Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program Annual Report 2017 Addressing the challenges of climate change and disaster risk for the poor and vulnerable Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program Addressing the challenges of climate change and disaster risk for the poor and vulnerable ANNUAL REPORT 2017 © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover photo: © World Bank. Cover design, layout, and editing: Nita Congress Contents 1 1. Introduction 3 Moving toward adaptive social 2.  protection in the Sahel 11 3.  Progress in FY17 37 4.  Plans for FY18 47 Results framework and target 5.  achievement 5 3 6.  Financial report 5 5 Appendixes A. Adaptive elements supported by the ASPP B. Results framework and monitoring C. Progress toward the results framework D. Gender map of ASPP activities iii 1 Introduction The Adaptive Social Protection Program (ASPP) aims to support the design and implementation of adaptive social protection programs and systems in the Sahel. Launched in 2014, the ASPP is supported by the U.K. Department for International Development (DFID) and the Wellspring Philanthropic Fund and managed by the World Bank. This report summarizes progress made during fiscal year (FY) 2017 (July 1, 2016, to June 30, 2017) and sets out the FY18 plan for the ASPP. Since its launch, the ASPP has made significant progress toward enabling access for poor and vulnerable people in the Sahel to adaptive and shock-responsive social protection. In five of the six Sahelian countries, governments have put in place national safety net systems that are providing support to poor and vulnerable households; Chad is currently establishing such a system. Funds from the ASPP are flowing to government-managed programs aimed at strengthening or expanding these national systems. In Mauritania, Niger and Senegal, as part of the national social protection systems, safety net programs have been used to respond to response to shocks. The ASPP has helped generate a robust evidence base to inform the design of national safety net programs; ongoing experiences provide further lessons to inform program evolution. For example, ASPP-funded activities are generating rigorous evidence on government initiatives to complement cash transfers, particularly those that aim to promote the productive activities of households. In addition, the ASPP has made significant efforts to promote learning and knowledge sharing across the region. The deployment of staff, which are funded by the ASPP, has further contributed to strengthening broad-based partnerships for the ASPP in the region. The advances made in the implementation of the ASPP are reflected in the progress that has been made toward the targets set out in the program’s results framework, with most indicators either having been met or on track to being met. Program expenditures to date, disbursed 1 2 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 from development partner contributions to the ASPP, total $16.7 million, up from $5.5 million in 2016. With recipient- and Bank-executed activities now fully under way, total expenditures are expected to reach $27.7 million by the end of FY18. The World Bank is currently exploring options to extend the ASPP to enable the Sahelian countries to solidify the gains that have been made in their national social protection systems and to extend these gains in ways that further enable poor and vulnerable households to build their resilience. As part of these efforts, the World Bank is exploring potential contributions from a number of bilateral partners, including the Agence Française de Développement and the German government, and strong coordination with complementary programming, such as that funded by the United States Agency for International Development. 2 Moving toward adaptive social protection in the Sahel 2.1  Why adaptive social protection in the Sahel? Sahelian countries are among the poorest and least developed in the world. Poverty in the Sahel ranges from 49.3 percent in Mali to 45.7 percent in Niger, 43.7 percent in Burkina Faso, 38.4 percent in Chad, 38.0 percent in Senegal, and 5.9 percent in Mauritania.1 The Sahelian countries all rank low on the Human Development Index; and their indicators for infant mortality, maternal mortality, nutritional levels, and health coverage are among the worst in the world. Most Sahel countries are landlocked, rely on a narrow natural resource base, and are particularly vulnerable to climate-related shocks including droughts and floods. These factors have resulted in rising rates of chronic poverty and food insecurity. The Sahel is particularly vulnerable to climate-related and other shocks, which have long-lasting negative consequences. Climate change is likely to cause more frequent and severe droughts and floods in the Sahel, particularly affecting pastoral and agro-pastoral areas. With more frequent natural disasters and intensified environmental degradation, people’s lives and livelihoods are increasingly at risk. Extreme events and other shocks have negative and long- lasting consequences for human development and poverty reduction in the Sahel. These shocks particularly affect the poorest and most vulnerable people, eroding human capital and forcing families to rely on a range of largely informal, suboptimal coping mechanisms such as high-interest borrowing, reductions in consumption, sale of household and productive assets, and withdrawal of children from school. Evidence increasingly shows that social protection systems and programs are effective tools to protect individuals and communities from shocks and equip them to improve their livelihoods. Adaptive social 1 World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/country. Poverty is calculated as living on less than $1.90/day, using purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates. Poverty data are for the most recent year available for each country. 3 4 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 protection is an integrated approach that can help address the challenges of adaptation, resilience building, and disaster and climate risk management for poor and vulnerable people. Adaptive social protection programs are flexible: they can protect poor households from climatic and other shocks before they occur, and can scale up support to respond to extreme events when they hit. Across the Sahel, countries are putting in place social protection programs and systems that aim to respond to chronic poverty, promote livelihoods, and protect households from shocks. In recent years, several countries in the Sahel have made significant progress in laying the foundation for adaptive social protection programs and systems by developing social protection strategies that emphasize the importance of investments within comprehensive systems. A recent study highlights the interest of Sahelian countries in extending social protection BOX 2.1  About the ASPP to the most vulnerable groups with the support of development partners—particularly to better The Sahel ASPP was launched in March 2014 to support protect populations against shocks and prevent the design and implementation of adaptive social pro- acute food crises.2 tection programs and systems in the Sahel. The ASPP is funded by a multidonor trust fund managed by the Social The Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Protection and Labor team of the World Bank, with sig- Program addresses key constraints and nificant collaboration from the World Bank’s Disaster vulnerabilities in the region. The ASPP Risk Management, Gender, Social Development, Disas- directly contributes to the World Bank’s global ter Risk Financing, Poverty, and Climate Change Global strategy of reducing absolute poverty and Practices/Cross-Cutting Solution Areas. DFID has com- promoting shared prosperity by expanding mitted to provide funding of £47 million over four years access to social assistance for the most (2014–18) to the program; the Wellspring Philanthropic vulnerable, enabling households to better Fund has provided $1.35 million to support the evalua- withstand future shocks and invest in human tion of productive accompanying measures, livelihoods, capital development, and developing sustainable and resilience, which aim to promote the adaption of systems that will enable these countries to households to climate change, and another $1.35 million provide cost-effective adaptive social protection in Burkina Faso. The World Bank is discussing a possible in the long term (box 2.1). The program also contribution to the ASPP with the Agence Française de builds on and supports the World Bank’s Africa Développement and the German government and the Strategy—specifically its pillar on vulnerability possibility of coordinating national program fund- and resilience—and is consistent with the recently ing to with the United States Agency for Inter- developed framework for the Sahel, the World Bank’s national Development. Africa Social Protection Strategy, and the individual World Bank country partnership strategies. 2 C. Cherrier, C. Watson, and J. Congrave, “Shock-Responsive Social Protection Systems Research: Case Study—Sahel” (Oxford, UK: Oxford Policy Management, 2016). Chapter 2  Moving toward adaptive social protection in the Sahel 5 The objective of the ASPP is to increase access to effective adaptive social protection systems for poor and vulnerable populations in the Sahel. The program seeks to achieve this objective through financing activities that will help develop adaptive social protection systems and programs to support individuals, households, and societies in building resilience, equity and opportunities. These activities are expected to contribute toward achieving long-term impact in helping poor and vulnerable people in six countries in the Sahel (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal) become capable of anticipating, absorbing, and recovering from climatic shocks and stresses. Figure 2.1 illustrates the ASPP theory of change.3 FIGURE 2.1  ASPP theory of change 10–15 YEARS POOR AND VULNERABLE PEOPLE IN SIX COUNTRIES IN THE SAHEL ARE IMPACT CAPABLE OF ANTICIPATING, ABSORBING, AND RECOVERING FROM CLI- MATIC SHOCKS AND STRESSES Household food security Diversity of household Asset protection nutrition intake income and savings 5–10 YEARS OUTCOME POOR AND VULNERABLE PEOPLE HAVE ACCESS TO ADAPTIVE AND SHOCK-RESPONSIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION Government invest- Flexible and scalable ment in adaptive social adaptive social protec- protection tion delivery National governments are Evidence and learning from Strengthened multilateral YEAR 4 OUTPUT able to design, implement, pilots and feasibility studies and regional approaches to and monitor and evaluate to inform existing social pro- building social resilience in adaptive social protection tection programs the Sahel programs and systems Technical Support to government pro- 1–4 YEARS Knowledge assistance grams (delivered through di- Regional activities and stra- INPUT activities and capaci- rect investment grants and tegic staff deployments ty building grants to complement IDA CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES: women and girls, climate change, conflict sensitivity, learning, coherence 3 For details on the ASPP theory of change, see DFID, “Business Case for Building Resilience in the Sahel through Adaptive Social Protection for Funding under the UK’s International Climate Fund (ICF)” (London: DFID, 2013).  6 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 2.2  How the program works The ASPP has made significant progress toward enabling access for poor and vulnerable people in the Sahel to adaptive and shock- responsive social protection. Across the six Sahelian countries, governments have put in place national safety net systems that are providing support to poor and vulnerable households, except for Chad, which is currently establishing this system. Funds from the ASPP are flowing to activities that are managed by governments to strengthen or expand these national systems. In Mauritania, Niger and Senegal, these programs have been used to scale-up in response to shocks. A robust evidence base has been created to inform the design of national safety net programs and is evolving to provide information and learning to inform the evolution of these programs. For example, activities are under way to generate rigorous evidence on activities that governments are providing to complement cash transfers, particularly those that aim to promote the productive activities of households. Significant efforts have been made to promote learning across the region and the deployment of staff has further contributed to strengthening broad-based partnership for the ASPP in the region. Appendix A describes the adaptive elements supported by the ASPP in each of the six countries. The ASPP objective is expected to be achieved through three outputs: (1) national governments that are able to design, implement, monitor, and evaluate adaptive social protection programs and systems; (2) evidence and learning from pilots and feasibility studies to inform adaptive social protection programs; and (3) strengthened multilateral and regional approaches to building resilience in the Sahel. The program has four main inputs to help achieve these outputs. These inputs—(1) knowledge activities, (2) technical assistance, (3) support to government programs, and (4) regional activities and strategic staff deployment— create evidence, experience, and learning on how social protection programs can be most effectively designed to enable poor and vulnerable households to anticipate, absorb, and recover from shocks. For example, the ASPP is building a knowledge base on productive activities that aim to move poor people out of poverty which is comparable across countries and underpinned by a rigorous multicountry impact evaluation. Technical assistance is helping governments strengthen the design and delivery of public works programs in a manner that builds resilience to shocks. Grants to governments are enabling the six countries to put in place adaptive safety net systems and build experience in providing cash transfers to poor and vulnerable households. Staff deployment in countries has enhanced technical support provided to governments. The inputs are delivered through a set of activities, as described in the following paragraphs. Chapter 2  Moving toward adaptive social protection in the Sahel 7 A range of research, knowledge, and learning activities support the overall ASPP objective. These knowledge activities help create evidence and learning on how social protection programs work in the Sahel. The evidence and learning created through the ASPP is a key input to enable national governments to design and implement sustainable adaptive social protection programs and systems. These activities are being supported through country-level World Bank– executed activities, regional programmatic activities, and the ASPP’s Innovation Window; these three aspects of the ASPP are described below. Technical assistance and capacity building are being provided through country-level Bank-managed activities. These activities support the design and establishment of adaptive social protection systems and programs by creating country-specific and operationally relevant research, knowledge, and lessons. Through this component, the ASPP supports technical assistance and capacity building aimed at improving the design, effectiveness, and sustainability of social protection policies and programs with adaptive elements. These activities are specifically tailored to each country’s context and needs and include the creation, documentation, and dissemination of vulnerability and poverty analyses, macroeconomic studies, system assessments, and labor market policies and employment opportunity assessments. Support is also provided for program design, feasibility studies, country-specific impact and process evaluations, targeting analysis, and other types of assessments of government social protection pilots and programs. Knowledge dissemination and South-South learning exchange activities are supported as well. Strengthening the delivery of adaptive social protection programs through national systems is central to the ASPP; to this end, grants are provided directly to governments. These recipient-executed activities fund the piloting and scaling-up of promising and innovative programs with the potential to institutionalize adaptive social protection systems in the countries of the Sahel. These programs have been designed based on careful assessment and analysis, supported through the country-level and regional work programs. These recipient-executed activities contribute to building institutions and procedures for setting up adaptive social protection systems, as well as create evidence and lessons from innovative programs that can help address the challenges of adaptation and climate risk management for the poor. Funding for government-managed projects complements and supports a large International Development Association (IDA) portfolio of approximately $270 million for social protection (table 2.1), and is an integral part of the larger Sahel initiative.4 In 4 In 2013, the World Bank Group launched a Sahel Initiative with a development pledge of $1.5 billion to help the region’s countries tackle political, food, climatic, and security 8 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 TABLE 2.1  ASPP and IDA-funded projects in the Sahel Number of Country Project name beneficiaries Cost (million $) Duration Implementing agency Burkina Social Safety 255,000 Total: 56 April 23, 2014– Ministère de la Femme, Faso Net Project ASPP: 6 August 31, 2020 de la Solidarité Natio- IDA: 50 nale et de la Famille Chad Chad Safety 15,200 Total: 10 September 1, 2016– Cellule de Filets So- Nets Project (households) ASPP: 5 December 30, 2020 ciaux IDA: 5 Mali Emergency 450,000 Total: 80 April 30, 2013– Unité Technique de Safety Nets ASPP: 10 December 31, 2019 Gestion des Filets So- Project IDA: 70 ciaux au Mali Mauritania Mauritania 25,000 Total: 29 May 14, 2015– Agence Tadamoun Social Safety (households) ASPP: 4 June 30, 2020 Net System IDA: 15 Government: 10 Niger Niger Safety 126,500 Total: 101 May 19, 2011– Cellule Filets Sociaux, Net Project (households) ASPP: 8.5; June 30, 2019 Cabinet du Premier IDA: 92.5 Ministre Senegal Senegal Safety 759,000 Total: 51.55 April 29, 2014– Délégation Général à Net Operation ASPP: 11.05 June 30, 2019 la Protection Sociale et IDA: 40.50 la Solidarité Nationale Government (out- side project): 138 for 2014–17 Mauritania and Senegal, the governments also finance adaptive social protection activities (Mauritania contributes $10 million to the ASPP/IDA project, Senegal has spent an estimated $138 million between 2014 and 2017, and a planned $55 million each year in future years), and the share of their contributions is expected to increase as programs are mainstreamed in government activities. The ASPP regional component supports a regional vision for knowledge generation and coordination. The component covers analyses of poverty, climate change risk assessment, gender, scalability and disaster risk management, sources of vulnerability, prices and markets, nutrition, and institutional capacity and coordination. Support is provided to advise, coordinate, and summarize impact evaluations, process evaluations, and targeting analysis, generating country-level as well as regionally applicable knowledge products. vulnerabilities through a regionally coordinated approach to build resilience and promote economic opportunity for families and communities. Chapter 2  Moving toward adaptive social protection in the Sahel 9 Innovation Window activities have a strategic focus on testing new and innovative approaches to adaptive social protection. Specific activities to be funded have been identified and selected through a careful competitive process. Activities covering productive inclusion, which aims to promote the livelihoods of the poorest people; forecast base financing, which aims to introduce the use of objective “triggers” to inform a response to shocks, and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) innovations in Niger will inform the overall regional knowledge agenda as well as provide important support to in-country activities.  