94294 Water Security for All: The Next Wave of Tools 2013/14 Annual Report Water Security for All: The Next Wave of Tools 2013/14 Annual Report © 2015 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This report is available on the WPP website (go to http://water.worldbank.org/wpp/AnnualReport2013-14.html). Acknowledgments This report was prepared by the following members of the WPP Management Team: Diego J. Rodríguez, Matthijs Schuring, Nansia Constantinou, Amanda Goksu, Danielle A. García Ramírez, and Luisa Mimmi. The Annual Report was also made possible by the contributions of the following Bank staff and consultants: Adria M. Vargas, Noosha Tayebi, Luis Ernesto García, Marcus Wijnen, Meleesa Naughton, Anna Delgado, Maryanne Leblanc, Svetlana Valieva, Inge Pakulski, Susanne Scheierling, and Claire Kfouri. Special thanks to William Rex and to peer reviewers Jacqueline Tront and Stephane Dahan. Document design (including front and back covers, and internal layout) was created by StudioGrafik and infographics by Space Chimp Media. Photo Credits Cover Photo: The small West African country of Guinea-Bissau makes for an awe-inspiring image. Silt carried by the Geba and other rivers flow out to the Atlantic Ocean, creating complex and beautiful patterns in the shallow waters along the coastline. USGS National Center for EROS and NASA Landsat Project Science Office. Page 17: A man sorts bean seeds in Comayagua, Honduras, some 130 kilometers from Tegucigalpa. ©Alfredo Srur/World Bank Flickr. Page 21: Ger Area in Ulaanbaatar. ©Maryanne Leblanc/World Bank Page 22: Tsanjid, owner of an improved latrine. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. ©Maryanne Leblanc/World Bank Page 27: Cruzeta. Northeastern Brazil. ©Mariana Ceratti/World Bank Page 39: Building boats. Bangladesh. ©Thomas Sennett/World Bank Flickr Page 40: Overlooking the Central Kumasi Market. Ghana. © Jonathan Ernst/World Bank Flickr Page 46: Trung Son Hydropower Project site. Vietnam. ©Mai Ky/World Bank Flickr Page 47: Pomegranate Farm. Tajikistan. ©Gennadiy Ratushenko/World Bank Flickr Page 51: Vegetable market. Madagascar. ©Yosef Hadar/World Bank Flickr Page 57: New household connection. Morrocco. ©Arne Hoel/World Bank Flickr Disclaimer This work is a product of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 1 Water Security for All: The Next Wave of Tools 2013/14 Annual Report ACRONYMS .........................................................................................................................................................................................3 FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER 2. GLOBAL INITIATIVES ...............................................................................................................................................15 2.1. Water in Agriculture and Energy ..............................................................................................................................................16 2.1.1 Water for Food ..................................................................................................................................................................16 2.1.2 Water for Energy ...............................................................................................................................................................18 2.2 Cutting-Edge Tools and Knowledge ..........................................................................................................................................20 2.2.1 Cold Sanitation: Unique Climate, Tailored Solution...........................................................................................................20 2.2.2 A View from Space – Remote Sensing Tools for Water Resources Management........................................................................22 2.2.3 Water-Related Disaster Risk Management: A Joint Global Initiative of the WPP and the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction (GFDRR).........................................................................................................................................25 2.2.4 Climate Change Decision Tree ...........................................................................................................................................28 2.3 Strategic Support in Priority Geographic Areas .........................................................................................................................31 2.3.1 Contributions to Food and Water Security in the Sahel ...................................................................................................31 2.3.2 Building Resilience in the Vietnam’s Mekong Delta ........................................................................................................33 CHAPTER 3. MID-PROGRAM RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................37 Outcome 1: WPP strategic funding mobilization ............................................................................................................................39 Outcome 2: Knowledge and operational tools created, disseminated and used ................................................................................41 Outcome 3: Plans and strategies designed and capacity-enhanced for improved WRM and service delivery ....................................45 Outcome 4: Downstream loans supported through improved design and implementation ..............................................................49 Outcome 5: Vulnerability reduced via pro-poor and gender-sensitive interventions........................................................................54 Outcome 6: Water mainstreamed in other sectors ...........................................................................................................................56 ANNEX