai); and · Attachment to traditional habitats and ancestral territories and the natural resources in these habitats and territories (Brou communities) An analysis of the ethnic data below indicate that the Tai-Lao (Lao Loum groups), that is the Lao, Phou Thay, Lao Kaleung and Upland Tai groups do not qualify as `ethnic minorities' as they have institutions that are integrated into the formal political system, are more exposed to market economics, have Lao, dialects of Lao or similar languages to Lao, and identify themselves (emic) with the main official category of Lao Loum, which refers to the dominant cultural group in the country. Other groups refer to the different Lao-Tai groups as Lao Loum or the specific ethnic group name (etic). There are some differences between the groups as will be highlighted below but for the most part, all four groups are similar in terms of culture, language, socio-economic systems and political structures. This is also the case in relation to Buddhism, social organisation and material culture. Table 33-1: Classification of Ethnic Groups along the XBF Anthropological Official Referred to by Others Self-reference Designation Classification (Etic Categories) (Emic Categories) Tai-Lao (Lao) Lao-Tai Ethno- Lao Loum, Lao Lao Loum, Lao linguistic Group Phuan, Lue, Bo, Kaleung, Lao-Tai Ethno- Lao Loum, Lao, Lue, Bo, Lao Loum, Lao, Lue, Bo, Katak, Nyo and Yooy linguistic Group Kaleung, Katak, Nyo and Yooy Kaleung, Katak, Nyo and Yooy groups Phou Thay and sub-groups Lao-Tai Ethno- Lao Loum, Phou Thay, Tai Vang, Lao Loum, Phou Thay, Tai Vang, (Tai Vang) linguistic Group Lao Lao Sek Lao-Tai Ethno- Lao Loum, Sek, Lao Lao Loum, Sek, Lao linguistic Group Upland Tai Groups (Tai Lao-Tai Ethno- Lao Loum, Tai, Tai Men, Tai Lao Loum, Tai, Tai Men, Tai Men, Tai Daeng, Tai linguistic Group Daeng, Tai Dam, etc., Lao Daeng, Tai Dam, etc., Lao Dam, etc.) Brou Mon-Khmer Lao Thueng or Makong Brou, Chauly, So, Katu, Katang, (and related Kautic Ethno-linguistic Tri, etc. Some are even claiming Groups) Group to be Lao Loum or Lao The Brou or Makong exhibit considerable degrees of adaptation and assimilation in relation to the dominant lowland culture but, nevertheless, have retained some `ethnic minority' characteristics, including less integration into market place economics and some degree of ethnic language and self-identity. It should be pointed out, however, that many of the Brou communities strive to identify themselves with the dominant culture (often referring to themselves as Lao Loum on occasion), having similar livelihood November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai systems and material cultures, and adapting many aspects of Lao social organisation and even aspects of folk Buddhism. All groups have been co-existing side by side for a considerable amount of time and there are no taboos against inter-marriage or co-habitation in the same village. The situation is fluid and all indications point to a merging of Brou groups with the dominant culture. Of the ethnic groups noted above, it is the Brou (including sub-groups and related groups: Chauly, So, Katu, Katang, Tri, etc.) that area considered `ethnic minorities' according to WB and ADB policy. It should be noted however, that while this section of the SDP/EMDP deals with all ethnic groups in the downstream, with an emphasis on the the Brou communities,all groups will be affected by the NT2 project in the same manner, and location in the different project impact zones will determine the extent of impacts. In contrast to the Nakai Plateau communities it is important to emphasis the following points: · The Brou (Makong) have a strong sense of belonging to the region but this is shared with the dominant lowland Lao and Lao Loum groups along side whom they dwell. There is far less, or minimal, reliance on natural resources;these are not examples of small, isolated and vulnerable groups. · The Brou in the lowland areas are integrated into the national economy, some even producing a surplus of rice that is sold in local markets or in Thakhek). · The Brou communties in the upstream Xe Bangfai are not among the poorest segments of the Lao population in terms of food security and methods of production. Instead they are seen to utilize techniques similar to the lowland Lao in the region. All groups cultivate rain-fed and irrigated wet- season paddy, and incomes are on average three times that of the Nakai Plateau communities. Brou villages in the Middle XBF, however, are relatively poor with little in the way of surplus production and services. · As a result of food surpluses and a fair degree of integration into the mainstream economy, all downstream villages have fairly stable socio-economic patterns and are more homogeneous than Plateau villages. Given the irrigation potential, it is likely that there will also be further opportunities for improving their standard of living and preserving village solidarity and ethnic identity. · Folk Buddhism, bilingualism and considerable intermarriage also characterise all Lao Theung groups. However, there is a difference in degree of integration between the groups that are fully or nearly fully integrated into Lao Loum culture and some Brou that still retain aspects of their culture and language. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai Table 33-2: Ethnic Groups in Relation to OD 4.20 Ethnic Collective Attachment to Subsistence-oriented Group Land Traditional Institutions Economy Language Self-identity Lao Private ownership of Traditional institutions merged Most with agricultural surplus Speak national language, few Majority ethnic group in the paddy and riverside with formal political institutions traded in local markets and cases of bilingualism country, Lao gardens, communal and Folk Buddhism is main some off-farm employment Literacy levels and attendance grazing areas religion Range of food sufficiency and at school fairly high income levels from very poor in isolated areas to good standards in urban areas. Phou Private ownership of Traditional institutions merged Most with agricultural surplus Phou Thay spoken at home Identify themselves as Phou Thay paddy and riverside with formal political institutions traded in local markets and All bilingual (Phou Thay and Thay and Lao Loum gardens, communal and Folk Buddhism is main some off-farm employment Lao related languages) Assimilation into grazing areas religion Range of food sufficiency and Literacy levels and attendance mainstream culture ongoing income levels from very poor at school fairly high and many Phou Thay in isolated areas to good characeristics disappearing standards in urban areas. Lao Private ownership of Traditional institutions merged Most with agricultural surplus Lao Kalueng dailect of Lao Identify themselves as Lao Kaleung paddy and riverside with formal political institutions traded in local markets and spoken at home Kaleung, Lao or Lao Loum gardens, communal and Folk Buddhism is main some off-farm employment All bilingual (Lao Kalueng Assimilation into grazing areas religion Range of food sufficiency and and Lao related languages) mainstream culture ongoing income levels from very poor and many Lao Kaleung in isolated areas to good characeristics disappearing standards in urban areas. Brou Private ownership of Traditional institutions for the Subsistence-oriented economy Brou spoken at home and in Identify themselves as Lao (includin paddy and riverside most part merged with formal with limited surplus for trading villages but in many cases Theung, Brou, Tri, Makong g sub- gardens, communal political institutions and some and barter in Middle XBF area. Brou is only used among and in some cases as Lao groups) grazing areas aspects of Buddhism. Some elders. Loum villages practise a version of Most bilingual and fluent in Partial assimilation into Christianity Lao language mainstream culture ongoing November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai 33.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ETHNIC GROUPS ALONG THE XE BANGFAI 33.2.1 Overview of Ethnic Composition in the Downstream Table 33-3 below has been adapted from Provincial Statistics for Khammouane and Savannakhet Provinces (2001) and shows the main areas of the downstream in terms of broad categories of ethnic groups at a district level. The category of Lao also refers to the Lao Kaleung and some of the Lao Assimilated who were most likely Brou who have adapted the Lao language and culture and paddy cultivation over a period of hundreds of years. The category of Brou probably includes other Lao Theung groups, such as the Chaly, Tri and Vietic groups. The category of Phou Thay and Tai are also not distinguished. Table 33-3: Overview of Ethnic Groups in Districts along the Xe Bangfai District Ethnic Groups No. Villages Households Percentage Brou (Lao Theung) 29 1,189 39.3 Lao (Lao Kaleung) 20 1,096 36.2 Mahaxai (Khammouane) Phou Thay (Tai) 9 445 14.7 Sek 4 164 5.4 Selang (Vietic) 3 134 4.4 sub-total: 65 3,028 100.0 Phou Thay 39 3,529 51.4 Nong Bok (Khammouane) Lao 31 3,333 48.6 Brou (Lao Theung) 2 2 0.0 sub-totals: 72 6,864 100.0 Lao 24 2,073 55.9 Xe Bang Fai (Khammouane) Brou (Lao Theung) 17 876 23.6 Phou Thay 9 757 20.4 sub-totals: 50 3,706 99.9 Total 187 13,598 In contrast to the Nakai Plateau and the Nam Theun 2 Watershed, the population affected by increases in flow along the Xe Bang Fai represent more well-established villages. Table 33-4 provides an overview of ethnic groups present along the Xe Bang Fai that are in the zones impacted by the Nam Theun 2 Project, which is a summary of the data presented in Table 33-5. Table 33-4: Self-nominated Ethnicity of Households along XBF (2003 Ethnicity Survey) Total Ethnic Groups Numbers % Tai Lao and related groups 8,604 56.0 Phou Thay 4,988 32.4 Upland Tai Groups 315 2.0 Brou and related groups (Kautic) 1,394 9.1 Other Groups 77 0.5 Totals 15,378 100.0 Figure 33-1 indicates the different groups in the Downstream Area and illustrates the challenge in applying OD 4.20 since a number of villages are mixed and all groups inhabit the same area with similar or identical economic systems along the rivers that will be impacted by the Nam Theun 2 Project. From a planning point of view, it is necessary to distinguish between those villages that have characteristics of Lao Theung or Brou ethnic groups. It should be emphasized, however, that the approach to mitigating any negative impacts and enhancing benefits is participatory and culturally sensitive for all groups. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai Table 33-5: Ethnicity in Downstream Villages Replace with New Table Tai Lao PhouThay Upland Tai Groups Kautic (Mon-Khmer) Groups Kham Others Total Village u Vietic oa eng m District i-L na ieo gne g k Boi gnule tak o talto y ngaVi talto Mi Dai Dai oahKi keAi o talto i talto talto o ka Sai tan iO yau wa cite ong o r mesante i ain No Name Name konga Ta Phu Lue Se Ta Ka Ka Ny Yoi Sub Phou Tha Ta Sub Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Kwan Pha Pa Phu Ta Sub M So Salu Tri Ka Ta So Lave Na Sub Khamu Vi Hm Ya Iko Vi e Tha Ch Sub Upstream 1 Mahaxay Kangyangkham 1 37 1 39 5 5 1 1 1 1 46 2 Mahaxay Nathamdong 45 1 3 49 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 55 3 Mahaxay Nathanthong 31 31 2 2 33 4 Mahaxay Veun 1 36 37 1 1 38 5 Mahaxay Nakhay 83 83 3 3 1 1 1 1 88 6 Mahaxay Nongkok 35 1 36 1 1 37 7 Mahaxay Ilan 16 1 17 1 1 80 80 98 8 Mahaxay Naphong 1 1 1 1 1 1 91 91 94 9 Mahaxay Dangkang 8 8 68 68 76 10 Mahaxay Vaththat 5 5 2 2 67 67 74 11 Mahaxay Somsanouk 2 1 3 2 2 76 76 1 1 82 12 Mahaxay Nakeo 7 7 3 3 141 141 151 Upper 13 Mahaxay Kengsavang 20 1 21 12 12 9 9 42 14 Mahaxay Mahaxaineua 88 88 5 5 1 1 1 3 8 8 104 15 Mahaxay Mahaxaikang 2 52 46 100 17 17 3 3 5 5 125 16 Mahaxay Mahaxaytai 170 3 27 1 3 204 35 35 6 1 1 10 1 19 10 3 13 271 17 Mahaxay Phouvaneua 155 155 2 2 2 2 159 18 Mahaxay Phonevatai 58 1 15 63 1 138 16 16 52 8 60 11 1 12 226 19 Mahaxay Phanang 1 81 82 82 20 Mahaxay Khamfeung 1 163 2 166 1 1 167 21 Mahaxay Pong 8 8 2 2 2 2 56 1 57 69 40 Mahaxay Nahi 94 2 96 1 1 97 45 Mahaxay Phonasaath 24 3 67 43 3 140 36 36 6 1 15 22 24 1 25 1 1 2 4 227 52 Mahaxay Phonekham 5 26 2 2 35 22 22 4 1 5 4 2 3 9 1 1 72 22 Xebangfai Kengpe 104 1 3 108 5 5 1 1 2 2 116 23 Xebangfai Thako 62 1 4 67 4 4 1 1 2 2 74 24 Xebangfai Thathat 1 1 1 1 87 87 89 Mid 25 Xebangfai Kengkhen 2 1 9 1 1 14 2 2 47 47 63 26 Xebangfai kengkasi 3 2 22 3 30 15 15 1 1 2 39 39 86 27 Xebangfai Veunsanan 37 2 9 1 3 52 24 24 2 3 5 2 12 26 26 114 28 Xebangfai Hatpek 2 1 3 39 39 42 29 Xebangfai Paksenoi 120 1 1 122 9 9 5 5 136 30 Xebangfai Thasyda 40 40 40 31 Xebangfai Nathan 1 1 2 132 132 134 32 Xaibouli Lao 1 1 60 60 61 33 Xaibouli Xiegkhai 16 16 180 180 1 1 197 34 Xaibouli Kengveng 2 2 149 149 2 2 153 35 Xaibouli Dongmarkfai 161 161 2 2 1 1 1 1 165 36 Xaibouli Palai 9 9 10 10 51 1 52 71 i Xebangfai Thamlai 2 1 1 134 138 5 5 3 3 146 ii Xebangfai Soum 1 1 2 1 123 128 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 135 iii Xebangfai Koktong 125 2 3 130 4 4 134 iv Xebangfai Khokkengkhen 46 1 47 2 2 2 1 1 4 2 1 3 56 Lower v Xebangfai Nongbone 2 5 7 241 241 1 3 4 252 vi Xebangfai Bueghouananeua 87 87 87 vii Xebangfai Teug 344 344 344 viii Xebangfai Dongsavang 46 46 46 iv Xebangfai Bueghouanatai 180 180 180 x Xebangfai Buehouanakang 53 53 53 xi Xebangfai Nasoi 91 2 1 94 8 8 1 3 1 5 2 2 109 37 Xebangfai Khouase 205 6 2 15 2 4 234 94 94 1 4 1 6 11 11 1 1 2 347 38 Xebangfai Dangtha 1 1 135 135 136 39 Xebangfai Napaktha 145 3 4 152 3 3 1 1 156 40 Xebangfai Somsaath 11 1 12 34 34 1 1 47 41 Xebangfai Yangkham (??) 219 4 2 225 2 2 1 1 228 42 Xebangfai Hathkahmhieng 2 2 157 157 159 43 Nongbok Namphu 1 1 106 11 117 1 1 119 44 Nongbok Dongkasin 1 1 131 131 132 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai Tai Lao PhouThay Upland Tai Groups Kautic (Mon-Khmer) Groups Kham Others Total Village u Vietic District Lao- n ua oB gnuel kta o ltatob g ou ay Van ltatob ei gn Mo Dae Dam aohK g k Ae an oa k o ua Saen ltatob gnok lui i gnta Oi yau ltatob uma ciet ong o semanet ai ani ltatob No Name Name ro Tai Ph Lue Sek Tai Ka Ka Ny Yoi Su Ph Th Tai Su Tai Tai Tai Tai Tai Kw Ph Pa Ph Tai Su Ma So Sa Tr Ka Ta So Lave Nawa Su Kh Vi Hm Ya Ik Vi e Th Ch Su 45 Nongbok Sorkbor 50 50 137 137 1 1 188 46 Nongbok Nati 144 1 145 145 47 Nongbok Pakeetou 2 6 8 119 119 127 48 Nongbok Hathxiengdy 30 30 424 424 1 1 2 1 1 457 49 Nongbok Dongsangum 48 8 56 23 45 68 2 1 3 6 3 3 133 50 Nongbok Dongpakpeua 314 7 321 321 51 Nongbok Tanteung 231 231 82 82 313 52 Nongbok Xamnady 436 7 3 9 221 676 351 351 3 121 2 126 9 9 1162 53 Nongbok Navangneua 3 2 5 253 253 3 3 1 1 8 8 270 54 Nongbok Navangthong 3 6 4 13 4 124 128 1 2 3 6 6 150 55 Nongbok Hathxaiphong 2 2 112 112 114 56 Nongbok Navangnoi 0 132 132 132 57 Nongbok Navangtai 0 172 172 172 58 Nongbok Sadueneua 290 290 290 59 Nongbok Saduetai (??) 165 4 1 170 8 8 3 3 1 1 182 60 Nongbok Phonesaoea 121 7 7 1 136 11 11 1 1 7 7 155 61 Nongbok Thamouang 84 84 84 62 Nongbok Danpakxe 99 2 14 1 1 117 9 7 16 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 6 143 63 Xaibouli Manilath 120 120 26 26 2 2 148 64 Xaibouli Khamsavang 94 94 1 1 95 65 Xaibouli Dangsavanh 120 120 120 66 Xaibouli Souvanxai 25 25 93 93 1 1 119 67 Xaibouli Hartkhamdee 70 1 71 4 4 75 68 Xaibouli Tonhaen 286 1 287 9 9 296 69 Xaibouli Beungxe 42 42 113 113 155 70 Xaibouli HartxaysoungNeua 208 208 1 1 209 71 Xaibouli HartxaysoungTai 204 204 1 1 2 2 207 72 Xaibouli Thadorkkham 32 32 39 39 71 73 Xaibouli Kangpa 36 36 77 77 1 1 1 1 115 74 Xaibouli Thabor 20 20 77 77 97 75 Xaibouli Kengposi 101 101 7 7 1 1 109 76 Xaibouli Sakong 151 151 4 4 1 1 156 77 Xaibouli PakpeuaNeua 101 101 2 2 103 78 Xaibouli PakpeuaTai 109 109 1 1 1 1 111 79 Xaibouli Somsaath 170 170 1 1 171 80 Xaibouli Houyhair 133 133 133 81 Xaibouli Naxiangkhane 125 125 2 2 127 82 Xaibouli NongheuathongNeua 149 3 152 - 152 83 Xaibouli NongheuathongTai 16 2 2 20 2 2 1 1 23 84 Xaibouli Thapoxai 74 1 96 171 9 9 1 1 181 85 Xaibouli Thakham 151 151 1 1 152 86 Xaibouli Nasang 162 1 163 67 67 1 2 1 4 2 2 4 238 87 Xaibouli Bouakhay 213 213 20 20 1 1 5 5 239 88 Xaibouli Pong 35 35 112 112 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 9 13 163 89 Xaibouli Paksebangfai 134 2 136 7 7 1 11 12 155 Total: 5950 57 44 22 59 1457 265 728 22 8604 4367 621 4988 98 128 4 7 3 20 8 41 2 4 315 1369 1 2 9 4 5 2 1 1 1394 27 2 3 0 1 8 34 2 77 15378 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai Figure 33-1: Ethnic Groups of Villages along the Xe Bangfai November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai 33.2.2 Lao or Tai-Lao The dominant and majority ethnic group in Lao PDR is the Lao or Tai-Lao, making up a little over half of the population of the country and about half of the population of communties along the Xe Bangfai. They are referred to as Lao Loum and belong to the Tai ethno-linguistic family. This grouping, however, consists of a number of local sub-groups such as the Lao speakers in the northern, central and southern parts of the country. The Southern Lao, including Lao Thakhek and Lao Savannakhet sub-groups exhibit certain differences in dialectics, cultural practices and historical development in relation to other Lao-speakers to the north and central parts of the country. In the downstream, the Southern Lao are the dominant in the Lower XBF Zone but are also found in the Middle XBF. The Lao are usually an important group in all large villages with market centres and towns in lowland areas of Khammouane and Savannakhet Provinces in general, but in particular along the Mekong River and NR13. A number of Tai-Lao have recently settled in towns or new villages in the project area. All Lao groups are characterised by Buddhism and paddy production in lowland areas of the country. The Lao exhibit matrilocal tendencies but inheritance, responsibility for parents in old age and the location of children's houses depend on pragmatic considerations of wealth, skills and relationships. The Southern Lao villages in the downstream are integrated to a large extent into the mainstream economy since they are usually located close to roads and markets and have some access to services. The Lao villages in the lower parts of the XBF in general have the highest crop productions in the project area. Example of a Tai-Lao Village: Dan Pakse, Lower XBF The Village of Dan Pakse is a medium-sized Lao village located on the lower Xe Bangfai. The village has a temple and primary school but no medical dispensary. It is reportedly 100 years old and was established about three generations ago by Lao settlers from Nakhon Phanom and That Phanom on the Thai side of the Mekong in search of a better site for paddy cultivation and fishing. These settlers were possibly descendants from groups forcibly resettled by the Thai in the mid-1800s. Other Lao groups have settled in the village from sites along the XBF and from Nongbok District. There are several cases of Phou Thay men marrying local girls and settling in the village. There is evidence of a move from larger, kin-based labour units or work pools to individual households and cash payments for labour. The vast majority of households seem to engage in both paddy cultivation and fishing. About seven percent of the adult population (mosty males) were reportly working in Thailand and sending back funds to families. There are few other livelihood options since there is little forest about and limited land for grazing. The primary school is functioning well and all children are attending. The village received electricity in 1994 and has piped water supplying about 30% of the households with the rest relying on wells and rain water. The Lao of Dan Pakse exhibit many of the traditional Lao cultural characteristics found throughout the country. These include birth ceremonies (ngeun keun), postpartum recovery , postpartum recovery (yuu fai), initial post-marital residence at the wife's house (uxorilocal), nature and ancestral spirits and cremation (cremation and burial for accidental deaths). There is only one monk at the temple as well as two novices so monks from surrounding villages are called in when villagers celebrate large Buddhist rituals, such as Bun Panae, Bun Pawet and Bun Bangfai (often combined to include Buddhist legends and rain-making rituals), Bun Khao Padapdin and Bun Salak (offerings to ancestors) and rarely Bun Khao Phansa and Bun Auk Phansa (Buddhist Lent ­ only when there are a number of men or boys being ordained). Other typical Lao features include rules governing newly married couples, such as prohibitions on entering or passing by one's in-laws rooms and location of a cemetary outside of the village proper. The inhabitants claim that their rules for governing behaviour are less strict than other ethnic groups and site that newly married couples can dine together with their in-laws and that there are no prohibition on fishing or hunting on the day of a Buddhist ceremony or cremation. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai 33.2.3 `Lao Assimilated' There is an important hybrid group in the project area which can be called `Lao Assimilated', that is various Mon-Khmer groups that have adapted Tai-Laoidentity over the centuries and become or are rapidly becoming fully assimilated into Tai-Lao or lowland Lao culture. They exhibit all the characteristics of other Lao groups but there are certain aspects of earlier cultural practices that linger. This includes: · Buddhism is not as prominent among these Lao in comparison with Tai-Lao and Phou Thay groups although these Lao would claim they practise a form of Buddhism that is the same as their neighbours. There is seldom a monastery in Lao Assimilated villages. · House designs sometimes reveal a mixture of Lao designs and Mon-Khmer characteristics such as the presence of roof carvings and two entrances (Brou) in large Lao style houses. · Village layout tends to reflect both the river orientation of the Lao (rows) and the cluster orientation of many Mon-Khmer villages. Language of the Lao Assimilated groups tends to be that of the closest Lao Loum groups, such as the Lao Kaleung, Tai Yooy or Phou Thay. Upon being asked what ethnic group villagers were, the most common answers were Lao Loum (the common category for Tai-Lao lowland groups as a whole) or Lao thamadaa, which means `regular' Lao. It often took considerable prodding before villagers could be classified with a number of communities falling in the Lao Assimilated category as a result. Levels of technology vary considerably but contact between the different groups, similar languages or bilingualism, has led to a lot of sharing. The proximity of villages of different ethnic groups often determines the level of technology transfer. Lao Assimilated are not included under OD 4.20 but included in the general category of `Lao'. However, if there are any significant characteristics of Lao Theung exhibited, the household or groups are classified as Lao Theung. In Figure 33-2, an overview of the present situation is presented to illustrate the process of assimilation to and adaptation of mainstream Lao culture. In many of the villages that are recorded as being Brou or other ethnic minorities, there are few signs of ethnic minority culture, mostly among the old. In most of these villages, assimilation into mainstream Lao culture will be complete by the next generation. Examples of intergration are presented in sections 33.3.4-6 below. Figure 33-2: Continuum of Socio-Economic and Cultural Integration Isolation / subsistence economy / Full integration into little or no Buddhism or lowland Continuum mainstream, market economy, Lao influences Buddhism and lowland values Phou Thay and Lao Lao-assimilated Brou (Mon-Khmer Groups) 33.2.4 Phou Thay The Phou Thay (also written Phu Thai or Phu Tai) are also referred to as Lao Loum and belong to the Tai ethno-linguistic family. Their language and culture are similar to the Southern Lao, and they share similar beliefs (Buddhism) and livelihood systems, that is paddy cultivation in lowland areas. The Phou Thay are concentrated along the Xe Bang Fai and Xe Noy rivers in Savannakhet and Khammouane provinces, occupying lowland areas east of the Lao for centuries, possibly arriving in the area at the same time or before the Lao. The represent about one third of the population along the XBF. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai Due to cultural similarities and considerable intermarriage with the Lao, Phou Thay culture appears to be merging with Lao culture or at least shares many similar traits. Most Phou Thay are fluent in Lao and are integrated into the mainstream culture and economic system. Phou Thay villages in the Lower XBF are for the most part well established and prosperous with significant rice surpluses. Some are almost indistinguishable from Lao villages. The Phou Thay language and Lao related similar and for the most part mutually understandable (see Table 12-5 for sample vocabulary lists). In almost all cases, Lao is the language of communication between the groups since most Lao in the region only have a passive knowledge of Phou Thay. The Tai Vang are a sub-group of the Phou Thay found in a number of villages in Nong Bok District. There are approximately 150 households (621 individuals) in this district. Example of a Phou Thay Village: Hatxiendy Lower XBF Hatxiendy is a large, old Phou Thay Village in the lower XBF, claimed to have been re-established after villagers returned from Thailand about 150 years ago, after the involuntary resettlement of many ethnic groups there during the early to mid-1800s. Other Phou Thay groups have settled in the village from other locations in Savannakhet Province. There are several cases of men marrying into this village from surrounding Lao and Phou Thay villages. As is often the case among the Phou Thay, there is a preference for parents to reside with one of their sons during old age in contrast to the Lao preference for daughters. Worship of ancestral spirits is also different, being traced along the male line and incorporating daughters- in-law, rather than along the female line and incorporating sons-in-law, as is the case among the Lao. Similar to many groups in the region, there is evidence of a move from larger, kin-based labour units to individual households and cash payments for the hiring of labour from poorer relatives and families in the village during planting and harvesting of rice. Most households are engaged in paddy production but it was reported that only about 50% of households fish, mostly in the dry season. There are no forests areas in the vicinity of the village for income sources, but about 10% of the families run small business, 10% send remittences from Thailand and 12% were reported to raise livestock (limited grazing areas). School attendence is high despite the poor condition of the school. There is no health dispensary but a number of local people selling medicine and a Medical Assistant has visited on several occasions for vaccination programmes. No traditional medical practitioners lived in the village ­ no source of traditional medicines. Electricity arrived in 1988 and almost all families use piped water or draw from wells. The Phou Thay of Hatxiendy practice Buddhism and the village has an old temple, reportedly 140 years old. There is a stupa and an assembly hall for ceremonies. Most Buddhist rituals are held in the temple where four monks and three novices reside at present. There are also three priests (maw) for household ceremonies such as tying wrists (baasii), marriages and leading the laity during holy day ceremonies. Like the Lao, the Phou Thay practise lying by the fire and give offerings to both nature and ancestral spirits on various occasions. Rules governing the behaviour of newly married couples (contact with their in-laws and entering their bedrooms) and allowing the corpse of a person who died an accidental death to enter the village or pass it are shared by both the Lao and Phou Thay. In terms of different ethnic characteristics, villagers pointed out that many distinguishing features had disappeared due to close contact with Lao culture. They mentioned that specific rules governing kinship behaviour, ritual performances and architectural features, such as traditional double roofs for large houses, were no longer present in the village. The Lao language is in the process of replacing Phou Thay, and most described their language as Lao but with certain differences in vocabulary, pronunciation and experessions. 33.2.5 Lao Kaleung The Lao Kaleung, like the Bo of the Nakai Plateau, are an interesting example of cultural change, adaptation and assimilation. The Lao Kaleung are officially classified as Lao Loum, however the term Kaleung seems to indicate that they may have been Lao Theung groups that has been assimilated or have adapted to Lao or Tai languages, culture and customs, most likely through an association with Lao groups November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai over many centuries. The prefix `Ka', `Kha' or `Kh' most often refers to non-Tai groups in Lao PDR, such as Kh(a)mu, Katang, Katu, Kanay, Kri, etc. Kha is the word for slave in Lao, and this term was used to describe the original inhabitants of Southeast Asia (Austro-Asiatic groups) by the Tai-speakers. Vargyas (2000: 13), writing on the Brou in Vietnam, indicates that one name that the Vietnamese use when referring to the Brou is `Ka Leung', and this would seem to support the theory that the Lao Kaleung were originally Brou or at least Brou that have adapted Tai-Lao cultural traits and language. The Lao Kaleung also have a `special relationship' with the Brou in that neither is to break the cultural taboos of the other. This consists of an oath wherein both sides agree not to take offence at the other's behaviour regardless of whether it is a violation of cultural norms (CARE 1996:18). Vocabulary lists indicate that Lao Kaleung resembles Lao and Tai Yooy dialects. The Lao Kaleung are found in areas south and southeast of the Nakai Plateau and dominate the Upper and Middle sections of the XBF as well as parts of the the upper reaches of the XBF. The area around Mahaxai Town seems to have the highest concentration of Lao Kaleung and may be their place of origin. 1475 individuals are classed as Lao Kaleung in the project downstream area. Example of a Lao Kaleung Village: Phon Bok and Phon Sithong, Gnommalath District The twin villages of Phon Bok and Phon Sithong to the east of Gnommalath, near the Nam Phit and close to the junction between the NR12 and NR8B is a medium sized Lao Kaleung settlement originally established about 1924. Some informants at this village reported that a number of the founders were originally from Thailand and this area offered the possibility of paddy production. Other groups (Phou Thay, Lao and other Kaleung) arrived from Ban Phangdeung and Ban Nong along NR12 in the 1940s onwards. Most houses contain single-generation families and it appears that labour networks are less and less based on extended kinship systems. Kinship is still important for some activities, such as the construction of new houses. There are several examples of marriage to groups in the surrounding area ­ Phou Thay, Sek and Brou (Makong) groups. The only restrictions on marriage is not to perform ceremonies on Buddhist holy days and during the second half of all months. In terms of livelihood, the Kaleung are involved in paddy production, some harvesting of NTFPs, livestock raising and wage labour (workers at the plywood mill and several in government jobs), but no fishing (too far from fishing grounds and rivers). There is s functioning primary school and all children attend. A village health volunteer is active, and it was reported that the use of traditional medicine is on the wane with the exception of postpartum recovery. Brithing takes place either at the home with the help of the VHV and experienced women or in the hospital ­ there are no traditional birth assistants (mae tham yae). Electricity arrived at the village in 2003 and there is safe drinking water from two wells and two pipes. Postpartum recovery for women is practised in all households with strict diets and baci ceremonies when leaving the fire. Post-marital residence varies but favours the female line traditionally. The bride price is presented in the evening and the feast and baci takes place on the next day. There are two types of arrangements: dong tan ­ wife resides at her husband's house (similar to Phou Thay and Brou) ­ and dong kheoy suu ­ husband resides with wife's family (Lao tradition). Cremation ceremonies are the norm but for death of children and accidental death, burial is practised. Offerings to a territorial spirit (phii mahesak) in nearby Ban Phanoy occurs in December and involves the slaughter of chickens and presentation of various foods and alcohol, supervised by a priest (mô phii-mô chum). There is a monastery in the village but no monks at present. Monks come from surrounding villages to hold Buddhist ceremonies, including cremations, Bun Panae, Bun Pi Mai, Bun Khao/auk Phansa, Bun Padapdin and Bun Salak. In the village there are several ritual specialists (mô yao) who conduct curative rituals. All villagers speak a dialect of Lao. In terms of ethnic differences, villagers pointed out that they did not have kalapeup (folded money given away during cremations) like the Brou, that their house building ritual was different (herbs and offerings to spirits before poles placed in the ground) and that there own traditional leaders (jao khun) enforced rules governing behaviour, silence and restrictions, especially regarding unmarried women and recently married women. All leaders, both traditional and formal, were Kaleung. The village has a long history of stable population and location, only being abandoned November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai temporarily during the Second Indochina War when people fled to the surrounding forests and lived in limestone caves to avoid the bombing. 33.2.6 Other Tai-Lao Groups There are other Tai-Laogroups in the downstream that should be mentioned in this description. All these groups have very similar livelihood systems and cultures, sharing many traits with the Lao and Phou Thay. The approximate number of individuals is given since due to the number of mixed marriages, the ethnic identity of the children being difficult to determine. Many of these ethnic Tai groups are merging into the mainstream Lao culture. · Tai Bo are similar to the Lao Kaleung in that they were probably originally Mon-Khmer groups or possibly Vietic that have adapted to Lao culture and now speak only a dialect of Lao. The are found on the Nakai Plateau and east of the Plateau as well as in Hinboun District as well as spread out in small numbers in Gnommalath, Mahaxai and Xebangfai Districts. Culturally and linguistically the Tai Bo are very similar to the Lao in the downstream areas, and there is a merging of the categories of Tai Bo and Tai Lao. 59 individuals stated that they belonged to this ethnic group. · Tai Yooy are one of the oldest Tai-speaking groups in this part of Lao PDR. Linguistically the Yooy are related to Lao and Kaleung. There are 22 individuals, mostly in Mahaxai and Gnommalath Districts. · Tai Katak is a sub-group of the Phou Thay and is found in Nongping in Gnommalath District (ca. 15 households) and in Thathat, Thamlai and Soum in Xe Bangfai (ca. 50 households). In all 265 individuals were recorded. This split is reported to have taken place recently and languages and cultural practices are very similar. It is is possible that the Katak were originally Brou or a related group that have adopted Phou Thay culture and language as is the case with the Kaleung and Tai Bo. The prefix `Ka' would indicate possible Mon-Khmer origins. · Tai Nyo are another old Tai-speaking group indigenous to this area. Their language is similar to Phou Thay and large numbers are located in Bolikhamxai Province in the vicinity of Muang Hinboun. In the project area, the villages of Phonevatai, Hatkhamhieng, Phanang and Phonsaath in Mahaxay District have sizeable populations (about 125 households) and there are smaller numbers in other areas, altogether 728 individuals recorded. · Upland Tai groups are found in small groups throughout the project area. These groups are recent arrivals from the north and along the border with Vietnam, some having been resettled by government programmes. These groups have their own languages and dialects, and are sub-groups of the southwestern branch of the Tai language family. In terms of belief, most have adapted Buddhism as their religion but there are considerable elements of spirit beliefs, usually more than among other Tai Lao groups. A number of Upland Tai have married into other Tai Lao groups and settled in the region. 315 individuals were recorded, mostly Tai Moei,Tai Daeng and Tai Pao. · Tai Phouane have a similar culture and language to the Lao. This ethnic group was originally found in Xieng Khouane Province and the surrounding area but now dispersed throughout the country after the Phuan kingdom was destroyed in the nineteenth century and due to disruption caused by war. There are 57 individuals recorded. · Tai Lue are from the northern part of the country and have resettled in the south due to war and migration, both voluntary and involuntary. The Tai Lue population is concentrated in Bokeo and Luang Nam Tha provinces, but smaller groups are distributed throughout the country. There are a 44 spread out over the project districts. · The Sek are different from the other Tai groups in terms of language and culture and there is some disagreement as to their origins. It is possible that they could originally have been Austro-asiatic and have gradually adapted cultural aspects from Vietnamese and Lao/Tai cultures. In the downstream area, the Sek originally came from areas to the north (Nakai District) and have nearly completely assimilated into mainstream Lao culture. There are 279 Sek people with concentrations of population in Kengpe, Thako and Nasoi in Xe Bangfai District. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai 33.2.7 Brou The Brou, or Makong as they are classified by the Lao, are members of the Western Kautuic section of the Austro-asiatic (Mon-Khmer) language family, and are classified as Lao Theung, according to commonly used categories. They are found in Khammouane and Savannakhet provinces and across the border in Vietnam. There are approximately 100,000 Brou in Lao PDR. The Brou are patrilocal and patrilineal and practise a number of different livelihood systems, ranging from swidden agriculture to paddy cultivation. Many Brou have adapted Buddhism to some degree but a belief in spirits is still prevalent (cf. Vargyas 1996; Sparkes 1997). The Brou in the project area are representative of the range of livelihood systems and integration into mainstream Lao culture. Many Brou in the downstream areas consider themselves as Lao Loum due to the fact that they share a similar livelihood system as the lowland Lao and practice some Buddhist traditions and rituals (primarily cremation rituals in which monks partake) although there are few monasteris in Brou villages. The Brou along the XBF have intermarried with both Southern Lao and Phou Thay, some losing their culture and language completely. Most Brou are bilingual but in some villages Lao is the predominant language of communication (Middle XBF). However, it should be noted that Lao and Phou Thay that marry into Brou villages are for the most part integrated into Brou culture and their children are considered Brou and learn Brou culture and, in some cases, Brou language. Almost all Brou are bilingual and fluent in the Lao language. Aspects of Brou culture that distinguish them from the Lao Loum groups is the use of Brou language, a predominant belief form and cosmology based on spirits (kamut) and elders council (Lao: thao khun) that is responsible for maintaining traditional practices, rituals and performing Brou ceremonies. There are several other smaller groups related to the Brou in the downstream. The Chalouy, Pouli, Salui and Tri groups are all subgroups of the West Kautic branch of the Austro-asiastic language family (Mon- Khmer) and share similar culture and language to the Brou. It is possible that many use Brou or Makong as a general term and have not stated sub-groups in the survey. However, differences between these groups and sub-groups are not significant in terms of language and culture and there is a high degree of assimilation among many communities. Example of Brou (Makong) Village: Bunghouana Tay, Lower XBF Bunghaana Tay is a medium-sized Brou (Makong) village located on National Road No. 13. The original village was some distance from the present site, but it seems that part of the village has relocated along the road, changing orientation from a nearby stream and paddy fields to the transportation corridor. Villagers claimed that the original site was very old (perhaps 100 years old?) and that the village was established because of the potential paddy land in the vicinity. The Brou claim that there were originally from Nongbone, what is now a Lao village location to the south on the XBF. It appears that social organisation is more traditional than the Lao villages in the areas in that half of the houses consisted of extended families. A number of Lao and Phou Thay men have married into the village and settled there. Although there are no restrictions on intermarriage, there are a number of important rituals for ancestral and village spirits that are held. The main work unit appears to be the extended family rather than individual households, as is the case among most of the Lao and Phou Thay. The majority of the Brou of Bunghaana Tay cultivate rice and fish throughout the year. However, it was reported that many young men seek work in Thailand, mostly temporary work since they return to the village for the planting and harvesting of rice. Livestock raising is limited due to a lack of pasture. Although there are not large forests near the village (very limited NTFP extraction), traditional medicine is still widely used and there are still some local practitioners (maw yaa). The primary school is in reasonable condition and attendance is high. There is an active village health volunteer. Drinking water is obtained from two wells but these are not sufficient in the dry season when water is taken from an irrigation channel. Electricity was installed in most houses in 2003. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai The Brou of Bunghaana Tay observe a number of key rituals that are similar to the Lao but differ in detail: lying by the fire, tying wrists at marriage and recovery from illness (baasii), offerings for ancestors (bun padapdin and bun salak) and occasionally Buddhist Lent is observed. Differences include, dowery arrangements, post-marital residence as patrilineal, rituals by traditional healers and burial instead of cremation. Many traditional Brou ceremonies have incorporated elements of Buddhism and monks are called in from Tung village (Phou Thay) to hold large ceremonies. Other characteristics that distinguish the Brou of Bunghaana Tay from the Lao and Phou Thay are language, behaviour and architecture. Most adults and older children were reported to be bilingual. The Brou language is used in the domestic sphere, with other Brou from the region and within the village itself. Lao is used when talked to non-Brou in the village and with outsiders. Brou is still the maternal language of all children except for cases of intermarriage where children are exposed to two languages in their first years. Regarding behaviour, there are complex rules for young girls before marriage, for kindness to guests, for entrance into houses (two entrances for the different generations), for prohibiting commensuality between generations and with in-laws, and for speaking to in-laws (restrictions for daughters-in-law immediately after marriage). Male village elders (jao kok, jao lao) are highly respected and their power may be more absolute than in Lao and Phou Thay villages. In relation to architecture, traditional houses have wooden tiles (khé sao) and the layout is governed by kinship rules similar to the Lao ­ division of rooms, location of spirit post and direct of beds ­ but seem to be more strictly adhered to. The villagers claim that they were referred to as Sô, Kha or Lao Theung before but now most outsiders called them `Makong', the Lao term for Brou, which is their own name for their ethnic identity. Example of Chalui Village: Kenglek, Gnommalath District Another Kautic minority group found in the downstream is the Chalui, a group that is closely related to the Brou and can really be classified as a sub-group. An example is the village of Kenglek on the Nam Katang. There are also Chalui villages along NR12 and a number of households throughout the region. This medium sized Chalui village was errected on this site in 1996 from a nearby old site that was claimed to be more than 200 years old. The reason for the move was the old site had reached its carrying capacity in terms of area under culitivation and erosion from the Nam Ngom. The origin of the Chalui was stated as being from the Vietnamese border area to the east. The village has few outsiders with only one Lao and one Brou males married to local women. The basic unit of labour is the extended family for both agricultural production (rice) and community and ritual events, such as house building. In terms of livelihood the main activity is paddy with some collection of NTFPs (mushrooms, bamboo, etc. in the nearby forests) and livestock. There are no small businesses in the village but a few people earn wages from the nearby plywood factory. About one third of the households fish in the XBF in April-May and October-November. The school is in poor condition and offers only primary 1. Attendence is good for this class. There is no dispensary but two people work as VHVs. The Chalui use a number of local herbs and plants as traditional medicine and this is collected from nearby forests. Electricity was installed in 2002 but there is not a yearly supply of safe drinking water ­ two wells in only the rainy season while the Nam Ngom is the source for most households in the dry season as well as the collection of rain water. Traditional birth assistants (mô tham yae) and husbands help the women during childbirth except in case of complication when a trip is made to the hospital. Postpartum recovery is practiced for 5-15 days with a strict diet and baci and animal sacrifices for leaving the fire. Post-marital residence is mostly at the house of the woman but it is common for a couple to establish their own household one year after marriage. However, both marriage forms (patrilocal residence ­ dong tan ­ and matrilocal ­ dong kheoy su) are practised. Cremation is practiced for `natural' deaths but children and accidental deaths require immediate burial in the cemetary outside the village. There is a small monastery but after an elderly monk passed away in 1983 it has not be used as a residence. Monks come from the larger Lao Kaleung village of Nongping to conduct cremations and Buddhist ceremonies, such as Bun Pi Mai, Bun Khao Salak and Bun Khao Padapdin. Other Buddhist ceremonies, such as Lent and offerings of robes are not observed. Some distinct features of Chalui customs are the arrangements for marriage which include specific reckoning of auspicious days by specialists and large numbers of animal sacrifices (chickens and pigs) and November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 14 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai bars of silver. In cases of divorce and the man is at fault, half of the bride price has to be returned and a buffalo sacrificed to the spirits of the women's family (kin hang for the phii heuan). If the women is at fault the payment is half of the above mentioned amounts. The bride price is double if the women moves into the man's house in order to compensate for the loss of labour. The mô cham and jao khun are responsible for overseeing all rituals and cultural events. All Chalui are fluent in Lao but with different intonations and accent. They mentioned that they practised kalapeup during cremations and other rituals and that they have their own ritual for their own village spirit (phii thiem) in March, involving animal sacrifices, dancing and drinking. Traditional house design is disappearing, thatch roofs, large single room and bamboo walls being replaced by modern materials and layout involving several partitions or rooms. Most of the leadership are former soldiers but all are Chalui. During the Second Indochina War , in 1969 up to 11 people were killed along with more than 60 head of cattle because of US Airforce bombing. As a result people moved into nearby caves and cultivated fields during the night. As many as four households left for Thakhek but most returned after 1975. 33.2.8 Other Groups There are only two individuals belonging to the Vietic groups. They are found in separate villages in the downstream and are married to other ethnic groups. There are a small numbers of non-indigenous Hmong, Yao and Ikor ethnic groups who have moved into the downstream area recently from areas in Northern Laos and adjoining provinces. It is assumed that these individuals are married to local people. In addition, there are a number of Thai (36), Vietnamese (52) and Chinese (2) living in downstream villages and towns. These are not indigenous and mostly consist of merchants and labourers or are married to local men and women and integrated into local village life. 33.3 INTEGRATION AND INTERMARRIAGE 33.3.1 Degree of Integration into Mainstream Economy There are a number of factors that reveal that the downstream communities are more integrated into the mainstream economy than the communities on the Nakai Plateau. · Household incomes are considerably (at least three times) higher than those of the Nakai Plateau (average of 1,868,860 kip in 1998 for the Plateau and 6,110,319 kip in 2000 for the Downstream) although 64.9% of households are classified as below the Lao poverty line set at 5,904,000 kip in the downstream in 2001. · The vast majority of households have paddy land (52% with irrigated wet season, 22% with irrigated dry-season and 26% with rain-fed only) and the landholding averages are 1.59 ha for poor families and 2.39 ha for non-poor families with an average sale of rice production sold gauged at 7.9% of household income, indicating a food surplus on the whole. · Hand tractors, rice mills, water pumps and luxury goods such as motorbikes and TVs are owned by many households. The Lower XBF is the richest area, but averages are not significant for most items in the survey. · Off-farm employment results in wages forming over 15% of household income and smaller percentages of income are derived from shops, stalls, remittance and other sources (ca. 12%). This implies that more than 30% of household incomes on average are not agriculturally based. There are differences between the ethnic groups in terms of integration in each zone, but this results in a range for all groups. Hence, Brou in the Lower XBF in some cases have higher incomes than Lao and Phou Thay in the Middle XBF. The same can be said for cultural integration. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 15 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai 33.3.2 Degree of Intermarriage There are no taboos regarding marriage between different ethnic groups. However the preferred partner is most often of the same ethnic group or from the same village or town. Consideration of social status and location (proximity in terms of support for parents) are perhaps more important in many cases that ethnic group. Intermarriage is one key factor in mixing and merging of ethnic groups and there is good reason to believe that this has been a factor in the creation of new hybrid groups like the Lao Kaleung, Tai Bo or even possibily the Sek. A sample from a selection of villages supports these claims: · In the Brou village of Na Kio near Mahaxay, there were at least two Lao men and one Lao Kaleung woman that had married Brou recently in addition to a number of previous marriages between Brou and other groups. · In the mixed village of Tha Kor on the Middle XBF (Sek and Lao Assimilated), many cases of intermarriage were recorded with some not being able to establish an ethnic identity (Lao Loum) there were two PhouThay and two Brou that had taken partners. · In the mixed Lao Kaleung village of Nongkok on the Upper XBF, three had married with Brou from nearby villages but only one had remained in the village itself · In the a Lao Kaleung village of Tha Pha on Road 12, there were three Brou women and four Brou men that had married and settled into the village and a number of other marriages to Brou and Phou Thay that settled outside of the village In terms of social organization and inheritance, it appears that the patrilineal and virilocal aspects of Brou kinship are slowly being replaced by Lao matrilineal and matrilocal practices. Although both forms are usually present in Lao Assimilated villages, the latter is far more the norm. Location determines ethnic identity for the most part in that the person who is marrying into a village may have to learn a new language and culture. There is not always a full integration but that person's children will usually adopt the ethnic identity of the village. Hence most villages in the project area are mono-ethnic. 33.3.3 Language and Dialects Language is a key issue related to ethnicity and a good indicator of the presence of a different culture and ethnic identity. When an ethnic minority language disappears, one can often assume that the sense of being a unique ethnic group may be seriously threatened. The disappearance of ethnic languages in the Downstream, in some ways paralleling the advance of the majority Lao language on the Nakai Plateau, is indicative of a changing ethnic situation. Clearly Lao is making inroads everywhere and it is possible that in a generation or two, only a few villages will have an ethnic minority language as the language of daily interaction. At present there are about a dozen Brou villages where Brou is spoken in daily intercourse and a dozen more villages where elders alone retain a knowledge of the language. The degree of assimilation and adaptation is illustrated in Figure 33-2. Language is an important factor in consultations since the goal is the ability to communicate aspects of the project to affected communities and thus involve them actively in planning, implementation and monitoring. There are a number of dialects of Lao and Phou Thay in the downstream. However, the use of the Lao language for all Tai-Lao groups should pose no problem. A comparison of Lao with Lao Kaleung and Phou Thay (see Table 12-5 in Chapter 12 for the range of Lao dialects and sample expressions) reveals a high degree of similarity in vocabulary although differences in tones, it should be noted, add an important dimension. Translators will not be needed in Tai-Laovillages since all are familiar with standard Lao that is taught in school and is the language of interaction in most cases outside of the domestic or village context. As regards Brou villages, most, if not all Brou villagers in the downstream area, have at least a good working knowledge of Lao, some using it as the daily language of communication. However, since Brou (and other West Kautic dialects and languages) as well as Khmu are very different languages to Tai languages and dialects, translation may be necessary in some cases and provisions should be made for this. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 16 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai Special consideration should be made for the elderly and women since they are the two groups likely to have the poorest knowledge of Lao (illiterate) or have the least practice in using the language. 33.3.4 Integration Case Study 1 ­ Upper XBF Three cases are presented to illustrate the complex and dynamic ethnic situation in the downstream area. The first case deals with a cluster of villages near the Upper XBF in Gnommalath District. Two Phou Thay villages, Na Hay and Na Katang, have been established for over five generations. These villages are large and relatively prosperous with large houses and paddy fields. Two neighbouring villages (Na Vaeng and Phone Thoum) which can be classified as Lao Assimilated in Figure 33-2, or more precisely in this case as `Phou Thay Assimilated' were established about three generations ago. They were a mixture of Brou (Makong) from the nearby Ban Na Sok and Phou Thay settlers from the original villages in the vicinity. The resultant mix can be characterized as assimilation of Brou groups into Phou Thay culture. All villagers use a dialect of Phou Thay in the village although people are conversant in Lao as well, often mixing the languages. Wet season paddy is the most important livelihood characteristic. Few Brou elements are visible and few state outright that they are anything other than Lao or Phou Thay at present. However, people did admit that their ancestors had been Makong (Brou). The village of Tha Pha, located in the vicinity of the above mentioned villages, is located along Road 12 and is fairly new village. However, Tha Pha was originally the site of a Brou village, most of which relocated nearer the Phou Thay villages. After the upgrading of Road 12, some households have relocated to Tha Pha on the road. The result is a mixture of ethnic groups, dominated by the Lao Assimilated (formally Brou but now without any significant trace of Brou culture and language). There are eight examples of Brou marrying into the village from the surrounding area. However, most villages insisted that they were Lao Loum or Lao thamadaa (`regular Lao') or even Lao Kaleung. It is difficult to classify such a transition or dynamic situation but the general trend is for Brou groups to adapt culture and language characteristics of the neighbouring Lao or Phou Thay. 33.3.5 Integration Case Study 2 ­ Middle XBF The cluster of villages (Keng Pe, Tha Kho and Tha Hat in Xe Bangfai District) are illustrative of another type of assimilation process. These villages are located along the XBF but are some distance from a main road. Keng Pe is a mixed Tai-Lao village with most of the population originating either in Nongbok District, Khammouane (Tai Lao or Sek) or in Xepon District, Savannakhet (Phou Thay). There is also a substantial number of villagers from the surrounding area (Lao Kaleung and Brou) that have moved in or married with residents. Although a number of languages are spoken in the domestic sphere, Lao is the predominant language of communication for all villagers. This fairly large village has electricity, reasonable services, a number of shops, a monastery and transportation links to the main road (daily pickups ferrying people). Several kilometres downstream is the village of Tha Kho. This village could be designated as `Lao Assimilated' on Figure 33-2 since most people interviewed stated that they were Lao Loum and, Brou was not spoken by most people. A number of villagers originated in Nongbok District (Ban Eetou) but material culture and other signs indicated that many inhabitants were probably originally Brou or related Kautic ethnic groups. These origins have either been forgotten or are denied in a conscious attempt to be seen as belonging to the more advance ethnic category of Lao or Sek. Marriage between Sek, Phou Thay and Brou ethnic groups were recorded. This claim was substantiated by the presence of a small monastery inhabited by an elderly monk and a novice. A further three kilometres downstream is the village of Tha Hat. Upon making enquiries as to which ethnic group lived here, the answer received was `Salui', a corruption of a sub-group of the Brou, the Chalui, as well as Makong, Brou or just Lao Theung. People here admitted that they were an ethnic minority and Brou was spoken among villagers although all fully understand Lao. Five Lao had married into the village and had only a passive or limited working knowledge of Brou and relied on the Brou speaking Lao to them. This village was relatively poor in terms of material culture and agricultural production. There was no health centre and the small school was manned by a Lao-speaking teacher from Tha Kho. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 17 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai Buddhist monks were only present in the village during cremations but many reported that they had elders carry out the ceremonies since they lack adequate funds to hold Buddhist rituals and to provide food and gifts to the monks for their services. Burial was still practised but mostly for accidental deaths only. 33.3.6 Integration Case Study 3 ­ Lower XBF The villages of Saadeu Tai and Saadeu Neua, located near the month of the XBF in Nong Bok District, were most likely Lao Theung but now have all but lost traces of their former ethnicity. These villages are about four generations old and likely a mixture of Phou Thay (some informants mentioned Vang Angkham in Xepon District), Lao groups and `Kha' or Lao Theung (probably Katu or Brou groups in this case) from the interior of Savannakhet Province. Nobody, it was claimed had any knowledge of Brou or other Lao Theung languages and most denied that there was even a connection with Lao Theung. The village has a large monastery and extensive paddy although compared to the more established Phou Thay and Lao villages, it does not have a high standard of living or income. One telltale feature that distinguished most of the village from its neighbours was the village layout. Houses were close together without large kitchen gardens or fruit trees. These could be evidence of a more recently established village or reminiscent of the cluster arrangements of more traditional Lao Theung villages. 33.4 RELATIONS WITH OTHER GROUPS Interactions between the inhabitants of Xe Bangfai communities and other peoples are common. The region has been more or less (and to varying degrees) integrated into the national economy, and contact with the Nakai Plateau and other provinces is quite common. · Transferral of cultural beliefs, notably the spread of Buddhism and Tai-Lao cultural practices from along the Mekong to more upstream locations is ongoing. The degree of Buddhism, in general, decreases as one approaches the Nakai Plateau and heads for areas that are not accessible by road. While the Tai-Lao and Phou Thay practise a type of SE Asian Folk Buddhism (with considerable spirit religion input), the Brou, Lao Kaleung and Vietic groups have fussed beliefs in spirits with only limited elements of Buddhism. However, this is a dynamic situation. · Livelihood systems of theTai-Lao groups, including wet paddy cultivation have been adapted by the Brou in many cases such that the Brou in the lowlands have very similar livelihood systems to the lowland Lao. · Trade in livestock illustrates contacts with other groups to the north (Nakai Plateau) and to Thakhek. Buffalo from the lowland areas were, but no longer are, given to villagers on the Nakai Plateau for grazing since there was limited pasture in the lowland areas of Gnommalat and Mahaxai Districts. Buffalo were traded in the lowland areas at Thakhek. · Marriage between groups outside the downstream has been reported with no taboo on marriage between ethnic groups recorded. Intermarriage is one of the key indicators of cultural borrowing, language change and merging of socio-economic systems. In general, the matrilocal residence patterns, systems of bride price and other aspects of Lao culture are being adapted by the Phou Tha and Brou ethnic groups. 33.5 BELIEF SYSTEMS AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ISSUES 33.5.1 Overview of Belief Systems Most villages practise what can be called `Folk Buddhism' in contrast to more orthodox forms of Buddhism found in urban monasteries in the country. In addition to Buddhism, all of the ethnic groups believe in various spirits that control aspects of the cosmos and explain causality, including accidents, sicknesses, death and incomprehensible phenomena. Each type of spirit is associated with a certain location and a particular power to affect the lives of the living. There are a number of more isolated Brou villages that profess to believe only in spirits and the majority of two Brou/Lao Assimilated villages in the Middle XBF that have converted to Christianity. However, both Buddhism and Christianity exist side by side with spirit beliefs in these villages, with all villages participating in large communal rituals to ensure successful harvests and plentiful rain. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 18 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai 33.5.2 Folk Buddhism The expression `Folk Buddhism' is suitable for describing religious practices in the Downstream Area, as was the case with the Nakai Plateau. However, the extent of Buddhist practices and presence of monks in the lowland is significantly higher than on the Nakai Plateau which only has one functioning monastery. The following table provides an overview of the Buddhist calendar and which rituals are performed in the project area. Table 33-6: Overview of Buddhist Rituals Month Ritual Events Practices in the Downstream Jan Bun Khao Jii ­ Roasted Rice presented to Ritual only performed in large villages with monasteries and monks monks ­ primarily in the Lower XBF Feb Bun Panae ­ collective ritual for start of Bun Panae is performed by most villages but only in villages with Mar agricultural season monasteries do monks participate. Otherwise, elders and local Apr Bun Bang Fai ­ rocket festival to induce ritual specialists perform this ritual. This often combined with rains calling of spirits (phii thiem) by local ritual specialists in Brou and Bun Songkhran ­ Buddhist New Years some Lao Assimilated villages. and symbolic washing Bun Bang Fai is only held in large villages in the Lower XBF and in towns. Bun Songkhran is celebrated everywhere but the religious aspect is primarily in large villages with monasteries only. May No ritual activity ­ intense agricultural Jun activity Jul Aug Bun Khao Phansa ­ Start of the Lenten Only in villages with Buddhist monasteries retreat Vieng Tien or candle procession Sep Bun Khao Padapdin ­ offerings to spirits Practised in all villages but performed by monks in villages with and the Buddha for successful rice crop monasteries while in other villages (Buddhist or non-Buddhist) performed by local ritual specialists (maw) Oct Bund Khao Salak ­ offerings to ancestral Practised in all villages but performed by monks in villages with spirits and the Buddha for successful rice monasteries while in other villages (Buddhist or non-Buddhist) crop performed by local ritual specialists (maw) Nov Bun Auk Phansa ­ End of Lenten retreat Only in villages with Buddhist monasteries Dec Bun Totpapha/Bun Kathin ­ post-harvest Only in villages with Buddhist monasteries but small rituals by celebrations maw often held at household level after harvest The presence of monasteries/temples in villages and the availability of monks to conduct rituals determine to a large extent the degree of Folk Buddhism in the lives of villages. In villages where the nearest monastery is some distance away, the number of `Buddhist' rituals tends to be low, with the monks mostly only conducting death rituals and cremations. In general, Lao and Phou Thay villages tend to have monasteries in their villages or within the vicinity. Only the larger and more well established Lao Assimilated and Brou villages have monasteries and monks are very often recruited from other villages. 33.5.3 Territorial and Ancestral Spirits Territorial spirits are spirits that influence a large area around a village or group of villages. In Lao, Phou Thay and Lao Kaleung they are referred to as phi muang, phi meaning `spirit' and muang referring to the village or town territory. The equivalent word in Brou is kamut yiang or yiang su but the Lao expression in also used. These spirits receive annual offerings, kin seng, of buffalo, pigs, turtles or chickens along with alcohol and other items before the start of the agricultural season in February. Neglecting a spirit may incur its wrath, bring on sickness, disaster, crop failures or accident for individuals or the community as a whole. The ritual offerings consist of animal sacrifice (usually pigs and/or chickens), alcohol and various decorations. The date for a kin seng ceremony, as it is called, is agreed upon by the ritual specialists and approved by village authorities. In downstream villages, many did not conduct this ceremony on a regular basis, either participating in neighbouring villages' rituals or conducting smaller rituals, some at the household level only. Unlike the Nakai Plateau, most phi muang did not have a name. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 19 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai 33.5.4 Life Cycle Rituals A brief examination of life cycle rituals reveals both similarities and differences among the groups in the downstream. In general, the life cycle practices of the Lao, Phou Thay and Lao Kaleung are very similar with only slight differences in rituals, beliefs and practices. This is due to the fact that the Lao and Phou Thay are of the same ethno-linguistic group (Tai) and that the Lao Kaleung have been integrated into lowland Lao culture. Brou beliefs are similar in some cases due to a shared setting, interaction and a basic common Southeast Asian cosmology. The degree of influence from Buddhism distinguishes the Brou from the Lao and Phou Thay, but less so from the Lao Kaleung, who are likely Brou that have been `laoisied'. Birthing Most women give birth in the house or the house of their parents (Lao and Phou Thay) or in-laws (Brou). Traditional midwives and experienced elderly women as well as mothers, mothers-in-law are usually present to assist the woman. A recovery period after birth for the women and seclusion from society is called yuu fai among all the groups. Men have secondary or support roles only. The women consume copious amounts of medicinal water (made from boiling the bark of `female' trees) and follows a strict diet of rice and salt and in some cases dried meat. The length of recovery varies, but in general for the first birth it is 15 days and for subsequent births less, depending on the condition of the mother and child. Marriage Among all groups courting is common and young men and women decide themselves as to their future marriage partners. Parents need to approve but rarely refuse. Among the Lao Loum groups there is bride price (khaa dong) and a baci ceremony conducted by a priest. Post-marital residence is always matrilineal, at least initially. Among the Brou there is also a feast at the house of the bride. The groom's side provides the meat (one buffalo, 4 chickens and 4 pigs for a large feast) and alcohol as well as paying the bride price of up to one million kip. Among the Brou and some Lao Assimilated, residence patterns vary, and there seems to be a change from patrilocal to pragmatic considerations or even matrilocal residence due to influence from Lao Loum traditions. With increased intermarriage between groups, it seems likely that post-marital matrilocal residence of the dominant group may become the norm for the whole region. Illness Although there are government and private clinics and dispensaries in the downstream, there are also local practitioners and a belief that illnesses may have both natural (scientific) and supernatural causes. All groups have local practitioners called maw who are responsible for conducting elaborate baci ceremonies or simply tying the wrists of ill villagers. The use of traditional herbs is also prevalent with considerable borrowing amongst all groups. Death Traditionally, many groups in SE Asia buried their dead. It is only through the influence of Buddhism that cremation has become the norm among many Tai-Lao groups. For the indigenous Brou and other Lao Theung groups, burial was the norm. Whereas monks conduct cremation rituals for Tai-Lao groups, chant Buddhist texts and purify the living, Brou groups combine elements of Buddhism and spirit traditions. The following outline of a Brou death ritual was compiled from witnessing two rituals and discussions with various Brou ritual specialists: · The corpse is washed by same-sex relatives and laid out in its house or the house of the eldest family member shortly after death · Monks from the nearest monastery are called to chant prayers that day or the next day depending on the time of death and the time it takes to organise a feast and inform close relatives · A buffalo is slaughtered to feed the guests and monks perform a ritual for the spirit or khwan of the buffalo, the belief being that the spirit will be `rewarded' for the loss of life (providing food) by being reborn as a human being. · As the corpse was taken out of the house, bamboo musical instruments played `symbolic music' that only spirits could hear. This is to frighten the corpse (spirit) from returning to the house and haunting the living. This is called peuk phii in Lao. · The corpse is carried to the cemetery area for cremation where a ritual dinner is presented by the local priest (maw) before perfumed water is poured on the corpse. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 20 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai · As the pyre is lit, the monks chant again ­ sometimes a holy string is attached to the corpse before the pyre is lit but this is not always the case. · The next day, the male relatives place pieces of charred bone and ashes into a ceramic jar and this is placed beside a post ­ originally these jars were probably buried but are now left by the post. In some cases, there is another ritual (up to three years after the cremation) called jek khao, a kind of second burial that re-introduces the spirit back into the community as a benevolent ancestral spirit that watches over the living. It should be stated that spirit traditions are also present in Tai-Lao rituals but are not so prevalent as among the Brou and some Lao Assimilated (formallyBrou and related groups). Again, there are numerous shared cosmological concepts among the different peoples of SE Asia. 33.5.5 Moving Houses It is likely that a small number of houses or structures may be affected along the XBF due to bank slumping or erosion of the existing banks. So far approximately 25 stuctures have been identified as being within 20 metres from the banks of the XBF River. Less than half of these structures are houses. The following is a list of house rituals and requirements which most groups practice when building and moving into a new house. Again the differences between the groups should be noted during the preparations for the resettlement. Choosing the Site: The choosing of the site involves the divination (sieng), that is receiving a message of approval from the spirits. Ritual specialists may employ a piece of bamboo cut in two which is tossed into the air. If the two halves land upright or facing down it is auspicious to build a house on the site. If the two halves are of opposite values, it is inauspicious. Many villagers reported, however, that this was not always performed. Construction of Houses: Construction of the house (phuk heun), or at least the frame, is a joint effort involving relatives and other villagers. It is an occasion for a village celebration and feast in which the women cook a meal and the men all pitch in to erect the structure. This is done on an auspicious day according to charts of the months and old texts in the possession of village elders. A ceremony may involve only the raising of the first two important posts, sao jeh/eek and sao khwan. Moving In: Moving into a new house (kheun heun mai) involves a recreation of a journey and invitation to stay (kae hit). In many cases the roles of fictitious previous inhabitants of the house are played by a village elder (usually male) and the male household head wanders around the house before asking if he could enter to rest. The new inhabitant enters after receiving permission and hammers a nail to the post on which he hangs his belongings. This establishes him as the owner and the rest of the family member may then enter. There is also a calling of the house spirits (phi heun) to inform them that their descendants have moved into a new house and that they should protect and look after the interests of the living. 33.5.6 Cultural Heritage Bank protection structures to protect religious monuments, such as parts of a Buddhist monastery at Mahaxay Town, two churches in Kengkasee and possibly other areas are being planned and will be put in place prior to the operation period. At present a detailed survey is being carried out along the XBF to identify all locations. This survey will identifying all structures that are within 20 metres of the banks of the XBF, but this does not necessarily mean that these structures will require relocation. If sites cannot be protected in a feasible manner, consultations with local population to determine how to relocate gravesites or shrines too close to the river's edge are threatened by bank erosion. Discussions should be held with village elders and ritual specialists to determine the best means of doing this, including holding appropriate rituals and ceremonies. As with the Plateau communities, NTPC has indicated that it would co-operate with the Ministry of Culture and Information so that appropriate protective and/or salvage measures will be adopted if any archaeologically significant properties are uncovered during the construction activities. These may consist of old Buddha statues or religious objects from previous monasteries or shrines. The Concession November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 21 Chapter 33: Ethnic Groups Along the Xe Bangfai Agreement outlines contractual obligations regarding the minimization of potential impacts on cultural items during construction and as a result of inundation, including monitoring, visibly marking items, consultations with GOL if items are discovered and full compensation or replacement (see CA, Schedule 4, Part 1 and 2, `Protection of archaeological heritage'). ********** * * * ********** November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 22 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity CHAPTER 34 LIVELIHOODS AND ETHNICITY ALONG THE XE BANGFAI Table of Content 34 LIVELIHOODS AND ETHNICITY ALONG THE XE BANGFAI .......................1 34.1 METHODOLOGIES.........................................................................................................1 34.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS ............................................................................................1 34.2.1 Household Income Sources.............................................................................................................................1 34.2.2 Income in Relation to Ethnicity......................................................................................................................2 34.3 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION.......................................................................................5 34.3.1 Agricultural Production and Ethnicity ...........................................................................................................6 34.3.2 Livestock and Animal Husbandry in the Downstream................................................................................8 34.3.3 Livestock Production and Ethnicity...............................................................................................................9 34.4 FISHERIES ................................................................................................................... 13 34.4.1 Fisheries and Ethnicity...................................................................................................................................13 34.5 NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPS) AND ETHNICITY ................................... 15 34.6 VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES...................................................................................... 16 34.7 GENDER ISSUES........................................................................................................... 17 List of Tables Table 34-1: Cash and Imputed Household Income in Downstream Households........................................2 Table 34-2: Ethnic Groups and Income (Income and Totals)in Xe Bangfai Villages (villages marked in yellow should be shaded and in italics)..........................................................3 Table 34-3: Average Annual Household Crop Production by Zone (in kg) ..................................................6 Table 34-4: Village Average Annual Household Crop Production, Sorted by Wet Season Paddy Production ..................................................................................................................7 Table 34-5: Livestock Production per Household..............................................................................................9 Table 34-6: Village (and Ethnic Group) Livestock Ownership, Sorted by Cow Ownership............................................................................................................................................9 Table 34-7: Village (and Ethnic Group) Livestock Ownership, Sorted by Buffalo Ownership..........................................................................................................................................11 Table 34-8: Value of Fisheries to Total Household Income by Zone...........................................................13 Table 34-9: Fisheries Income per Village, Sorted for Increasing Total Fisheries Income .........................13 Table 34-10: Vulnerable Communities along the Xe Bangfai...........................................................................16 Table 34-11: The Division of Labour ...................................................................................................................17 List of Figures Figure 34-1: The Annual Agricultural Cycle..........................................................................................................6 Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity 34 LIVELIHOODS AND ETHNICITY ALONG THE XE BANGFAI 34.1 METHODOLOGIES Various methodologies were employed in assembling the baseline data for the downstream communities. A list of reports and surveys is provided in section 1.2 and here a review of the main approaches will be outlined. The following methods of data collection were employed at various stages in the planning for mitigation measures of ethnic minorities on the Nakai Plateau: · Household surveys for gathering socio-economic, health and fisheries data was carried out in August 2001 by the RMU and presented in the Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic, Health and Fisheries Survey (see Appendix I of the RAP). The data was collected by interviewing household members on an individual basis. · In-depth Interviews of individuals and families were carried out on several occasions (1997, 2001 and 2003) in order to obtain additional information relating to individual household economics, social organization, cultural practices, gender relations and resource use. · Discussions with local leaders were carried out on several occasions throughout the consultation process and during all surveys in order to update statistics on village population, migration patterns and relationships between traditional and formal positions of power within the villages. · Ethnicity Survey was carried out in 2003 by the RMU under the direction of NTEC. Discussion with ritual practitioners were also carried out in order to assess cultural practices, rituals relating to relocation, territorial spirits and religious beliefs by anthropologists in 1997 and 2003. · Participant Observation was conducted in selected villages by survey teams in 1997 and 1998 to observe firsthand village life and routines. Informal discussions were held with many villagers in order to gain insights into aspirations of villages. Survey teams consisted of government officials from the RMU, LWU and NTEC consultants. · First Round of Consultations: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques were used in 1997 as part of the gender-sensitive consultation process. This involved land use mapping. Groups of men and women discussed potential project impacts and livelihood needs. The results of these consultations were compiled by NTEC. · Second Round of Consultations on the impacts of the NT2 project in the downstream areas are to be carried out in 2004 with the aim of further clarifying impact issues All these various types of data were co-related, checked and fed into the planning process. These methods fulfill the consultation and planning criteria with regard to the taking into consideration the cultural and socio-economic needs of all ethnic groups in the Downstream. 34.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS A major survey of socio-economic conditions in the downstream communities was undertaken by the RMU in August 2001 (final version published in December 2002). This survey was based on a high 20% sample of 1,680 households from 112 villages along the Nam Kathang, Nam Gnom and Xe Bangfai. 34.2.1 Household Income Sources The most important source of income for downstream households is agriculture, presenting 33.6% of the total. Fish caught and sold was calculated at 13.3% in total and livestock (and wildlife) represented about 13.3% of imputed and cash income. Wages and pensions accounted for 28%. This reveals that the downstream economy in general terms appears to be more diversified in relation to sources of income. Nakai Plateau households derived far less income from wages (8-11%, 1996-98). Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity Table 34-1: Cash and Imputed Household Income in Downstream Households Upstream of Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Upper XBF Income Source % of total income Value of Consumed Agricultural Products 16.0 26.5 29.8 30.6 Value of Sold Agricultural Products 1.4 2.3 13.5 3.7 Value of Consumed Fish 10.3 14.4 11.6 11.2 Value of Sold Fish 12.6 6.7 3.4 2.2 Value of Consumed Livestock & Wildlife 0.9 2.6 1.6 0.9 Value of Sold Livestock & Wildlife 6.4 8.6 6.7 6.0 Pensions, retired persons 4.9 3.9 4.8 4.4 Wages 32.0 22.6 13.0 24.5 Leasing 0.3 1.4 0.8 0.0 Services 2.9 1.8 1.4 8.2 Small Shops 4.9 1.2 1.8 5.6 Remittance 5.7 4.0 11.1 0.8 Grants 1.9 3.9 0.6 1.9 Average Annual HH Income (Kip) 7,746,436 4,672,892 6,216,497 5,084,728 Average Annual HH Income (USD) $ 842 $ 508 $ 676 $ 553 It is also important to note that there are some variations between project zones. Due to a significant reliance on wages in the Upper XBF, income from agriculture and livestock are less than the other zones. This is due in part to the recent construction and upgrading of Road 12 to the Vietnamese Border in this area. Fishing appears to be more important for the Upper XBF as well, and this is probably due to larger fish stocks. In general, the Middle XBF appears to be the least developed in terms of infrastructure and access to markets and this is reflected in the lower average household income. 34.2.2 Income in Relation to Ethnicity In Table 34-2 detailed data from the XBF Survey Report illustrates the differences and similarities between ethnic groups in the downstream in relation to income and income sources. There are three main areas covered, each with different range of ethnic groups. For analytical purposes a selection of the villages will highlight the poorest (average household income below USD 400) and the richest (average household income above USD 800 and above the Lao poverty line. This will allow for the comparison of income with ethnic groups based on the ethnic data provided from other studies that is included in the table. In general, there is a tendency for minority villages (Brou and related groups) to have lower incomes than majority villages (Lao, Phou Thay and Lao Kaleung or other Tai-Lao groups). However, location and access to markets and services as well as the history of the village (migrations and date of establishment) play as much a role or an even more important one than ethnic composition, at least in terms of standard of living and income sources. Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity Table 34-2: Ethnic Groups and Income (Income and Totals)in Xe Bangfai Villages (villages marked in yellow should be shaded and in italics) Location Source of Income Pension Wage Leasing Servicing Small Shop Loan - Remittance Grant Consumed Sold Ag Consumed Sold Fish - Consumed Sold Income Incl. Income Not Income per Income per No. No. Village Ethnic Composition District agric products products - Fish Livestock & Livestock & Loan Incl. Loan HH not HH not Incl Wildlife Wildlife incl.loan loan (USD) 53 6 Paksenoy Tai Lao XBF 3,064,000 3,440,000 - - 200,000 1,000,000 30,000 2,935,000 7,405,400 960,000 4,121,000 3,280,000 75,000 1,650,000 28,160,400 27,160,400 1,810,693 $197 52 5 Hatpek Brou XBF 2,400,000 3,740,000 - - - 1,510,000 - 3,740,000 3,966,600 48,000 4,471,000 1,752,000 135,000 8,025,000 29,787,600 28,277,600 1,885,173 $205 54 7 Kokkengkhen Tai Lao XBF 3,504,000 9,360,000 - - - - 630,000 2,520,000 8,515,800 12,000 4,674,000 9,167,000 465,000 920,000 39,767,800 39,767,800 2,651,187 $288 48 1 Kengkasi Mixed - Brou/Lao/Phou Thay XBF 1,500,000 6,870,000 - - - - 2,000,000 3,359,000 8,247,400 90,400 9,339,000 7,232,000 380,000 775,000 39,792,800 39,792,800 2,652,853 $288 31 8 Nongkok Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 216,000 12,500,000 - 2,220,000 - - 100,000 1,900,000 14,312,700 1,705,600 4,486,000 1,544,000 135,000 2,385,000 41,504,300 41,504,300 2,766,953 $301 43 12 Eelane Brou Mahaxai 5,220,000 9,920,000 - 1,800,000 - 1,000,000 500,000 1,970,000 15,661,600 819,800 5,814,000 1,480,000 240,000 780,000 45,205,400 44,205,400 2,947,027 $320 105 46 Hatsaisugtay Tai Lao Saybouly - 2,820,000 1,500,000 150,000 800,000 - 3,460,000 - 19,859,700 9,778,600 3,978,000 463,000 190,000 1,525,000 44,524,300 44,524,300 2,968,287 $323 28 5 Nakeo Mixed - Lao Kaleung/Brou Mahaxai 600,000 14,150,000 - 600,000 - 300,000 - 940,000 13,265,800 29,000 9,931,000 1,040,000 170,000 4,745,000 45,770,800 45,470,800 3,031,387 $329 49 2 Veunsanan Mixed - Lao/Brou/Phou Thay/Tai Groups XBF 8,574,000 8,140,000 - 1,000,000 - - 2,200,000 3,970,000 8,494,200 40,000 5,216,000 5,234,000 1,915,000 1,070,000 45,853,200 45,853,200 3,056,880 $332 24 1 Kangyangkham Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 3,576,000 11,647,000 - 2,400,000 2,050,000 - 1,500,000 2,350,000 16,315,800 12,000 7,930,000 1,520,000 200,000 1,675,000 51,175,800 51,175,800 3,411,720 $371 106 47 Nongheuathongneua Tai Lao Saybouly - 4,686,000 1,100,000 577,200 200,000 200,000 150,000 1,000,000 28,922,300 3,226,000 5,564,732 2,088,000 445,000 4,275,000 52,434,232 52,234,232 3,482,282 $379 35 4 Vatthat Brou Mahaxai 3,550,000 11,060,000 - 900,000 - - - 1,000,150 28,538,500 659,000 6,579,000 2,464,000 195,000 300,000 55,245,650 55,245,650 3,683,043 $400 97 38 Thakharm Tai Lao Saybouly - 4,090,000 - 440,000 100,000 - 18,600,000 - 23,771,700 2,681,600 4,947,000 440,000 690,000 450,000 56,210,300 56,210,300 3,747,353 $407 108 49 Pahlay Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Brou Saybouly - 17,001,000 - 1,940,000 - 700,000 - 3,635,000 11,764,800 124,000 8,983,000 7,080,000 1,615,000 4,995,000 57,837,800 57,137,800 3,809,187 $414 58 11 Lao Phou Thay Saybouly 6,745,000 7,910,000 - - - 6,360,000 380,000 20,000 20,029,776 516,000 15,910,000 4,000,000 1,015,000 990,000 63,875,776 57,515,776 3,834,385 $417 74 15 Saadeauneua Tai Lao Nong Bok 204,000 7,222,000 - 760,000 - 100,000 4,000,000 136,000 22,291,200 3,996,800 11,659,000 584,000 1,110,000 6,405,000 58,468,000 58,368,000 3,891,200 $423 72 13 Dongphak-pheuang Phou Thay Nong Bok 4,008,000 9,980,000 - - 500,000 252,750 740,000 36,000 27,934,600 7,470,200 7,760,000 - - 180,000 58,861,550 58,608,800 3,907,253 $425 65 6 Hatkhamhieng Phou Thay XBF 500,000 10,450,000 600,000 - - 220,000 1,070,000 76,000 32,893,000 5,341,600 3,956,000 3,040,000 390,000 1,230,000 59,766,600 59,546,600 3,969,773 $431 95 36 Sakong Tai Lao Saybouly 4,560,000 1,496,000 - - 500,000 - 300,000 200,000 32,206,900 11,072,800 5,168,000 1,040,000 1,925,000 1,225,000 59,693,700 59,693,700 3,979,580 $433 73 14 Saadeautay Tai Lao Nong Bok 6,860,976 2,311,000 150,000 100,000 - 200,000 100,000 - 17,277,500 5,255,800 15,904,000 1,000,000 1,120,000 9,720,000 59,999,276 59,799,276 3,986,618 $433 101 42 Naxiengkhane Tai Lao Saybouly 4,056,000 8,672,000 - 1,800,000 - 2,350,000 3,400,000 1,209,000 22,950,400 5,726,600 8,006,000 2,128,000 440,000 1,965,000 62,703,000 60,353,000 4,023,533 $437 51 4 Nathan Phou Thay XBF 3,106,908 14,590,000 - 300,000 1,200,000 700,000 450,000 1,782,500 21,642,400 1,686,000 11,365,000 3,400,000 572,000 475,000 61,269,808 60,569,808 4,037,987 $439 98 39 Thaphoxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly - 4,300,000 - - 1,700,000 - 14,100,000 - 30,889,700 525,600 5,491,000 760,000 510,000 3,145,000 61,421,300 61,421,300 4,094,753 $445 41 10 Dangkang Brou Mahaxai 757,200 27,550,000 - 1,000,000 20,000 1,500,000 600,000 1,700,000 18,533,400 252,000 6,983,000 3,980,000 1,320,000 1,100,000 65,295,600 63,795,600 4,253,040 $462 107 48 Nongheuathong tay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 424,000 3,050,000 - 8,100,000 - 1,200,000 17,540,000 2,765,000 18,920,200 636,000 7,922,000 1,000,000 - 4,350,000 65,907,200 64,707,200 4,313,813 $469 76 17 Thamoang Phou Thay Nong Bok 2,832,000 1,480,000 - - - 600,000 6,900,000 1,887,000 18,981,200 2,884,200 15,517,000 1,648,000 2,080,000 13,700,000 68,509,400 67,909,400 4,527,293 $492 47 16 Thathat Brou XBF 241,000 20,535,600 - 1,837,500 6,947,000 200,000 - 6,500,000 8,831,000 400,000 4,790,000 12,128,000 155,000 6,170,000 68,735,100 68,535,100 4,569,007 $497 103 44 Hatkhamdee Tai Lao Saybouly 2,160,000 20,246,000 1,000,000 2,165,000 360,000 800,000 8,100,000 286,000 15,653,000 1,984,000 8,948,000 5,848,000 75,000 3,250,000 70,875,000 70,075,000 4,671,667 $508 77 18 Namphou Phou Thay Nong Bok 8,520,000 15,500,000 - 2,000,000 500,000 1,500,000 1,600,000 1,175,000 20,422,400 7,201,600 10,064,000 1,456,000 235,000 2,015,000 72,189,000 70,689,000 4,712,600 $512 110 51 Pong Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Thai Saybouly 444,000 2,140,000 - 2,800,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 10,000,000 - 25,277,200 10,902,400 8,761,000 2,823,000 1,068,000 2,830,000 74,045,600 71,045,600 4,736,373 $515 100 41 Nasang Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 15,348,000 5,090,000 - 960,000 400,000 100,000 2,440,000 - 22,222,100 5,109,700 6,857,000 3,224,000 1,065,000 8,335,000 71,150,800 71,050,800 4,736,720 $515 83 24 Hatxaifong Phou Thay Nong Bok 5,000,000 13,500,000 2,000,000 400,000 400,000 650,000 150,000 540,800 22,438,600 15,491,400 11,321,000 544,000 680,000 805,000 73,920,800 73,270,800 4,884,720 $531 26 3 Naphong Brou Mahaxai 6,720,000 13,510,000 - 18,400,000 400,000 300,000 500,000 130,000 19,702,205 2,120,000 8,614,000 2,550,000 435,000 725,000 74,106,205 73,806,205 4,920,414 $535 63 4 Naphoktha Tai Lao XBF 14,880,000 15,160,000 - 800,000 - 13,200,000 1,780,000 490,750 26,475,600 6,012,800 4,012,000 3,795,000 300,000 225,000 87,131,150 73,931,150 4,928,743 $536 91 32 Kangpa Phou Thay/Lao Saybouly - 1,670,000 - 800,000 - 100,000 2,900,000 1,000,000 37,332,000 19,408,000 8,633,000 1,760,000 960,000 2,575,000 77,138,000 77,038,000 5,135,867 $558 102 43 Houi-hai Tai Lao Saybouly 780,000 4,520,000 200,000 5,200,000 1,000,000 7,392,000 7,900,000 649,500 28,104,700 9,581,000 7,236,000 4,004,000 625,000 8,275,000 85,467,200 78,075,200 5,205,013 $566 60 1 Kuase Mixed - Lao/Phou Thay/ Phuan XBF 15,930,000 16,700,000 - 500,000 11,850,000 23,800,000 1,000,000 - 26,597,500 91,400 2,089,000 296,000 2,100,000 3,015,000 103,968,900 80,168,900 5,344,593 $581 112 53 Phakfeuaneua Tai Lao Saybouly - 6,410,000 - 600,000 630,000 200,000 2,080,000 - 28,420,200 14,382,000 7,924,000 1,840,000 6,400,000 12,470,000 81,356,200 81,156,200 5,410,413 $588 66 7 Phonsaoea Phou Thay Nong Bok - 7,432,000 100,000 2,000,000 - - 8,500,000 1,008,000 16,691,400 3,137,300 20,136,000 8,450,000 1,290,000 12,470,000 81,214,700 81,214,700 5,414,313 $589 104 45 Hatsaisugneua Tai Lao Saybouly - 12,100,000 - 400,000 - 250,000 10,700,000 380,000 30,851,100 15,688,300 3,309,000 560,000 640,000 8,360,000 83,238,400 82,988,400 5,532,560 $601 29 6 Nathanedong Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 2,966,000 8,205,000 - 10,600,000 12,700,000 - 1,950,000 1,925,000 23,882,800 506,000 9,151,000 1,640,000 1,300,000 8,465,000 83,290,800 83,290,800 5,552,720 $604 70 11 Dongsanga Mixed - Lao/Phou Thay/Tai Vang Nong Bok 2,000,000 16,950,000 - 500,000 2,030,000 2,443,000 12,800,000 908,500 27,915,300 8,941,200 7,301,000 1,064,000 455,000 2,570,000 85,878,000 83,435,000 5,562,333 $605 61 2 Dangtha Phou Thay XBF - 15,740,000 - 800,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 12,345,000 1,629,000 33,836,600 3,451,000 12,632,000 663,000 255,000 340,000 86,691,600 83,691,600 5,579,440 $606 30 7 Nathanethong Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 420,000 9,860,000 - 4,400,000 9,500,000 - - 1,455,000 33,416,000 4,128,000 8,418,000 2,432,000 2,245,000 7,675,000 83,949,000 83,949,000 5,596,600 $608 90 31 Kaengphosy Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 340,000 14,750,000 - - 240,000 12,000,000 3,000,000 60,000 32,205,600 15,701,400 4,615,000 112,000 3,870,000 10,895,000 97,789,000 85,789,000 5,719,267 $622 96 37 Thabor Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly - 5,388,666 - 1,470,000 - 2,000,000 6,100,000 200,000 40,660,100 21,394,000 3,106,000 1,800,000 2,775,000 3,330,000 88,223,766 86,223,766 5,748,251 $625 71 12 Dongkasin Phou Thay Nong Bok 9,780,000 10,700,000 - 3,300,000 9,325,000 - 3,870,000 25,000 30,543,000 7,202,000 7,301,000 1,112,000 1,705,000 2,770,000 87,633,000 87,633,000 5,842,200 $635 67 8 Tanetheung Lao/Phou Thay Nong Bok 30,000 17,256,000 1,000,000 200,000 1,200,000 1,440,000 18,400,000 210,600 28,495,400 2,985,000 9,684,000 320,000 655,000 7,360,000 89,236,000 87,796,000 5,853,067 $636 99 40 Thadorkham Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 2,160,000 2,930,000 - - - 5,800,000 5,950,000 50,000 36,662,400 28,479,500 6,745,500 448,000 1,210,000 4,265,000 94,700,400 88,900,400 5,926,693 $644 94 35 Somsaa-at Tai Lao Saybouly 5,100,000 7,570,000 40,000 2,518,400 1,790,000 1,948,000 3,630,000 42,000 28,930,100 7,522,800 20,445,000 4,400,000 1,155,000 7,210,000 92,301,300 90,353,300 6,023,553 $655 42 11 Somsanook Brou Mahaxai - 15,350,000 - 12,900,000 - - 30,000 62,000 46,120,400 102,000 5,148,000 2,160,000 1,450,000 8,760,000 92,082,400 92,082,400 6,138,827 $667 50 3 Thasida Phou Thay XBF 270,000 29,494,800 - 686,000 100,000 - 200,000 2,145,000 19,678,800 124,000 11,532,000 3,680,000 1,290,000 23,530,000 92,730,600 92,730,600 6,182,040 $672 57 10 Dongmarfai Tai Lao Saybouly - 25,453,000 - 1,400,000 600,000 940,000 2,500,000 3,354,000 27,115,200 3,638,000 11,978,000 1,080,000 4,595,000 12,645,000 95,298,200 94,358,200 6,290,547 $684 62 3 Somsa-at Phou Thay XBF 31,200,000 11,900,000 1,000,000 950,000 1,000,000 - 6,400,000 1,450,000 23,617,200 3,526,000 5,062,000 5,611,000 440,000 2,365,000 94,521,200 94,521,200 6,301,413 $685 44 13 Phanang Tai Nyo Mahaxai 528,000 30,764,900 - 2,500,000 1,601,000 480,000 300,000 6,400,000 8,154,800 468,000 10,535,000 31,632,000 245,000 2,340,000 95,948,700 95,468,700 6,364,580 $692 27 4 Nakhay Lao Kaleung Mahaxai - 38,500,000 - 8,100,000 - - 800,000 1,040,000 25,419,800 1,316,000 10,147,000 1,320,000 - 10,620,000 97,262,800 97,262,800 6,484,187 $705 79 20 Navangtay Tai Vang Nong Bok 6,198,000 3,700,000 - 800,000 7,000,000 3,800,000 9,630,000 40,000 22,856,000 8,753,000 23,879,000 2,176,000 2,360,000 10,330,000 101,522,000 97,722,000 6,514,800 $708 39 8 Khamfeuang Lao Kaleung Mahaxai - 20,660,300 - 4,350,000 10,457,500 - 600,000 1,100,000 17,989,200 - 14,238,000 26,016,000 555,000 3,460,000 99,426,000 99,426,000 6,628,400 $720 69 10 Danepakse Lue and other Tai groups Nong Bok 2,460,000 6,250,000 - 1,100,000 12,000,000 6,900,000 17,500,000 788,500 13,622,800 7,703,000 14,909,000 3,029,000 1,485,000 19,600,000 107,347,300 100,447,300 6,696,487 $728 33 2 Mahaxay Neua Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 19,580,000 10,650,000 790,000 2,000,000 5,245,000 - 11,000,000 2,880,000 27,043,400 3,880,800 3,401,000 3,680,000 575,000 10,440,000 101,165,200 101,165,200 6,744,347 $733 89 30 Tonhaen Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 84,000 6,900,000 - 2,000,000 8,900,000 1,300,000 3,500,000 20,800 39,138,900 19,016,200 5,578,000 10,520,000 1,260,000 7,025,000 105,242,900 103,942,900 6,929,527 $753 111 52 Phakfeuatay Tai Lao Saybouly - 16,396,000 - 200,000 610,000 2,000,000 1,120,000 - 41,541,900 28,753,900 8,087,600 1,627,600 960,000 6,870,000 108,167,000 106,167,000 7,077,800 $769 80 21 Navangneua Phou Thay Nong Bok 18,248,000 3,770,000 - - - 1,200,000 1,980,000 10,000 23,384,200 10,099,600 27,436,000 3,516,000 5,730,000 14,170,000 109,543,800 108,343,800 7,222,920 $785 68 9 Sumnadee Phou Thay Nong Bok 9,985,904 1,600,000 - 350,000 - 600,000 1,900,000 2,125,000 24,387,700 11,224,600 44,122,000 744,000 6,590,000 6,230,000 109,859,204 109,259,204 7,283,947 $792 Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity Location Source of Income Pension Wage Leasing Servicing Small Shop Loan - Remittance Grant Consumed Sold Ag Consumed Sold Fish - Consumed Sold Income Incl. Income Not Income per Income per No. No. Village Ethnic Composition District agric products products - Fish Livestock & Livestock & Loan Incl. Loan HH not HH not Incl Wildlife Wildlife incl.loan loan (USD) 64 5 Yangkham Tai Lao XBF 3,015,812 7,500,000 3,000,000 900,000 - 800,000 4,100,000 640,000 21,260,400 54,201,000 4,359,000 2,904,000 4,750,000 2,700,000 110,130,212 109,330,212 7,288,681 $792 93 34 Souvanxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly - 38,664,000 - 2,633,000 - - 11,000,000 - 26,488,600 480,000 10,617,000 13,560,000 1,515,000 7,075,000 112,032,600 112,032,600 7,468,840 $812 38 7 Povaneua Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 4,700,000 31,254,000 3,000,000 2,050,000 1,600,000 2,800,000 5,870,000 160,000 11,758,220 341,400 24,277,000 13,016,800 1,115,000 13,500,000 115,442,420 112,642,420 7,509,495 $816 59 12 Xiengkhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 3,900,000 17,232,000 - 1,800,000 - 400,000 12,100,000 4,385,000 32,857,200 2,765,000 17,191,200 4,912,000 8,061,000 8,325,000 113,928,400 113,528,400 7,568,560 $823 55 8 Manilad Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly - 37,242,000 12,000,000 8,528,000 8,025,000 2,000,000 7,600,000 - 15,420,400 154,000 5,706,000 8,694,000 2,015,000 8,525,000 115,909,400 113,909,400 7,593,960 $825 75 16 Sokbo Phou Thay Nong Bok - 15,100,000 15,300,000 - 400,000 21,000,000 1,310,000 230,000 38,429,120 25,211,000 9,040,000 2,664,000 325,000 6,820,000 135,829,120 114,829,120 7,655,275 $832 37 6 Povatay Mixed - Lao/Nyo/Phou Thay/Lao Kaleung/Brou Mahaxai 12,200,000 43,820,000 - 1,300,000 8,996,400 - 2,600,000 1,150,000 15,287,600 1,155,200 20,124,000 6,032,000 3,315,000 20,000 116,000,200 116,000,200 7,733,347 $841 36 5 Pong Brou Mahaxai 1,062,000 33,416,400 - 4,532,500 4,170,000 150,000 8,000,000 2,470,000 11,185,200 - 17,707,000 24,184,000 130,000 9,780,000 116,787,100 116,637,100 7,775,807 $845 82 23 Navangnoy Phou Thay Nong Bok 6,686,000 2,710,000 388,000 1,100,000 500,000 - 200,000 62,000 23,617,900 16,760,900 38,575,000 7,254,000 2,105,000 16,705,000 116,663,800 116,663,800 7,777,587 $845 87 28 Bouakhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly - 10,488,000 - 80,000 - 200,000 4,500,000 - 26,747,106 65,009,600 6,536,404 1,252,000 1,240,000 6,325,000 122,378,110 122,178,110 8,145,207 $885 88 29 Khamsavang Tai Lao Saybouly 7,200,000 51,565,000 - 3,830,000 - 100,000 1,860,000 442,000 24,931,200 2,472,000 12,777,000 12,600,000 570,000 4,625,000 122,972,200 122,872,200 8,191,480 $890 56 9 Kaengveang Phou Thay Saybouly - 26,890,000 - 1,450,000 - 567,000 5,925,000 4,375,000 49,280,200 8,946,400 19,869,000 4,336,000 1,480,000 5,105,000 128,223,600 127,656,600 8,510,440 $925 81 22 Navangthong Tai Vang Nong Bok 11,664,000 2,258,000 - 1,386,000 1,500,000 2,400,000 28,400,000 39,000 29,543,200 19,255,600 18,772,000 5,564,000 2,855,000 8,815,000 132,451,800 130,051,800 8,670,120 $942 46 15 Thakho Mixed - Sek/Lao/Phou Thay XBF 7,600,000 26,368,000 - 2,200,000 2,473,750 600,000 3,800,000 5,950,000 19,606,400 1,102,000 15,651,000 45,192,000 355,000 420,000 131,318,150 130,718,150 8,714,543 $947 92 33 Daangsavanh Tai Lao Saybouly 7,200,000 44,020,000 - 6,634,000 2,060,000 - 8,300,000 80,000 31,255,800 1,204,000 11,560,000 12,640,000 115,000 7,525,000 132,593,800 132,593,800 8,839,587 $961 25 2 Veun Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 12,390,000 41,040,000 - 3,400,000 9,350,000 - 50,000 1,800,000 40,520,700 12,756,003 9,796,000 1,280,000 950,000 375,000 133,707,703 133,707,703 8,913,847 $969 78 19 Natay Phou Thay Nong Bok 9,788,000 24,650,000 - 805,000 1,250,000 200,000 12,600,000 889,600 46,880,800 41,444,000 11,421,000 1,464,000 550,000 3,100,000 155,042,400 154,842,400 10,322,827 $1,122 85 26 Phak-eetou Phou Thay Nong Bok 10,848,000 33,276,000 600,000 3,400,000 5,100,000 17,030,000 11,300,000 1,452,500 42,204,600 26,239,200 11,361,000 4,032,000 1,620,000 5,920,000 174,383,300 157,353,300 10,490,220 $1,140 45 14 Kengpe Mixed - Sek/ Tai Lao /Phou Thay XBF 3,476,000 47,788,500 - 2,100,000 12,145,000 - 29,500,000 3,800,000 12,316,600 3,162,000 11,785,000 29,668,000 1,000,000 1,990,000 158,731,100 158,731,100 10,582,073 $1,150 86 27 Beungse Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 216,000 9,420,000 854,000 694,000 - 100,000 45,630,000 18,000 44,768,600 34,770,000 7,852,000 880,000 3,735,000 22,395,000 171,332,600 171,232,600 11,415,507 $1,241 34 3 Mahaxay Tay Mixed - Lao/Phou Thay/ Lao Kaleung/Brou Mahaxai 7,920,000 49,825,000 1,175,000 1,800,000 6,240,000 - 33,200,000 100,000 31,431,000 2,322,000 25,583,000 10,840,000 4,640,000 16,080,000 191,156,000 191,156,000 12,743,733 $1,385 109 50 Paksebangfai Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Thai Saybouly 6,506,000 29,075,000 7,500,000 - 3,600,000 600,000 111,250,000 190,000 22,252,400 7,590,000 6,803,000 5,944,000 1,530,000 450,000 203,290,400 202,690,400 13,512,693 $1,469 40 9 Khaengsavang Mixed - Lao Kaleung/Phou Thay/Brou Mahaxai 17,228,000 65,193,000 - 4,010,000 2,732,400 6,500,000 1,500,000 - 22,715,600 11,359,000 14,640,000 20,816,000 555,000 43,275,000 210,524,000 204,024,000 13,601,600 $1,478 32 1 Mahaxay Kang Mixed - Lao/Phou Thay/ Lao 151,035,20 Kaleung/Brou Mahaxai 6,200,000 0 - 8,480,000 27,840,000 59,000,000 7,600,000 - 2,388,400 - 4,128,000 1,600,000 40,000 - 268,311,600 209,311,600 13,954,107 $1,517 84 25 Hatxiengdee Phou Thay Nong Bok 1,800,000 31,681,572 2,000,000 600,000 5,000,000 6,571,500 73,318,000 409,200 35,493,400 22,106,600 19,833,000 3,240,000 830,000 13,690,000 216,573,272 210,001,772 14,000,118 $1,522 Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity In the above table villages along the XBF are arranged in terms of yearly household income. The table allows the comparision of income with ethnic groups, Broubeing marked in grey shade. One sees that there is a certain prominence of Brou villages in the poorest 20 villages, three of the poorest 20 villages and four additional villages with mixed populations, including the Brou and Khmu ethnic minorities. Incomes range from USD 197 to 433 per year per household. However, the remaining thirteen of the poorest villages along the XBF are lowland Lao, Phou Thay or Kaleung. Other factors to consider in relation to poverty include: · Vincinity of roads (four village of the 20 poorest were located near an all-weather road, in two of these cases, however, villages were located near Route 12 which has just been upgraded and linked to Vietnam); · Difficult access to markets; · Most of the poorest villages are small in size, about six being classed as `medium' sized; · Lack of functioning education and health services in most of the villages; · Lack of shops, small businesses and income from non-agricutlural sources; and · A number of the mixed villages are recent settlements. Ethnic minorities appear to be proportionally over-represented in the poorest 20 villages, and only one Brou village, Ban Pong below Mahaxai town, has an average per annum household income over the then Lao Rural Poverty Line of USD 837. There are also Brou residing in three village sections of Mahaxai, but it is unlikely that they represent the wealthiest households in the town. The poorest villages, which could be classified as `extremely poor' by any standards, the poorest having an income of less than a quarter of the Lao Rural Poverty Line, have a higher population of lowland groups (Tai-Lao). Location is at least or even more important than ethnicity in relation to poverty. Most of the poorest villages come from three areas along the XBF. These are the most remote in terms of roads, services and markets: near the mouth of the XBF, the middle sections of the XBF and more isolated parts of the Upper XBF. This isolation is also responsible for a lack of technology and knowledge. Traditional agricultural practices predominant in many of these areas. The historical location of villages is related to ethnicity to some extent since lowland groups are dominant areas that are more easily irrigated and linked to other parts of the country by rivers and roads. The Brou have, until recently, occupied more remote areas with traditional livelihood systems that were more dependent on forests. However, this traditional situation has changed dramatically due to conflict, involuntary resettlement, village consolidation and increased mobility and socio-economic developments. Hence, there are numbers of Brou living in lowland towns and along roads and lowland groups, such as the Lao Kaleung and Tai Lao have occupied areas adjacent to Brou villages. Although the historical location is still discernable to some extent, the pattern is becoming more and more difficult to see. 34.3 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Agricultural production in the lowland areas is primarily based on paddy. This includes both dry and wet season paddy and irrigated and rain-fed fields. The vast majority of production is during the wet season. Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity Figure 34-1: The Annual Agricultural Cycle Activity J F M A M J J A S O N D Swidden Clearing Burning Planting Weeding Harvesting Rice Paddy Rice Ploughing Planting Harvesting Livestock Rainy Season herding Fishing Intensive Intensive Vegetable gardens Harvesting Planting NTFPs There are some differences between the zones in terms of production: ranges from 341 kg per capita rice production in the Upper XBF to 123 in the Middle XBF. Only the Middle XBF is below the WFP requirement of 146 kg per capita. This would imply that a significant number of households have rice surpluses. Harvested vegetables from riverside gardens and tubers also form an important part of crop production with fruit playing a relatively minor role. Riverside gardens are extremely important along the Nam Kathang with 392 kg per household recorded. Along the Lower XBF, the production of tubers is highest at 1,323 kg per household on average Table 34-3: Average Annual Household Crop Production by Zone (in kg) Upstream of Parameter Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Upper XBF Paddy from wet season 3,105 1,133 1,369 1,210 Paddy from dry season 302 102 1,871 629 Taro, sweet potatoes and other tubers 15 14 1,323 850 Harvested vegetables 45 22 118 30 Wild / foraged vegetables 94 417 50 101 Fruit 133 0 26 110 . 34.3.1 Agricultural Production and Ethnicity Table 34-4 reveals that there are some relationships between household crop production and ethnicity. The Brou villages on the upper XBF and upstream of that area have comparable yields of paddy, vegetables and fruits to the Tai-Lao groups. The Brou village of Somsanook, for example, has one of the highest yields of irrigated paddy and vegetable production. There are a number of Lao Kaleung and mixed villages with lower averages. The Middle XBF reveals the greatest range in terms of crop production and can be divided into well- established villages with infrastructure (predominantly Phou Thay ethnic group) and other more isolated villages, some being quite new and having mixed ethnic compositions. The latter group consists of villages of all ethnic groups, including some Brou. Since good infrastructure and land is scarcer along this part of the river, there are lower levels of crop production in general. It should be noted that some of the Brou Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity villages here have very low yields of paddy, a tenth of what Brou villages along the Nam Kathang produce. There are also low yields of vegetables and fruits, making this area the poorest along the whole XBF. In the lower stretches of the XBF, there are only a few mixed villages, composed of Brou and other Tai- Laogroups. In general, these villages with a majority or a considerable number of Brou households tend to have lower yields and lower production figures for vegetables and fruits. The yields for the lower XBF tend to be the highest in the region but for Brou living there, the yields are half or a third below this average. This has to do with the fact that some of the Phou Thay and Lao were established in this region before other groups arrived to establish village sites in vacant areas that were not optimal from the point of view of irrigation or crop production. More newly established Tai-Laovillages suffer from the same shortcomings as the Brou villages. Table 34-4: Village Average Annual Household Crop Production, Sorted by Wet Season Paddy Production Average Annual Household Crop Location and Ethnicity Production (in kg) omfryd on ases omfryd nos el el s seay tab tab her ber ge ge ti Village Ethnic Composition Prov. District Zone Pad wet Pad dr Ot Tu Ve Wild Ve Fru 1 Mahaxaykang Tai Lao / Phou Thay /Lao Kaleung / Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 209.1 - - 0.4 16.4 - 34 Hatpeak Brou Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 215.7 20.0 2.7 6.9 37.9 3.0 61 Phonhsaoea Phou Thay Khamm Nong Bok Lower XBF 329.2 1,584.0 6.9 25.8 60.4 5.0 33 Hatkhamhieng Phou Thay Khamm XBF Lower XBF 349.7 3,254.7 0.2 9.5 35.7 14.5 37 Thahard Brou Kham'ne XBF Upper XBF 375.2 - 29.5 12.4 59.5 2.9 72 Namphou Phou Thay Khamm Nong Bok Lower XBF 396.7 2,266.5 9.1 15.0 53.3 37.3 36 Kengkhean Lao Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 537.3 - 2.7 8.3 80.0 22.0 24 Kengkasee Brou / Lao / Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 545.3 - 15.3 9.5 70.3 24.3 26 Veunsanant Mixed: Tai Lao/Brou/ Phou Thay /Tai Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 566.0 - 7.1 6.7 59.7 27.0 21 Phanang Nyo Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 584.0 80.0 - 44.3 89.3 90.7 35 Paksenoy Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 594.4 - 2.3 6.1 65.3 6.7 71 Thamoang Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 608.7 1,354.7 28.1 22.0 68.0 4.7 106 Nongheuatongneua Tai Lao / khamu Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 612.7 2,538.4 70.3 8.8 50.2 54.5 19 Nongkok Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream upper 640.8 684.0 4.7 16.8 55.7 112.7 78 Hatxaifong Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 694.0 3,021.3 - 7.4 111.3 8.0 65 Dongsaanga Tai Lao/ Phou Thay / Tai Vang Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 711.3 2,619.7 1.5 5.2 55.1 9.0 16 Nakea Lao Kaleung/Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream upper 747.1 411.1 3.0 20.5 45.0 21.2 22 Kuase Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Phuan Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 752.0 75.3 2.0 12.3 51.9 60.9 108 Pahlay Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Brou Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 807.9 40.0 18.7 11.0 73.0 15.7 20 Eelane Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 833.5 472.0 15.0 14.1 84.5 32.0 91 Lao Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 856.0 664.0 0.7 13.3 176.0 20.0 109 Paksebangfai Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Thai Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 864.7 938.5 606.1 69.1 83.8 33.6 10 Kangyangkham Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream XBF 907.5 246.4 34.1 36.5 193.4 102.5 64 Danepakse Lue and other Tai groups Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 916.0 - 517.6 33.3 31.1 4.0 100 Naxiengkhane Tai Lai Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 926.3 1,946.7 3.7 14.6 61.5 44.4 81 Manilad Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 942.7 - 7.5 31.7 28.7 33.3 63 Sumnadee Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 951.0 2,743.7 73.7 13.1 72.0 43.9 103 Hatkhamdee Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 956.3 484.0 - 10.8 28.2 52.0 7 Povaneua Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 965.3 - 2.1 67.4 67.0 10.0 68 Saadeautay Tai Lao Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 984.0 969.5 6.0 10.5 63.3 2.7 27 Somsa-at Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 1,047.5 1,430.4 15.4 13.7 60.8 53.3 11 Dangkang Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,053.3 437.6 6.7 41.2 98.2 94.4 14 Naphong Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream Upper 1,062.7 659.7 9.0 26.7 116.7 128.5 6 Povatay Tai Lao / Nyo / Phou Thay / Lao Kaleung / Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,073.6 336.8 9.3 17.1 165.0 37.7 5 Bong Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,076.7 - 6.0 47.3 102.0 28.0 75 Navangneua Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,134.1 2,509.6 5.0 10.1 80.3 14.7 23 Kengpair Sek / Lao /Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Upper XBF 1,162.7 - 10.7 76.7 81.0 331.7 Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity Average Annual Household Crop Location and Ethnicity Production (in kg) omfryd on ases omfryd nos el el s seay tab tab her ber ge ge ti Village Ethnic Composition Prov. District Zone Pad wet Pad dr Ot Tu Ve Wild Ve Fru 94 Sakong Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,195.3 2,792.9 8.0 31.3 25.0 4.0 31 Naphorktha Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 1,200.5 1,789.1 29.5 22.2 32.9 103.7 77 Navangnoy Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,203.1 3,173.3 20.4 34.7 37.1 30.3 62 Tanetheung Tai Lao/Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,284.0 1,352.7 2.0 14.7 41.9 20.7 84 Khamsavang Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,291.7 939.5 4.5 9.6 60.2 21.7 86 Kaengphosy Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,335.1 4,497.3 5.0 3.5 24.2 3.7 25 Dangtha Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 1,345.3 1,705.3 15.3 23.0 32.8 40.7 15 Nakhay Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream Upper 1,350.7 934.0 23.6 22.7 93.9 71.3 66 Dongkaasinh Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,356.7 1,901.3 5.3 10.5 25.4 151.0 29 Thasida Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 1,392.0 - 11.1 8.3 109.7 57.0 99 Nasang Tai Lao / Phou Thay Khamm Saybouly Lower XBF 1,414.4 687.2 144.7 15.5 61.5 19.2 97 Thaphoxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,418.4 755.3 24.0 11.9 34.7 2.9 107 Nongheuathongtay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,432.0 317.6 6.1 11.7 55.2 4.1 110 Pong Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Thai Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,445.1 778.0 239.3 428.7 32.7 117.3 83 Bouakhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,463.3 1,241.1 97.2 3,440 33.7 1.1 2 Mahaxayneua Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,478.7 1,232.5 17.3 13.7 166.7 112.9 93 Somsa-at Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,501.5 3,981.4 44.5 13.5 72.0 14.1 89 Daangsavanh Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,529.3 1,192.0 3.7 10.9 58.7 4.5 102 Houi-hai Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,541.1 2,104.8 28.6 14.2 38.3 14.0 67 Dongphakpheuang Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,544.0 1,580.7 6.4 8.9 98.1 18.7 105 Hatsaisugtay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,549.2 2,067.0 3.3 4.9 46.1 4.4 9 Khaengsavang Lao Kaleung / Phou Thay / Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,560.0 499.2 10.0 264.7 178.5 335.0 92 Souvanxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,578.5 674.4 3.3 13.7 39.7 17.3 32 Yangkham Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 1,607.3 1,536.0 5.8 13.3 53.5 38.0 8 Khamfeuang Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,616.0 - 0.7 29.5 139.3 52.7 112 Phakfeuaneua Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,647.7 3,203.7 7.3 13.3 61.7 12.0 69 Saadeauneua Tai Lao Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,650.0 847.3 22.0 6.3 94.3 - 96 Thakharm Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,655.6 674.8 24.7 5.5 53.3 18.4 30 Nathane Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 1,697.5 288.0 12.0 16.3 70.0 61.7 88 Kangpa Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,715.3 3,489.0 7.7 7.7 36.1 2.0 4 Vatthat Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,747.5 691.7 11.1 55.3 53.5 40.7 17 Nathanedong Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream Upper 1,787.7 402.4 25.4 37.9 94.4 100.9 76 Navangthong Tai Vang Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,801.3 3,474.1 6.5 14.5 29.1 18.5 12 Veun Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream Upper 1,888.7 612.8 35.5 45.4 120.1 232.1 74 Navangtay Tai Vang Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,914.7 2,146.7 12.1 7.1 29.3 21.3 111 Phakfeuatay Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 2,022.5 3,666.2 6.0 8.7 53.7 22.0 3 Mahaxaytay Tai Lao / Phou Thay /Lao Kaleung / Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 2,049.3 1,237.3 6.0 7.9 77.1 116.7 101 Xiengkhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 2,057.3 382.8 12.3 11.4 65.9 38.0 90 Dongmarfai Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 2,106.0 - 46.9 114.3 100.8 192.3 87 Kaengveang Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 2,114.0 16.0 60.3 41.1 149.1 64.0 28 Thakhor Sek / Tai Lao /Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Upper XBF 2,281.3 104.0 39.3 78.0 75.3 199.3 70 Sorkbau Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 2,288.0 3,635.3 34.9 16.2 28.5 17.7 85 Tonhaen Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 2,332.7 2,909.0 5.5 61.0 76.7 39.3 95 Thabor Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 2,344.6 4,139.0 7.7 9.3 34.3 23.9 80 Phak-eetou Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 2,531.5 4,619.3 4.0 23.5 19.3 5.6 79 Hatxiengdee Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 2,590.7 3,761.4 19.0 25.7 66.9 45.0 104 Hatsaisugneua Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 2,642.7 2,836.7 6.3 21.7 16.1 1.3 13 Somsanook Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 2,819.1 57.7 76.0 17.7 60.9 168.3 73 Natay Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 2,905.3 6,930.7 - 10.1 78.1 8.7 18 Nathanethong Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream Upper 2,916.3 1,498.5 10.8 35.2 95.2 129.1 98 Thadorkham Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 3,076.3 4,283.7 13.1 1.9 36.3 18.3 82 Beungse Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 3,788.7 3,906.0 29.1 12.2 36.9 105.3 34.3.2 Livestock and Animal Husbandry in the Downstream Livestock rising of both cattle and buffalo is present in all zones. In addition, pigs and poultry were quite common. Due to restricted pasture areas, there are considerably less large livestock compared with the Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity Nakai Plateau with its forests and wetlands for grazing (4.3 head per household on average). In the Middle and Lower XBF there is a range from 0.7 to 1.2 head per household. Only along the Upper and upstream areas of the XBF are the figures significant (1.1-3.4 head per household of buffalo and cattle). This is due to more available grazing areas further upstream. Table 34-5: Livestock Production per Household Upstream of Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Upper XBF Livestock (Average number per household) Buffalo 2.7 1.2 0.7 3.4 Cow 4.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 Pig 13.0 16.0 10.5 8.2 Duck 2.7 2.6 7.1 8.1 Chicken 13.4 9.0 14.1 16.6 34.3.3 Livestock Production and Ethnicity Ethnicity is not a factor in explaining the differences in average livestock production figures per household Available grazing areas for large animals (cattle and buffalo) and the size of domestic compounds for smaller animals as well as food supplies appear more important. A comparision of ethnicity and cow ownership (see Table 34-6) reveals that the Brou and mixed villages are found spread throughout the table, with no discernable ethnic pattern. In Table 34-7, ethnicity is compared to ownership of buffalo revealing a clear tendency for Brou and mixed villages to own proportionately relatively more buffalo than lowland Lao and related groups. Location, as explained in Section 34.2.2 above determines to a large extent the size of herds. Table 34-6: Village (and Ethnic Group) Livestock Ownership, Sorted by Cow Ownership Location and Ethnicity Average ownership per HH n alof kec No Village Ethnic Composition District Zone Buf Cow Pig Duck Chi 1 Mahaxaykang Tai Lao/PhouThay/ LaoKaleung/ Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.4 35.9 21.4 1.3 1.2 18 Nathanethong Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upstream/upper XBF 4.7 - 3.5 13.3 28.0 33 Hatkhamhieng Phou Thay XBF Lower XBF - - - 3.7 9.0 24 Kengkasee Mixed Brou/Lao/Phou Thay XBF Middle XBF 0.4 0.1 - 1.1 3.0 61 Phonhsaoea Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.4 0.1 5.4 6.3 18.2 26 Veunsanant Tai Lao/Brou/Phou Thay/ Tai XBF Middle XBF 0.1 0.1 6.7 0.1 12.9 27 Somsa-at Phou Thay XBF Lower XBF 0.1 0.1 3.9 5.7 6.4 31 Naphorktha Tai Lao XBF Lower XBF 0.1 0.1 33.7 2.1 5.9 12 Veun Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 5.5 0.2 11.8 12.0 28.1 25 Dangtha Phou Thay XBF Lower XBF 0.1 0.2 8.7 2.3 7.1 35 Paksenoy Tai Lao XBF Middle XBF 0.7 0.2 5.5 1.3 4.1 88 Kangpa Phou Thay/Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.4 0.2 8.3 5.7 6.8 14 Naphong Brou Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 1.3 0.3 20.0 2.1 13.1 20 Eelane Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 2.2 0.3 7.3 1.3 9.5 32 Yangkham Tai Lao XBF Lower XBF 0.3 0.3 - 10.7 20.1 10 Kangyangkham Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 1.7 0.3 - 7.0 16.6 22 Kuase Tai Lao/Phou Thay/ Phuan XBF Lower XBF 0.3 0.3 3.3 7.5 10.3 76 Navangthong Tai Vang NongBok Lower XBF 0.2 0.3 0.1 14.6 29.1 75 Navangneua Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.8 0.4 4.7 16.4 14.1 77 Navangnoy Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.1 0.4 50.7 11.7 19.3 102 Houi-hai Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.8 0.5 0.2 2.0 14.3 37 Thahard Brou XBF Upper XBF 1.3 0.5 1.3 0.3 5.8 74 Navangtay Tai Vang NongBok Lower XBF 0.6 0.5 6.9 17.8 19.7 Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity Location and Ethnicity Average ownership per HH n alof kec No Village Ethnic Composition District Zone Buf Cow Pig Duck Chi 99 Nasang Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.9 0.5 25.7 - 19.6 11 Dangkang Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.5 0.6 16.6 0.6 18.7 69 Saadeauneua Tai Lao NongBok Lower XBF 1.3 0.6 9.9 3.8 6.9 112 Phakfeuaneua Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.5 0.6 7.0 20.5 36.3 34 Hatpeak Brou XBF Middle XBF 0.4 0.7 0.6 - 5.3 36 Kengkhean Lao XBF Middle XBF - 0.7 - - 3.4 70 Sorkbau Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.1 0.7 45.3 15.3 9.5 71 Thamoang Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.3 0.7 2.3 9.7 15.5 97 Thaphoxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 1.5 0.7 1.3 1.2 4.1 103 Hatkhamdee Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.5 3.9 110 Pong Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.7 0.7 - 4.7 13.3 85 Tonhaen Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.2 0.9 43.7 3.4 12.7 91 Lao Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 0.9 0.9 15.8 6.3 6.4 100 Naxiengkhane Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.6 0.9 3.6 2.1 6.4 105 Hatsaisugtay Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.3 0.9 - 2.1 11.3 65 Dongsaanga Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Tai Vang NongBok Lower XBF 0.9 1.0 - 5.5 18.2 78 Hatxaifong Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.6 1.0 0.5 9.7 6.1 90 Dongmarfai Tai Lao Saybouly Middle XBF 2.1 1.0 51.7 7.8 9.2 95 Thabor Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF - 1.0 - 8.9 17.1 104 Hatsaisugneua Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.9 15.5 28 Thakhor Sek/Lao/Phou Thay XBF Upper XBF 4.0 1.1 6.5 7.9 28.8 66 Dongkaasinh Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.9 1.1 0.1 2.8 13.2 93 Somsa-at Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.8 1.1 5.1 8.6 53.3 108 Pahlay Brou Saybouly Lower XBF 1.1 1.1 30.8 - 9.1 80 Phak-eetou Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.1 1.2 22.7 19.6 20.8 4 Vatthat Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.7 1.3 13.2 1.0 11.8 30 Nathane Phou Thay XBF Middle XBF 2.3 1.3 14.5 0.3 2.0 111 Phakfeuatay Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.1 1.3 6.8 6.9 17.4 67 Dongphakpheuang Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.4 1.3 6.9 2.3 7.4 83 Bouakhay No Data Saybouly Lower XBF 0.8 1.3 - 8.6 13.7 7 Povaneua Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.5 1.4 8.1 0.9 13.1 86 Kaengphosy Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.3 1.4 16.7 7.5 16.9 96 Thakharm Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 1.1 1.4 0.3 1.3 10.5 79 Hatxiengdee Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.0 1.4 11.6 13.0 21.6 62 Tanetheung Tai Lao/Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.3 1.5 1.1 12.9 11.3 68 Saadeautay Tai Lao NongBok Lower XBF 0.7 1.5 6.0 1.1 13.5 94 Sakong Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.4 1.5 - 7.4 11.0 63 Sumnadee Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.2 1.5 35.6 10.9 13.5 89 Daangsavanh Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 1.5 1.5 11.0 1.4 4.0 98 Thadorkham Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.1 1.5 1.7 6.8 11.8 6 Povatay Tai Lao / Nyo / Phou Thay / Lao Kaleung / Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 2.9 1.6 0.3 2.0 5.7 19 Nongkok Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upstream upper XBF 2.3 1.6 4.8 2.5 9.5 72 Namphou Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.5 1.6 9.7 8.2 10.4 101 Xiengkhay No Data Saybouly Middle XBF 2.6 1.6 51.9 1.4 4.0 73 Natay Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF - 1.7 10.5 16.8 20.8 87 Kaengveang Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 1.5 1.7 2.7 3.3 17.6 2 Mahaxayneua Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.3 1.7 4.0 2.4 11.1 64 Danepakse Lue and other Tai groups NongBok Lower XBF 0.5 1.7 22.8 9.7 9.5 84 Khamsavang No Data Saybouly Lower XBF 1.1 1.8 12.1 1.2 8.3 16 Nakea Lao Kaleung / Brou Mahaxai Upstream Upper 4.1 1.9 15.3 3.0 4.8 106 Nongheuatongneua Tai Lao / Khmu Saybouly Lower XBF 2.1 1.9 27.8 0.7 12.0 17 Nathanedong Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upstream upper XBF 4.3 2.0 2.1 20.7 26.9 5 Bong Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 6.3 2.1 34.7 2.1 13.7 Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity Location and Ethnicity Average ownership per HH n alof kec No Village Ethnic Composition District Zone Buf Cow Pig Duck Chi 13 Somsanook Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 2.9 2.1 6.3 0.9 22.3 81 Manilad Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 0.7 2.1 2.0 5.6 23.3 82 Beungse Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.7 2.2 - 11.5 23.9 109 Paksebangfai Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Thai Saybouly Lower XBF 0.4 2.4 - 2.2 8.6 21 Phanang Tai Nyo Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.9 2.5 17.1 8.0 11.5 92 Souvanxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 1.4 2.6 18.0 16.1 28.3 3 Mahaxaytay Tai Lao/Phou Thay / Lao Kaleung / Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.4 2.9 19.6 5.5 7.7 15 Nakhay Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 3.7 2.9 7.8 4.5 5.7 23 Kengpair Sek/Lao/Phou Thay XBF Upper XBF 2.1 2.9 12.7 3.3 19.9 107 Nongheuatongtay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 2.1 2.9 30.7 1.1 0.5 8 Khamfeuang Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.5 3.3 30.7 2.8 19.9 29 Thasida Phou Thay XBF Middle XBF 3.0 4.1 40.7 3.9 16.0 9 Khaengsavang Lao Kaleung / Phou Thay / Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.5 6.5 6.1 2.4 14.1 Table 34-7: Village (and Ethnic Group) Livestock Ownership, Sorted by Buffalo Ownership Location and Ethnicity Average ownership per HH n alof kec No. Village(English) Ethnic Composition District Zone Buf Cow Pig Duck Chi 33 Hatkhamhieng Phou Thay XBF Lower XBF 3.7 9.0 36 Kengkhean Lao XBF Middle XBF - 0.7 3.4 73 Natay Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF - 1.7 10.5 16.8 20.8 95 Thabor Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF - 1.0 - 8.9 17.1 70 Sorkbau Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.1 0.7 45.3 15.3 9.5 80 Phak-eetou Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.1 1.2 22.7 19.6 20.8 111 Phakfeuatay Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.1 1.3 6.8 6.9 17.4 25 Dangtha Phou Thay XBF Lower XBF 0.1 0.2 8.7 2.3 7.1 26 Veunsanant Lao / Brou / Phou Thay / Tai Groups XBF Middle XBF 0.1 0.1 6.7 0.1 12.9 27 Somsa-at Phou Thay XBF Lower XBF 0.1 0.1 3.9 5.7 6.4 31 Naphorktha Lao XBF Lower XBF 0.1 0.1 33.7 2.1 5.9 98 Thadorkham No Data Saybouly Lower XBF 0.1 1.5 1.7 6.8 11.8 63 Sumnadee Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.2 1.5 35.6 10.9 13.5 76 Navangthong Tai Vang NongBok Lower XBF 0.2 0.3 0.1 14.6 29.1 85 Tonhaen Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.2 0.9 43.7 3.4 12.7 32 Yangkham Lao XBF Lower XBF 0.3 0.3 - 10.7 20.1 62 Tanetheung Lao/Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.3 1.5 1.1 12.9 11.3 86 Kaengphosy Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.3 1.4 16.7 7.5 16.9 105 Hatsaisugtay Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.3 0.9 - 2.1 11.3 22 Kuase Lao/Phou Thay/ Phuan XBF Lower XBF 0.3 0.3 3.3 7.5 10.3 24 Kengkasee Brou/Lao/Phou Thay XBF Middle XBF 0.4 0.1 - 1.1 3.0 34 Hatpeak Brou XBF Middle XBF 0.4 0.7 0.6 - 5.3 61 Phonhsaoea Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.4 0.1 5.4 6.3 18.2 67 Dongphakpheuang Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.4 1.3 6.9 2.3 7.4 88 Kangpa Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.4 0.2 8.3 5.7 6.8 94 Sakong Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.4 1.5 7.4 11.0 109 Paksebangfai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.4 2.4 - 2.2 8.6 1 Mahaxaykang Lao/Phou Thay/ Lao Kaleung/Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.4 35.9 21.4 1.3 1.2 64 Danepakse Lue and other Tai groups NongBok Lower XBF 0.5 1.7 22.8 9.7 9.5 Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity Location and Ethnicity Average ownership per HH n alof No. Village(English) Ethnic Composition District Zone Buf Cow Pig Duck Chicke 104 Hatsaisugneua Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.9 15.5 112 Phakfeuaneua Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.5 0.6 7.0 20.5 36.3 74 Navangtay Tai Vang NongBok Lower XBF 0.6 0.5 6.9 17.8 19.7 78 Hatxaifong Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.6 1.0 0.5 9.7 6.1 100 Naxiengkhane Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.6 0.9 3.6 2.1 6.4 103 Hatkhamdee Tai Lo Saybouly Lower XBF 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.5 3.9 82 Beungse Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.7 2.2 - 11.5 23.9 110 Pong Tai Lao / Phou Thay /Thai Saybouly Lower XBF 0.7 0.7 - 4.7 13.3 35 Paksenoy Lao XBF Middle XBF 0.7 0.2 5.5 1.3 4.1 68 Saadeautay Lao NongBok Lower XBF 0.7 1.5 6.0 1.1 13.5 81 Manilad Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 0.7 2.1 2.0 5.6 23.3 75 Navangneua Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.8 0.4 4.7 16.4 14.1 83 Bouakhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Saybouly Lower XBF 0.8 1.3 - 8.6 13.7 93 Somsa-at Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.8 1.1 5.1 8.6 53.3 102 Houi-hai Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.8 0.5 0.2 2.0 14.3 65 Dongsaanga Lao/Phou Thay/Tai Vang NongBok Lower XBF 0.9 1.0 - 5.5 18.2 66 Dongkaasinh Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.9 1.1 0.1 2.8 13.2 91 Lao Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 0.9 0.9 5.8 6.3 6.4 99 Nasang Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.9 0.5 25.7 - 19.6 79 Hatxiengdee Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.0 1.4 11.6 13.0 21.6 77 Navangnoy Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.1 0.4 50.7 11.7 19.3 108 Pahlay Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Makong Saybouly Lower XBF 1.1 1.1 30.8 - 9.1 84 Khamsavang Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 1.1 1.8 12.1 1.2 8.3 96 Thakharm Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 1.1 1.4 0.3 1.3 10.5 2 Mahaxayneua Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.3 1.7 4.0 2.4 11.1 69 Saadeauneua Lao NongBok Lower XBF 1.3 0.6 9.9 3.8 6.9 37 Thahard Brou XBF Upper XBF 1.3 0.5 1.3 0.3 5.8 71 Thamoang Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.3 0.7 2.3 9.7 15.5 92 Souvanxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 1.4 2.6 18.0 16.1 28.3 72 Namphou Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.5 1.6 9.7 8.2 10.4 87 Kaengveang Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 1.5 1.7 2.7 3.3 17.6 89 Daangsavanh Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 1.5 1.5 11.0 1.4 4.0 7 Povaneua Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.5 1.4 8.1 0.9 13.1 11 Dangkang Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.5 0.6 16.6 0.6 18.7 97 Thaphoxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 1.5 0.7 1.3 1.2 4.1 4 Vatthat Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.7 1.3 13.2 1.0 11.8 10 Kangyangkham Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 1.7 0.3 - 7.0 16.6 21 Phanang Tai Nyo Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.9 2.5 17.1 8.0 11.5 90 Dongmarfai Tai Lao Saybouly Middle XBF 2.1 1.0 51.7 7.8 9.2 106 Nongheuathong- neua Tai Lao / Khamu Saybouly Lower XBF 2.1 1.9 27.8 0.7 12.0 23 Kengpair Sek/Lao/Phou Thay XBF Upper XBF 2.1 2.9 12.7 3.3 19.9 107 Nongheuathongtay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 2.1 2.9 30.7 1.1 0.5 20 Eelane Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 2.2 0.3 7.3 1.3 9.5 19 Nongkok Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 2.3 1.6 4.8 2.5 9.5 30 Nathane Phou Thay XBF Middle XBF 2.3 1.3 14.5 0.3 2.0 101 Xiengkhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 2.6 1.6 51.9 1.4 4.0 6 Povatay Lao / Nyo / Phou Thay / Lao Kaleung / Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 2.9 1.6 0.3 2.0 5.7 13 Somsanook Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 2.9 2.1 6.3 0.9 22.3 29 Thasida Phou Thay XBF Middle XBF 3.0 4.1 40.7 3.9 16.0 15 Nakhay Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 3.7 2.9 7.8 4.5 5.7 28 Thakhor Sek/Lao/Phou Thay XBF Upper XBF 4.0 1.1 6.5 7.9 8.8 Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity Location and Ethnicity Average ownership per HH n alof No. Village(English) Ethnic Composition District Zone Buf Cow Pig Duck Chicke 16 Nakea Lao Kaleung /Brou Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 4.1 1.9 15.3 3.0 4.8 17 Nathanedong Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 4.3 2.0 2.1 20.7 26.9 3 Mahaxaytay Lao/Phou Thay/ Lao Kaleung/Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.4 2.9 19.6 5.5 7.7 8 Khamfeuang Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.5 3.3 30.7 2.8 19.9 9 Khaengsavang Lao Kaleung/Phou Thay/Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.5 6.5 6.1 2.4 14.1 18 Nathanethong Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 4.7 - 3.5 13.3 28.0 12 Veun Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 5.5 0.2 11.8 12.0 28.1 5 Bong Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 6.3 2.1 34.7 2.1 13.7 34.4 FISHERIES After rice, fish is the most important item on the diet for all ethnic groups in the downstream. The XBF River is the most important source of fish in the region, with the upper reaches of the river rated highly by households in the fish survey (see Chapter 30 for details) Household catches varies in the different project zones (average of 127 kg) with the Upper XBF representing the highest reported catches of being over 250 kg per household and the Upstream Upper XBF reporting the lowest. Wealthier households appear to be exploiting fisheries more efficiently than poorer households in terms of the ability to sell surplus catches. Poor household rely on fish primarily for consumption. 