The ASPP also supports strategic staff deployments to coordinate, support, and work closely with national, multilateral, and regional institutions. The aim of these deployments is to build adaptive components into programs and systems. Improved coordination and support, and enhanced knowledge on what works for different partners, will strengthen multilateral and regional approaches in building social resilience in the Sahel. By design, adaptive social protection requires strong collaboration across sector and institutions. Given the cross-sectoral nature of the adaptive social protection agenda, the ASPP relies on strong collaboration across World Bank global practices. To effectively deliver the ASPP, the Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice is working collaboratively with colleagues from other sectors, including disaster risk management, disaster risk finance, gender, health, climate change, and water. These collaborations extend beyond the World Bank, and include partnerships with the World Food Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO) department, among other developmental and humanitarian organizations. To support such collaboration and disseminate information, presentations on ASPP-funded activities have been made at a range of international, regional, and national forums and conferences. 3 Progress in FY17 The ASPP has made significant progress and is on track to meet its targets. Now in its third year, the ASPP has evolved from an initial focus on technical assistance to governments to support of government-managed projects, which are now ongoing in all six supported countries. Box 3.1 summarizes the progress that has been made since ASPP launch in 2014. This progress can be quantitatively and qualitatively tracked against the program’s results framework, with most indicators either having been met or on track to being met. Of the 11 output indicators, the targets for 5 were exceeded in FY17; 4 were met; and 2 were not met. FY17 progress against targets for the four outcome indicators resulted in two having been exceeded, and two having been met. And the FY17 target for one of the two impact indicators has been exceeded, with the target for the other not met. Section 5 includes a detailed assessment of progress for each indicator. Appendix B includes the results framework, and appendix C includes additional information for select indicators. ASPP grant allocations and disbursements increased during FY17. Total contributions to the ASPP amount to $65.8 million, based on current exchange rates. Of this amount, $16.7 million has been disbursed by the development partners to the multidonor trust fund. All recipient-executed and World Bank– executed activities are under way; thus, total expenditures are anticipated to reach $27.7 million by the end of FY18. Section 6 discusses the financial aspects of the ASPP in more detail. The rest of this section provides a detailed overview of the progress that has been made by the ASPP during FY17. In the following subsections, it reports on the range of activities that have been carried out through recipient- managed activities, country-level Bank-managed activities (subsection 3.1), regional-level activities (subsection 3.2), the Innovation Window (subsection 3.3), and strategic staff deployment (subsection 3.4). 11 12 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 BOX 3.1  Summary of ASPP progress 3.1  Country program activities ●● The ASPP was initiated in September 2014, after the completion of the inception phase which led to the During the third year of the ASPP, implementation approval of the first work program by the Operations of recipient-executed activities strengthened, Committee and the Consultative Group. and activities are now under way in all six countries. Bank-executed activities included ●● During its first year of implementation (FY15), the the completion of analytical products and the World Bank task teams finalized and began imple- launch of new ones. This subsection summarizes mentation of the Bank-executed work program. progress made in FY17 by each country. Preparation of recipient-executed programs began, with recipient-executed activities for Mauritania Burkina Faso ($8 million).1 Recipient- approved in May 2015. executed activities involve additional financing of the existing safety nets project, with the ●● During its second year, the program advanced in its aim of ensuring that the country’s safety net implementation of both country-level and regional system can be rapidly scaled up to respond programmatic activities, and launched the Innovation to crises and can foster the resilience of the Window. Country-specific research and knowledge poorest households. Bank-executed activities activities were initiated, and some products were include vulnerability analysis and risk mapping, completed. The country work programs focused on assessments and technical assistance for advancing the design and implementation of recipi- strengthening institutions and systems for ent-executed activities. Regional programmatic activ- managing adaptive social protection programs, ities begun during the first year continued, and the as well as studies on strengthening social work program focused on identification of new activ- protection programs for resilience. ities. The Innovation Window was launched through a competitive process. Recipient-executed activities were approved ●● During the ASPP’s third year (FY17, which is covered by the World Bank Executive Directors in by this report), important progress was achieved in December 2017 and became effective in April the implementation of recipient-executed activities, 2017. ASPP funding is enabling scale-up of which are now under way in all six countries. Initia- Burkina Faso’s existing cash transfer program tives carried out in the previous two years—partic- covering chronically poor households in the ularly through the Bank-executed activities and the country’s north, east, and central east regions regional programmatic activities—laid the ground- to reach an additional 6,000 households in two work for building adaptive social protection northern provinces. Box 3.2 describes some systems in the Sahel. Activities under the early evidence of progress under the project. Innovation Window have advanced. Enumerators will be recruited shortly to conduct 1 The country amounts cited throughout this subsection refer to total funding by country and include both recipient- and Bank-executed activities. Chapter 3  Progress in FY17 13 the proxy means test survey, which is the next step in the targeting process.2 A pilot initiative, BOX 3.2  Burkina Faso Social Safety Net which aims to use the cash transfer program as Project a response mechanism to address vulnerability The project increases the access of poor and vulnerable and shocks and will reach 5,000 households in households to safety nets and lays the foundation for an the Boulkiemdé Province, is under preparation. In adaptive safety net system. It currently covers 80,000 preparation for this pilot, a study was conducted people with cash transfers and awareness programs by members of the Ministry of Agriculture’s Early on health, nutrition, women’s empowerment, and early Warning System team to define a methodology childhood development. A climate-responsive transfer for selecting villages vulnerable to food for 30,000 people has been added in FY18. The project insecurity. The methodology for household- aims at covering 225,000 people by 2020, and a further level targeting was defined as a combination expansion has been requested by the government. of self-targeting, community validation, and proxy means testing; it is currently under Beneficiary and local community feedback suggests the implementation. The pilot will include three project is making progress toward its objectives: transfers a year over two years. The amount of ●● “Households no longer have to sell their food reserve the transfer will be CFAF 20,000 ($36.6), with to finance kids’ school equipment. Before, some payments slated to begin in September 2017 women found it hard to buy as much as a pen; now to support vulnerable households during the that is no longer a worry for us.” lean season. A package of productive activities designed to strengthen the resilience and ●● “The project has in fact increased understanding in economic activities of 5,000 poor households is households.   One husband who was going to take being finalized. Dialogue has progressed on the over the entire transfer after his wife had been paid establishment of a social registry. A committee turned around and agreed to buy some sheep jointly comprising representatives of multiple ministries with her—three actually—which they are now manag- and donors has been formed, and meetings and ing together.” workshops have been held with the objective of harmonizing data collection tools and designing ●● “Women did not know they could just take the a road map for the establishment of a national initiative and declare the birth of a child; they social registry. Dialogue related to coordination would wait for their husband. Now they of social protection programs through the social know.” registry has progressed substantially, bringing together a variety of stakeholders, including government, donors, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Bank-executed activities are being implemented as planned. Several have been finalized, including a study on a possible update of the proxy means test formula and an analysis of alternative quantitative targeting approaches for reaching poor and vulnerable households, a feasibility study on activities for building 2 Under the safety net project, the cash transfer is CFAF 30,000 ($53) for households with 5 children and CFAF 40,000 ($71) for households with more than five children. 14 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 poor households’ resilience and productivity, and technical assistance to begin linking data from the country’s existing early warning system to define trigger mechanisms for the recipient-executed shock-responsive pilot. Other activities are ongoing, including a comparative study of proxy means testing and household economy analysis, technical assistance and dialogue related to the establishment of a national social registry, and a social safety net assessment. Chad ($5 million). Recipient-executed activities involve piloting cash transfers and cash-for-work interventions to poor people and laying the foundations for an adaptive safety net system. The new institutional and implementation arrangements will help establish a coherent safety net system in Chad that, when fully established, will be able to adapt and scale up to respond to changing needs. The Bank-executed program in Chad primarily entails a vulnerability assessment, a safety assessment, and support to implementation of a pilot project introducing adaptive social protection to the country. During FY17, recipient-executed activities focused on the creation of a social safety nets unit, Cellule Filets Sociaux (CFS), which now has its core nine team members in place. The CFS is an independent government unit attached to the Ministry of Economics and Development Planning, and serves as the project implementation unit for the cash transfer and cash-for-work projects supported by the ASPP. Table 3.1 provides a basic overview of the project. Disbursement conditions were met on July 26, 2017, and disbursements began in early August. Three municipalities in N’Djamena were selected for the cash-for-work pilot project; the list of beneficiaries is currently being developed. All project TABLE 3.1  Safety net project in Chad: overview Name Projet Pilote de Filets Sociaux Total budget $10 million Cash transfer beneficiaries Number of Logone Occidental region: 4,650 households beneficiaries and Bahr el Gazal: 1,550 households geographic targeting Cash-for-work beneficiaries N’Djamena: 9,000 individuals Cash transfer: CFAF 15,000 ($26) per month per beneficiary for 3 years Safety net transfers Cash for work: CFAF 1,200 ($2) per day for 80 days (one cycle) per beneficiary Frequency of Quarterly for cash transfer program payments Every 20 days for cash-for-work program Cash through a payment agency for cash transfers; proposed that payments be made Payment modalities through local banks to be cashed with a beneficiary card at ATMs Chapter 3  Progress in FY17 15 geographical areas for the cash transfer program have been selected based on a BOX 3.3  Building a management geographical poverty study. Data were collected information system in Chad on over 23,000 vulnerable households in the Technical assistance to develop a management infor- two cash transfer beneficiary regions to inform mation system (MIS) for the cash transfer and cash-for- project design and beneficiary selection; the list work project as well as the social registry is ongoing. of beneficiaries has been developed. A workshop on MIS was carried out to discuss exam- ples from countries that have put an MIS in place. The Bank-executed activities provided technical workshop was followed by detailed discussions between assistance related to implementation of technicians supporting the Chad project and technicians the safety net pilot—specifically, a poverty from other agencies. After studying various options, study that informed the project’s geographic Chad opted to use the source code, which specifies the targeting. Technical assistance was provided for actions of the MIS, of Mauritania’s information system development of a social registry. A harmonized for its cash transfer project; this will result in signif- questionnaire to serve as the key data collection icant reductions of cost and time, and will allow tool to feed into the social registry was developed in for capitalizing on Mauritania’s experience. coordination with the government and over 10 NGOs. Bank-executed activities also included technical assistance to develop an information system to serve the cash transfer and cash-for-work project as well as the ongoing social registry (box 3.3). Mali ($11.25 million). Recipient-executed activities provide additional financing to the country’s existing cash transfer program, with the aim of further strengthening its current social safety net system by making it more adaptable, as well as increasing the resilience of poor and vulnerable households. Bank- executed activities include improving the geographic information system (GIS) by consolidating local statistics on poverty, vulnerability, climate change, disaster, and human capital; and supporting the development of a national social protection strategy as well as the design and implementation of adaptive social protection tools. Mali recipient-executed activities have focused on implementation of labor- intensive public works and income-generating activities to complement and expand the ongoing safety net project (table 3.2). Geographic targeting of the 40 beneficiary districts for the labor-intensive public works has been completed, and workshops were held in the selected regions to communicate microproject selection criteria and procedures. This component will be implemented in FY18. Targeting of 20 communes for the income-generating activities was finalized. Selection of beneficiaries is ongoing, as is the study of markets for potential income-generating activities for each area. In total, 10,000 people will benefit from income-generating activities. 16 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 TABLE 3.2  Safety net project in Mali: overview Name The Emergency Safety Nets Project (Jigisemejiri) Total budget $71 million from IDA ($70 million) and government ($1.0 million); ASPP funding: $10 million National in scope IDA-funded project: 62,000 households Number of ASPP-funded activities under the project: beneficiaries and geographic targeting • 20,000 individuals: labor-intensive public works • 3,000 households: Cash transfer • 10,000 individuals: income-generating activities Cash transfers: CFAF 10,000 ($17) per household per month Frequency of Labor-intensive public works: CFAF 1,500 ($2.50) per day per person or household payments Income-generating activities: CFAF 120,000 ($200) per household Bank-executed activities have focused on the GIS, sectoral policy dialogue, social registry, public works and income-generating activities, as well as targeting. The activities for the GIS included a study to provide the spatial representation of monetary and non-income poverty, the level of human capital development, malnutrition indicators, access and quality of basic services (infrastructure of education services and health), rainfall indexes, indicators of the early warning system, and soil quality and other indicators of the Agence de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (AEDD). In terms of policy dialogue, the National Social Protection Policy (2016–2018) was launched, and a second conference on social protection was held in October 2016. This workshop offered the government a platform to discuss its new social protection policy in depth. Technical assistance to the government led to the creation of the Conseil National d’Orientation Stratégique de la Protection Sociale CNOS/PS (National Council for Strategic Orientation of Social Protection) in 2016 for better coordination of actors and interventions in the social protection sector. Technical assistance to the government has also supported formalization of two committees for the social registry—a steering committee and a technical committee. A task force was set up, led by the Ministry of Solidarity and Humanitarian Actions, to discuss a strategy for scaling up safety net programs in case of shocks. Members of the task force include ministries and government agencies involved in climate change and disaster risk management, along with humanitarian development partners and NGOs. Regarding targeting, a study to compare household economy analysis with proxy means testing, cofinanced by the European Commission’s ECHO, was launched and a preliminary report describing the sample of households was issued. Mauritania ($5.25 million). Recipient-executed activities focus on supporting the establishment of key building blocks of the national social safety net system, Chapter 3  Progress in FY17 17 including a national registry of poor and vulnerable households, a management information system (MIS) which can be adapted and adopted by other permanent and temporary programs, and a functional coordination mechanism with the disaster response mechanism system. The key elements of the Bank-executed program include vulnerability analysis, adaptation of the early warning system to trigger social protection responses to crises, and defining mechanisms and measures to respond to shocks and promote resilience. Under the recipient-executed activities, the main components of the Mauritanian safety net system were set up in FY17: the social registry completed the first household round of data collection in September 2016, and the first national safety net payment was made in December 2016/January 2017. The government started to roll out these components throughout the country. In line with the road map adopted in September 2016 to define shock-responsive safety net program modalities of the social protection system, principles and modalities for implementing the program were defined during the first quarter of 2017. Stakeholder analysis identified the Commissariat for Food Security (Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire, CSA) as the most relevant actor to host and implement the program. In March 2017, a workshop was held to design the program, bringing together various actors involved in social protection and response to shocks—i.e., the World Food Programme, Oxfam, the National Safety Net Program (Tekavoul), the Food Security Observatory, and the CSA Emergency Relief Department. Based on the outcomes of a regional workshop on productive activities, the design of the Tekavoul program’s productive activities package has been defined. The program has recruited a new team member who will be responsible for the productive activities. The package and implementing approach have been defined. Operational manuals have been drafted with the support of the regional team (see discussion in section 3.2) and are currently being adapted to the Mauritanian context. The government has decided to work with an NGO to implement most of the activities; the cash component will be done through the Tekavoul payment service provider. Bank-executed activities have actively supported discussion with the government through the systemic approach of adaptive social protection. Design of the shock-responsive program (to be implemented by the CSA) and the productive accompanying measures (to be implemented by the Tadamoun agency) were largely based on analyses supported by Bank-executed activities. In addition, the Bank-executed program has supported a series of activities aimed at better understanding how to position the social registry for its role in adaptive safety nets, and more generally to design the national social safety net system and national emergency response system. Most of those analyses were carried 18 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 out through participative processes, including with government and other relevant stakeholders. Notably, engagement with the World Food Programme has been intensified, allowing for a