I – FINANCIAL SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................58 ANNEX II – RESULTS FRAMEWORK ..............................................................................................................................................62 2 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 List of Boxes Box 1: Evolution of the WPP ..................................................................................................................................................................9 Box 2: Resilience for Africa: Learning from the Experts .........................................................................................................................27 Box 3: The Science of Delivering WSS ..................................................................................................................................................30 Box 4: Results-Based Financing: Bringing an Old Approach to New Frontiers ......................................................................................31 Box 5: Spurring Cooperation in the Sahel .............................................................................................................................................32 List of Figures Figure 1: WPP Activity Approvals per Window (July 2012 – June 2014) ..............................................................................................12 Figure 2: WPP-supported World Bank lending across regions ...............................................................................................................49 Figure A1: WPP Phase II Financial Overview (as of June 30, 2014) ......................................................................................................60 Figure A2: WPP Funding Across Sub-sectors.........................................................................................................................................61 Figure A3: WPP Activity vs. PMA Disbursements (July 2012 – 2014) ..................................................................................................61 List of Maps Map 1: WPP Phase II Activities Have Been Implemented In 44 Countries .............................................................................................9 Map 2: WPP Support to the Sahel ........................................................................................................................................................32 Map 3: WPP Support to the Mekong Delta ..........................................................................................................................................33 List of Tables Table 1: WPP Phase II Results Framework (Abbreviated) ......................................................................................................................38 Table 2: INDICATOR A: WPP strategic funding mobilization ............................................................................................................39 Table 3: INDICATOR B: Events and training supported by WPP ........................................................................................................41 Table 4: INDICATOR C: Web-based outeach and use of WPP Publications ........................................................................................44 Table 5: INDICATOR D: New plans and strategies promoted by WPP activities in client countries.....................................................45 Table 6: INDICATOR E: Capacity enhancement .................................................................................................................................48 Table 7: INDICATOR F: Amount of Bank lending influenced & additional funding leveraged through WPP activities.......................49 Table 8: INDICATOR G: Physical and natural assets protected ............................................................................................................52 Table 9: INDICATOR H: People benefiting from projects supported by WPP activities .......................................................................54 Table 10: INDICATOR I: Cross-Sectoral mainstreaming of WRM ......................................................................................................56 Table A1: Overview of Donor Contributions to the WPP - Phase II .....................................................................................................58 Table A2: WPP Phase II Financial Overview (as of June 30, 2014)........................................................................................................59 Table A3: WPP Phase II Results Framework (Part I of 2) ......................................................................................................................63 Table A4: WPP Phase II Results Framework (Part 2 of 2) ......................................................................................................................64 WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 3 Acronyms AFR Africa Region (World Bank) IWS International Water Summit AGWA Alliance for Global Water Adaptation LCR Latin America and Caribbean Region (World Bank) CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research MNA Middle East and North Africa Region (World Bank) Organisation (Australia) MW Megawatt DFID Department for International Development NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (United Kingdom) NEA National Energy Administration (China) DGIS Directorate-General for International ODA Official Development Assistance Cooperation (the Netherlands) ONEE Office National de l’Electricité et de l’Eau Potable DANIDA Danish International Development Agency (National Office of Electricity and DRM Disaster Risk Management Drinking Water; Morocco) EAP East Asia and Pacific Region (World Bank) OPCSPQ Operational Policy and