67% of the households surveyed stated that they earned no income from fishing while 16.5% claimed that they earned over one million kip per year from the sale of fish. Table 34-8: Value of Fisheries to Total Household Income by Zone Consumed Fish ­ Sold Fish ­ Total value as Zone % of total income % of total income % of total income Upper XBF 10.3 12.6 22.9 Middle XBF 14.4 6.7 20.1 Lower XBF 11.6 3.4 15.0 Upstream Upper XBF 11.2 2.2 13.4 34.4.1 Fisheries and Ethnicity Table 34-9 below reveals that there is no discernable connection between ethnicity and fish production. As with other sources of income, access to resources and markets appear as the important factors for levels of fish for consumption and for sale. For example the villages with Brou populations have ranges from 6.2 (Hat Paek) to 41.6 (Bong) million kip. Table 34-9: Fisheries Income per Village, Sorted for Increasing Total Fisheries Income Location and Ethnicity Value of Fisheries me se ed um shiF conIla eri shfi HH of No. Village(English) Ethnic Composition Province District Zone Cons Sold Tot from % 22 Kuase Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Phuan Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 2,089,000 296,000 2,385,000 3.0 104 Hatsaisugneua Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 3,309,000 560,000 3,869,000 4.7 105 Hatsaisugtay Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 3,978,000 463,000 4,441,000 10.0 86 Kaengphosy Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 4,615,000 112,000 4,727,000 5.5 95 Thabor Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 3,106,000 1,800,000 4,906,000 5.7 96 Thakharm Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 4,947,000 440,000 5,387,000 9.6 Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity Location and Ethnicity Value of Fisheries me se ed um shiF conIla eri shfi HH of No. Village(English) Ethnic Composition Province District Zone Cons Sold Tot from % 1 Mahaxaykang Tai Lao/Phou Thay / Lao Kaleung /Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 4,128,000 1,600,000 5,728,000 2.7 19 Nongkok Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 4,486,000 1,544,000 6,030,000 14.5 94 Sakong Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 5,168,000 1,040,000 6,208,000 10.4 34 Hatpeaek Brou Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 4,471,000 1,752,000 6,223,000 22.0 97 Thaphoxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 5,491,000 760,000 6,251,000 10.2 33 Hatkhamhieng Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 3,956,000 3,040,000 6,996,000 11.7 2 Mahaxayneua Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 3,401,000 3,680,000 7,081,000 7.0 98 Thadorkham Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 6,745,500 448,000 7,193,500 8.1 32 Yangkham Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 4,359,000 2,904,000 7,263,000 6.6 20 Eelane Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 5,814,000 1,480,000 7,294,000 16.5 13 Somsanook Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 5,148,000 2,160,000 7,308,000 7.9 35 Paksenoy Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 4,121,000 3,280,000 7,401,000 27.2 106 Nongheuathongneua Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 5,564,732 2,088,000 7,652,732 14.7 67 Dongphakpheuang Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 7,760,000 - 7,760,000 13.2 83 Bouakhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 6,536,404 1,252,000 7,788,404 6.4 31 Naphorktha Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 4,012,000 3,795,000 7,807,000 10.6 65 Dongsaanga Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Tai Vang Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 7,301,000 1,064,000 8,365,000 10.0 66 Dongkaasinh Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 7,301,000 1,112,000 8,413,000 9.6 82 Beungse Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 7,852,000 880,000 8,732,000 5.1 107 Nongheuathongtay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 7,922,000 1,000,000 8,922,000 13.8 4 Vatthat Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 6,579,000 2,464,000 9,043,000 16.4 10 Kangyangkham Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 7,930,000 1,520,000 9,450,000 18.5 111 Phakfeuatay Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 8,087,600 1,627,600 9,715,200 9.2 112 Phakfeuaneua Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 7,924,000 1,840,000 9,764,000 12.0 62 Tanetheung Tai Lao/Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 9,684,000 320,000 10,004,000 11.4 99 Nasang Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 6,857,000 3,224,000 10,081,000 14.2 100 Naxiengkhane Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 8,006,000 2,128,000 10,134,000 16.8 88 Kangpa Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 8,633,000 1,760,000 10,393,000 13.5 26 Veunsanant Tai Lao / Brou / Phou Thay /Tai Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 5,216,000 5,234,000 10,450,000 22.8 27 Somsa-at Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 5,062,000 5,611,000 10,673,000 11.3 17 Nathanedong Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 9,151,000 1,640,000 10,791,000 13.0 18 Nathanethong Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 8,418,000 2,432,000 10,850,000 12.9 11 Dangkang Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 6,983,000 3,980,000 10,963,000 17.2 16 Nakea Lao Kaleung / Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 9,931,000 1,040,000 10,971,000 24.1 12 Veun Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 9,796,000 1,280,000 11,076,000 8.3 14 Naphong Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 8,614,000 2,550,000 11,164,000 15.1 102 Houi-hai Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 7,236,000 4,004,000 11,240,000 14.4 15 Nakhay Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 10,147,000 1,320,000 11,467,000 11.8 72 Namphou Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 10,064,000 1,456,000 11,520,000 16.3 110 Pong Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Thai Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 8,761,000 2,823,000 11,584,000 16.3 70 Sorkbau Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 9,040,000 2,664,000 11,704,000 10.2 78 Hatxaifong Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 11,321,000 544,000 11,865,000 16.2 69 Saadeauneua Tai Lao Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 11,659,000 584,000 12,243,000 21.0 109 Paksebangfai Tai Lao / Phou Thay/ Thai Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 6,803,000 5,944,000 12,747,000 6.3 73 Natay Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 11,421,000 1,464,000 12,885,000 8.3 Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 14 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity Location and Ethnicity Value of Fisheries me se ed um shiF conIla eri shfi HH of No. Village(English) Ethnic Composition Province District Zone Cons Sold Tot from % 90 Dongmarfai Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 11,978,000 1,080,000 13,058,000 13.8 25 Dangtha Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 12,632,000 663,000 13,295,000 15.9 36 Kengkhean Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 4,674,000 9,167,000 13,841,000 34.8 81 Manilad Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 5,706,000 8,694,000 14,400,000 12.6 30 Nathane Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 11,365,000 3,400,000 14,765,000 24.4 103 Hatkhamdee Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 8,948,000 5,848,000 14,796,000 21.1 29 Thasida Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 11,532,000 3,680,000 15,212,000 16.4 80 Phak-eetou Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 11,361,000 4,032,000 15,393,000 9.8 108 Pahlay Tai Lao / Phou Thay/ Brou Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 8,983,000 7,080,000 16,063,000 28.1 85 Tonhaen Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 5,578,000 10,520,000 16,098,000 15.5 24 Kengkasee Brou / Lao / Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 9,339,000 7,232,000 16,571,000 41.6 68 Saadeautay Tai Lao Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 15,904,000 1,000,000 16,904,000 28.3 37 Thahard Brou Kham'ne XBF Upper XBF 4,790,000 12,128,000 16,918,000 24.7 71 Thamoang Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 15,517,000 1,648,000 17,165,000 25.3 64 Danepakse Lue, other Tai groups Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 14,909,000 3,029,000 17,938,000 17.9 91 Lao Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 15,910,000 4,000,000 19,910,000 34.6 101 Xiengkhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 17,191,200 4,912,000 22,103,200 19.5 79 Hatxiengdee Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 19,833,000 3,240,000 23,073,000 11.0 92 Souvanxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 10,617,000 13,560,000 24,177,000 21.6 89 Daangsavanh Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 11,560,000 12,640,000 24,200,000 18.3 87 Kaengveang Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 19,869,000 4,336,000 24,205,000 19.0 76 Navangthong Tai Vang Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 18,772,000 5,564,000 24,336,000 18.7 93 Somsa-at Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 20,445,000 4,400,000 24,845,000 27.5 84 Khamsavang Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 12,777,000 12,600,000 25,377,000 20.7 74 Navangtay Tai Vang Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 23,879,000 2,176,000 26,055,000 26.7 Tai Lao / Nyo / Phou 6 Povatay Thay / Lao Kaleung / Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 20,124,000 6,032,000 26,156,000 22.5 Brou 61 Phonhsaoea Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 20,136,000 8,450,000 28,586,000 35.2 75 Navangneua Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 27,436,000 3,516,000 30,952,000 28.6 9 Khaengsavang Lao Kaleung/Phou Thay/Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 14,640,000 20,816,000 35,456,000 17.4 3 Mahaxaytay Lao / Phou Thay / Lao Kaleung / Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 25,583,000 10,840,000 36,423,000 19.1 7 Povaneua Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 24,277,000 13,016,800 37,293,800 33.1 8 Khamfeuang Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 14,238,000 26,016,000 40,254,000 40.5 23 Kengpair Sek / Tai Lao / Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Upper XBF 11,785,000 29,668,000 41,453,000 26.1 5 Bong Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 17,707,000 24,184,000 41,891,000 35.9 21 Phanang Tai Nyo Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 10,535,000 31,632,000 42,167,000 44.2 63 Sumnadee Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 44,122,000 744,000 44,866,000 41.1 77 Navangnoy Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 38,575,000 7,254,000 45,829,000 39.3 28 Thakhor Sek / Tai Lao / Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Upper XBF 15,651,000 45,192,000 60,843,000 46.5 34.5 NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPS) AND ETHNICITY NTFPs are indicated in Table 34-4 in part by tubers and wild vegetables. A detailed survey was not conducted since initial studies indicated that wild and foraged vegetables formed only a small part of household production in most areas with the exception of the Middle XBF, the poorest area in terms of agricultural production. Most of the areas along the XBF are denuded of forests and forage areas. Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 15 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity Hunting wildlife in the downstream also appears to be a marginal activity in all zones, with slightly more activity in the Middle XBF and almost nothing recorded in the Lower XBF and the upper reaches of the XBF. An average of less than one kilo was recorded per household. Small mammals such as wild pigs, squirrels, as well as lizards and birds were reported. It is likely that these items were underreported since villagers are somewhat hesitant to admit they hunt wild animals, knowing the officials discourage this. In terms of ethnicity, there are no clear patterns. All ethnic groups, including the Brou, utilise the same range of resources and means of exploiting them in the upper, middle and lower XBF. 34.6 VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES Determining vulnerability along the Xe Bangfai is challenging, not only because ethnicity, location in relation to markets and infrastructure and services combine in different way, but also because such a large number of households are poor, even by Lao PDR standards. Some villages will require additional assistance and this will only be fully determined based on the monitoring of these impacts along the river and how various communities cope with the number of compensation and mitigation measures proposed in the SDP. The following table provides an overview of the most vulnerable and poorest villages based on the socio- economic data presented in the sections above. In general, established villages along roads or with developed irrigated agricultural systems will not be considered vulnerable. These villages are mostly well- established, predominantly Tai-Lao groups and with roads, electricity, functioning schools and health dispensaries. Vulnerable communities tend to be new settlements or in relatively isolated areas without access to markets and without basic infrastructure or services. Table 34-10: Vulnerable Communities along the Xe Bangfai Village Name Location Main Ethnic Groups Comments Paksenoy Middle XBF Tai Lao Lowest income recorded along the XBF, low rice yields, few cattle and low community fish yields Hat Pek Middle XBF Brou Very low income, low rice yields and low fish yields and minority group Veunsanant Middle XBF Mixed Tai-Lao and Brou Very low income, low rice yields and few cattle and buffalo ­ likely that Brou represent the lowest levels of income in the village Kengkasi Middle XBF Mixed Tai-Lao and Brou Very low income, low rice yields and few cattle ­ likely that Brou represent the lowest levels of income in the village Nongkok Upstream Upper XBF Lao Kaleung Very low income, low rice yields and low fish yields Eeelane Upper XBF Brou Low income, low rice yields, few cattle and low community fish yields and minority community Hatsaisugtay Lower XBF Tai Lao Low income, few buffalo and low community fish yields Hatkhamhieng Lower XBF Phou Thay Low income, low rice yields, few cattle and buffalo, and low community fish yields Nongheuatongneua Lower XBF Tai Lao Low income and low fish yields Phalay Lower XBF Mixed Tai-Lao and Brou Low income and low rice yields ­ likely that Brou represent the lowest levels of income in the village Nakeo Lower XBF Mixed Tai-Lao and Brou Low income and low rice yields ­ likely that Brou represent the lowest levels of income in the village Thakham Lower XBF Tai Lao Low income and low fish yields From Table 34-19, it can be seen that ethnic minorities are overly represented in this overview of vulnerable communities with two Brou villages and four mixed communities in a preliminary list of 12 of the most vulnerable villages along the Xe Bangfai. Ethnic minorities represent about 30-35% of highly vulnerable households but are only approximately 10% of the population along the Xe Bangfai. There will be provisions for ethnic minority languages as explained in Chapter 35 as part of the consultation process. Additional Technical Assistance will be required for all vulnerable communties since many will lack the material means, experience and knowledge required to be able to participate in Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 16 Chapter 34: Livelihoods and Ethnicity compensation and mitigation schemes that are proposed by the project as described in Chapter 36 to follow. 34.7 GENDER ISSUES The main principles that govern the division of labor between men and women on the Nakai Plateau and along the Xe Bangfai are somewhat similar. Gender complementarity is a key feature of the household production unit. There are no absolute notions but flexible relations. However, there are some clear notions of what is male and female work. Table 34-11 lists the most common tasks and responsibilities that men and women perform and some of the tasks that are often shared. It is important to note that preparing, planting, weeding and harvesting of the staple crop, rice, is done jointly. It is possible to generalise for all ethnic groups since livelihoods are similar. In urban areas women often dominate the markets and small-scale businesses while men tend to dominate skilled labour and larger businesses. Hence there is more of a `labour-gap' in terms of types of work and income in towns that in rural areas. Table 34-11: The Division of Labour Male work Shared Tasks Female Work · heavy work in the fields such as · weeding, clearing the fields, · most of the household tasks such removing large trees and cutting planting and harvesting as cleaning, washing clothes and down trees · collecting food in the forest and preparing all the meals · contact with officials and along streams and NTFPs for sale · pounding rice twice a day government representatives · fetching drinking water from the · looking after young children, the · overnight trips to markets in river1 sick and the infirm towns · taking care of domestic animals · work with machines, motor boats in the house area (pigs, chickens and driving vehicles and ducks) · carpentry, blacksmith, boat- · taking care of the vegetable making, house-building and other gardens near the house tasks involving specialized tools · selling vegetables and forest · formal positions of authority in products in the nearby markets the village · herding buffalo and cattle · fishing with nets and hunting and trapping ********** * * * ********** 1Men and women fetch water whenever they bathe, but women do so for all domestic uses including cooking, clearing and washing in addition. Novmber 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 17 Chapter 35: Local Consultation and Participation along the Xe Bangfai CHAPTER 35 LOCAL CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ALONG THE XE BANGFAI Table of Content 35 LOCAL CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ALONG THE XE BANGFAI..................................................................................................................1 35.1 CONSULTATION PROCESS ..........................................................................................1 35.2 REVIEW OF LOCAL CONSULTATIONS..........................................................................1 35.2.1 PCPD in 1997............................................................................................................................................... 1 35.2.2 PCDP in2004................................................................................................................................................ 1 35.3 ASSESSMENT OF `MEANINGFULNESS' OF THE 1997 CONSULTATIONS ........................1 35.3.1 Quality of Discussion or Dialogue ............................................................................................................ 2 35.3.2 Compensation Preferences......................................................................................................................... 3 35.3.3 Affects on Project Design........................................................................................................................... 3 35.4 ASSESSMENT OF `MEANINGFULNESS' OF THE 2004 CONSULTATIONS........................3 35.4.1 Ethnic Aspects.............................................................................................................................................. 3 35.4.2 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................... 4 35.5 CONSULTATION PROCESS ­ IMPLEMENTATION STAGE ..............................................4 35.6 ROLE OF VILLAGE LEADERSHIP.................................................................................4 35.6.1 Formal Village Structures............................................................................................................................ 4 35.6.2 Leadership and Ethnicity ............................................................................................................................ 5 35.6.3 Informal Village Structures......................................................................................................................... 5 35.6.4 Organizational Strengthens and Weaknesses ........................................................................................... 5 35.7 LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION ISSUES ................................................................5 35.7.1 Ethnic Languages......................................................................................................................................... 5 35.7.2 Communication Materials........................................................................................................................... 6 35.7.3 Gender Issues............................................................................................................................................... 6 35.8 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR CONSULTATIONS...........................................6 35.8.1 Village Facilitators........................................................................................................................................ 6 35.8.2 Training and Supervision of Consultation Process ................................................................................. 7 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 35: Local Consultation and Participation along the Xe Bangfai 35 LOCAL CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ALONG THE XE BANGFAI 35.1 CONSULTATION PROCESS Definitions and Stages of the Consultation Process have been outlined in Sections 14.1 and 14.2 of the EMDP in Volume 2 of the SDP. The same approaches, and in some cases, the same Consultation and Participation and Disclosure Process (PCPD) teams were used in the early stages of the consultation process in 1997 and work ongoing in 2003 and 2004 involves the RMU and District authorities. 35.2 REVIEW OF LOCAL CONSULTATIONS 35.2.1 PCPD in 1997 The first stages of consultation (PCPD) were coordinated by NTEC consultants, some of whom had been responsible for training, planning and reporting on consultation activities on the Plateau. The RMU was responsible for carrying out PCPP activities at the local level building on experience gained in Nakai Plateau consultations and ensuring continuity in the consultation process through adequate representation of all interest groups. Methods included: · Presentation of the Nam Theun 2 project and potential impact in the downstream; · Presentation of Draft Compensation Policy ­ entitlements; · Ranking of village resources - resource mapping exercises; · Discussions of impacts and eliciting comments and suggestions and recommendations from villagers; and · Interviews of selected male and female villagers for more detail and opinions about the project. The first round of consultations in the downstream took place from May 5 to June 8, 1997 and was carried out by five teams of 4-5 members each. The composition of the teams varied but all included relevant profession people and government representatives. Areas of expertise on the teams were agriculture and forestry, community development, preventative health care, gender (Provincial and District LWU), youth issues (sao num), culture (Institute of Cultural Research and Local Culture and Information Office) and NTEC consultants specialising in consultations and public relations. As part of their training, each team was responsible for writing up a detailed report including notes on the consultation, documentation of the process, photographs and full account of the interaction between the teams and PCPP Teams. These reports are available at the NTPC office in Vientiane. 35.2.2 PCDP in2004 The overall goal of the 2004 round of consultations (referred to as Participatoiry Consultations and Disclosure) is two fold: firstly, to explain in detail the aaspcts of the prject which arew relavnt to and will asffect the Xe bnagfai vilagers, and secondly, to discuss these impacts, mitigation measures and other aspects from the point of view of the concerns, needs and aspirations of the affected peopleA manual for facilitators has been developed developed which outlines the objectives which include providing information on water quality and flow, predicted positive and negative impacts, mitigation processes, structure of compensation and grievance procedure. The consultations make extensive used of vousl aids to exoan the prjetc, and focus groups to elicit all villagers involvement 35.3 ASSESSMENT OF `MEANINGFULNESS' OF THE 1997 CONSULTATIONS As with the consultations on the Nakai Plateau, the notion of `meaningfulness' is central in the evaluation of the effectiveness of public consultation. The quality of discussion and dialogue, types of preferences and the effects of the decision-making process on project planning are important criteria. Since this was the first organized consultations in the Downstream, discussion did not consist of detailing mitigation plans but rather concentrated on presenting project features and acquiring feedback. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 35: Local Consultation and Participation along the Xe Bangfai 35.3.1 Quality of Discussion or Dialogue The assessment of the quality of the discussions and dialogues under the consultation process is to some extent subjective but the kinds of comments should indicate whether the information about the Project is understood by project-affected communities. Some examples of this were recorded by the consultation teams in 1997: · Proper compensation: it was mentioned by the vast majority that the preferred form of compensation was land for land in the case of rice paddy but cash for the loss of fruit trees. Some stated that finding new paddy lands would not be easy without irrigation schemes. However, some also mentioned compensation in the form of tractors, boats or improved services. A certain number of villages even suggested resettlement of a village on higher ground if increased flooding would be extensive. Women in particular voiced concerns that if compensation was in cash, that it would be spent quickly, so land for land was preferred. · Loss of structures: there was concern that people would have to be resettled due to the downstream channel and project structures. If there is any loss of houses, replacement houses should be provided by the company. Relocation of health and education facilities to higher ground to avoid flooding was also mentioned. · Irrigation potential: the potential for developing irrigation for dry-season paddy production (naa seng) was understood in many places. In Ban Thathot suggestions of where new paddy could be found on the opposite banks of the Nam Gnom were given. Electricity and construction of ponds were also mentioned in relation to irrigation schemes in the Lower Xe Bang Fai. Due to existing flooding problems, development of naa seng was the most common theme of these consultations. New irrigation systems will be needed for dry-season production as a form of compensation for higher floods. · Loss of cemetery land: Villagers in several locations stated that new land would have to be found for cemetery land if land is needed by the project and costs for appeasing the spirits would have to be met by the project · Impacts on existing irrigation systems: concern that increased flooding, especially in the lower reaches of the Xe Bang Fai, would damage existing irrigation systems that may not be in good condition. Systems would need strengthening and walls constructed to protect villages from flooding. · Removal of rapids: villagers in Ban Khampheuang suggested that the Khan and Khoun rapids be removed to facilitate transportation. At Ban Phova Tai and in Mahaxai, it was suggested that the project remove the rapids at Keng Khan, Keng Soi and Keng Houa Phou. · Improved infrastructure: some stated that they would like a proper road to their village in order to reach markets and services (links to National Road 13). Others stated that more wells were needed in villages for health reason and that school building needed repairs. · Concern about access: existing access to opposite banks along the Xe Bang Fai may no longer be feasible - access to NTFPs, grazing areas, dry areas for livestock during floods and fields may be difficult. Livestock crossing may be impeded by higher water levels in the dry season. Bridges may be needed to ensure access to opposite banks. · Training for project work: several villagers suggested that laborers from impacted areas should be employed by the project during the construction period and that training should be given to ensure more jobs for local people. · Income generation schemes: some villagers mentioned that they would like to see an income generation scheme (women were interested in weaving and cottage industries in Ban Pat Peua Neua) while men mentioned funding and loans for irrigation equipment, fishing equipment and for purchasing livestock. · Health concerns: villagers were concerned that existing water supplies may be contaminated and that any negative health impacts would be beyond the capacity and knowledge of the already weak health facilities in the vicinity of villages. From the issues raised by villagers, one can conclude that the information on project impacts has been understood by at least some members of all communities. The fact that flooding is already a problem in the region has perhaps facilitated the process somewhat since increase in flows along the Xe Bang Fai compounds a present problem. Central issues that were discussed with villagers such as the form of November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 35: Local Consultation and Participation along the Xe Bangfai compensation (land for land), development opportunities (dry-season paddy production), river crossings and health issues. 35.3.2 Compensation Preferences The results of the ranking of compensation issues varied only slightly in many of the villages that were consulted in 1998. The ranking at the Brou village of Keovilai where the downstream channel will pass through, for example, were recorded as follows, in order of importance: 1. Rice paddy land 2. Replacement housing 3. School building 4. Land for new cemetery 5. Replacement land for gardens (house or river) 6. Land for housing (house plot area) 7. Cash compensation for the loss of fruit trees 8. Medical facilities 9. Cash compensation for land 10. Improved market facilities The ranking reiterates the fact that the villagers' main concern is food security, expressed in terms of potential loss of rice paddy production, either in the form of land loss (direct impacts) or increased flooding along the Xe Bang Fai. Compensation was almost always expressed in terms of land for land in accordance with WB Safeguard Policy (OP 4.12) recommendations. Replacement is also suggested for housing, land for cemeteries and house plots. 35.3.3 Affects on Project Design Pre-project planning and preliminary discussions and site visits along the Xe Bang Fai before the formal 1997 consultations had already taken into consideration a number of issues in accordance with WB resettlement policy. Additional modifications in project design criteria and details were considered as a result of ongoing consultations from 1997 onwards. These included: · Avoidance of villages and houses (the downstream channel); · Minimizing the size of the downstream channel in paddy areas; · Shuting down of the power plant during times of overbank flooding in the upper XBF; and · More comprehensive compensation strategy that includes development potential, direct and indirect impacts (both positive and negative) as outlined in Chapter 36. 35.4 ASSESSMENT OF `MEANINGFULNESS' OF THE 2004 CONSULTATIONS 35.4.1 Ethnic Aspects The 2004 Consultations were more sensitive in relation to ethnic issues than the previous consultations in that ethnicity was one of the factors in determining the approach and methodology of the consultations. The following aspects and special provisions should be noted: · Consultations included at least one member from each affected household. Members that did not attend the first meeting were informed later by the Village Facilitators ­ thus 100% coverage of affected households rather than a sample that may or may not be representative · Villagers were encouraged to discuss and dialogue in minority languages · Information was presented in the form of posters and diagrams since the majority are not functionally literate on the Plateau. · Selection of Village Facilitators included members of all ethnic groups in the community so that all interest groups could voice their opinions · GoL officials were informed about ethnic issues and suitable approaches to be used and their awareness of ethnic issues has improved during this consultation round November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 35: Local Consultation and Participation along the Xe Bangfai 35.4.2 Recommendations The recommendations or lists of concerns of villages are presented in detail in Chapter 4. These include proposals for modifications of livelihood options, house design, additional assistance and equipment and other aspects. Many of the concerns and proposals are already covered in the Concession Agreement and are included in the SDP. A number of issues will be considered regarding the details of the implementation arrangements ­ these issues have been recognised as `feasible and worth considering'. Proposals for villages along the Xe Bangfai include: · Assistance to clear additional land for agricultural development · Supplying toilets for village · Developing irrigation systems and expanding irrigated areas · Bridges over the XBF · Provisions for work on the NT2 Project In addition, there are keen interests in developing irrigation systems and expanding irrigated areas, establishing village schools, skills training centres and community buildings, removal of rapids, expanding existing road systems and financial support (cost reductions and subsidies for production costs). All these proposals are not within the mandate of the NT2 Company and go beyond compensation for project impacts. Since many villagers do not yet fully understand the limits of compensation offered by the Company, it will be necessary to explain further the extent of project impacts and the scope of compensation. This is necessary to address the problem of too high expectations and possible problems that might arise from this during the implementation of the compensation plan. 35.5 CONSULTATION PROCESS ­ IMPLEMENTATION STAGE Consultation process will continue during implementation and institutional arrangements will be in place to ensure that ethnic issues are considered during implementation and monitoring. When considering implementation it is necessary to examine the following aspects: · Existing village organisations and structures and what roles these will have in consultations and implementation arrangements for resettlement and monitoring · Ethnic representation in leadership and the strengthens and weakness of leadership in general · Institutional arrangement for carrying out consultations and monitoring · Consideration of funds (budget arrangements) and schedule for continued consultations 35.6 ROLE OF VILLAGE LEADERSHIP The role of leadership in the consultation and planning processes needs to be considered in light of economic, social and political power which have considerable influence in project decision-making and the sharing of project benefits. As with the Nakai Plateau, the concept of leadership and power are complex with different ways of influencing that often overlap, complement or offer competitive leadership. There are formal political structures and the second one is the informal structures, including positions of traditional/ritual, economic and political influence. 35.6.1 Formal Village Structures The formal village structures in the downstream are similar to those on the Nakai Plateau as listed in Section 14.4.1 in Volume 2 of the SDP. These consist of the following positions: · The village headman (nai ban or phau ban) · The assistant headman (hong nai ban) and the representative (kamakan) · Section Leaders and Assistants (hua na nway and hong nway) · Council of Village Elders (thau khun) · Advisory Councils for Disputes (san kai kia) · The Development Front (niaw hom) November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 35: Local Consultation and Participation along the Xe Bangfai · The Youth Organization (sao num) · The Village Militia · The Lao Women's Union (LWU - sahaphan maeying lao) As was the case with the Nakai Plateau, many of these organisations are not functioning or not fulfilling their designated role. In addition, some people may occupy more than one position since the needs for particular roles may be limited. Support from the districts and provinces varies, but in general the more remote the village, the fewer activities there are that promote development. There is a need for strengthening leadership to deal with impacts, mitigation and monitoring as well as for the RMU to carry on with consultations. Consultations with leaders are not enough, however, since this does not ensure the spread of information throughout the communities. 35.6.2 Leadership and Ethnicity There has not been a detailed survey of leadership and ethnicity in the downstream villages. However, a number of discussions and consultations have been held since 1997 and recent interviews with leaders in selected villages in 2003, confirms that leadership of minoirity villages is Brou or Makong. One does not find Lao Loum leaders for Brou villages. There are several reasons for this: · The level of education of the villagers and the leadership is higher in the downstream due to educatational facilities being more prevalent and of a better standard than the Nakai Plateau · Most Brou villages are predominatly Brou (mono-ethnic) and others who marry into the village have children that are Brou ­ location determines ethnicity for the most part. The exceptions are new villages and urban centres, both of which tend to be mixed ethnically and have leadership comprising different ethnic groups · Communities in the downstream have been relatively stable unlike the melting-pot culture of the Nakai Plateau and the in-migration of the dominant Lao Loum who monopolize services and the government sector 35.6.3 Informal Village Structures As with the Nakai Plateau, there are informal village structures which play a role in the decision-making process in the villages of the downstream. These consist of leading families or clans, ritual leaders and Party members. These informal structures are intertwined with formal positions of authority, often overlapping but in some cases competing for power and prestige at the local level. In traditional societies, political, economic, social and ritual (religious) power and influence were often concentrated. This appears to be the case in all villages, regardless of ethnicity. 35.6.4 Organizational Strengthens and Weaknesses As with livelihood systems, organizational strengthens and weaknesses are dependent on available services, infrastructure and, as a result, degree of integration into the market economy rather than being determined by ethnicity. The ability of leaders to mobilize the social capital of villages depends on the education levels of villages and available technology. Well-established Brou villages along the XBF have higher levels of production and higher standards of living compared to recently established or smaller Lao Kaleung villages in adjacent areas. 35.7 LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION ISSUES 35.7.1 Ethnic Languages As stated earlier, education levels are considerably higher in the downstream than on the Nakai Plateau. Since education is only in the Lao language, one can also assume that the ethnic minorities in the downstream have a better knowledge of spoken and written Lao than on the Plateau. During numerous field visits, no Brou villager encountered did not have a good working knowledge of Lao. The Brou have been living along side the Lao, Phou Thay and other Tai-Laogroups for centuries and Lao is the common language between groups. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 35: Local Consultation and Participation along the Xe Bangfai Consultations in the Lao language for all ethnic groups, including the Brou and Khmu, is an acceptable approach for determining the details of compensation, implementation and monitoring. However, focus groups discussions lead by locally trained facilitators are in local languages and dialects in order to facilitiate better commuication and open discussions among villagers. Main discussion and feedback from local group discussions will be in the Lao language. In the case of Brou villages, most people are fluent in both Brou and Lao, so translations of questions, discussions or more challenging aspects can easily be translated during consultations, if so required. 35.7.2 Communication Materials At least 31 percent of the surveyed population in the downstream were reported as illiterate in Section 35.5 and possibly others do not have good writing and reading skills. Consultation materials, thus, include diagrams, photos and drawings to make sure all stakeholders are able to understand the key aspects of compensation and monitoring. 35.7.3 Gender Issues As with consultations on the Nakai Plateau, gender segregation is necessary to ensure that women's concerns are heard and taken into account, given the fact that men tend to dominate discussions and have more experience dealing with the outside world beyond the village. Both the 1997 consultations and the ongoing 2004 include gender-segregated sessions. The Lao Women's Union (LWU) has an important role to play in ensuring and encouraging women's participation in decision-making processes regarding the NT2 project. The fact that the LWU is integrated into the Resettlement Management Unit and several members have had considerable experience during the first round of consultations, should ensure that a gender-sensitive approach to planning is carried out. 35.8 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR CONSULTATIONS 35.8.1 Village Facilitators A number of challenges arise from the analysis of leadership, ethnicity and present circumstances of villages in the downstream areas in relation to the consultations process. As with the Nakai Plateau, a mechanism is necessary to ensure that all groups partake in the consultation process. Since the performance of leadership varies and the relationship between the different formal and informal structures is complex, an institutional arrangement must include a balanced organisation that represents the diverse interests of communities. This organisation requires training and support in order for the consultation process to continue onto implementation and monitoring phases of the Project. One conclusion of the earlier consultation experiences was the need for a representative body at the village level that would work with district government organisations and line agencies, RMU/DRWGs and various experts and advisors at the local level. This would be in addition to the Village Resettlement Committee (VRC) that is composed of formal leadership positions and villagers with skills in agricultural and economics. It was decided by project planners that the composition of this group should reflect the various interest groups at the local level and thus aim to ensure that all stakeholders would be represented. One important task of the First Round of the 2004 Consultations was to obtain agreement at each village for the selection of this body of 10 persons to act as Village Facilitators for each affected village. The general composition consists of the following elements and balances: · Village Leaders and traditional leaders (formal and informal leadership balance) · Male and female members (gender balance) · Elderly, middle-aged (able-bodied adults) and youth members (age balance) · Members of all ethnic groups (ethnic/language balance) · Members with good communication skills and illiterates (education balance) Groups of village facilitators were selected and then immediately trained to perform their first task, that is consultations about the NT2 project following one-day of training, and under the supervision of Consultation Experts in both Nakai Plateau and downstream villages. The role of these facilitators will be November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 35: Local Consultation and Participation along the Xe Bangfai to conduct consultations in the future and to act as an intermediary between formal organisations, including the VRC and RMU and affected villagers and their concerns. 35.8.2 Training and Supervision of Consultation Process From the point of view of ethnicity, it is necessary to introduce a number of measures to ensure that ethnic issues are always included in the consultation process during implementation and monitoring. The following measures will be carried out: · Training of RMU and DRWGs in ethnic awareness as part of the ongoing consultation process ­ need to `mainstream' ethnic issues · Continued support for Village Facilitators and strengthening their role in the consultation process ­ need to have meetings and workshops to encourage and monitoring their involvement · Supervision of the consultations process by International Community Development and Ethnic Manager and Lao Assistants on NTPC staff · Independent monitoring unit and the POE need to pay special attention to the performance of local GoL organisations in relation to ethnic issues ********** * * * ********** November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 36: Mitigation Process Framework CHAPTER 36 MITIGATION PROCESS FRAMEWORK AND ETHNIC MINORITY ISSUES Table of Content 36 MITIGATION PROCESS FRAMEWORK AND ETHNIC MINORITY ISSUES..1 36.1 APPROACH TO MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION ALONG THE XE BANGFAI...............1 36.1.1 General Approach................................................................................................................................................ 1 36.1.2 Mitigation/Compensation and Ethnicity.......................................................................................................... 1 36.2 MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION PROCESS FRAMEWORK ..........................................2 36.2.1 Overview of Potential Impacts along the Xe Bangfai..................................................................................... 2 36.2.2 Dry Season Irrigation Potential.......................................................................................................................... 2 36.2.3 Changes in Water Quality for Domestic Use................................................................................................... 3 36.2.4 Riverbank Protection........................................................................................................................................... 3 36.2.5 Offsetting Possible Loss of Fisheries................................................................................................................ 3 36.2.6 Offsetting Possible Loss of Riverbed Gardens................................................................................................ 3 36.2.7 Mitigation for Loss of Access............................................................................................................................. 4 36.2.8 River safety issues................................................................................................................................................. 4 36.3 HEALH..........................................................................................................................4 36.3.1 Health Service Improvements............................................................................................................................ 4 36.3.2 Cultural health practicess .................................................................................................................................... 4 36.4 POSSIBLE BENEFITS FOR WOMEN.................................................................................5 36.5 MEASURES TO PROTECT CULTURAL HERITAGE ...........................................................5 List of Tables Table 36-1: Overview of Compensation Strategy...............................................................................................2 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 36: Mitigation Process Framework 36 MITIGATION PROCESS FRAMEWORK AND ETHNIC MINORITY ISSUES 36.1 APPROACH TO MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION ALONG THE XE BANGFAI 36.1.1 General Approach The general approach to mitigation for all communities that are directly or indirectly impacted by the construction and operation of the Nam Theun 2 Project includes the following steps: i. Identification of project impacts; ii. Analysis of potential losses and benefits without mitigation; iii. Identification of proactive measures to offset, avoid or reduce negative impacts and to enhance benefits; and iv. Comprehensive monitoring of possible further impacts during operation. The original approach as outlined in the Concession Agreement was basically a `wait and see' approach due to the difficultly in determining the extent and duration of impacts in the downstream. However, the advantages of a proactive approach aimed at anticipating impacts and taking steps before operation of the power plant and introduction of additional water in the XBF. In some cases, such as loss of land and structures, compensation is unavoidable. 36.1.2 Mitigation/Compensation and Ethnicity The mitigation and compensation as outlined in the Concession Agreement is for all ethnic groups inhabiting the downstream areas. There is a basic `proactive' approach to mitigation rather than a focus on vulnerable groups or ethnic minorities. The reasons for this are: · Livelihood systems are similar for all ethnic groups; · In terms of income, resource use and technology, ethnicity is only one of many factors, the most important being village location is in terms of infrastructure, access to markets and services and history of the village (whether well established on good productive soils, etc.); and · Cultural aspects are similar for all ethnic groups ­ Folk Buddhism, beliefs in spirits and even a self- identity as Lao Loum or lowland Lao culture. There are no specific measures for a particular ethnic minority, but that detailed planning for mitigation will require an extensive and open consultation process that allows for local variations, ethnic minority preferences, gender sensitivity and maximum participation by affected groups, including discussions in local dialects and languages. It is acknowlegded that there is a higher proportion of ethnic minority villages that have food security problems or lack basic services and infrastructure (difference in income levels, see Table 34-2 and 34-19). However, these characteristics are also common for many Tai Lao, Lao Kaleung and Phou Thay villages in the same areas, the many of the villages of all ethnic groups are under the Lao Rural Poverty Level. What is required is an approach to mitigation that is culturally-sensitive and flexible, such as the consultation process that has been initiatied recently in villages along the XBF. This approach will be able to integrate any culturally different approaches into the mitigation. Additional provisions may be required for ethnic minorities and other vulnerable communities in the form of additional technical assistance. This is likely to include: · Additional training and support for rice production, irrigation and food security measures since many villages are not food sufficient · Additional training and support for livestock production and veterinarian services · Additional training, support and equipment for fisheries, fishponds and alternative production systems · Special capacity building programmes for village leadership and village-based organisations to facilitate the compensation and mitigation process A poor performance in restoring livelihoods as a result of mitigation, will trigger additional support from the Technical Staff. The ongoing consultation process and village facilitators will also be monitoring for internal differences in performance. This process is necessary to ensure the vulnerable November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 36: Mitigation Process Framework communities can also benefit from mitigation and development opportunities of the project and do not become marginalised as a result of the compensation process. Ethnically differentiated data as well as community/village data for monitoring is essential. This is especially the case for mixed communities where the Brou are likely to be small groups and have the lowest income levels. 36.2 MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION PROCESS FRAMEWORK 36.2.1 Overview of Potential Impacts along the Xe Bangfai The following is a list of potential impacts along the XBF as a result of the increase in water in the river: · Increased water flow in the XBF that facilitates dry-season irrigation or improves existing irrigation systems along the river but may also in some cases impact existing pumping installations due to erosion; · Changes in water quality that might affect health; · Riverbank slumping and erosion causing land loss, loss of structures and production loss; · Loss of vegetable gardens along the riverbanks (dry season production); · Possible loss of fish catches due to changes in water quality and flow regimes, loss of vegetative habitat and difficulties in catching fish in faster water with greater volume; · Loss of access to grazing areas, riverbank gardens and fields; and · River safety issues. Table 36-1: Overview of Compensation Strategy Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Objectives Possible Further Mitigation Fish ponds and other fish Effective replacement of Loss in fisheries catch raising and fish catch fisheries income and Alternative livelihood support systems protein. measures Effective replacement of Compenstion for loss of Loss of riverbank gardens Development of irrigated riverside production with gardens above the river bank above riverbank production and alternative production livelihood production support 1. Bank protection measures Erosion and loss of land and No loss of assets, or Compensation for loss of land or assests effective relocation of and structures and livelihood 2: Relocation assets support Irrigation pumps ­ possible erosion of footings, Protect footings, if Additional technical support problems with connections necessary, supply of longer No loss of production or alternative livelihood on Sunday flexible connecting pipes support measures Reduction in the quality of Alternative water supplies, Additional wells and piping to domestic water supplies such as town water supplies Safe drinking water and additional wells ensure safe drinking water Loss of dry season access No loss of access to across the river Supply of boats opposite banks Improved boats and bridges River safety issues due to Bridges over channel, Increased awareness higher water levels awareness programmes and No loss of life consultations programmes 36.2.2 Dry Season Irrigation Potential The higher water levels in the XBF should enhance existing dry-season irrigation systems since all existing irrigation system along the XBF depend on pumping water from the river. There should be considerable savings due to the increase in the river level and a corresponding decrease in the irrigation pumping head requirement. Assuming that current electricity costs at USD 40 per hectare for dry season crops, an estimated savings will range from 11 % to 28 %, depending on the decrease in pumping head (1-4 metres). It is difficult to estimate the overall saving but it is clear that there will be a significant enhancement of November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 36: Mitigation Process Framework existing systems, not to mention the enormous potential for expansion and new irrigation schemes along the XBF. 36.2.3 Changes in Water Quality for Domestic Use The present status along the XBF and Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom allows for numerous uses by communities, including drinking water and other domestic uses, either directly from the river, shallow wells dug on the side of the river or small springs flowing from the sides of the banks. Water quality is being and shall continue to be monitored carefully. Biomass levels in the Nakai Reservoir may increase in the dry season and affect the quality of water in the downstream area. This will be dealt with to some extent by the aeration structures at the regulating dam. However, if level are unacceptably high alternatives will be provided in the form of wells. It should be mentioned that as part of the health programme, awareness programmes will emphasize boiling river water for drinking. Options for alternative water supplies include: · Hand dug and cement ring lined open wells; · Hand or machine drilled and lined bores; · Improved rainwater collection; and · Water offtake from pump irrigation supply systems. 36.2.4 Riverbank Protection Due to increased water flow and volume, riverbank erosion is likely to be a problem along the XBF. This will be a slow and progressive problem in some areas and will require careful monitoring. As soon as erosion is detected, riverbank protection measures should be introduced. Key areas already identified are: · Old Mahaxai twon riverbank area; · Temples located along the riverbanks, such as in Kenpe village. Other areas are yet to be identified for possible mitigation measures and will require further studies and careful monitoring. 36.2.5 Offsetting Possible Loss of Fisheries The fisheries compensation and development strategy outlined in Chapter 40 is based on the predicted maximum losses to mainstream fisheries, as explained in Chapters 31 and 32. Alternative options to compensation for any losses in fish catch will include; · Fish ponds at low levels connected to rice fields in the flood season; · Fish ponds with bunded walls in independent surrounding areas; · Fish in rice fields that have been modified by deep channels around the rice fields; · Fish raised in cages in the XBF; · improved management and productivity of natural fisheries; and · support to raising of alternative livestock - income and protein replacement. What system will finally be chosen will depend on the physical surroundings, existing farming systems, availability of land, market demand, consultations with villagers and costs. 36.2.6 Offsetting Possible Loss of Riverbed Gardens Estimates from the XBF Survey of 2001 indicate that the average riverbank garden was 0.16 ha per household and that about 43 percent of households cultivated such gardens. Estimating the losses of riverbank production are very difficult given the different uses in terms of crops and the extent of use by households. This may range from USD 500 to 32 per ha. · Monitoring of impacts as a result of increased flow in the river during the dry season when river gardens are usually planted · Relocation of gardens if possible in the vicinity of villages · Alternative production sites with irrigation · Alternative crops November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 36: Mitigation Process Framework 36.2.7 Mitigation for Loss of Access At present the XBF flows in the dry season allow for access across the river by foot, bamboo footbridges and, in some cases, by vehicles. Mitigation and monitoring should comprise: · A survey of access routes and monitor river levels in relation to ease in crossing the river in different seasons and on different days · A proposed suspension footbridge at Mahaxai and bridge/culvert on the Xebang Noi · Improved river craft for crossing river if necessary, and if necessary bridges at certain locations · Securing access to grazing areas for livestock and areas for refuge during floods if required 36.2.8 River safety issues Since the total discharge in the XBF will increase significantly, doubling the annual flow at Mahaxai when operating at full capacity. The discharge will depend primarily on demand in Thailand with reductions from 12:00 on Saturdays to 20:00 on Sundays. Since there will be different levels and flow patterns to what villagers are accustomed to, safety is an important factor. The following mitigation measures should be investigated during consultations with communities. · Information about changes in river flow (part of PCPP for 2004) · Signposts or markers of levels · Awareness of dangers of crossing and fishing in deeper river, etc. 36.3 HEALH 36.3.1 Health Service Improvements The Public Impact Assessment and Public Health Action Plan (PHAP) (2004) details health impacts and mitigation measures. Specific interventions along the Xe Bnagfaii are part of the Regional Health Programme and include: · Capacity building and support for the prevention, detection, treatment and monitoring of respiratory diseases (TB and ARI) · Capacity building and support for the prevention, detection, treatment and monitoring of vector- and pest-borne diseases (Dengue and Malaria) · Capacity building and support for the prevention, detection, treatment and monitoring of STDs and HIV/AIDS · Capacity building and support for the prevention, detection, treatment and monitoring of food, soil and water-borne diseases (diarrhoea, dysentry, pistorchis, intestinal worms, Hepatitis A, etc.) · Capacity building and support for the prevention, treatment and monitoring of nutrition and micronutrient related issues (malnutrition, vitamen diffecency, etc.) · Capacity building and support for the prevention, treatment and monitoring of respiratory diseases (TB and ARI) 36.3.2 Cultural health practicess With regard to cultural health practices, local remedies and cures from plants, roots, herbs and other natural ingredients are part of indigenous knowledge of the different ethnic groups. This is for the most part `shared knowledge'. Specialists (mô yaa) combine local remedies with spiritual concerns in certain cases. However, the number of ritual specialists, most of whom are elderly men, in this field has dwindled considerable due to the introduction of modern medicine. Preliminary investigations and detailed interviews with selected villages along the Xe Bangfai indicate that villages that are located in relatively isolated areas and near forests are likely to used traditional medicines since they are readily available and often scientific medicine is less available. Many of the Brou villages in the Middle and Upper Xe Bangfai as well as a few Lao Kaleung villages in these areas are still dependent on forests for much of their medicinal sources. For these villages, efforts will be made to integrate traditional practices and practitioners into the proposed health improvements by means of employing traditional practitioners as local health workers through retraining programmes. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 36: Mitigation Process Framework 36.4 POSSIBLE BENEFITS FOR WOMEN Similar to the Nakai Plateau, or perhaps even more so, women play a significant role in this partially monetarized economy, primarily in the selling of agricultural and forest products in local markets and running of small shops and stalls. Their economic influence is not reflected in their political power or ability to influence decision-making processes at the village level. The NT 2 Project's impact on women's economic position could be positive if gender-sensitive approaches are used during consultation and women are involved in the implementation of mitigation measures. Some direct and indirect benefits could be: · Improved Labor Opportunities due to improved agricultural methods and better yields, there should be more food for the family grown near the household (money saved) and possibly surpluses which can be sold in local markets (money earned). · Improved Health Facilities: The availability of medical facilities would give women access to medicine and proper advice on a range of topics which affect their lives. Women are responsible for the sick, the infirm and elderly as well as the care of young children. · New Roads: Improved transportation is beneficial to both men and women but has a special importance for women since they make most of the trips to the markets to purchase food and supplies or to sell agricultural and forest products. 36.5 MEASURES TO PROTECT CULTURAL HERITAGE Appropriate protective and/or salvage measures will be adopted if any archaeologically significant properties are uncovered during construction activities. If properties are recovered it will be the responsibility of the provincial and district Culture and Information Offices. If items are considered as having significant cultural value, it may be necessary to seek advice from the national Culture and Information Offices. Members from these offices have been involved in the socio-cultural surveys and public consultation programs in 1997 and 1998 and therefore have a good knowledge of the culture and history of the project area. ********** * * * ********** November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 37: Institutional Arrangements and Capacity CHAPTER 37 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND CAPACITY FOR ETHNIC GROUPS ALONG THE XE BANGFAI Table of Content 37 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND CAPACITY......................................1 37.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS.................................................................................1 37.2 ASSESSMENT OF CAPACITY............................................................................................1 37.2.1 Implications of Village Leadership .................................................................................................................... 2 37.2.2 Community Cooperation .................................................................................................................................... 2 37.2.3 Traditional Conflict Resolution.......................................................................................................................... 3 37.3 AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS...............................................................................................3 37.4 ASSESSMENT OF PROFESSIONAL STAFF.........................................................................3 37.5 ETHNIC MINORITIES AND LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS.....................................................3 List of Tables Table 37-1: GoL Staff Allocation to NT2 Social and Resettlement Activities (as of June 2003) ...............1 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 37: Institutional Arrangements and Capacity 37 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND CAPACITY 37.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Institutional arrangements for the Xe Bangfai are similar to the other areas of the Project (see Chapters 6 and 14) Although the impacts are less than on the Nakia Plateau in terms of resettlement, the extent of long-term impacts can only be fully determined during operation. Thus, the work of the downstream institutions will not be as intensive as the case of Nakai District in the initial phases of the project, butconsiderable resources are needed later for compensation and monitoring. Along the Xe Bangfai, the RMU will be the managing agency primarily responsble for the co-ordination of government organizations, allocation of budgets, consultation and monitoring in relation to livelihood development, community development and training. This will be done in cooperation with Provincial and District agencies, who will be mainly responsible for implementaion, with assistnce from the NTPC who will provide internataional and national TA. Since approximately 10% of the affected persons along the Xe Bangfai are classified as Ethnic Minorities under WB and ADB policies, it will be necessary to have expertise to cover ethnic issues in the RMU a long with expertise in handling gender issues, community development and participatory planning and consultations. It is important that an understanding of social and ethnic issues and international standards for planning, implementation and monitoring in relation to these issues form a central part of the capacity building programme for GoL agencies. 37.2 ASSESSMENT OF CAPACITY A particular challenge in relation to the Xe Bangfai and other downstream areas is establishing an ongoing monitoring system with the assistance and participation of affected groups. There needs to be extensive interaction between professionals and planners of the NTPC, and the different specialists and administrators on the Lao side. Steps must be taken to strengthen the capacity and to establish robust institutional arrangements in the form of the RMU and other implementation agencies under the leadership of the Resettlement Committee. Table 37-1: GoL Staff Allocation to NT2 Social and Resettlement Activities (as of June 2003) Location, and name Normal position Position in NT2 Tenure Ethnicity Khammoune Province 1 Mr Khambai Lamdath Province Governor President RC PT Kaleung 2 Mr Odai Soudaphone Deputy of Province Governor Deputy of President RC PT Kaleung Savannakhet Provine 1 Mr Soukkaseum Phothisan Deputy of Province Governor Member RC Kaleung Inthanalongsin Secretary PT RMU 1 Mr Hoy Phomvisouk NT2 Head of RMU FT Tai Deang 2 Mr Maniveng Phetoudom Director of LIL project Deputy of RMU PT Phouthai 3 Ms Keooula Souliyadeth Deputy Head of Prov LWU Deputy, Women's PT Kaleung Affairs 4 Land Plaining & PT Mr. Sisouvanh Development Division Planning Officer Kaleung 5 Mr. Vieng Khone Livestock Specialist Livestock PT Phouthai 6 Mr. Vath Engineer Design & Construction PT Phouthai 7 Mr. Boualien Agronomist Agriculture FT Hmong 8 Mr. Omega Planning Dept Administration FT Phouthai 9 Community FT Ms. Souksavanh Rural Development Development Kaleung 10 Ms. Keo koud Planning Dept Home Economics FT Moey 11 Home Economics FT Ms. Opick Planning Dept /Education Tai Daeng 12 Ms. Toum Nurse Public Health PT Phouthai November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 37: Institutional Arrangements and Capacity Gnommalath District Working Group 1 Mr Gavin Dolaysan Deputy District Chief Head of DWG PT Katak 2 Mr Manivong Chanthavong Deputy District Cabinet Deputy of DWG PT Kaleung 3 Ms Khien Xayyavonkouk Head of District LWU Member PT Brou 4 Mr Khamsone Sindavong Head of Lao NFC Member PT Kaleung 5 Mr Kamkeo Xaykhamphanh Head of DAFO Member PT Kaleung 6 Mr Namchai Deputy Head of Health Member PT Kaleung 7 Mr Somphao Head of Lao Youth Member PT Kaleung 8 Mr Somchai Douangphixai Head of Planning Member PT Phouthai Mahaxai District Working Group 1 Mr Bounthan Hounnavong Deputy district Chief Head of RDWG PT Kaleung 2 Mr Kingkeo Sensakda Deputy Dist. Cabinet Deputy, RDWG PT Phouthai 3 Mr Sengkeo Manivong Head,of Labor & Welfare Member PT Phouthai 4 Mr Chantha Souphavong LNFC Member PT Phouthai 5 Ms Keota Phengsavath Head of district LWU Member PT Phouthai 6 Mr Boungueun DAFO Member PT Kaleung 7 Mr Sivilay Health Member PT Tai Lao XeBangfai District Working Group 1 Mr Vongphet Chitpanya Head of district cabinet Head of RDWG PT Kaleung 2 Mr Sonphet Mitaloun Head of Prov STEA Coordinator PT Kaleung NongBok District Working Group 1 Mr Kheung Head of district cabinet Head of RDWG PT Kaleung 2 Mr Souvanno District cabinet staff Member PT Yooy In terms of ethnic representation, the minorities are not represented on the District level in the four DWGs, except for one Brou member in Gnommalth District where the highest percentage of Brou are located, mostly on the Gnommalath Plain where the downstream channel is located. 37.2.1 Implications of Village Leadership The possible significance of the formal and informal structures for the Project are difficult to assess in full. As with the resettlement of the Nakai Plateau, there are perhaps three possible implications: · Firstly, given the complex structures and the dominance of certain families in leadership positions, it will be necessary to make sure that decisions which effect the future of the village should be made in plenum where open discussion may be encouraged to a certain extent. · Secondly, in some instances, women may be excluded from decision-making and do not participate fully in discussions that will effect their lives. The only organization that involves women is the Lao Women's Union, which has members in each village, and the involvement of this organization needs to be encouraged. · Thirdly, there is a danger that village élite and economically strong individuals and families obtain control of the distribution of goods and benefits of the Project. One way to ensure an equitable distribution of goods and fair distribution of benefits is to monitor closely using both internal monitoring and external audits. 37.2.2 Community Cooperation There are a number of ways in which villagers cooperate among households and at a community level, and these have the important role of constituting a village fellowship and identity that often involves all ethnic groups. Labour exchange systems are a key aspect that governs socio-economic interaction at the village level and are rooted in kinship organisations, the basic element being the extended family. Labour is available from a large kinship network and reciprocity can be delayed for a considerable amount of time in the form of labour or another service at a time of need. This is still the predominant system of labour exchange in traditional villages and is preferred in villages that are less integrated into the market system based on cash transactions, such as among many of the Brou minority villages along the Xe Bangfai. Community projects require the cooperation of the village as a whole, and in some ways this can be seen as an extension of labour exchange systems based on kin. Projects that require many hands, such as the construction of a house, clearing of irrigation canals, building community buildings or maintaining a temple or road, demand village-level organisation. One of the most common ways of organising labour on November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 37: Institutional Arrangements and Capacity the community level is that all households provide one person, often an able-bodied male for construction, as its contribution. Sometimes households may contribute a small amount of cash instead, while other households may be exempt due to a lack of able-bodied adults or illness. Another important type of village cooperation manifests itself in the form of ritual obligations and community festivals. Participation is not only for the collective goal of the ritual but also a social obligation in terms of support in a material and socio-psychological manner. This relates to the sense of identity and belonging to a particular location and community where one has clear social obligations and responsibilities to other members and can in times of need rely on a community for support. It is important to note that village leaders and members of the VRC and the Village Facilitators are all embedded in these systems of cooperation, reciprocity and exchange. Hence, all actions carried out in the village are likely to be carried out within these important systems. 37.2.3 Traditional Conflict Resolution At the village level there are traditional means of resolving conflict. Most villagers prefer to resolve issues at a village level involving people and organisations that they are familiar with than to involve outsiders and District government. Traditional methods of resolving conflict on the Nakai Plateau are representative for rural communities in Lao PDR in general and consist of elders resolving internal household or extended family conflicts, thao khun (Council of Village Elders) for cultural issues, sang kai kia (Advisory Council for Disputes) for disputes about land and crime at the village level, and formal and informal leadership for inter-village conflicts (see Section 16.2.4) In all traditional conflict resolution, the hierarchy of age (elders over younger members) and status (leadership in terms of political positions or traditional clan leadership) play important organisational roles. However, the main approach to solving problems is through dialogue and consensus within the group where the problem or dispute has arisen. There is an attempt to limit the extent of the conflict. Most disputes are resolved locally through a combination of social pressure and obligation on the one hand and the need for community solidarity and belonging on the other. 37.3 AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS Adequate funds have been allocated for institutional capacity building (see Chapter 28), in recognition of the importance of capacity building and establishing viable institutions to implement and monitor the Project. The SDP budget commitment indicates that the staffing costs, capital costs and running costs are included in the overall compensation and mitigation costs. In addition, there is a budget item specifically for training the RMU staff and Technical Assistance programme provided by the ADB for assessing and improving the capacity and performance of GoL. Moreover, GOL is providing personnel, recruiting from within the government system at the national, provincial and district levels. Much of the work at the village level will be undertaken by local village authorities as part of their overall responsibilities to the communities. 37.4 ASSESSMENT OF PROFESSIONAL STAFF The development of the RMU is ongoing at present with only some of the key positions filled for the districts in the lowland areas. The RMU consists of government employees recruited from various organizations within the government system. RMU and the DRWGs will be fully operational when the Project moves into the implementation phase. However, it is clear from the type of experience, education and background of the staff, there will be a need for technical assistance from a variety of professionals in order to ensure that successful compensation and mitigation is carried out. The district level staff are particularly in need of assistance and training if they are going to be able to carry out their tasks and fulfill their responsibilities according to the RAP. Furthermore, there will be roles for international professionals to assist, guide and help co-ordinate efforts in order to ensure international (WB and ADB) standards are met. NTPC technical staff, local consultants and NGOs will provide technical assistance in areas that the district and RMU do not have the right technical expertise such as health awareness programs, irrigation planning and development and income generation activities. In addition, there will be training in ethnic awareness. 37.5 ETHNIC MINORITIES AND LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 37: Institutional Arrangements and Capacity Ethnic minorities are represented at the village level but not at the district level or in the DWGs. At the village level, local leaders are selected by the communities after being approved by the government and for the most part represent the different ethnic minorities in the downstream. In Gnommalat District the government staff is mixed, with Lao, Phou Thay and Brou ethnic groups being represented in various positions and committees. Other districts are represented by lowland Lao and other Tai Lao groups only. Given the lack of education, skills and experience in dealing such a large infrastructure project, much of the government leadership will need to be recruited at a national level and will be dominated by lowland groups. However, implementation of the Project will involve the co- operation and, through consultation, understanding of all ethnic groups. Further recruitment of members to the District Working Groups will give preference to qualified ethnic minority government staff in order to constitute an organisation that represents all ethnic groups. ********** * * * ********* November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 38: Monitoring and Evaluation for Ethnic Groups along the Xe Bangfai CHAPTER 38 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FOR ETHNIC GROUPS ALONG THE XE BANGFAI Table of Content 38 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FOR ETHNIC GROUPS ALONG THE XE BANGFAI ..............................................................................................................1 38.1 INTERNAL MONITORING SYSTEM.................................................................................1 38.2 INDEPENDENT EXTERNAL MONITORING ....................................................................1 38.3 SOCIAL INDICATORS......................................................................................................1 List of Tables Table 38-1: Sample Social Monitoring Indicators for the Downstream Area................................................2 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 38: Monitoring and Evaluation for Ethnic Groups along the Xe Bangfai 38 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FOR ETHNIC GROUPS ALONG THE XE BANGFAI Given the scale of the Project and the degree of capacity building and institutional strengthening that is required for implementation, monitoring and evaluation are essential aspects and will require that high standards are maintained throughout all phases. Monitoring and evaluation will be both internal and external. See Chapter 8 in Volume 1 of the SDP for full explanation of the proposed monitoring and evaluation program for the project as a whole. The monitoring of ethnic minorities and vulnerable groups will be especially important since these segments of society may become marginalised as a result of project impacts and socio-economic change in the area. Detecting problems and shortcomings in performance early is key to tailoring further interventions and realising income targets for all groups along the Xe Bangfai. Monitoring indicators will be differentiated by ethnic groups and there relative performance in relation to impacts will be compared. Specific and additional mitigation may be necessary in order to ensure ethnic minorities and vulnerable communities become project beneficiaries. 38.1 INTERNAL MONITORING SYSTEM The NTPC's Resettlement Office (RO) will have the overallresponsibility for monitoring of the infrastructure construction. It will report regularly to the RMU and the RC. The RMU, with technical support will monitor project impacts along the XBF, including resettlement preparation and livelihood and community development. A series of reporting tables regarding impacts on livelihhoods has been developed (see Section 8.7 in Volume 1 of the SDP). Discussions will be held with village leaders and affected communities to assess a range of social issues and to qualitatively review progress on a regular basis as part of the ongoing consultation process. Monitoring will require the participation of the Village Facilitators who represent a range of village groups, including ethnic minorities, women and youth. This information will form part of the monitoring reporting or feedback. Gender monitoring is also essential as is detailed in the Iram Report (June 2004) in order to ensure that women participate in livelihood restoration programmes, management and decision-making and other activities. 38.2 INDEPENDENT EXTERNAL MONITORING The main objective of the NT2 Resettlement Policy is to ensure that Project Affected Persons are better off after resettlement or duly and fairly compensated for adverse impacts. Monitoring and evaluation by an independent institution, here called external monitoring and evaluation team (EMET), will be conducted., In addition, to crucial monitoring role of the Panel of Experts will continue. 38.3 SOCIAL INDICATORS The main focus of the monitoring and evaluation will be on the changes in social and economic conditions of individual households and villages. Based on existing socio-economic characteristics of the villages and the type of mitigation, comonstaion and development schemes to be implemented, a set of indicators will be developed, simlar to those presented in Table 38-1 below. The monitoring and evaluation will carried out until it can be shown that the any adverse project impacts (increased water flows) have been fully addressed. The methodology will include a combination of sample household survey, focus group interviews and participatory discussion. An evaluation report will be prepared each year following a field survey and will be submitted to the Resettlement Committee November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 38: Monitoring and Evaluation for Ethnic Groups along the Xe Bangfai Table 38-1: Sample Social Monitoring Indicators for the Downstream Area Indicator Present Status Objectives Household Average of USD 664 (2001) Average village income at the end of monitoring period in income 2014 should not be lower than existing income level, taking into consideration inflation and price increases. Incomes should be based on a village average given the fact that there are large differences between zones. Percentage of 64.9 % of all downstream HHs were Decrease in the percentage of poor households Poor classified as poor in the XBF survey This should be based on a village average given the fact that Households (less than 492,000 kip per month) there is a large difference in incomes between zones Division of Traditional division of labour and New division of labour and livelihood arrangements do not Labour involvement in livelihood along the overburden either men or women in terms of time and Xe Bangfai (study yet to determine resources ­ indicators to be determined from proposed study. details but proposed as part of Gender Study 2004) Rice From 0.8 to 1.9 tons per household Rice production levels should be the same or higher in all Production (depending on zone and village) downstream areas after monitoring period and should be at Per capita rice production is 266 kg on least the same through the construction period. average (varies from 123 to 341 kg) Livestock Livestock ownership by HH reveals These averages, again by village, should not decrease ­ Production an average of 1.2 buffalo, 1.3 cattle, livestock are important indicators of wealth etc. Fish Catches % of annual HH income from fish These averages, again by village, should not decrease ­ fish and (21-15%) and of catches for sale (18- are important indicators of health and nutrition as well as Consumption 31 % on average) income Garden Vegetable gardens, both kitchen and Vegetable garden production levels should be the same or Production riverbank gardens, have an average higher in all downstream areas after monitoring period and production of 147 kg per household should be at least the same throughout the construction period. Malaria Levels of malaria are reported low, No increase in rates of malaria in all project zones. and decreasing Parasitic Significant presence of many common Significant decrease in parasitic diseases diseases parasites Child National Infant Mortality rate is Available medical advice, staff and medicines to deal with mortality rate estimated at 87.2 per 1,000 live births childhood diseases and significant decrease in child mortality for rural populations (UNFPA 2000) as a result of the PHAP ********** * * * ********** November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 39: Scheduling and Financing CHAPTER 39 SCHEDULING AND FINANCING Table of Content 37 SCHEDULING AND FINANCING..........................................................................1 37.1 SOCIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITY ISSUES IN RELATION TO IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE.....................................................................................................................1 37.2 SOCIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITY ISSUES IN RELATION TO BUDGET..............................1 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 39: Scheduling and Financing 37 SCHEDULING AND FINANCING Choaters 27 and 28 present the budget and the schedule for the compensation and mitigation of negative impacts for all ethnic groups along the Xe Bangfai. Here, it is necessary to highlight aspects that are important from an ethnic minority perspective and indicate which aspects have been incorporated into the overall approach to resettlement planning. 37.1 SOCIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITY ISSUES IN RELATION TO IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE A number of specific aspects relating to scheduling and implementation have been incorporated, that prioritize social and ethnic minority concerns which have originally arisen during the consultations and data collection visits along the Xe Bangfai, inlcuding the following: · The general approach to planning has been one of establishing an effective, long-term relationship between government agencies and the Project and affected communities and local organizations; · Institutional strengthening and training for government agencies (RMU, DRWGs and VRCs) have been central elements from the start of project planning and will continue throughout the project; · All ethnic groups have participated in a consultation process in order to elicit their concerns and viewpoints as well as to obtain feedback on various aspects of project planning and this should continue; · All ethnic groups will continue to be consulted on optional mitigation strategies and types of compensation at village and individual household levels; · All ethnic groups will participate in the mitigation and compenstaion program and are represented as Village Facilitators as part of the consultation process; · Assistance will be provided for livelihood options and potential improvements so that villagers can make informed choices regarding their future livelihoods and possible changes to traditional practices; · Monitoring by the affected Xe Bangfai commnitue themsleves will involve members of the ethnic communities themselves in addition to elected leaders and members of government organizations; · Special provisions will be made for ethnic minority concerns, including translators for Brou and other Mon-Khmer groups if required and attention to local beliefs and practices that could be affected by project impacts when necessary. In order to ensure that social and ethnic minority concerns are addressed, constant interaction between the minority groups and the RMU and other government agencies will be necessary, with international and national technical and professional support. Only this can ensure an `ethnically-sensitive' approach by allowing concerns to be voiced openly and as they arise. There is every reason to believe that this will be the continue to be case in the NT2 Project, since existing consultation has taken ethnic concerns into consideration. 37.2 SOCIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITY ISSUES IN RELATION TO BUDGET A number of key features of the budget represent the concerns and considerations of social conditions and ethnic minorities, as the budget covers the following key elements: · Funds for replacement of riverbank garden production in terms of developing alternative sources of production and income; · Fisheries Development programme; · Support for replacement of river access (bridges and crossings) as well as river safety; and · A Health Monitoring and Response Program. Particular issues related to ethnic minorities include the following key items: · External Monitoring (Item A ­ External Monitoring) for ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the different ethnic groups in relation to mitigation and compensation November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 39: Scheduling and Financing · Ethnic Minority Advisor for the RMU (part-time), possibly seconded from the Institute of Cultural Resource or Department of Ethnic Affairs from April 2005 (Item F15.1b in the Social Cultural Unit) · Training in Ethnic Minorities Awareness for RMU, DRWGs and RO staff as well as local GoL organisations involved in resettlement (Item F11.2) · Training and support for the Lao National Front for Construction (Responsible for Ethnic Issues), including basic training in relation to project needs, investigation of new data and development of strategies, and advocacy to ensure village elders and traditional organisations have role in the resettlement process (Item T7) · Cultural and spiritual heritage issues, including Physical and Cultural Resources Survey (see EAMP Budget), · Provisions for vulnerable ethnic minority households and communities, in particular additional measures for villages with weak livelihood systems and low levels of income, including Brou villages and other ethnic groups. A key staff composent in relation ensuring compliance with ethnic minorities safeguard policies is the Community Consultation and Ethnic Development Team covered by the NTPC budget. There is funding for an international Technical Manager full-time from 2005 to 2007, two senior Lao Technical Assistants (one male and one female), one senior TA responsible for socio-economic monitoring and one database expert. This staff will be supporting and working directly with the Junior Lao staff under the RMU and the DRWGs in the downstream districts. ********** * * * ********** November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme CHAPTER 40 MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION PROGRAMME Table of Content 40 MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION PROGRAMME ......................................1 PART 1: INTRODUCTION 40.1 DEFINITION AND COMPONENTS OF MITIGATION........................................................1 40.2 DEFINITION OF COMPENSATION.................................................................................2 PART 2: MITIGATION PROGRAMME 40.3 MITIGATION AGAINST POOR WATER QUALITY ............................................................3 40.3.4 Biomass Reduction............................................................................................................................................ 3 40.3.5 Engineering Works............................................................................................................................................ 3 40.3.6 Water Temperature ........................................................................................................................................... 4 40.4 PROJECT DESIGN MITIGATION AGAINST EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION..................4 40.4.4 The Regulating Pond......................................................................................................................................... 4 40.4.5 Downstream Channel....................................................................................................................................... 4 40.4.6 Downstream Channel (Nam Phit) ­ Xe Bangfai Confluence ..................................................................... 5 40.4.7 Construction Phase Related Erosion and Sedimentation ............................................................................ 5 40.5 MITIGATION AGAINST EROSION ..................................................................................5 40.5.1 XBF Riverbank Erosion................................................................................................................................... 5 40.5.2 Irrigation Pump Installations ........................................................................................................................... 8 40.6 MITIGATION AGAINST FLOODS ....................................................................................8 40.6.1 Powerhouse Shutdown..................................................................................................................................... 8 40.6.2 Water Gate ­ Flood Control Structures......................................................................................................... 8 40.7 MITIGATION FOR POTENTIAL HEALTH IMPACTS ........................................................8 40.8 RIVER SAFETY AND AWARENESS ..................................................................................8 40.9 ELECTRICITY ...............................................................................................................8 40.10 PROJECT BENEFITS......................................................................................................9 40.10.1 Irrigation - Reliable Water and Lower Pumping Costs ................................................................................ 9 40.10.2 Household Water Supply.................................................................................................................................. 9 40.10.3 River Navigation.............................................................................................................................................. 10 PART 3: COMPENSATION PROGRAMME 40.11 ASSESSMENT OF COMPENSATION NEEDS .................................................................. 11 40.12 FISHERIES ­ COMPENSATION FRAMEWORK............................................................... 11 40.12.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 40.12.2 'Fish for Fish': Aquaculture Compensation Options.................................................................................. 12 40.12.3 Development of Alternative Livestock Production Option...................................................................... 13 40.12.4 Improved Natural Fisheries Management Option in Rivers and Wetlands ............................................ 13 40.12.5 Integration of Compensation Options......................................................................................................... 14 40.12.6 Budget for Fisheries Compensation Programme........................................................................................ 14 40.13 RIVERBANK GARDENS ­ COMPENSATION STRATEGY AND BUDGET...........................16 40.13.1 Strategy for Compensation of River Gardens ............................................................................................. 16 40.13.2 Budget for Compensation of River Gardens............................................................................................... 16 40.14 DOMESTIC WATER ­ COMPENSATION FRAMEWORK..................................................18 40.14.1 Compensation Strategy for Domestic Water Supply Programme ............................................................ 18 40.14.2 Budget for Domestic Water Supply Programme ........................................................................................ 18 40.15 ACCESS ACROSS THE RIVER ­ COMPENSATION FRAMEWORK.....................................20 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme 40.16 IRRIGATION PUMPING STATIONS ­ COMPENSATION COST FOR RELOCATION ..........20 40.16.1 Existing Pump Stations on the XBF............................................................................................................. 20 40.16.2 Problems and Solutions with Expected Impacts ........................................................................................ 20 40.16.3 Budget for Relocation of Irrigation Pumping Station................................................................................ 21 40.17 RELOCATION OF BUILDINGS......................................................................................23 40.17.1 Compensation Strategy for Relocation of Buildings................................................................................... 23 40.17.2 Budget for Relocation of Buildings............................................................................................................... 23 40.18 T.A. TO THE NON-FISHERIES COMPENSATION PROGRAMME...................................23 40.19 RMU SUPPORT FOR THE DOWNSTREAM AREAS..........................................................23 40.20 INDICATIVE ACTIVE SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES.........................................................24 40.21 SUMMARY TOTAL BUDGET FOR DOWNSTREAM AREAS PROGRAMME..........................25 List of Annexes Annex 40-1: Description of Problems and Protection Works for Temples in 3 Villages ..........................27 List of Tables Table 40-1: Estimated Cost of Riverbank Protection for 3 Temples along Xe Bangfai.............................7 Table 40-2: Estimated Savings in Dry Season Pumping Costs due to Increase in XBF Levels ...............9 Table 40-3: Schedule of Technical Assistance for Fisheries Compensation Programme and Personnel Cost Estimate ...................................................................................................................................15 Table 40-4: Schedule of Technical Assistance for Fisheries Monitoring Programme and Personnel Cost Estimate.............................................................................................................................................15 Table 40-5: Budget for compensation of Loss of the Downstream Areas Fisheries (US$)............................15 Table 40-6: Estimated Loss of Riverside Crop and Vegetable Gardens and Associated Compensation Cost. ...................................................................................................................................................17 Table 40-7: Total Estimated Cost of Investment and Design Cost for Compensatory Water Supply Schemes for Xe Bangfai Mainstream Villages.............................................................................18 Table 40-8: Relative Dependency of Xe Bangfai Water for Household Consumption and Cost of Compensatory Water Supply. ........................................................................................................19 Table 40-9: Cost of Relocation of Pontoon and Axial Irrigation Pump Stations. .....................................22 Table 40-10: Compensation Cost of Buildings to Be Relocated.....................................................................23 Table 40-11: Schedule of Technical Assistance to the Non-Fisheries Compensation Programme...........23 Table 40-12: Indicative Schedule for Survey, Planning and Implementation of Mitigation and Compensation Options for the Xe Bangfai.................................................................................25 Table 40-13: Allocated amount for the downstream areas Mitigation and Compensation Programme. .26 List of Figures Figure 40-1: A Possible Design of the Aeration Weir........................................................................................4 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 ii Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme 40 MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION PROGRAMME PART 1: INTRODUCTION As explained in Chapter 29, the NT2 Projects Xe Bangfai and downstream program has the following 6 main components: the incorporation of engineering design features to minimize environmental impacts, such as design of the intake channel transferring water from the reservoir to the intake structure (enabling the water from the epilimnion to be withdrawn preferentially), the regulating pond (avoiding most variable flows into the XBF which would otherwise have resulted from the peak load operation of the powerhouse), the downstream channel (avoiding discharge into a small watercourse), the aeration weir in the downstream channel and the riverbank protection at the confluence of the downstream channel and the Xe Bangfai; the conduct of studies, and surveys in order to define current livelihoods that may be impacted and predict the type of level of impacts; the implementation of mitigation in and along the XBF itself, where (a) selected sections of the riverbank will be protected against erosion, (b) village water supplies will be improved, if required, and (c) resolution of the problem of decrease dry season river crossing due to increased dry season flows; livelihood compensation, whereby all and any negative impacts on villagers socio-economy - mainly in fisheries and riverbank gardens - will be fully compensated; the exact method of compensation, and the compensation options implemented will depend on the results of the feasibility study that will be launched after FC, and on the ongoing consultations with affected villagers. This compensation program will be fully coordinated with the planned Xe Bangfai development program; the conduct of on-going consultations in which (a) villagers are fully informed of predicted impacts and their rights to compensation, (b) villagers are encouraged to voice their concerns and forward proposals for mitigation and compensation approaches and activities, and (c) the villagers are fully involved in pilot compensation implementation and then the monitoring of impacts; participatory monitoring to observe and measure the environmental impacts of the Project and any resultant socio economic impacts, and adjust the compensation and development program accordingly. Mitigation and compensation are thus crucial features of this program, and are the aspects of the program of most concern and importance to the potentially affected people living along the Xe Bangfai. In the development of the Projects strategy and program for the Xe Bangfai, the following distinction has been made between mitigation actions, which aim to avoid or lessen the occurrence of environment impacts and address physical impacts that still do occur, while compensation aims to address those residual livelihood impacts which are unavoidable, as explained below. 40.1 DEFINITION AND COMPONENTS OF MITIGATION Mitigation refers to two aspects. Firstly, it refers to engineering design features that are incorporated into project constructed in order to avoid or lessen environmental impact - in order to limit impacts related to water quality and erosion - which would otherwise occur due to the increased discharge in the Xe Bangfai from the NT2 project. Such proactive investments in engineering designs and structures include; · Clearance of biomass in the Nakai Reservoir to mitigate against bad water quality; · Design, construction and operation of a large regulating pond (8 million m3) to mitigate against daily fluctuations in discharge (due to fluctuations in power house discharges) and thus fluctuations in the levels of the Xe Bangfai; · Construction of the 27 km long downstream channel - instead of discharging into the the Nam Kathang - which will mitigate against erosion that would occur in the smaller Nam Kathang, which would then affect both Nam Kathang riparians, and Xe Bangfai water quality and fisheries; November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme · Construction and Operation of an aeration weir (in the downstream channel); and · Agreement in the PPA to progressively reduce then shut down the power plant during over bank flooding, to mitigate against flooding in the wet season. In addition to the design engineering features of the NT2 Project, mitigation also refers to physical mitigation of impacts that may still occur along the Xe Bangfai, and that will be carried out as and when these impacts occur, such as: · Protection of the Xe Bangfai riverbank in its upper reaches, and where fixed assets occur; · An alternative to river bank protection will be the relocation of buildings, if required; · The protection of irrigation supply pipe footings, if required (if they are eroded and undermined); and · Improvements in village domestic water supplies. 40.2 DEFINITION OF COMPENSATION Compensation relates to assistance to be provided to PAPs and/or PAVs for any negative socio-economic impact caused by the change in Xe Bangfai flows and water quality due to the NT2 Project. Thus, compensation will be applicable to impacts such as · reduction in mainstream fisheries catch; · inability to establish dry season riverbank gardens and field due to increased river levels and erosion; and · difficulties in dry season crossing of the XBF river. The level of actual compensation required will be confirmed before project commissioning and actually assessed regularly after project commissioning. As a general rule, the type of compensation to be given will be identified by community review and consensus, on a household by household basis for riverbank gardens and on a village by village basis (or household by household basis whenever needed) for fisheries and crossing of the Xe Bangfai. However, it is possible to present the compensation options as having three general types, as follows; · direct restoration or rehabilitation of impacted livelihoods, such as 'fish for fish', 'gardens for gardens' and the like; · restoration of impacted livelihoods in terms rehabilitation of incomes or protein - for example the development of cattle raising programs to compensate for loss in fish catch; · thirdly, the community may decide that they do not require income or food-based livelihood restoration as such, but more community development type activities. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme PART 2: MITIGATION PROGRAMME 40.3 MITIGATION AGAINST POOR WATER QUALITY The overall objective of mitigation for water quality is to (a) maintain the current beneficial uses of the water, mainly for irrigation and domestic purposes; and (b) avoid, as much as possible, water quality impacts on the fisheries in the Xe Bangfai. There are numerous engineering works and mitigation measures designed or planned to help ensure water of adequate quality is discharged into the Xe Bangfai. 40.3.4 Biomass Reduction During the initial inundation period of a reservoir the inundated terrestrial biomass decomposes, and in doing so it consumes dissolved oxygen in the water. This can result in water quality problems. In the initial years after Project commissioning, the water quality in the reservoir, and therefore water quality discharged into the Xe Bangfai, will be influenced by the amount and nature of biomass flooded. While the current amount of biomass in on the Nakai plateau is not extensive, the Project will seek to further improve the future water quality in the reservoir by reducing biomass in two ways. Firstly, the Project will encourage salvage logging for sawn timber, plywood and chip board. Secondly, there will be promotion of firewood collection and/or charcoal production by villagers and construction camps. Both these mitigation measures will reduce the amount of biomass able to decompose and thus reduce the impact of biomass decomposition on water quality. It will not be possible to remove all the biomass from an inundation area of approximately 450 km2. Therefore in the initial two to four years after inundation there is likely to be short periods of problematic water quality associated with the decomposition of residual biomass. 40.3.5 Engineering Works Engineering works will be designed and constructed to mitigate for these periods of poor water quality in order to maintain existing uses of water by the communities along the Xe Bangfai and to avoid excessive impacts to aquatic life. The design of the reservoir intake for the power station will help reduce the impact of any potentially poor water quality periods. The Intake Channel, through which the water will be conducted to the intake structure, will be designed so that in the dry season Reservoir water for the power station will be taken from the full water column, not just the bottom water, therefore any potentially oxygen poor bottom (hypolimnion) water will mix with oxygen rich surface (epilimnion) water, thus improving the overall water quality of the power station discharge. An aeration weir designed to provide maximum aeration and thus mitigate against anoxia in water discharged into the Xe Bangfai will be located across the entire width in the downstream channel, approximately 8 km downstream of the regulating dam. Water will drop from a higher level to a lower level by falling over the structure; this action will increase turbulence and entrap much more oxygen than occurs by normal transfers through a non-turbulent water surface. The holes in the grid system allow the formation of more air bubbles and create a larger surface area for oxygen to diffuse into the water, and at the same time degasify the water of oxygen-consuming compounds such as methane. The aeration structure thus acts like natural rapids. Physical scale models of the aeration weir in the downstream channel have been developed to test the efficiency of the aerating structure. Figure 40-1 illustrates a possible configuration for the downstream channel aeration weir. Thus aeration weir will help aerate the NT2 water with oxygen and degasify the NT2 waters of oxygen consuming compounds. This will help ensure that water discharge into the Xe Bangfai will be of adequate quality, in terms of dissolved oxygen, for aquatic life. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme Figure 40-1: A Possible Design of the Aeration Weir 40.3.6 Water Temperature Water discharged from the NT2 turbines will have lower concentrations of nutrients, and will be about 3C colder than the water from the Xe Bangfai (at the confluence of Nam Phit and Xe Bangfai). However, water from the power station is first retained in the regulating pond and then it flows 27 km in the Downstream Channel, including flowing over the aeration structure. Throughout this process the water will be in contact with air temperatures of the Xe Bangfai area, and this is expected to help reduce the difference in temperatures. It is predicted that temperature shocks of no higher than 1.5 C will occur, and this will have minimal impact on fish at the confluence of Nam Phit and Xe Bangfai, and less so downstream. 40.4 PROJECT DESIGN MITIGATION AGAINST EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION The have been various downstream engineering works (downstream of the powerhouse ) designed specifically to mitigate - to avoid as much as feasible - problems with erosion and sedimentation along the Xe Bangfai, particularly the construction of the regulating pond and the downstream channel 40.4.4 The Regulating Pond The Regulating Pond and associated retention of 8 million m3 of water is planned to minimize level fluctuations and fluctuation gradient in the Downstream Channel (DC) and thus in the Xe Bangfai, by being able to continue to release water regularly during one full day when the operation of the Plant is stopped. Thus, during the week, even when the powerhouse shuts off every night, the discharge to the downstream channel and thence the Xe Bangfai will be constant. The powerhouse shut down over late Saturday and Sunday cannot be fully regulated by this Pond. However, it can ensure a slow and relatively benign drawdown on the weekend, and the maintenance of a minimum flow in the DC on the weekends. The lack of such a serious Regulating Pond in similar cross-basin transfer hydropower rejects has resulted in serious downstream erosion in these projects, and this will be very considerably avoided by the NT2 investments in this structure. 40.4.5 Downstream Channel The purpose of the designing and constructing the 27 km long downstream channel is to avoid discharging turbinated waters into the Nam Kathang, which is too small and would have to be seriously rearranged to be able to accommodate the additional flow of the Project. Discharge directly into the Nam Katang would also have resulted in considerable erosions and impacts along the Nam Kathang, which would have serious impacts to riparian along this small river, and also the fisheries in the Xe Bangfai. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme 40.4.6 Downstream Channel (Nam Phit) ­ Xe Bangfai Confluence The confluence where the Downstream Channel enters the Xe Bangfai has been designed and will be constructed to minimize bank erosion, with the addition of rocks in concrete grout to strengthen the banks. Thus, erosion at this area, which is generally a zone where significant erosion would occur, will be largely avoided. This will be monitored and if erosion that puts the structural stability of the confluence at risk does occur, then the Company shall further protect the area with appropriate bank protection measures. 40.4.7 Construction Phase Related Erosion and Sedimentation To mitigate against any impacts associated with construction site erosion and sedimentation, the construction contractor will prepare and implement an erosion and sediment control plan. This plan will require the contractor to take appropriate measures to control erosion of construction sites and minimize the sedimentation of the Xe Bangfai. Mitigation measures will include development of drainage works, sediment traps, diversions, culverts and other structures designed to treat water to an acceptable quality before discharge into the Xe Bangfai. All runoff from the construction areas will be directed to sediment settling areas designed to accelerate sediment removal. The contractor will maximize the use of working in the dry season, as construction is easier in the dry season, and this will further minimize the erosion impacts. Therefore erosion impacts due to construction are not expected to be significant with implementation of these adequate mitigation measures and good monitoring practices. 40.5 MITIGATION AGAINST EROSION 40.5.1 XBF Riverbank Erosion Rivers such as the XBF have a natural instability with alternating sequences of erosion of the river bed and banks and then downstream deposition of sediments. On the XBF, bank collapses are evident, as is sand deposition. The XBF riverbanks are mostly steep and of dense silty sandy soils with only the occasional rock bars. The river bank erosion is increased on the outside of bends. Here, river flow velocities are higher and the river channel is deeper and near the toe of the bank and scouring of the toe occurs. Sand deposition is increased on the inside of river bends, where velocities are less, but on the XBF, deposition is also observed along straight reaches. Another significant cause of erosion is by seepage of groundwater through the riverbank, particularly when river water levels recede and there is flow from the saturated riverbank to the lower river level. This seepage can scour fine material from the bank causing instability. In addition to natural erosion, the banks erode because of human use at village landing places and riverbank gardens and cattle seeking access to the river and grazing riverbank vegetation. Erosion is also caused by surface runoff down the banks and by waves generated by wind or boats. Releases from the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir will increase the discharge of the Xe Bangfai (XBF) River by an average of 220 cumecs (m3/s). The maximum increase is 330 m3/s, however on weekends there will be lower increases between 30 and 80 m3/s. This is a major change to the river regime and there will be a modification to the river geomorphology resulting with increased erosion and possible slumping of the riverbanks, especially during the early Project years. In addition, the erosion rate of the Upper XBF riverbanks will be increased as a result of flow velocities. The river widening will be initially significant just downstream of the Nam Phit and the first few kilometers of the river. Subsequently the degradation will extend downstream, but the erosion will decrease with distance. It is predicted that the there may be as much as 20 meters of extra erosion in the initial active period in the Mahaxai District, and 10m in the Xe Bang Fai District. Eventually a new river cross section will be established and the rate of erosion will decrease. For important, permanent structures or structures with community or cultural value whose relocation would be difficult or not desirable, then protection of the river bank around these structures will be undertaken by the NTPC, as described below. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme In other cases, and where building relocation is feasible, the Project will assist in the relocation of buildings that are under threat from the increased erosion (see Section 40.17). 40.5.1.1 Types of Riverbank Protection Types of riverbank protection are generally grouped as follows: · Natural bank protection. This can include turf, grass reinforced with synthetic materials, timberwork and reeds. · Vertical bank protection. This can include steel sheet piling, gabion structures (wire baskets filled with rock), concrete or masonry gravity walls, precast units and reinforced earth structures. · Sloping bank protection, known as revetments. This can include rip-rap, gabion mattresses, concrete blocks or slabs and geo-textile mats and grids. The type of protection used in the Xe Bangfai will depends on several considerations, for example whether the finished riverbank should have a vertical or sloping profile. Other considerations include the availability of construction materials, the time available during dry season low river water levels to complete the works and maintenance requirements. Access to the river and incorporating boat landings is also an important consideration. In Lao PDR, the most common method of protection on larger rivers is by rock filled gabion baskets or mattresses in front of a geo-textile filter fabric. The use of gabions enables drainage through the entire structure with the filter fabric being necessary to prevent fine materials from being washed out from behind the gabions during receding water levels. Gabions are flexible and the structure can stand some settlement and intolerances during construction. In the long term, the siltation of the gabions enables grasses and other vegetation to grow and further protect the bank. The baskets and geotextile are available from Thailand and rock is available in the Project area. For the XBF, this is the recommended method of bank protection. There are more expensive methods of protection along the Mekong River, particularly around ports. Gabions do have the disadvantage of increased maintenance requirement as the wire baskets can become damaged by boat collision and vandalism (children may use the wire for other purposes). Trees cannot be allowed to grow out of the structures. Whether to use sloping or vertical bank protection is largely dependent on the availability of land. Sloping protection is of lower cost but the banks have to be cut and/or filled to a slope of, for example, 1:2 or 1:2.5 (vertical: horizontal). If there is no room available to cut the bank to the required slope because of steep banks and a building is located close to the edge of the bank, then vertical protection is required. Length of Protection Riverbank protection works must extend both upstream and downstream of the Temple that it is intended to protect. If the protection is restricted to immediately in front of the Temple, erosion occurring upstream of the protection will cause undercutting of the structure and future collapse. The protection must begin at a suitable location upstream of the Temple. Similarly, if the protection is not continued a suitable distance downstream, downstream erosion will cut back under the protection. Protection at the Bank Toe The toe of the bank protection must be adequately protected from undermining by stream flow scour and, to a lesser extent, seepage. Toe scour can occur if the main stream channel is located at the bank toe, which typically occurs on the outside of a bend. This protection is provided by extending the protection away from the bank into the river bed. This is known as an armor skirt. Flexible gabion mattresses are useful in this regard. The armor skirt can be extended at the same revetment slope into the bed or be extended horizontally on the bed. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme Site Access There has to be adequate site access for the delivery of the construction materials. Many truck loads of rock and wire baskets will be required. For construction, there should be adequate working space. There is a significant problem with site access at the two rural villages located downstream of old Mahaxai. The roads to the villages are not good and impassable during the wet season. There is a problem with working space at all the sites as the Temples are all located close to the top of the river bank. 40.5.1.2 River Bank Protection Works for Temples Among the impacts of the increased erosion are that buildings located on the banks of the Upper XBF will be undermined and some will eventually fall into the river unless they are relocated farther from the riverbank. However, in the cases of Buddhist Temples and other spiritual sites, the villagers would prefer not to move the Temples and that riverbank protection works be undertaken. A description of the three temples in the upper Xe Bangfai which may face erosion and require protection works is presented in Annex 40-1. The basis of how the preliminary cost estimates were prepared is discussed in section 40.5.1.3. 40.5.4.3 below It is uncertain whether the temples of the two villages located in the Xe Bang Fai district (cf. chapter 30.11.3) will be impacted by the increased discharges or not, and are not currently included in the estimates. The lengths of protection and costs have been provisionally estimated as similar to Ban Pong. Road access to the two villages is from Road 13 South, but the villages have not been visited by road and the road condition is uncertain. 40.5.1.3 Preliminary Cost Estimates NTPC have surveyed XBF cross-sections in 1995, 2001 and 2002 so that rates of bank erosion can be monitored. Some of the cross-sections are located close to the Temples and a Ban Pong, the cross-section is at the Temple itself. Therefore approximate heights and widths of the protection works could be evaluated. The preliminary cost estimates are based on: · A width of gabion mattress protection of 48-m from the river bed to the top of bank. This is further based on an average height of 14-m from the bottom to the top of the bank cut and filled to a 1:2.5 slope. This equates to a 35-m slope length plus an extra 12-m at the bed for toe scour protection and an extra 1-m at the top of the bank. · Rock is available at a quarry located about 12-km from the new Mahaxai District Center. To the XBF villages this is an average haul distance of 30-km. A unit price of US$ 10 per cubic meter delivered at the sites has been used. · Gabion mattresses, 6 x 2 x 0.3-m thick, at US$ 130 each delivered to site. The above, plus the necessary earthworks required, equates to around US$ 1,000 per meter length of protection for the works at Mahaxai Tai. For the works at the two Temples on the opposite bank, this cost per meter has been increased by 10 % to allow for the more difficult access and working space problems. At all sites, an extra US$ 5,000 has been included for stairway access within the protection works to lower water elevations. A summary of the preliminary estimated costs is presented in Table 40-1. For the four villages of Pha Nang, Pong, Keng Pe and Tha Kor it is estimated that main buildings will not be affected. Thus, the total preliminary estimate for the three villages in the upper Xe Bangfai where river bank protection will be carried out is US$ 450,000. Table 40-1: Estimated Cost of Riverbank Protection for 3 Temples along Xe Bangfai. No. Village Estimated Cost US$) Remarks 1 Mahaxai Tai 150,000 2 Pova Neua 135,000 3 Pova Tai 165,000 Further investigations may show that less protection may be required Total 450,000 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme 40.5.2 Irrigation Pump Installations Any increase in river bank erosion may affect irrigation pump supply pipe footings. Efforts to protect or strengthen these footings against erosion will be made immediately after Project Commissioning, or at a time that regular monitoring indicates that such protection is required. Therefore, the integrity of the communities' irrigation systems will not be compromised. However, in cases where protection is not feasible and erosion damages the pumping pipe line, then NTPC will assist in the re-establishment of the pumping system and supply pipes. 40.6 MITIGATION AGAINST FLOODS 40.6.1 Powerhouse Shutdown It is planned, and committed to in the PPA, to shutdown the Powerhouse, and thus the release of turbinated waters, when there is a risk of overbank flooding along the Upper Xe Bangfai. This will avoid any flooding due to the Plant operation and will let overbank flooding, if any, occur in a natural manner. This measure implies an average reduction in the production of 44 GWh/year, which is equivalent to a cost of approximately US$ 1.8 million per year, or a cost of US$ 10 million in NPV for NTPC over the 25 years of operation. 40.6.2 Water Gate ­ Flood Control Structures The NT2 Project will work with the GOL to review the concept, operation and effectiveness of the many flood control structures (gates) which have recently been constructed at or near the mouth of the various colmatage creeks flowing into the Xe Bangfai in the lower Xe Bangfai zone. As required, remedial action will be taken to ensure the effectiveness of the operation of these gates and associated canals, or to modify or destroy them as adjudged appropriate. 40.7 MITIGATION FOR POTENTIAL HEALTH IMPACTS An analysis of the possible impacts on heath in the area (Health Impact Assessment) and the Project's commitment to health is detailed in Chapter 5 of this SDP. The Regional Health Program is designed to directly mitigate against any adverse health effects due to (a) the increased construction population or (b) any environmental impacts of the NT2 Project. The objective is to combine the Project's support to health care activities with the GOL Provincial and countywide programs. Part of the programs activities will be to: · monitor the health impacts, if any, of the projects discharge in the Xe Bangfai; · inform communities on endemic diseases, control programs and correct health care measures; · ensure a sufficiency of essential drugs ; · train and transfer appropriate technology among health workers and practitioners; and · provide support to disease control programs, if required. 40.8 RIVER SAFETY AND AWARENESS Changes in the current flow regimes of the Xe Bangfai and tributaries may cause some initial safety problems, especially the draw down on Sundays and raising in water levels on early Mondays. This change in flows, especially the rise, may catch people and buffalos unaware, and an awareness raising program will be an integral part of the continuous public disclosure and consultation. 40.9 ELECTRICITY The electricity transmission facilities developed by the NT2 Project include two transmission lines and a substation. The first transmission line is a 138 km long 500 kV double circuit transmission line to deliver electricity from the power station to the transfer point on the Lao-Thai border near Savannakhet. The second is a 32 km long 115 kV double circuit transmission line terminating in Mahaxai which will deliver electricity from the power station to EDL, for use within the Lao electricity network. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme The additional electricity will strengthen the existing electricity supply in the Xe Bangfai region, where there is currently an insufficient and intermittent supply. More specifically the additional electricity supply will improve the economics and stability of using electric pumps for irrigation, especially if used at night when cheaper off-peak electricity is available. The GOL with World Bank support (SPRE project) has, and will continue to extend the rural electrification network in the whole downstream area and along the Xe Bangfai. By COD nearly all the villages in the region of the Xe Bangfai will already be provided with electricity connections. 40.10 PROJECT BENEFITS 40.10.1 Irrigation - Reliable Water and Lower Pumping Costs The discharge of the turbinated NT2 discharge will provide additional 7,000 MCM of water to the Xe Bangfai, and much of this will be available for a greater irrigation potential in the dry season. The NT2 Project will improve the potential and economics of irrigated agriculture development through the provision of a reliable water resource in the Xe Bangfai during the dry season. The additional water resource offers potential both as supplemental wet season water and, more significantly, a source of assured dry season irrigation water. During the dry season, the constant NT2 Project discharges will also reduce energy requirements for irrigation pumps due to the increased water levels and therefore the distance, which water is lifted. This reduction in pumping costs will be especially beneficial for communities utilizing expensive diesel pumps, compared to electric pumps, for their irrigation schemes. Assurance of water in the dry season and the reduction in cost of dry-season irrigation will increase the potential of irrigation in all three reaches of the Xe Bangfai. Besides 5,245 ha currently irrigated in the dry season, an estimated 1,000 ha along the upper and middle reaches of the Xe Bangfai and up to 4,000 - 5,000 ha in the lower Xe Bangfai have irrigation potential. Because the Xe Bangfai floods almost every year result in damage to wet season crops, communities are trying to move towards dry season irrigation and the food security this provides. The benefits from the additional water are potentially greater for the Upper and Middle Xe Bangfai communities where currently their pumps run dry during the dry season. Analysis has been carried out on savings in pumping costs on the basis that all dry season paddy is irrigated by pumps and on the assumption that all pumps will be transferred to be electric pumps (see Table 40-2). It is estimated that during week days (Monday-Saturday) in the dry season, with a water level increase of 4 m (as in the Upper Xe Bangfai near Mahaxai), the average power saving would be greater than 28 %. On Sundays, with a water level increase of only 2 m the average power saving is still significant, at 16 %. Estimation of the actual financial savings involved will be verified when a second survey is undertaken of current and future irrigation systems, and costs. Current indications are that annual savings to PAVs of at least US$ 50,000 per year will be made, based on current irrigated areas only. Table 40-2: Estimated Savings in Dry Season Pumping Costs due to Increase in XBF Levels Upstream Upper Middle Lower Total Dry season irrigated area (ha) 302 390 202 4,351 5,245 Assumed decrease in pumping head (m) 5 5 4 3 Estimated power savings due to decrease in pump head (%) 35 35 28 22 Estimated savings, assuming current electricity cost of US$40/ha per crop (US$/ha) 14 14 11.2 8.8 Total savings per year : current irrigated areas US$4,228 US$5,460 US$2,262 US$38,289 US$50,239 The NT2 Project will encourage the GOL, in conjunction with its partners in development (IFIs and NGOS) to develop this beneficial water resource for current and future irrigation systems. 40.10.2 Household Water Supply The additional water in the Xe Bangfai will increase the ground water level in areas adjacent to the river. Increases would be most notable in the dry season when the NT2 contributions to total river discharge are November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme more significant. This increased groundwater level will facilitate access to groundwater for domestic use, especially for those communities extracting domestic water supplies from wells. 40.10.3 River Navigation In the dry season, the depth of water in the Xe Bangfai will be increased by the addition of NT2 discharge. Dry season river transportation will be made easier as rocks, rapids and shallow areas, currently constraining river navigation in the dry season, will be covered by the increased water level. Thus, navigation along and across the river and access to villages by boat will be improved. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme PART 3: COMPENSATION PROGRAMME 40.11 ASSESSMENT OF COMPENSATION NEEDS The type and level of compensation to be applicable to villagers in affected villages along the Xe Bangfai will be determined by a combination of: · Review and analysis of the impacts as identified and measured, either directly or indirectly (see Chapter 41); and · Reviews and consultations between affected villages, GOL agencies and NTPC with regard to the best means to effect compensation. The District Compensation Committees formed in each District will work closely with the Resettlement Committee, the RMU and NTPC's RO, to collate, review and discuss: (a) the findings of the baseline surveys, and (b) the results of special studies and monitoring programs in each village, ... with a view to determine more precise understanding of: · predicted impact of the NT2 Project on village infrastructure, livelihoods and economies; · actual impacts of the NT2 Project (following COD) on village infrastructure, livelihoods and economics; and · opinions and responses of villages with regard to these predicted impacts and the actual findings. The DCCs, RMU and NTPC will together maintain a constant dialogue with PAVs in order to review and discuss these results will villages, and especially to elicit ideas and final consensus from villages as to proposals to address the impacts. There are three general types of compensation , as follows; · direct restoration: Rehabilitation of an impact livelihood, such as fish for fish, garden for garden · indirect restoration Rehabilitation of livelihood in terms on imputed incomes, or protein - for example the development of cattle raising programs to compensate for loss in fish catch; · community development: The community may decide that they do not require income or food- based livelihood restoration as such, but more development type activities. 40.12 FISHERIES ­ COMPENSATION FRAMEWORK 40.12.1 Introduction The NTPC and the GOL will use the results from: (a) the baseline socio-economic monitoring surveys; (b) a study on the size and relative importance of fishing in Xe Bangfai mainstream by villagers from `hinterland' villages; and (c) the fishing effort and catch studies and monitoring program; (d) a pre-appraisal of fisheries compensation options trough studies in selected villages and district level workshops with village leaders and GOL staff; (e) a post Financial Close feasibility study; and (f) pilot fisheries... ... to facilitate informed discussions in each village as to how the Project predicted to impacts fisheries, and then following COD and monitoring, reviews and discussions as to how the Project is actually impacting the fisheries catch in the Xe Bangfai. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme The post FC feasibility study will define the compensation program which will be the basis on which pilot programs will be implemented from about COD-4 to COD-2. These programs to test and measure the feasibility (both technical and social sustainability and productivity) of the compensation options piloted. Based on the outcome of these pilot activities, and reviewed with villages the activities will be scaled up in COD-2 to COD+1. However, it must be understood that the results of the pilots and ensuing scaling up implementation prior to COD can only be indicative, and not a test of the real future situation, because the Xe Bangfai has not yet been impacted and thus there may be little incentive for riparian peoples to be fully involved in the pilot activities. Following COD, and a better understanding of the actual impact on fisheries, the compensation programs will be adjusted to restore and rehabilitate those components of livelihoods affected by the fisheries impacts. At this stage, and for planning purposes, the following models have been used in a pre-feasibility study: 'Fish for Fish': Aquaculture Compensation; - Integrated rice-fish farming, - Fish pond culture, Integrated livestock-fish farming; Livestock raising; Development of Alternative Livestock Production; Improved Natural Fisheries Management; During the Feasibility study, these and other models, will be considered by the villagers, and the implementation of these in pilots and then full activity implementation will depend on a set of factors, including: i) the extent of current irrigation for wet and dry season; ii) the potential for further development of the irrigation systems and opening of new agricultural lands; iii) the risk of flooding in the wet season; iv) access to markets (especially for chicken and pigs); v) the cost and benefit of the various options (in terms of protein as well as net value produced); vi) the amount of fisheries loss to be compensated; vii) the productivity gains from of improvements in natural fisheries (wetlands) management; and viii) the preferences of villagers 40.12.2 'Fish for Fish': Aquaculture Compensation Options It is expected that many of the affected communities will suggest that the impacts on fish catch are compensated by programs to produce or catch fish by other means. Thus, the objective of such a fisheries replacement options is to develop systems for the raising of fish which could replace the loss of those fish currently caught in the Xe Bangfai. Compensation options currently under investigation include: a) Integrated rice-fish farming: Fingerlings (fish seeds, 10 to 15 cm) are placed in a rice field, in which they can move for most of the growth period. Roughly 10 % of the field should be allocated to a refuge pond and/or trenches to allow fish to escape from predators and heat. Rice benefits from the fish as they eat weeds and small insects plus fertilize the soil. Fish benefit from access to a large area plus natural feed in the field. A typical rice-fish combination would consist in a 1600 m2 field, with a 1 m wide trench in the inner perimeter and a refuge pond of 40 m2. A more extensive model for one season (5 months) would involve a narrower trench and a smaller pond. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme Three options have been considered in the model: · Rice-fish farming, semi-intensive, 10 months in dry and wet season irrigated area (Option 1); · Rice-fish farming, extensive, 5 months in dry season irrigated area (Option 2); · Rice-fish farming, semi-intensive, 10 months with introduction of irrigation in dry and wet season (Option 3). b) Fish pond culture Fish are stocked in a pond; fish can be managed extensively (no or only little feed and manure), semi- intensively (using on-farm by-products, i.e. rice bran and broken rice, livestock manure and a steady water supply) or intensively (fish pellets). Farmers without past experience in fish farming would not go beyond semi-intensive level, as it becomes too expensive and risky. A typical pond would be 1.5 m deep, with an area of 500 m2. Three options have been considered in the model : · Pond culture, semi-intensive, 10 months with access to irrigation (Option 4); · Pond culture, extensive, 5 months in rainfed area (Option 5); · Pond culture, semi-intensive, 10 months with introduction of irrigation in dry and wet season (Option 6). c) Integrated livestock-fish farming Chicken is kept in a hut above the fish pond or on the dike. This saves space and labor, and allows droppings to automatically fall in the pond and fertilize the water and stimulate plankton production for the fish. Typically, this option would associate a chicken house for 100 animals and a 500 m2 fish pond. Chicken could be exchanged with duck involving similar cost and revenues. The two options considered in the model are : · Integrated chicken-fish farming, semi-intensive, 10 months in dry and wet season irrigated area (Option 7); · Integrated pig-fish farming, semi-intensive, 10 months in dry and wet season irrigated area (Option 8). In villages, where irrigation is not available or only to a limited extent, water supply will be provided in order to facilitate rice-fish farming and/or pond culture (Options 3 and 6). 40.12.3 Development of Alternative Livestock Production Option As mentioned above, rather than fish for fish loss compensation strategy, it might be technically more feasible, or socially preferred in some villages and/or some communities or households to opt for a combined protein for protein compensation and income for income compensation, in which case the development of livestock raising, especially cattle, may be the preferred option. As required, the NTPC will support develop of cattle raising (preferred, as they graze grass, herb and shrub lands as opposed to requiring a more intensive feeding program of pig and chickens). Most likely, however, this will require the development of improved forage programs. Goat husbandry is another option. 40.12.4 Improved Natural Fisheries Management Option in Rivers and Wetlands It is the shared opinion of (a) fisheries experts, and (b) local villagers, that there is currently, or certainly will be in the near future, 'over-fishing' in Xe Bangfai river. While over fishing refers partly to numbers of fishers and fishing effort, it also refers to inappropriate fishing practices and fishing gear, and lack of fisheries management (management of brood and spawning grounds, management of catch of fry etc). Experience in the region has demonstrated that with the planning and implementation of participatory natural fisheries (river and wetland) management, natural fisheries yields can increase significantly. Relevant GOL agencies have made some efforts to promote such management, but are hampered by lack of knowledge of fish biology and lack of extension funding. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme Thus, another option for compensation of fisheries loss in the mainstream Xe Bangfai is to develop improved management of natural fisheries, both in those wetlands fisheries connected to the Xe Bangfai, and the fisheries in the mainstream itself. It is likely that such a compensation program would be most effective when communities require fisheries compensation at the community rather than at the household level. The types of activities to be supported will include TA to investigate and formalize indigenous understanding of fish and aquatic ecology, and community development to ensure the participatory development of, and sustainable implementation of management strategies. 40.12.5 Integration of Compensation Options The actual combination of the compensation options will depend on the technical feasibility of these options in each village, villagers' preference, and the actual fish loss to be compensated. The current pre feasibility study has outlined a possible scenario making use, to various degrees, of the nine options described above, in the 70 affected Xe Bangfai mainstream villages. The irrigated area, potential area for irrigation and market access of each of these villages is taken in account when allocating a spread of each of these 9 options in each village. The net benefit for each option is also included in the calculations of exactly how much of each option is required, in each village, to replace the fish loss that os predicted to be experienced by each village. In the current model, which will be tested and improved in the feasibility study, suggests that in the Upper XBF zone where the expected fish loss is highest, all households will be involved in rice-fish culture and more than half in fish pond culture. Furthermore, there is also is high emphasis on buffalo/cattle raising. This pre-feasibility desk study is intended to give (a) a general framework for the compensation measures that could be implemented and (b) an overall budget for this programme. It should not be considered as an action plan per se, as a feasibility study involving technical assessments and consultations with villagers in the mainstream and hinterland villages will be undertaken in conjunction with implementation planning through the first year of the Fisheries Compensation Programme to start after Financial Close. This will determine the extent of which options can be applied in each village. It is likely that more options will be identified as relevant, technical feasible and preferred by communities. This diversification will be welcomed as long as options suggested meet agreement of villagers and fall within the compensation budget for each village. Similar and more options will be offered to the villages in the Nam Phit area and to Xe Bangfai hinterland villages. Development, promotion and sustainable maintenance of such production systems depend in part on a serious extension effort on the part of relevant GOL agencies ­ especially the local DAFO (District Agriculture and Forestry Office) ­ and the development of key private sector enterprises. Facilitation of visits to farmers who have successfully adopted the activities and have similar background as the target villagers is an important part of promoting the compensation activities. NTPC is committed to ensure that such extension services are developed and maintained (see Section 40.19). 40.12.6 Budget for Fisheries Compensation Programme The Fisheries Compensation Programme for the downstream areas will start in COD-4, and be scaled up to compensate the total loss of fish and aquatic products, soon after COD, in terms of weight of protein produced. The initial investments will be used to support and promote the compensation options among pilot farmers who are willing to engage in these (often new) types of operation. Upon successful operation for one or two years, more farmers will be keen to adopt the activities, and investments will be scaled up accordingly. NTPC will pay operation cost for the farmers for the first year, and attention will be paid to avoid situations where subsidising costs brings the risk of dependency and non-appreciation of the effort. In order to compensate for the loss in economic terms as well, the programme will run another five years ­ or until the fisheries yield has stabilised (predicted to be around COD+5). The process will be November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 14 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme monitored closely (see below), and it is anticipated that the need for investments will gradually fall. Should the fishery in the Xe Bangfai be restored earlier than expected, then investment will be made over a shorter period. The pre feasibility desk study mentioned above gives an estimate investment cost of 5.4 M US$ for the fisheries compensation on the Xe Bang Fai (both river and hinterland) villages. In addition, US$ 830,000 of investment should be considered for the Nam Phit (Nam Phit hinterland villages) and US$ 170,000 for the 250 households on the Nam Theun downstream the Nakai Dam. The total investment cost for the compensation options come up to US$ 6,400,000, while a further amount to US$ 1,000,000 is required to support operating cost on the initial years. This will total US$ 7,400,000, covering the investment and one year of operating cost, with an approximately equal share before and after COD. The schedule of implementation is given in Table 40-5. Technical assistance for the Fisheries Compensation Programme is estimated at US$ 1,600,000 over the nine years, including US$ 1,400,000 for personnel cost and US$ 200,000 for operation and administrative costs. Detail of the estimate for the personnel cost is given in Table 40-3. Table 40-3: Schedule of Technical Assistance for Fisheries Compensation Programme and Personnel Cost Estimate 2005 (qtr) 2006 (qtr) 2007 (qtr) 2008 (qtr) 2009 (qtr) 2010 (qtr) 2011 (qtr) 2012 (qtr) 2013 (qtr) Xe Bangfai / Nam Phit Fisheries monthly Compensation Programme 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 rate no. mths total FC+1 FC+2 FC+3 FC+4 FC+4½ COD+1 COD+2 COD+3 COD+4 NGO/Consulting firm Int TA: Fisheries 10,000 54 540,000 Lao TA: senior, program manager 2,000 93 186,000 Thai TA: senior, aquaculture 2,500 90 225,000 Lao TA: senior. natural fisheries 1,700 90 153,000 Lao TA: junior, aquaculture 750 81 60,750 Lao TA: junior, natural fisheries 750 81 60,750 Admin and Finance: 750 96 72,000 Admin and Finance: 400 78 31,200 2 drivers 2 x 250 500 96 48,000 > various and many 1,376,700 In addition, a program will monitor the impact on fisheries of the downstream areas, i.e. Xe Bangfai (Mainstream and Hinterland villages), Nam Phit, Nam Kathang/Gnom and Nam Theun, at an estimated cost of US$ 1,000,000, including US$ 650,000 for personnel cost (cf. details in Table 40-4) and US$ 350,000 for operation and administrative costs. Table 40-4: Schedule of Technical Assistance for Fisheries Monitoring Programme and Personnel Cost Estimate 2005 (qtr) 2006 (qtr) 2007 (qtr) 2008 (qtr) 2009 (qtr) 2010 (qtr) 2011 (qtr) 2012 (qtr) 2013 (qtr) 2014 (qtr) Fisheries Monitoring Programme, monthly all rivers 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 rate no. mths total FC+1 FC+2 FC+3 FC+4 FC+4½ COD+1 COD+2 COD+3 COD+4 COD+5 NGO/Consulting firm Int TA: Fisheries 10,000 36 360,000 Lao TA: senior 1,700 96 163,200 Lao TA: junior 750 96 72,000 Lao TA: database 650 48 31,200 Admin & finance (with Fish Comp Prog) Driver 250 96 24,000 650,400 This will total US$ 2,600,000 over tentatively eight years from COD-3 to COD+5. Table 40-5: Budget for compensation of Loss of the Downstream Areas Fisheries (US$) FC+1 FC+2 FC+3 FC+4 FC+4½ COD+1 COD+2 COD+3 COD+4 COD+5 Total Investment - 250,000 500,000 1,200,000 600,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 250,000 - 6,400,000 Operation (first year) - 39,063 78,125 187,500 93,750 187,500 187,500 187,500 39,063 - 1,000,000 Technical Assistance 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 100,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 100,000 - 1,600,000 Monitoring - 120,000 120,000 120,000 60,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 100,000 1,000,000 Total 200,000 609,063 898,125 1,707,500 853,750 1,707,500 1,707,500 1,707,500 509,063 100,000 10,000,000 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 15 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme 40.13 RIVERBANK GARDENS ­ COMPENSATION STRATEGY AND BUDGET 40.13.1 Strategy for Compensation of River Gardens In some cases, villagers may be able to adjust to the new Xe Bangfai water levels, and relocate their riverbank fields and gardens further up the river bank. However, in many cases this may not be not feasible or productive (at least in the initial years after COD) and thus NTPC is committed to provide assistance to re-establishing cropping and gardening activities, as requested by the communities themselves. Simple measures to re-establish gardens by villages will be taken into account, as will considerations to support irrigated fields and gardens above the river banks. In some cases, such irrigated garden development may be linked to the larger irrigation schemes for dry season paddy production. The areas of each type of garden (garden above river bank, riverside crop fields and riverside vegetable garden) have been obtained through interviews in all villages in early 2004 and are presented in detail in Chapter 30. A pre COD baseline study will be undertaken to establish exactly those HHs that may be impacted. Gardens above the river bank are not likely to be affected by the increased amounts of water whereas the impact on riverside crop fields and vegetable gardens will be considerable. It is expected that the impact on riverside crop fields will be 80 % in the upper Xe Bangfai and decreasing to 40 % in the lower parts of Xe Bangfai (see Table 40-6)1. Similarly, the impact on riverside vegetable gardens is expected to be 100 % in the two upper Districts and 70 % in the two lower Districts of the lower Xe Bangfai. Hence, the total area of riverside crop garden to be impacted is 190 ha and of riverside vegetable garden 16 ha. This compensation for loss of riverbank fields and gardens will be assessed on a village by village and, where required by a village or by households, on a household by household basis. The focal concern is the importance of these gardens to livelihoods and nutrition. Thus, each village will be asked to: · Rationally assess the level of damage to livelihoods and nutrition (assisted by data gathered by the Project surveys and studies); and · Consider the options for compensation jointly with the NTPC and GoL. For planning purposes (see Section 40.13.2 below) is it assumed that each village or household may request, and are entitled to, a direct one for one replacement of lost garden land on the river bank with the same size of garden land on top of the riverbank, or elsewhere. In reality, some villagers may request other compensation options. 40.13.2 Budget for Compensation of River Gardens In developing a budget for compensation for the loss of riverbank fields and gardens, it is anticipated that around 50 % of the garden area can be re-established on land currently in possession of the affected villagers. For the other 50%, the project will support purchase of new land where this is necessary. With a price of US$ 750/ha for non-irrigated land this could cost up to US$ 77,000. In case the respective villages already have an irrigation system established, this system will need to be extended to cover the new fields/gardens. The cost for this is estimated at US$ 1,750 /ha. In case that the irrigation system can not cover the new land or that there is no irrigation in the village at all, a new water supply system such will have to be constructed. This is estimated to cost US$ 3,500 /ha. The total compensation cost for the 206 hectare expected to be impacted, and thus replaced is estimated at US$ 617,000 (see Table 40-6 below). If the cost of pumping is internalised in order to provide a net economic compensation, then an additional 5.5 ha of gardens will need to be established, increasing the cost to US$633,287. As the impact on riverbank gardens will be immediately at and after COD, later rainy season and early dry season of 2009, the compensation program will initiated in the dry season of 2008-09. 1Data is presented by district, as this is the way the data is collected. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 16 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme Table 40-6: Estimated Loss of Riverside Crop and Vegetable Gardens and Associated Compensation Cost. Current Area Predicted Loss Compensation Development of Current Total Purchase of New Establishment of Irrigation Additional Area Total (Riverside (Riverside Crop Land, 50 % of New Irrigation, System, 50 % of to Compensate Total Riverside Crop Riverside Crop and Vegetable Riverside Crop Riverside and Vegetable cases (US$ 50 % of area (US$ Area (US$ for Pumping Compensation Garden Vegetable Garden Total Garden) Garden Vegetable Garden Garden) 750/ha) 3,500/ha) 1,750/ha) Sub-total Cost Total Area Cost District Area (ha) No. HH Area (ha) No. HH Area (ha) No. HH Area (ha) No. HH % Area (ha) % Area (ha) Area (ha) USD USD USD USD (ha) (ha) (USD) Mahaxay 103 526 4 45 148 743 107 571 80 82 100 4 86.4 32,387 151,138 75,569 259,094 2.3 88.7 266,003 Xe Bangfai 74 486 5 55 146 755 80 541 70 52 100 5 57.4 21,509 100,377 50,189 172,075 1.5 58.9 176,664 Nong Bok 41 432 4 100 62 646 46 532 40 17 70 3 19.6 7,360 34,347 17,174 58,881 0.5 20.2 60,451 Xaybouli 98 698 5 73 173 1004 102 771 40 39 70 3 42.3 15,849 73,960 36,980 126,788 1.1 43.4 130,169 Total 316 2142 18 273 529 3148 335 2415 190 16 205.6 77,105 359,822 179,911 616,838 5.5 211.1 633,287 Note: Pumping cost for the new irrigated gardens is estimated at US$ 10 per month per hectare in 8 months = USD 80. This cost has been included in the amount of land to be compensated (= 2.7 % increase). November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 17 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme 40.14 DOMESTIC WATER ­ COMPENSATION FRAMEWORK 40.14.1 Compensation Strategy for Domestic Water Supply Programme As noted in earlier chapters, water quality problems may result from to the breakdown of biomass in the reservoir (in the initial years only), and unsuspended solids due to erosion. Thus, the NT2 project has undertaken a study to understand the current use of Xe Bangfai waters as a source for a range of domestic water uses (see Chapter 30). On the assumption that there may be problems with Xe Bangfai water quality, the Project is committed to the provision of alternative means of household water of appropriate quality. In those villages clearly dependant on (especially dry season) Xe Bangfai flows for household water use, a proactive approach will be taken whereby alternative sources of household water will be developed prior to the start of the Project Operations. Annex 30-1 presented the relative importance of the various sources of water for various domestic uses of water. It is believed that drinking and cooking include the more critical uses of water, as the water is directly consumed by the users. Furthermore, Xe Bangfai is used more frequently for cooking than for drinking. Hence, the importance of Xe Bangfai for water for cooking for each village is therefore used as an indicator for the dependency of this water source. At the same time this will also indicate the scope of the compensation. Table 40-8 shows the relative importance of water sources related to the Xe Bangfai (i.e. Xe Bangfai, springs at Xe Bangfai, wells at the Xe Bangfai riverbank and irrigation). For villages where the total values of these water sources are 75 or above, reliance of these are thought to be so high that the Project will compensate a new water system for the entire village. For villages where the total value amounts to less than 75, compensation will be made to the corresponding percentage of the population of that village. However, a full village by village baseline survey will be undertaken again at COD-2, together with conclusions, to decide on the best way and best system to address this problem, prior to COD. 40.14.2 Budget for Domestic Water Supply Programme The planning budget for domestic water supply compensation is based on the provision of two town water supply systems for the villages agglomerates of Phova Neua and Phova Tai on the left bank and Mahaxay Neua, Mahaxay Kang and Mahaxay Tai on the right bank. The unit cost of these is estimated at US$ 22,000. The remaining 78 villages will be offered open wells or deep wells depending on technical feasibility and community preference. The advantage of the open well is that is cheaper (around US$ 100 per unit) and therefore can be shared among a small group of households ­ in the present scenario 3. The deep well has the advantage of providing cleaner water. Due to a higher unit cost (around US$ 500), it will be shared among 15 households. Six villages do not make use of any Xe Bangfai related water source for cooking. The actual type of alternative household water source and supply system will be identified by a combination of community consultation and consensus, and technical feasibility studies in each village. The total construction cost for the 83 villages is US$ 228,000 (see Table 40-7). Design and management cost for each of the water supply systems is estimated at US$ 29,000. The total cost of compensatory water supply schemes is therefore US$ 257,000. Table 40-7: Total Estimated Cost of Investment and Design Cost for Compensatory Water Supply Schemes for Xe Bangfai Mainstream Villages. Construction Cost Design and Management of Construction No of villages Number of Item /towns a) Unit units b) Cost per unit (US$) c) Total (US$) Cost per unit (US$) Total (US$) Total cost (US$) Open well 39 3 HH 921 100 92,136 10 9,214 101,350 Deep well 39 15 HH 184 500 92,136 60 11,056 103,193 Town water supply 2 Town 2 22,000 44,000 4,400 8,800 52,800 Total 228,273 29,070 257,343 a)The villages of Phovaneua and Phovatay form a town unit as do the villages of Mahaxai Neua, Mahaxai Kang and Mahaxai Tay. Six villages are not impacted at all. b)It is assumed that 50 % of villages will have open wells and 50 % deep well. This distribution is reflecting what is in place at the moment. Consultations will determine the exact number of each type of well. c)Open well is estimated at US$ 100 and to be shared among 3 HHs; Deep well is estimated at US$ 500 and to be shared among 15 HHs. This makes the average cost per household the same for the two options. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 18 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme Table 40-8: Relative Dependency of Xe Bangfai Water for Household Consumption and Cost of Compensatory Water Supply. Source If 75 or Number of HH Spring, Xe bank Total, more. -> HH to be Total Cost District Village XBF XBF well Irrigation XBF 100 *) 2001 2009 compensated Solution * (US$) Mahaxay 1 1 Kanggnankham 100 0 0 0 100 100 28 34 34 Well 1,146 2 2 Nathandong 100 0 0 0 100 100 36 44 44 Well 1,474 3 3 Nathanthong 100 0 0 100 100 32 39 39 Well 1,310 4 4 Vernh 78 0 0 0 78 100 33 41 41 Well 1,351 5 5 Nakhay 74 0 0 0 74 74 51 63 46 Well 1,545 6 6 Nongkork 78 0 0 0 78 100 22 27 27 Well 900 7 7 Ilarnh 68 14 0 0 82 100 59 72 72 Well 2,415 8 8 Naphong 62 0 14 76 100 56 69 69 Well 2,292 9 9 Darng 100 0 0 0 100 100 58 71 71 Well 2,374 10 10 Vat thard 54 0 0 54 54 37 45 25 Well 818 11 11 Somsanouk 80 0 0 14 94 100 45 55 55 Well 1,842 12 12 Nakiow 28 28 0 16 72 72 80 98 71 Well 2,358 13 13 Kengsavang 70 0 0 30 100 100 23 28 28 Well 941 14 14 Phovaneua 100 0 0 100 100 86 106 106 Town water 22,000 15 15 Phovatay 100 0 0 100 100 90 111 111 supply 16 16 Mahaxayneua 34 0 0 66 100 100 66 81 81 Town water 17 17 Mahaxaykang 100 0 0 100 100 99 122 122 supply 22,000 18 18 Mahaxaytay 82 0 0 82 100 146 179 179 19 19 Phanang 100 0 0 0 100 100 44 54 54 Well 1,801 20 20 Khamfeuang 56 0 0 0 56 56 88 108 61 Well 2,017 21 21 Pong 58 0 0 0 58 58 36 44 26 Well 855 Xe Bangfai 22 1 Kengpae 88 0 0 0 88 100 75 92 92 Well 3,070 23 2 Thakor 100 0 0 100 100 49 60 60 Well 2,006 24 3 Thahat 100 0 0 100 100 50 61 61 Well 2,047 25 4 Kengkhenh 44 18 0 62 62 44 54 33 Well 1,117 26 5 Kengkasy 90 10 0 100 100 43 53 53 Well 1,760 27 6 Vernsananh 32 0 0 0 32 32 63 77 25 Well 825 28 7 Hatphek 100 0 0 100 100 38 47 47 Well 1,555 29 8 Phakse Noy 32 0 32 32 85 104 33 Well 1,113 30 9 Nathan 48 0 10 14 72 72 83 102 73 Well 2,446 31 10 Thasyda 60 22 0 82 100 32 39 39 Well 1,310 32 11 Khouaxe 34 0 0 34 34 285 350 119 Well 3,966 33 12 Dangtha 66 0 0 66 66 85 104 69 Well 2,296 34 13 Naphorktha 48 0 0 48 48 73 90 43 Well 1,434 35 14 Somsaaet 90 0 90 100 43 53 53 Well 1,760 36 15 Ngangkham 40 26 0 14 80 100 216 265 265 Well 8,841 37 16 Hatkhamhieng 16 14 0 0 30 30 239 293 88 Well 2,935 Nongbok 38 1 Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 79 0 Well - 39 2 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 97 0 Well - 40 3 Sorkbor 74 26 0 0 100 100 105 129 129 Well 4,298 41 4 Natay 88 0 0 12 100 100 76 93 93 Well 3,111 42 5 Phak itou 80 0 0 20 100 100 63 77 77 Well 2,579 43 6 Hardxiengdy 0 0 0 0 0 0 204 251 0 Well - 44 7 Dongsangam 40 8 0 6 54 54 68 84 45 Well 1,503 45 8 Hardsayphong 44 16 0 26 86 100 56 69 69 Well 2,292 46 9 Tharntheung 18 10 0 0 28 28 148 182 51 Well 1,696 47 10 Dongphakpheua 36 0 0 0 36 36 153 188 68 Well 2,255 48 11 Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 100 100 130 160 160 Well 5,321 49 12 Sadu Tay 100 0 0 0 100 100 90 111 111 Well 3,684 50 13 Samnady 58 0 0 42 100 100 30 37 37 Well 1,228 51 14 Navangneua 68 0 0 16 84 100 196 241 241 Well 8,023 52 15 Navangkang 82 0 0 18 100 100 73 90 90 Well 2,988 53 16 Navangnoy 14 0 0 26 40 40 69 85 34 Well 1,130 54 17 Navangthong 0 0 0 30 30 30 123 151 45 Well 1,510 55 18 Phonsao e 56 0 0 30 86 100 66 81 81 Well 2,701 56 19 Thamouang 90 0 0 10 100 100 38 47 47 Well 1,555 57 20 Danparkxe 38 0 0 0 38 38 84 103 39 Well 1,307 Xaybouli 58 1 Manilad 50 0 0 0 50 50 41 50 25 Well 839 59 2 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 122 150 0 Well - 60 3 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 100 100 109 134 134 Well 4,462 61 4 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 100 100 29 36 36 Well 1,187 62 5 Tonhaen 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 215 0 Well - 63 6 Kaengphosy 83 0 0 0 83 100 69 85 85 Well 2,824 64 7 Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 100 100 69 85 85 Well 2,824 65 8 Kangpa 31 0 0 0 31 31 71 87 27 Well 908 66 9 Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 100 100 59 72 72 Well 2,415 67 10 Dongmarkfai 0 100 0 0 100 100 91 112 112 Well 3,725 68 11 Lao 63 0 38 0 100 100 29 36 36 Well 1,187 69 12 Souvanxai 100 0 0 0 100 100 73 90 90 Well 2,988 70 13 Somsa-at 0 0 0 0 0 0 102 125 0 Well - 71 14 Sakong 100 0 0 0 100 100 86 106 106 Well 3,520 72 15 Thabor 31 23 0 0 54 54 57 70 38 Well 1,256 73 16 Thakharm 46 46 0 0 92 100 97 119 119 Well 3,970 74 17 Thaphoxai 46 0 0 0 46 46 102 125 58 Well 1,927 75 18 Thadorkham 47 18 0 0 65 65 36 44 29 Well 953 76 19 Nasang 86 0 0 0 86 100 121 149 149 Well 4,953 77 20 Naxiengkhane 100 0 0 0 100 100 65 80 80 Well 2,661 78 21 Xiengkhay 88 0 0 0 88 100 91 112 112 Well 3,725 79 22 Houi-hai 91 0 0 0 91 100 76 93 93 Well 3,111 80 23 Hartkhamdee 0 31 69 0 100 100 38 47 47 Well 1,555 81 24 Hartsaisungneua 83 0 0 0 83 100 129 158 158 Well 5,280 82 25 Hartsaisungtay 79 21 0 0 100 100 105 129 129 Well 4,298 83 26 Nongheuathongneua 38 23 0 0 62 62 58 71 44 Well 1,461 84 27 Nongheuathongtay 43 0 0 0 43 43 23 28 12 Well 403 85 28 Pahlay 40 0 0 0 40 40 36 44 18 Well 589 86 29 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 100 100 96 118 118 Well 3,929 87 30 Pong 33 0 0 0 33 33 84 103 34 Well 1,146 88 31 Phakfeuatay 100 0 0 0 100 100 63 77 77 Well 2,579 89 32 Phakfeuaneua 91 0 0 0 91 100 61 75 75 Well 2,497 Total cost 6,126 228,273 *) If the sources originating in the Xe Bangfai total 75 or more, water supply compensation will be provided to the entire village. For values less than 75, the actual figure is used as a tentative percentage of HHs impacted. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 19 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme 40.15 ACCESS ACROSS THE RIVER ­ COMPENSATION FRAMEWORK Communities living along the Xe Bangfai and its tributaries currently use several modes to cross the river in dry season, including temporary bamboo bridges (Mahaxai only), walking across rapids or shallow areas, ferries (Mahaxai only), dry season vehicle crossings, and the use of small long tail boats (see Chapter 30). Boating along the XBF will globally be facilitated, as the increased flow will cover rapids and shallows, making navigation easier. However, crossing the river by wading across the rapids or the building of temporary bamboo bridges will become impossible. NTPC is committed to providing assistance to resolve these issues. While the exact approaches for NTPC assistance will depend on consultations with the villagers and coordination with GOL development agencies, it could include some of the following activities: · In cases were villages cross the river to tend fields or gardens or look after cattle, and these villages have few canoes, then canoes (boats) with simple long tailed motors (as is common along the Xe Bangfai) , will be provided to these villagers.. · In cases where temporary bamboo bridges are erected across the river (and there is only one in the Xe Bangfai, in old Mahaxai town) then an alternative (most likely 'suspended') pedestrian bridge will be designed and constructed, at an estimated cost of US$ 70,000 (including design); · Along the backwater affected area if the Xe Noy, the current low level (natural crossing) will be improved by placement of 1.5 m high box culverts (with load limit - not for logging truck), at a cost of US$ 90,000 (including design). NTPC will allocate an indicative budget of US$ 225,000 for this program component, to be confirmed closer to COD. 40.16 IRRIGATION PUMPING STATIONS ­ COMPENSATION COST FOR RELOCATION 40.16.1 Existing Pump Stations on the XBF There are many existing irrigation scheme pump stations on the XBF, particularly on the lower reaches. There are two types of pump stations: · Centrifugal pumps mounted on floating pontoons that move up and down with fluctuating river levels. At the pump discharge outlet there is a flexible rubber hose, which connects to a steel pipe that is fixed to the riverbank. The steel pipe delivers water to the scheme main canal. The steel pipe has a number of points for connection to the flexible hoses at various river elevations. These systems are known as pontoon pump stations and are the most common type. There are both electric and diesel powered pumps. · Inclined axial flow pumps fixed to the riverbank. The motor is installed above flood levels and the pump impellor and intake is permanently below low water level. The motor and impellor is connected by a shaft coupling fixed inside a steel pipe known as a column. The water is pumped up through this column, through the pump head to a steel pipe, which delivers the water to the canal system. All the axial flow motors are electrically powered. Nearly all the pump stations were installed between 1996 and 1998 when the GoL embarked on an extensive installation programme to increase irrigation coverage in Lao PDR. Each station has mostly two pumps, a few with four units and one with six units. The motors are mostly 75 kW but range from 37 to 100 kW. 40.16.2 Problems and Solutions with Expected Impacts River Bank Erosion Both types of pump station installations have steel pipes or columns fixed to the riverbanks by reinforced concrete foundations. Most probably, most foundations will be spread foundations and not piled. River bank erosion in the Upper XBF will undermine the foundations and cause collapse of the structure fairly soon after the erosion starts. If the foundations are piled, then it will take longer for the structure to collapse. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 20 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme Both types of pump station will require relocation further inland. This will be of less cost than attempting to protect the structures with river bank protection works that will have to stretch at least 20 meters upstream and downstream of the structure. The cost of relocating the axial flow pumps will be more than the pontoon stations as the motors will also have to be moved. In both cases any electrical sub-stations will also have to be moved if they are located close to the top of the riverbank. There will also be a problem with the steel delivery pipe on top of the bank as the route will have to be adjusted. If the new location is far from the existing location, then there will also have to be a new stilling basin structure constructed at the delivery pipe outlet and the start of the main canal adjusted. It is preferable that the new location is as close to the old location as possible. As the possible erosion of 20 m is a prediction and not certain, the structures should be relocated further from the bank than this. It is also preferable if the reinforced concrete foundations are piled in case erosion is greater than predicted. Single or double deep, wide diameter concrete piles are not necessary, they can be a series of small diameter piles. Water Level Fluctuations The fluctuations in water level will not impact the axial flow pump stations. With regard to pontoon pump installations. Each station will have a pump operator or operators who are also responsible for adjusting the location of the pontoon as the river levels move up and down. The pontoon is tied to the riverbank by wire ropes. In the dry season the river level fluctuation is small and small constant adjustment of the ropes and pipe connections are necessary. Care must be taken with electrical cables which must be kept coiled and dry on the pontoon. In the wet season, there are increased fluctuations caused by floods and the operators must be more cautious. 40.16.3 Budget for Relocation of Irrigation Pumping Station Relocation of the irrigation pumping stations is recommended to be carried out to nine and possibly 11 of the Pontoon pump stations as well as one Axial pump station. The costs involved include excavations and foundations, pipes and hoses as well as installation of a new electrical sub-station. The unit cost for Pontoon pump stations is estimated at US$ 20,000 and for Axial US$ 30,000 (see Table 40-9). Hence the total cost for relocation of the 12 irrigation pump stations is US$ 250,000. When the NT2 project starts operating there will be level fluctuations every weekend and during the week if there are public holidays and less power is required to be generated. The pump operator will be kept busier and must be warned of any abnormal fluctuations such as mid-week public holidays. No problems are envisaged with the connections from the flexible hoses to the fixed bank delivery pipes. The flexible hoses are designed to accommodate a significant level fluctuation. Adjustment of the wire rope attaching the pontoon to the banks will be more important. Before NT2 operations there will be meetings informing XBF District Irrigation Authorities and irrigation scheme Water User Associations (WUA) of the impending river level fluctuations. An effective system of warning the WUAs of unusual fluctuations will be designed. Further investigations of the impacted irrigation schemes are required and a possible recommendation may be to provide additional lengths of wire ropes. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 21 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme Table 40-9: Cost of Relocation of Pontoon and Axial Irrigation Pump Stations. Nr Description Unit Quantity Unit Rate Amount (US$) (US$) 1. Estimate for One (1) Pontoon Pump Station 1.1 Mobilization and base camp LS 1 2,000 2,000 1.2 Excavation and Foundations Excavation for new installation (incl. some rock) LS 1 4,500 4,500 Reinforced concrete foundations LS 1 2,000 2,000 Vegetation planting for bank protection LS 1 500 500 1.3 Steel Delivery Pipe and Fittings Dismantle existing delivery pipe LS 1 1,000 1,000 New pipes, pipe bends, seals, nuts & bolts as requir LS 1 2,000 2,000 New flexible hoses and anchor cables as required LS 1 2,000 2,000 Re-install on new foundations LS 1 1,000 1,000 1.4 Electrical Sub-Station Dismantle existing electrical sub-station LS 1 1,000 1,000 Construct new structure LS 1 2,000 2,000 Replacement new fittings as required LS 1 1,000 1,000 Install new sub-station LS 1 1,000 1,000 Sub-total, One (1) Pump Station 20,000 Total, Eleven (11) Pontoon Pump Stations 220,000 Assumptions, Pontoon Mounted Pump Stations: 1. Pump station relocated 20-m inland, adjacent to existing station 2. New delivery pipeline route required 3. Electrical sub-station similarly relocated (may not be necessary) 4. Stilling basin not impacted 5. Some steel pipes are damaged & many new fittings (seals, nuts & bolts) required 6. Assume 2 x 75 Kw Pumps 7. Number of pontoon pump stations impacted: 11 Nr Description Unit Quantity Unit Rate Amount (US$) (US$) 2 Estimate for One (1) Axial Flow Pump Station 2.1 Mobilization and base camp LS 1 3,000 3,000 2.2 Excavation and Foundations Excavation for new installation (incl. some rock) LS 1 5,000 5,000 Reinforced concrete foundations and shelter LS 1 5,000 5,000 Vegetation planting & other riverbank protection LS 1 2,000 2,000 2.3 Pump and Steel Delivery Pipe and Fittings Dismantle existing pumps & delivery pipe LS 1 2,000 2,000 New pipes, pipe bends and fittings as required LS 1 6,000 6,000 Re-install on new foundations LS 1 2,000 2,000 2.4 Electrical Sub-Station Dismantle existing electrical sub-station LS 1 1,000 1,000 Construct new structure LS 1 2,000 2,000 Replacement new fittings as required LS 1 1,000 1,000 Install new sub-station LS 1 1,000 1,000 Sub-total, One (1) Axial Flow Pump Station 30,000 Assumptions, Axial Flow Pump Station: 1. Pump station relocated 20-m inland, adjacent to existing station 2. New delivery pipeline route required 3. Electrical sub-station similarly relocated (may not be necessary) 4. Stilling basin not impacted 5. Some steel pipes are damaged, some new pipe bends and mostly new fittings (seals, nuts & bolts) required 6. Only one (1) station impacted at Mahaxai Tai (2 x 90 Kw) 7. Number of Axial flow pump stations impacted: 1 TOTAL, PONTOON and AXIAL FLOW PUMP STATIONS 250,000 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 22 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme 40.17 RELOCATION OF BUILDINGS 40.17.1 Compensation Strategy for Relocation of Buildings As mentioned in Section 40.5 buildings located close to the Xe Bangfai face the risk of erosion. For buildings without high community or cultural value, and which are not concerned by riverbank protection measures, NTPC will offer relocation to another place in the village, which could includes purchased land and construction of a new house of a standard not less than the current structure. The survey on assets (see Section 30.11) showed that a total of 226 private buildings in 16 villages could be affected by erosion. In addition, 6 communally owned buildings in 5 villages faced a similar risk of wearing away. 40.17.2 Budget for Relocation of Buildings Relocation of these buildings involves identifying new land where the houses and other buildings can be constructed in vicinity to the current village and the actual construction of the building. Such land could cost as much as US$ 15,000 per hectare or US$ 1.50 per m2. Building materials, labour and other construction cost is estimated at to US$ 4,000 per house2. The total cost of relocation of the buildings total US$ 615,000 (see Table 40-10). Table 40-10:Compensation Cost of Buildings to Be Relocated. Area of Area needed Total Area of shops and for new compensation House Barn Shop / ware house houses ware houses homesteads cost District Bamboo Timber Bamboo Timber (m2) (m2) (m2) (US$) Mahaxai 27 74 12 6 26 6,171 1,420 26,104 Xe Bangfai 17 26 41 2 1 2,749 78 11,074 Total 44 100 53 8 27 8,920 1,498 37,178 Compensation Unit compensation cost (US$) 2,000 4,000 200 800 2,000 1.50 Compensation cost (US$) 88,000 400,000 10,600 6,400 54,000 55,767 614,767 Assumptions: Cost of constructing a new house of bamboo: US$ 2,000. Cost of constructing a new house of timber: US$ 4,000. Cost of relocating a barn: US$ 200. Cost of constructing a shop / ware house of bamboo: US$ 800. Cost of constructing a shop / ware house of timber: US$ 2,000. Cost of land for new homestead (for houses): US$ 15,000/ha. 40.18 T.A. TO THE NON-FISHERIES COMPENSATION PROGRAMME Table 40-11 below presents the schedule of required TA that will be fielded to work with the GoLs RMU in the implementation of the non-fisheries component of the downstream compensation program. The corresponding budget amounts to US$ 510,000. Table 40-11: Schedule of Technical Assistance to the Non-Fisheries Compensation Programme. 2007 (qtr) 2008 (qtr) 2009 (qtr) 2010 (qtr) 2011 (qtr) 2012 (qtr) 2013 (qtr) 2014 (qtr) Xe Bangfai Non-Fisheries Mitigation and Compensation monthly Programme 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 rate no. mths total Lao TA: senior, program manager 2,500 54 135,000 Lao TA: senior, engineer (water suppply, irrigation pumps, river bank protection) 1,700 60 102,000 Lao TA: Village infrastructure engineer (relocation of buildings) 1,700 66 112,200 Lao TA: agronomist (river bank gardens) 1,700 36 61,200 Admin and Finance: 750 60 45,000 Admin and Finance: 400 60 24,000 2 drivers 2 x 250 500 60 30,000 > various and many 509,400 40.19 RMU SUPPORT FOR THE DOWNSTREAM AREAS The NT2 Project has allocated US$1,560,000 funds to the GoL, thru its Resettlement Management unit, to support the implementation and monitoring of the downstream mitigation and compensation 2 This is the current price for houses at the Nakai Plateau. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 23 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme programme. The RMU, and the various downstream District Working Groups, will be provided with funds to support: · expansion and refurbishment of District offices; · purchase and operation of vehicles, both 4 x 4 and motorcycles; · purchase of computers, printers and other office equipment; · a budget for recurrent costs, such as office and field consumables, and fuel for vehicles; · per diem allowance for a wide range and number of staff (see Chapter 6); and · staff training. The above GOL capacity building program will facilitate the focal role of GoL agencies in staff in the conduct of the XBF and downstream programs, in collaboration with NTPC, over a period of 9 years. 40.20 INDICATIVE ACTIVE SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES A summary, indicative schedule of the main activities required by the mitigation and compensation program is presented in Table 40-12. It shows which parts of the programs will be implemented before and after COD. Implementation of activities, in most cases, is dependant on the monitoring of actual impacts as they occur, before final decisions are made as to the site and scale of the mitigation and compensation activities to be implemented. This strategy can only be effective however, if relatively detailed surveys, plans, designs and budgets are developed pre-COD (as planned and shown in Table 40-12) so that quick response action can and will be taken, as and when required, post COD. The activities include a significant and essential focus on the local participation of the potentially affected villagers. Firstly, there is the continuous consultations and disclosure program, whereby villagers review and analyse the (predicated) primary and secondary impacts of the Project that are explained to them. This is followed by community review and consensus of the types of compensation options favoured, and proposed to the Project. Finally, there is the participatory surveys and monitoring after COD of physical impacts and livelihoods that are actually affected, and the actual extent of impacts. It goes without saying that the participation of the PAPs in the implementation of the compensation is another crucial precursor to the successful and long term sustainable implementation of these compensation programs. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 24 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme Table 40-12: Indicative Schedule for Survey, Planning and Implementation of Mitigation and Compensation Options for the Xe Bangfai 5- 4- 3- 2- 1- 1 3 4 Component / Activity + +2 + + COD COD COD COD COD COD COD COD COD 1. VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY Financial Close i survey's - preliminary and pre-COD ii consultations re. compensation options iii development of detailed plans iv implementation 2. IRRIGATION PUMPS AND SUPPLY LINES i final survey and consultations ii detailed design and budgeting iii modify pump/pipe connections (or convert to axial) iv monitoring supply pipe footing erosion v protect supply pipe footings, if required 3. RIVER BANK PROTECTION i survey/consultations re. areas that require protection ii detailed design and budgeting iii technical/participatory monitoring of erosion iv implementation of protection, as required 4. RIVERSIDE ASSETS RELOCATION i survey and consultations re. areas that may need relocation (and not protection), with 3 above ii detailed design and budgeting iii technical/participatory monitoring of erosion iv implementation of relocation, if required. 5. ACROSS-RIVER ACCESS i surveys and consultations ii provide boats/engines to certain villages iii build low level culvert - Xe Noy ` iv build pedestrian suspension bridge - old Mahaxai 6. FISHERIES COMPENSATION i feasibility Study ii pre-COD participatory monitoring iii consultations re. compensation options iv pilot implementation v development of detailed plans vi implementation of plans vii post COD participatory monitoring 7. RIVERBANK GARDENS i Surveys, the pre-COD baseline ii consultations re. compensation options iii implementation, as required 40.21 SUMMARY TOTAL BUDGET FOR DOWNSTREAM AREAS PROGRAMME The budget planned for the various mitigation and compensation programmes is listed in Table 40-13. The total amount of the programme is US$ 14,500,000. The budget for the fisheries compensation programme is based on conservative estimates of the fish losses that can be expected for the first few years after COD. The compensation measures will be implemented as an offset for all the potential negative impacts of the project on the downstream areas. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 25 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme Table 40-13: Allocated amount for the downstream areas Mitigation and Compensation Programme. Activity Estimated cost (US$) Mitigation and Compenstion Programmes Domestic water supply 257,000 Modification to irrigation pumps 250,000 Riverbank protection near temples 450,000 Relocation of buildings 615,000 Fisheries Compensation Programme (XBF, NP, NT, Investment + Operating costs) 7,400,000 Access across Xe Bangfai 225,000 Riverbank gardens 633,000 Total 9,830,000 Technical Assistance and Monitoring Fisheries Compensation Programme 1,600,000 Fisheries Monitoring Programme 1,000,000 Non-Fisheries Mitigation and Compensation Programme 510,000 Total 3,110,000 RMU Total 1,560,000 Grand total 14,500,000 ********** * * * ********** November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 26 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme Annex 40-1: Description of Problems and Protection Works for Temples in 3 Villages Village No. 1 Mahaxai Tai Temple Wat Sen Sayalarn Temple Description Temple originally established 1723. Brick wall and buildings. Distance Downstream of About 7 km NT2 Downstream Channel Length of Temple Wall on 65 meters, downstream end of wall is only 7-m from edge of riverbank Riverbank Location and Erosion On outside of bend on the right bank of the river. Significant erosion pocket Problem upstream due to eddying (swirling) of river. Then consistent (classical) natural erosion along long downstream river reach. Other Location and Access Upstream is pontoon pump and delivery pipe for water supply to new Mahaxai Problems District Center. Any protection works should include this. In front of Temple are many shades, shops and restaurants. These will have to be moved for works to take place. No problems with access regarding the delivery of construction materials. Approximate Minimum Upstream of Temple: 50-m Length of Erosion Along Temple Wall: 65-m Protection Required Downstream of Temple: 30-m Total Length: 145-m Type of Protection Revetment ­ Rock filled gabion mattresses on 1: 2.5 slope Height of Riverbank From top of bank to riverbed: 16.6-m From top of bank to toe of bank: 14.2-m Preliminary Estimated Cost US$ 150,000 of Erosion Protection Extra Unknown Costs Compensation for moving existing buildings located in front of Temple. Other Comments Temple location on outside of bend, therefore classical natural erosion occurring. Erosion will be increased by NT2 extra discharges. Recommendation Riverbank protection works required. Village No. 2 Pova Neua Temple Wat Pova Neua Temple Description Old established Temple. Masonry wall, timber and brick buildings. Timber drum house and shade on riverbank Distance Downstream of About 6-7 km. Just upstream and on opposite bank of Temple No. 1. NT2 Downstream Channel Length of Temple Wall on 55 meters. Wall is parallel to, and less than 7-m from edge of riverbank. Riverbank Location and Erosion On straight river reach. There is evidence of natural bank erosion, but this will be Problem increased, and a problem if 10-m of erosion takes place as predicted. Other Location and Access Small working space in front of Temple. Will have to relocate drum shade. Cannot Problems cut the bank for sloping revetment works. On left bank of river. Construction materials from Thakek and Road 12 will have to cross river by upstream ferry. This will increase rock unit price (slower delivery time, ferry fee). Timber houses on both sides of Temple. Approximate Minimum Upstream of Temple: 30-m There is no "natural" start of the protection. Minimum Length of Erosion length is considered to be 30-m. Protection Required Along Temple Wall: 55-m Downstream of Temple: 30-m (similar comment to "upstream") Total Length: 115-m Type of Protection Vertical bank protection ­ Rock filled gabion baskets and mattresses. There is no space to cut bank for sloping protection. Height of Riverbank From top of bank to riverbed: 16-m From top of bank to toe of bank: 14-m Preliminary Estimated Cost US$ 135,000 of Erosion Protection Extra Unknown Costs Relocate drum shade. Other Comments Increased unit prices because of poor access and working space. Recommendation Riverbank protection works required. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 27 Chapter 40: Mitigation and Compensation Programme Village No. 3 Pova Tai Temple Wat Pova Tai Temple Description Old established Temple. Masonry wall, timber and brick buildings. Distance Downstream of About 7- km. Downstream of Temple No. 2 and nearly opposite, just downstream, Downstream Channel of Temple No. 1. Length of Temple Wall on 85 meters. Riverbank Location and Erosion On inside of major bend with sand and gravel deposition noted in front of Temple. Problem However there is evidence of bank erosion, near the upstream corner of the wall. This is probably mostly caused by access to a boat crossing and runoff erosion. A shade, on stilts, is located there. Other Location and Access Similar to No. 2, on left bank of river. Construction materials from Thakek and Problems Road 12 will have to cross river by upstream ferry. This will increase rock unit price. Timber houses on upstream side of Temple. Approximate Minimum Upstream of Temple: Minimum of 30-m. Length of Erosion Along Temple Wall: 85-m Protection Required Downstream of Temple: Minimum 30-m Total Length: 145-m Type of Protection Revetment ­ Rock filled gabion mattresses. Height of Riverbank From top of bank to riverbed: About 11-m From top of bank to toe of bank: About 15-m Preliminary Estimated Cost US$ 165,000 of Erosion Protection Extra Unknown Costs Other Comments Increased unit prices because of poor access and lack of working space. Recommendation Lower priority as main erosion will take place on opposite bank. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 28 Chapter 41: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures CHAPTER 41 MONITORING AND EVALUATION AND GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES Table of Content 41 MONITORING, EVALUATION AND GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES................1 41.1 INTERNAL MONITORING.............................................................................................1 41.2 INDIRECT MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT............................................................1 41.2.1 Hydrological and Water Quality Monitoring .............................................................................................. 1 41.2.2 Water Quality Monitoring ............................................................................................................................. 2 41.2.3 Socio-Economic Surveys and Indicators..................................................................................................... 4 41.2.4 Health and Nutrition Surveys and Indicators............................................................................................. 5 41.3 DIRECT MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS..............................................5 41.3.1 Determining Extent and Impact of Erosion............................................................................................... 5 41.3.2 Monitoring Impacts on Fisheries.................................................................................................................. 6 41.3.3 Determining Impacts on Riverbank Assets ................................................................................................ 7 41.3.4 Determining Extent of Loss of Riverbank Gardens.................................................................................. 7 41.3.5 Determining Impacts on Household Water Sources................................................................................. 8 41.3.6 Determining Impact on Access across Xe Bangfai (and Tributaries)...................................................... 8 41.4 EXTERNAL MONITORING ............................................................................................9 41.4.1 Independent External Monitor..................................................................................................................... 9 41.4.2 Panel of Social and Environmental Experts (PoE).................................................................................... 9 41.5 CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES ............................................9 List of Tables Table 41-1: Future Discharge & Rainfall Measuring Stations in Xe Bangfai Basin........................................2 Table 41-2: Proposed Water Quality Monitoring Stations Related to Xe Bangfai .........................................2 Table 41-3: Xe Bangfai Cross Sections Stations, for Erosion Monitoring.......................................................6 List of Figures Figure 41-1: Map of Monitoring Stations: Rainfall, Discharge, Water Quality, River Cross Section............3 Figure 41-2: Steps in the Grievance Process Regarding Issues of Compensation and Resettlement.........10 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 41: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures 41 MONITORING, EVALUATION AND GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES Monitoring of project impacts and compensation measures are important parts of the project activities. This is carried out internally by project and GoL staff as well as by external / independent bodies. 41.1 INTERNAL MONITORING The Concession Agreement between the GoL and NTEC of 3/10/03 states that `the company shall provide compensation...to communities adversely affected by the project ... (...as indicated by monitoring results ...) ...on the basis of community selection of desirable livelihood or infrastructure outcomes, rather than compensating households directly'. [Schedule 4, Part 1, Article 9.3] Furthermore, Article 14 states that categories of affected persons includes `all those living or working along natural rivers downstream to the Mekong River who will be adversely affected by the operation of the Project either thru loss of land or infrastructure or economic loss or disturbance" and that "infrastructure or economic losses will be compensated at replacement cost (on a community consensus basis)". Part 2 of Schedule 4, Article 8 (d) states that "The (water quality) monitoring program will identify water quality changes as compared to pre-operational conditions ... and where it is not reasonably practical to maintain the conditions ... direct impacts on people permanently living in areas adjacent to (the Xe Bangfai) ... will be mitigated through alternative means of providing water of that quality ...". Thus, an important component of the compensation strategy and implementation relates to; (a) How to measure or determine the impact of the NT2 Project; and (b) How to determine communities' response to these impacts in terms of reasonable and sustainable compensation for these impacts. A comprehensive suite of surveys and monitoring programs will be undertaken to monitor, measure and assess relevant aspects of livelihoods and incomes in villages along the XBF. This program will include: (a) Monitoring programs, some already underway; · Environment monitoring programs; · Socio-economic monitoring programs; and · Fisheries monitoring programs. (b) Specific surveys to strengthen understanding of specific impacted livelihood conditions; · Riverbank garden systems and assets studies; · Paddy culture and irrigation study; · Domestic water sources and use study; · Riverside asset study; · Study of river based access (crossings and transportation; and · Communications and electrification study. These surveys and monitoring programs can be considered to be either indirect or direct determination or assessment of project impact. 