The incidence of public expenditures on health and education Background Note for World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People Deon Filmer The World Bank May 2003 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Introduction One of the way that services fail poor people is that public spending fails to reach the services that poor people use. This is not just an issue between sectors (although that may be true) but also an issue in the sectors where people typically think that spending is an effective way to reach poor people: health and education. As a part of documenting the experience with public spending on health and education for World Development Report 2004, a review of results on the expenditure incidence of public spending was undertaken. This note documents the findings and sources for those results. Definition and caveats Average expenditure incidence studies typically relate household data on the use of public services by different quintiles of the population to average spending on those services from the public budget. Results from these studies provide a cross-sectional snapshot of who benefits from public spending on services. Note that this is not necessarily the same as who would benefit from the marginal resources devoted to the sector. There are several caveats to analyzing these results. In particular, while the data are often based on the best sources available--they are often limited when it comes to assessing the costs of each unit of the service provided. Cross-country comparability is hampered by the fact that studies differ in the detail to which they differentiate average spending: for example some use a uniform estimate, some estimate separate average spending amounts for urban and rural areas, some for different provinces, and so on. In addition, the studies implicitly assume that the value of the expenditure is equal across all users. These types of analyses are often referred to as "benefit incidence" of public spending. Since the value of spending might differ for different people (for example spending on urban dwellers might go much further towards providing quality services than an equal amount spent on people in remote rural areas) they are probably best described as "expenditure incidence" studies. It is important to keep in mind that the results do not include the incidence of raising funds. A fairly regressive pattern of spending might still be pro-poor if it is financed through a very progressive tax system. Last, it is hard to know what a "good" allocation is without comparing it to other types of social spending. Results Table 1 reports summary data on the incidence of public expenditures on health and education. Table 2 reports a compilation of data in the incidence on public expenditures on health, with sources. Table 3 reports a compilation of data in the incidence on public expenditures on education, with sources. Expenditure incidence Summary 1 Table 1: Summary of incidence of public expenditures on health and education Expenditure incidence of public spending on health Expenditure incidence of public spending on health Country All health Primary level only Country All education Primary level only Poorest Richest Poorest Richest Poorest Richest Poorest Richest quintile quintile quintile quintile quintile quintile quintile quintile Argentina 1991 33 6 Armenia 1996 7 29 27 12 Armenia 1999 13 39 16 28 Azerbaijan 2001 18 22 19 19 Bangladesh 2000 16 26 18 24 Bangladesh 2000 12 32 22 14 Brazil 1997 (NE&SE) 16 19 Brazil 1997 (NE&SE) 18 25 26 7 Bulgaria 1995 13 25 16 21 Cambodia 1996/97 15 29 21 17 Colombia 1992 27 13 Colombia 1992 23 14 39 4 Costa Rica 1992 27 13 44 7 Costa Rica 2001 21 20 28 9 Cote d'Ivoire 1995 11 32 14 22 Cote d'Ivoire 1995 13 35 19 14 Ecuador 1998 8 38 18 16 Ecuador 1998 12 25 24 11 Georgia 2000 18 19 FYR Macedonia 1996 9 40 18 22 Ghana 1994 12 33 10 31 Ghana 1992 16 21 22 14 Guinea 1994 4 48 10 36 Guinea 1994 5 44 11 21 Guyana 1994 28 14 Guyana 1993 15 32 Honduras 1995 21 12 Indonesia 1989 15 29 25 13 India (UP) 1995/96 10 41 Jamaica 1998 22 15 25 12 India 1995/96 10 32 21 13 Kazakhstan 1996 8 26 Indonesia 1990 12 29 21 18 Kenya 1992 17 21 22 15 Kenya 1992 (rural) 14 24 22 14 Kosovo 2000 9 40 18 22 Madagascar 1993 12 30 10 29 Kyrgyz Rep 1993 14 27 Moldova 2001 17 22 Lao PDR 1993 12 34 Nicaragua 1998 18 18 23 8 Madagascar 1993/94 8 41 17 14 South Africa 1994 16 17 18 10 Malawi 1995 16 25 20 16 Sri Lanka 1995/96 20 20 Mauritania 1995/96 11 19 Tajikistan 1999 18 31 Mexico 1996 19 21 30 10 Tanzania 1992/93 17 29 18 21 Morocco 1998/99 12 24 17 18 Vietnam 1993 12 29 19 10 Nepal 1996 11 46 Nicaragua 1998 11 35 23 10 Pakistan 1991 14 29 Panama 1997 12 21 34 4 Peru 1994 15 22 26 16 Romania 1994 22 17 21 10 South Africa 1994 14 35 19 28 Tanzania 1993/94 14 37 19 18 Uganda 1992/93 13 32 19 18 Vietnam 1998 18 21 26 13 Yemen 1998 19 22 21 18 Expenditure incidence Health 2 Table 2: Incidence of public expenditures on health Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile All Public health 1991 Argentina 1991 33 61 6 World Bank. 1996. "Madagascar Poverty Assessment" Report No. 14044-MAG. spending 1999 Armenia 1999 Diag. Ctrs. and other 8 22 14 12 43 World Bank. 2002. "Armenia Public Expenditure Review" Draft June 2002. 