Quality Department ECA Europe and Central Asia Region (World Bank) (World Bank) EDF Électricité de France PMA Program Management and Administration ESA European Space Agency PPIAF Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program PSRG Private Sector Reference Group EST Expert Support Team (WET) QBS Quality-Based Selection EWS Early Warning System RBF Results-Based Financing FAO Food and Agriculture Organization RS Remote Sensing of the United Nations SAR South Asia Region (World Bank) GCM Global Circulation Model SEDP Socio-Economic Development Plan (Vietnam) GDP Gross Domestic Product SREX Special Report on Managing the risks of Extreme GEO Group on Earth Observations Events and Disasters to Advance climate Change GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery Adaptation (IPCC) GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale TU Delft Delft University of Technology Zusammenarbeit (German Federal Enterprise for UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific International Cooperation) and Cultural Organization GPOBA Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education GWP Global Water Partnership USD United States Dollar I&D Irrigation and Drainage USUG Ulaantbaatar Municipal Utility Company IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction WB World Bank and Development WBADMIP West Bengal Accelerated Development of Minor IDA International Development Association Irrigation Project (India) IEA International Energy Agency WBG World Bank Group IGRAC International Groundwater Resources WET Water Expert Team (WPP) Assessment Centre WFES World Future Energy Summit IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change WIF Weather Information for Farmers ITC Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth WMO World Meteorological Organization Observation of the University of Twente WPP Water Partnership Program IUWM Integrated Urban Water Management WRM Water Resources Management IWMI International Water Management Institute WSS Water Supply and Sanitation IWREC International Water Resource Economics WUA(s) Water User Association(s) Consortium January 2015 Water Partnership Program (WPP) Water Global Practice - The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 www.worldbank.org/water/wpp WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 5 FOREWORD Water is a part of everything we do. It nurtures and sustains our livelihoods; it irrigates our crops; it helps power our industries and cities; and it preserves the very ecosystems we depend upon. Its immeasurable benefits make it one of the most precious resources on the planet. We are well aware that water insecurity can have devastating effects on economies and jeopardize the well-being of entire populations, especially the poorest and most vulnerable. That is why helping countries achieve water security lies at the core of the World Bank Group’s twin goals: to eliminate extreme poverty by 2030 and boost shared prosperity. As countries move up the development ladder, they will require more water to grow food, produce energy, and provide services to growing cities and more vulnerable rural populations. With too many straws drinking from the same glass, satisfying these needs is a complex task, which becomes even more challenging under the increasing uncertainty brought on by climate change. For some countries in the Middle East, rainfall is expected to decrease by up to 40 percent by the end of this century. Already dry regions such as Brazil’s northeast will get even drier, making crops even harder to grow and electricity harder to produce. In the Sahel, the recent water shortages left a trail of demise. At the other end of the spectrum, many cities, especially those in low-lying and delta areas, face a high risk from increasingly costly flooding, as sea levels rise and ecosystems degrade. In this multifaceted landscape, the World Bank Group’s leadership and commitment to helping countries achieve water security have become even more crucial. Our clients, as prudent decision makers, demand the best knowledge available to shape their future investments in water. They want innovative and transformational solutions that integrate the needs of diverse economic sectors while delivering benefits that diminish poverty. They value longer-term, strategic engagements that can have a true impact on livelihoods and sustainable growth. And they expect strong support to develop the right governance mechanisms. These are some of the reasons why the World Bank Group launched a single, integrated Water Global Practice in July 2014. Both in the past, and under our new structure, the World Bank’s ability to help clients address these issues has been greatly enhanced by the Water Partnership Program (WPP). Over the past year, this program has enabled us to become an even stronger knowledge incubator and has solidified our contribution to dialogue and action around some of the toughest water challenges globally. By encouraging multi- sectoral work, the WPP helps us support water-related work across Global Practices. It allows us to leverage knowledge from client countries and development partners and strengthen the quality and impact of our operations and advisory services. I am pleased to introduce this Annual Report “Water Security for All: The Next Wave of Tools,” which outlines the program’s progress and results under its second Phase. This year’s report demonstrates how the WPP is helping us provide decision makers with the tools and knowledge they need to address complex water challenges and to thrive under uncertainty. It also illustrates why the Water Global Practice is building on the success of the WPP, absorbing it into its core vision, and continuously evolving its ability to support innovation and have an additional impact around key water issues facing our