coordinated approach. Technical assistance also enabled enhanced coordination and discussion between government and emergency actors. Niger ($11 million). The recipient-executed program includes support for additional financing to the original safety net project (table 3.3) with a special focus on coordination and effective response of safety net interventions to crisis, and implementation of measures to strengthen the impact of the project on resilience of the poorest households. The key elements of the Bank-executed program include improving diagnosis on vulnerability, developing new tools and instruments for resilience, as well as impact evaluations and targeting assessments. Several activities were undertaken under the recipient-executed program focusing on the social registry, the payment system, the cash transfer component, and the cash-for-work component. Regarding the social registry, the working group formed in 2016 agreed on a harmonized questionnaire with a minimum set of variables required to implement both the household economic analysis approach and proxy means test targeting methodologies. This questionnaire, which would be the basis of registry implementation, was tested by the safety net project on more than 100,000 households. A clear road map and detailed action plan were provided for implementation of the social registry over the next two years. To facilitate identification and payment of beneficiaries in a timely manner, a smart card payment system was developed and field tested in a village in 2016. An emergency cash transfer was first tested in Diffa region (see box 3.4). The additional financing to the cash transfer project is to be extended to new regions including Agadez, Diffa and Niamey. A total of 8,521 households—including 2,381 households in Agadez, 3,872 households in Diffa, and 2,268 households in Agadez—were registered into the project. The first transfer to beneficiaries was made in June 2017. To enhance the monitoring and evaluation of the cash-for- TABLE 3.3  Safety net project in Niger: overview Name Projet Filets Sociaux Adaptatifs Total budget Total: $101 million; IDA: $92.5 million; ASPP: $8.5 million Number of Overall target: 140,000 households beneficiaries and Ongoing beneficiaries: 50,000 households geographic targeting Cash transfer: $20 per household per month Safety net transfers Cash for work: $2.50 per person per day for 60 days/year paid biweekly Chapter 3  Progress in FY17 19 work activities at the national level and facilitate implementation of the productive accompanying BOX 3.4  Responding to shocks through measures, the team supported geo-referencing safety nets in Niger of all cash-for-work worksites; this will enable the A shock-responsive safety net system was set up under government to provide an overview of all such the ASPP and successfully tested in the Diffa region of worksites supported by a range of development Niger, which is highly impacted by the attacks from Boko partners. Haram. The region is under pressure from both the ref- ugees and returnees from northern Nigeria and inter- Two studies were undertaken as part of nal displaced population fleeing insecurity due to the the Bank-executed activities, one related to Boko Haram attacks. By August 2017, 2,456 households opportunities to strengthen the sustainability received the emergency cash transfer in Diffa response. of cash-for-work interventions, and the second The distribution of beneficiaries is as follows: 54 percent on productive livelihood opportunities. The for internally displaced people, 37 percent for the host preliminary results of this latter study were populations, and 9 percent for returnees. This activity was used to design the productive accompanying highly appreciated by the government who requested measures to be implemented under the recipient- for an extension of the emergency cash to the region executed activities. Several evaluations are of Agadez with a new wave of 2,500 additional ongoing, including a targeting study on the cash households in the coming fiscal year. transfer component, an impact evaluation on the cash-for-work component, a study that aims to assess the impact of cash transfers on food item prices and availability at the village level, and a study on risk financing tools. In addition, the Disaster BOX 3.5  Multidimensional response to Risk Financing and Social Protection and Jobs poverty in Niger Global Practices of the World Bank organized To tackle the multidimensional aspects of poverty, vul- a joint workshop in March 2017 to discuss with nerability, and human development, the Niger safety net government counterparts information available project developed strong synergies with other World at the national level on disaster risk and risk Bank–funded projects, including (1) the health and pop- financing tools. Other workshops were organized ulation project, which supports the expansion of activi- on adaptive social protection: in November 2016, ties that aim to promote parenting practices conducive the World Bank organized both governmental to positive early childhood development and provides and parliamentary workshops on adaptive scholarships to girls in the poorest households to improve social protection and the challenges of social their school attendance and reduce early marriage; (2) the protection in Niger; in June 2017, a two-day WASH team, which operates a pilot project on the use of workshop on Building Resilience: Managing chlorine at the village level to improve water quality and Climate Risks through Sustainable and Effective seeks, on the supply side, to complement efforts con- Systems was held. The objective of the latter ducted on hygiene and nutrition to achieve more impact workshop was to initiate a process to support at the beneficiary level; and (3) the Climate Smart Agri- the government in building a more effective and culture Project, which aims to ensure that the poorest comprehensive system for financing and delivering households with access to land could also access assistance to vulnerable populations through social improved seeds to improve their productivity. protection in the face of a shock or disaster. The 20 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 workshop brought together key actors in Niger to foster a common understanding of the elements of an improved system and the role of each stakeholder (see discussion in section 3.3 on forecast-based financing for more information). In addition, in order to tackle the multidimensional aspects of poverty, the World Bank social protection team has facilitated synergies with World Bank-funded projects from other sectors (box 3.5). Senegal ($13 million). Recipient-executed activities aim to scale up the existing safety nets project and strengthen the foundations established for the social protection system through a national registry and a national conditional cash transfer program reaching all localities, while introducing adaptive elements in the social protection system to make poor households more resilient to shocks. The objective of the Bank-executed activities is to contribute to the development of mechanisms that can make Senegal’s safety net system more adaptive, efficient, and responsive to strengthen the ability of poor and vulnerable households to respond to shocks and build their resilience. Implementation of the recipient-executed activities is progressing well. For the response to shocks, two pilot programs will be implemented in 2017 to respond to lack of rain (and its impact on food security) and to flooding or fire (and their impact on household assets). These programs will be implemented by government entities responsible for crisis response. Productive activities are under preparation: localities for implementation have been selected and the design of the impact evaluation finalized. Operational documents and arrangements are also being finalized. Progress on implementation of Bank-executed activities in Senegal is satisfactory. Major activities have been completed under the four pillars, and the remaining activities have been initiated. Major outputs completed during FY17 include a study on vulnerability with the Poverty Global Practice of the World Bank and a comparative study of alternative targeting mechanisms, undertaken with a large consortium of NGOs; data collection to input into an analysis of financing of shock-responsive safety nets; analysis of constraints for productive inclusion of the poorest people and the design of a productive program for vulnerable households; launch of the impact evaluation of the conditional cash transfer program; design of shock-responsive programs; and a comprehensive public expenditure review. 3.2  Regional programmatic activities As discussed above, the ASPP regional component supports several activities that support knowledge generation and provide advice to and coordination Chapter 3  Progress in FY17 21 among the country-level activities. These regional activities cover: analysis of poverty, vulnerability, and resilience; climate change and disaster risk assessments; scalability and financing of social protection programs; prices and market analysis; gender analysis; analysis for and piloting of nutrition-sensitive activities; and institutional capacity support and coordination. Support is also provided to advise, coordinate, and summarize impact evaluations and process evaluations; and, beneficiary identification and selection analysis, thereby generating country-level as well as regionally applicable knowledge products. During this fiscal year, progress continued to be made across the full range of activities, as summarized in the following paragraphs. Impact evaluation The ASPP is providing support and advice to country teams on impact evaluations and expanding the portfolio of impact evaluations in strategic areas where additional evidence on elements of adaptive social protection systems is needed. Impact evaluations are at different stages in the various countries, partly reflecting country program maturity. These ASPP-supported impact evaluations aim to contribute to building the knowledge base in the region on the effectiveness of adaptive social protection program components in improving resilience, risk coping, and risk management (box 3.6). Multicountry impact evaluation. Progress was made in setting up and launching an ambitious multicountry impact evaluation on the effectiveness of productive accompanying measures delivered to cash transfer beneficiaries to improve their earnings and resilience. This activity is closely linked to the Innovation Window initiative on livelihoods and employment (see discussion in section 3.3 for additional information on operational support and technical assistance). The main activities undertaken on this multicountry effort in FY17 are as follows. ●● A diagnostic phase was completed to identify the core binding constraints for household productivity and resilience, compile international evidence on effective interventions to address priority constraints, and consult on country- level experiences and promising interventions. ●● A five-day design and impact evaluation workshop took place in October 2016 in Dakar, with representatives of each client country, along with various partners and leading academics. The workshop resulted in the identification of priority impact evaluation questions to be addressed through the multicountry study. 22 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 ●● The regional team facilitated consolidation of a regional impact evaluation design and its adaptation to the various country contexts. ●● Baseline data collection was completed in Niger. Piloting and preparation for the baseline is under way in Mauritania and Senegal, and planning for baseline data collection is under way in Burkina Faso. Baseline data collection is expected to take place in these three countries by December 2017, with follow- up data collection planned 18 months later. As noted in the introductory section of this report, the innovative nature of the multicountry impact evaluation led to the Wellspring Philanthropic BOX 3.6  Impact evaluations: seeking answers to strategic policy questions Fund in deciding to contribute $1.35 million to in the Sahel the ASPP to support the evaluation’s productive accompanying measures, livelihoods, and The impact evaluations supported by the ASPP seek to resilience aspect. In addition, a collaboration with address the following priority policy questions: Innovations for Policy Action (IPA) for research 1. What is the effectiveness of core social protection support and scientific oversight of the evaluation interventions such as cash transfers and public works was put in place. in improving welfare, productivity, and resilience? Information on the ongoing work on the 2. How can accompanying measures to core social pro- multicountry evaluation was disseminated at tection interventions be designed so as to maximize various events, including a seminar chaired social protection system impacts in improving wel- by the senior director of the Social Protection fare, productivity, and resilience? and Labor Global Practice of the World Bank in December 2016, as well as events of the ●● What is the effectiveness of productive accom- Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) panying measures aimed at raising earnings and Graduation Community of Practice. productivity, and diversifying livelihoods? The following paragraphs outline progress at the ●● What is the effectiveness of behavioral accompa- country level on impact evaluation. nying measures aimed at improving food security, nutrition, and child development? Burkina Faso. An impact evaluation of cash transfers and accompanying measures is at the 3. What is the effectiveness of complementary inter- baseline stage, with baseline data collection ventions that can either be linked to social protec- under way. The evaluation will assess the tion systems or delivered through social protection impact of a conditional cash transfer program programs? and home visits that reinforce psycho-social child development on a broad range of early 4. Are there any spillovers from social protection childhood development outcomes as well as on programs on local public goods, the local envi- poverty and resilience indicators (such as household ronment, and/or community resilience? food and nonfood consumption, accumulation of Chapter 3  Progress in FY17 23 productive assets, and use of education and health services). The randomized impact evaluation will compare different approaches in which beneficiaries will receive different benefits: 1) cash transfers only; 2) home visits only focused on health nutrition and psycho-social child development; 3) cash transfers plus home visits reinforcing health nutrition practices; 4) cash transfers plus home visits reinforcing psycho-social child development; 5) no benefits at all. A planned Innovation Window activity evaluating a cash-for-works program in Burkina Faso was ultimately not launched, as program implementation was too advanced to allow for integration of impact evaluation design; also, resource constraints led to prioritization of the productive accompanying measures work. Chad. Preliminary discussions on impact evaluation activities have taken place, but it was agreed that for now the country will focus on ASPP implementation, and would consider possible integration into the multicountry study on productive accompanying measures in FY18. Mali. An ongoing impact evaluation of cash transfers and accompanying measures is at the follow-up stage. The objective of the evaluation is to test the relative effectiveness of different interventions (cash transfers plus nutrition supplementation, cash transfers plus accompanying measures, cash transfers plus accompanying measures plus nutrition supplementation). The impact evaluation is being conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). In FY17, follow-up data were collected, and analysis is under way, with a report expected by October 2017. An additional round of data collection will take place in FY18. Mauritania. An experimental impact evaluation of the effectiveness of cash transfers was designed in FY17. This component was integrated into the study design for productive accompanying measures. Instruments are being finalized, and baseline data collection is planned for early FY18. Niger. Dissemination of the impact evaluations on the cash transfer program continued. A working paper was issued for the long-term impact evaluation of the effectiveness of the Niger Safety Nets pilot. A summary paper on the short- term impact evaluation of the value added of accompanying measures to the cash transfer program on parenting practices and children’s human capital was published, supplementing the policy report.3 An impact evaluation of the 3 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/402771474989456640/pdf/WPS7839.pdf; https://bernardvanleer.org/app/uploads/2017/06/ECM17_12_Niger_Barry.pdf. The study is also featured on the ScalingUp Nutrition website (http://scalingupnutrition.org/news/ mechanisms-to-improve-resilience-are-included-in-a-new-adaptive-social-protection- system-in-niger/ ) and in a forthcoming policy note from the World Bank’s Human 24 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 effectiveness of strategies to ensure cash-for-work sustainability has been designed and baseline data collected. As part of the study design, all cash-for- work sites were geo-referenced. Preliminary results have been discussed with counterparts, and a report is under preparation based on these data. A midline survey for a randomized prospective targeting assessment was conducted, and results from the study presented both in Niger and at the World Bank. The report is being finalized. Complementary analysis on gender and prices is also under way. Senegal. A quasi-experimental impact evaluation of the effectiveness of the country’s cash transfer program has been designed, and baseline data were collected in FY17. The study will focus on assessing cash transfer impacts on household welfare, as well as health and education behaviors. A baseline report is available. Beneficiary identification, selection, and registration The main objective of this activity is to improve targeting mechanisms for poor and vulnerable households in the region and thus contribute to the targeting strategy of the ASPP countries. To this end, this activity focuses on key data constraints and knowledge gaps to improve geographic-level targeting, key data constraints and knowledge gaps to improve household-level targeting, and generation and dissemination of knowledge products. Several targeting studies have been conducted or are under way, as detailed below. Burkina Faso. A number of studies are ongoing or have been completed to support improved understanding of targeting in the country. In addition, technical assistance aims to improve processes for and data on registration of people into the safety net. A summary of these activities follows. ●● Paper on alternative quantitative targeting methods. This report updates the proxy means testing and an analysis of alternative quantitative targeting approaches for reaching the poor and vulnerable. It was completed in November 2016 and the results disseminated in March 2017. ●● Comparative evaluation of proxy means testing and household economy analysis targeting. This evaluation is ongoing, and will be completed in late 2017. Data collection related to the baseline survey has been finalized. Additional data collection related to the proxy means testing Development Chief Economist Office (http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/sief-trust- fund/brief/evidence-to-policy). Chapter 3  Progress in FY17 25 acceptability will be conducted between September and the end of the year. Analysis of the results and drafting of the report will be done in early 2018. ●● Targeting assessment of the Burkin-Naong-Sa ya program This ongoing study, to be completed by late 2017 or early 2018, aims to test the efficiency of the program’s targeting methodology. ●● Technical assistance for social registry. Technical assistance is being provided to a newly formed cross-ministerial and donor committee, facilitated by the National Council for Social Protection (Conseil National de la Protection Sociale, CNPS), to harmonize data collection tools as well as design a road map for establishment of a national social registry. In FY17, the CNPS brokered a data collection instrument adopted by all stakeholders in social protection in the country. Technical assistance is being provided to improve the program’s information system as well as develop an information system for the social registry. Following the ongoing study to broaden the social registry, a discussion will be held with the government to revise registry quotas (number of households) per commune. Chad. Technical assistance has been provided supporting various activities aimed at building a robust beneficiary identification system. ●● A study estimating the extent of geographical poverty allowed the government to efficiently allocate its social safety net resources to the neediest areas. ●● Technical assistance enabled the government to conduct data collection to identify beneficiaries based on a transparent process and sound poverty criteria. Outputs from this effort (small area poverty estimation methodology, questionnaire, data collection manuals, poverty criteria to select households) are expected to help other projects operating in Chad, or any future scale-up of the current project. ●● Technical assistance was provided to build a social registry, improve coordination, and harmonize targeting tools. This effort led to the development of a living document to serve as a guide for progressively developing a national social registry. It includes a series of elements: objectives, steps required, and actors involved; a questionnaire (harmonized with the government and over 10 NGOs) to serve as a data collection tool to feed the social registry; programming of the questionnaire to allow for electronic data collection; and development of corresponding operational manuals. The questionnaire is currently being used by the government and other partners and this will help build a pilot registry. 