1999 Armenia 1999 Hospital 13 12 13 18 43 World Bank. 2002. "Armenia Public Expenditure Review" Draft June 2002. Bonilla-Chacin, Maria E.; Murrugarra, Edmundo; Temourov, Moukim. Nov 18 2002 1999 Armenia 1999 Hospital 13 12 13 18 43 "Health Care during Transition and Health Systems Reform: Evidence from the Poorest CIS Countries" Draft.CIS-7 Conference 1999 Armenia 1999 Polyclinic 16 18 18 20 28 World Bank. 2002. "Armenia Public Expenditure Review" Draft June 2002. Bonilla-Chacin, Maria E.; Murrugarra, Edmundo; Temourov, Moukim. Nov 18 2002 1999 Armenia 1999 Primary 16 18 18 20 28 "Health Care during Transition and Health Systems Reform: Evidence from the Poorest CIS Countries" Draft.CIS-7 Conference 1999 Armenia 1999 Total 13 15 15 18 39 World Bank. 2002. "Armenia Public Expenditure Review" Draft June 2002. Bonilla-Chacin, Maria E.; Murrugarra, Edmundo; Temourov, Moukim. Nov 18 2002 2001 Azerbaijan 2001 Hospital 17 20 19 21 23 "Health Care during Transition and Health Systems Reform: Evidence from the Poorest CIS Countries" Draft.CIS-7 Conference Data International Ltd; Nepal Health Economics Association; Intitute of Policy Bangladesh Government 1995 16 19 20 20 25 Studies. June 2001. "Equity in Financing and Devlivery of Health Services in 1995/96 financed health care Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka: Results of the Tri-Country Study" All health Asian Development Bank/World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment: Benefit 2000 Bangladesh 2000 16 19 21 18 26 expenditure Incidence Analysis-Education and Health Sectors. November 2001 draft Asian Development Bank/World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment: Benefit 2000 Bangladesh 2000 Child health 23 21 19 18 18 Incidence Analysis-Education and Health Sectors. November 2001 draft Family planning and control of Asian Development Bank/World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment: Benefit 2000 Bangladesh 2000 18 18 19 19 24 communicable Incidence Analysis-Education and Health Sectors. November 2001 draft disease Asian Development Bank/World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment: Benefit 2000 Bangladesh 2000 Limited curative care 11 21 22 18 28 Incidence Analysis-Education and Health Sectors. November 2001 draft Asian Development Bank/World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment: Benefit 2000 Bangladesh 2000 Maternal health 20 13 20 18 29 Incidence Analysis-Education and Health Sectors. November 2001 draft All Public health 1985 Brazil 1985 17 41 42 World Bank. 1996. "Madagascar Poverty Assessment" Report No. 14044-MAG. spending Brazil 1997 Universal public 1997 16 20 22 23 19 World Bank 2002. "Inequality and economic development in Brazil" Draft. (NE&SE) health care 1995 Bulgaria 1995 All health 13 16 21 26 25 Demery, Lionel, 1997, "Benefit Incidence Analysis" mimeo Expenditure incidence Health 3 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile 1995 Bulgaria 1995 Hospitals 11 16 20 16 27 Demery, Lionel, 1997, "Benefit Incidence Analysis" mimeo 1995 Bulgaria 1995 Primary facilities 16 17 21 25 21 Demery, Lionel, 1997, "Benefit Incidence Analysis" mimeo All Public health 1982 Chile 1982 22 67 11 World Bank. 1996. "Madagascar Poverty Assessment" Report No. 14044-MAG. spending All Public health 1994 World Bank Poverty Assessment / Country study (Quintiles on the basis of 1992 Colombia 1992 27 26 19 16 13 system households ) 1994 World Bank Poverty Assessment / Country study (Quintiles on the basis of 1992 Colombia 1992 ISS (Inst. Soc. Sec.) 18 42 35 21 15 households ) World Bank 1997. "Costa Rica: Identifying the Social Needs of the Poor: An Update" 1992 Costa Rica 1992 All 27 23 19 18 13 Report No. 15449-CR World Bank 1997. "Costa Rica: Identifying the Social Needs of the Poor: An Update" 1992 Costa Rica 1992 Inpatient 30 22 16 18 15 Report No. 15449-CR World Bank 1997. "Costa Rica: Identifying the Social Needs of the Poor: An Update" 1992 Costa Rica 1992 Outpatient 25 23 20 19 13 Report No. 15449-CR World Bank 1997. "Costa Rica: Identifying the Social Needs of the Poor: An Update" 1992 Costa Rica 1992 Preventive 44 22 17 11 7 Report No. 15449-CR Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1995 Cote d'Ivoire 1995 All 11 57 32 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1995 Cote d'Ivoire 1995 Hospital 8 53 39 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1995 Cote d'Ivoire 1995 Primary facilities 14 64 22 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. Lee, Haedeck, Hentschel, Jesko, Hicks, Norman. 1996. "Subsidies, Social 1994 Ecuador 1994/95 All health 18 18 21 23 21 Expenditures and The Poor". Ecuador Poverty Report Working Paper No. 6 (Report No. 16087) Lee, Haedeck, Hentschel, Jesko, Hicks, Norman. 1996. "Subsidies, Social 1994 Ecuador 1994/95 All Ministry of health 21 25 23 20 12 Expenditures and The Poor". Ecuador Poverty Report Working Paper No. 6 (Report No. 16087) Lee, Haedeck, Hentschel, Jesko, Hicks, Norman. 