clients. The World Bank Group remains grateful to the WPP donors—the governments of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Denmark and Austria—who have seen the success and tremendous potential of the program and have agreed to support an expanded second phase. We look forward to strengthening our collaboration with each one of our partners to deliver a water-secure world for all. Junaid Kamal Ahmad Senior Director, Water Global Practice The World Bank Group WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 7 1. Introduction 8 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Water is fundamental to poverty reduction and economic growth. For centuries, it has allowed populations and countries to develop and thrive; it has sustained livelihoods and human well-being, propelled socio-economic development, and preserved ecosystems. Water security, however, has been and Achieving water security encompasses analytical work. As the Bank’s only still remains a major challenge for many several complex and interlinked global and comprehensive water trust countries today, especially in the context challenges. It depends on an array of fund, the WPP is positioned to respond of a changing climate. Currently, 1.6 socio-economic, physical, political, to demand in any country and in any billion people live in countries and institutional, and financial factors that water sub-sector. Projects and analytical regions with absolute water scarcity1 and are extremely difficult to align since work receiving WPP support are thus the number is expected to rise to 2.8 they often lie outside of the water sector provided a holistic perspective on water billion people by 2025. Climate change domain. To deal with the multifaceted challenges, which yields solutions that will place additional stresses on water nature of water, countries are demanding integrate the various aspects of water. resources and make water security even additional support in terms of innovative, more difficult and costly to achieve. cross-sectoral solutions to help them The second phase of the program It may also reintroduce water security build climate resilience through better commenced in July of 2012 (see Box challenges in countries that for many water resources management (WRM) 1). Designed with an expanded scope years have enjoyed reliable water supplies. and service delivery. and duration, Phase II is more targeted to specific water challenges and more While all countries around the world are The Water Partnership Program (WPP) results-oriented, to help countries tackle threatened by an imminent water crisis, remains a strategic instrument for the poverty through climate-resilient green the costs and consequences of water World Bank to bring together the growth. Phase II reinforces the program’s insecurity—an unacceptable quantity best knowledge, research, and proven comparative advantages with new and quality of water, and water-related approaches to enable countries to programmatic and global aspects that risks—are especially high in some of the catapult towards water security. A encompass longer-term engagements poorest countries and disproportionately longstanding partnership among the with a clear focus on poverty reduction. affect the most vulnerable populations. World Bank and the governments Moreover, positioned in the central That is why helping countries achieve of the Netherlands, the United unit of the World Bank’s Water Global water security lies at the core of the Kingdom, Denmark, and Austria, Practice, the WPP promotes water World Bank’s mandate to reduce poverty the WPP supports the Bank’s poverty solutions across other practices, including and promote sustainable development reduction efforts by mainstreaming urban development, food, energy, and growth. Water security is a climate-resilient growth and pragmatic environment, and climate change. fundamental pillar of the organization’s approaches in Water Resources twin goals: to eliminate extreme poverty Management and Water Supply and by 2030 and boost shared prosperity. Sanitation in World Bank projects and 1. Countries or regions are considered to be facing absolute water scarcity if renewable water resources are <500 m3 per capita (FAO. Coping with water scarcity - an action framework for agriculture and food. FAO Water Reports, Rome, 2012). WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 9 right data and information at a sufficient strongest international expertise, including resolution to select the best options for the private sector, to building tools with Box 1: Evolution of the meeting their development objectives. By specific decision makers in mind. WPP supporting these stakeholders through WPP Phase I (2009–12) World Bank-funded programs and Being strategic about where we work • $23.3 million analytical work, the WPP is empowering makes the WPP a more effective • 225 activities developing countries to transform their instrument for fighting poverty • 64 countries supported water future, to reduce vulnerabilities, to through water security. The WPP’s WPP Phase II (2012–16) build resilience, and to protect the poor. core contribution in 2013 and 2014 is • $45.1 million seen through its targeting non-water • 94 activities* • 44 countries supported* - Transformation through sectors and key geographies, broadening See map 1 Targeted Interventions partnerships, and developing niche tools and approaches. Each of these *as of June, 2014 Phase II is targeting interventions where contributions can be demonstrated at resources can make the most impact. This the activity level, as well as through the includes aiming at countries that lack program’s global initiatives, as detailed capacity and financial resources; sectors in the following section. Due to changes The WPP’s vision for a water-secure that have the most to lose if they don’t