26 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 Mali. Research has been conducted and technical assistance provided to improve understanding of poverty and vulnerability and targeting methodologies in Mali, as described below. ●● Technical assistance to transfer web-based GIS. The web-based GIS consolidates local statistics on poverty, vulnerability, climate change, disaster, and human capital. This repository of small area statistics is currently active and can be used for analysis of indicators on household well-being and poverty within a region, therefore informing targeting and relevant policies in Mali.4 Projects are currently using this information to identify their areas of intervention. ●● Targeting assessment. This activity is exploring the effectiveness of different targeting methods used in Mali to identify poor and food-insecure households, making recommendations for possible improvement, and identifying possible synergies between targeting methods. It also aims to better understand the acceptability and perception of methods used by communities. Data collection was delayed due to security issues in the region of Gao where the survey takes place (surveyors were assaulted). However, work has resumed, and the report is expected to be finalized by December 2017. Mauritania. Technical support and research is being carried out to explore how to expand the current selection process to include households vulnerable to shocks. ●● Participative process to define selection criteria. The objective of this activity is to identify relevant selection criteria for crisis-related programs and ensure that key determinants are included in the social registry to allow timely identification. As there is already a large range of household profile variables included in the registry (about 60), a quick overview of the variables used by emergency actors to select beneficiaries in the event of shocks has shown that it is already possible to use the social registry as a targeting tool for shock- responsive programs. In March 2017, a workshop organized by the World Bank brought together several stakeholders to define variables to be used in the event of food security crises. As an outcome of this workshop, Oxfam, the CSA, and the World Food Programme will implement targeting tests based on the social registry during the 2017 lean season. Lessons learned from those tests will be used to improve social registry design in FY18. 4 www.malidataviz.com Chapter 3  Progress in FY17 27 ●● Broadening the social registry to vulnerable households. In collaboration with the World Food Programme, a study is being done to explore how the social registry—which was initially designed to target the chronic poor—can be broadened to enable identification of households affected by shocks. Specifically, the team (including disaster risk management specialists) has worked on a methodology to determine the adequate sizing per administrative area to ensure a response to a shock (focusing on drought and floods). A preliminary analytical note is under discussion, and the proposed methodology was presented to the Early Warning Systems (Système d’Alerte Précoce, SAP). Response consultative group. Building on the recommendations and discussions of the group, the World Bank team will aim to integrate the existing data, including food security monitoring survey and biomass anomaly data, into the proposed methodology. Three leading institutions have committed to use and test the social registry as a targeting tool for their shock-responsive program: Oxfam signed a memorandum of understanding to use the registry for its 2017 emergency program in Mbout, (b) the World Food Programme will use the registry for its 2017 lean season cash transfer program, and the Food Security Office will use the registry to implement its shock-responsive program. Niger. Research is ongoing to compare different targeting methods and carry out a rigorous assessment of the effectiveness of these methods. ●● Prospective targeting assessment. The team is conducting a prospective targeting assessment aimed at understanding the efficiency, acceptability, and impact of three different household-level targeting methods. The assessment also aims to better understand important issues for the design of adaptive social protection programs related to gender and intra-household allocation. Three targeting methodologies to be tested were designed and implemented as part of the next wave of beneficiaries. A household baseline, follow-up, and end-line survey were implemented; the data are currently being analyzed. Preliminary results have been presented, and a paper is under development. ●● Retrospective targeting assessment. The team conducted a retrospective targeting assessment exploring the relative efficiency of proxy means testing and household economy analysis by performing a simulation using a panel household survey in Niger covering the planting and harvest seasons in 2011. The study was published in the World Bank Social Protection and Labor discussion paper series. Results of the assessment are being used to inform policy questions in the region, and have been presented at various occasions. 28 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 Senegal. Studies have been undertaken to assess the relationship between poverty and vulnerability, the geographic distribution of poverty and vulnerability, and the effectiveness of different targeting methods, as described below. ●● Poverty maps. Technical assistance was provided to support the elaboration of detailed poverty maps, which were finalized by the national statistical agency and the poverty team. ●● Study on the relationship between vulnerability to shocks and extreme poverty. This study was completed during FY17 and led by the Poverty Global Practice in partnership with the Social Protection and Labor team. The study’s objective was to produce a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between vulnerability to shocks and extreme poverty in Senegal based on the most recent available data. The study provides a definition of vulnerability to shocks adapted to the Senegalese context, prepares a profile of the vulnerable to shocks (both idiosyncratic and covariate) according to the definition, and analyzes econometrically the relationship between vulnerability and extreme poverty. ●● Vulnerability maps. Based on the findings of the vulnerability study described above and using the poverty maps developed, vulnerability maps were created. This entailed mapping indicators of the various vulnerability dimensions identified in the study for which mapping is possible (e.g., weather- related indicators, such as rainfall data, malaria incidence). ●● Study on the profile of beneficiaries of various social assistance programs. This study aimed to compare the profiles of actual beneficiaries of various social assistance programs (food assistance, cash transfer program, nutrition program, as well as households in the unique registry) to determine whether they are of the same type. The Delegation on Social Protection and National Solidarity led the work, and the Bank provided technical support. ●● Study on targeting mechanisms to identify food-insecure households. This comparative study looked at possible synergies between household economic analysis targeting methodology and the registry, the level of efficiency of the household economy analysis and the registry in targeting vulnerable and poor households, and the possibility of using the registry to conduct household economy analysis targeting. The study was done in partnership with humanitarian international NGO actors, governmental actors, and other donors (ECHO and UNICEF). Chapter 3  Progress in FY17 29 Gender The ASPP has designed and implemented several activities that seek to account for gender-specific vulnerabilities and responses to shocks, and to improve opportunities for women to access and benefit from safety net programs. This work is embedded in country programs, Bank-executed activities, and selected programmatic activities with support from the World Bank’s Africa Gender Innovation Lab (GIL). Appendix D provides an overview of gender-related activities regarding cash transfer programs; the following summarizes key activity highlights from FY17. Analysis of constraints to productive employment. Gender was a critical theme of a qualitative study carried out across the six ASPP Sahel countries to analyze constraints to productive employment. As part of the study, separate focus group discussions were carried out with men and women to ensure the latter could speak freely about their economic role in the household and policy interventions that might boost their productivity and autonomy. Topics covered included decision-making authority over household resources, fertility decisions, and access to markets; the findings will be considered in the design of livelihood interventions. Gender was also considered in a quantitative constraints assessment carried out by the ASPP team and Innovations for Poverty Action in Burkina Faso and Senegal. Drawing on expertise from GIL staff, the team sought input on how to capture gender-specific constraints. Multicountry impact evaluation. The specific needs and impacts on men and women have informed the multicountry impact evaluation on livelihoods interventions. Notably, GIL experts took part in the ASPP workshop on productive accompanying measures to social safety nets in Sahel and West Africa held in Dakar in FY17. Impact evaluations in Niger. The Niger polygamous households study—part of the larger Niger Safety Net Program impact evaluation discussed above—seeks to assess the differentiated impact of delivering cash transfers to different wives within polygamous households. A more detailed objective is to understand which wife may be the best cash transfer recipient in terms of improved nutrition and early childhood development objectives. Inputs to the impact evaluation survey materials were provided by experts from the GIL; GIL personnel also helped the Niger safety net team develop a gender angle in their baseline questionnaire to ensure that both men’s and women’s control over assets and expenditures were captured. Another Niger study evaluates the impact of an add-on intervention aimed at increasing communities’ maintenance, use, and development of ASPP cash-for-work microprojects. Ensuring the sustainability and use of these 30 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 microprojects post-intervention increases the cost efficiency of cash-for-work activities and might provide extra insurance mechanisms to poor members of beneficiary communities. GIL personnel helped the Niger safety net team collect a gender-informed baseline survey in 225 cash-for-work villages. A GIL economist presented descriptive statistics from the survey to the country team in June 2017, with a focus on gender gaps in program targeting and impacts. The GIL team provided technical support in the development of the add-on intervention, ensuring it is gender informed. Vulnerability and resilience To date, much of the work in this area has focused on identifying the vulnerable. It measures resilience as the ability to avoid becoming poor or food insecure in the face of adverse shocks as based on factors such as distance from the poverty line, probability of exposure to shocks, and correlations between shocks and poverty or food security. This work has increased understanding in the region of the frequency of exposure to shocks, correlations between shocks and household livelihoods, and what groups are particularly vulnerable. Work in Niger focuses on identification of coping mechanisms households employ to be resilient in the face of shocks, particularly in rural areas that are reliant on rainfed agriculture. Beyond the analytical work carried out under this component, the ASPP team has launched a seminar series within the World Bank to stimulate discussion on resilience and vulnerability across disciplines and countries. Nutrition-sensitive adaptive social protection The ASPP is working to make its demand-side interventions nutrition sensitive, as well as building linkages with supply-side interventions through several activities: ●● The ASPP seeks to expand the evidence base on determinants of malnutrition in the Sahel, including how these relate to consumption and food-security patterns. This information will reveal key constraints to improved nutrition that demand-side interventions could address. The analysis will be based on national data sets, and conducted in partnership with ongoing country-level and regional activities on the issue. ●● The ASPP is promoting learning and generating evidence on how best to design and implement nutrition-sensitive demand-side interventions, in particular behavioral accompanying measures. Evidence is being generated through a mix of process and impact evaluations in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Senegal. Chapter 3  Progress in FY17 31 ●● The ASPP is encouraging stronger coordination with supply-side interventions in health and nutrition, as well as water and sanitation. Beyond demand- side social protection interventions, there are opportunities to harness complementarities by ensuring proper coordination between social protection and the health system at the national and local levels by assessing how best to balance prevention activities as part of safety nets with direct nutrition interventions such as supplementation, as well as by strengthening linkages with water and sanitation interventions. During FY17, a study on the determinants of malnutrition in the Sahel was initiated, together with a stocktaking exercise to identify the scope and implementation modalities of human capital/behavioral accompanying measures. Evidence on the effectiveness of such measures in Niger was presented at various forums. The ASPP team also established a link with the Early Learning Partnership of the World Bank. The activity on nutrition is closely associated with the Innovation Window–funded activity on WASH in Niger discussed below. Public works This activity supports implementation of cash-for-work programs in the Sahel with technical assistance to promote innovations for building successful programs and community-level resilience. Currently, three countries are delivering or designing cash-for-work activities: Chad, Mali, and Niger. The cash-for-work effort in Niger (box 3.7) is the most established initiative, having carried out activities over the past four years and beginning a program in 40 municipalities. In Chad, cash-for- work activities are expected to start in the coming months mainly in urban poor communities. In Niger, 15,000 beneficiaries per year received 60 days of work, and 520 microprojects have been completed. These microprojects mainly involve land restoration, but there is an increasing share addressing socioeconomic infrastructures such as schools, roads, and health centers. Several innovations have been introduced in the Niger cash-for-work program: first, the overall process was modified to increase returns on microprojects and create conditions for sustainable impact on beneficiaries and their communities; second, geo- referencing for all cash-for-work worksites was conducted to provide the government with information on all public works programs implemented in the country. The program in Mali is expected to support 400 micro-projects and will be implemented in two phases: 100 microprojects in November–December 2017; and 300 microprojects in early 2018; each project will employ about 50 individuals for 32 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 60 working days. This component will benefit BOX 3.7  Improving microproject 20,000 workers. The key innovation of the sustainability and enhancing program is to put in place a publicly accessible community resilience: Niger website that will present basic data about each In Niger, efforts are ongoing to support communities in main- grant awarded, including information on the taining, developing, and using cash-for-work microprojects beneficiaries, proposed activity, and proposed created through the safety net program. The work includes budget. This measure is aimed at reassuring the ensuring that all members of the community, including dis- public as to the rigor and objectivity involved in advantaged groups and women, have equal access to and funding decisions and grants use. benefit from these microprojects in the longer term. A pack- age of support is delivered to communities after the cash- 3.3  Innovation Window for-work intervention, including (1) training and sensitization on how best to maintain, use, and develop microprojects The Innovation Window is financing three sustainably; and (2) delivery of material, tools, and inputs. activities, which were selected for their potential to provide new and innovative solutions for The effect of this package is being evaluated through adaptive social protection that can be scaled up an impact evaluation. A baseline survey was carried out across the Sahel and beyond. These activities— in 225 cash-for-work villages from 2013, 2014, and 2015. covering productive inclusion; forecast-based A process evaluation will cover 113 villages; the end-line financing; and water, sanitation, and hygiene survey will cover all 225 villages of the study. (WASH) innovations in Niger—will inform the The baseline study revealed the following: Participation overall regional knowledge agenda, as well as of the poor and women who are not employed: 72 per- provide support to in-country activities. During cent of the participants said they participated because this fiscal year, this set of Innovation Window– they do not have other paid activities (up to 76 percent funded activities was initiated. Progress is for women). Various perceived positive impact by partic- detailed in the following paragraphs. ipants, e.g., did not migrate (74 percent) and repay debts Strengthening social protection through (87 percent). Both male and female participants report forecast-based financing. The objective of main use of transfers to buy food (96 percent men, 92 this activity is to enhance government capacity percent women). Women tend to report main use of trans- to strengthen the resilience of poor households fers for small-scale herding and animal feeding more to climate shocks through forecast-based often than men (1 percent men, 4 percent women). There action and financing. A forecast-based financing is some understanding already of the needs to manage approach aims to set up systems that release the sites to improve the impact of the activities. Female humanitarian funding before disasters strike respondents more often report their advice about what is based on forecast information rather than on to be done with the microproject is not taken into account. information on actual events or impacts on The study also revealed that there are villages with trees people. The ASPP team carried out a rapid growing on the old cash-for-work worksite, classes built regional and country scoping study to provide during the cash-for-work activities and used by the a basis for the activity’s technical design. The community. There are also communities that are study identified opportunities, challenges, and able to extract resources from the worksites recommendations for implementing forecast-based (fodder, straw, etc.). action as part of social protection. Armed with this Chapter 3  Progress in FY17 33 information, work was begun in Mali and