1996. "Subsidies, Social 1994 Ecuador 1994/95 IESS 20 11 17 24 29 Expenditures and The Poor". Ecuador Poverty Report Working Paper No. 6 (Report No. 16087) World Bank. 2000. "Ecuador: Crisis, Poverty and Social Services" Report No. 19920- 1998 Ecuador 1998 All 7.6 11.6 17.6 25.1 38.1 EC World Bank. 2000. "Ecuador: Crisis, Poverty and Social Services" Report No. 19920- 1998 Ecuador 1998 Health center 11 18 23 27 21 EC World Bank. 2000. "Ecuador: Crisis, Poverty and Social Services" Report No. 19920- 1998 Ecuador 1998 Hospital 8 13 18 24 37 EC Sub-center or World Bank. 2000. "Ecuador: Crisis, Poverty and Social Services" Report No. 19920- 1998 Ecuador 1998 18 23 22 21 16 Dispensario EC Expenditure incidence Health 4 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile Bonilla-Chacin, Maria E.; Murrugarra, Edmundo; Temourov, Moukim. Nov 18 2002 2000 Georgia 2000 Hospital 18 18 22 17 24 "Health Care during Transition and Health Systems Reform: Evidence from the Poorest CIS Countries" Draft.CIS-7 Conference Bonilla-Chacin, Maria E.; Murrugarra, Edmundo; Temourov, Moukim. Nov 18 2002 2000 Georgia 2000 Primary 18 19 25 19 19 "Health Care during Transition and Health Systems Reform: Evidence from the Poorest CIS Countries" Draft.CIS-7 Conference Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Ghana 1992 All 12 55 33 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Ghana 1992 Hospital inpatient 11 57 32 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Ghana 1992 Hospital outpatient 13 52 35 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Ghana 1992 Primary facilities 10 59 31 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. 1994 Ghana 1994 All health 12 15 19 21 33 Demery, Lionel, 1997, "Benefit Incidence Analysis" mimeo 1994 Ghana 1994 Hospital inpatient 11 14 20 23 32 Demery, Lionel, 1997, "Benefit Incidence Analysis" mimeo 1994 Ghana 1994 Hospital outpatient 13 15 17 19 35 Demery, Lionel, 1997, "Benefit Incidence Analysis" mimeo 1994 Ghana 1994 Primary facilities 10 17 19 23 31 Demery, Lionel, 1997, "Benefit Incidence Analysis" mimeo Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1994 Guinea 1994 All 4 48 48 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1994 Guinea 1994 Hospital 1 44 55 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1994 Guinea 1994 Primary facilities 10 54 36 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. Baker, Judy, 1997. Poverty Reduction and Human Capital Development in the 1994 Guyana 1994 Public health center 28 16 21 22 14 Caribbean: A Cross-Country Study, The World Bank Baker, Judy, 1997. Poverty Reduction and Human Capital Development in the 1994 Guyana 1994 Public health post 67 3 7 16 7 Caribbean: A Cross-Country Study, The World Bank Baker, Judy, 1997. Poverty Reduction and Human Capital Development in the 1994 Guyana 1994 Public hospital 19 23 18 28 12 Caribbean: A Cross-Country Study, The World Bank Baker, Judy, 1997. Poverty Reduction and Human Capital Development in the 1994 Guyana 1994 Public medicines 18 7 11 31 32 Caribbean: A Cross-Country Study, The World Bank All (Ministry of Public "Honduras: Towards Better Health Care for All" 1999. World Bank Report No. 1995 Honduras 1995 21 26 22 19 12 Health) 17731. Expenditure incidence Health 5 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile Ambulatory consultation and emergency "Honduras: Towards Better Health Care for All" 1999. World Bank Report No. 1995 Honduras 1995 21 34 22 15 7 Cesar/Cesamo 17731. (Ministry of Public Health) Ambulatory consultation and "Honduras: Towards Better Health Care for All" 1999. World Bank Report No. 1995 Honduras 1995 emergency Hospital 24 19 21 25 11 17731. (Ministry of Public Health) Ambulatory consultation and "Honduras: Towards Better Health Care for All" 1999. World Bank Report No. 1995 Honduras 1995 emergency Total 22 29 22 18 8 17731. (Ministry of Public Health) Hospitalization "Honduras: Towards Better Health Care for All" 1999. World Bank Report No. 1995 Honduras 1995 Maternity (Ministry of 17 13 24 29 17 17731. Public Health) Hospitalization Non- "Honduras: Towards Better Health Care for All" 1999. World Bank Report No. 1995 Honduras 1995 Maternity (Ministry of 17 19 24 18 21 17731. Public Health) All Health World Bank. 2002. India: Poverty in India-The Challenge of Uttar Pradesh. Report 1995 India 1995/96 10 14 18 25 32 expenditures No. 22323-IN. "The Poor and Health Service Use in India". 2001. Ajay Mahal, Abdo S. Yazbeck, David H. Peters, G.N.V. Ramana. Background Paper to "Better Health Systems for 1995 India 1995/96 Curative care 10 13 18 26 33 India's Poor" The World Bank. 2002. "The Poor and Health Service Use in India". 2001. Ajay Mahal, Abdo S. Yazbeck, David H. Peters, G.N.V. Ramana. Background Paper to "Better Health Systems for 1995 India 1995/96 Hospital inpatient 11 13 20 25 31 India's Poor" The World Bank. 2002. "The Poor and Health Service Use in India". 2001. Ajay Mahal, Abdo S. Yazbeck, David H. Peters, G.N.V. Ramana. Background Paper to "Better Health Systems for 1995 India 1995/96 Hospital outpatient 8 12 17 27 36 India's Poor" The World Bank. 2002. "The Poor and Health Service Use in India". 2001. Ajay Mahal, Abdo S. Yazbeck, David H. Peters, G.N.V. Ramana. Background Paper to "Better Health Systems for 1995 India 1995/96 Immunizations 24 22 22 19 14 India's Poor" The World Bank. 2002. Expenditure incidence Health 6 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile "The Poor and Health Service Use in India". 2001. Ajay Mahal, Abdo S. Yazbeck, Outpatient (PHC and David H. Peters, G.N.V. Ramana. 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Nov 18 2002 2001 Moldova 2001 Primary 17 19 22 20 22 "Health Care during Transition and Health Systems Reform: Evidence from the Poorest CIS Countries" Draft.CIS-7 Conference 1993 Nicaragua 1993 All 10 19 20 24 26 2001 Poverty Assessment Volume II: Report No. 20488-NI 1993 Nicaragua 1993 Hospital 8 18 17 26 32 2001 Poverty Assessment Volume II: Report No. 20488-NI 1993 Nicaragua 1993 Primary-level care 13 22 14 22 18 2001 Poverty Assessment Volume II: Report No. 20488-NI 1995 World Bank Poverty Assessment / Country study (Categories are extreme 1995 Nicaragua 1995 Curative care 10 28 63 poor, poor, non-poor, whose population distribution is 19.4, 30.9, 49.7 percent.) 