41.2 INDIRECT MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT 41.2.1 Hydrological and Water Quality Monitoring The discharges from the Power Plant and especially the resultant discharges of the receiving rivers, especially the Xe Bangfai, will be monitored at several locations as indicated in Table 41-1, and located in Figure 41-1. Rainfall will also be monitored at these and other stations in order to provide a full hydrological understanding of flows and to serve as an early warning in the case of over bank flooding in the Upper Xe Bangfai. Water Quality will also be monitored as described in Section 40.1.5 above. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 41: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures Table 41-1: Future Discharge & Rainfall Measuring Stations in Xe Bangfai Basin Location Discharge Rainfall North East Ban Natangchai Yes Yes 1,931,000 540,000 Ban Hai (Khouan Pho) Yes Yes 1,934,088 545,525 Mahaxai Yes Yes 1,925,137 521,416 Nam Kathang Noi Yes No 1,953,000 517,000 Nam Kathang - Boung Bao (Rd 12) Yes No 1,942,500 524,300 Nam Kathang: just below confluence of Noi and Gnai No No 1,949,400 519,400 Downstream of Regulating Dam Yes No 1,949,400 519,400 Nam Phit (H.Kharma) No No 1,932,700 517,700 Power Station / Regulating Dam No Yes 1,954,560 516,640 Gnommalat No Yes 1,946,397 518,618 41.2.2 Water Quality Monitoring A water quality monitoring program will be established to monitor key water quality indicators and to extend our existing knowledge of water quality before the start of Project construction. During the Operating Phase, monitoring of these same parameters will continue. The Company will be responsible for reviewing the water quality monitoring program and will notify appropriate authorities about any abnormal/dangerous levels in the water that may cause harm to humans or the environment. Where undesirable change is detected, appropriate adjustments to the operational management of the reservoir and off-take facilities will be made. Table 41-2: Proposed Water Quality Monitoring Stations Related to Xe Bangfai Coordinates Site Number North East Xe Bangfai SS15 1935000 531000 SS16 1931000 529000 SS17 1930000 523000 SS18 1928000 522000 SS19 1917000 517000 Nam Phit SS14 1931000 522000 Regulating Pond SS20 Somewhere within Regulating Pond Downstream Channel SS21 After aeration weir Note: actual location of water quality monitoring stations may change November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 41: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures Figure 41-1: Map of Monitoring Stations: Rainfall, Discharge, Water Quality, River Cross Section. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 41: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures 41.2.3 Socio-Economic Surveys and Indicators Project impact on households will be indirectly measured and monitored by the conduct of socio- economic and health and nutrition questionnaire based surveys. A first survey (25 % sample) was conducted in 2001 to provide data on the socio-economy and livelihoods of villages along the Xe Bangfai. However, the actual baseline socio-economic survey, which will be used to determine compensation, will start at one year prior to COD. Socio-economic surveys will then be undertaken regularly, as follows: COD - 1 year, COD, COD + 2 year and COD + 4 years. These surveys will focus on cash and imputed income; food and nutrition; and fisheries catch. A negative change (which could be fairly attributed to the impact of the NT2 Project) of any of these parameters in any particular village, and at any time, would trigger the implementation of compensation activities and arrangements to restore cash and/or imputed income, food and nutrition, and/or fisheries catch. Thus, the main aims of baseline socio-economic monitoring surveys will be to: (a) Identify any socio-economic change in project affected areas, whether positive or negative, and especially those that could be attributed to the NT2 Project; (b) Measure the levels of poverty; (c) Measure the distribution of wealth and resources, to ensure that the compensation program does not result in inequitable use or holdings of resources. If there are no improvements following compensation programs (or any negative changes due to compensation), then compensation measures will have to be implemented (or increased) to offset these negative impacts, or new measures introduced to improve the existing compensation measures. Thus, a range of relevant socio-economic indicators ­ those that will enable NTPC and GoL, and external monitors to measure and analyze general trends and changes in communities along the Xe Bangfai ­ will be the focus of the socio-economic surveys of communities along the Xe Bangfai. Some of these indicators relate to issues which may be directly impacted by the NT2 project (fisheries catch and income for example), while others relate to more general socio-economic indicators which will help GoL and NTPC understand the context within which they are measuring impact and considering compensation. Some crucial indicators may be measured regularly, while most will be measured as part of the normal schedule of socio-economic surveys. These indicators, most of which were included in the first XBF study of August 2001, will include: · Population and household size; · Livestock holdings, and consumption and sales of livestock; · Rice and other agricultural production, sale and consumption; · Fish catch, sale and consumption; · Household assets (hand tractors, rice mills, water pumps, vehicles, radios, etc.); · Other sources of income (imputed and cash); · Percentage of poor households ­ all households having annual incomes below the national poverty line; · Land holdings, according to types of land (irrigated paddy according to season, riverbank gardens, orchards, kitchen gardens, swidden land, etc.) · Type and use of fishing gear, and favoured area for fishing, seasonality of fishing, etc.; and · Commodity prices at selected market sites. (This will monitor any change in availability, supply and demand and assess whether inflation is having a detrimental effect on communities in the project area such that mitigation measures are being affected and living standards are not improving). November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 41: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures 41.2.4 Health and Nutrition Surveys and Indicators Given that the general health situation of the communities along the Xe Bangfai is rated as `poor', the monitoring of health and nutritional factors is very important. A further degrading of the health status could lead to increased mortality rates. Any increase in diseases or illness, and increased pressure on the health system, or any worsening of the nutritional standard that is attributable to the impact of the NT2 Project will be addressed immediately with appropriate health interventions in order halt any further deterioration (via the Regional Health Program). A number of key health and nutritional indicators will be included in the socio-economic surveys in order to monitor not only the general health situation in communities along the Xe Bangfai but also specific issues such as water usage, food sources and prevalence of water-borne and other diseases that could be a result of NT2 Project. Health and nutrition indicators will include the following: · Domestic water sources, e.g. public piped systems, lined wells, unprotected dug wells rain water, protected springs, rivers or ponds; · Sanitation in terms of use of latrines; · Presence of acute illness, including malaria and dengue fever; · Maternal, infant and child mortality rates (recorded at 131.8, 133.8 and 34.3 per 1000, respectively in 2001); · Blood tests for anemia (hemoglobin rates of less than 7 gm/dl) and moderate anemia (hemoglobin rates of 7-11 gm/dl); and · Food consumption of mothers and children for nutritional balance and composition of diets. 41.3 DIRECT MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS Specific studies will be undertaken at mainly village level but at times also household level, before and after COD, to directly measure livelihoods or physical aspects, which may be affected by the NT2 Project. 41.3.1 Determining Extent and Impact of Erosion Riverbank strengthening or protection will be considered by NTPC in key areas where (a) it is demonstrated that erosion has been caused by the NT2 Project impact, and that erosion is having an impact on livelihoods; (b) it is economically and practically feasible, and socially desirable, to consider such riverbank strengthening; and/or (c) the value/cost of the potential losses from an economic or cultural perspective are high. Thus, it is first necessary to determine if the project is causing erosion, and the extent of this erosion, and to determine current and future (project caused) erosion at specific sites. The morphology of the Xe Bangfai river is being monitored by detailed cross-sectional surveys of 29 sites below the confluence of the downstream channel and the Xe Bangfai (see Table 41-3). This monitoring will continue, and intensify at COD and continue for the following five years, after which annual measurements will be undertaken for the next 10 years of the Operational Phase. This monitoring will detect any increase from the natural rate of erosion of the banks. Where it is established that there is an increase in the rate of erosion due to the NT2 project, NTPC will assess the impact of erosion on riverside assets or livelihood, and will compensate accordingly. Bank stabilization and protection may be required in some circumstances, as determined feasible and practical. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 41: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures Table 41-3: Xe Bangfai Cross Sections Stations, for Erosion Monitoring Section no. Easting Northing Section no. Easting Northing XBF1 526830.1 1929838 XBF16 517685 1916472 XBF2 524610.3 1929171 XBF17 516121.2 1915998 XBF3 523374.2 1929512 XBF18 514330 1914606 XBF4 524192.2 1927986 XBF19 515300.2 1912589 XBF5 522525.9 1927418 XBF20 514420.6 1910301 XBF6 521909.8 1925875 XBF21 514418.7 1909501 XBF7 521267.7 1925319 XBF22 513883.5 1909163 XBF8 521825.8 1924558 XBF23 512656 1908926 XBF9 521548.7 1923338 XBF24 513594.3 1906951 XBF10 521427 1921186 XBF25 507800 1902076 XBF11 521886.8 1920365 XBF26 507815.7 1898486 XBF12 522293.7 1919162 XBF27 506145.6 1890112 XBF13 521428.7 1917899 XBF28 494823.9 1890281 XBF14 520834.8 1916648 XBF29 498764 1887762 XBF15 519480.2 1916299 41.3.2 Monitoring Impacts on Fisheries The NT2 Project will cause changes in water discharge, changes in water levels, changes in sedimentation and erosion patterns, and changes in water quality of the Xe Bangfai. Such changes will have environmental impacts on aquatic diversity, aquatic ecology and productivity, and thus the livelihoods of fishers. The exact type and level of this impact is difficult to predict and even more difficult to quantify, although the impact is likely to be more pronounced in the dry season than in the wet season, as the amount of NT2 water discharge will be relatively higher in the dry season, compared to the wet season, when the Xe Bangfai itself carries a lot of water. In general, the Xe Bangfai fisheries will be impacted as follows: · Reduced fish populations due to less availability of fish food, as a result of sedimentation caused by riverbank erosion; · Reduced fish populations due to the modification of aquatic habitats and loss of spawning habitats such as rapids, deep pools, aquatic vegetation, etc.; · Reduced fish populations and possible some species changes, due to changes in migratory patterns of fish; and · Reduced fish catch by villagers due to (a) smaller fish populations, and (b) lower efficiency of fishing gears in deeper water with higher water velocity. (a) Socio-economic and health baseline surveys (Section 41.2): Both the cash and imputed income from fisheries, and the nutritional value of the fisheries to all Xe Bangfai villages will be measured as part of the baseline socio-economic and health surveys. Thus, the Project will be able to regularly monitor nutritional and livelihood data before and after the start of operation, which will enable the Company and the GOL to identify potential losses in fisheries. (b) Monitoring of actual fish catches: The Project's current "fish catch per unit effort" (CPUE) baseline study in 7 villages is monitoring and developing an understanding of the fishery catch in the Xe Bangfai. This study will be expanded to include 10 villages (12.5 % of XBF villages) and improved by the parallel conduct of a framework study of fish catch in these villages. It will continue during the operational phase of the Project in order to directly assess any changes in the fisheries, by comparison of operational phase data with pre-operational data collected. The NTPC and the GOL will use the results of these two types of studies to facilitate informed discussions in each village as to how the Project is impacting the fisheries in the Xe Bangfai. If it is established that the Project has impacted on the fisheries aspects of livelihoods of the communities then adversely affected communities will be compensated. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 41: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures A monitoring programme will be established to monitor the catch and thereby impact of the project in the downstream areas. The aim is to develop a participatory monitoring system with a three tier approach: 1. At village level 1-2 villagers per village (depending on importance of the fishery) will be trained to become fisheries monitors. They don't have to be fishers themselves; more important is that they are bright reliable and likely to be around when monitoring takes place. Monitoring will take place in a total of 235 villages covering the areas of Xe Bangfai (mainstream and hinterland villages), Nam Phit, Nam Kathang/Gnom and Nam Theun Downstream. It is estimated that a total of 342 village based fisheries monitors will be involved. 2. District staff from the six districts involved (Khamkerd, Gnommalath, Mahaxai, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli) will support and supervise the village based monitors. Each staff member will cover 10-13 villages. Hence, 21 fisheries staff from the six DAFO offices will be needed for supervision of the monitoring programme. 3. Technical assistance. A team of one international fisheries expert (part time/shared with the Fisheries Compensation Programme), and one Lao Fisheries Officer will be employed to manage the monitoring programme. The team will link with the PAFO (Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office) in the three provinces of Khammouane, Bolikhamxay and Savannakhet but the main work will be with the district based supervisors. The monitoring program will stretch over a period of eight years (from COD-3 to COD+5) or until the yields in the various impacted rivers has stabilised. 41.3.3 Determining Impacts on Riverbank Assets In some villages, buildings of various types and purpose are close or very close to the riverbank. These may be shops, houses, temples (cultural property) and other structures. Such buildings in villages on the Upper or Middle XBF could be affected by erosion from the Project. To determine the potential impact of erosion on riverside assets and structures, a baseline study of all physical assets long the river bank (within 30 m of the current bank) in the Upper and Middle Xe Bangfai (25 villages) will be undertaken 18 months prior to COD. Following COD, regular trips (minimum of once per quarter in the first two years) down the Xe Bangfai will be conducted by NTPC and RMU staff to visually detect abnormal erosion, and impacts on previously identified village infrastructure and livelihoods. Apart from these formal trips, villagers along the Xe Bangfai will also be able to alert District Compensation Committees of abnormal erosion rates and affect on village infrastructure and livelihoods. Following such alert, NTPC and RMU will inspect the site within seven days. Thus, a combination of (a) cross-section monitoring, (b) baseline study of riverside assets, (c) regular inspection trips and (c) ad-hoc reports and inspections will be used to determine impact of erosion on river bank assets. 41.3.4 Determining Extent of Loss of Riverbank Gardens Riverbank gardens will be effected by both (a) NT2 discharges causing erosion and thus slumping of some riverbank garden areas, and (b) the higher water levels flooding the mid and lower riverbank gardens. In determining the extent of riverbank garden loss, and particularly the resulting impact on livelihoods, it must be recognized that there are a variety of types of riverbank gardens along the Xe Bangfai (see Figure 30-4): · Gardens above the riverbank; · Riverside crop gardens, usually planted at the end of the rainy season; and · Riverside vegetable gardens, planted in the dry season November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 41: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures Any determination of the effect by the NT2 project must take into account this variation in type and tenure of riverbank garden. NTPC and GoL, together with village authorities, will determine the potential impact of the NT2 Project on riverbank gardens by three means: (a) Baseline socio-economic surveys (see Section 41.2.3); (b) A study of river gardens in each village, focusing on the `gardening system', tenure and income or food productivity will be undertaken during the 2 years prior to COD. The hydrology modelling of the NT2 Project and consequent change on river height will enable a good prediction of the Project's impact on each type of riverside garden, and thus the impact of livelihoods and economy of each village; and (c) Consultations with villagers. Following COD, and if required by any particular village, a study will be undertaken to assess the actual effect of the new discharge regime on riverside gardens and productivity, and the success of village strategies to re-establish gardens under the new hydrology and morphology regime. 41.3.5 Determining Impacts on Household Water Sources A water quality monitoring program will be established operated by NTPC to monitor water quality prior to the project and then after COD. This will enable a determination of any changes in the quality of water following operation of the NT2 project. Use of XBF waters for domestic use may be a problem during the early years of operation due to water quality problems in the reservoir. Some villagers currently use XBF waters (or riverside `springs') during the wet season, dry season or both seasons for various domestic uses. For example, in the dry season, water could be extracted from at least three sources in and around the XBF: (a) directly from the river; (b) from shallows wells dug on the side of the river; and (c) from small springs / flowing from the side of the banks (actually groundwater, not XBF). We do not yet know exactly in what season or for what domestic uses XBF waters are used. Thus, in parallel to the riverbank garden study (above), a household water source study will be undertaken to determine, for each village, the source and seasonality of water use by villagers. This study will provide a better understanding of the various types and seasonality of household water supply systems and sources for villages, which will enable NTPC to better predict impact and plan compensation. The effect on water quality as measured by the monitoring program will then be used to determine the effect of the Project on each type of household water source. However, on the assumption that, during the first 2 to 4 years of operation of the NT2 project, the dry season water quality of the Xe Bangfai river may well be a problem in terms of domestic water use, proactive measures to develop alternative water sources in those villages currently depending on dry season Xe Bangfai water for household use will be determined. 41.3.6 Determining Impact on Access across Xe Bangfai (and Tributaries) Communities living along the Xe Bangfai and its tributaries use several modes to cross the river in dry season, including temporary bamboo bridges, walking across rapids or shallow areas, ferries and dry season vehicle crossings (Nam Oula, Nam Pheet, Xe Noy). The increased water level in the dry season will make river crossings impossible. In order for the Project to consider restoration of key crossing points with safe modes of crossing ­ where it is deemed practically and economically feasible ­ the impact of the NT2 on such access needs to be determined. To this end, a study will investigate the objective, means and infrastructure used to cross the Xe Bangfai and tributaries (affected by backwater), and the seasonality of such access. Following this study, a prediction of the impact of the NT2 Project on such access will be made. For example, it may be determined that current dry season bamboo bridges may no longer be feasible, while dry season ferry operation may be more difficult, or possibly made easier by the increased water levels. Dry season low November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 41: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures level crossings such as on the Xe Noy may no longer be possible. Following commencement of project operations, the NT2 Project impact on access across the Xe Bangfai will be closely monitored, and pre- or post-COD compensation undertaken as required. 41.4 EXTERNAL MONITORING External monitoring is carried out by two bodies: an Independent External Monitor (IEM) and a Panel of Social and Environmental Experts (PoE). This will ensure that independent views on project achievement are made available. 41.4.1 Independent External Monitor The Independent External Monitor (IEM) will be engaged to supplement and backstop the internal monitoring. The IEM will monitor the change of livelihood and standard of living among the relocated people. While the main objective of the NT2 Resettlement Policy is to ensure that PAPs are better off after resettlement, achievement of this objective may be difficult to judge by those implementing the Plan. To overcome this, monitoring and evaluation by an independent institution will be conducted. The candidate organization or individuals will have extensive experience in social surveys and familiarity with the local language and socio-economic conditions. 41.4.2 Panel of Social and Environmental Experts (PoE) A three member Panel of Experts (PoE) has been established by the GOL with approval and guidance from the World Bank. It is mandated to provide GoL with an independent assessment and review of environmental and social issues associated with the NT2 Project. The PoE is required to act independently of both GoL and NTPC and in accordance with relevant World Bank guidelines, and protect both the environment and the interests of those affected by the NT2 Project. 41.5 CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES Because of different perceptions, values, objectives and responsibilities among different stakeholders, a range of conflicts may occur among and between affected people, resettled villages, district authorities, the RMU, central government and others. Obviously, the most important step in conflict resolution is conflict avoidance, and the consultative and participatory nature of decision making under the SDP is aimed at reducing the occurrence of disagreements and conflicting positions. In instances where disagreements do occur, it is similarly important that they are resolved quickly before positions harden and the conflict escalates. Different approaches may be required according to the level that any conflict has reached, while at the same time, recognizing that the earlier a potential conflict is recognized and dealt with, the higher the chance of a successful outcome. These phases of conflict development and appropriate interventions can be summarized as follows: Conflict avoidance: > Consultation & participation in planning, decision making Simple disagreements > Informal negotiation, discussion and mediation Early conflict development > Reference to Village Resettlement Committee Conflicting positions taken > Reference to Grievance Committee as District level. Intractable conflict > Refer conflict to Provincial Court. To ensure that the basic rights and interests of resettlers are protected, that concerns are adequately addressed and that entitlements are delivered, a grievance procedure has been designed for the NT2 Project. An independent Grievance Committee will be established. It will be chaired by a senior provincial official, probably from the Justice Department, with other members the Lao Women's Union, the Ethnic Council, civil society, a resettled villager representative and a member of the Resettlement Committee. Justice departments at district and provincial levels are already responsible for resolving village conflicts and property disputes, while the LWU and Ethnic Council are active in solving problems faced by village women and the elderly. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 41: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures If an affected person or group of persons is not satisfied with the compensation package or if, for any reason, the compensation does not materialize according to the CA, he or she has the right to make a claim. There are three basic steps to resolve grievances, as depicted in Figure 41-2. Figure 41-2: Steps in the Grievance Process Regarding Issues of Compensation and Resettlement PAP not satisfied with Compensation or with the Process Appeal to the Village Grievance Committee of Elders Examination PAP Satisfied - settled PAP still not satisfied Appeal to Project Grievance Committee and Court at the District Level Nam Theun 2 Power Company advice Examination advice Resettlement Management Unit PAP Satisfied - settled PAP still not satisfied Provincial Court The first step is for a householder or a group of householders to approach the Village Resettlement Committee (VRC) to present their grievance and allow its consideration at the lowest level of the resettlement hierarchy, where frequently issues can be resolved through discussions and adjustments. If the VRC cannot resolve the complaint or if the claimant is not satisfied with their decision, the next step can be taken, either by the claimant or the VRC on his/her behalf. The second step is to present the grievance or complaint to a Grievance committee to be formed at the District level. This committee will be based in the District court, but will also have representatives from all relevant departments, as they will be in a good position to resolve issues brought to their attention by affected individuals. This Committee must respond to any claim within 15 days. At this district level the NTPC's RO and the GOLs RMU would be primary witnesses in order to both; (a) respond to the claimants grievance in terms of prior activities undertaken etc; and (b) to ensure that the claim is reviewed within the context of the existing policy, regulations, procedures and entitlement limits, and that the compensation awarded doe not go beyond established matter of practice or outside the limits of the budgets. The findings of the Grievance Committee are binding on the RMU and RO. The Committee must maintain a public book showing all claims received and the decisions made, which must be made within 30 days. The Grievance Committee cannot award compensation that goes beyond what is established as a matter of practice or what would be outside the limits of the budgets within which they are operating. If November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 41: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures the above action does not yield any results, then the claimant has the right to present their case to Provincial Court. Access to the Court is obviously a last resort. It will be in the interest of the RO and the RMU to resolve issues before they are brought to the Committee. A conflict between RO and RMU would in the first instance be resolved at the RC level. If this is not acceptable to either party, then the matter will be reviewed by the Vice Prime Minister responsible for NT2. If still no agreement is reached, the matter shall be handled according to the Consultation and Dispute Procedures set forth in the CA. While every effort will be made to resolve conflicts by mutual agreement of the parties involved, in some cases, arbitration and adjudication on disagreements and conflicts by an external mediator will be required. Responsibility for arbitration and the means of adjudication will vary according to the parties involved, but will need to be referred to a higher level of authority than the parties concerned. The strategy for this is outlined as follows: Parties to the conflict Final decision/adjudication Key mediator/arbiter Within village disputes Majority decision of village meeting Village Chief. Disputes between Village Joint agreement of appointed Relevant district authority. village representatives Village - RMU/district Joint agreement of both parties Grievance Committee disputes endorsed by province RMU-district disputes Joint agreement of both parties Grievance Committee and Provincial endorsed by province authorities November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 APPENDIX N XE BANG FAI SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY (2001) Table of Content N-1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 2 N-2 SELECTED TABLES FROM THE XE BANG FAI SOCIO-ECONOMIC / HEALTH / FISHERIES SURVEY. 3 Table 1: Village Information.................................................................................................................................4 Table 2: Sample Size and Population Universe by Zone ..........................................................................................10 Table 3: Population by Age Group Distribution and Zone........................................................................................11 Table 4: Household Composition by Zone..............................................................................................................12 Table 5: Population by Occupation and Zone ........................................................................................................13 Table 6: Gender Composition by Zone .................................................................................................................14 Table 7: Population by Education Level and Zone .................................................................................................14 Table 8: Total Surveyed Income by Village (kip).....................................................................................................15 Table 8: Total Surveyed Income By Village (kip) (Continued) ...................................................................................21 Table 9: Total Surveyed Income by Village (%) ......................................................................................................27 Table 10: Total Surveyed Income by Zone (kip).....................................................................................................31 Table 11: Surveyed Income by Zone (% of total for zone) .........................................................................................31 Table 12 Total Income by Zone (Kip & %)...........................................................................................................32 Table 13: Assets by Village (count)......................................................................................................................33 Table 14: Assets by Village (Average/Household)..................................................................................................37 Table 15: Assets by Zone (Count & Average/Household).......................................................................................41 Table 16: Average Number of Livestock per Household by Type and Zone ..................................................................42 Table 17: Riverbank Garden (Nam Kathang, Nam Gnom, Nam Phit, XBF) statistics...............................................42 Table 18: Time to water source by Zone.................................................................................................................42 Table 19: Numbers and Percentage of Households Use of Latrine by Type and Zone......................................................42 Table 20: Percentage of Respondents with Illness by Symptom and Zone.......................................................................43 Table 21: Percentage of Households with Salt Available and Iodized Salt Content by Zone .............................................44 Table 22: Percentile of Individuals Who Slept Under a Bed Net ................................................................................44 Table 23: Maternal - Child Mortality Cases..........................................................................................................45 Table 24: Numbers and Percentage of Ill Persons Seeking Health Care by Zone and Type ..............................................45 Table 25: Mother & Child Food Consumption over last 24 hours by type of food - Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom...............45 Table 26: Mother & Child Food Consumption over last 24 hours by type of food - Upper Xe Bang Fai............................46 Table 27: Mother & Child Food Consumption over last 24 hours by type of food - Middle Xe Bang Fai...........................46 Table 28: Mother & Child Food Consumption over last 24 hours by type of food - Lower Xe Bang Fai............................47 Table 29: Mother & Child Food Consumption over last 24 hours by type of food - Upstream of Upper XBF.....................47 Table 30: Mother & Child Food Consumption over last 24 hours by type of food - All Zones .........................................47 Table 31: Off season Fish Prices to Commercial traders by zone (kip / kg)..................................................................48 Table 32: Peak season Fish Prices to Commercial traders by zone (kip / kg)................................................................48 Table 33: Estimated Percentage of Total Fish Captured Through Illegal Fishing Techniques............................................48 Table 34: Fishing Gears and Use by Season - Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom ..............................................................49 Table 35: Fishing Gears and Use by Season - Upper Xe Bang Fai............................................................................50 Table 36: Fishing Gears and Use by Season - Middle Xe Bang Fai ...........................................................................51 Table 37: Fishing Gears and Use by Season - Lower Xe Bang Fai ............................................................................52 Table 38: Fishing Gears and Use by Season ­ Upstream of Upper Xe Bang Fai..........................................................53 Table 39: Fishing Gears and Use by Season ­ All Zones.........................................................................................54 Table 40: Income from Fishing ...........................................................................................................................55 Table 41: Fishing Venues Ranking by Zone..........................................................................................................56 N-3 QUESTIONAIRES USED IN THE SURVEY (ENGLISH TRANSLATION) .................................................57 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 N-1 INTRODUCTION The following data is extracted from the Xe Bang Fai Socio-economic /Health / Fisheries Survey Report. The survey was commissioned by NTEC and was undertaken by the National Statisics Center (GOL). Fieldwork for the survey was completed in August 2001. The Xe Bang Fai Socio-economic /Health / Fisheries Survey was undertaken to obtain baseline information regarding current living conditions in the Xe Bang Fai region and will provide the basis for monitoring of potential NT2 impacts. Data collection included income information for both cash income and income in-kind. One hundred twelve villages were sampled over five separate regions, which included 1,680 households and 10,031 people. Soe of this dat has now been supeceded by data obtained in surveys durung 2003 and 20094, on, for example, dometic water use, riverside gardens and riverside (fixed) assets. It should also be note that all the data presented below include villages in the Gnommarlart Plain and along the Xe Bangfai. However, these areas are quite distinct - in terms of the impact of the NT2 Project on them - and are not dealt with in Parts 1, 2 and 3 of Volume 3. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 N-2 SELECTED TABLES FROM THE XE BANG FAI SOCIO-ECONOMIC / HEALTH / FISHERIES SURVEY General Table 1 ­ Village Information Table 2 ­ Sample Size & Population Universe by Zone Table 3 ­ Population by Age Group Distribution and Zone Table 4 ­ Household Composition by Zone Table 5 ­ Population by Occupation and Zone Table 6 ­ Gender Composition by Zone Table 7 ­ Population by Education Level and Zone Socio-Economic Table 8 ­ Total Surveyed Income by Village (kip) Table 9 ­ Total Surveyed Income by Village (%) Table 10 ­ Total Surveyed Income by Zone (kip) Table 11 ­ Surveyed Income by Zone (%) Table 12 ­ Total Income by Zone (kip & %) Table 13 ­ Assets by Village (count) Table 14 - Assets by Village (average / household) Table 15 - Assets by Zone (count & average / household) Table 16 ­ Average number of Livestock per household by type and zone Table 17 ­ Riverbank garden statistics Health Table 18 - Time to Water Source Table 19 ­ Latrine use and type by zone (total count and % of population) Table 20­ Percentage of respondents with illness and symptoms by zone Table 21 ­ Percentage of Households w/ Salt & Iodized Salt Content by zone Table 22 ­ Percentile of Individuals who slept under a bed net Table 23 ­ Mother / Child mortality by zone Table 24 ­ Percentage of Ill persons seeking health care by zone and type Table 25 ­ Mother & Child Food Consumption over last 24 hours by type of food; Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom Table 26­ Mother & Child Food Consumption over last 24 hours by type of food; Upper Xe Bang Fai Table 27 ­ Mother & Child Food Consumption over last 24 hours by type of food; Middle Xe Bang Fai Table 28 ­ Mother & Child Food Consumption over last 24 hours by type of food; Lower Xe Bang Fai Table 29 ­ Mother & Child Food Consumption over last 24 hours by type of food; Upstream of Upper Xe Bang Fai Table 30 ­ Mother & Child Food Consumption over last 24 hours by type of food; All Zones Fisheries Table 31 ­ Off season fish prices to Commercial traders by Zone (kip / kg) Table 32 ­ Peak season fish prices to Commercial traders by Zone (kip / kg) Table 33 ­ Estimated Percentage of Total Fish Captured Through Illegal Fishing Techniques Table 34 ­ Fishing Gears and Use by Season ­ Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom Table 35 ­ Fishing Gears and Use by Season ­ Upper Xe Bang Fai Table 36 ­ Fishing Gears and Use by Season ­ Middle Xe Bang Fai Table 37 ­ Fishing Gears and Use by Season ­ Lower Xe Bang Fai Table 38 ­ Fishing Gears and Use by Season ­ Upstream of Upper Xe Bang Fai Table 39 ­ Fishing Gears and Use by Season ­ All Zones Table 40 - Income by Fishing by Zone Table 41 ­ Fishing Venues Ranking by Zone November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 1: Village Information Village District # HH No Village (Lao) Village (English) Province (Lao) Province (English) District (Lao) (English) Zone Surveyed 1 ,tskw-dk' Mahaxaykang 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upper XBF 15 2 ,tskw-gsbov Mahaxayneua 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upper XBF 15 3 ,tskw-.8h Mahaxaytay 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upper XBF 15 4 ;afmkf Vatthat 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upper XBF 15 5 [qj' Pong 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upper XBF 15 6 3r;k.8h Povatay 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upper XBF 15 7 3r;kgsnov Povaneua 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upper XBF 15 8 7eg2nv' Khamfeuang 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upper XBF 15 9 cdh'lts;jk' Khaengsavang 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upper XBF 15 10 dk'pk'7e Kangyangkham 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upstream of Upper Xe Bang Fai 15 11 fhk'dk' Dangkang 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upper XBF 15 12 g;uo Veun 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upstream of Upper Xe Bang Fai 15 13 lq,lto5d Somsanook 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upper XBF 15 14 ok2v' Naphong 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upstream of Upper Xe Bang Fai 15 15 ok7hkp Nakhay 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upstream of Upper Xe Bang Fai 15 16 okdP; Nakea 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upstream of Upper Xe Bang Fai 15 17 okmkofq' Nathanedong 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upstream of Upper Xe Bang Fai 15 18 okmkomqj' Nathanethong 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upstream of Upper Xe Bang Fai 15 19 sov'dvd Nongkok 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upstream of Upper Xe Bang Fai 15 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Village District # HH No Village (Lao) Village (English) Province (Lao) Province (English) District (Lao) (English) Zone Surveyed 20 vuj]ko Eelane 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upper XBF 15 21 zkok' Phanang 7e,j;o Khammouane ,tskw- Mahaxai Upper XBF 15 22 0q;g- Kuase 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Lower XBF 15 23 cdh'cx Kengpair 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Upper XBF 15 24 cdh'dtly Kengkasee 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Middle XBF 15 25 fhk'mjk Dangtha 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Lower XBF 15 26 g;uoltoajo Veunsananh 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Middle XBF 15 27 lq,ltvkf Somsa-at 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Lower XBF 15 28 mjk7=h Thakhor 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Upper XBF 15 29 mjklufk Thasida 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Middle XBF 15 30 okmko Nathane 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Middle XBF 15 31 okrvdmjk Naphoktha 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Lower XBF 15 32 pk'7e Yangkham 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Lower XBF 15 33 skf7eIP' Hatkhamhieng 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Lower XBF 15 34 skfgrad Hatpeak 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Middle XBF 15 35 xkdg-ohvp Paksenoy 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Middle XBF 15 36 cdh'c7o Kengkhean 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Middle XBF 15 37 mjkskf Thahant 7e,j;o Khammouane g-[Aa'w2 XBF Upper XBF 15 38 ;afmkf Vatthat 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 39 [5j'g[qk Boungbao 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Village District # HH No Village (Lao) Village (English) Province (Lao) Province (English) District (Lao) (English) Zone Surveyed 40 3ro86, Phontoum 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 41 3roclf Phonsaerd 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 42 3rolts;k' Phonsavang 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 43 cdh;;yw] Keovilay 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 44 cdh'gs^ad Kaenglake 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 45 d=[q' Korbong 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 46 d5fzkfjk' Koodphadang 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 47 fvogxnvp Donepeuang 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 48 gsqj]kok'k, Laonnagam 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 49 lq,lto5d Somsanook 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 50 mjkrt Thaphaa 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 51 ok,uw- Namixay 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 52 ok3rw- Naphoxay 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 53 okcsj;' Naveang 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 54 okdt8a' Nakatang 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 55 okwI Nahay 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 56 pq,,t]kfgsonv Nhommalathneua 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 57 pq,,t]kf.8h Nhommalathtay 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 58 sh;pg1ao Houiyeanh 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 59 sov'cl' Nongsaeng 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Village District # HH No Village (Lao) Village (English) Province (Lao) Province (English) District (Lao) (English) Zone Surveyed 60 sov'xu' Nongping 7e,j;o Khammouane pq,,t]kf Gnommalath Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 15 61 3rolk;gvh Phonhsaoea 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 62 8kogmu' Tanetheung 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 63 -eokfu Sumnadee 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 64 fkoxkdg- Danepakse 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 65 fq'lts'jk Dongsaanga 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 66 fq'dtluo Dongkaasinh 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 67 fq'zadgrNv Dongphakpheuang 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 68 ltfn.8h Saadeautay 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 69 ltfngs,nv Saadeauneua 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 70 lvdg[kt Sorkbau 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 71 mjk,j;' Thamoang 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 72 oEr5 Namphou 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 73 ok.8h Natay 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 74 ok;k'.8h Navangtay 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 75 ok;k'gsonv Navangneua 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 76 ok;k'mqj' Navangthong 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 77 ok;k'ohvp Navangnoy 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 78 skf-kp2v' Hatxaifong 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 79 skf-P'fu Hatxiengdee 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Village District # HH No Village (Lao) Village (English) Province (Lao) Province (English) District (Lao) (English) Zone Surveyed 80 zadvuj86j Phak-eetou 7e,j;o Khammouane sov'[qd Nong Bok Lower XBF 15 81 ,tou]kf Manilad lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Middle XBF 15 82 [b'g- Beungse lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 83 [q;w0 Bouakhay lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 84 7elts;jk' Khamsavang lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 85 8Qocso Tonhaen lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 86 cdh'3rlu Kaengphosy lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 87 cdh'c;' Kaengveang lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Middle XBF 15 88 dhk'xk Kangpa lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 89 fhk'ltsa;o Daangsavanh lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 90 fq's,kdw2 Dongmarfai lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Middle XBF 15 91 gsqj]k Lao lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Middle XBF 15 92 l5;aow- Souvanxai lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 93 lq,ltvkf Somsaa-at lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 94 ltdv' Sakong lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 95 mjk[+ Thabor lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 96 mjk0k, Thakharm lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 97 mjk3rw- Thaphoxai lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 98 mjkfvd7e Thadorkham lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 99 okla' Nasang lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Village District # HH No Village (Lao) Village (English) Province (Lao) Province (English) District (Lao) (English) Zone Surveyed 100 ok-P'7ko Naxiengkhane lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 101 -P'w7h Xiengkhay lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Middle XBF 15 102 sh;pcIj Houi-hai lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 103 skf7efu Hatkhamdee lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 104 skf-kpl6'gsonv Hatsaisugneua lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 105 skf-kpl6'.8h Hatsaisugtay lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 106 sov'gInvmv'gsonv Nongheuathongneua lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 107 sov'gInvmv'.8h Nongheuathongtay lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 108 xjkw]j Pahlay lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 109 xkdg-[A'w2 Paksebangfai lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 110 xqj' Pong lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 111 zadgrNv.8h Phakfeuatay lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 112 zadgrNvgsonv Phakfeuaneua lts;aootg0f Savanakhet w-[6]u Saybouly Lower XBF 15 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 2: Sample Size and Population Universe by Zone Nam Kathang/ Nam Gnom Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Upstream of upper XBF Total Sample Size Pop. HH. Vill. Pop. HH. Vill. Pop. HH. Vill. Pop. HH. Vill. Pop. HH. Vill. Pop. HH. Vill. Gnommalath 1,891 345 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,891 345 23 Mahaxai - - - 1,171 195 13 - - - - - - 684 120 8 1,855 315 21 Xebangfai - - - 261 45 3 568 105 7 588 90 6 - - - 1,417 240 16 Nong Bok - - - - - - - - - 1,884 300 20 - - - 1,884 300 20 Xaibouly - - - - - - 461 75 5 2,523 405 27 - - - 2,984 480 32 Total 1,891 345 23 1,432 240 16 1,029 180 12 4,995 795 53 684 120 8 10,031 1,680 112 % of Sample 18.9% 20.5% 20.5% 14.3% 14.3% 14.3% 10.3% 10.7% 10.7% 49.8% 47.3% 47.3% 6.8% 7.1% 7.1% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total population Universe Size 7,832.0 5,509.0 3,886.0 29,438.0 1,768.0 48,433.0 % Total Population Survey 24.1% 26.0% 26.5% 17.0% 38.7% 20.7% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 3: Population by Age Group Distribution and Zone Nam Nam Upstream Upstream Kathang/ Kathang/ Upper Upper Middle Middle Lower Lower of upper of upper Age Group Nam Gnom Nam Gnom XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF Total Total 0 - 4 264 14.0% 186 13.0% 145 14.1% 448 9.0% 93 13.6% 1,136 11.3% 5 - 9 277 14.6% 180 12.6% 138 13.4% 763 15.3% 104 15.2% 1,462 14.6% 10-14 199 10.5% 169 11.8% 113 11.0% 708 14.2% 68 9.9% 1,257 12.5% 15-19 113 6.0% 108 7.5% 73 7.1% 429 8.6% 37 5.4% 760 7.6% 20-24 115 6.1% 101 7.1% 72 7.0% 295 5.9% 42 6.1% 625 6.2% 25-29 120 6.3% 85 5.9% 70 6.8% 258 5.2% 59 8.6% 592 5.9% 30-34 93 4.9% 72 5.0% 54 5.2% 303 6.1% 30 4.4% 552 5.5% 35-39 110 5.8% 74 5.2% 48 4.7% 261 5.2% 31 4.5% 524 5.2% 40-44 78 4.1% 67 4.7% 43 4.2% 218 4.4% 24 3.5% 430 4.3% 45-49 53 2.8% 52 3.6% 28 2.7% 194 3.9% 18 2.6% 345 3.4% 50-54 44 2.3% 44 3.1% 35 3.4% 118 2.4% 22 3.2% 263 2.6% 55-59 301 15.9% 209 14.6% 141 13.7% 713 14.3% 103 15.1% 1,467 14.6% 60-64 35 1.9% 36 2.5% 29 2.8% 93 1.9% 15 2.2% 208 2.1% 65 + 85 4.5% 49 3.4% 40 3.9% 194 3.9% 38 5.6% 406 4.0% Not specified 4 0.2% 4 0.0% Total 1,891 100% 1,432 100% 1,029 100% 4,995 100% 684 100% 10,031 100% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 4: Household Composition by Zone Nam Nam Kathang/ Kathang/ Upstream Upstream Nam Nam Upper Upper Middle Middle Lower Lower of upper of upper Relationship Gnom Gnom XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF Total Total Head of family 340 18.0% 240 16.8% 175 17.0% 782 15.7% 122 17.8% 1,659 16.5% Wife 276 14.6% 214 14.9% 139 13.5% 633 12.7% 93 13.6% 1,355 13.5% Children 996 52.7% 709 49.5% 496 48.2% 2,596 52.0% 344 50.3% 5,141 51.3% Children previous marriage 9 0.5% 2 0.1% 3 0.3% 15 0.3% 3 0.4% 32 0.3% Adoption children 13 0.7% 4 0.3% 4 0.4% 15 0.3% - 0.0% 36 0.4% Father/Mother 20 1.1% 16 1.1% 10 1.0% 23 0.5% 14 2.0% 83 0.8% Brother/Sister 5 0.3% 11 0.8% 5 0.5% 34 0.7% 4 0.6% 59 0.6% Nephew/Niece 19 1.0% 28 2.0% 49 4.8% 265 5.3% 30 4.4% 391 3.9% Uncle/Aunt 4 0.2% 1 0.1% 1 0.1% 10 0.2% 4 0.6% 20 0.2% Relatives 95 5.0% 108 7.5% 64 6.2% 318 6.4% 36 5.3% 621 6.2% Grandfather/Grandmother 19 1.0% 21 1.5% 16 1.6% 61 1.2% 9 1.3% 126 1.3% Brother-in-Law/Sister-in-law 3 0.2% 11 0.8% 4 0.4% 24 0.5% 3 0.4% 45 0.4% Son-in-law/Daughter-in-law 49 2.6% 48 3.4% 39 3.8% 153 3.1% 17 2.5% 306 3.1% Cousins 5 0.3% 11 0.8% 5 0.5% 19 0.4% 4 0.6% 44 0.4% Others 4 0.2% 3 0.2% 3 0.3% 30 0.6% - 0.0% 40 0.4% Not specified 34 1.8% 5 0.3% 16 1.6% 17 0.3% 1 0.1% 73 0.7% Total 1,891 100% 1,432 100% 1,029 100% 4,995 100% 684 100% 10,031 100% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 5: Population by Occupation and Zone Nam Nam Kathang/ Kathang/ Upstream Upstream Nam Nam Upper Middle Middle Lower Lower of upper of upper Type of Occupations Gnom Gnom Upper XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF Total Total Not specified 40 2.1% 71 5.0% 17 1.7% 95 1.9% 7 1.0% 230 2.3% Civil Servant 55 2.9% 27 1.9% 15 1.5% 93 1.9% 8 1.2% 198 2.0% Private Employee 8 0.4% 15 1.0% 3 0.3% 20 0.4% 3 0.4% 49 0.5% Farmer/Fisherman 570 30.1% 499 34.8% 468 45.5% 2,068 41.4% 324 47.4% 3,929 39.2% Employer 2 0.1% - 0.0% - 0.0% - 0.0% - 0.0% 2 0.0% Private Business 4 0.2% 16 1.1% 7 0.7% 13 0.3% - 0.0% 40 0.4% Labor 44 2.3% 27 1.9% 6 0.6% 96 1.9% 7 1.0% 180 1.8% Hoursehold labor without remunerators 17 0.9% 25 1.7% 2 0.2% 86 1.7% - 0.0% 130 1.3% Retired 10 0.5% 10 0.7% - 0.0% - 0.0% 2 0.3% 22 0.2% Jobless/Seeking job 103 5.4% 1 0.1% 23 2.2% 57 1.1% - 0.0% 184 1.8% Student 506 26.8% 397 27.7% 265 25.8% 1,452 29.1% 184 26.9% 2,804 28.0% Housekeeper 136 7.2% 85 5.9% 29 2.8% 283 5.7% 7 1.0% 540 5.4% Others 396 20.9% 259 18.1% 194 18.9% 732 14.7% 142 20.8% 1,723 17.2% Total 1,891 100% 1,432 100% 1,029 100% 4,995 100% 684 100% 10,031 100% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 6: Gender Composition by Zone Nam Nam Upstream Upstream Kathang/Nam Kathang/Nam Upper Upper Middle Middle Lower Lower of upper of upper Gender Gnom Gnom XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF XBF Total Total Female 939 49.66% 737 51.47% 523 50.83% 2,553 51.11% 344 50.29% 5,096 50.80% Male 940 49.71% 695 48.53% 504 48.98% 2,438 48.81% 340 49.71% 4,917 49.02% Not Specified 12 0.63% 2 0.19% 4 0.08% 18 0.18% Total 1,891 100.00% 1,432 100.00% 1,029 100.00% 4,995 100.00% 684 100.00% 10,031 100.00% Table 7: Population by Education Level and Zone Nam Nam Kathang/ Kathang/ Upstream Upstream Education Nam Nam Upper Middle Middle Lower of upper of upper Level Gnom Gnom Upper XBF XBF XBF XBF Lower XBF XBF XBF XBF Total Total Not specified 76 4.0% 3100.0% 2.2% 5500.0% 5.3% 11700.0% 2.3% 600.0% 0.9% 28500.0% 2.8% Illiterate 675 35.7% 46300.0% 32.3% 37800.0% 36.7% 135800.0% 27.2% 29800.0% 43.6% 317200.0% 31.6% Preliminary School 904 47.8% 68400.0% 47.8% 48800.0% 47.4% 234000.0% 46.8% 32800.0% 48.0% 474400.0% 47.3% Secondary School 166 8.8% 16400.0% 11.5% 8100.0% 7.9% 79400.0% 15.9% 3700.0% 5.4% 124200.0% 12.4% High School 44 2.3% 4600.0% 3.2% 2300.0% 2.2% 28000.0% 5.6% 800.0% 1.2% 40100.0% 4.0% Low Level 18 1.0% 900.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 3000.0% 0.6% 500.0% 0.7% 6200.0% 0.6% Middle Level 6 0.3% 500.0% 0.3% 300.0% 0.3% 3200.0% 0.6% 200.0% 0.3% 4800.0% 0.5% High Level 1 0.1% 500.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 1000.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 1600.0% 0.2% Higher Level 1 0.1% 2500.0% 1.7% 100.0% 0.1% 3400.0% 0.7% 0.0% 0.0% 6100.0% 0.6% Total 1,891 100% 1,432 100% 1,029 100% 4,995 100% 684 100% 10,031 100% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 14 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 8: Total Surveyed Income by Village (kip) Servicing - Small Shop - Remittance - District Pension - total Wage - total Leasing - total total surveyed total surveyed Loan - total total surveyed Grant - total Village (English) Province (English) (English) Zone surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) Mahaxaykang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 6,200,000 151,035,200 - 8,480,000 27,840,000 59,000,000 7,600,000 - Mahaxayneua Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 19,580,000 10,650,000 790,000 2,000,000 5,245,000 - 11,000,000 2,880,000 Mahaxaytay Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 7,920,000 49,825,000 1,175,000 1,800,000 6,240,000 - 33,200,000 100,000 Vatthat Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 3,550,000 11,060,000 - 900,000 - - - 1,000,150 Pong Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,062,000 33,416,400 - 4,532,500 4,170,000 150,000 8,000,000 2,470,000 Povatay Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 12,200,000 43,820,000 - 1,300,000 8,996,400 - 2,600,000 1,150,000 Povaneua Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 4,700,000 31,254,000 3,000,000 2,050,000 1,600,000 2,800,000 5,870,000 160,000 Khamfeuang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF - 20,660,300 - 4,350,000 10,457,500 - 600,000 1,100,000 Khaengsavang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 17,228,000 65,193,000 - 4,010,000 2,732,400 6,500,000 1,500,000 - Kangyangkham Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 3,576,000 11,647,000 - 2,400,000 2,050,000 - 1,500,000 2,350,000 Dangkang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 757,200 27,550,000 - 1,000,000 20,000 1,500,000 600,000 1,700,000 Veun Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 12,390,000 41,040,000 - 3,400,000 9,350,000 - 50,000 1,800,000 Somsanook Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF - 15,350,000 - 12,900,000 - - 30,000 62,000 Naphong Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 6,720,000 13,510,000 - 18,400,000 400,000 300,000 500,000 130,000 Nakhay Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF - 38,500,000 - 8,100,000 - - 800,000 1,040,000 Nakea Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 600,000 14,150,000 - 600,000 - 300,000 - 940,000 Nathanedong Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 2,966,000 8,205,000 - 10,600,000 12,700,000 - 1,950,000 1,925,000 Nathanethong Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 420,000 9,860,000 - 4,400,000 9,500,000 - - 1,455,000 Nongkok Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 216,000 12,500,000 - 2,220,000 - - 100,000 1,900,000 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 15 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Servicing - Small Shop - Remittance - District Pension - total Wage - total Leasing - total total surveyed total surveyed Loan - total total surveyed Grant - total Village (English) Province (English) (English) Zone surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) Eelane Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 5,220,000 9,920,000 - 1,800,000 - 1,000,000 500,000 1,970,000 Phanang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 528,000 30,764,900 - 2,500,000 1,601,000 480,000 300,000 6,400,000 Kuase Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 15,930,000 16,700,000 - 500,000 11,850,000 23,800,000 1,000,000 - Kengpair Khammouane XBF Upper XBF 3,476,000 47,788,500 - 2,100,000 12,145,000 - 29,500,000 3,800,000 Kengkasee Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 1,500,000 6,870,000 - - - - 2,000,000 3,359,000 Dangtha Khammouane XBF Lower XBF - 15,740,000 - 800,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 12,345,000 1,629,000 Veunsananh Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 8,574,000 8,140,000 - 1,000,000 - - 2,200,000 3,970,000 Somsa-at Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 31,200,000 11,900,000 1,000,000 950,000 1,000,000 - 6,400,000 1,450,000 Thakhor Khammouane XBF Upper XBF 7,600,000 26,368,000 - 2,200,000 2,473,750 600,000 3,800,000 5,950,000 Thasida Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 270,000 29,494,800 - 686,000 100,000 - 200,000 2,145,000 Nathane Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 3,106,908 14,590,000 - 300,000 1,200,000 700,000 450,000 1,782,500 Naphoktha Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 14,880,000 15,160,000 - 800,000 - 13,200,000 1,780,000 490,750 Yangkham Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 3,015,812 7,500,000 3,000,000 900,000 - 800,000 4,100,000 640,000 Hatkhamhieng Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 500,000 10,450,000 600,000 - - 220,000 1,070,000 76,000 Hatpeak Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 2,400,000 3,740,000 - - - 1,510,000 - 3,740,000 Paksenoy Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 3,064,000 3,440,000 - - 200,000 1,000,000 30,000 2,935,000 Kengkhean Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 3,504,000 9,360,000 - - - - 630,000 2,520,000 Thahant Khammouane XBF Upper XBF 241,000 20,535,600 - 1,837,500 6,947,000 200,000 - 6,500,000 Vatthat Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 7,320,000 9,780,000 - 3,550,000 500,000 - 300,000 - Boungbao Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 9,140,000 36,095,000 100,000 3,700,000 4,800,000 797,000 750,000 650,000 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 16 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Servicing - Small Shop - Remittance - District Pension - total Wage - total Leasing - total total surveyed total surveyed Loan - total total surveyed Grant - total Village (English) Province (English) (English) Zone surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) Phontoum Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 5,919,000 23,950,000 - 1,650,000 - 250,000 14,000,000 297,600 Phonsaerd Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 2,848,000 6,825,000 - 300,000 1,100,000 462,000 210,000 2,740,000 Phonsavang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom - 12,200,000 - 100,000 450,000 650,000 200,000 3,840,000 Keovilay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 1,440,000 4,165,000 - - - 100,000 20,000 1,380,000 Kaenglake Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 4,200,000 8,543,000 - 4,142,000 - 626,000 480,000 25,000 Korbong Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 9,026,000 13,328,000 550,000 500,000 6,050,000 350,000 - 100,000 Koodphadang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 600,000 7,435,000 1,000,000 3,500,000 - - 405,000 300,000 Donepeuang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 1,160,000 34,440,000 - 2,144,000 700,000 4,169,000 1,000,000 1,300,000 Laonnagam Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 13,920,000 13,470,000 - 1,480,000 - 425,000 590,000 18,000 Somsanook Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 37,120,000 3,670,000 - - 2,300,000 1,024,000 10,150,000 - Thaphaa Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 4,800,000 18,770,000 - 1,200,000 500,000 470,000 2,200,000 130,000 Namixay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 6,108,000 5,600,000 200,000 - 4,380,000 20,000 250,000 150,000 Naphoxay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 5,753,000 24,710,000 - 500,000 2,200,000 2,098,000 3,500,000 1,055,000 Naveang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 6,624,000 11,540,000 - 400,000 200,000 2,765,000 2,050,000 - Nakatang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 12,360,000 8,435,000 12,200,000 - 500,000 1,070,000 16,400,000 2,245,000 Nahay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 200,000 19,650,000 - 150,000 - 4,270,000 2,680,000 1,974,000 Nhommalathneua Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 7,368,000 58,750,000 - - 33,900,000 - 5,650,000 5,000 Nhommalathtay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 9,192,000 18,370,000 6,300,000 500,000 5,054,000 11,865,000 200,000 90,000 Houiyeanh Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 7,716,000 25,050,000 - 750,000 600,000 1,044,000 4,200,000 - Nongsaeng Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 8,324,000 10,080,000 500,000 - 500,000 415,000 300,000 600,000 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 17 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Servicing - Small Shop - Remittance - District Pension - total Wage - total Leasing - total total surveyed total surveyed Loan - total total surveyed Grant - total Village (English) Province (English) (English) Zone surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) Nongping Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 2,400,000 26,380,000 600,000 4,727,500 600,000 2,703,000 125,000 240,000 Phonhsaoea Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF - 7,432,000 100,000 2,000,000 - - 8,500,000 1,008,000 Tanetheung Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 30,000 17,256,000 1,000,000 200,000 1,200,000 1,440,000 18,400,000 210,600 Sumnadee Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 9,985,904 1,600,000 - 350,000 - 600,000 1,900,000 2,125,000 Danepakse Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 2,460,000 6,250,000 - 1,100,000 12,000,000 6,900,000 17,500,000 788,500 Dongsaanga Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 2,000,000 16,950,000 - 500,000 2,030,000 2,443,000 12,800,000 908,500 Dongkaasinh Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 9,780,000 10,700,000 - 3,300,000 9,325,000 - 3,870,000 25,000 Dongphakpheuang Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 4,008,000 9,980,000 - - 500,000 252,750 740,000 36,000 Saadeautay Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 6,860,976 2,311,000 150,000 100,000 - 200,000 100,000 - Saadeauneua Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 204,000 7,222,000 - 760,000 - 100,000 4,000,000 136,000 Sorkbau Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF - 15,100,000 15,300,000 - 400,000 21,000,000 1,310,000 230,000 Thamoang Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 2,832,000 1,480,000 - - - 600,000 6,900,000 1,887,000 Namphou Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 8,520,000 15,500,000 - 2,000,000 500,000 1,500,000 1,600,000 1,175,000 Natay Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 9,788,000 24,650,000 - 805,000 1,250,000 200,000 12,600,000 889,600 Navangtay Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 6,198,000 3,700,000 - 800,000 7,000,000 3,800,000 9,630,000 40,000 Navangneua Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 18,248,000 3,770,000 - - - 1,200,000 1,980,000 10,000 Navangthong Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 11,664,000 2,258,000 - 1,386,000 1,500,000 2,400,000 28,400,000 39,000 Navangnoy Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 6,686,000 2,710,000 388,000 1,100,000 500,000 - 200,000 62,000 Hatxaifong Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 5,000,000 13,500,000 2,000,000 400,000 400,000 650,000 150,000 540,800 Hatxiengdee Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,800,000 31,681,572 2,000,000 600,000 5,000,000 6,571,500 73,318,000 409,200 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 18 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Servicing - Small Shop - Remittance - District Pension - total Wage - total Leasing - total total surveyed total surveyed Loan - total total surveyed Grant - total Village (English) Province (English) (English) Zone surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) Phak-eetou Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 10,848,000 33,276,000 600,000 3,400,000 5,100,000 17,030,000 11,300,000 1,452,500 Manilad Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF - 37,242,000 12,000,000 8,528,000 8,025,000 2,000,000 7,600,000 - Beungse Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 216,000 9,420,000 854,000 694,000 - 100,000 45,630,000 18,000 Bouakhay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF - 10,488,000 - 80,000 - 200,000 4,500,000 - Khamsavang Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 7,200,000 51,565,000 - 3,830,000 - 100,000 1,860,000 442,000 Tonhaen Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 84,000 6,900,000 - 2,000,000 8,900,000 1,300,000 3,500,000 20,800 Kaengphosy Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 340,000 14,750,000 - - 240,000 12,000,000 3,000,000 60,000 Kaengveang Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF - 26,890,000 - 1,450,000 - 567,000 5,925,000 4,375,000 Kangpa Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF - 1,670,000 - 800,000 - 100,000 2,900,000 1,000,000 Daangsavanh Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 7,200,000 44,020,000 - 6,634,000 2,060,000 - 8,300,000 80,000 Dongmarfai Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF - 25,453,000 - 1,400,000 600,000 940,000 2,500,000 3,354,000 Lao Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 6,745,000 7,910,000 - - - 6,360,000 380,000 20,000 Souvanxai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF - 38,664,000 - 2,633,000 - - 11,000,000 - Somsaa-at Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 5,100,000 7,570,000 40,000 2,518,400 1,790,000 1,948,000 3,630,000 42,000 Sakong Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 4,560,000 1,496,000 - - 500,000 - 300,000 200,000 Thabor Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF - 5,388,666 - 1,470,000 - 2,000,000 6,100,000 200,000 Thakharm Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF - 4,090,000 - 440,000 100,000 - 18,600,000 - Thaphoxai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF - 4,300,000 - - 1,700,000 - 14,100,000 - Thadorkham Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 2,160,000 2,930,000 - - - 5,800,000 5,950,000 50,000 Nasang Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 15,348,000 5,090,000 - 960,000 400,000 100,000 2,440,000 - November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 19 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Servicing - Small Shop - Remittance - District Pension - total Wage - total Leasing - total total surveyed total surveyed Loan - total total surveyed Grant - total Village (English) Province (English) (English) Zone surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) Naxiengkhane Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 4,056,000 8,672,000 - 1,800,000 - 2,350,000 3,400,000 1,209,000 Xiengkhay Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 3,900,000 17,232,000 - 1,800,000 - 400,000 12,100,000 4,385,000 Houi-hai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 780,000 4,520,000 200,000 5,200,000 1,000,000 7,392,000 7,900,000 649,500 Hatkhamdee Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 2,160,000 20,246,000 1,000,000 2,165,000 360,000 800,000 8,100,000 286,000 Hatsaisugneua Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF - 12,100,000 - 400,000 - 250,000 10,700,000 380,000 Hatsaisugtay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF - 2,820,000 1,500,000 150,000 800,000 - 3,460,000 - Nongheuathongneua Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF - 4,686,000 1,100,000 577,200 200,000 200,000 150,000 1,000,000 Nongheuathongtay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 424,000 3,050,000 - 8,100,000 - 1,200,000 17,540,000 2,765,000 Pahlay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF - 17,001,000 - 1,940,000 - 700,000 - 3,635,000 Paksebangfai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 6,506,000 29,075,000 7,500,000 - 3,600,000 600,000 111,250,000 190,000 Pong Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 444,000 2,140,000 - 2,800,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 10,000,000 - Phakfeuatay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF - 16,396,000 - 200,000 610,000 2,000,000 1,120,000 - Phakfeuaneua Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF - 6,410,000 - 600,000 630,000 200,000 2,080,000 - November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 20 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 8: Total Surveyed Income By Village (kip) (Continued) Consumed Agricultural Sold Agricultural Consumed Sold Fish - Consumed Livestock Sold Livestock & Total Surveyed Total Surveyed Income per Income per Village Products - total Products - total Fish - total total surveyed & Wildlife - total Wildlife - total Income Including Income Not Household Not Household Not (English) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) Loan (kip) Including Loan (kip) including Loan (kip) Incl loan (USD) Mahaxaykang 2,388,400 - 4,128,000 1,600,000 40,000 - 268,311,601 209,311,601 13,954,107 $ 1,517 Mahaxayneua 27,043,400 3,880,800 3,401,000 3,680,000 575,000 10,440,000 101,165,202 101,165,202 6,744,347 $ 733 Mahaxaytay 31,431,000 2,322,000 25,583,000 10,840,000 4,640,000 16,080,000 191,156,003 191,156,003 12,743,734 $ 1,385 Vatthat 28,538,500 659,000 6,579,000 2,464,000 195,000 300,000 55,245,654 55,245,654 3,683,044 $ 400 Pong 11,185,200 - 17,707,000 24,184,000 130,000 9,780,000 116,787,105 116,637,105 7,775,807 $ 845 Povatay 15,287,600 1,155,200 20,124,000 6,032,000 3,315,000 20,000 116,000,206 116,000,206 7,733,347 $ 841 Povaneua 11,758,220 341,400 24,277,000 13,016,800 1,115,000 13,500,000 115,442,427 112,642,427 7,509,495 $ 816 Khamfeuang 17,989,200 - 14,238,000 26,016,000 555,000 3,460,000 99,426,008 99,426,008 6,628,401 $ 720 Khaengsavang 22,715,600 11,359,000 14,640,000 20,816,000 555,000 43,275,000 210,524,009 204,024,009 13,601,601 $ 1,478 Kangyangkham 16,315,800 12,000 7,930,000 1,520,000 200,000 1,675,000 51,175,810 51,175,810 3,411,721 $ 371 Dangkang 18,533,400 252,000 6,983,000 3,980,000 1,320,000 1,100,000 65,295,611 63,795,611 4,253,041 $ 462 Veun 40,520,700 12,756,003 9,796,000 1,280,000 950,000 375,000 133,707,715 133,707,715 8,913,848 $ 969 Somsanook 46,120,400 102,000 5,148,000 2,160,000 1,450,000 8,760,000 92,082,413 92,082,413 6,138,828 $ 667 Naphong 19,702,205 2,120,000 8,614,000 2,550,000 435,000 725,000 74,106,219 73,806,219 4,920,415 $ 535 Nakhay 25,419,800 1,316,000 10,147,000 1,320,000 - 10,620,000 97,262,815 97,262,815 6,484,188 $ 705 Nakea 13,265,800 29,000 9,931,000 1,040,000 170,000 4,745,000 45,770,816 45,470,816 3,031,388 $ 329 Nathanedong 23,882,800 506,000 9,151,000 1,640,000 1,300,000 8,465,000 83,290,817 83,290,817 5,552,721 $ 604 Nathanethong 33,416,000 4,128,000 8,418,000 2,432,000 2,245,000 7,675,000 83,949,018 83,949,018 5,596,601 $ 608 Nongkok 14,312,700 1,705,600 4,486,000 1,544,000 135,000 2,385,000 41,504,319 41,504,319 2,766,955 $ 301 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 21 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Consumed Agricultural Sold Agricultural Consumed Sold Fish - Consumed Livestock Sold Livestock & Total Surveyed Total Surveyed Income per Income per Village Products - total Products - total Fish - total total surveyed & Wildlife - total Wildlife - total Income Including Income Not Household Not Household Not (English) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) Loan (kip) Including Loan (kip) including Loan (kip) Incl loan (USD) Eelane 15,661,600 819,800 5,814,000 1,480,000 240,000 780,000 45,205,420 44,205,420 2,947,028 $ 320 Phanang 8,154,800 468,000 10,535,000 31,632,000 245,000 2,340,000 95,948,721 95,468,721 6,364,581 $ 692 Kuase 26,597,500 91,400 2,089,000 296,000 2,100,000 3,015,000 103,968,922 80,168,922 5,344,595 $ 581 Kengpair 12,316,600 3,162,000 11,785,000 29,668,000 1,000,000 1,990,000 158,731,123 158,731,123 10,582,075 $ 1,150 Kengkasee 8,247,400 90,400 9,339,000 7,232,000 380,000 775,000 39,792,824 39,792,824 2,652,855 $ 288 Dangtha 33,836,600 3,451,000 12,632,000 663,000 255,000 340,000 86,691,625 83,691,625 5,579,442 $ 606 Veunsananh 8,494,200 40,000 5,216,000 5,234,000 1,915,000 1,070,000 45,853,226 45,853,226 3,056,882 $ 332 Somsa-at 23,617,200 3,526,000 5,062,000 5,611,000 440,000 2,365,000 94,521,227 94,521,227 6,301,415 $ 685 Thakhor 19,606,400 1,102,000 15,651,000 45,192,000 355,000 420,000 131,318,178 130,718,178 8,714,545 $ 947 Thasida 19,678,800 124,000 11,532,000 3,680,000 1,290,000 23,530,000 92,730,629 92,730,629 6,182,042 $ 672 Nathane 21,642,400 1,686,000 11,365,000 3,400,000 572,000 475,000 61,269,838 60,569,838 4,037,989 $ 439 Naphoktha 26,475,600 6,012,800 4,012,000 3,795,000 300,000 225,000 87,131,181 73,931,181 4,928,745 $ 536 Yangkham 21,260,400 54,201,000 4,359,000 2,904,000 4,750,000 2,700,000 110,130,244 109,330,244 7,288,683 $ 792 Hatkhamhieng 32,893,000 5,341,600 3,956,000 3,040,000 390,000 1,230,000 59,766,633 59,546,633 3,969,776 $ 431 Hatpeak 3,966,600 48,000 4,471,000 1,752,000 135,000 8,025,000 29,787,634 28,277,634 1,885,176 $ 205 Paksenoy 7,405,400 960,000 4,121,000 3,280,000 75,000 1,650,000 28,160,435 27,160,435 1,810,696 $ 197 Kengkhean 8,515,800 12,000 4,674,000 9,167,000 465,000 920,000 39,767,836 39,767,836 2,651,189 $ 288 Thahant 8,831,000 400,000 4,790,000 12,128,000 155,000 6,170,000 68,735,137 68,535,137 4,569,009 $ 497 Vatthat 22,059,800 5,668,000 12,466,000 2,408,000 1,080,000 350,000 65,481,838 65,481,838 4,365,456 $ 475 Boungbao 24,397,200 10,640,000 20,865,000 - 2,150,000 13,246,000 127,330,239 126,533,239 8,435,549 $ 917 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 22 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Consumed Agricultural Sold Agricultural Consumed Sold Fish - Consumed Livestock Sold Livestock & Total Surveyed Total Surveyed Income per Income per Village Products - total Products - total Fish - total total surveyed & Wildlife - total Wildlife - total Income Including Income Not Household Not Household Not (English) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) Loan (kip) Including Loan (kip) including Loan (kip) Incl loan (USD) Phontoum 26,138,200 864,000 13,327,000 380,000 2,380,000 56,150,005 145,305,845 145,055,845 9,670,390 $ 1,051 Phonsaerd 32,450,961 4,170,000 8,351,068 1,070,000 3,281,000 26,761,000 90,569,070 90,107,070 6,007,138 $ 653 Phonsavang 15,167,800 1,184,000 8,689,000 800,000 2,609,000 15,366,000 61,255,842 60,605,842 4,040,389 $ 439 Keovilay 12,702,000 1,553,000 7,382,000 - 1,400,000 - 30,142,043 30,042,043 2,002,803 $ 218 Kaenglake 31,385,800 1,874,000 24,342,000 6,166,000 1,705,000 9,280,000 92,768,844 92,142,844 6,142,856 $ 668 Korbong 21,571,912 4,647,000 9,199,307 50,000 1,160,000 3,170,000 69,702,264 69,352,264 4,623,484 $ 503 Koodphadang 18,774,100 78,000 7,086,000 - 1,200,000 695,500 41,073,646 41,073,646 2,738,243 $ 298 Donepeuang 27,003,000 2,842,800 15,324,000 1,082,000 1,330,000 19,539,000 112,033,847 107,864,847 7,190,990 $ 782 Laonnagam 25,112,350 3,566,250 10,483,000 75,000 730,000 3,370,000 73,239,648 72,814,648 4,854,310 $ 528 Somsanook 18,691,400 - 4,402,000 - 2,595,000 150,000 80,102,449 79,078,449 5,271,897 $ 573 Thaphaa 15,586,400 800,000 10,508,000 789,000 2,352,000 5,925,000 64,030,450 63,560,450 4,237,363 $ 461 Namixay 23,778,600 5,438,800 7,397,000 2,808,000 702,000 2,640,000 59,472,451 59,452,451 3,963,497 $ 431 Naphoxay 31,961,200 2,251,400 29,208,000 5,680,000 2,570,000 5,460,000 116,946,652 114,848,652 7,656,577 $ 832 Naveang 10,051,200 50,000 10,231,000 375,000 2,472,500 9,060,000 55,818,753 53,053,753 3,536,917 $ 384 Nakatang 27,404,800 240,000 11,600,000 3,000,000 6,876,667 15,720,000 118,051,521 116,981,521 7,798,768 $ 848 Nahay 23,052,400 450,000 9,036,000 60,000 2,203,000 5,671,000 69,396,455 65,126,455 4,341,764 $ 472 Nhommalathneua 11,464,800 1,500,000 5,741,000 180,000 2,500,000 2,440,000 129,498,856 129,498,856 8,633,257 $ 938 Nhommalathtay 112,397,600 2,550,000 8,424,000 175,000 960,000 1,090,000 177,167,657 165,302,657 11,020,177 $ 1,198 Houiyeanh 35,692,000 5,887,000 14,104,000 - 3,678,000 21,967,000 120,688,058 119,644,058 7,976,271 $ 867 Nongsaeng 16,883,400 3,236,000 11,098,000 120,000 1,630,000 1,160,000 54,846,459 54,431,459 3,628,764 $ 394 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 23 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Consumed Agricultural Sold Agricultural Consumed Sold Fish - Consumed Livestock Sold Livestock & Total Surveyed Total Surveyed Income per Income per Village Products - total Products - total Fish - total total surveyed & Wildlife - total Wildlife - total Income Including Income Not Household Not Household Not (English) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) Loan (kip) Including Loan (kip) including Loan (kip) Incl loan (USD) Nongping 22,728,000 10,916,400 15,547,000 5,102,000 680,000 690,000 93,438,960 90,735,960 6,049,064 $ 658 Phonhsaoea 16,691,400 3,137,300 20,136,000 8,450,000 1,290,000 12,470,000 81,214,761 81,214,761 5,414,317 $ 589 Tanetheung 28,495,400 2,985,000 9,684,000 320,000 655,000 7,360,000 89,236,062 87,796,062 5,853,071 $ 636 Sumnadee 24,387,700 11,224,600 44,122,000 744,000 6,590,000 6,230,000 109,859,267 109,259,267 7,283,951 $ 792 Danepakse 13,622,800 7,703,000 14,909,000 3,029,000 1,485,000 19,600,000 107,347,364 100,447,364 6,696,491 $ 728 Dongsaanga 27,915,300 8,941,200 7,301,000 1,064,000 455,000 2,570,000 85,878,065 83,435,065 5,562,338 $ 605 Dongkaasinh 30,543,000 7,202,000 7,301,000 1,112,000 1,705,000 2,770,000 87,633,066 87,633,066 5,842,204 $ 635 Dongphakpheuang 27,934,600 7,470,200 7,760,000 - - 180,000 58,861,617 58,608,867 3,907,258 $ 425 Saadeautay 17,277,500 5,255,800 15,904,000 1,000,000 1,120,000 9,720,000 59,999,344 59,799,344 3,986,623 $ 433 Saadeauneua 22,291,200 3,996,800 11,659,000 584,000 1,110,000 6,405,000 58,468,069 58,368,069 3,891,205 $ 423 Sorkbau 38,429,120 25,211,000 9,040,000 2,664,000 325,000 6,820,000 135,829,190 114,829,190 7,655,279 $ 832 Thamoang 18,981,200 2,884,200 15,517,000 1,648,000 2,080,000 13,700,000 68,509,471 67,909,471 4,527,298 $ 492 Namphou 20,422,400 7,201,600 10,064,000 1,456,000 235,000 2,015,000 72,189,072 70,689,072 4,712,605 $ 512 Natay 46,880,800 41,444,000 11,421,000 1,464,000 550,000 3,100,000 155,042,473 154,842,473 10,322,832 $ 1,122 Navangtay 22,856,000 8,753,000 23,879,000 2,176,000 2,360,000 10,330,000 101,522,074 97,722,074 6,514,805 $ 708 Navangneua 23,384,200 10,099,600 27,436,000 3,516,000 5,730,000 14,170,000 109,543,875 108,343,875 7,222,925 $ 785 Navangthong 29,543,200 19,255,600 18,772,000 5,564,000 2,855,000 8,815,000 132,451,876 130,051,876 8,670,125 $ 942 Navangnoy 23,617,900 16,760,900 38,575,000 7,254,000 2,105,000 16,705,000 116,663,877 116,663,877 7,777,592 $ 845 Hatxaifong 22,438,600 15,491,400 11,321,000 544,000 680,000 805,000 73,920,878 73,270,878 4,884,725 $ 531 Hatxiengdee 35,493,400 22,106,600 19,833,000 3,240,000 830,000 13,690,000 216,573,351 210,001,851 14,000,123 $ 1,522 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 24 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Consumed Agricultural Sold Agricultural Consumed Sold Fish - Consumed Livestock Sold Livestock & Total Surveyed Total Surveyed Income per Income per Village Products - total Products - total Fish - total total surveyed & Wildlife - total Wildlife - total Income Including Income Not Household Not Household Not (English) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) Loan (kip) Including Loan (kip) including Loan (kip) Incl loan (USD) Phak-eetou 42,204,600 26,239,200 11,361,000 4,032,000 1,620,000 5,920,000 174,383,380 157,353,380 10,490,225 $ 1,140 Manilad 15,420,400 154,000 5,706,000 8,694,000 2,015,000 8,525,000 115,909,481 113,909,481 7,593,965 $ 825 Beungse 44,768,600 34,770,000 7,852,000 880,000 3,735,000 22,395,000 171,332,682 171,232,682 11,415,512 $ 1,241 Bouakhay 26,747,106 65,009,600 6,536,404 1,252,000 1,240,000 6,325,000 122,378,193 122,178,193 8,145,213 $ 885 Khamsavang 24,931,200 2,472,000 12,777,000 12,600,000 570,000 4,625,000 122,972,284 122,872,284 8,191,486 $ 890 Tonhaen 39,138,900 19,016,200 5,578,000 10,520,000 1,260,000 7,025,000 105,242,985 103,942,985 6,929,532 $ 753 Kaengphosy 32,205,600 15,701,400 4,615,000 112,000 3,870,000 10,895,000 97,789,086 85,789,086 5,719,272 $ 622 Kaengveang 49,280,200 8,946,400 19,869,000 4,336,000 1,480,000 5,105,000 128,223,687 127,656,687 8,510,446 $ 925 Kangpa 37,332,000 19,408,000 8,633,000 1,760,000 960,000 2,575,000 77,138,088 77,038,088 5,135,873 $ 558 Daangsavanh 31,255,800 1,204,000 11,560,000 12,640,000 115,000 7,525,000 132,593,889 132,593,889 8,839,593 $ 961 Dongmarfai 27,115,200 3,638,000 11,978,000 1,080,000 4,595,000 12,645,000 95,298,290 94,358,290 6,290,553 $ 684 Lao 20,029,776 516,000 15,910,000 4,000,000 1,015,000 990,000 63,875,867 57,515,867 3,834,391 $ 417 Souvanxai 26,488,600 480,000 10,617,000 13,560,000 1,515,000 7,075,000 112,032,692 112,032,692 7,468,846 $ 812 Somsaa-at 28,930,100 7,522,800 20,445,000 4,400,000 1,155,000 7,210,000 92,301,393 90,353,393 6,023,560 $ 655 Sakong 32,206,900 11,072,800 5,168,000 1,040,000 1,925,000 1,225,000 59,693,794 59,693,794 3,979,586 $ 433 Thabor 40,660,100 21,394,000 3,106,000 1,800,000 2,775,000 3,330,000 88,223,861 86,223,861 5,748,257 $ 625 Thakharm 23,771,700 2,681,600 4,947,000 440,000 690,000 450,000 56,210,396 56,210,396 3,747,360 $ 407 Thaphoxai 30,889,700 525,600 5,491,000 760,000 510,000 3,145,000 61,421,397 61,421,397 4,094,760 $ 445 Thadorkham 36,662,400 28,479,500 6,745,500 448,000 1,210,000 4,265,000 94,700,498 88,900,498 5,926,700 $ 644 Nasang 22,222,100 5,109,700 6,857,000 3,224,000 1,065,000 8,335,000 71,150,899 71,050,899 4,736,727 $ 515 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 25 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Consumed Agricultural Sold Agricultural Consumed Sold Fish - Consumed Livestock Sold Livestock & Total Surveyed Total Surveyed Income per Income per Village Products - total Products - total Fish - total total surveyed & Wildlife - total Wildlife - total Income Including Income Not Household Not Household Not (English) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) (kip) surveyed (kip) surveyed (kip) Loan (kip) Including Loan (kip) including Loan (kip) Incl loan (USD) Naxiengkhane 22,950,400 5,726,600 8,006,000 2,128,000 440,000 1,965,000 62,703,100 60,353,100 4,023,540 $ 437 Xiengkhay 32,857,200 2,765,000 17,191,200 4,912,000 8,061,000 8,325,000 113,928,501 113,528,501 7,568,567 $ 823 Houi-hai 28,104,700 9,581,000 7,236,000 4,004,000 625,000 8,275,000 85,467,302 78,075,302 5,205,020 $ 566 Hatkhamdee 15,653,000 1,984,000 8,948,000 5,848,000 75,000 3,250,000 70,875,103 70,075,103 4,671,674 $ 508 Hatsaisugneua 30,851,100 15,688,300 3,309,000 560,000 640,000 8,360,000 83,238,504 82,988,504 5,532,567 $ 601 Hatsaisugtay 19,859,700 9,778,600 3,978,000 463,000 190,000 1,525,000 44,524,405 44,524,405 2,968,294 $ 323 Nongheuathongneua 28,922,300 3,226,000 5,564,732 2,088,000 445,000 4,275,000 52,434,338 52,234,338 3,482,289 $ 379 Nongheuathongtay 18,920,200 636,000 7,922,000 1,000,000 - 4,350,000 65,907,307 64,707,307 4,313,820 $ 469 Pahlay 11,764,800 124,000 8,983,000 7,080,000 1,615,000 4,995,000 57,837,908 57,137,908 3,809,194 $ 414 Paksebangfai 22,252,400 7,590,000 6,803,000 5,944,000 1,530,000 450,000 203,290,509 202,690,509 13,512,701 $ 1,469 Pong 25,277,200 10,902,400 8,761,000 2,823,000 1,068,000 2,830,000 74,045,710 71,045,710 4,736,381 $ 515 Phakfeuatay 41,541,900 28,753,900 8,087,600 1,627,600 960,000 6,870,000 108,167,111 106,167,111 7,077,807 $ 769 Phakfeuaneua 28,420,200 14,382,000 7,924,000 1,840,000 6,400,000 12,470,000 81,356,312 81,156,312 5,410,421 $ 588 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 26 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 9: Total Surveyed Income by Village (%) Small Grant - Consumed Sold Agricultural Consumed Sold Fish Consumed Sold Livestock Pension - Wage - Leasing - Servicing - shop - Remittance - percent Agricultural Products - Fish - - percent Livestock & & Wildlife - Village Province District Percent of percent of percent of percent of percent of percent of of total Products - percent percent of total percent of of total Wildlife - percent percent of total No Village (English) (English) (English) Zone total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) (%) of total (%) (%) total (%) (%) of total (%) (%) 1 Mahaxaykang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 3.0% 72.2% 0.0% 4.1% 13.3% 3.6% 0.0% 1.1% 0.0% 2.0% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 2 Mahaxayneua Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 19.4% 10.5% 0.8% 2.0% 5.2% 10.9% 2.8% 26.7% 3.8% 3.4% 3.6% 0.6% 10.3% 3 Mahaxaytay Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.1% 26.1% 0.6% 0.9% 3.3% 17.4% 0.1% 16.4% 1.2% 13.4% 5.7% 2.4% 8.4% 4 Vatthat Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 6.4% 20.0% 0.0% 1.6% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 51.7% 1.2% 11.9% 4.5% 0.4% 0.5% 5 Pong Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.9% 28.6% 0.0% 3.9% 3.6% 6.9% 2.1% 9.6% 0.0% 15.2% 20.7% 0.1% 8.4% 6 Povatay Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 10.5% 37.8% 0.0% 1.1% 7.8% 2.2% 1.0% 13.2% 1.0% 17.3% 5.2% 2.9% 0.0% 7 Povaneua Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.2% 27.7% 2.7% 1.8% 1.4% 5.2% 0.1% 10.4% 0.3% 21.6% 11.6% 1.0% 12.0% 8 Khamfeuang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.0% 20.8% 0.0% 4.4% 10.5% 0.6% 1.1% 18.1% 0.0% 14.3% 26.2% 0.6% 3.5% 9 Khaengsavang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 8.4% 32.0% 0.0% 2.0% 1.3% 0.7% 0.0% 11.1% 5.6% 7.2% 10.2% 0.3% 21.2% 10 Kangyangkham Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 7.0% 22.8% 0.0% 4.7% 4.0% 2.9% 4.6% 31.9% 0.0% 15.5% 3.0% 0.4% 3.3% 11 Dangkang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.2% 43.2% 0.0% 1.6% 0.0% 0.9% 2.7% 29.1% 0.4% 10.9% 6.2% 2.1% 1.7% 12 Veun Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 9.3% 30.7% 0.0% 2.5% 7.0% 0.0% 1.3% 30.3% 9.5% 7.3% 1.0% 0.7% 0.3% 13 Somsanook Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.0% 16.7% 0.0% 14.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 50.1% 0.1% 5.6% 2.3% 1.6% 9.5% 14 Naphong Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 9.1% 18.3% 0.0% 24.9% 0.5% 0.7% 0.2% 26.7% 2.9% 11.7% 3.5% 0.6% 1.0% 15 Nakhay Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0.0% 39.6% 0.0% 8.3% 0.0% 0.8% 1.1% 26.1% 1.4% 10.4% 1.4% 0.0% 10.9% 16 Nakea Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 1.3% 31.1% 0.0% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 2.1% 29.2% 0.1% 21.8% 2.3% 0.4% 10.4% 17 Nathanedong Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 3.6% 9.9% 0.0% 12.7% 15.2% 2.3% 2.3% 28.7% 0.6% 11.0% 2.0% 1.6% 10.2% 18 Nathanethong Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0.5% 11.7% 0.0% 5.2% 11.3% 0.0% 1.7% 39.8% 4.9% 10.0% 2.9% 2.7% 9.1% 19 Nongkok Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0.5% 30.1% 0.0% 5.3% 0.0% 0.2% 4.6% 34.5% 4.1% 10.8% 3.7% 0.3% 5.7% 20 Eelane Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 11.8% 22.4% 0.0% 4.1% 0.0% 1.1% 4.5% 35.4% 1.9% 13.2% 3.3% 0.5% 1.8% 21 Phanang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.6% 32.2% 0.0% 2.6% 1.7% 0.3% 6.7% 8.5% 0.5% 11.0% 33.1% 0.3% 2.5% 22 Kuase Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 19.9% 20.8% 0.0% 0.6% 14.8% 1.2% 0.0% 33.2% 0.1% 2.6% 0.4% 2.6% 3.8% 23 Kengpair Khammouane XBF Upper XBF 2.2% 30.1% 0.0% 1.3% 7.7% 18.6% 2.4% 7.8% 2.0% 7.4% 18.7% 0.6% 1.3% 24 Kengkasee Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 3.8% 17.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5.0% 8.4% 20.7% 0.2% 23.5% 18.2% 1.0% 1.9% 25 Dangtha Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0.0% 18.8% 0.0% 1.0% 2.4% 14.8% 1.9% 40.4% 4.1% 15.1% 0.8% 0.3% 0.4% 26 Veunsananh Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 18.7% 17.8% 0.0% 2.2% 0.0% 4.8% 8.7% 18.5% 0.1% 11.4% 11.4% 4.2% 2.3% 27 Somsa-at Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 33.0% 12.6% 1.1% 1.0% 1.1% 6.8% 1.5% 25.0% 3.7% 5.4% 5.9% 0.5% 2.5% 28 Thakhor Khammouane XBF Upper XBF 5.8% 20.2% 0.0% 1.7% 1.9% 2.9% 4.6% 15.0% 0.8% 12.0% 34.6% 0.3% 0.3% 29 Thasida Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0.3% 31.8% 0.0% 0.7% 0.1% 0.2% 2.3% 21.2% 0.1% 12.4% 4.0% 1.4% 25.4% 30 Nathane Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 5.1% 24.1% 0.0% 0.5% 2.0% 0.7% 2.9% 35.7% 2.8% 18.8% 5.6% 0.9% 0.8% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 27 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Small Grant - Consumed Sold Agricultural Consumed Sold Fish Consumed Sold Livestock Pension - Wage - Leasing - Servicing - shop - Remittance - percent Agricultural Products - Fish - - percent Livestock & & Wildlife - Village Province District Percent of percent of percent of percent of percent of percent of of total Products - percent percent of total percent of of total Wildlife - percent percent of total No Village (English) (English) (English) Zone total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) (%) of total (%) (%) total (%) (%) of total (%) (%) 31 Naphoktha Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 20.1% 20.5% 0.0% 1.1% 0.0% 2.4% 0.7% 35.8% 8.1% 5.4% 5.1% 0.4% 0.3% 32 Yangkham Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 2.8% 6.9% 2.7% 0.8% 0.0% 3.8% 0.6% 19.4% 49.6% 4.0% 2.7% 4.3% 2.5% 33 Hatkhamhieng Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0.8% 17.5% 1.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 0.1% 55.2% 9.0% 6.6% 5.1% 0.7% 2.1% 34 Hatpeak Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 8.5% 13.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 13.2% 14.0% 0.2% 15.8% 6.2% 0.5% 28.4% 35 Paksenoy Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 11.3% 12.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.1% 10.8% 27.3% 3.5% 15.2% 12.1% 0.3% 6.1% 36 Kengkhean Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 8.8% 23.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.6% 6.3% 21.4% 0.0% 11.8% 23.1% 1.2% 2.3% 37 Thahant Khammouane XBF Upper XBF 0.4% 30.0% 0.0% 2.7% 10.1% 0.0% 9.5% 12.9% 0.6% 7.0% 17.7% 0.2% 9.0% Nam 38 Vatthat Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 11.2% 14.9% 0.0% 5.4% 0.8% 0.5% 0.0% 33.7% 8.7% 19.0% 3.7% 1.6% 0.5% Gnom Nam 39 Boungbao Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 7.2% 28.5% 0.1% 2.9% 3.8% 0.6% 0.5% 19.3% 8.4% 16.5% 0.0% 1.7% 10.5% Gnom Nam 40 Phontoum Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 4.1% 16.5% 0.0% 1.1% 0.0% 9.7% 0.2% 18.0% 0.6% 9.2% 0.3% 1.6% 38.7% Gnom Nam 41 Phonsaerd Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 3.2% 7.6% 0.0% 0.3% 1.2% 0.2% 3.0% 36.0% 4.6% 9.3% 1.2% 3.6% 29.7% Gnom Nam 42 Phonsavang Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 0.0% 20.1% 0.0% 0.2% 0.7% 0.3% 6.3% 25.0% 2.0% 14.3% 1.3% 4.3% 25.4% Gnom Nam 43 Keovilay Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 4.8% 13.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 4.6% 42.3% 5.2% 24.6% 0.0% 4.7% 0.0% Gnom Nam 44 Kaenglake Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 4.6% 9.3% 0.0% 4.5% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 34.1% 2.0% 26.4% 6.7% 1.9% 10.1% Gnom Nam 45 Korbong Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 13.0% 19.2% 0.8% 0.7% 8.7% 0.0% 0.1% 31.1% 6.7% 13.3% 0.1% 1.7% 4.6% Gnom Nam 46 Koodphadang Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 1.5% 18.1% 2.4% 8.5% 0.0% 1.0% 0.7% 45.7% 0.2% 17.3% 0.0% 2.9% 1.7% Gnom Nam 47 Donepeuang Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 1.1% 31.9% 0.0% 2.0% 0.6% 0.9% 1.2% 25.0% 2.6% 14.2% 1.0% 1.2% 18.1% Gnom Nam 48 Laonnagam Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 19.1% 18.5% 0.0% 2.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% 34.5% 4.9% 14.4% 0.1% 1.0% 4.6% Gnom Nam 49 Somsanook Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 46.9% 4.6% 0.0% 0.0% 2.9% 12.8% 0.0% 23.6% 0.0% 5.6% 0.0% 3.3% 0.2% Gnom Nam 50 Thaphaa Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 7.6% 29.5% 0.0% 1.9% 0.8% 3.5% 0.2% 24.5% 1.3% 16.5% 1.2% 3.7% 9.3% Gnom Nam 51 Namixay Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 10.3% 9.4% 0.3% 0.0% 7.4% 0.4% 0.3% 40.0% 9.1% 12.4% 4.7% 1.2% 4.4% Gnom Nam 52 Naphoxay Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 5.0% 21.5% 0.0% 0.4% 1.9% 3.0% 0.9% 27.8% 2.0% 25.4% 4.9% 2.2% 4.8% Gnom Nam 53 Naveang Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 12.5% 21.8% 0.0% 0.8% 0.4% 3.9% 0.0% 18.9% 0.1% 19.3% 0.7% 4.7% 17.1% Gnom Nam 54 Nakatang Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 10.6% 7.2% 10.4% 0.0% 0.4% 14.0% 1.9% 23.4% 0.2% 9.9% 2.6% 5.9% 13.4% Gnom Nam 55 Nahay Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 0.3% 30.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 4.1% 3.0% 35.4% 0.7% 13.9% 0.1% 3.4% 8.7% Gnom November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 28 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Small Grant - Consumed Sold Agricultural Consumed Sold Fish Consumed Sold Livestock Pension - Wage - Leasing - Servicing - shop - Remittance - percent Agricultural Products - Fish - - percent Livestock & & Wildlife - Village Province District Percent of percent of percent of percent of percent of percent of of total Products - percent percent of total percent of of total Wildlife - percent percent of total No Village (English) (English) (English) Zone total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) (%) of total (%) (%) total (%) (%) of total (%) (%) Nam 56 Nhommalathneua Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 5.7% 45.4% 0.0% 0.0% 26.2% 4.4% 0.0% 8.9% 1.2% 4.4% 0.1% 1.9% 1.9% Gnom Nam 57 Nhommalathtay Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 5.6% 11.1% 3.8% 0.3% 3.1% 0.1% 0.1% 68.0% 1.5% 5.1% 0.1% 0.6% 0.7% Gnom Nam 58 Houiyeanh Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 6.4% 20.9% 0.0% 0.6% 0.5% 3.5% 0.0% 29.8% 4.9% 11.8% 0.0% 3.1% 18.4% Gnom Nam 59 Nongsaeng Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 15.3% 18.5% 0.9% 0.0% 0.9% 0.6% 1.1% 31.0% 5.9% 20.4% 0.2% 3.0% 2.1% Gnom Nam 60 Nongping Khammouane Gnommalath Kathang/Nam 2.6% 29.1% 0.7% 5.2% 0.7% 0.1% 0.3% 25.0% 12.0% 17.1% 5.6% 0.7% 0.8% Gnom 61 Phonhsaoea Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.0% 9.2% 0.1% 2.5% 0.0% 10.5% 1.2% 20.6% 3.9% 24.8% 10.4% 1.6% 15.4% 62 Tanetheung Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.0% 19.7% 1.1% 0.2% 1.4% 21.0% 0.2% 32.5% 3.4% 11.0% 0.4% 0.7% 8.4% 63 Sumnadee Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 9.1% 1.5% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 1.7% 1.9% 22.3% 10.3% 40.4% 0.7% 6.0% 5.7% 64 Danepakse Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 2.4% 6.2% 0.0% 1.1% 11.9% 17.4% 0.8% 13.6% 7.7% 14.8% 3.0% 1.5% 19.5% 65 Dongsaanga Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 2.4% 20.3% 0.0% 0.6% 2.4% 15.3% 1.1% 33.5% 10.7% 8.8% 1.3% 0.5% 3.1% 66 Dongkaasinh Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 11.2% 12.2% 0.0% 3.8% 10.6% 4.4% 0.0% 34.9% 8.2% 8.3% 1.3% 1.9% 3.2% 67 Dongphakpheuang Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 6.8% 17.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 1.3% 0.1% 47.7% 12.7% 13.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 68 Saadeautay Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 11.5% 3.9% 0.3% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 28.9% 8.8% 26.6% 1.7% 1.9% 16.3% 69 Saadeauneua Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.3% 12.4% 0.0% 1.3% 0.0% 6.9% 0.2% 38.2% 6.8% 20.0% 1.0% 1.9% 11.0% 70 Sorkbau Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.0% 13.1% 13.3% 0.0% 0.3% 1.1% 0.2% 33.5% 22.0% 7.9% 2.3% 0.3% 5.9% 71 Thamoang Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 4.2% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 10.2% 2.8% 28.0% 4.2% 22.8% 2.4% 3.1% 20.2% 72 Namphou Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 12.1% 21.9% 0.0% 2.8% 0.7% 2.3% 1.7% 28.9% 10.2% 14.2% 2.1% 0.3% 2.9% 73 Natay Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 6.3% 15.9% 0.0% 0.5% 0.8% 8.1% 0.6% 30.3% 26.8% 7.4% 0.9% 0.4% 2.0% 74 Navangtay Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 6.3% 3.8% 0.0% 0.8% 7.2% 9.9% 0.0% 23.4% 9.0% 24.4% 2.2% 2.4% 10.6% 75 Navangneua Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 16.8% 3.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 0.0% 21.6% 9.3% 25.3% 3.2% 5.3% 13.1% 76 Navangthong Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 9.0% 1.7% 0.0% 1.1% 1.2% 21.8% 0.0% 22.7% 14.8% 14.4% 4.3% 2.2% 6.8% 77 Navangnoy Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 5.7% 2.3% 0.3% 0.9% 0.4% 0.2% 0.1% 20.2% 14.4% 33.1% 6.2% 1.8% 14.3% 78 Hatxaifong Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 6.8% 18.4% 2.7% 0.5% 0.5% 0.2% 0.7% 30.6% 21.1% 15.5% 0.7% 0.9% 1.1% 79 Hatxiengdee Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.9% 15.1% 1.0% 0.3% 2.4% 34.9% 0.2% 16.9% 10.5% 9.4% 1.5% 0.4% 6.5% 80 Phak-eetou Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 6.9% 21.1% 0.4% 2.2% 3.2% 7.2% 0.9% 26.8% 16.7% 7.2% 2.6% 1.0% 3.8% 81 Manilad Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 0.0% 32.7% 10.5% 7.5% 7.0% 6.7% 0.0% 13.5% 0.1% 5.0% 7.6% 1.8% 7.5% 82 Beungse Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.1% 5.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.0% 26.6% 0.0% 26.1% 20.3% 4.6% 0.5% 2.2% 13.1% 83 Bouakhay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.0% 8.6% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 3.7% 0.0% 21.9% 53.2% 5.3% 1.0% 1.0% 5.2% 84 Khamsavang Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 5.9% 42.0% 0.0% 3.1% 0.0% 1.5% 0.4% 20.3% 2.0% 10.4% 10.3% 0.5% 3.8% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 29 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Small Grant - Consumed Sold Agricultural Consumed Sold Fish Consumed Sold Livestock Pension - Wage - Leasing - Servicing - shop - Remittance - percent Agricultural Products - Fish - - percent Livestock & & Wildlife - Village Province District Percent of percent of percent of percent of percent of percent of of total Products - percent percent of total percent of of total Wildlife - percent percent of total No Village (English) (English) (English) Zone total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) total (%) (%) of total (%) (%) total (%) (%) of total (%) (%) 85 Tonhaen Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.1% 6.6% 0.0% 1.9% 8.6% 3.4% 0.0% 37.7% 18.3% 5.4% 10.1% 1.2% 6.8% 86 Kaengphosy Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.4% 17.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 3.5% 0.1% 37.5% 18.3% 5.4% 0.1% 4.5% 12.7% 87 Kaengveang Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 0.0% 21.1% 0.0% 1.1% 0.0% 4.6% 3.4% 38.6% 7.0% 15.6% 3.4% 1.2% 4.0% 88 Kangpa Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.0% 2.2% 0.0% 1.0% 0.0% 3.8% 1.3% 48.5% 25.2% 11.2% 2.3% 1.2% 3.3% 89 Daangsavanh Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 5.4% 33.2% 0.0% 5.0% 1.6% 6.3% 0.1% 23.6% 0.9% 8.7% 9.5% 0.1% 5.7% 90 Dongmarfai Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 0.0% 27.0% 0.0% 1.5% 0.6% 2.6% 3.6% 28.7% 3.9% 12.7% 1.1% 4.9% 13.4% 91 Lao Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 11.7% 13.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0% 34.8% 0.9% 27.7% 7.0% 1.8% 1.7% 92 Souvanxai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.0% 34.5% 0.0% 2.4% 0.0% 9.8% 0.0% 23.6% 0.4% 9.5% 12.1% 1.4% 6.3% 93 Somsaa-at Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 5.6% 8.4% 0.0% 2.8% 2.0% 4.0% 0.0% 32.0% 8.3% 22.6% 4.9% 1.3% 8.0% 94 Sakong Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 7.6% 2.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.5% 0.3% 54.0% 18.5% 8.7% 1.7% 3.2% 2.1% 95 Thabor Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.0% 6.2% 0.0% 1.7% 0.0% 7.1% 0.2% 47.2% 24.8% 3.6% 2.1% 3.2% 3.9% 96 Thakharm Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.0% 7.3% 0.0% 0.8% 0.2% 33.1% 0.0% 42.3% 4.8% 8.8% 0.8% 1.2% 0.8% 97 Thaphoxai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.0% 7.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.8% 23.0% 0.0% 50.3% 0.9% 8.9% 1.2% 0.8% 5.1% 98 Thadorkham Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 2.4% 3.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 6.7% 0.1% 41.2% 32.0% 7.6% 0.5% 1.4% 4.8% 99 Nasang Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 21.6% 7.2% 0.0% 1.4% 0.6% 3.4% 0.0% 31.3% 7.2% 9.7% 4.5% 1.5% 11.7% 100 Naxiengkhane Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 6.7% 14.4% 0.0% 3.0% 0.0% 5.6% 2.0% 38.0% 9.5% 13.3% 3.5% 0.7% 3.3% 101 Xiengkhay Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 3.4% 15.2% 0.0% 1.6% 0.0% 10.7% 3.9% 28.9% 2.4% 15.1% 4.3% 7.1% 7.3% 102 Houi-hai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 1.0% 5.8% 0.3% 6.7% 1.3% 10.1% 0.8% 36.0% 12.3% 9.3% 5.1% 0.8% 10.6% 103 Hatkhamdee Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 3.1% 28.9% 1.4% 3.1% 0.5% 11.6% 0.4% 22.3% 2.8% 12.8% 8.3% 0.1% 4.6% 104 Hatsaisugneua Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.0% 14.6% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 12.9% 0.5% 37.2% 18.9% 4.0% 0.7% 0.8% 10.1% 105 Hatsaisugtay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.0% 6.3% 3.4% 0.3% 1.8% 7.8% 0.0% 44.6% 22.0% 8.9% 1.0% 0.4% 3.4% 106 Nongheuathongneua Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.0% 9.0% 2.1% 1.1% 0.4% 0.3% 1.9% 55.4% 6.2% 10.7% 4.0% 0.9% 8.2% 107 Nongheuathongtay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.7% 4.7% 0.0% 12.5% 0.0% 27.1% 4.3% 29.2% 1.0% 12.2% 1.5% 0.0% 6.7% 108 Pahlay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.0% 29.8% 0.0% 3.4% 0.0% 0.0% 6.4% 20.6% 0.2% 15.7% 12.4% 2.8% 8.7% 109 Paksebangfai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 3.2% 14.3% 3.7% 0.0% 1.8% 54.9% 0.1% 11.0% 3.7% 3.4% 2.9% 0.8% 0.2% 110 Pong Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.6% 3.0% 0.0% 3.9% 5.6% 14.1% 0.0% 35.6% 15.3% 12.3% 4.0% 1.5% 4.0% 111 Phakfeuatay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.0% 15.4% 0.0% 0.2% 0.6% 1.1% 0.0% 39.1% 27.1% 7.6% 1.5% 0.9% 6.5% 112 Phakfeuaneua Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.0% 7.9% 0.0% 0.7% 0.8% 2.6% 0.0% 35.0% 17.7% 9.8% 2.3% 7.9% 15.4% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 30 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 10: Total Surveyed Income by Zone (kip) Nam Kathang Upstream of Zone / Nam Gnom Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF upper XBF Pension - total surveyed (kip) 163,538,000 90,262,200 33,063,908 239,016,692 26,888,000 Wage - total surveyed (kip) 401,236,000 595,190,900 190,361,800 640,234,238 149,412,000 Leasing - total surveyed (kip) 21,450,000 4,965,000 12,000,000 38,332,000 - Servicing - total surveyed (kip) 29,293,500 53,760,000 15,164,000 68,742,600 50,120,000 Small Shop - total surveyed (kip) 64,334,000 90,468,050 10,125,000 88,445,000 34,000,000 Loan - total surveyed (kip) 35,573,000 72,230,000 13,477,000 150,247,250 600,000 Remittance - total surveyed (kip) 65,660,000 105,100,000 34,015,000 549,403,000 4,900,000 Grant - total surveyed (kip) 17,139,600 35,242,150 32,585,500 28,485,750 11,540,000 Consumed Agricultural Products - total surveyed (kip) 606,454,923 297,561,320 222,653,376 1,470,819,326 186,835,805 Sold Agricultural Products - total surveyed (kip) 70,406,650 26,023,200 18,979,800 669,206,800 22,572,603 Consumed Fish - total surveyed (kip) 274,810,375 191,383,000 121,372,200 574,555,236 68,473,000 Sold Fish - total surveyed (kip) 30,320,000 234,888,800 56,767,000 167,011,600 13,326,000 Consumed Livestock & Wildlife - total surveyed (kip) 48,244,167 15,885,000 21,998,000 78,598,000 5,435,000 Sold Livestock & Wildlife - total surveyed (kip) 219,900,505 118,415,000 72,035,000 329,265,000 36,665,000 Total Surveyed Income (including loan) 2,048,360,720 1,931,374,620 854,597,584 5,092,362,492 610,767,408 Total Surveyed Income (not including loan) 2,012,787,720 1,859,144,620 841,120,584 4,942,115,242 610,167,408 Income per Household (USD) not incl loan 634.15 842.00 507.92 675.71 552.69 Table 11: Surveyed Income by Zone (% of total for zone) Nam Kathang Upstream of Zone / Nam Gnom Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF upper XBF Pension - Percent of total (%) 8.1% 4.9% 3.9% 4.8% 4.4% Wage - percent of total (%) 19.9% 32.0% 22.6% 13.0% 24.5% Leasing - percent of total (%) 1.1% 0.3% 1.4% 0.8% 0.0% Servicing - percent of total (%) 1.5% 2.9% 1.8% 1.4% 8.2% Small shop - percent of total (%) 3.2% 4.9% 1.2% 1.8% 5.6% Remittance - percent of total (%) 3.3% 5.7% 4.0% 11.1% 0.8% Grant - percent of total (%) 0.9% 1.9% 3.9% 0.6% 1.9% Consumed Agricultural Products - percent of total (%) 30.1% 16.0% 26.5% 29.8% 30.6% Sold Agricultural Products - percent of total (%) 3.5% 1.4% 2.3% 13.5% 3.7% Consumed Fish - percent of total (%) 13.7% 10.3% 14.4% 11.6% 11.2% Sold Fish - percent of total (%) 1.5% 12.6% 6.7% 3.4% 2.2% Consumed Livestock & Wildlife - percent of total (%) 2.4% 0.9% 2.6% 1.6% 0.9% Sold Livestock & Wildlife - percent of total (%) 10.9% 6.4% 8.6% 6.7% 6.0% Total Surveyed Income 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Income per Household Not Inc Loans(USD) 634.15 842.00 507.92 675.71 552.69 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 31 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 12 Total Income by Zone (Kip & %) Nam Kathang / Gnom Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Upstream of Upper XBF Total % of % of % of % of % of % of Total Surveyed total Total Surveyed total Total Surveyed total Total Surveyed total Total Surveyed total Total Surveyed total Income (kip) income Income (kip) income Income (kip) income Income (kip) income Income (kip) income Income (kip) income Total Value of Consumed Agricultural Products 606,454,923 30.1% 297,561,320 16.0% 222,653,376 26.5% 1,470,819,326 29.8% 186,835,805 30.6% 2,784,324,750 27.1% Total Value of Sold Agricultural Products 70,406,650 3.5% 26,023,200 1.4% 18,979,800 2.3% 669,206,800 13.5% 22,572,603 3.7% 807,189,053 7.9% Total Value of Consumed Fish 274,810,375 13.7% 191,383,000 10.3% 121,372,200 14.4% 574,555,236 11.6% 68,473,000 11.2% 1,230,593,811 12.0% Total Value of Sold Fish 30,320,000 1.5% 234,888,800 12.6% 56,767,000 6.7% 167,011,600 3.4% 13,326,000 2.2% 502,313,400 4.9% Total Value of Consumed Livestock & Wildlife 48,244,167 2.4% 15,885,000 0.9% 21,998,000 2.6% 78,598,000 1.6% 5,435,000 0.9% 170,160,167 1.7% Total Value of Sold Livestock & Wildlife 219,900,505 10.9% 118,415,000 6.4% 72,035,000 8.6% 329,265,000 6.7% 36,665,000 6.0% 776,280,505 7.6% Pensions, retired persons 163,538,000 8.1% 90,262,200 4.9% 33,063,908 3.9% 239,016,692 4.8% 26,888,000 4.4% 552,768,800 5.4% Wages 401,236,000 19.9% 595,190,900 32.0% 190,361,800 22.6% 640,234,238 13.0% 149,412,000 24.5% 1,976,434,938 19.3% Leasing 21,450,000 1.1% 4,965,000 0.3% 12,000,000 1.4% 38,332,000 0.8% - 0.0% 76,747,000 0.7% Servicing 29,293,500 1.5% 53,760,000 2.9% 15,164,000 1.8% 68,742,600 1.4% 50,120,000 8.2% 217,080,100 2.1% Small Shops 64,334,000 3.2% 90,468,050 4.9% 10,125,000 1.2% 88,445,000 1.8% 34,000,000 5.6% 287,372,050 2.8% Remittance 65,660,000 3.3% 105,100,000 5.7% 34,015,000 4.0% 549,403,000 11.1% 4,900,000 0.8% 759,078,000 7.4% Grants 17,139,600 0.9% 35,242,150 1.9% 32,585,500 3.9% 28,485,750 0.6% 11,540,000 1.9% 124,993,000 1.2% Total Surveyed Income 2,012,787,720 100.0% 1,859,144,620 100.0% 841,120,584 100.0% 4,942,115,242 100.0% 610,167,408 100.0% 10,265,335,574 100.0% Average Annual HH Income (Kip) 5,834,167 7,746,436 4,672,892 6,216,497 5,084,728 6,110,319 Average Annual HH Income (USD) 634.15 842.00 507.92 675.71 552.69 664.17 *Agricultural products includes both gifts and self-produced **Loans are not included in income calculations ***USD incomes are calculated using USD$1 = 9,200 Kip November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 32 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 13: Assets by Village (count) Hand Water Sewing Television Video Radio Tape Engine Total Province District Tractors Tractor Rice mill Pump Truck PickUp Motobike Bike Cart Machine Set Video CD Cassette Recorder Radio Boat number of Village No Village (English) (English) (English) Zone (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) Assets 1 Mahaxaykang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 5 0 1 1 13 2 10 12 7 3 15 6 5 7 1 0 88 2 Mahaxayneua Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0 3 0 1 0 0 1 13 14 4 7 1 0 5 6 0 55 3 Mahaxaytay Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0 4 0 0 1 0 2 8 5 5 9 1 1 4 1 0 41 4 Vatthat Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 10 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 26 5 Pong Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0 4 3 0 0 0 2 10 1 2 5 0 0 4 1 0 32 6 Povatay Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0 3 1 1 1 0 1 30 11 5 14 5 0 7 1 1 81 7 Povaneua Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 13 5 0 8 1 2 4 2 0 36 8 Khamfeuang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 10 0 1 3 0 0 4 2 0 23 9 Khaengsavang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0 5 3 4 0 0 1 23 12 6 12 2 0 7 2 0 77 10 Kangyangkham Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 1 0 0 0 3 4 0 20 11 Dangkang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 14 7 3 1 0 0 2 1 0 30 12 Veun Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0 4 3 1 1 0 1 7 2 4 0 0 0 4 4 0 31 13 Somsanook Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 6 6 3 3 0 1 3 2 0 27 14 Naphong Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 9 3 0 1 0 0 3 2 0 20 15 Nakhay Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 13 9 4 1 0 0 3 1 0 38 16 Nakea Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 11 17 Nathanedong Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 3 1 0 0 4 3 0 26 18 Nathanethong Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 10 0 2 1 0 0 4 3 0 26 19 Nongkok Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 7 4 3 0 0 0 2 2 0 22 20 Eelane Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 9 7 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 22 21 Phanang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 11 4 1 5 0 0 6 2 0 33 22 Kuase Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0 2 1 3 0 0 11 13 8 4 13 6 1 8 2 0 72 23 Kengpair Khammouane XBF Upper XBF 0 5 3 3 0 0 2 12 3 0 2 0 0 5 4 0 39 24 Kengkasee Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 6 6 0 1 0 0 2 7 0 24 25 Dangtha Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 2 10 0 0 4 1 0 41 26 Veunsananh Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 8 7 0 8 0 0 4 1 0 31 27 Somsa-at Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0 6 3 3 1 0 0 10 1 1 8 0 0 7 0 0 40 28 Thakhor Khammouane XBF Upper XBF 0 7 4 0 0 0 1 14 5 3 3 0 0 4 2 0 43 29 Thasida Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0 4 0 1 0 0 1 9 5 0 4 0 0 5 7 0 36 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 33 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Hand Water Sewing Television Video Radio Tape Engine Total Province District Tractors Tractor Rice mill Pump Truck PickUp Motobike Bike Cart Machine Set Video CD Cassette Recorder Radio Boat number of Village No Village (English) (English) (English) Zone (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) Assets 30 Nathane Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 5 1 4 0 0 3 2 0 22 31 Naphoktha Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 13 5 4 12 0 0 7 0 0 46 32 Yangkham Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0 4 2 1 0 0 0 10 5 1 12 0 0 5 1 0 41 33 Hatkhamhieng Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 11 6 1 13 1 1 1 2 0 40 34 Hatpeak Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 6 1 0 1 0 0 3 3 0 18 35 Paksenoy Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 7 2 2 6 0 0 3 6 0 30 36 Kengkhean Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 4 0 3 0 0 5 3 0 25 37 Thahant Khammouane XBF Upper XBF 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 6 38 Vatthat Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 10 6 1 0 0 0 3 2 0 27 39 Boungbao Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 1 5 3 0 0 0 2 19 9 7 5 0 0 1 6 0 58 40 Phontoum Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 4 2 0 0 0 2 19 12 3 0 0 0 7 6 0 55 41 Phonsaerd Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 10 2 3 1 0 0 6 9 0 36 42 Phonsavang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 0 0 0 2 1 0 18 43 Keovilay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 3 0 0 0 1 3 4 0 20 44 Kaenglake Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 11 1 2 1 0 0 6 2 0 28 45 Korbong Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 1 5 1 0 0 0 2 15 7 5 0 0 1 3 0 0 40 46 Koodphadang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 14 47 Donepeuang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 20 10 5 2 0 0 6 1 0 51 48 Laonnagam Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 15 6 2 0 0 0 4 3 0 37 49 Somsanook Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 1 0 1 1 0 5 13 7 3 8 3 0 4 1 0 47 50 Thaphaa Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 18 6 2 2 0 0 6 6 0 43 51 Namixay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 6 2 3 0 0 0 2 3 0 19 52 Naphoxay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 25 8 1 0 0 0 6 6 0 49 53 Naveang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 19 8 3 0 0 0 3 4 0 41 54 Nakatang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 6 2 0 0 1 0 12 6 7 3 0 0 6 1 0 44 55 Nahay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 11 9 2 0 0 0 5 4 0 34 56 Nhommalathneua Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 0 0 1 3 0 7 19 6 6 5 6 2 4 2 0 61 57 Nhommalathtay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 3 1 0 0 1 3 25 7 6 6 2 2 8 2 0 66 58 Houiyeanh Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 1 8 4 0 2 0 3 22 7 8 4 1 0 8 4 0 72 59 Nongsaeng Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 16 4 1 0 0 0 4 2 0 28 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 34 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Hand Water Sewing Television Video Radio Tape Engine Total Province District Tractors Tractor Rice mill Pump Truck PickUp Motobike Bike Cart Machine Set Video CD Cassette Recorder Radio Boat number of Village No Village (English) (English) (English) Zone (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) Assets 60 Nongping Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 12 6 2 3 0 0 0 3 0 30 61 Phonhsaoea Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 7 0 0 4 1 0 19 62 Tanetheung Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 5 1 0 0 0 1 13 3 0 6 2 0 5 4 0 40 63 Sumnadee Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 4 3 1 0 0 1 9 3 0 13 0 0 3 2 0 39 64 Danepakse Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 2 1 2 0 0 1 23 3 2 13 4 1 6 1 0 59 65 Dongsaanga Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 11 3 0 10 0 0 3 1 0 34 66 Dongkaasinh Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 8 0 1 0 0 7 20 6 3 11 0 0 4 1 0 61 67 Dongphakpheuang Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 6 2 1 0 0 1 10 3 2 7 0 0 3 1 0 36 68 Saadeautay Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 5 0 0 1 0 0 19 69 Saadeauneua Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 7 2 0 10 1 0 4 0 0 30 70 Sorkbau Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 12 2 1 3 0 2 13 5 2 13 4 0 2 2 0 61 71 Thamoang Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 6 4 0 7 0 0 7 1 0 28 72 Namphou Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 15 6 2 6 2 0 5 1 0 41 73 Natay Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 7 3 3 0 0 4 24 3 2 10 0 0 5 1 0 62 74 Navangtay Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 3 1 0 1 0 2 25 9 3 12 1 0 7 0 0 64 75 Navangneua Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 5 1 0 0 0 2 12 6 1 12 1 0 3 4 0 47 76 Navangthong Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 8 1 0 0 0 1 15 7 3 13 0 0 3 1 0 52 77 Navangnoy Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 8 2 0 0 1 2 19 4 2 11 1 1 7 4 0 62 78 Hatxaifong Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 7 1 0 0 0 1 12 0 2 10 1 1 2 1 0 38 79 Hatxiengdee Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 13 1 0 0 0 1 27 7 1 15 1 0 9 3 0 78 80 Phak-eetou Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0 11 5 4 1 0 5 17 5 4 13 4 0 6 2 0 77 81 Manilad Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 0 3 3 0 1 1 5 8 9 2 11 3 0 3 1 0 50 82 Beungse Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 9 0 2 0 0 2 11 3 7 12 2 0 8 2 0 58 83 Bouakhay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 4 0 3 0 0 0 10 4 1 15 2 1 2 1 0 43 84 Khamsavang Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 6 9 1 7 1 1 4 1 0 35 85 Tonhaen Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 1 6 2 1 0 1 1 20 5 4 10 2 1 4 3 0 61 86 Kaengphosy Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 7 2 1 9 1 0 5 1 0 32 87 Kaengveang Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 10 2 1 7 0 0 3 11 0 39 88 Kangpa Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 7 2 1 0 0 1 12 3 2 11 1 0 7 0 0 47 89 Daangsavanh Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 6 2 0 0 0 1 11 9 3 8 0 0 6 1 0 47 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 35 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Hand Water Sewing Television Video Radio Tape Engine Total Province District Tractors Tractor Rice mill Pump Truck PickUp Motobike Bike Cart Machine Set Video CD Cassette Recorder Radio Boat number of Village No Village (English) (English) (English) Zone (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) Assets 90 Dongmarfai Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 0 3 2 1 1 0 1 11 6 1 6 0 0 4 5 0 41 91 Lao Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 4 3 2 2 0 0 4 4 0 23 92 Souvanxai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 4 2 1 0 0 1 8 9 1 10 0 0 10 3 0 49 93 Somsaa-at Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 6 1 0 0 0 2 11 4 2 8 0 0 3 0 0 37 94 Sakong Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 7 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 5 1 2 1 0 0 22 95 Thabor Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 7 1 0 0 0 1 17 4 1 14 1 1 4 0 0 51 96 Thakharm Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 5 3 0 10 1 0 2 0 0 29 97 Thaphoxai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 10 2 0 12 0 0 3 0 0 33 98 Thadorkham Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 7 3 0 0 1 1 12 4 3 12 1 1 3 2 0 50 99 Nasang Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 7 2 3 0 0 1 10 6 1 15 3 0 6 0 0 54 100 Naxiengkhane Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 9 1 1 5 0 0 3 4 0 28 101 Xiengkhay Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 0 4 2 1 1 0 0 4 4 3 4 0 0 4 3 0 30 102 Houi-hai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 12 5 3 6 0 0 3 4 0 44 103 Hatkhamdee Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 11 4 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 25 104 Hatsaisugneua Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 16 7 0 9 1 0 7 1 0 49 105 Hatsaisugtay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 4 1 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 11 0 0 5 1 0 29 106 Nongheuathongneua Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 9 2 1 5 0 1 1 0 0 26 107 Nongheuathongtay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 7 1 0 0 0 0 20 108 Pahlay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 11 109 Paksebangfai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 4 0 6 1 0 4 14 7 2 14 3 0 9 2 1 67 110 Pong Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 5 2 1 1 0 1 12 9 1 15 1 0 4 2 0 54 111 Phakfeuatay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 6 3 1 1 0 1 10 2 3 11 1 0 3 0 0 42 112 Phakfeuaneua Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 12 2 0 10 0 0 2 1 0 34 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 36 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 14: Assets by Village (Average/Household) Radio Hand Water Sewing Television Video Tape Engine Tractor Tractor Rice mill Pump Truck PickUp Motobike Bike Cart Machine Set Video CD Cassette Recorder Radio Boat Total Village Province District (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / Assets No Village (English) (English) (English) Zone HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) (avg/HH) 1 Mahaxaykang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.333 0.000 0.067 0.067 0.867 0.133 0.667 0.800 0.467 0.200 1.000 0.400 0.333 0.467 0.067 0.000 5.867 2 Mahaxayneua Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.000 0.200 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.867 0.933 0.267 0.467 0.067 0.000 0.333 0.400 0.000 3.667 3 Mahaxaytay Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.000 0.267 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.133 0.533 0.333 0.333 0.600 0.067 0.067 0.267 0.067 0.000 2.733 4 Vatthat Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.800 0.667 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.000 1.733 5 Pong Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.000 0.267 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.667 0.067 0.133 0.333 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.067 0.000 2.133 6 Povatay Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.000 0.200 0.067 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.067 2.000 0.733 0.333 0.933 0.333 0.000 0.467 0.067 0.067 5.400 7 Povaneua Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.867 0.333 0.000 0.533 0.067 0.133 0.267 0.133 0.000 2.400 8 Khamfeuang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.000 0.067 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.133 0.000 1.533 9 Khaengsavang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.000 0.333 0.200 0.267 0.000 0.000 0.067 1.533 0.800 0.400 0.800 0.133 0.000 0.467 0.133 0.000 5.133 10 Kangyangkham Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.533 0.267 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.267 0.000 1.333 11 Dangkang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.933 0.467 0.200 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.000 2.000 12 Veun Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0.000 0.267 0.200 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.067 0.467 0.133 0.267 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.267 0.000 2.067 13 Somsanook Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.400 0.400 0.200 0.200 0.000 0.067 0.200 0.133 0.000 1.800 14 Naphong Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0.000 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.600 0.200 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.133 0.000 1.333 15 Nakhay Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0.000 0.333 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.867 0.600 0.267 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.067 0.000 2.533 16 Nakea Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.200 0.000 0.733 17 Nathanedong Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0.000 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.733 0.133 0.200 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.200 0.000 1.733 18 Nathanethong Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0.000 0.267 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.200 0.000 1.733 19 Nongkok Khammouane Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 0.000 0.200 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.467 0.267 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.133 0.000 1.467 20 Eelane Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.000 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.600 0.467 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.067 0.000 1.467 21 Phanang Khammouane Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.000 0.133 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.733 0.267 0.067 0.333 0.000 0.000 0.400 0.133 0.000 2.200 22 Kuase Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.733 0.867 0.533 0.267 0.867 0.400 0.067 0.533 0.133 0.000 4.800 23 Kengpair Khammouane XBF Upper XBF 0.000 0.333 0.200 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.800 0.200 0.000 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.333 0.267 0.000 2.600 24 Kengkasee Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.400 0.400 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.467 0.000 1.600 25 Dangtha Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0.000 0.267 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.667 0.133 0.667 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.067 0.000 2.733 26 Veunsananh Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0.000 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.533 0.467 0.000 0.533 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.067 0.000 2.067 27 Somsa-at Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0.000 0.400 0.200 0.200 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.067 0.067 0.533 0.000 0.000 0.467 0.000 0.000 2.667 28 Thakhor Khammouane XBF Upper XBF 0.000 0.467 0.267 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.933 0.333 0.200 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.133 0.000 2.867 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 37 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Radio Hand Water Sewing Television Video Tape Engine Tractor Tractor Rice mill Pump Truck PickUp Motobike Bike Cart Machine Set Video CD Cassette Recorder Radio Boat Total Village Province District (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / Assets No Village (English) (English) (English) Zone HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) (avg/HH) 29 Thasida Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0.000 0.267 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.600 0.333 0.000 0.267 0.000 0.000 0.333 0.467 0.000 2.400 30 Nathane Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0.000 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.333 0.333 0.067 0.267 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.133 0.000 1.467 31 Naphoktha Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.867 0.333 0.267 0.800 0.000 0.000 0.467 0.000 0.000 3.067 32 Yangkham Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0.000 0.267 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.333 0.067 0.800 0.000 0.000 0.333 0.067 0.000 2.733 33 Hatkhamhieng Khammouane XBF Lower XBF 0.000 0.200 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.733 0.400 0.067 0.867 0.067 0.067 0.067 0.133 0.000 2.667 34 Hatpeak Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.400 0.067 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.200 0.000 1.200 35 Paksenoy Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0.000 0.200 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.467 0.133 0.133 0.400 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.400 0.000 2.000 36 Kengkhean Khammouane XBF Middle XBF 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.600 0.267 0.000 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.333 0.200 0.000 1.667 37 Thahant Khammouane XBF Upper XBF 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.400 38 Vatthat Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.200 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.400 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.133 0.000 1.800 39 Boungbao Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.067 0.333 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.133 1.267 0.600 0.467 0.333 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.400 0.000 3.867 40 Phontoum Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.267 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.133 1.267 0.800 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.467 0.400 0.000 3.667 41 Phonsaerd Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.200 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.133 0.200 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.400 0.600 0.000 2.400 42 Phonsavang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.333 0.333 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.000 1.200 43 Keovilay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.533 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.200 0.267 0.000 1.333 44 Kaenglake Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.267 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.733 0.067 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.400 0.133 0.000 1.867 45 Korbong Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.067 0.333 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.133 1.000 0.467 0.333 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.200 0.000 0.000 2.667 46 Koodphadang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.200 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.000 0.933 47 Donepeuang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.400 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.333 0.667 0.333 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.400 0.067 0.000 3.400 48 Laonnagam Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.333 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.400 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.200 0.000 2.467 49 Somsanook Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.333 0.867 0.467 0.200 0.533 0.200 0.000 0.267 0.067 0.000 3.133 50 Thaphaa Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 1.200 0.400 0.133 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.400 0.400 0.000 2.867 51 Namixay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.133 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.400 0.133 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.200 0.000 1.267 52 Naphoxay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.667 0.533 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.400 0.400 0.000 3.267 53 Naveang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.067 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.067 1.267 0.533 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.267 0.000 2.733 54 Nakatang Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.400 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.800 0.400 0.467 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.400 0.067 0.000 2.933 55 Nahay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.733 0.600 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.333 0.267 0.000 2.267 56 Nhommalathneua Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.200 0.000 0.467 1.267 0.400 0.400 0.333 0.400 0.133 0.267 0.133 0.000 4.067 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 38 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Radio Hand Water Sewing Television Video Tape Engine Tractor Tractor Rice mill Pump Truck PickUp Motobike Bike Cart Machine Set Video CD Cassette Recorder Radio Boat Total Village Province District (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / Assets No Village (English) (English) (English) Zone HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) (avg/HH) 57 Nhommalathtay Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.200 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.200 1.667 0.467 0.400 0.400 0.133 0.133 0.533 0.133 0.000 4.400 58 Houiyeanh Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.067 0.533 0.267 0.000 0.133 0.000 0.200 1.467 0.467 0.533 0.267 0.067 0.000 0.533 0.267 0.000 4.800 59 Nongsaeng Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.067 0.267 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.133 0.000 1.867 60 Nongping Khammouane Gnommalath Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom 0.000 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.800 0.400 0.133 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.000 2.000 61 Phonhsaoea Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.333 0.000 0.000 0.467 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.067 0.000 1.267 62 Tanetheung Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.333 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.867 0.200 0.000 0.400 0.133 0.000 0.333 0.267 0.000 2.667 63 Sumnadee Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.267 0.200 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.600 0.200 0.000 0.867 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.133 0.000 2.600 64 Danepakse Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.067 1.533 0.200 0.133 0.867 0.267 0.067 0.400 0.067 0.000 3.933 65 Dongsaanga Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.333 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.733 0.200 0.000 0.667 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.067 0.000 2.267 66 Dongkaasinh Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.533 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.467 1.333 0.400 0.200 0.733 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.067 0.000 4.067 67 Dongphakpheuang Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.400 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.667 0.200 0.133 0.467 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.067 0.000 2.400 68 Saadeautay Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.267 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.133 0.133 0.333 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 1.267 69 Saadeauneua Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.333 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.467 0.133 0.000 0.667 0.067 0.000 0.267 0.000 0.000 2.000 70 Sorkbau Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.800 0.133 0.067 0.200 0.000 0.133 0.867 0.333 0.133 0.867 0.267 0.000 0.133 0.133 0.000 4.067 71 Thamoang Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.133 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.400 0.267 0.000 0.467 0.000 0.000 0.467 0.067 0.000 1.867 72 Namphou Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.200 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.400 0.133 0.400 0.133 0.000 0.333 0.067 0.000 2.733 73 Natay Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.467 0.200 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.267 1.600 0.200 0.133 0.667 0.000 0.000 0.333 0.067 0.000 4.133 74 Navangtay Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.200 0.067 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.133 1.667 0.600 0.200 0.800 0.067 0.000 0.467 0.000 0.000 4.267 75 Navangneua Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.333 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.800 0.400 0.067 0.800 0.067 0.000 0.200 0.267 0.000 3.133 76 Navangthong Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.533 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 1.000 0.467 0.200 0.867 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.067 0.000 3.467 77 Navangnoy Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.533 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.133 1.267 0.267 0.133 0.733 0.067 0.067 0.467 0.267 0.000 4.133 78 Hatxaifong Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.467 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.800 0.000 0.133 0.667 0.067 0.067 0.133 0.067 0.000 2.533 79 Hatxiengdee Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.867 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 1.800 0.467 0.067 1.000 0.067 0.000 0.600 0.200 0.000 5.200 80 Phak-eetou Khammouane Nong Bok Lower XBF 0.000 0.733 0.333 0.267 0.067 0.000 0.333 1.133 0.333 0.267 0.867 0.267 0.000 0.400 0.133 0.000 5.133 81 Manilad Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 0.000 0.200 0.200 0.000 0.067 0.067 0.333 0.533 0.600 0.133 0.733 0.200 0.000 0.200 0.067 0.000 3.333 82 Beungse Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.600 0.000 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.733 0.200 0.467 0.800 0.133 0.000 0.533 0.133 0.000 3.867 83 Bouakhay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.267 0.000 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.267 0.067 1.000 0.133 0.067 0.133 0.067 0.000 2.867 84 Khamsavang Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.200 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.400 0.600 0.067 0.467 0.067 0.067 0.267 0.067 0.000 2.333 85 Tonhaen Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.067 0.400 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.067 0.067 1.333 0.333 0.267 0.667 0.133 0.067 0.267 0.200 0.000 4.067 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 39 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Radio Hand Water Sewing Television Video Tape Engine Tractor Tractor Rice mill Pump Truck PickUp Motobike Bike Cart Machine Set Video CD Cassette Recorder Radio Boat Total Village Province District (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / (avg / Assets No Village (English) (English) (English) Zone HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) (avg/HH) 86 Kaengphosy Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.333 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.467 0.133 0.067 0.600 0.067 0.000 0.333 0.067 0.000 2.133 87 Kaengveang Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 0.000 0.267 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.133 0.067 0.467 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.733 0.000 2.600 88 Kangpa Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.467 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.800 0.200 0.133 0.733 0.067 0.000 0.467 0.000 0.000 3.133 89 Daangsavanh Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.400 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.733 0.600 0.200 0.533 0.000 0.000 0.400 0.067 0.000 3.133 90 Dongmarfai Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 0.000 0.200 0.133 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.067 0.733 0.400 0.067 0.400 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.333 0.000 2.733 91 Lao Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.267 0.200 0.133 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.267 0.000 1.533 92 Souvanxai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.267 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.533 0.600 0.067 0.667 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.200 0.000 3.267 93 Somsaa-at Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.400 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.733 0.267 0.133 0.533 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.000 0.000 2.467 94 Sakong Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.467 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.200 0.067 0.000 0.333 0.067 0.133 0.067 0.000 0.000 1.467 95 Thabor Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.467 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 1.133 0.267 0.067 0.933 0.067 0.067 0.267 0.000 0.000 3.400 96 Thakharm Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.400 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.333 0.200 0.000 0.667 0.067 0.000 0.133 0.000 0.000 1.933 97 Thaphoxai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.400 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.133 0.000 0.800 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.000 0.000 2.200 98 Thadorkham Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.467 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.067 0.800 0.267 0.200 0.800 0.067 0.067 0.200 0.133 0.000 3.333 99 Nasang Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.467 0.133 0.200 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.667 0.400 0.067 1.000 0.200 0.000 0.400 0.000 0.000 3.600 100 Naxiengkhane Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.200 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.600 0.067 0.067 0.333 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.267 0.000 1.867 101 Xiengkhay Savanakhet Saybouly Middle XBF 0.000 0.267 0.133 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.267 0.200 0.267 0.000 0.000 0.267 0.200 0.000 2.000 102 Houi-hai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.067 0.667 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.800 0.333 0.200 0.400 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.267 0.000 2.933 103 Hatkhamdee Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.200 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.733 0.267 0.000 0.267 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.000 0.000 1.667 104 Hatsaisugneua Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.400 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.067 0.467 0.000 0.600 0.067 0.000 0.467 0.067 0.000 3.267 105 Hatsaisugtay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.267 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.267 0.000 0.067 0.733 0.000 0.000 0.333 0.067 0.000 1.933 106 Nongheuathongneua Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.333 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.600 0.133 0.067 0.333 0.000 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.000 1.733 107 Nongheuathongtay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.333 0.