take in the Program’s reporting requirements, future for all is one whereby people water seriously; and new technological this Annual Report summarizes WPP’s have the right information and tools to areas to fill existing global knowledge performance from the beginning of make informed decisions about water. gaps. Moreover, the WPP is strategic Phase II to June 2014, with new activity To make this happen, governments, civil about who is engaged in this work— information covering January 2013 society and the private sector need the from developing partnerships with the through June 2014. Map 1: WPP Phase II Activities Have Been Implemented In 44 Countries Ukraine Bosnia and Mongolia Herzegovina Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Rep. Turkey Tajikistan Armenia Tunisia Lebanon China Morocco West Bank and Gaza Bhutan A. R. of Egypt Saudi Arabia India Mexico Mauritania Myanmar Mali Niger Rep. of Senegal Chad Yemen Vietnam Nicaragua Burkina Faso Nigeria Philippines Costa Rica Ethiopia Sri Lanka Kenya D. R. of Congo Tanzania Indonesia Peru Brazil Mozambique Bolivia Madagascar Uruguay GSDPM Map Design Unit IBRD 41333 | DECEMBER 2014 This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 10 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Water in Key Strategic between successful agricultural growth Partnerships: Leveraging Economic Sectors and production, and environmental Finance and Expertise sustainability and social equity. Meeting The WPP is helping countries assess the demands of future generations To bolster the quality of its global climate change impacts on water that rely on the delta and its services initiatives and tools, the WPP not availability, as well as trade-offs from will require going the extra mile in only leverages investments from other competing uses. By mainstreaming water learning from global best practices and partners, but also garners their unique in other sectors, the WPP is enabling implementing innovative and integrated expertise. In 2013, joint analytical water professionals to work within the approaches (see Chapter 2). work was completed with the Global non-water institutions responsible for Partnership on Output-Based Aid planning infrastructure and policies In the Sahel, a vast arid stretch of land (GPOBA) regarding results-based that safeguard or promote economic in West Africa, the WPP strengthens a financing for water; with the Energy growth. After all, water is used by major regional approach to development while Sector Management Assistance economic sectors, not necessarily by supporting six low-income countries. Program (ESMAP) regarding the design water managers. Toward improved food security and and implementation of the Thirsty more food exports, the region aims Energy initiative; and with Australia’s New initiatives are transforming the to double the area under irrigation Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial way the Bank provides water services and expand private participation in Research Organisation (CSIRO) on to its clients in energy and disaster risk. agriculture. WPP funds are supporting remote sensing for water management. The WPP’s Thirsty Energy initiative the integration of water resources helps break disciplinary silos that have considerations in a regional economic historically prevented cross-sectoral development plan to dramatically planning for energy utilities that rely improve the livelihoods of millions of heavily on water. Under the Disaster farmers, herders, and communities, and Risk Management Facility, developing help boost peace and shared prosperity countries will be better prepared to (see Chapter 2). pinpoint the location and impacts of potential water-related hazards, and Finally, the WPP is boosting expertise focus resources in high-risk areas (see on cold climates. Building sanitation Chapter 2). infrastructure to function in below- freezing temperatures is a niche discipline. The WPP is bringing Strategic Locales experiences in sanitation service delivery from Alaska to Central Asia and The WPP is supporting multi-year Mongolia, targeting challenges faced by engagements in strategic deltas, basins, many poor countries in the Northern and countries, to advise clients on Hemisphere (see Chapter 2). strategic planning and investments that will make dramatic economic improvements in the long term. In the Mekong, the WPP supports a large group of stakeholders in quantifying trade-offs of various development scenarios for the delta region. Currently, the delta stands at a critical crossroads WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 11 “This was an excellent The WPP also coordinated activities Strategic Tools for on disaster risk management with the Decision Making study visit; there is a lot Global Facility for Disaster Reduction to learn from the Beijing and Recovery (GFDRR) and worked Over the course of this reporting period, experience. We should take closely with members of the Alliance for the WPP has made significant strides Global Water Adaptation (AGWA) on in developing new platforms to fill more advantage of China’s developing climate change decision tools. global knowledge gaps. The program willingness to share its water has built expert networks on remote management expertise with At the activity level, the WPP is also sensing, climate change, and disaster risk the rest of the world.” supporting public-private partnerships management. The WPP has gathered through joint work with the IFC in global experts from various fields to garner India. The activity is influencing a $22 consensus on the need for knowledge in Greg J. Browder, Task Team Leader, million project to improve production these niche technical areas and then draft Lead Water Resources Management of small and marginal farmers in West relevant tools. These tools will help the Specialist