1995 World Bank Poverty Assessment / Country study (Categories are extreme 1995 Nicaragua 1995 Pre-natal and births 12 31 57 poor, poor, non-poor, whose population distribution is 19.4, 30.9, 49.7 percent.) 1998 Nicaragua 1998 All 18 23 22 19 18 2001 Poverty Assessment Volume I: Report No. 20488-NI 1998 Nicaragua 1998 Hospital 13 21 20 21 25 2001 Poverty Assessment Volume II: Report No. 20488-NI 1998 Nicaragua 1998 Primary-level care 23 26 26 17 8 2001 Poverty Assessment Volume II: Report No. 20488-NI Expenditure incidence Health 8 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile All Public health 1993 South Africa 1993 16 67 17 World Bank. 1996. 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November 2001 draft Asian Development Bank/World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment: Benefit 2000 Bangladesh 2000 Primary 22 23 22 19 14 Incidence Analysis-Education and Health Sectors. November 2001 draft Asian Development Bank/World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment: Benefit 2000 Bangladesh 2000 Secondary 6 11 16 28 40 Incidence Analysis-Education and Health Sectors. November 2001 draft Asian Development Bank/World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment: Benefit 2000 Bangladesh 2000 Tertiary 6 6 10 21 57 Incidence Analysis-Education and Health Sectors. November 2001 draft Expenditure incidence Education 11 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile Grosh, Margaret, 1994. "Administring Targeted Social Programs in Latin America: 1989 Bolivia 1989 (urban) Primary 32 27 21 14 6 From Platitudes to Practice," World Bank Regional and Sectoral Studies Grosh, Margaret, 1994. "Administring Targeted Social Programs in Latin America: 1989 Bolivia 1989 (urban) Secondary 23 27 24 18 9 From Platitudes to Practice," World Bank Regional and Sectoral Studies Brazil 1997 Adult Derived from World Bank 2002. "Inequality and economic development in Brazil" 1997 5 15 30 23 27 (NE&SE) education/training Draft. Brazil 1997 Derived from World Bank 2002. "Inequality and economic development in Brazil" 1997 All levels 18 19 18 20 25 (NE&SE) Draft. Brazil 1997 Derived from World Bank 2002. "Inequality and economic development in Brazil" 1997 Creche 24 33 14 23 6 (NE&SE) Draft. Brazil 1997 Derived from World Bank 2002. "Inequality and economic development in Brazil" 1997 Kindergarten 42 24 16 12 6 (NE&SE) Draft. Brazil 1997 Derived from World Bank 2002. "Inequality and economic development in Brazil" 1997 Primary education 26 27 23 17 7 (NE&SE) Draft. Brazil 1997 Secondary Derived from World Bank 2002. "Inequality and economic development in Brazil" 1997 8 12 28 33 19 (NE&SE) education Draft. Brazil 1997 Derived from World Bank 2002. "Inequality and economic development in Brazil" 1997 University education 0 0 3 22 75 (NE&SE) Draft. World Bank. 2000. "Making transition work for everyone: Poverty and inequality in 1997 Bulgaria 1997 Primary 21 Europe and Central Asia". The World Bank. World Bank. 2000. "Making transition work for everyone: Poverty and inequality in 1997 Bulgaria 1997 Secondary 16 Europe and Central Asia". The World Bank. World Bank. 2000. "Making transition work for everyone: Poverty and inequality in 1997 Bulgaria 1997 Tertiary 11 Europe and Central Asia". The World Bank. 1996 Cambodia 1996/97 All levels 15 16 19 21 29 World Bank 1999. "Cambodia Poverty Assessment". Report No. 19858-KH 1996 Cambodia 1996/97 Lower-secondary 8 12 19 23 38 World Bank 1999. "Cambodia Poverty Assessment". Report No. 19858-KH 1996 Cambodia 1996/97 Postsecondary 2 0 6 15 76 World Bank 1999. "Cambodia Poverty Assessment". Report No. 19858-KH 1996 Cambodia 1996/97 Primary 21 22 21 20 17 World Bank 1999. "Cambodia Poverty Assessment". Report No. 19858-KH 1996 Cambodia 1996/97 Upper-secondary 4 4 15 21 56 World Bank 1999. "Cambodia Poverty Assessment". Report No. 19858-KH 1992 Colombia 1992 All levels 23 22 21 19 14 EdStats: http://www1.worldbank.org/education/edstats/ 1992 Colombia 1992 Primary 39 26 19 11 4 EdStats: http://www1.worldbank.org/education/edstats/ 1992 Colombia 1992 Secondary 21 27 25 18 10 EdStats: http://www1.worldbank.org/education/edstats/ 1992 Colombia 1992 Tertiary 5 9 19 33 34 EdStats: http://www1.worldbank.org/education/edstats/ World Bank 1997. "Costa Rica: Identifying the Social Needs of the Poor: An Update" 1992 Costa Rica 1992 All levels 27 23 20 18 12 Report No. 15449-CR World Bank 1997. "Costa Rica: Identifying the Social Needs of the Poor: An Update" 1992 Costa Rica 1992 Higher 2 10 15 35 38 Report No. 15449-CR Expenditure incidence Education 12 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile World Bank 1997. "Costa Rica: Identifying the Social Needs of the Poor: An Update" 1992 Costa Rica 1992 Primary 34 26 19 14 7 Report No. 15449-CR World Bank 1997. "Costa Rica: Identifying the Social Needs of the Poor: An Update" 1992 Costa Rica 1992 Secondary 16 22 22 24 16 Report No. 15449-CR World Bank 2002. "Costa Rica Social Spending and the Poor: Social Sector 2001 Costa Rica 2001 All levels 21 19 20 20 20 Performance in the 1990s" Report No 24300-CR World Bank 2002. "Costa Rica Social Spending and the Poor: Social Sector 2001 Costa Rica 2001 Preschool 20 25 27 16 12 Performance in