Niger. Also in Niger, a workshop on Strengthening Resilience: Managing Climate Risk through Sustainable, Effective Systems was held in June 2017 to initiate a process of support to the government in building a more effective, comprehensive system for climate and disaster risk management. The main results of the workshop are informing the preparation of a road map for this activity in Niger. Enhancing household resilience to climate vulnerability through integrated social protection–WASH community-led interventions. This pilot project will feature the distribution of chlorine-based water treatment tablets and behavioral interventions, building on the existing behavioral change component of the Niger Adaptive Safety Nets Project. Behavioral nudges around water treatment and quality will be implemented to increase compliance and systematic use of water treatment as well as demand for sanitation. The initiative will involve 125 randomly selected villages and 30 control villages drawn from the Phase II project expansion and will run from September/October 2017 through May 2018. Over the past year, substantial progress was made in implementation of this activity, with the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and its national subcontractor, Réseau International Schistosomiases Environnement Aménagements et Lutte (RISEAL)-Niger, charged with collecting baseline data; they are now finalizing the survey instrument and sampling. An implementing partner (Nigerien NGO Animas Sutura) was identified, and modalities of behavioral interventions to be addressed were discussed. Productive components, livelihoods, and resilience. ASPP-supported social safety net programs provide for productive accompanying measures that are adapted to the needs and constraints of social safety net beneficiaries (box 3.8). A diagnosis and consultation phase was conducted to inform the design of the accompanying measures, based on a series of surveys and exchanges that took place across ASPP countries. Surveys were jointly led by the World Bank and partner governments to, among other aims, (1) locally identify and prioritize the main constraints faced by poor households in their income-generating activities; and (2) review local experiences in implementing resilience programs for the poor and synthesize the outcomes of scientific studies conducted on potential interventions documented in the international literature. Broad consultations were organized in each country, including with NGOs, civil society organizations, and government partners. The various activities carried out during the diagnosis and design phase helped identify and create consensus around the most promising productive measures to 34 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 accompany the social safety nets, with a view to BOX 3.8  Productive accompanying designing a package that could be implemented activities in the Sahel: evidence and and tested in a harmonized manner by the motivation participating countries. On that basis, priority Policy makers in the Sahel are looking for solutions on questions were articulated to evaluate the how best to complement cash transfer programs with effectiveness of the productive accompanying productive accompanying measures to further maximize measures and to draft a multicountry impact impacts on household earnings and resilience. Programs evaluation aimed at identifying the most that complement cash transfers with productive inter- efficient combinations of interventions in each ventions that promote livelihood diversification can raise country and drawing lessons for national and household earnings, and also facilitate income smooth- international social protection programs. ing and resilience. To this end, the ASPP is also looking to facilitate investment in the income-generating activities The diagnostic phase led to the identification carried out by social safety net beneficiary households. and ranking of constraints to productive The focus is to increase the productivity and income employment in those areas of each country in generated by these activities, as well as support income which the safety net programs are active. The smoothing and diversification—all to help households following six constraints were identified as both cope with risks and shocks, including climate shocks. cross-cutting and actionable: access to capital, technical and business skills, access to markets Periodic cash transfer programs targeted to poor house- (inputs and outputs), social norms, psycho- holds are one of the core interventions in social pro- social and aspirational constraints, and capacity tection systems in the Sahel. Traditional cash transfer to manage risk. Based on the most promising programs are scaling up fast: across the six countries, interventions gleaned from the international they seek to target approximately 600,000 households. literature, local experiences, and the practical While regular cash transfer programs can have a range knowledge of the various stakeholders who took of productive impacts, international evidence suggests part in the collaborative reflections, a package that additional interventions addressing a wider range of accompanying measures was set up. This of constraints can be combined with cash transfer pro- package addresses all constraints while building grams to further improve impacts on household produc- on synergies. tivity and resilience. For instance, recent international evidence on graduation programs points to the need to Work on implementation of the package is under unlock multiple constraints simultaneously to improve way at both the regional and country levels. The productive capacity and lift households out of poverty. regional activity is providing operational support Programs can only maximize impact if they tackle the for the development of core materials for the constraints that bind households and prevent them package. Technical leads have been identified and from engaging in more productive activities. partnerships put in place to develop implementation manuals for each of the measures in the package. A partnership with Trickle-Up was established for coaching and facilitation of savings groups; this was facilitated by a contribution from the Wellspring Philanthropic Fund to Trickle-Up, complementing its direct contribution to the ASPP. A partnership with CESAM was established for microentrepreneurship and behavioral skills training. Experienced Chapter 3  Progress in FY17 35 international consultants are supporting the development of materials for community sensitization on aspirations and social norms and facilitation of market access. Regional leads met in mid-March in Niger to refine the content of each of the measures, work on the delivery model, and ensure consistency across the various elements of the package. The material for most measures has been shared with country teams for feedback and is in the process of being finalized. In parallel, country teams have led the development of operational manuals and terms of reference, and have refined the delivery mechanism in the context of their specific program. The first training on the package, focusing particularly on savings facilitation, took place in June in Niger. Implementation is now under way is approximately 240 villages (15,000 households). Implementation will begin in Burkina Faso, Mauritania, and Senegal shortly after completion of the baseline survey in FY18. Chad will determine if it is possible to start implementing the model in FY18, depending on the progress of its cash transfer program and local capacity. Local constraints have compelled the Mali team to take a slightly different approach; it is implementing a variant of the package, which makes the country’s inclusion in the multicountry study uncertain, although it could still use some of the operational materials developed by the regional activity. 3.4  Strategic staff deployment To ensure adequate country dialogue and engagement, a decision was made to recruit local specialists to act as focal points for the ASPP in Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal. In addition, a senior-level international regional coordinator was recruited and is based in Senegal. These staff have proven to be critical in fostering partnerships in support of the ASPP and in providing timely, high-quality support to the governments. They have engaged in multisectoral coordination forums and developed strong relationships with public officials managing government-implemented projects. As a result, ASPP-funded activities are embedded in multisectoral initiatives and increasingly enjoy broad- based support within the respective countries. In addition to the country-based staff, a dedicated team manages the ASPP in Washington, D.C. 4 Plans for FY18 T his section summarizes ASPP plans over the coming fiscal year, building on experience to date and lessons learned. Information is presented first for country program activities, including both those activities managed by the government and those by the World Bank. The remaining subsections discuss forthcoming regional-level activities and those funded through the Innovation Window, and strategic staff deployment. As the ASPP enters its fourth year, there is an increasing focus across all activities on knowledge dissemination. In this regard, the ASPP will be featured at the upcoming South-South Learning Forum the World Bank is organizing in Dakar. 4.1  Country program activities Burkina Faso ($8 million). During FY18, recipient-executed activities will focus on expansion of the existing cash transfer program, including introduction of adaptive aspects; and strengthening the systems and platforms needed to build an adaptive national safety net system. The country’s cash transfer program will be expanded to reach 6,000 additional chronically poor households in the northern provinces of Lorum and Passoré, with first payments planned for November 2017. The adaptive cash transfer pilot will begin implementation in the province of Boulkiemdé in the fall of 2017, with first payments planned for September 2017. Implementation of the package of productive activities is expected to start later in 2017. Recipient-executed activities will also focus on continuing work started in FY17 regarding the establishment of a social registry and, in particular, finalization of a road map. In FY18, Bank-executed activities will continue the ongoing technical assistance related to building an adaptive social protection system. This technical assistance will support the ongoing policy dialogue regarding the establishment of a social registry and development of an information system platform to host the registry. The data collection related to the targeting study comparing proxy means testing 37 38 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 and household economy analysis should be finalized in August 2017. The analysis of the results will take place during the fall. The final report will be available and disseminated in late 2017. The results of the safety nets assessment will be available in November 2017. Chad ($5 million). The recipient-executed trust fund started disbursing at the beginning of FY18 since all disbursement conditions had been met, all core team members of the project were now in place, and most beneficiaries had been pre- identified. Procurement processes for key project steps are currently under way (i.e., beneficiary validation, registration, payment). Cash transfer and cash-for-work beneficiaries should start being paid by December 2017. Bank-executed activities will include continuation of technical assistance in three main areas: (1) designing and implementing the program information system based on Mauritania’s source codes; (2) developing a unified social registry; and (3) community validation, registration, payments, and cash-for-work activities. During this fiscal year, linkages will be explored between the adaptive social protection program in Chad with refugees and internally displaced people. Mali ($11.25 million). Recipient-executed activities will focus on implementation of labor-intensive public works and income-generating activities. Regarding the former (box 4.1), a list of 10 types of microprojects prepared by project management will be submitted to the communities through their communes and villages committees, so they can make their choices on the basis of their local development plan. The selection of beneficiaries from among existing cash transfer beneficiaries and, in new communes, noncash transfer beneficiaries will take place in October 2017. Implementation will be in two phases: some microprojects out of the 400 identified will be implemented in the regions of Kayes, Koulikoro, and Bamako (December 2017–January 2018); the remaining microprojects will be implemented in the regions of Ségou, Mopti, Gao, Timbuktu, and Bamako April–May 2018). In all, 40,000 people will benefit from the 400 microprojects. The project team will use the findings of the study on the potential of different income-generating activities to help beneficiaries make final choices in this regard. Training on simple business plans will take place in September– October 2017. Up to 50 or 80 percent of the total amount will be paid to beneficiaries in November, with the remaining percentage to be paid in early 2018. Coaching by an NGO will extend from October 2017 to July 2018. In total, 10,000 people will benefit from income-generating activities. Bank-executed activities will focus on the social registry and on designing a risk financing mechanism. The technical committee will define the legal status of the registry and prepare a communication plan. A platform will be established for Chapter 4  Plans for FY18 39 the registry to enable data exchange among stakeholders; a first version of the platform BOX 4.1  Public works in Mali is expected to be available in November 2017. In Mali, the ASPP is funding a cash-for-work component The pilot phase testing of the platform will on labor-intensive public works (LIPWs), which will pro- be conducted in December. The production vide the adult population enrolled in the social registry phase of the data is planned for the beginning with short-term employment opportunities, while building of 2018. A set of studies has been initiated to communal assets to increase the resilience of communi- inform consideration of the use of disaster risk ties to shocks and climate change risks. Activities include financing in Mali, including a review of delivery seeding sites and rangeland; deepening and maintain- modalities and a financial costing assessment. ing water points; retrieving land crops through the use Government staff will visit Kenya on a study of grazing crops against pests and stray animals, stone tour to learn about the scaling-up of the Hunger lanyards, and controlling/ending bushfires; collecting Safety Net Program. plastic solid waste; and clearing out gutters. Final LIPW selection will be made by the beneficiary communes, tak- Mauritania ($5.25 million). Regarding ing into account their local development plans. recipient-executed activities, the shock- responsive pilot program should be implemented In FY18, 400 microprojects will be implemented in two by the Food Security Agency during the 2017 phases: 100 in November–December 2017 and 300 in early lean season (from July to September). An 2018, with each project employing about 50 individuals for evaluation will be carried out to identify the 60 working days, benefiting 20,000 workers. Remunera- lessons learned from this response. These tion will be set just below the market wage (on the order of lessons will inform the 2018 program with CFAF 1,500—about $2.50—per day to discourage participa- the aim of scaling up the shock-responsive tion by people from better-off households. Training will be pilot to several areas of the country. The provided to all participants on both technical topics (e.g., productive activities will be implemented in two related to the specific project on which they will be work- departments (Barkeol and Sellibabi) starting ing) and nontechnical topics (such as soft skills). in December 2017, with the support of one To assure the public as to the rigor and objectivity guid- or two selected NGOs. The cash component ing funding decisions and grant use, the project will put will be implemented through the Tekavoul in place a publicly accessible website presenting basic payment service provider. Data collection data about each grant awarded, including information on related to the impact evaluation, which will beneficiaries, proposed activity, and proposed budget. focus on cash transfers, social promotion, and productive activities and will also measure Projects will be identified and implemented at the munic- targeting accuracy, will be conducted during ipal (commune) level by local authorities based on their the second half of 2017 once the firm has been local development plan, in partnership with eligible imple- contracted. The objective is to produce an menting agencies, which are expected to be primary impact evaluation baseline report in early 2018. community-based organizations. Local government, com- munity associations and NGOs, and other local govern- During FY18, the team will finalize Bank-executed ment representatives will serve on the local technical activities being carried out under the ASPP, use committee to evaluate and select submitted project the key findings in its policy dialogue and project proposals, based on predetermined criteria. 40 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 supervision initiatives, and continue to disseminate outputs. The team will focus on ongoing activities, specifically the following: ●● Participative process to define selection criteria to identify households vulnerable to shocks. Lessons learned from pilot programs using the social registry as a targeting tool in shock response (the World Food Programme, Oxfam, the CSA) will be used to improve social registry design. ●● Support to inclusive dialogue to strengthen the governmental shock- responsive system. This work within the response plan consultation group will continue in the coming months with the aim of improving governmental response for the 2018 lean season. The government has been formally requested to organize a workshop with support from the World Bank and the World Food Programme. ●● Analysis of past financing mechanisms and defining a financing strategy. The analysis should be delivered by the end of 2017 and discussed with the government to support its shock financing strategy. ●● Defining geographical vulnerability criteria to revise social registry quotas. Based on the outcomes of the analytic work and lessons learned, a discussion will be held with the government to revise registry quotas (number of households) per commune. ●● Broadening social registry to special groups (nomads, migrants, etc.). These analyses will be launched in FY18. Discussions are ongoing with the pastoralism European Union project (RIMRAP) to work jointly on these analyses. ●● Designing the shock-responsive safety net program. The pilot will be implemented before the end of the 2017 lean season 2017. Based on the lessons learned, World Bank technical assistance will support the design of the 2018 shock-responsive program. ●● Designing the adaptive social protection productive component. This analytical work has supported design of operational tools and a manual for implementation of the productive component of the Tekavoul program during FY18. Niger ($11 million). During FY18, the team will continue implementing ongoing activities and studies. Planned recipient-executed activities include the following: ●● Emergency cash transfer. The ongoing cash transfer in the Diffa region, which was started in FY17 for 12 months, will be extended to the region of Chapter 4  Plans for FY18 41 Agadez in the communes of Gougaram, Tilia, and Iferouane. The new wave of cash transfers will benefit 2,500 households located in the northern regions affected by the insecurity in Mali. ●● Support to the Dispositif. A study on the National Institution for the Prevention and Management of Food Crisis (Dispositif National de Prévention et de Gestion des Crises Alimentaires DNPGCA or DN), will be launched in October 2017. Study results will be used by both the Bank to more accurately define its support to the Dispositif and by other technical and financial partners, under the lead of the European Union, to define and coordinate their institutional support. ●● Social registry set-up. Based on the detailed action plan for Niger’s social registry implementation delineated by an international consultant during two missions in 2017, the next steps are institutionalization of the technical working group and determination of the registry’s institutional arrangements. The team will also provide support to the government in setting up a small