Bengal through private investment and Bank, its clients, and practitioners across market analysis for commodity pricing the globe take advantage of advances in (see Chapter 3). new thinking and knowledge to improve project design (see Chapter 2). In 2013 and 2014, the WPP delivered on its role as a partnership facilitator. At the activity level, the WPP has Using its global reach and multi- supported the piloting of a new tool sectoral platform, the program has with plans for worldwide application. helped countries share knowledge The Hydropower Sustainability through workshops and study tours. Assessment Protocol was piloted African decision makers were exposed in Vietnam as a means to convene to Dutch expertise in integrated urban government, industry, and civil flood management. Through a study society around the sustainability issues tour to Beijing, China, Latin American surrounding hydropower development. governments learned about integrated The Bank is now looking to modify the water management techniques amidst tool and spread its application to other extremely scarce water conditions and developing countries (see Chapter 3). strong urban and agricultural demand. The program also continued to support Report Summary the dissemination of an urban water utility reform course, developed under This Annual Report outlines Phase II of Phase I. The course was given in Spain the WPP, which runs from July 2012 to for practitioners from Europe and June 2016,2 and reviews its performance Central Asia and Africa and results from January 2013 through June 2014. from the event are informing the Bank’s Science of Delivery in Urban Water Chapter 2 is dedicated to the WPP’s Supply and Sanitation initiative. new programmatic window, which 2. For a detailed description of WPP Phase II, please refer to the World Bank. 2013. Water Partnership Program (WPP) Strategic Action Plan 2012-2016, Washington, DC: World Bank. 12 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 represents the largest share (24%) of Figure 1: WPP Activity Approvals per Window total activity approvals in Phase II as of (July 2012 – June 2014) June 2014 (see Figure 1). This chapter is divided into three components: (1) Water in Agriculture and Energy, which addresses water-related challenges that 12% 9% are related to the water-energy and 6% water-food nexuses; (2) Cutting-Edge 11% Tools and Knowledge, which promotes 12% innovative solutions and tools related 5% to disaster risk management, remote 6% sensing, cold weather sanitation, and results-based financing; and (3) Strategic 24% 12% Support in Geographic Priority Areas, which addresses cross-cutting challenges 3% within the water supply and sanitation (WSS) and water resources management Africa (WRM) sub-sectors. Disaster Risk Management Chapter 3 describes the Phase II results (DVW$VLDDQG3DFL´F framework and indicates progress toward Europe and Central Asia the framework’s 45 sub-indicator targets, providing qualitative examples of results Latin America and Caribbean for selected sub-indicators. This chapter Middle East and North Africa includes a selection of activity highlights Programmatic from across all of WPP’s 10 windows (see Figure 1). South Asia Anchor (Global) A financial update of the program can Water Expert Team be found in the Annex, along with some background and details related to results reporting. PP P ANNUAL WPP NNUA AN NU NUAL REPORT REPO EPORT PORT T 2013/14 201 013/ 20 3 /1 3/1 13 14 | 13 WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 15 2. Global Initiatives 16 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013 This chapter highlights several new Global What is the initiative about? Initiatives being implemented under the The Improving Agricultural Water WPP Phase II Programmatic Window. Productivity Initiative is a World Some of these initiatives aim to fill global Bank flagship program that combines knowledge gaps for new challenges, such economic expertise from the water and as the water-food-energy nexus, climate agriculture practices. It aims to inform 9 billion people to change and disaster risk management, the policy and operational dialogue feed by 2050, which while others bring comprehensive on options that enable the growth of development approaches to locations like agricultural production but at the same requires a 60 percent the Sahel or the Mekong Delta. WPP time address the rising demand for water increase in agricultural Global Initiatives are founded through and the impacts of climate change on production and a 15 strong partnerships and networks that water availability. combine sector and geographic expertise percent increase in to bring the latest in new global thinking The initiative focuses on improving water withdrawals; 70 to the development arena. The results of agricultural water productivity, all WPP activities, including these Global especially in irrigated areas— where the percent of global water Initiatives, are described in Chapter 3. competition for water is intensifying withdrawals today are and/or water supplies are becoming less for agriculture 2.1. Water in Agriculture reliable. It will inform knowledge on two and Energy fronts, with the ultimate goal of making water allocation at the basin level more 2.1.1 WATER FOR FOOD efficient. First, policy makers looking to boost agricultural production will be Improving Agricultural Water better positioned to account for changes Productivity and Beyond: What Are in irrigation water availability. Second, the Options? water specialists will be prepared to look beyond water and take into account other 19 percent higher Global population and income growth production factors that can improve predicates higher demand for more, agricultural water productivity. agricultural water better, and different food products. To consumption (of both meet this demand, the