the 1990s" Report No 24300-CR World Bank 2002. "Costa Rica Social Spending and the Poor: Social Sector 2001 Costa Rica 2001 Primary 28 27 21 15 9 Performance in the 1990s" Report No 24300-CR World Bank 2002. "Costa Rica Social Spending and the Poor: Social Sector 2001 Costa Rica 2001 Secondary 21 21 21 21 16 Performance in the 1990s" Report No 24300-CR World Bank 2002. "Costa Rica Social Spending and the Poor: Social Sector 2001 Costa Rica 2001 University 12 7 11 26 44 Performance in the 1990s" Report No 24300-CR Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1995 Côte d'Ivoire 1995 All levels 14 17 17 17 35 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1995 Cote d'Ivoire 1995 All levels 13 17 17 17 35 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1995 Cote d'Ivoire 1995 Primary 19 21 24 22 14 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1995 Cote d'Ivoire 1995 Secondary 7 23 17 15 37 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1995 Cote d'Ivoire 1995 Tertiary 12 2 3 12 71 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1994 Ecuador 1994 All levels 15 17 19 21 27 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. World Bank. 2000. "Ecuador: Crisis, Poverty and Social Services" Report No. 19920- 1998 Ecuador 1998 All levels 12 17 20 28 25 EC World Bank. 2000. "Ecuador: Crisis, Poverty and Social Services" Report No. 19920- 1998 Ecuador 1998 Higher 1 5 12 30 52 EC World Bank. 2000. "Ecuador: Crisis, Poverty and Social Services" Report No. 19920- 1998 Ecuador 1998 Primary 24 23 22 20 11 EC World Bank. 2000. "Ecuador: Crisis, Poverty and Social Services" Report No. 19920- 1998 Ecuador 1998 Secondary 7 17 25 30 21 EC FYR Macedonia World Bank. 1999. "Formaer Yogoslav Republic of Macedonia: Focusing on the 1996 All 9 12 18 21 40 1996 Poor" Rwport No. 19411-MK FYR Macedonia World Bank. 1999. "Formaer Yogoslav Republic of Macedonia: Focusing on the 1996 primary 18 20 21 19 22 1996 Poor" Rwport No. 19411-MK Expenditure incidence Education 13 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile FYR Macedonia World Bank. 2000. "Making transition work for everyone: Poverty and inequality in 1996 Primary 25 14 1996 Europe and Central Asia". The World Bank. FYR Macedonia World Bank. 1999. "Formaer Yogoslav Republic of Macedonia: Focusing on the 1996 secondary 5 9 17 20 49 1996 Poor" Rwport No. 19411-MK FYR Macedonia World Bank. 2000. "Making transition work for everyone: Poverty and inequality in 1996 Secondary 13 22 1996 Europe and Central Asia". The World Bank. FYR Macedonia World Bank. 1999. "Formaer Yogoslav Republic of Macedonia: Focusing on the 1996 tertiary 6 9 15 12 58 1996 Poor" Rwport No. 19411-MK FYR Macedonia World Bank. 2000. "Making transition work for everyone: Poverty and inequality in 1996 Tertiary 7 46 1996 Europe and Central Asia". The World Bank. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Ghana 1992 All levels 16 21 21 21 21 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1992 Ghana 1992 All levels 16 21 21 21 21 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Ghana 1992 Primary 22 24 22 19 14 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Ghana 1992 Secondary 15 22 21 24 19 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Ghana 1992 Tertiary 6 10 19 20 45 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1994 Guinea 1994 All levels 5 7 11 32 44 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1994 Guinea 1994 All levels 9 13 21 30 27 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1994 Guinea 1994 Primary 11 16 21 31 21 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1994 Guinea 1994 Secondary 4 7 21 30 39 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1994 Guinea 1994 Tertiary 1 0 1 34 65 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1993 Guyana 1993 All levels 15 16 16 21 32 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. Expenditure incidence Education 14 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile 1989 Indonesia 1989 All levels 15 17 18 20 29 EdStats: http://www1.worldbank.org/education/edstats/ 1989 Indonesia 1989 Junior Secondary 7 14 19 26 34 EdStats: http://www1.worldbank.org/education/edstats/ 1989 Indonesia 1989 Primary 22 22 22 20 14 EdStats: http://www1.worldbank.org/education/edstats/ 1989 Indonesia 1989 Senior Secondary 3 6 11 24 56 EdStats: http://www1.worldbank.org/education/edstats/ 1989 Indonesia 1989 Tertiary 0 0 1 7 92 EdStats: http://www1.worldbank.org/education/edstats/ Lanjouw, Peter, Menno Pradhan, Fadia Saadah, Haneed Sayed, and Robert 1998 Indonesia 1998 Junior Secondary 16 20 22 22 21 Sparrow. 2001. "Poverty, Education, and Health in Indonesia: Who Benefits from Public Spending?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2739. Lanjouw, Peter, Menno Pradhan, Fadia Saadah, Haneed Sayed, and Robert 1998 Indonesia 1998 Primary 25 24 21 18 13 Sparrow. 2001. "Poverty, Education, and Health in Indonesia: Who Benefits from Public Spending?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2739. Lanjouw, Peter, Menno Pradhan, Fadia Saadah, Haneed Sayed, and Robert 1998 Indonesia 1998 Senior Secondary 10 14 19 24 34 Sparrow. 2001. "Poverty, Education, and Health in Indonesia: Who Benefits from Public Spending?