steering committee in charge of addressing the strategic issues related to registry implementation. Technical and financial support will be provided through the Recipient-Executed Trust Fund to purchase IT materials needed to set-up the registry. ●● Productive agenda. Recruitment of NGOs to train beneficiaries on the productive accompanying measure is ongoing. All NGOs will be recruited by the end of 2017, and at least half of the 10,000 beneficiary households will receive the full package of accompanying measures (training, coaching, setting up of Village Savings and Loan Associations, cash injection) by the end of the fiscal year. Technical support will be provided by the Bank team to ensure effective implementation of the productive measures. Within the accompanying measure for the cash-for-work initiative, 113 worksites will be provided with the productive package to make them more sustainable and more productive. An impact evaluation will be carried out to better understand the determinants of community involvement on worksite maintenance. ●● Smart cards. The team will focus on scaling up the use of smart cards within the regions of Agadez, Diffa, and Niamey. Technical support will be provided to ensure proper scaling-up of this payment system. In addition to ongoing supervision missions to support the government, the Bank- executed activities will include supporting a policy dialogue on the ASPP in the country. This dialogue will focus on support on the Dispositif, setting up the social registry, the implementation of the productive activities, and scaling up the use of 42 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 smart cards. The team will also support a follow-up survey for the ongoing impact evaluations (prospective impact evaluation on targeting, cash-for-work impact evaluation, price study). Senegal ($13 million). During FY18, recipient-executed activities will focus on continuing implementation of the first pilot of the Food Security Agency’s shock- responsive program, which began in August 2017; preparations will be made for a response to shocks in 2018. Following on from the baseline survey for the impact evaluation of the productive program undertaken in September–October 2017, the actual productive program will start implementation in FY18. Regarding Bank-executed activities, an analysis of vulnerability vis-à-vis existing interventions and findings from a comparison of different targeting mechanisms will be shared broadly with the social protection community and emergency/ humanitarian actors. A technical proposal for a trigger mechanism for shock- responsive programs and a financing strategy for shock-responsive safety nets will be designed. Activities aimed at extending and updating Senegal’s national registry, implementation of shock-responsive and productive programs, and evaluations of some of these programs will be undertaken. The public expenditure review will be used to inform broader dialogue on social protection in Senegal and the drafting of a national social protection law. 4.2  Regional programmatic activities The FY18 regional work program will continue some ongoing activities (specifically, on impact evaluation, targeting, vulnerability and resilience, and gender); and focus increased attention on social protection and disaster relief management, early warning systems, and nutrition and public works. Impact evaluation. Planned activities for FY18 include continuing support to the multicountry study on productive accompanying measures. Technical assistance will be provided to complete a baseline study in three additional countries (Burkina Faso, Mauritania, and Senegal); support will be provided for the recruitment of field coordinators, the production of a synthetic baseline report, monitoring of activity implementation; and preparation will begin for the follow-up phase of the evaluation. The regional activity will provide continued support and advice to country teams, with a focus on providing quality oversight throughout the implementation of ongoing impact evaluations. Beneficiary identification, selection, and registration. The work plan for FY18 includes continuation of ongoing activities, as well as implementation of the following new activities: Chapter 4  Plans for FY18 43 ●● Niger. Technical assistance will be provided to build an integrated targeting and identification system with data from different sources. ●● Senegal. Vulnerability and poverty maps will be overlaid to better understand their links. These maps could serve as a geographical targeting tool for the country’s adaptive safety nets program. A short summary note synthesizing key messages of the comparative study on targeting will be prepared. Data analysis contrasting vulnerability patterns with data on social protection interventions will be undertaken. A proxy means test to identify households vulnerable to shocks will be developed. Gender. Country-level activities in Niger, as well as regional programmatic activities on gender discussed above, are expected to continue in FY18. The baseline and first set of follow-up data collected for the Niger cash transfer impact evaluation on targeting different wives in polygamous households will be analyzed and a baseline report produced, featuring a strong gender emphasis. Depending on the results of this first analysis, the team will plan an end-line data collection. A process evaluation will be carried out to understand the role played by women and women’s groups in the use, maintenance, and development of the cash-for-work microprojects. A report on the baseline data will be written, also featuring a strong gender emphasis. In Mauritania, the GIL team will provide support to baseline data collection and analysis. It will also continue to support on-demand requests from ASPP country teams, as well as the ongoing Mauritania and Niger impact evaluations. Vulnerability and resilience. The FY18 work program on vulnerability and resilience will focus on synthesizing country experiences in order to generate a broader body of knowledge on household resilience strategies. First, broader implications from Niger and work in other countries to identify how social protection programs can be more effective in supporting both household coping and adaptation to increase resilience to shocks will be distilled. Second, an information base on household adaptations being employed to increase resilience will be built to augment emerging information on household exposure to shocks and use of coping mechanisms. Third, assistance will be provided to countries in identifying effective coping mechanisms and adaptation strategies in the face of climate and price shocks. Nutrition-sensitive adaptive social protection. In FY18, a study on the determinants of malnutrition in the Sahel will be finalized, as will a stocktaking exercise on the scope and implementation of modalities of human capital and behavioral accompanying measures, undertaken as part of ASPP-supported safety net programs in the Sahel. The ASPP team will provide operational support 44 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 to the country teams as requested. In addition, lessons from the multidimensional approach used in Niger (box 3.6) will be expanded through the regional-level work on nutrition. Public works. The FY18 plan for public works includes activities in three countries. In Niger, cash-for-work activities in 150 villages with 15,000 beneficiaries over two years will be completed in FY19. The innovations to increase the sustainability of microprojects post-intervention, through enhanced maintenance, use, and development by benefiting communities, will be evaluated and scaled up. In Chad, 3,000 beneficiaries will receive 100 days of work for three years, to be paid CFAF 1,200/day ($2). In Mali, 20,000 beneficiaries will be paid CFAF 1,500/day ($2.7) –for 60 days, and 400 microprojects will be completed. Building on these country-level activities, knowledge will be systematized as a means of extracting lessons at the regional level as well as expanding the public works agenda. Scalable safety net systems. This new activity aims to bring together a set of work streams on strengthening early warning systems to inform response to shocks through safety net programs and advancing the adoption of disaster risk financing strategies in the region. It will be closely coordinated with the Innovation Window–funded activity on forecast-based financing. The activity aims to carry out analytical work to assess the early warning systems in each of the countries and to support the country teams in identifying means of strengthening these systems and—as possible—initiating consideration of the use of these early warning systems to inform scale-up of the safety net programs. This work will complement technical assistance already being provided to the country teams on the use of various disaster risk financing strategies, which include establishing contingency budgets and the use of insurance products. For FY18, work will commence with a mapping of early warning systems and, based on consultation with the country teams, targeted technical assistance to strengthen country early warning systems. This activity will also be the main entry point for coordination with the UK Met Office on its support to the ASPP. As part of this theme, the Disaster Risk Finance and Insurance Program, housed in the Finance and Markets Global Practice of the World Bank, will continue supporting the ASPP in its efforts to set up mechanisms to enable governments to use safety net systems to deploy assistance after a shock. This technical support is being carried out in Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal. ●● In Mali, the team is focusing on capacity building on disaster risk finance for shock-responsive safety nets. In a series of video conferences with a group of key government officials, the team presented the building blocks of shock-responsive safety nets, building on practical examples from Kenya and Chapter 4  Plans for FY18 45 Uganda, where similar systems are operational. The team is also supporting a government-led effort to map the current institutional landscape and financing arrangements for disaster response; this will be compiled in a diagnostic report. Going forward, the team is planning a knowledge exchange between Mali and Kenya to share experiences on developing a disaster-responsive safety net. ●● In Mauritania, the team has conducted a diagnostic review of crisis financing and analysis of historical trends on disaster spending, which includes an analysis of past crises, analysis of associated responses and financing mechanisms, and an overview of the current approach to crisis response. The diagnostic is the first step in developing a financing strategy for scale-up of the safety net—i.e., enabling use of the existing safety net to channel additional assistance to households in the event of a shock/disaster. ●● In Niger, the World Bank is supporting the government to improve its understanding of the role of social protection systems in disaster response, with a focus on strengthening government ownership and improving the speed, transparency, and efficacy of disaster response. Going forward, the team will conduct an analysis of the potential cost of scaling up the existing safety net in the event of a shock under different scenarios, and will continue to provide technical support for the development of an approach to finance the safety net scale-up.   ●● In Senegal, the World Bank is supporting the government with an analysis of the potential cost of scaling up the existing safety net in the event of a shock under different scenarios, and will continue to provide technical support for the development of an approach to finance the safety net scale-up.   4.3  Innovation Window The following activities are planned as the Innovation Window FY18 work program. Strengthening social protection through forecast-based financing. FY18 initiatives will include (1) continuing ongoing efforts to raise awareness and build capacity; (2) supporting countries in establishing road maps for integrating forecast-based action features at the policy and program levels; (3) assessing existing regional and national climate and early warning information systems, vulnerability assessments, existing safety net programs, and options for preparedness measures; and (4) knowledge sharing to increase further understanding and inform decision making within and beyond the region. 46 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 Enhancing household resilience to climate vulnerability through integrated social protection–WASH community-led interventions. During FY18, the intervention will be tested in 10 villages and the pilot subsequently rolled out, for planned completion in March 2018. Productive components, livelihoods, and resilience. The following tasks are planned for the coming fiscal year: (1) finalize manuals to support implementation of the productive package, (2) continue to provide technical assistance to country teams, (3) continue to disseminate experiences from the design and implementation of the productive package and facilitate exchange of experiences among implementers, and (4) provide support for the implementation of the multicountry impact evaluation discussed in section 3.2. 4.4  Strategic staff deployment To ensure adequate country dialogue and engagement, local specialists will continue to act as focal points for adaptive social protection in Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal, with support from a regional coordinator based in Senegal. 5 Results framework and target achievement This section details progress made in FY17 in achieving the targets set out in the ASPP results framework presented in appendix B.1.1 It specifies whether the FY17 target was achieved for each indicator, providing a brief description where necessary to explain targets that were exceeded or not met. The logframe presented in appendix B.1 is the current version, which incorporates changes that were introduced during FY16. Overall achievement in FY17 was as follows. For the targets of the 11 output indicators, 5 were exceeded in FY17, 4 were met, and 2 were not met. The two that were not met are Indicator 8 and Indicator 10 (see appendix B for more information). For the targets of the four outcome indicators, two were exceeded, and two were met for FY17. For the targets of the two impact indicators, one was exceeded, and one was not met. Following is a by-indicator analysis. ●● Spending on social protection, including government and donor spending: exceeded. Achievement on this indicator was exceeded due to Mali, whose government committed funds of CFAF 1 billion for the DFID- supported “Jigisemejiri” project currently supported by DFID, signaling its strong commitment to increase social protection spending (World Bank Project Development Objective Indicator 1; DFID Outcome Indicator 2. Target: 0.5 percent; achievement: 0.6 percent.) ●● Capacity of countries’ social protection systems to implement adaptive social protection programs: met. Important progress has been realized in all countries toward strengthening the capacity of their 1 Progress toward results framework targets for FY15 and FY16 have been provided in previous annual reports. Note that the targets for FY17, FY18, and FY19+ were revised, as requested by DFID, on February 28, 2017. 47 48 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 social protection systems to implement adaptive social protection programs. Mauritania launched the first phase of its national shock-responsive cash transfer program, marking the first time the CSA has used its social registry to target beneficiaries; it also put a payment system in place for the program to ensure an efficient payment process. Both the World Food Programme and Save the Children have used Mauritania’s new social registry to target their humanitarian operations. In Chad, the government is putting in place key building blocks for an adaptive social protection system: a government unit dedicated to implementing social safety net programs; well-targeted conditional transfer and cash-for-work programs; a pilot registry, in collaboration with humanitarian actors; and a robust payment, targeting, and information system. Mali has also established a number of core elements to strengthen its social protection system. It adopted a new policy on social protection and an associated action plan highlighting the importance of coordination and expansion of social assistance programs as part of a poverty reduction strategy. Two committees on the unified registry were formalized; this led to the development of a harmonized questionnaire currently being used by NGOs to collect registry data. Also, the creation of the National Council for Strategic Orientation on Social Protection (Conseil national d’orientation stratégique pour la protection sociale) fostered dialogue among different actors engaged in disaster risk management, humanitarian work, social protection, and civil society for improved coordination (World Bank Project Development Objective Indicator 2; DFID Output Indicator 1.1. Target: 3; achievement: 3). ●● People benefiting from adaptive social protection programs supported by the trust fund: exceeded. This target was exceeded because of Senegal, where 300,000 people are benefiting from ASPP-supported social protection programs. Niger and Mauritania nearly met their targets. In Mali and Chad, households will start receiving benefits by October and December 2017, respectively (World Bank Project Development Objective Indicator 3; DFID Outcome Indicator 1. Target: 190,844; achievement: 327,470). ●● Government staff trained on social protection policy, delivery and M&E through the trust fund: exceeded. Countries exceeding their targets included Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. Taken together, trainings have involved a wide range of topics including adaptive social protection systems, building resilience, beneficiary identification methods, unified social registry, MIS, and electronic data (World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 3; DFID Outcome Output 1.5. Target: 519; achievement: 607). Chapter 5  Results framework and target achievement 49 ●● Assessments of poverty, climate change risk and other vulnerabilities commissioned by the trust fund: exceeded. Target numbers were exceeded in Senegal, Niger and Burkina Faso. A detailed list can be found in appendix C (World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 4; DFID Output Indicator 2.1. Target: 13; achievement: 17). ●● Evaluations, assessments and studies creating lessons from adaptive social protection programs supported by the trust fund – commissioned: met; published: exceeded. Targets of published assessments were exceeded in Chad, Mali, and Senegal. A detailed list of all commissioned and published reports can be found in table C.1 in appendix C (World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 5; DFID Output Indicator 2.2. Commissioned – target: 26; achievement: 26; published – target: 22; achievement: 27). ●● Knowledge exchange and dissemination activities supported by the trust fund – national: exceeded; regional: met. Target numbers were exceeded in Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger. A detailed list of ASPP- supported knowledge exchange and dissemination activities is provided in appendix C (World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 6; DFID Output Indicator 2.4. National – target: 19; achievement: 32; regional – target: 2; achievement: 2). ●● Number of households receiving cash through cash based interventions (Transfers and PW) supported by the trust fund: not met. Targets were not met in Chad, Mali, and Niger, although achievement was close in Niger and Mali with 99 and 93 percent, respectively, of planned beneficiaries receiving cash. In Chad, beneficiaries have been identified, but still need to be registered and paid; this is expected to happen by December 2017. Several factors contributed to the delay in Chad, notably (1) project disbursement conditions had not been met; and (2) four of the nine core CFS members—including the experts on the cash-for-work pilot and on the MIS, and the two regional coordinators managing the cash transfers—were not yet in place (World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 8; DFID Output Indicator 1.3. Target: 28,044; achievement: 22,170). ●● Adaptation related community assets created/rehabilitated through support by the trust fund: not met. Mali and Niger did not meet their targets, but expect to achieve them by December 2017. Progress in Mali on this indicator was hindered by delays in hiring an implementing firm. Progress in Niger lagged mainly due to the lengthy process entailed in microproject file validation at the government level, which requires several signatures from 50 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 technical ministries (World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 10; DFID Output Indicator 1.4. Target: 385; achievement: 125). ●● Government-led social protection programs that incorporate adaptation and risk reduction: met. All countries have met their targets (World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 11; DFID Output Indicator 1.2. Target: 10; achievement: 10). ●● Percentage of children under 5 who are underweight: not met. The share of underweight children increased in Mali and Senegal. In Mali, malnutrition increased from 18 to 25 percent; in Senegal, from 13 to 16 percent2 (World Bank Impact Indicator 1; DFID Impact Indicator 1. Target: 24.3; achievement: 25.8). ●● Number of food insecure people: met. (World Bank Impact Indicator 2; DFID Impact Indicator 3. Target: 13 million; achievement: 13 million).3 ●● The extent to which planned interventions are likely to have transformational impact: met. All countries met their targets. The set of productive accompanying measures that is being systematically implemented and evaluated in almost all countries is expected to enhance the transformational impacts of all cash transfer projects and fill in knowledge gaps. Other important interventions also aiming to enhance a transformation impact involve early childhood development interventions in countries such as Burkina Faso, Chad, and Niger (World Bank Outcome Indicator 1; DFID Outcome Indicator 4. Target: 3; achievement: 3]. ●● Effectiveness of national social protection systems to address climate adaptation and disaster risk management: met. All countries have met their targets, and important progress has been realized on several fronts. For example, all six countries have developed (or are currently developing) social registries allowing partners to better coordinate and more quickly respond to needs arising from shocks. In Mauritania, the government has a clearly formulated strategy on how to create climate change adaptation and disaster risk management links with the social protection system and has begun implementing such links. The existing social protection programs in Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal have started new interventions in response to shocks. Also, studies have been conducted in most countries on the prevalence and impact of different shocks on households which are informing the design of adaptive 2 Source: MICS 2016 (Mali); DHS 2015 (Senegal). 