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.133 0.067 0.467 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.333 108 Pahlay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.267 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.133 0.000 0.733 109 Paksebangfai Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.267 0.000 0.400 0.067 0.000 0.267 0.933 0.467 0.133 0.933 0.200 0.000 0.600 0.133 0.067 4.467 110 Pong Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.333 0.133 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.067 0.800 0.600 0.067 1.000 0.067 0.000 0.267 0.133 0.000 3.600 111 Phakfeuatay Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.400 0.200 0.067 0.067 0.000 0.067 0.667 0.133 0.200 0.733 0.067 0.000 0.200 0.000 0.000 2.800 112 Phakfeuaneua Savanakhet Saybouly Lower XBF 0.000 0.400 0.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.800 0.133 0.000 0.667 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.067 0.000 2.267 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 40 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 15: Assets by Zone (Count & Average/Household) Upstream of Upper Nam Kathang / Gnom Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF XBF Total Avg Max / Avg per Max per Max/ Avg per Max/ Avg per Max / Avg per Avg per Total HH HH Total / HH HH Total HH HH Total HH HH Total HH HH Total HH Tractors 3 1 0.009 5 3 0.021 0 1 0.000 2 1 0.003 0 0 0.000 10 0.01 Hand Tractor 66 1 0.191 39 1 0.163 29 2 0.161 288 2 0.362 19 1 0.158 441 0.26 Ricemill 28 1 0.081 22 2 0.092 10 2 0.056 72 2 0.091 9 1 0.075 141 0.08 Water Pump 6 1 0.017 11 1 0.046 7 2 0.039 44 2 0.055 1 1 0.008 69 0.04 Truck 6 1 0.017 15 4 0.063 3 2 0.017 9 2 0.011 1 1 0.008 34 0.02 Pickup 2 1 0.006 2 1 0.008 1 1 0.006 3 1 0.004 0 0 0.000 8 0.00 Motorbike 28 3 0.081 21 3 0.088 10 3 0.056 62 3 0.078 1 1 0.008 122 0.07 Bike 334 5 0.968 199 4 0.829 87 5 0.483 619 5 0.779 69 3 0.575 1308 0.78 Cart 140 2 0.406 98 2 0.408 54 2 0.300 229 2 0.288 25 2 0.208 546 0.33 Sewing Machine 76 2 0.220 38 3 0.158 12 2 0.067 84 2 0.106 17 1 0.142 227 0.14 Television Set 40 2 0.116 88 2 0.367 57 7 0.317 527 7 0.663 4 1 0.033 716 0.43 VideoCD 12 2 0.035 16 2 0.067 3 2 0.017 52 2 0.065 0 0 0.000 83 0.05 Video Cassette 6 1 0.017 9 1 0.038 0 1 0.000 13 1 0.016 0 1 0.000 28 0.02 Radio Tape Recorder 97 2 0.281 65 2 0.271 43 2 0.239 231 2 0.291 26 2 0.217 462 0.28 Radio 74 1 0.214 30 2 0.125 53 2 0.294 68 2 0.086 22 2 0.183 247 0.15 Engine Boat 0 0 0.000 1 1 0.004 0 0 0.000 1 1 0.001 0 0 0.000 2 0.00 Total 918 2.66 659 2.75 369 2.05 2304 2.90 194 1.62 4444 2.65 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 41 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 16: Average Number of Livestock per Household by Type and Zone Nam Kathang/ Upstream of upper Nam Gnom Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF XBF Total All Zones Livestock Total (Avg per Total (Avg per (Avg per (Avg per (Avg per (Avg per (Avg per (Avg per (Avg per (Avg per heads HH) heads HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) HH) Buffalo 847 2.5 762 3.2 348 1.9 631 0.6 443 3.7 3,031 1.6 Cow 176 0.5 517 2.2 284 1.6 969 1.0 143 1.2 2,089 1.1 Horse 2 0.0 9 0.0 11 0.1 11 0.0 4 0.0 37 0.0 Pig 522 1.5 288 1.2 166 0.9 484 0.5 124 1.0 1,584 0.9 Goat 41 0.1 20 0.1 12 0.1 34 0.0 20 0.2 127 0.1 Duck 1,826 5.3 541 2.3 306 1.7 4,537 4.7 654 5.5 7,864 4.2 Chicken 3,454 10.0 3,106 12.9 1,707 9.5 8,788 9.0 1,660 13.8 18,715 10.1 Turkey 68 0.2 2 0.0 0 0.0 17 0.0 3 0.0 90 0.0 Goose 6 0.0 0 0.0 7 0.0 9 0.0 0 0.0 22 0.0 Total 6,942 20.1 5,245 21.9 2,841 15.8 15,480 15.9 3,051 25.4 33,559 18.0 Table 17: Riverbank Garden (Nam Kathang, Nam Gnom, Nam Phit, XBF) statistics Nam Kathang/ Upstream of Nam Gnom Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF upper XBF Details (345HHs) (240HHs) (180HHs) (795HHs) (120HHs) Total (1680HHs) Total size (m2) 148,459 262,507 406,352 141,495 196,001 1,154,814 Total Number of people with riverbank gardens 1001 669 503 1746 560 4,479 Total Number of HH with riverbank gardens 176 109 83 261 95 724 % HH with riverbank gardens 51.0% 45.4% 46.1% 32.8% 79.2% 43.1% Avg. size (m2) xls 844 2,408 2,361 1,557 1,489 - Range: Largest size (m2) 15,000 20,000 25,000 24,336 10,000 - Range: Smallest size (m2) 20 10 10 6 10 - m2/person 148 392 808 81 350 258 m2/HH. 844 2408 4896 542 2063 1,595 Table 18: Time to water source by Zone Nam Time to Kathang / Upstream of National water source Nam Gnom Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF upper XBF Total Average <5 23.8% 10.0% 13.9% 25.5% 12.5% 20.8% 16.6% 5-10 32.8% 54.6% 32.2% 38.7% 75.0% 41.7% 48.4% >10 43.5% 35.4% 53.9% 35.7% 12.5% 37.6% 35.0% Total 100.1% 100.0% 100.0% 99.9% 100.0% 100.1% 100.0% Table 19: Numbers and Percentage of Households Use of Latrine by Type and Zone Nam Kathang Upstream of Type of / Nam Gnom Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF upper XBF Total latrine No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Flush 0 0.0 2 0.8 - 0.0 3 0.4 - 0.0 5 0.3 Pour Flush 22 6.4 52 21.7 4 2.2 154 19.4 39 32.5 271 16.1 Pit 4 1.2 18 7.5 10 5.6 15 1.9 10 8.3 57 3.4 Other 0 0.0 2 0.8 - 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 2 0.1 No facilities 309 89.6 163 67.9 155 86.1 619 77.9 71 59.2 1,317 78.4 Not specified 10 2.9 3 1.3 11 6.1 4 0.5 - 0.0 28 1.7 Total 345 100.1 240 100.0 180 100.0 795 100.1 120 100.0 1,680 100.0 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 42 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 20: Percentage of Respondents with Illness by Symptom and Zone Nam Kathang/ Upstream of Nam Gnom Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF upper XBF (n=132) % (n=81) % (n=85) % (n=378) % (n=23) % Total (n=699) % Fever 38 28.8 36 44.4 56 65.9 161 42.6 21 91.3 312 44.6 Cough 21 15.9 19 23.5 17 20.0 125 33.1 9 39.1 191 27.3 Cough with phlegm 8 6.1 8 9.9 9 10.6 56 14.8 1 4.3 82 11.7 Cough with blood 0 0.0 2 2.5 1 1.2 10 2.6 1 4.3 14 2.0 Running nose/sneezing 11 8.3 26 32.1 14 16.5 48 12.7 11 47.8 110 15.7 Sore throat 3 2.3 5 6.2 6 7.1 43 11.4 1 4.3 58 8.3 Difficulty/pain in swallowing 1 0.8 1 1.2 3 3.5 15 4.0 3 13.0 23 3.3 Difficulty/abnormal breathing 0 0.0 3 3.7 5 5.9 33 8.7 0 0.0 41 5.9 Chest pain 11 8.3 11 13.6 8 9.4 34 9.0 0 0.0 64 9.2 Watery diarrhea 4 3.0 2 2.5 6 7.1 28 7.4 0 0.0 40 5.7 Diarrhea with blood/mucus 2 1.5 1 1.2 1 1.2 5 1.3 0 0.0 9 1.3 Shivers/chills 5 3.8 18 22.2 18 21.2 18 4.8 1 4.3 60 8.6 Body ache/body pain 24 18.2 27 33.3 19 22.4 83 22.0 8 34.8 161 23.0 Headache 40 30.3 39 48.1 37 43.5 127 33.6 14 60.9 257 36.8 Vomiting 10 7.6 9 11.1 6 7.1 17 4.5 2 8.7 44 6.3 Convulsion/fits 1 0.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.8 0 0.0 4 0.6 Weakness/malaise 12 9.1 8 9.9 10 11.8 31 8.2 2 8.7 63 9.0 Rash 2 1.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 2.4 0 0.0 11 1.6 Skin eruptions 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.5 0 0.0 2 0.3 Itchy skin/prurits 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.2 2 0.5 1 4.3 4 0.6 Yellow skin 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.5 0 0.0 2 0.3 Stomach/abdominal 18 13.6 4 4.9 3 3.5 56 14.8 0 0.0 81 11.6 Pain in passing urine 2 1.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.8 0 0.0 5 0.7 Joints pain 8 6.1 1 1.2 2 2.4 8 2.1 2 8.7 21 3.0 Backache 3 2.3 1 1.2 2 2.4 16 4.2 0 0.0 22 3.1 Blood in urine/black urine 0 0.0 2 2.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.3 Whooping cough 3 2.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 1.3 0 0.0 8 1.1 Unkown 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.2 4 1.1 1 4.3 6 0.9 Total 227 223 225 944 78 1697 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 43 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 21: Percentage of Households with Salt Available and Iodized Salt Content by Zone % of HH w/o Iodinized Salt Iodinized Salt Total of Salt or not HH with Salt Salt Available Iodinized Salt content < 15 content > 15 Households with specified Available Total But Not Tested content 0 ppm ppm ppm Salt Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom 2.0% 98.0% 100.0% 5.3% 20.7% 37.3% 36.7% 100.0% Upper XBF 3.8% 96.3% 100.0% 0.4% 15.2% 43.3% 41.1% 100.0% Middle XBF 5.6% 94.4% 100.0% 2.4% 26.5% 22.4% 48.8% 100.0% Lower XBF 1.1% 98.9% 100.0% 1.8% 17.6% 39.7% 41.0% 100.0% Upstream of Upper XBF 0.8% 99.2% 100.0% 0.0% 10.1% 21.0% 68.9% 100.0% Table 22: Percentile of Individuals Who Slept Under a Bed Net Nam Kathang/ Nam Upstream of upper XBF Gn (1,891 ps) Upper XBF (1,432 ps) Middle XBF (1,029 ps) Lower XBF (4,995 ps) (684 ps) Total (10,031 ps) # of Male Female # of Male Female # of Male Female # of Male Female # of Male Female # of Male Female persons (940) (939) persons (695) (737) persons (504) (523) persons (2,438) (2,553) persons (340) (344) persons (4,917) (5,096) Not specified or don't know 149 - - 68 - - 119 - - 656 2 1 1 0 0 996 2 1 Don't Known 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 3 2 1 Who did not use bed net 28 13 15 13 6 7 18 8 10 115 65 50 1 1 0 175 93 82 Who used bed net 1,714 861 853 1,351 657 694 892 448 444 4,224 2,076 2,148 682 338 344 8,863 4,380 4,483 % of persons who used bed net 90.6 91.6 90.8 94.3 94.5 94.2 86.7 88.9 84.9 84.6 85.2 84.1 99.7 99.4 100.0 88.4 89.1 88.0 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 44 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 23: Maternal - Child Mortality Cases Upstream Nam Upper Middle Lower of upper Kathang/ XBF XBF XBF XBF Total Nam Gnom 240HHs 180HHs 795HHs 120HHs 1680HHs Childbearing total no. 405 304 230 1,196 141 2,276 women 15 - 45 years total dead 0 1 2 0 0 3 Children >1 & 50% 2 0.6 0 0.0 1 0.6 5 0.6 0 0.0 8 0.5 Don't Know 301 87.2 149 62.1 172 95.6 679 85.4 105 87.5 1,406 83.7 Total 345 99.9 240 100.0 180 100.1 795 99.9 120 100.0 1,680 100.1 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 48 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 34: Fishing Gears and Use by Season - Nam Kathang / Nam Gnom Used in dry % of Gear in dry Used in wet % of Gear in wet Used in both % of Gear in both Gear types Total # of Gears % of total Gear season season season season seasons seasons Scoop nets 507 2.3 165 32.5 45 8.9 297 58.6 Nets with Handles 532 2.5 15 2.8 206 38.7 311 58.5 Push net with handle 1,492 6.9 32 2.1 1,460 97.9 0 0.0 Single hook and line 15,016 69.3 80 0.5 13,180 87.8 1,756 11.7 Cat Fish Single Hook And Line 419 1.9 0 0.0 419 100.0 0 0.0 Long Line With Multiple Hooks 1,529 7.1 0 0.0 1,520 99.4 9 0.6 Large Bamboo Cylinder Traps 16 0.1 1 6.3 13 81.3 2 12.5 Bamboo Traps 558 2.6 1 0.2 557 99.8 0 0.0 Falling Door Trap 79 0.4 21 26.6 52 65.8 6 7.6 Cast Net 3cm and Down 327 1.5 103 31.5 11 3.4 213 65.1 Cast Net 4cm and Up 69 0.3 28 40.6 3 4.3 38 55.1 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 4cm and Up 280 1.3 7 2.5 123 43.9 150 53.6 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 3-6cm 171 0.8 2 1.2 68 39.8 101 59.1 MeshNylonGillnets 7cm and Up 24 0.1 0 0.0 7 29.2 17 70.8 Boat 22 0.1 2 9.1 20 90.9 0 0.0 Engine 19 0.1 0 0.0 19 100.0 0 0.0 Fish Attractant Basket 3 0.0 3 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Fish Attractant With Fence 8 0.0 6 75.0 0 0.0 2 25.0 Arrow 37 0.2 1 2.7 16 43.2 20 54.1 Upright basket trap 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Basket Trap 210 1.0 0 0.0 178 84.8 32 15.2 Others 348 1.6 5 1.4 340 97.7 3 0.9 Total 21,666 100 472 2.2 18,237 84.2 2,957 13.6 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 49 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 35: Fishing Gears and Use by Season - Upper Xe Bang Fai Used in both % of Gear in both Gear types Total # of Gears % of total Gear Used in dry season % of Gear in dry season Used in wet season % of Gear in wet season seasons seasons Scoop nets 142 0.7 41 28.9 18 12.7 83 58.5 Nets with Handles 189 0.9 15 7.9 74 39.2 100 52.9 Push net with handle 139 0.6 0 0.0 138 99.3 1 0.7 Single hook and line 10,277 47.1 520 5.1 5,326 51.8 4,431 43.1 Cat Fish Single Hook And Line 2,357 10.8 509 21.6 1,312 55.7 536 22.7 Long Line With Multiple Hooks 7,331 33.6 3,769 51.4 1,780 24.3 1,782 24.3 Large Bamboo Cylinder Traps 109 0.5 101 92.7 8 7.3 0 0.0 Bamboo Traps 125 0.6 5 4.0 120 96.0 0 0.0 Falling Door Trap 39 0.2 16 41.0 15 38.5 8 20.5 Cast Net 3cm and Down 139 0.6 41 29.5 5 3.6 93 66.9 Cast Net 4cm and Up 43 0.2 23 53.5 1 2.3 19 44.2 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 4cm and Up 153 0.7 8 5.2 11 7.2 134 87.6 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 3-6cm 360 1.7 50 13.9 25 6.9 285 79.2 MeshNylonGillnets 7cm and Up 191 0.9 55 28.8 8 4.2 128 67.0 Boat 153 0.7 3 2.0 5 3.3 145 94.8 Engine 41 0.2 0 0.0 3 7.3 38 92.7 Fish Attractant Basket 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Fish Attractant With Fence 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Arrow 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Upright basket trap 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Basket Trap 22 0.1 0 0.0 18 81.8 4 18.2 Others 3 0.0 0 0.0 3 100.0 0 0.0 Total 21,813 100 5,156 23.6 8,870 40.7 7,787 35.7 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 50 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 36: Fishing Gears and Use by Season - Middle Xe Bang Fai Used in both % of Gear in both Gear types Total # of Gears % of total Gear Used in dry season % of Gear in dry season Used in wet season % of Gear in wet season seasons seasons Scoop nets 124 0.8 63 50.8 14 11.3 47 37.9 Nets with Handles 124 0.8 11 8.9 69 55.6 44 35.5 Push net with handle 123 0.8 0 0.0 22 17.9 101 82.1 Single hook and line 9,536 62.9 100 1.0 3,747 39.3 5,689 59.7 Cat Fish Single Hook And Line 1,235 8.1 77 6.2 785 63.6 373 30.2 Long Line With Multiple Hooks 3,403 22.5 521 15.3 1,988 58.4 894 26.3 Large Bamboo Cylinder Traps 6 0.0 0 0.0 1 16.7 5 83.3 Bamboo Traps 29 0.2 5 17.2 21 72.4 3 10.3 Falling Door Trap 22 0.1 0 0.0 17 77.3 5 22.7 Cast Net 3cm and Down 67 0.4 33 49.3 1 1.5 33 49.3 Cast Net 4cm and Up 16 0.1 11 68.8 0 0.0 5 31.3 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 4cm and Up 46 0.3 7 15.2 3 6.5 36 78.3 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 3-6cm 148 1.0 8 5.4 15 10.1 125 84.5 MeshNylonGillnets 7cm and Up 104 0.7 13 12.5 3 2.9 88 84.6 Boat 105 0.7 0 0.0 3 2.9 102 97.1 Engine 12 0.1 0 0.0 2 16.7 10 83.3 Fish Attractant Basket 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Fish Attractant With Fence 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Arrow 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Upright basket trap 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Basket Trap 54 0.4 0 0.0 54 100.0 0 0.0 Others 1 0.0 1 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Total 15,155 100 850 5.6 6,745 44.5 7,560 49.9 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 51 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 37: Fishing Gears and Use by Season - Lower Xe Bang Fai Used in both % of Gear in both Gear types Total # of Gears % of total Gear Used in dry season % of Gear in dry season Used in wet season % of Gear in wet season seasons seasons Scoop nets 345 0.5 191 55.4 28 8.1 126 36.5 Nets with Handles 461 0.7 29 6.3 257 55.7 175 38.0 Push net with handle 106 0.2 1 0.9 85 80.2 20 18.9 Single hook and line 37,120 55.8 720 1.9 28,045 75.6 8,355 22.5 Cat Fish Single Hook And Line 1,181 1.8 100 8.5 946 80.1 135 11.4 Long Line With Multiple Hooks 22,260 33.5 4,229 19.0 10,344 46.5 7,687 34.5 Large Bamboo Cylinder Traps 629 0.9 49 7.8 466 74.1 114 18.1 Bamboo Traps 1,227 1.8 86 7.0 954 77.8 187 15.2 Falling Door Trap 399 0.6 3 0.8 381 95.5 15 3.8 Cast Net 3cm and Down 398 0.6 136 34.2 31 7.8 231 58.0 Cast Net 4cm and Up 82 0.1 33 40.2 7 8.5 42 51.2 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 4cm and Up 256 0.4 36 14.1 57 22.3 163 63.7 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 3-6cm 918 1.4 103 11.2 210 22.9 605 65.9 MeshNylonGillnets 7cm and Up 313 0.5 70 22.4 99 31.6 144 46.0 Boat 308 0.5 6 1.9 21 6.8 281 91.2 Engine 84 0.1 2 2.4 6 7.1 76 90.5 Fish Attractant Basket 28 0.0 0 0.0 13 46.4 15 53.6 Fish Attractant With Fence 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Arrow 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Upright Basket Trap 10 0.0 0 0.0 10 100.0 0 0.0 Basket Trap 143 0.2 0 0.0 125 87.4 18 12.6 Others 262 0.4 4 1.5 201 76.7 57 21.8 Total 66,530 100 5,798 8.7 42,286 63.6 18,446 27.7 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 52 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 38: Fishing Gears and Use by Season ­ Upstream of Upper Xe Bang Fai Used in both % of Gear in both Gear types Total # of Gears % of total Gear Used in dry season % of Gear in dry season Used in wet season % of Gear in wet season seasons seasons Scoop nets 185 2.1 57 30.8 12 6.5 116 62.7 Nets with Handles 119 1.4 8 6.7 19 16.0 92 77.3 Push net with handle 311 3.6 0 0.0 311 100.0 0 0.0 Single hook and line 6,217 71.5 0 0.0 2,727 43.9 3,490 56.1 Cat Fish Single Hook And Line 552 6.4 20 3.6 532 96.4 0 0.0 Long Line With Multiple Hooks 588 6.8 20 3.4 510 86.7 58 9.9 Large Bamboo Cylinder Traps 14 0.2 0 0.0 14 100.0 0 0.0 Bamboo Traps 255 2.9 40 15.7 215 84.3 0 0.0 Falling Door Trap 55 0.6 0 0.0 51 92.7 4 7.3 Cast Net 3cm and Down 76 0.9 23 30.3 3 3.9 50 65.8 Cast Net 4cm and Up 20 0.2 6 30.0 1 5.0 13 65.0 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 4cm and Up 59 0.7 1 1.7 0 0.0 58 98.3 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 3-6cm 121 1.4 0 0.0 2 1.7 119 98.3 MeshNylonGillnets 7cm and Up 11 0.1 2 18.2 2 18.2 7 63.6 Boat 76 0.9 0 0.0 3 3.9 73 96.1 Engine 16 0.2 0 0.0 1 6.3 15 93.8 Fish Attractant Basket 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Fish Attractant With Fence 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Arrow 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Upright Basket Trap 0 0.0 0 - 0 - 0 - Basket Trap 1 0.0 0 0.0 1 100.0 0 0.0 Others 15 0.2 4 26.7 6 40.0 5 33.3 Total 8,691 100 181 2.1 4,410 50.7 4,100 47.2 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 53 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 39: Fishing Gears and Use by Season ­ All Zones Used in both % of Gear in both Gear types Total # of Gears % of total Gear Used in dry season % of Gear in dry season Used in wet season % of Gear in wet season seasons seasons Scoop nets 1,303 1.0 517 39.7 117 9.0 669 51.3 Nets with Handles 1,425 1.1 78 5.5 625 43.9 722 50.7 Push net with handle 2,171 1.6 33 1.5 2,016 92.9 122 5.6 Single hook and line 78,166 58.4 1,420 1.8 53,025 67.8 23,721 30.3 Cat Fish Single Hook And Line 5,744 4.3 706 12.3 3,994 69.5 1,044 18.2 Long Line With Multiple Hooks 35,111 26.2 8,539 24.3 16,142 46.0 10,430 29.7 Large Bamboo Cylinder Traps 774 0.6 151 19.5 502 64.9 121 15.6 Bamboo Traps 2,194 1.6 137 6.2 1,867 85.1 190 8.7 Falling Door Trap 594 0.4 40 6.7 516 86.9 38 6.4 Cast Net 3cm and Down 1,007 0.8 336 33.4 51 5.1 620 61.6 Cast Net 4cm and Up 230 0.2 101 43.9 12 5.2 117 50.9 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 4cm and Up 794 0.6 59 7.4 194 24.4 541 68.1 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 3-6cm 1,718 1.3 163 9.5 320 18.6 1,235 71.9 MeshNylonGillnets 7cm and Up 643 0.5 140 21.8 119 18.5 384 59.7 Boat 664 0.5 11 1.7 52 7.8 601 90.5 Engine 172 0.1 2 1.2 31 18.0 139 80.8 Fish Attractant Basket 31 0.0 3 9.7 13 41.9 15 48.4 Fish Attractant With Fence 8 0.0 6 75.0 0 0.0 2 25.0 Arrow 37 0.0 1 2.7 16 43.2 20 54.1 Upright Basket Trap 10 0.0 0 0.0 10 100.0 0 0.0 Basket Trap 430 0.3 0 0.0 376 87.4 54 12.6 Others 629 0.5 14 2.2 550 87.4 65 10.3 Total 133,855 100 12,457 9.3 80,548 60.2 40,850 30.5 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 54 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 40: Income from Fishing Nam Kathang/ Nam Gnom Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Upstream of upper XBF All Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency fishing in the fishing/other fishing in the fishing/other fishing in the fishing/other fishing in the fishing/other fishing in the fishing/other fishing in the fishing/other Income Value in kip XBF River bodies of water XBF River bodies of water XBF River bodies of water XBF River bodies of water XBF River bodies of water XBF River bodies of water No income 87.2% 85.2% 36.3% 46.3% 55.6% 80.6% 64.5% 68.9% 55.0% 63.3% 63.5% 69.9% <500,000 9.9% 12.5% 26.7% 34.2% 28.3% 18.9% 28.1% 26.8% 41.7% 35.8% 25.1% 24.7% 500,000 - 1,000,000 2.3% 2.0% 12.5% 11.3% 12.8% 0.6% 4.8% 2.9% 3.3% 0.8% 6.1% 3.5% 1,000,001 - 2,000,000 0.3% 0.0% 10.0% 5.8% 2.8% 0.0% 1.9% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 2.7% 1.4% 2,000,001 - 3,000,000 0.3% 0.3% 7.1% 2.1% 0.6% 0.0% 0.3% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 0.4% 3,000,001 - 4,000,000 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.1% 4,000,001 - 5,000,000 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 5,000,001 - 6,000,000 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 6,000,001 - 7,000,000 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 7,000,001 - 8,000,000 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 8,000,001 - 9,000,000 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% >10,000,000 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 55 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Table 41: Fishing Venues Ranking by Zone Other small Back swamps and Venue XBF River XBF Tributaries Paddy fields bodies of water natural ponds Total First Rank Upper XBF 79.7% 11.3% 0.9% 5.9% 2.3% 100% Middle XBF 44.0% 49.4% 0.6% 5.4% 0.6% 100% Lower XBF 53.6% 3.0% 14.1% 10.1% 19.3% 100% Upstream of upper XBF 75.2% 11.1% 1.7% 3.4% 8.5% 100% Total 53.3% 14.2% 9.8% 10.0% 12.7% 100% Second Rank Nam Kathang/ Nam Gnom 13.2% 19.4% 21.5% 17.5% 28.3% 100% Upper XBF 13.7% 36.3% 9.5% 35.8% 4.7% 100% Middle XBF 3.1% 16.4% 31.3% 46.1% 3.1% 100% Lower XBF 18.8% 8.6% 33.2% 19.1% 20.4% 100% Upstream of upper XBF 20.5% 26.5% 10.3% 15.4% 27.4% 100% Total 15.6% 16.9% 25.3% 23.1% 19.1% 100% Third Rank Nam Kathang/ Nam Gnom 6.8% 10.6% 31.7% 28.3% 22.5% 100% Upper XBF 3.6% 10.2% 48.9% 25.5% 11.7% 100% Middle XBF 1.3% 4.0% 29.3% 45.3% 20.0% 100% Lower XBF 13.1% 10.8% 25.9% 24.1% 26.1% 100% Upstream of upper XBF 1.0% 7.8% 47.1% 28.4% 15.7% 100% Total 8.3% 9.9% 32.6% 27.3% 21.9% 100% No Response Nam Kathang/ Nam Gnom 36.3% 20.5% 9.3% 14.1% 19.8% 100% Upper XBF 6.0% 22.2% 24.8% 17.2% 29.9% 100% Middle XBF 20.1% 13.5% 21.7% 15.1% 29.7% 100% Lower XBF 9.1% 33.0% 16.2% 23.6% 18.1% 100% Upstream of upper XBF 3.3% 43.3% 16.7% 25.0% 11.7% 100% Total 13.7% 26.8% 17.6% 20.0% 21.9% 100% November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 56 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 N-3 QUESTIONAIRES USED IN THE SURVEY (ENGLISH TRANSLATION) a. Socio-Economic b. Health c. Fisheries November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 57 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 SOCIO-ECONOMIC QUESTIONNAIRE LOCATION Province:..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-. District: ..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..- Village: ..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..- Head of Household: ..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..- Household No.: .-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..- Name of interviewed: .-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..--..-..-..-. Name of household's Members: -..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..- ..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-...-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-...- ..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-...-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-...-..-..- ..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-...-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-...-..-..-..-..- ..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-...-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-...-..-..-..-..-..-..- Male: ..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-., Female: -..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-. Interviewer: ..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..- Name Field Supervisor Head of Village Date/Month ..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..- ..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-. . .-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..- ..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..-..- November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 58 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Socio-Economic Questionnaire Household's Members 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. No. Name Sex Age Birth of Date Relationship with regard to head of household Occupations Education Code: Code: Code: 1. Male DK=99* 1. Head of household 01 Civil Servant 0. Illiterate 2. Female 2. Wife 02 Private Employee 1. Preliminary School 3. Children 03 Farmer/Fisherman 2. Secondary School 4. Children previous marriage 04 Employer 3. High School 5. Adoption children 05 Private Business 4. Low Level 6. Father/Mother 06 Labor 5. Middle Level 7. Brother/Sister 07 Household labor without 6. High Level 8. Nephew/Niece remunerators 7. Higher Level 9. Uncle/Aunt 08 Retired 10. Relatives 09 Jobless/Seeking job 11. Grandfather/Grandmother 10 Student/School boy 12. BrotherOE-inOE-law/SisterOE-inOE-law 11. Housekeeper 13. SonOE-inOE-law/DaughterOE-inOE-law 12. Others 14. Cousins 15. Others 01 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 02 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 03 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 04 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 05 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 59 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. No. Name Sex Age Birth of Date Relationship with regard to head of household Occupations Education Code: Code: Code: 3. Male DK=99* 1. Head of household 0. Illiterate 4. Female 01 Civil Servant 2. Wife 02 Private Employee 1. Preliminary School 3. Children 03 Farmer/Fisherman 2. Secondary School 4. Children previous marriage 04 Employer 3. High School 5. Adoption children 05 Private Business 4. Low Level 6. Father/Mother 06 Labor 5. Middle Level 7. Brother/Sister 07 Household labor without remunerators 6. High Level 8. Nephew/Niece 08 Retired 7. Higher Level 9. Uncle/Aunt 09 Jobless/Seeking job 10. Relatives 10 Student/School boy 11. Grandfather/Grandmother 11. Housekeeper 12. BrotherOE-inOE-law/SisterOE-inOE-law 12. Others 13. SonOE-inOE-law/DaughterOE-inOE-law 14. Cousins 15. Others 06 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 07 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 08 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 09 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 10 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 11 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 13 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 14 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 15 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 16 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 17 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 18 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 19 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 20 1 2 __ __ __ __/__ __/__ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 60 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 1 Assets No Yes Qty. (if yes) m2 1.1 Agriculture land m2 1.1.1 Total paddy field area m2 1.1.2 Irrigation paddy field · Onlywetseason m2 · Onlydryseason m2 1.1.3 Paddy field without irrigation m2 1.1.4 RiverbankGarden (Nam Kathang, Nam Gnom, Nam Phit, XBF) m2 1.1.5 Garden outside of rivers banks (NKT, NG, NP, XBF) m2 Fruit trees garden m2 Vegetable garden m2 Cassava, sweet potatoes and others garden m2 1.1.6 Rotation slashed and burned m2 1.1.7 Paddy field ownership Owned 1 Leased 2 2 Domestic Animals No Yes Qty. (if yes) Heads 2.1 Buffalo Heads 2.2 Cow Heads 2.3 Horse Heads 2.4 Pig Heads 2.5 Goat Heads 2.6 Duck Heads 2.7 Chicken Heads 2.8 Turkey Heads 2.9 Goose Heads 3 Others assets (If yes, quantity) No Yes Qty. (if yes) 3.1 Tractors 3.2 Hand tractor 3.3 Ricemill 3.4 Water pump 3.5 Truck 3.6 Pick up 3.7 Motorbike 3.8 Bike 3.9 Cart 3.10 Sewing machine 3.11 Television set 3.12 Video CD 3.13 Video cassette 3.14 Radio tape recorder 3.15 Radio 3.16 Others Output Produced by Themselves (Last one year) 4 Income (Last one year) Qty. Unit Consumed Sell Stock 4.1 Paddy from wet season Kg 4.2 Paddy from dry season Kg 4.3 Taro, sweet potatoes and others tubers Kg 4.4 Vegetable Kg 4.5 Fruit Kg 4.6 Wild vegetable (bamboo, shoots..) Kg 4.7 Fish Kg 4.8 Living aquatic from net scooping Kg November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 61 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Product Granted (Last one year) No. Income (Last one year) Qty. Unit Consumed Sell Stock 4.9 Paddy from wet season Kg 4.10 Paddy from dry season Kg 4.11 Taro, sweet potatoes and others tubers Kg 4.12 Vegetable Kg 4.13 Fruit Kg 4.14 Wild vegetable (bamboo shoots..) Kg 4.15 Fish Kg 4.16 Living aquatic from net scooping Kg Output Produced by Themselves (Last one year) No. Income (Last one year) Qty. Unit Consumed Sell Stock 4.17 Buffalo Head 4.18 Cow Head 4.19 Pig Kg 4.20 Goat Kg 4.21 Duck Kg No. Income (Last one year) Qty. Unit Consumed Sell Stock 4.22 Chicken Kg 4.23 Turkey Kg 4.24 Goose Kg Wildlife 4.25 Deer Kg 4.26 Antelope Kg 4.27 Pig Kg 4.28 Big lizard Kg 4.29 Bird squirrel Kg Granted Products (Last one year) No. Income (Last one year) Qty. Unit Consumed Sell Stock 4.3 Buffalo Head 4.31 Cow Head 4.32 Pig Kg 4.33 Goat Kg 4.34 Duck Kg 4.35 Chicken Kg 4.36 Turkey Kg 4.37 Goose Kg Wildlife Products 4.38 Deer Kg 4.39 Antelope Kg 4.40 Pig Kg 4.41 Big lizard Kg 4.42 Bird; squirrel Kg November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 62 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Amount No. Income (Last one year) (Kip/Year) 4.43 Salary, retired pension 4.44 Wage (paddy replanting, paddy harvest, construction, others) 4.45 Income from leasing (house, paddy field, car) 4.46 Income from servicing (ploughing, pumping, watch repairing, mechanic repairing, tires sealing) 4.47 Small shop (estimated net profit) 4.48 Loan from bank or relatives 4.49 Remittance from relatives 4.50 Grant or others allowance Some Expenses of Household Amount 5 Expenses (Last one year) (Kip/Year) 5.1 Education expenses for children or nephews (books, stationary paper, school uniform, cost of additional course, cost of foreign language course, cost of technical training; to be included also, any expenses for study outside of village. 5.2 Medical care expenses for all member of household (medicines, hospital fees, including foods and caretaker cost) November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 63 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 HEALTH AND NUTRITION QUESTIONNAIRE HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION WATER AND SANITATION MODULE 1. WHAT IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER Piped into dwelling.................................................. 01 FOR MEMBERS OF YOUR HOUSEHOLD? Piped into yard or plot............................................ 02 Public tap.................................................................. 03 Tubewell/borehole with pump ............................. 04 Protected dug well or protected spring....................................................... 05 Bottled water............................................................ 06 Rainwater collection................................................ 07 Unprotected dug well or unprotected spring .................................................. 08 Pond, river or stream.............................................. 09 Tanker-truck, vendor.............................................. 10 GFS............................................................11 Other (specify) __________________________ 12 No answer or DK ................................................... 99 2. HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO GO THERE, No. of minutes..............................................__ __ __ GET WATER, AND COME BACK? Water on premises.................................................888 DK...........................................................................999 3. WHAT KIND OF TOILET FACILITY DOES YOUR Flush to sewage system or septic tank.................... 1 HOUSEHOLD USE? Pour flush latrine (water seal type).......................... 2 Traditional pit latrine ................................................ 3 Other locally used method of disposal.........4 No facilities............................................................... 8 8 Q.5 4. IS THIS FACILITY LOCATED WITHIN YOUR Yes, in dwelling/yard/compound........................... 1 DWELLING, OR YARD OR COMPOUND?** No, outside dwelling/yard/compound.................. 2 DK............................................................................... 9 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 64 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 SALT IODIZATION 5. WE WOULD LIKE TO CHECK WHETHER THE SALT USED IN YOUR HOUSEHOLD IS IODIZED. Not iodized 0 PPM (no colour)............................... 1 MAY I SEE A SAMPLE OF THE SALT USED TO Less than 15 PPM (weak colour)............................. 2 COOK THE MAIN MEAL EATEN BY MEMBERS OF 15 PPM or more (strong colour)............................. 3 YOUR HOUSEHOLD LAST NIGHT? No salt in home......................................................... 8 Salt not tested............................................................. 9 AVAILABILITY OF BED NET HOW MANY BED NET DO YOU HAVE? ___ ___ RECORD NUMBER OF BED NETS 7. DO THESE BEDNETS IMPREDNATED WITH YES....................................................1 INSECTISIDES? NO...................................................... 2 Q.10 2 8. IF YES, WHEN DID YOU IMPREDNATED IT LAST _____ _____months TIME? RECORD NUMBER OF MONTHS 9. TOTAL NUMBER OF IMPREGNATED BED NETS? ____ ____ REPRODUCTION 10. IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS, THERE WAS ANY CHILD YES....................................................1 BORN? NO...................................................... Go to 2 mortality 11. HOW MANY CHILDREN WERE BORN? RECORD ____ ____ NUMBER OF CHILDREN BORN IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS MORTALITY 12. IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS, THERE WAS ANY PERSON YES....................................................1 DEAD? NO...................................................... go to food 2 habit 13. HOW MANY PEOPLE WERE DEAD IN THE LAST 12 ____ ____ MONTHS? PERSON RECORD NUMBER OF DEAD 14. PLEASE RECORD THE NAME , SEX, ND AGE OF DEAD PERSON NAME Sex Age (in year) 1. 1=Male 2= Female __ __ 2. 1=Male 2= Female __ __ 3. 1=Male 2= Female __ __ 4. 1=Male 2= Female __ __ MATERNAL MORTALITY ( FOR WOMEN REPRODUCTIVE AGE 15-49 YEARS) 15. IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS , HOW MANY WOMEN 15- ____ ____ 49 YEARS DEAD DUE TO PREGNANCY, DELIVERY OR AFTER 42 DAYS OF DELIVERY? November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 65 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 FOOD HABIT MODULE This module is to be administered to all mothers of all children under five 1. SINCE THIS TIME YESTERDAY DID YOU EAT Food items: Y N DK Times THE FOLLOWING FOOD ITEMS? 1A Rice 1 2 9 __ __ Read each item, if the response yes, then ask number of 1B Maize 1 2 9 __ __ time eaten. 1C Peanuts/lentils/beans 1 2 9 __ __ 1D Cassava and other 1 2 9 __ __ tuber 1E Sweet potatoes 1 2 9 __ __ 1F Bamboo shoot 1 2 9 __ __ 1G Dark green leafy 1 2 9 __ __ vegetables 1H Dark yellow 1 2 9 __ __ vegetables/fruits: Pumpkin, Ripe mango 1 2 9 __ __ ripe papaya, sweet 1 2 9 __ __ potato, carrot 1 2 9 __ __ 1I Coconut milk/oil 1 2 9 __ __ 1J Fish 1K Meat 1 2 9 __ __ 1L Egg 1M Others ( specify)_______ HOW DO YOU MOST OFTEN EAT THE Food items: Raw Semi- Cooked FOLLOWING FOOD ITEMS: cooked 2A Fish 1 2 3 2B Meat 1 2 3 2C Blood of duck or pig 1 2 3 or goat or cow 2D Cassava 1 2 3 2E Egg 1 2 3 2F Dark green leafy 1 2 3 vegetables 1 2 3 2G Dark yellow vegetables/fruits: Pumpkin, ripe mango, 1 2 3 ripe papaya, sweet 1 2 3 potato, carrot 1 2 3 2H Coconut milk/ 1 2 3 vegetable oil 2JI Others (specify)_______ November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 66 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 3. HOW DO YOU MANAGE YOUR LEFT OVER Do nothing.............................................1 FOOD? Throw away...........................................2 Keep cover............................................3 Keep in cupboard....................................4 Keep in refrigerator.................................5 Other, specify........................................6 4. HOW DO YOU DO WITH YOUR LEFT-OVER Eat directly............................................1 FOOD BEFORE EATING? Reheat.................................................2 Other, specify........................................6 5. WHERE DO YOU GET MOST OF YOUR FRUITS No access............................................0 AND VEGETABLES? Market......................................................................... 1 Own garden................................................................ 2 Exchange.................................................................... 3 Forest.......................................................................... 4 Somewhere else (specify).......................................... 5 6. WHERE DO YOU GET MOST OF YOUR MEAT? No access............................................0 Market......................................................................... 1 Own livestock............................................................ 2 Exchange.................................................................... 3 Forest.......................................................................... 4 Somewhere else ......................................................... 5 7. WHERE DO YOU GET MOST OF YOUR FISH? No access............................................0 Market......................................................................... 1 Own pond.................................................................. 2 Exchange.................................................................... 3 River/paddy field ...................................................... 4 Rice field......................................................5 Somewhere else (specify).......................................... 5 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 67 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Malaria 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. LINE IN THE Did WAS DID (NAME) DID (NAME) WHAT MEDICINE WAS (NAME) WHAT DID (NAME) IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS NO. LAST TWO (name) (NAME) HAVE A TAKE A DID(NAME)TAKE GIVEN MEDICINE MEDICNE WAS SLEEP UNDER A DID (NAME) TAKE BEDNET WEEKS, have a SEEN AT A BLOOD MEDICINE FOR THAT WAS FOR THE FEVER (NAME) BEDNET LAST WITH YOU WHEN YOU HAS headache HEALTH TEST? FEVER OR PROVIDED OR OR MALARIA GIVEN? NIGHT? SLEEP IN THE (NAME) and chills FACILITY OR 1.YES, MALARIA THAT PRESCRIBED AT BEFORE BEING 1.YES FIELD/FOREST? BEEN ILL or body PRIVATE POSITIVE WAS PROVIDED THE HEALTH TAKEN TO THE CIRCLE ALL 2.NO 1.Did not go to the field in WITH A pains? PHARMACY 2.YES, OR PRESCRIBED FACILITY ? HEALTH MEDICINES 9. DK the past 12 months FEVER? DURING NEGATIVE AT THE HEALTH FACILITY? GIVEN BEFORE 2.Every time 1.YES THIS 3.NO FACILITY OR CIRCLE ALL 1.YES VISITING A 3.Sometime 1. YES ILLNESS? 9.DK PRIVATE MEDICINES HEALTH 8.Never 2.NO 1.YES PHARMACY? MENTIONED. 2.NO FACILITY 2.NO 2.NO 1.YES 1. Paracetamol Q.9 Q.9 Q.9 2.NO 2.Chloroquine 1.PARACETAM 9. DK Q.9 3.Fansidar 9. DK OL 9.DK 9. DK 9. DK 4.Other(specify)_ Q.9 2.CHLOROQUI Q.9 Q.9 Q.9 ______ NE 9. DK 3.FANSIDAR 4.OTHER (SPECIFY) __________ 9. DK 01 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 02 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 03 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 04 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 05 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 06 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 07 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 08 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 09 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 10 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 69 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. LIN IN THE Did WAS DID (NAME) DID (NAME) WHAT MEDICINE WAS (NAME) WHAT DID (NAME) IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS E LAST TWO (name) (NAME) HAVE A TAKE A DID(NAME)TAKE GIVEN MEDICINE MEDICNE WAS SLEEP UNDER A DID (NAME) TAKE BEDNET NO. WEEKS, have a SEEN AT A BLOOD MEDICINE FOR THAT WAS FOR THE FEVER (NAME) BEDNET LAST WITH YOU WHEN YOU HAS headache HEALTH TEST? FEVER OR PROVIDED OR OR MALARIA GIVEN? NIGHT? SLEEP IN THE (NAME) and chills FACILITY OR 1.YES, MALARIA THAT PRESCRIBED AT BEFORE BEING 1.YES FIELD/FOREST? BEEN ILL or body PRIVATE POSITIVE WAS PROVIDED THE HEALTH TAKEN TO THE CIRCLE ALL 2.NO 1.Did not go to the field in WITH A pains? PHARMACY 2.YES, OR PRESCRIBED FACILITY ? HEALTH MEDICINES 9. DK the past 12 months FEVER? DURING NEGATIVE AT THE HEALTH FACILITY? GIVEN BEFORE 2.Every time 1.YES THIS 3.NO FACILITY OR CIRCLE ALL 1.YES VISITING A 3.Sometime 1. YES ILLNESS? 9.DK PRIVATE MEDICINES HEALTH 8.Never 2.NO 1.YES PHARMACY? MENTIONED. 2.NO FACILITY 2.NO 2.NO 1.YES 1. Paracetamol Q.9 Q.9 Q.9 2.NO 2.Chloroquine 1.PARACETAM 9. DK Q.9 3.Fansidar 9. DK OL 9.DK 9. DK 9. DK 4.Other(specify)_ Q.9 2.CHLOROQUI Q.9 Q.9 Q.9 ______ NE 9. DK 3.FANSIDAR 4.OTHER (SPECIFY) __________ 9. DK 11 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 12 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 13 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 14 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 15 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 16 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 17 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 18 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 19 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 20 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 9 1 2 9 1 2 3 8 November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 70 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 ACUTE ILLNESS MODULE TO BE ADMINISTERED TO ALL HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS. NOW I WOULD LIKE TO ASK ABOUT. 1. IN THE PAST TWO WEEKS (___ TILL ____) HAVE ANYONE IN YOUR HOUSEHOLD HAD ILLNESS? 1. Yes If yes, who are they? Copy line number of person who has illness from household listing. 2. No Go to next module 9. DK Go to next module LINE 2. WHAT WERE THE SYMPTOMS? 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. NUMBER (MULTIPLE RESPONSES POSSIBLE) HOW MANY HOW MANY WHERE DID YOUR FIRST VISIT WHY DID YOU HOW MUCH DID WHY DID YOU THINK IT DAYS (IN DAYS (IN WHEN YOU WERE ILL IN THE CHOOSE TO GO TO YOU PAY ( OUT WAS NOT NECESSARY TO SEEK Code: TOTAL) WERE TOTAL) WERE LAST TWO WEEKS? THIS PLACE/ OF POCKET) FOR YOU NOT ABLE PERSON? ADVICE/TREATM ADVICE/TREATMENT? 1. Fever 17. Convulsion/fits YOU ILL IN Did not do anything Go to TO GO TO (MULTIPLE ENT YOU (MULTIPLE RESPONSES) 2. Cough 18. Weakness/malaise THE PAST 2 Q.8 WORK OR RESPONSES) RECEIVED AT/ 3. Cough with phlegm 19. Rash WEEKS SCHOOL 1. Treat by myself Go to FROM THE 1. Mild illness 4. Cough with blood 20. Skin eruptions BECAUSE OF Q.8 1. Illness severe PLACE/ 2. No transport/too far 5. Running nose/sneezing 21. Itchy skin/pruritis DK.......99 THE ILLNESS, IN 2. Friend/relatives outside the 2. Nearby/easy to PERSON? 3. Too expensive 6. Sore throat 22. Yellow skin PAST 2 WEEK? house access 4. No time 7. Difficulty/ pain in 23. Swelling of glands (Only for working 3. VHW/TBA 3. reasonable price DK.........99 5. Did not know where to swallowing 24. Stomach/abdominal & schooling 4. Spiritualist 4. Satisfied with staff go 8. Difficulty/ abnormal /uterine pain Household 5. Pharmacy 5. Well equipped 6. No specific reason breathing 25. Pain in passing urine members) 6. Private clinic/doctors (drug available 7. Other, specify 9. Chest pain 26. Joints pain 7. Doctors come to a house Go to next 6. No specific reason 10. Watery diarrhea 27. Backache module DK....99 8. Health Center 7. Others (specify) DK...................99 11. Diarrhea with blood/ 28. Blood in urine/black 9. District Hospital mucus urine 10. Provincial hospital 12. Shivers/chills 29. Urethral / vaginal 11. Central Hospital 13. Body ache/body pain discharge 14. Headache 30. Whooping cough DK...................99 15. Vomiting 16. Vomiting of blood DK...................99 _ _ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 __ __days ___ ___days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 __ __ __ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 99 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 10 11 12 99 __ __ __ 27 28 29 30 31 32 99 Kips _ _ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 __ __ days ___ ___days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 __ __ __ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 99 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 10 11 12 99 __ __ __ 27 28 29 30 31 32 99 Kips _ _ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 __ __ days ___ ___days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 __ __ __ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 99 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 10 11 12 99 7 __ __ __ 27 28 29 30 31 32 99 Kips _ _ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 __ __ days ___ ___days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 __ __ __ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 99 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 10 11 12 99 7 __ __ __ 27 28 29 30 31 32 99 Kips November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 71 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 LINE 2. WHAT WERE THE SYMPTOMS? 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. NUMBER (MULTIPLE RESPONSES POSSIBLE) HOW MANY HOW MANY WHERE DID YOUR FIRST VISIT WHY DID YOU HOW MUCH DID WHY DID YOU THINK IT DAYS (IN DAYS (IN WHEN YOU WERE ILL IN THE CHOOSE TO GO TO YOU PAY ( OUT WAS NOT NECESSARY TO SEEK Code: TOTAL) WERE TOTAL) WERE LAST TWO WEEKS? THIS PLACE/ OF POCKET) FOR YOU NOT ABLE PERSON? ADVICE/TREATM ADVICE/TREATMENT? 1. Fever 17. Convulsion/fits YOU ILL IN Did not do anything Go to TO GO TO (MULTIPLE ENT YOU (MULTIPLE RESPONSES) 2. Cough 18. Weakness/malaise THE PAST 2 Q.8 WORK OR RESPONSES) RECEIVED AT/ 3. Cough with phlegm 19. Rash WEEKS SCHOOL 1. Treat by myself Go to FROM THE 1. Mild illness 4. Cough with blood 20. Skin eruptions BECAUSE OF Q.8 1. Illness severe PLACE/ 2. No transport/too far 5. Running nose/sneezing 21. Itchy skin/pruritis DK.......99 THE ILLNESS, IN 2. Friend/relatives outside the 2. Nearby/easy to PERSON? 3. Too expensive 6. Sore throat 22. Yellow skin PAST 2 WEEK? house access 4. No time 7. Difficulty/ pain in 23. Swelling of glands (Only for working 3. VHW/TBA 3. reasonable price DK.........99 5. Did not know where to swallowing 24. Stomach/abdominal & schooling 4. Spiritualist 4. Satisfied with staff go 8. Difficulty/ abnormal /uterine pain Household 5. Pharmacy 5. Well equipped 6. No specific reason breathing 25. Pain in passing urine members) 6. Private clinic/doctors (drug available 7. Other, specify 9. Chest pain 26. Joints pain 7. Doctors come to a house Go to next 6. No specific reason 10. Watery diarrhea 27. Backache module DK....99 8. Health Center 7. Others (specify) DK...................99 11. Diarrhea with blood/ 28. Blood in urine/black 9. District Hospital mucus urine 10. Provincial hospital 12. Shivers/chills 29. Urethral / vaginal 11. Central Hospital 13. Body ache/body pain discharge 14. Headache 30. Whooping cough DK...................99 15. Vomiting 16. Vomiting of blood DK...................99 _ _ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 __ __ days ___ ___days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 __ __ __ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 99 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 10 11 12 99 7 __ __ __ 27 28 29 30 31 32 99 Kips _ _ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 __ __ days ___ ___days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 __ __ __ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 99 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 10 11 12 99 7 __ __ __ 27 28 29 30 31 32 99 Kips _ _ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 __ __ days ___ ___days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 __ __ __ __ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 99 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 10 11 12 99 7 __ __ __ 27 28 29 30 31 32 99 Kips November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 72 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 ANTHROPOMETRY MODULE AFTER QUESTIONNAIRES FOR ALL HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS ARE COMPLETE, THE MEASURER WEIGHS AND MEASURES EACH CHILD UNDER FIVE, AND ADULT 15 AND OVER. RECORD WEIGHT AND LENGTH/HEIGHT BELOW, TAKING CARE TO RECORD THE MEASUREMENTS ON THE CORRECT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR EACH CHILD/ADULT. CHECK THE CHILD'S/ADULT'S NAME AND LINE NUMBER ON THE HH LISTING BEFORE RECORDING MEASUREMENTS. 1. NAME:......................................... Line number: ___ ___ 2. AGE:.......................................... 3. WEIGHT. Kilograms (kg).......................___ ___ 4. LENGTH OR HEIGHT CHECK AGE OF CHILD: CHILD UNDER 2 YEARS OLD. MEASURE LENGTH Length (cm) (LYING DOWN). Lying down................. 1 ___ ___ __ CHILD AGE 2 OR MORE YEARS/ ADULT 15 AND Height (cm) OVER. MEASURE HEIGHT (STANDING UP) Standing up................. 2 ___ ___ __ 5. MEASURER'S IDENTIFICATION CODE Measurer code .........................___ __ 6. RESULT Measured............................................. Not present......................................... Refused................................................ Other (specify) _________________ 7. IS THERE ANOTHER CHILD/ADULT IN THE HOUSEHOLD WHO IS ELIGIBLE FOR MEASUREMENT? YES. RECORD MEASUREMENTS FOR NEXT CHILD. NO. END THE INTERVIEW WITH THIS HOUSEHOLD BY THANKING ALL PARTICIPANTS FOR THEIR COOPERATION. GATHER TOGETHER ALL QUESTIONNAIRES FOR THIS HOUSEHOLD AND CHECK THAT IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS ARE AT THE TOP OF EACH PAGE. TALLY ON THE HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION PANEL THE NUMBER OF INTERVIEWS COMPLETED. November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 73 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Province No.__________ District No._________ Village No. _______ Household No._________ MODULE TEST HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL AND MALARIA PARASITE: ALL HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS 1. NAME:......................................... 1. Line number: ___ ___ 2. AGE: _____ ______ YEARS MALARIA PARASITE TEST 3. MALARIA PARASITE TEST POSITIVE................................................... 1 NEGATIVE................................................ 2 4. MEASURER CODE......................... 5. RESULT Measured...................................................... 1 Not Present.................................................. 2 Refused......................................................... 3 Other (specify) ________________4 HEMOGLOBINE TEST 6. HB TEST HB Level: ___________G/DL MEASURER CODE.......................... RESULT Measured...................................................... 1 Not Present.................................................. 2 Refused......................................................... 3 Other (specify) ________________4 IS THERE ANOTHER PERSON IN THE HOUSEHOLD WHO IS ELIGIBLE FOR MEASUREMENT? YES. RECORD MEASUREMENTS FOR NEXT PERSON NO. END TASK CHECK IF ALL HH MEMBERS DONE TESTING SAY THANKS FOR PARTICIPATION November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 74 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 FISHERY QUESTIONNAIRE Fishing equipment used in the XBF, its tributaries, back swamp, small water bodies and paddy field (outside XBF). What type and quantity of gears do you use to catch fish in the XBF and when do you use the gear? Gear type Number Used mainly Used mainly Used in both owned in dry-season in wet- seasons and used months season throughout the (6 months) months year (6 months) Scoop net, plunge basket, scoop basket Nets with Handles Push net with handle Single hook and line Cat fish single hook and line Long line with multiple hooks Large bamboo cylinder traps Bamboo traps Falling door trap Cast net 3 cm and down Cast net 4 cm and up Mesh nylon gillnets 4 cm and up Mesh nylon gillnets 3-6 cm Mesh nylon gillnets 7 cm and up Boat Engine Fish Attractant with basket Fish attractant with fence Arrow Upright basket trap Basket Trap November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 75 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Fish landing estimates What is your estimate of total landings (kg) per gear, per month when you use these gears? Type Estimated monthly Estimated monthly landings landings during dry- during wet-season (kg) season (kg) XBF Outside XBF XBF Outside XBF Scoop net, plunge basket, scoop basket Nets with Handles Push net with handle Single hook and line Cat fish single hook and line Long line with multiple hooks Large bamboo cylinder traps Bamboo traps Falling door trap Cast net 3 cm and down Cast net 4 cm and up Mesh nylon gillnets 4 cm and up Mesh nylon gillnets 3-6 cm Mesh nylon gillnets 7 cm and up Boat Engine Fish Attractant with basket Fish attractant with fence Arrow Upright basket trap Basket Trap Others Fishing venue Q. Where would you say most of your annual fish landings come from? (Record answers as numbers, 1 being most important) Fishing venue Most important venue (s) Xai Bang Fai River Tributary of the XBF Paddy field Small water bodies Back swamps and natural ponds November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 76 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Time devoted to fishing Q. What percentage of your working time do you devote to fishing in the Xai Bang Fai River over one year compared to fishing at other places? Times Times Percentage of time spent fishing in XBF Percentage of time spent fishing at other places Income from fishing Q. What percentage of your annual income do you estimate comes from selling fish? Kip % Q. What percentage of your annual income from fishing comes from selling fish caught in the Xai Bang Fai River compared to selling fish caught at other places? Kips Kips Percentage income from fish Percentage income from fish caught in XBF caught at other places Disposal of fish landings Q. Could you describe how you use your annual fish landings from most important to least important? (Record answers as numbers, 1 being most important) Disposal of fish catch Most important use (s) Your own family's consumption Sale to commercial traders Sale to villagers Making fermented fish products Preserved by sun-drying Other November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 77 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Annual fish landings Q. In which months are your fish landings greatest and least in the Xai Bang Fai River? (According to moon calendar) Months when fish landings are greatest Months when fish landings are least Period 1 Period 1 Period 2 Period 2 Period 3 Period 3 Reasons for variation in annual fish landings Q. When the fish landings are greatest, what do you think are the reasons for this? (Record answers by number, 1 being the most important) Reasons why fish landings are highest Most important reason (s) Because fish are migrating Because water currents are slower and it's easier to use fishing gears Because water is shallower and it's easier to catch the fish Other Q. When the landings are least, what do you think are the reasons for this? (Record answers by number, 1 being most important) Reasons why fish landings are highest Most important reason (s) Because fish are not migrating Because water currents are fast and it's more difficult to use fishing gears Because water is deep and it's more difficult to catch the fish Other November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 78 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Fish sale prices Q. When the landings are greatest, what price do you get for your fish if you sell them within the village or to a commercial trader? Type of fish Sold within village (K/kg) Sold to commercial trader (K/kg) Large scaled-fish Small scaled-fish Large scale-less fish Small scale-less fish When the landings are least, what price do you get for your fish if you sell them within the village or to a commercial trader? Type of fish Sold within village (K / kg) Sold to commercial trader (K / kg) Large scaled-fish Small scaled-fish Large scale-less fish Small scale-less fish Present day landings compared to the past Q. Could you provide an estimate of the present day abundance of fish in the Xai Bang Fai River compared to 10 or 15 years ago? If you think it is now less than before, could you give an estimate of the percentage decline or increase? Present day fish abundance compared to 10 or Percentage of estimated change 15 years ago if changed at all Gone down Gone up Stayed more or less the same November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 79 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Reasons for decline in fish stocks Q. Could you provide some reasons why you consider the fish stocks have declined if you think they have? (Record answers by number, 1 being the most important) Reasons for the decline in fish stocks Most important reason (s) Over fishing Reduced stream flow Deforestation Illegal fishing Blocking off tributary mouths Introduction of monofilament nets Use of fish poisons Water quality problems Problems in Cambodia Small gillnet and cast net mesh sizes Other Illegal fishing Are you aware of any illegal fishing methods being used in this area, and if so where and what? Illegal fishing method In the mainstream In the tributaries that enter At any other Xai Bang Fai River the Xai Bang Fai River sites (list them) Fishing with explosives Fishing with electricity Fishing with poisons Trap in rapid Fence trap Conical filter basket trap Cylindrical current trap Fence trap with long cylindrical net Fishing with banned gears Fishing when fishes sprawning Other (specify) November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 80 Appendix N: Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic Survey, 2001 Q. If you are aware of illegal fishing in this area, what do you estimate, as a percentage, is the total proportion of annual fish landings caught using these methods? % Fish disease Q. Have you ever noticed that some fish have a disease in this area, and if so which species and in which months does it appear? Fish species Months the disease appears Snakeheads (Pba Kor, Pba Dto) Clarias catfishes (Pba Duk) Other scaled fish Other scale-less fish Aquaculture Q. Do you practice any form of aquaculture, and if so which types are most important? (Record as numbers, 1 being most important) Kips Kips Type of aquaculture Most important type (s) Back yard pond Culturing fish in net cages Raising (culturing, not catching) fish in rice paddies Raising (culturing) fish in village back-swamps November 2004 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 81