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2739. Grosh, Margaret, 1994. "Administring Targeted Social Programs in Latin America: 1989 Jamaica 1989 Primary 24 22 22 19 13 From Platitudes to Practice," World Bank Regional and Sectoral Studies Grosh, Margaret, 1994. "Administring Targeted Social Programs in Latin America: 1989 Jamaica 1989 Secondary 21 21 21 21 16 From Platitudes to Practice," World Bank Regional and Sectoral Studies Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1992 Jamaica 1992 All levels 18 19 20 21 22 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. World Bank 1999 "Jamica Secondary Education: Improving Quality and Extending 1998 Jamaica 1998 All levels 22 22 21 20 15 Access Volume II" Report No. 19069-JM Early childhood World Bank 1999 "Jamica Secondary Education: Improving Quality and Extending 1998 Jamaica 1998 26 23 22 18 11 education Access Volume II" Report No. 19069-JM World Bank 1999 "Jamica Secondary Education: Improving Quality and Extending 1998 Jamaica 1998 Primary education 25 24 21 19 12 Access Volume II" Report No. 19069-JM Secondary World Bank 1999 "Jamica Secondary Education: Improving Quality and Extending 1998 Jamaica 1998 16 21 22 22 19 education Access Volume II" Report No. 19069-JM World Bank 1999 "Jamica Secondary Education: Improving Quality and Extending 1998 Jamaica 1998 Tertiary education 3 11 8 24 54 Access Volume II" Report No. 19069-JM Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1996 Kazakhstan 1996 All levels 8 16 23 27 26 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Kenya 1992 All levels 17 20 21 21 21 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Expenditure incidence Education 15 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Kenya 1992 Primary 22 23 21 19 15 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Kenya 1992 Secondary 7 14 24 25 30 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Kenya 1992 Tertiary 2 12 14 28 44 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1992 Kenya 1992/93 All levels 17 20 21 22 21 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. 2000 Kosovo 2000 All 9 12 18 21 40 World Bank. 2001. "Kosovo Poverty Assessment" Report No. 23390-KOS 2000 Kosovo 2000 primary 18 20 21 19 22 World Bank. 2001. "Kosovo Poverty Assessment" Report No. 23390-KOS 2000 Kosovo 2000 secondary 5 9 17 20 49 World Bank. 2001. "Kosovo Poverty Assessment" Report No. 23390-KOS 2000 Kosovo 2000 tertiary 6 9 15 12 58 World Bank. 2001. "Kosovo Poverty Assessment" Report No. 23390-KOS Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1993 Kyrgyz Rep 1993 All levels 14 17 18 24 27 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. World Bank. 2002. "Education and Training in Madagascar: Toward a policy agena 1993 Lao PDR 1993 All levels 12 34 for economic growth and poverty reduction" Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1993 Madagascar 1993 All levels 8 15 14 21 41 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1993 Madagascar 1993 Primary 17 25 21 23 14 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1993 Madagascar 1993 Secondary 2 12 15 29 41 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1993 Madagascar 1993 Tertiary 0 2 1 9 89 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government Madagascar 1993 All levels 8 15 14 21 41 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. 1993/94 DECRG, The World Bank. Al-Samarrai, Samer and Hassan Zaman. 2002. "The Changing Distribution of Public 1990 Malawi 1990/91 Primary 15 18 20 23 24 Education Expenditure in Malawi" Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 29. Expenditure incidence Education 16 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile Al-Samarrai, Samer and Hassan Zaman. 2002. "The Changing Distribution of Public Education Expenditure in Malawi" Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 29. 1990 Malawi 1990/91 Secondary 7 11 14 28 41 [Unlike 1997/98 from same source, these use national unit cost (not district unit costs) - 1997/98 allocation using national unit costs is 24,22,20,19,16] Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1994 Malawi 1994/95 All levels 16 19 20 20 25 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1995 Malawi 1995 All levels 16 19 20 20 25 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1995 Malawi 1995 Primary 20 23 21 20 16 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1995 Malawi 1995 Secondary 9 10 16 25 40 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1995 Malawi 1995 Tertiary 1 7 13 20 59 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Al-Samarrai, Samer and Hassan Zaman. 2002. "The Changing Distribution of Public 1997 Malawi 1997/98 Primary 25 23 19 18 14 Education Expenditure in Malawi" Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 29. Al-Samarrai, Samer and Hassan Zaman. 2002. "The Changing Distribution of Public 1997 Malawi 1997/98 Secondary 18 19 22 20 21 Education Expenditure in Malawi" Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 29. Derived from: Sahn, David; Stephen D. 1999. "Fiscal Incidence in Africa: Post-secondary 1995 Mauritania 1995/96 4 15 16 20 45 Microeconomic Evidence, Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program Working Paper education No. 91. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Derived from: Sahn, David; Stephen D. 1999. "Fiscal Incidence in Africa: 1995 Mauritania 1995/96 Primary education 11 24 23 23 19 Microeconomic Evidence, Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program Working Paper No. 91. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Derived from: Sahn, David; Stephen D. 1999. "Fiscal Incidence in Africa: Secondary 1995 Mauritania 1995/96 6 14 15 31 34 Microeconomic Evidence, Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program Working Paper education No. 91. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys; Salinas, Angel. 2000. "The Distribution of Mexico's Public 1996 Mexico 1996 All levels 19 18 20 22 21 Spending on Education" WB Policy Research Working Paper No. 2404 Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys; Salinas, Angel. 2000. "The Distribution of Mexico's Public 1996 Mexico 1996 Lower-Secondary 19 21 21 24 15 Spending on Education" WB Policy Research Working Paper No. 2404 Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys; Salinas, Angel. 2000. "The Distribution of Mexico's Public 1996 Mexico 1996 Primary 30 25 20 15 10 Spending on Education" WB Policy Research Working Paper No. 2404 Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys; Salinas, Angel. 2000. "The Distribution of Mexico's Public 1996 Mexico 1996 Tertiary 1 4 15 30 50 Spending on Education" WB Policy Research Working Paper No. 2404 Expenditure incidence Education 17 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys; Salinas, Angel. 2000. "The Distribution of Mexico's Public 1996 Mexico 1996 Upper-Secondary 5 15 28 27 25 Spending on Education" WB Policy Research Working Paper No. 2404 Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1991 Morocco 1991 All levels 15 17 20 25 23 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. Derived from Report No. 21506-MOR: Kingdom of Morocco Poverty Update Volume 1998 Morocco 1998/99 All levels 12 17 23 24 24 II: Annexes. 2001. The World Bank. Derived from Report No. 21506-MOR: Kingdom of Morocco Poverty Update Volume 1998 Morocco 1998/99 Higher 2 10 21 31 37 II: Annexes. 2001. The World Bank. Derived from Report No. 21506-MOR: Kingdom of Morocco Poverty Update Volume 1998 Morocco 1998/99 Primary (all) 17 20 23 21 18 II: Annexes. 2001. The World Bank. Derived from Report No. 21506-MOR: Kingdom of Morocco Poverty Update Volume 1998 Morocco 1998/99 Primary 1 21 22 23 19 14 II: Annexes. 2001. The World Bank. Derived from Report No. 21506-MOR: Kingdom of Morocco Poverty Update Volume 1998 Morocco 1998/99 Primary 2 10 17 24 25 25 II: Annexes. 2001. The World Bank. Derived from Report No. 21506-MOR: Kingdom of Morocco Poverty Update Volume 1998 Morocco 1998/99 Secondary 4 12 23 27 34 II: Annexes. 2001. The World Bank. Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1996 Nepal 1996 All levels 11 12 14 18 46 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. 1993 Nicaragua 1993 All 9 13 18 25 35 2001 Poverty Assessment Volume I: Report No. 20488-NI Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1993 Nicaragua 1993 All levels 9 12 16 24 40 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. 1993 Nicaragua 1993 Primary 16 21 22 22 19 World Bank. 2001. "nicaragua Poverty Assessment Volume II" Report No. 20488-NI 1993 Nicaragua 1993 Secondary 4 15 27 23 32 World Bank. 2001. "nicaragua Poverty Assessment Volume II" Report No. 20488-NI 1998 Nicaragua 1998 All 11 14 20 21 35 World Bank. 2001. "nicaragua Poverty Assessment Volume II" Report No. 20488-NI 1998 Nicaragua 1998 Primary 23 24 23 19 10 World Bank. 2001. "nicaragua Poverty Assessment Volume II" Report No. 20488-NI 1998 Nicaragua 1998 Secondary 6 15 24 30 25 World Bank. 2001. "nicaragua Poverty Assessment Volume II" Report No. 20488-NI Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1991 Pakistan 1991 All levels 14 17 19 21 29 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1997 Panama 1997 All levels 20 19 20 24 18 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. World Bank 2000 "Panama Poverty Assessment: Priorities and Strategies for 1997 Panama 1997 All levels 12 18 22 27 21 Poverty Reduction" Report No 20307. World Bank 2000 "Panama Poverty Assessment: Priorities and Strategies for 1997 Panama 1997 Higher Education 1 6 15 35 43 Poverty Reduction" Report No 20307. Expenditure incidence Education 18 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile World Bank 2000 "Panama Poverty Assessment: Priorities and Strategies for 1997 Panama 1997 Pre-primary 16 28 25 25 6 Poverty Reduction" Report No 20307. World Bank 2000 "Panama Poverty Assessment: Priorities and Strategies for 1997 Panama 1997 Primary 34 26 22 14 4 Poverty Reduction" Report No 20307. World Bank 2000 "Panama Poverty Assessment: Priorities and Strategies for 1997 Panama 1997 Secondary 9 24 28 28 11 Poverty Reduction" Report No 20307. Peru (Lima only) Grosh, Margaret, 1994. "Administring Targeted Social Programs in Latin America: 1990 Primary 15 28 25 20 12 1990 From Platitudes to Practice," World Bank Regional and Sectoral Studies Grosh, Margaret, 1994. "Administring Targeted Social Programs in Latin America: 1985 Peru 1985 Primary 26 26 18 14 16 From Platitudes to Practice," World Bank Regional and Sectoral Studies Grosh, Margaret, 1994. "Administring Targeted Social Programs in Latin America: 1985 Peru 1985 Secondary 11 19 23 25 22 From Platitudes to Practice," World Bank Regional and Sectoral Studies Peru 1990 (Lima Grosh, Margaret, 1994. "Administring Targeted Social Programs in Latin America: 1990 Secondary 12 27 26 22 12 only) From Platitudes to Practice," World Bank Regional and Sectoral Studies Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1994 Peru 1994 All levels 15 19 22 23 22 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1994 Romania 1994 All levels 22 21 21 20 17 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. World Bank. 2000. "Making transition work for everyone: Poverty and inequality in 1997 Romania 1997 Primary 21 10 Europe and Central Asia". The World Bank. World Bank. 2000. "Making transition work for everyone: Poverty and inequality in 1997 Romania 1997 Secondary 6 12 Europe and Central Asia". The World Bank. World Bank. 2000. "Making transition work for everyone: Poverty and inequality in 1997 Romania 1997 Tertiary 10 24 Europe and Central Asia". The World Bank. Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1993 South Africa 1993 All levels 21 19 17 20 23 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1994 South Africa 1994 All levels 14 15 16 20 35 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1994 South Africa 1994 Primary 19 18 17 19 28 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1994 South Africa 1994 Secondary 11 15 16 19 39 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Expenditure incidence Education 19 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1994 South Africa 1994 Tertiary 6 10 14 23 47 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) General Grades 1- Burnett, Nicholas with Rodica Cnobloch. 2003. "Public spending on education in the 1999 Tajikistan 1999 21 19 21 20 19 11 poorest CIS countries: The hidden crisis" Draft. Specialized Burnett, Nicholas with Rodica Cnobloch. 2003. "Public spending on education in the 1999 Tajikistan 1999 Secondary and 14 15 21 22 28 poorest CIS countries: The hidden crisis" Draft. Higher Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1993 Tanzania 1993 All levels 13 16 16 16 38 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1993 Tanzania 1993/94 All levels 14 16 16 16 37 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1993 Tanzania 1993/94 Primary 19 22 21 20 18 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1993 Tanzania 1993/94 Secondary 8 14 17 24 36 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1993 Tanzania 1993/94 Tertiary 0 0 0 0 100 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Uganda 1992/93 All levels 13 15 18 22 32 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Uganda 1992/93 Primary 19 21 21 20 18 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Uganda 1992/93 Secondary 4 10 16 22 49 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Castro-Leal, Florencia, Julia Dayton, Lionel Demery, and Kalpana Mehra. 1999. 1992 Uganda 1992/93 Tertiary 6 7 14 26 47 "Public Social Spending in Africa: Do the Poor Benefit?" World Bank Research Observer. 14(1) 49-72. (Q2-Q4 from EdStats) Grosh, Margaret, 1994. "Administring Targeted Social Programs in Latin America: 1989 Uruguay 1989 Primary 41 25 16 12 6 From Platitudes to Practice," World Bank Regional and Sectoral Studies Grosh, Margaret, 1994. "Administring Targeted Social Programs in Latin America: 1989 Uruguay 1989 Secondary 16 22 24 22 16 From Platitudes to Practice," World Bank Regional and Sectoral Studies Expenditure incidence Education 20 Poorest Quintile Quintile Quintile Richest Year Country Type Source quintile 2 3 4 quintile Bonilla-Chacin, Maria E.; Murrugarra, Edmundo; Temourov, Moukim. Nov 18 2002 2000 Uzbekistan All 16 20 20 21 24 "Health Care during Transition and Health Systems Reform: Evidence from the Poorest CIS Countries" Draft.CIS-7 Conference Li, Guo, Diane Steele, and Paul Glewwe, 1999. "Distribution of Government 1991 Vietnam 1991 All levels 12 16 17 19 35 Education Expenditures in Developeing Countries: Preliminary Estimates". Mimeo. DECRG, The World Bank. Nguyen, Nga Nguyet, 2002. "Trends in the Education Sector from 1993-1998" Policy 1993 Vietnam 1993 All levels 17 23 Research Working Paper Np. 2891 Nguyen, Nga Nguyet, 2002. "Trends in the Education Sector from 1993-1998" Policy 1993 Vietnam 1993 Lower-secondary 7 13 20 26 34 Research Working Paper Np. 2891 Nguyen, Nga Nguyet, 2002. "Trends in the Education Sector from 1993-1998" Policy 1993 Vietnam 1993 Primary 20 18 21 24 17 Research Working Paper Np. 2891 Nguyen, Nga Nguyet, 2002. "Trends in the Education Sector from 1993-1998" Policy 1993 Vietnam 1993 Upper Secondary 2 5 12 21 60 Research Working Paper Np. 2891 Nguyen, Nga Nguyet, 2002. "Trends in the Education Sector from 1993-1998" Policy 1998 Vietnam 1998 All levels 18 21 Research Working Paper Np. 2891 Nguyen, Nga Nguyet, 2002. "Trends in the Education Sector from 1993-1998" Policy 1998 Vietnam 1998 Lower-secondary 12 20 23 23 22 Research Working Paper Np. 2891 Nguyen, Nga Nguyet, 2002. "Trends in the Education Sector from 1993-1998" Policy 1998 Vietnam 1998 Primary 26 22 20 27 13 Research Working Paper Np. 2891 Nguyen, Nga Nguyet, 2002. "Trends in the Education Sector from 1993-1998" Policy 1998 Vietnam 1998 Upper Secondary 4 15 16 24 41 Research Working Paper Np. 2891 1998 Yemen 1998 All 19 18 20 21 22 World Bank 2002 "Republic of Yemen Poverty Update" Annex 7 Report No 24422 1998 Yemen 1998 Basic 21 20 21 20 18 World Bank 2002 "Republic of Yemen Poverty Update" Annex 7 Report No 24422 1998 Yemen 1998 Secondary 17 16 21 21 25 World Bank 2002 "Republic of Yemen Poverty Update" Annex 7 Report No 24422 1998 Yemen 1998 University 10 12 17 24 37 World Bank 2002 "Republic of Yemen Poverty Update" Annex 7 Report No 24422 1998 Yemen 1998 Vocational training 9 8 22 24 37 World Bank 2002 "Republic of Yemen Poverty Update" Annex 7 Report No 24422