3 No updated data were available since the last results framework report. Chapter 5  Results framework and target achievement 51 social protection systems (World Bank Outcome Indicator 2; DFID Outcome Indicator 3. Target: 2.5; achievement: 2.5). ●● Government-led projects supported by this trust fund whose design and/or implementation approaches are informed by recent research and evidence: met. All countries have met their targets. Studies commissioned under the ASPP have informed a range of program design features in all countries, ensuring evidence-based design. For example, small are poverty estimates produced in Mali and Chad allowed the social safety net projects to select their intervention areas in the poorest places. The studies on constraints on productive employment were directly used to design the productive intervention package, currently being implemented in most countries (World Bank Output Indicator 1; DFID Output Indicator 2.3. Target: 8; achievement: 8). ●● Strategic deployments to key multilateral/regional institutions: met. All countries have met their targets (World Bank Output Indicator 2; DFID Output Indicator 3.1. Target: 7; achievement: 7). ●● Evidence of strategic coordination between key donors and multilateral/regional institutions: met. All countries have met their targets. For example, social registry work in different countries has involved coordination between multiple actors in adaptive social protection. In Mauritania, World Food Programme–World Bank collaboration highlights the coordination and synergies between the two organizations. Also in Mauritania, terms of reference were drawn up for an early warning system/ response plan consultative group, in an effort to tap a large range of actors and donors involved in responding to shocks. In Niger, geo-referencing tools were developed and shared with a variety of partners to create a national database on cash-for-work interventions. In addition, the country’s social protection team, disaster risk management team, Climate Centre, and finance team are collaborating on risk financing tools and forecast-based financing mechanisms (World Bank Output Indicator 3; DFID Output Indicator 3.2. Target: 3; achievement: 3]. 6 Financial report When the ASPP was launched, DFID agreed to provide £47 million ($63.6 million at the prevailing exchange rate1) to the World Bank through a multidonor trust fund (MDTF) to support ASPP activities. DFID subsequently provided an additional £0.6 million to fund a regional coordinator based in Dakar, Senegal. Concurrently, the Wellspring Philanthropic Fund joined the MDTF, with a total contribution of $1.35 million. Table 6.1 presents an overview of contributions from development partners to the ASPP MDTF to date. TABLE 6.1  Status of development partner contributions as of August 25, 2017 Total contri- Contribution Contribution Contribution Contribution Contribution bution paid Donor currency amount (£) paid ($) unpaid (£) unpaid ($) and unpaid ($) DFID £ 47,000,000 36,089,900 21,500,000 27,599,550 63,689,450 DFID £ 600,000 374,835 300,000 387,000 761,835 WPF $ 1,350,000 0 0 1,350,000 1,350,000 NOTE: WPF = Wellspring Philanthropic Fund. Table 6.2 provides an overview of the disbursements to date for each of the grants under the ASPP. In this table, the Bank-executed trust funds (BETFs) are presented first, followed by the recipient-executed trust funds (RETFs). As of August 25, 2017, all recipient-executed trust funds have been activated and disbursements released, as detailed in the table. 1 Exchange rate fluctuations have resulted in a decrease in the U.S. dollar value of this contribution of approximately $1.4 million as compared to 2016. 53 54 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 TABLE 6.2  ASPP status by type of grant Grant Disbursement Country Fund amount ($) to date ($) Bank executed Supporting Knowledge and TA for Adaptive Social Protection in the 3,000,000 1,747,449 Sahel Livelihoods Experiment (Innovation Fund) 500,000 119,077 Regional  Strengthening Social Protection Systems through Forecast-based 500,000 5,664 Financing in the Sahel (Innovation Fund) WASH 500,000 77,468 Burkina Faso Adaptive Social Protection in the Sahel: Burkina Faso Country Program 2,000,000 1,155,848 Chad Chad: Support to Government in Establishing an Adaptive, Efficient, 1,597,928 1,233,323 and Responsive National Social Safety Net Mali Adaptive Social Protection for Resilience in Mali 1,050,000 585,235 Mauritania Adaptive Social Protection for Mauritania 1,250,000 761,041 Niger Adaptive Social Protection for Resilience in Niger 3,000,000 1,438,427 Senegal Senegal Adaptive Social Protection 1,950,000 790,656 Total 17,746,951 9,098,065 Recipient executed Burkina Faso Adaptive Safety Net – Burkina Faso Additional Financing 6,000,000 897,537 Chad Chad Safety Nets Trust Fund 5,000,000 272,134 Mali Safety Nets Project (Jigisemejiri) Additional Financing 10,000,000 1,394,360 Mauritania Adaptive Social Protection Support to Mauritania 4,000,000 739,827 Niger Adaptive Social Safety Nets Project 8,500,000 2,113,671 Senegal Senegal Adaptive Social Protection – Support to Senegal 11,050,000 1,628,021 Total   44,550,000 7,045,549 Grand total   62,296,951 16,143,550 APPENDIX A Adaptive elements supported by the ASPP New adaptive elements Adaptive social protection knowledge and Original safety net (recipient executed) technical assistance (Bank executed) Burkina Faso • Cash transfer target- • Adding a package of activities that aim to • Analytical work on poverty and vulnerability ing households with improve household resilience, economic • Analytical, piloting, and assessment work on children in chronic activities, and investment in productive targeting households that are poor and vul- poverty and sup- and income-generating activities nerable to various kinds of risks and shocks porting them with • Complementing the long-term cash • Technical assistance on harmonizing tar- transfers for 3 years transfer program with a parallel, coordi- geting mechanisms and building a unified to break the inter- nated short-term cash transfer benefit social registry generational cycle of specifically targeted to areas affected by poverty • Technical assistance to link the early poverty and food insecurity and providing warning system with a safety net MIS and • Accompanying mea- support for a shorter period of time program triggers sures (sensitization, • Capacity building for linking early warning training, and house- • Analytical work and technical assistance system and safety nets hold visits) focused to support a program on productive ac- on nutrition and early tivities that can be provided to safety net childhood develop- beneficiaries to strengthen their resilience ment • Mapping exercise and evaluation and • Building safety net assessment of the results of existing pro- systems such as an grams that focus on food security MIS and supporting • Analysis of government and donor spend- the government’s ing on safety nets and humanitarian re- objectives of har- sponse monizing, targeting, • Analytical work on gender and intra- and building a social household resource sharing and decision registry making in polygamous households Chad • Mainly emergency • Strengthen the linkages between safety • Refining targeting approaches in conjunc- response, particularly net systems and emergency response, tion and support with the NGO commu- to food crises based on a renewed collaboration with nity • Safety nets, as provid- early warning systems and other coordi- • Supporting the design of a social registry ed by the government, nation systems • Starting to pilot cash transfers and cash- are limited to subsi- • Merge in one database elements of for-work activities to support income and dies to children, either chronic poverty targeting arrangements consumption as in-kind support in with more transient aspects of poverty, • Enhance the analytical, policy, and pro- education and nutri- linked to vulnerability and shock exposure grammatic work on accompanying mea- tion, or as free access sures, in particular to improve livelihoods to health care services 55 56 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 New adaptive elements Adaptive social protection knowledge and Original safety net (recipient executed) technical assistance (Bank executed) Mali Direct cash transfer pro- • Labor-intensive public works to provide • Improve geographic information sys- gram and accompanying the adult population enrolled in the Social tem; develop an information system that measures focusing on Registry with short-term employment consolidates local statistics on poverty, nutrition and health out- opportunities, while building communal vulnerability, climate change, disaster, and comes assets that will increase the resilience human capital in one place of communities to shocks and climate • Support for the development of the Na- change risks tional Social Protection Strategy and poli- • Income-generating activities to enable cy discussion, ensuring that climate-relat- both small and subsistence agriculture ed vulnerabilities are effectively included workers and the poor and vulnerable en- in the revamped strategy rolled in the Social Registry to be more • Design of adaptive social protection tools productive, while at the same time boost- to promote resilience as well as sus- ing the local economy tainable livelihoods among current cash • New activities will help strengthen institu- transfer beneficiaries, including labor-in- tional capacity in the area of adaptive so- tensive public works, income-generating cial protection and enhance coordination activities and accompanying measures, among government institutions; increased and strengthening of the existing early capacity and coordination will lead to im- warning system proved service delivery, better targeting of the chronically poor and the vulnerable, as well as other improvements in develop- ment and humanitarian interventions Mauritania • Social registry of • Adaptive elements (to be developed in The technical assistance from the World Bank poor households FY17) contributes to make Mauritania’s safety net sys- tem more adaptive and shock responsive through • Payment of 25,000 • Early warning system definition and sup- four pillars: extremely poor port households (project • Triggers and related response set-up • Analysis of patterns and drivers of vulner- objective); first pay- ability: • Registry adaptation (if needed) ment was scheduled ——Development of poverty map for November 2016 • Implementation of the safety net program in case of shocks ——Analysis of food price formation • Social promotion • Development of productive interventions ——Assessment of the situation of youth in agenda focusing for selected conditional cash transfer the labor market on early childhood, health, education, beneficiaries • Adaptation of the early warning system and sanitation, as to trigger social protection responses to well as citizenship crises: and child protection ——Inventory of early warning systems ——Review of past financing mechanisms • Defining mechanisms for the social trans- fer program to respond to crises and shocks • Designing adaptive measures to promote resilience of extremely poor households Appendix A  Adaptive elements supported by the ASPP 57 New adaptive elements Adaptive social protection knowledge and Original safety net (recipient executed) technical assistance (Bank executed) Niger • Establishment of key • Complementing early childhood develop- • Analytical work on poverty and vulnera- elements of a safety ment accompanying measures by adding bility nets system: bene- a package to improve household resil- • Technical assistance on harmonizing tar- ficiary selection and ience, economic activities, and investment geting mechanisms and building a unified registration, MIS, pay- in productive and income-generating social registry ment systems, and activities • Designing adaptive measures to promote grievance manage- • Introduce accompanying measures to resilience of poor households ment mechanisms build community capacity to manage • Analytical work to help the government • A cash transfer pro- cash-for-work activities (hence their im- develop a disaster risk financing system gram with accompa- pact on adaptation and resilience) nying measures to • Geo-referencing of cash-for-work micro- • Strengthen national capacity for crisis promote parenting projects to build government capacity to prevention and response practices conducive coordinate interventions and assess their • Increase the efficiency of the safety net impact to investments in system to be rapidly scaled up in times of children’s human crisis capital • A cash-for-work pro- gram that provides the opportunity for temporary transfers and land recupera- tion Senegal • Proxy means test • New targeting criteria to identify house- • Launch of 3 studies on vulnerability (re- revision holds vulnerable to shocks sults available end of 2016) • Targeting of 190,000 • Expansion of the Unique Registry • Macroeconomic study on vulnerability to poor households in • An adaptation framework for safety nets shocks and its correlation with poverty the Unique Registry that establishes procedures to scale up • Empirical study: household economy • Payment of 30,000 support in times of regular shocks analysis/Unique Registry targeting com- households through • Modalities to promote greater resilience parison mobile money and productive capacity among the poor- • Comparison of profile of beneficiaries of • Design of communi- est existing social assistance programs cation tools on cash • Additional modules for the system’s MIS • Review of resilience programs in Senegal transfer and the for adaptive interventions • Review of public works programs in Sene- Unique Registry • Further strengthening of grievance mech- gal and whether they could be used as a • Complaint mecha- anisms and the revision of relevant opera- tool for the social protection strategy nism manual tions manuals and communication tools • Launch of public expenditure review with • Launch of MIS devel- • Implementation of adaptive programs, data collection (will help address question opment including temporary expansion of the of financing of the adaptive elements) PNBSF or other temporary transfer programs for households affected by shocks (temporary transfers), preferential inclusion of poor households in existing resilience programs, activities to promote behavioral changes necessary to improve resilience, and one-off monetary transfers (productive transfers) to promote the adoption of good productive practices among target households APPENDIX B Results framework and monitoring B.1  ASPP World Bank results framework The project development objective is to increase access to effective adaptive social protection systems for poor and vulnerable populations in the Sahel. The following provides cumulative target values for the project development objective and intermediate results indicators for each year.1 Base- Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Planned Indicator name Category line FY15 FY15 FY16 FY16 FY17 FY17 FY18 FY19+ Source Project development objective indicators Indicator 1: Spend- % point in- NA 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.15 Program ing on social protec- creaseb mgmt, tion, including gov- national ernment and donor % of GDP 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 budgets, spending [DFID Out- donor come Indicator 2]a informa- tion Indicator 2: Capaci- Using a scale 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 Institu- ty of countries’ social from 1–6c tional protection systems assess- to implement adap- ment tive social protection programs [Output 1.1] Indicator 3: People Direct 0 0 0 138,857 125,000 190,844 327,470 413,674 434,291 Country- benefiting from level MIS adaptive social pro- tection programs Direct F. 0 0 0 68,699 62,500 96,535 163,841 212,363 225,671 supported by the trust fund [DFID Out- come Indicator 1] Indirect 0 0 0 334,285 250,000 704,119 1,106,074 1,386,722 1,453,205 (continued ) Years correspond to World Bank fiscal years, which run from July–June, except for FY19+, 1 which runs from July–December. For example, FY15 corresponds to July 2014 to June 2015. 58 Appendix B  Results framework and monitoring 59 Base- Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Planned Indicator name Category line FY15 FY15 FY16 FY16 FY17 FY17 FY18 FY19+ Source Intermediate results indicators Indicator 1. Just-  Number 0 4 6 13 18 25 25 29 32 Program in-time technical mgmt assistance activities informa- supported by the tion trust fund Indicator 2. Im-  Number 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 5 5 Program proved early warning mgmt systems and season- informa- al forecasts (to antic- tion ipate and prepare for climate-related and other shocks) Indicator 3. Govern- Number 0 70 115 300 245 519 607 655 750 Program ment staff trained on mgmt social protection pol- informa- icy, delivery and M&E tion through the trust fund. [DFID Output Indicator 1.5] Indicator 4. Assess-  Number 0 2 2 8 7 13 17 14 15 Program ments of poverty, cli- mgmt mate change risk and informa- other vulnerabilities tion commissioned by the trust fund. [DFID Out- put Indicator 2.1] Indicator 5. Evalua- Number com- 0 5 6 9 20 26 26 30 31 Program tions, assessments missioned mgmt and studies creating informa- lessons from adap- tion tive social protection programs supported Number 0 5 1 9 9 22 27 26 27 by the trust fund. publishedd [DFID Output Indica- tor 2.2] Indicator 6. Knowl- Number 0 2 3 9 14 19 32 21 22 Program edge exchange and national mgmt dissemination activi- informa- ties supported by the tion trust fund [DFID Out- Number 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 4 4 put Indicator 2.4] regional Indicator 7. Pro- Numbere 0 0 0 9 6 9 10 9 9 Program grams supported by mgmt the trust fund informa- tion Indicator 8. Number CT 0 0 0 0 0 9,594 3,470 43,524 52,441 Country- of households re- level MIS ceiving cash through PW 0 0 0 18,857 0 21,450 18,700 31,400 32,900 cash based interven- Total (house- 0 0 0 18,857 0 28,044 22,170 71,924 82,341 tions (Transfers and hold) PW) supported by the trust fund (DFID Total peoplef 0 0 0 103,142 0 249,063 217,644 458,546 515,046 Output Indicator 1.3) Total female 0 0 0 50,691 0 124,391 108,822 229,713 258,143 Indicator 9. People  Number 0 0 0 130,032 125,000 178,984 319,125 387,784 400,484 Country- benefiting from pro- level MIS ductive measures or trained on basic skills (such as sanitary health practices and nutrition awareness programs) supported by the trust fundg (continued ) 60 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 Base- Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Planned Indicator name Category line FY15 FY15 FY16 FY16 FY17 FY17 FY18 FY19+ Source Indicator 10. Ad-  Number 0 0 0 338 0 385 125 795 810 Coun- aptation related try-level community assets MIS created/rehabilitated through support by the trust fund [DFID Output 1.4] Indicator 11: Gov- Number 0 4 3 5 4 10 10 11 11 11 ernment led social protection programs that incorporate adaptation and risk reduction. [DFID Out- put 1.2] a. Numbers provided are based on the latest available data, which vary for each country. It is important to highlight and acknowledge that the quality of these data is poor. Expenditure monitoring systems in the Sahel are weak, and one of the aims of the program will be to improve these systems in order to obtain accurate expenditure data on social protection. Once these improved systems are in place, numbers may be revised. b. The increase corresponds to the percentage point change of funding as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). c. See section B.3 of this appendix for explanation of scale. d. Published documents refer to those in public domain e. This indicator refers to the number of individual programs that are supported through the multidonor trust fund, through direct investment grants and/or technical assistance. f. This includes household members directly receiving benefits plus other members of the household indirectly benefiting. g. This includes people directly benefiting from productive measures or training. Appendix B  Results framework and monitoring 61 B.2  ASPP DFID logframe Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual FY18 Indicator name Category Baseline FY15 FY15 FY16 FY16 FY17 FY17 updated FY19+a Source Impact indicators Indicator 1: Percent- Percent- 24.0 23.8 23.6 23.3 22.0 24.3 25.8 24.3 24.3 UNICEF age of children under age 5 who are under- weight (moderate and severe malnutrition) [DFID Impact Indica- tor 1]b Indicator 2: Number Number in 14.5 14.5 14.9 14.7 13.1 13.0 13.0 12.9 12.9 FAO-ESS of food insecure peo- millions ple [DFID Impact Indi- cator 3] (in millions)c Indicator 3: Percent- Number                   WB house- age of households hold surveys using negative cop- ing strategies as a response to shocks [DFID Impact Indica- tor 2] Outcome indicators Indicator 1: The ex- Using 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.8 4.2 Institutional tent to which planned a scale assessment interventions are likely from 1–6d to have transforma- tional impact [DFID Outcome Indicator 4] Indicator 2: Effective- Using 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.7 2.5 2.5 3.2 3.5 Institutional ness of national SP a scale assessment systems to address from 1–6e CA and DRM [DFID Outcome Indicator 3] Output indicators Indicator 1: Govern- Number 0 0 0 7 8 8 8 9 9 Institutional ment-led projects assessment supported by this Trust Fund whose de- sign and/or implemen- tation approaches are informed by recent research and evi- dence [DFID Output Indicator 2.3] Indicator 2: Strategic Number 0 1 1 2 7 7 7 7 7 Program deployments to key mgmt multilateral/regional information institutions [DFID Out- put Indicator 3.1] Indicator 3: Evidence Using a 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 Institutional of strategic coordina- scalee assessment tion between key do- nors and multilateral/ regional institutions [DFID Output Indica- tor 3.2] a. FY19+ runs from July 2018–December 2019. Targets for FY19+ correspond to end targets. b. Numbers provided are based on the latest available data, which vary for each country. c. Numbers provided are based on the latest available data, which vary for each country. d. See section B.3 of this appendix for explanation of scale. e. Rating scale is as follows: 1 = no evidence of strategic coordination is yet available; 2 = tentative evidence points to ongoing coordination efforts; 3 = a coordination framework exists but actual coordination efforts are ad hoc and based on needs; 4 = a coordination framework exists and is implemented. 62 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 B.3  Measurement tool on adaptive social protection capacity and likely transformational impact This section provides definitions and explanations for the indicators used in the results framework and DFID logframe. The table presents ratings for the following three indicators: ●● DFID Outcome Indicator 3. Effectiveness of national social protection systems to address climate change adaptation and disaster risk management. ●● ASPP Output Indicator 2 (DFID Output Indicator 1.1). Capacity of country’s social protection systems to implement adaptive social protection programs ●● DFID Outcome Indicator 4. Extent to which planned interventions are likely to have transformational impact. This set of indicators will be used to feed into the overall results framework (table A.1) and related DFID logframe for the program (table  A .2). Ratings will be made by task team leaders for the respective countries using a scale from 1 to 6 (decimals can be used if a rating falls between two scores) in accordance with the parameters noted in the following table. The country ratings will be averaged to obtain an overall rating on each of the three indicators for the ASPP as a whole. DFID also requires a qualitative/narrative report setting out evidence of change in the criteria used in the assessment. The scaling system follows the one used by The World Bank’s Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA), which is done annually for all its borrowing countries. The CPIA involves a set of 16 criteria, which are grouped in four clusters: (1) economic management, (2) structural policies, (3) policies for social inclusion and equity, and (4) public sector management and institutions. Ratings for each of the criteria reflect a variety of indicators, observations, and judgments. They focus on the quality of each country’s current policies and institutions—which are the main determinants of present aid effectiveness prospects. To fully underscore the importance of the CPIA in IDA performance-based allocations, the overall country score is referred to as the IDA Resource Allocation Index (IRAI). Appendix B  Results framework and monitoring 63 Rating Indicator 1 2 3 4 5 6 Effectiveness The SP system The SP system The government The government The government Adaptive SP of national has no clear links has no links with has a clearly has an overall has an overall programs sup- SP systems with CCA and CCA and DRM, formulated strategy for strategy for port a balanced, to address DRM, and the but the govern- strategy on how adaptive SP and adaptive SP and institutionalized, CCA and government has ment has initiat- to create CCA a set of pro- a well-designed well-coordinat- DRM no plans for such ed discussions and DRM links grams that aim set of programs ed strategy for links. No existing on such links. with the SP to improve re- with links to adaptive SP. SP strategy with There is not yet system and may silience through CCA and DRM. CCA and DRM an SP strategy have begun clear links to aspects included. with CCA and implementing CCA and DRM. DRM links. such links. Capacity of No effective Some elements Some elements Some elements All elements All key elements country’s SP elements of the of the core SP of the core SP of the core SP of the core SP of the core SP system to core SP system system have system have system are oper- system are system are in implement are in place been devel- been developed ational and used operational, but place and are adaptive SP oped, but are and are opera- correctly/effi- are not used used correctly/ programsa not yet fully tional, but are ciently, but more correctly/effi- effectively operational not used cor- work is needed ciently rectly/efficiently for missing ele- ments Extent There is a very There is some There is some There is some There is mod- There is consid- to which low likelihood for likelihood for likelihood for likelihood for erate likelihood erable likelihood planned in- planned interven- planned in- planned inter- planned inter- for planned for planned terventions tions to have a terventions to ventions to have ventions to have interventions to interventions to are likely to transformational have a trans- a transforma- a transforma- have a trans- have a trans- have a trans- impact formational tional impact, tional impact; formational im- formational im- formational impact, but and the risk is risk is moder- pact; the risk is pact, and there impactb the risks are high and some ate, but some low, but support is limited need high and in- support is need- support is still is still needed from support by tense support ed by other pro- needed by other by other pro- other programs is needed to grams to enable programs to en- grams to enable to enable trans- enable transfor- transformational able transforma- transformation- formational mational impact impact tional impact al impact impact NOTE: CCA = climate change adaptation; DRM = disaster risk management; SP = social protection. a. A country system will include a set of programs and the following elements (available for certain programs or systemwide): (1) dedicat- ed institutions and staff; (2) a targeting system, with criteria established and a list of potential beneficiaries available; (3) a functioning MIS, capable of storing potential and actual beneficiaries, and generate lists for registration, payment, and follow-up; (4) an existing and effective payment system; (5) existing and effective grievance mechanisms; and (6) existing and effective monitoring and evaluation. b. Transformational impact refers to a lifelong positive impact on household resilience. APPENDIX C Progress toward the results framework This appendix details progress on select indicators of the results framework by country since the program was launched. World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 4 (DFID Output Indicator 2.1. Assessments of poverty, climate change risk, and other vulnerabilities commissioned by the trust fund. ●● Chad assessments: —— Vulnerability in Chad —— Social Dynamics of Poverty and Vulnerability: A Qualitative Analysis —— Safety Nets Mapping —— Study summarizing lessons on poverty dynamics from a quantitative and qualitative perspective, and the state of social safety nets —— Identification of the poor for the Social Safety Nets pilot project ●● Burkina Faso assessments: —— Burkina Faso Poverty and Vulnerability Analysis —— Feasibility study on complementary programs for making safety nets respond better to shocks ●● Mali assessments: —— Human Development Poverty and Vulnerability Assessment —— Building of the site www.malidataviz.com ●● Niger assessments: —— Vulnerability to shocks and resilience —— Price risks —— Beneficiary identification for poor and vulnerable populations 64 Appendix C  Progress toward the results framework 65 —— WASH and poverty —— Risk financing tools ●● Senegal assessments: —— Profile of households vulnerable to shocks based on a macro economic analysis —— Study on how users of the household economy analysis methodology can harmonize their system with the national registry —— Vulnerability to Shocks in Senegal: A Multidimensional Analysis World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 5 (DFID Output Indicator 2.2). Evaluations, assessments, and studies creating lessons from adaptive social protection programs supported by the trust fund (see table C.1). World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 6 (DFID Output Indicator 2.4). Knowledge exchange and dissemination activities supported by the trust fund. ●● Chad —— Participation of the CTI in the South-South learning forum in China —— Two study tours in Niger and Benin, respectively, for the CTI —— A workshop organized to disseminate the ESMF to the CSO, NGOs, the government, and partners —— A workshop for the collaboration among partners on SP in Chad (supported by the trust fund and ECHO) —— Social registry workshop —— Two workshops to provide training on electronic data collection using the harmonized questionnaire —— A workshop on the MIS —— A workshop to discuss and validate the operational manuals ●● Burkina Faso —— Social protection workshop, May 9–10, 2016, Bobo —— Adaptive social protection workshop, June 21–23, 2016, Ouagadougou ●● Mali —— Workshop on social net experiments in Mali in collaboration with the program management unit for the Jigisemejiri program, June 22–23, 2015, Bamako —— First national conference on social protection, October 19–20, 2015, Bamako 66 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 TABLE C.1  Evaluations, assessments, and studies creating lessons from adaptive social protection programs Commissioned (C) Country Title or published (P) Mali Évaluation Fonctionnelle et Organisationnelle des Programmes a Haute in- P tensité de Main d’œuvre au Mali Mali Étude pour la création d’un répertoire de travaux HIMO pour informer le P projet JIGISEMEJIRI Mali Étude qualitative sur les contraintes à l’emploi productif au Mali Programme P de protection sociale adaptative au Sahel Mali Étude comparative des différentes méthodes de ciblage utilisées dans le P cercle de Gao Mali Public expenditure review C Mauritania Early Warning System in Mauritania and links with Social Protection P Mauritania Bridging Humanitarian Assistance and Social Protection Systems: Maurita- P nia case study Senegal Profile of households vulnerable to shocks based on a macro economic C analysis Senegal Comparative of two targeting methodology: the Unique Registry and the P household economy analysis Senegal Comparative analysis of social assistance beneficiary profiles C Senegal Review of Public Work Programs in Senegal P Senegal Stock-take of resilience projects in Senegal to inform the ASP P Senegal Analysis of targeting methodology of the Unique Registry P Senegal Process evaluation of the PNBSF project (2017) C Senegal Review of public works and productive project experience in Senegal P Senegal PER Senegal P Senegal Concluding /summary note of the 3 studies on PNBSF, Public Works, and C productive project experience Senegal 2 qualitative evaluation of pilot project 2017 (2018) P and C Senegal Evaluation of 2018 food response (2019) C Senegal Vulnerability to Shocks in Senegal: A Multidimensional Analysis C Niger Prospective Evaluation of targeting methodologies C Niger Price study C Niger Impact evaluation on accompanying measures C Niger Evaluation of CFW microproject C Niger Impact evaluation of Pilot program P Niger Retrospective Evaluation of targeting methodologies P (continued ) Appendix C  Progress toward the results framework 67 TABLE C.1  Evaluations, assessments, and studies creating lessons from adaptive social protection programs (continued ) Commissioned (C) Country Title or published (P) Niger Qualitative study on constraints to productive employment P Niger Vulnerability to shocks and resilience C Niger WASH and poverty P Niger Risk financing tools C Niger Forecast based financing C Niger Evaluation of CFS microprojects C Burkina Faso Qualitative study on constraints to productive employment C Burkina Faso Quantitative study on constraints to productive employment C Burkina Faso Social Safety Nets assessments C Burkina Faso Making safety nets respond better to shocks C Burkina Faso Targeting efficiency comparison of proxy means testing and household C economy analysis Burkina Faso Building resilience and productive activities C Burkina Faso Analysis of ASP spending C Burkina Faso Study on welfare measures and identification of poor households in Burki- C na Faso Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Poverty and Vulnerability Analysis P Burkina Faso Qualitative study on risk and resource-sharing in polygamous households P in the North region of Burkina Faso Chad Safety nets mapping P Chad Developing an Identity Management Framework in Support of Social Pro- P tection in Chad Chad Identification of the poor for the Social Safety Nets pilot project P Chad Vulnerability in Chad P Chad Social dynamics of poverty and vulnerability: a qualitative analysis P Chad The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) of the safe- P ty nets project Chad Study summarizing lessons on poverty dynamics from a quantitative and P qualitative perspective, and the state of social safety nets Chad A payment landscape assessment P 68 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 —— Second national conference on social protection, October 25–27, 2016, Bamako —— Regional workshop on productive accompanying measures to the safety net programs, October 2016, Dakar —— Ten-day study tour in Brasilia for the project implementing unit and three government staff participating in the project steering committee, May 2017 —— Workshop on the concept, role, and issues of safety nets in Mali, March 2017 —— Dissemination of new national social protection policy workshop, June 2017 ●● Mauritania —— Early warning system analysis workshop, February 2015 —— Participation in the COP, Congo Brazzaville, April 2016 —— Response plan appraisal and best practice, consultative group, March 2017 —— Bridging humanitarian assistance and social protection systems, April 2017 ●● Niger —— Workshop to present results of the targeting study comparing proxy means testing and household economy analysis, September 5, 2016 —— Workshop to present results from the impact evaluation of the behavioral accompanying measures to the cash transfer program, August, 10 2016 —— Government workshop on adaptive social protection and the challenges of social protection in Niger, November 2016 —— Parliament workshop on adaptive social protection and the challenges of social protection in Niger, November 2016 —— Workshop on Building Resilience: Managing Climate Risks through Sustainable and Effective Systems, June 2017 —— Workshop on technical guide on the behavioral component of the Safety Nets Project, March 2017 ●● Senegal —— Training on safety nets and adaptive safety nets, February 2016 —— Presentation of findings of review of public work programs in Senegal, March 2016 —— Participation in the COP, Congo Brazzaville, April 2016 APPENDIX D Gender map of ASPP activities The following table provides an overview of cash transfer activities in each country that include a focus on gender, categorized by project areas of emphasis. Emphasis Mali Niger Burkina Faso Chad Senegal Mauritania Employment Increase female beneficiaries’ access to jobs (socioeconomic skills, best combi- P P P P nation of cash and skills training) Access to and use of capital to start P P P P businesses Time, family formation, and care respon- P N N N sibilities Occupational choice, social norms, and N N N P discrimination Role of networks in helping/hindering N N N N women’s employment Entrepreneurship Shift/circumvent social norms around women’s participation in entrepreneur- N P P P ship and/or the sector in which they choose to operate Overcome gender-based biases in household decision making regarding N P P P resource allocation as it pertains to business assets and business income Skills and confidence building for fe- N P P P male entrepreneurs Networking and information and mento- ring programs about enterprise oppor- N N P P tunities (continued ) 69 70 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2017 Emphasis Mali Niger Burkina Faso Chad Senegal Mauritania Targeting to identify high-potential fe- P N N N male entrepreneurs Property rights (land, savings, and livestock) Norms and institutions affecting wom- en’s ownership of/control over produc- N N N N tive assets Women’s access to land ownership N N N N Women’s savings and bank accounts P P P P Women’s access to livestock ownership P P N N Agriculture Agricultural extension services and in- P P N N formation for female beneficiaries Improved access to labor to achieve N N N N equality in productivity Reduce gender gap in the use of, and returns to, fertilizer and other nonlabor N P N N inputs Improve women’s access to markets and promote a shift to higher-value N N N N crops and commercial agriculture General cash transfer efficiency Program allocation rules based on gen- N O O Ob der Cash transfers conditional on girls’ N N Na N schooling Extending child care to women with children to promote their participation N N N Oc in safety net programs NOTE: N = no; P = in preparation, O = ongoing. a. Encouraged explicitly as one of the conditions for receiving the transfers though not verified. b. The cash is dedicated for the entire household, but the program foster to have female as the main recipient. c. The conditional cash transfer program (not the ASP component) includes early child development social promotion sessions for care- givers (primarily the mothers).