agricultural sector This flagship initiative is conducted in will have to expand irrigation water collaboration with the International rainfed and irrigated use. Yet, at the same time, competition Water Management Institute (IWMI), areas) by 2050 for water resources is expected to which since the mid-1990s has been intensify and climate change will further a key player in both developing the Source: UN Water, International Year of stress water availability. Within these conceptual framework for agricultural Water Cooperation, 2013 constraints, the optimal solution will be water productivity and carrying out to improve the productivity of water in the related field research. To achieve agriculture. Small improvements would further advances at the conceptual level, allow higher agricultural production partnerships have also been developed with the same amount of water, or the with researchers and academics who same agricultural production with less work on the explicit inclusion of water water. The water savings from more aspects in productivity and efficiency efficient agricultural production could be measurements, including single-factor reallocated to other, high-value uses. productivity measures, total factor WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 17 A man sorts bean seeds in Comayagua, Honduras, some 130 kilometers from Teguci- galpa. Photo: Alfredo Srur/World Bank. productivity indices, frontier models, conceptual level, it is initially expected and efficiency measurements. The survey’s and deductive methods. to bring some of the insights of the ultimate aim is to facilitate the discussion (agricultural) production economics on how best to assess and improve water Why was the initiative created? literature to the water literature, and productivity in the agricultural sector. Many influential development vice versa. While the literature on Its findings were published as a World institutions promote higher agricultural production theory has developed a Bank Policy Research Working Paper water productivity as an explicit policy number of approaches to assess a single entitled “How to Assess Agricultural Water goal. By this, they generally mean “more input’s contribution to a particular output Productivity: Looking for Water in the crop per drop,” as if water were the (and also to more than one output) in Agricultural Productivity and Efficiency only agricultural factor responsible for the presence of other inputs, so far it Literature.” Moreover, close contacts changes in productivity. But is water has not shown much interest in water have been established with the U.S. efficiency the only available lever to as an important input requiring special Department of Agriculture’s Economic improve productivity; and can single- consideration. The initiative will also Research Service, which is also keen to factor productivity measures like water develop a more systematic approach to enhance the incorporation of water into efficiency be used as indicators for the choice of interventions, and possibly productivity measures. monitoring progress? a framework within which to assess the suitability of particular interventions in What’s next? The initiative is filling a major gap in the different contexts. Likewise, the initiative Agricultural Water Productivity and development literature by assessing the will analyze the suitability and feasibility Efficiency was included as one of the basic instruments available for improving of monitoring and measurement methods topics in the call for papers for the 11th water productivity, and discussing which for results, and contribute to improved Annual Meeting of the International interventions may be feasible and most World Bank operations by helping to Water Resource Economics Consortium suitable in a particular situation. It will enhance project design, implementation, (IWREC) to be hosted at the World also help teams measure the results and results monitoring. Bank in September, 2014. Two paper of project interventions to identify presentations during the meeting will deal sustainable ways to increase productivity. Results with agricultural water productivity and Results achieved during the first phase of efficiency of agricultural water use, one of How will the initiative help address those the flagship’s implementation include a which is based on this flagship initiative. challenges? survey of the agricultural productivity and The flagship initiative plans to contribute efficiency literature regarding the explicit The initiative will continue its outreach to advances on several fronts. At the inclusion of water aspects in productivity to World Bank teams with ongoing 18 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 projects and studies aimed at raising What is the initiative about? agricultural water productivity. A To help countries integrate water workshop involving the flagship’s constraints into the energy sector collaborators is planned for December, and better address water and energy 2014 and the initiative’s final report is challenges, the World Bank has launched expected in 2015. the Thirsty Energy initiative. Thirsty Energy works to prepare countries for an 2.1.2 Water for Energy uncertain future by: THIRSTY ENERGY • Identifying synergies and quantifying trade-offs between energy Today, more than 780 million people development plans and water use; lack access to potable water and over 1.3 • Piloting cross-sectoral planning to billion people lack access to electricity ensure sustainability of energy and (IEA, 2012). Moreover, estimates show water investments, and; that by 2035, global energy consumption • Designing assessment tools and will increase by 35 percent, while the resource management frameworks energy sector’s water consumption will be to help governments coordinate 85 percent higher than it is today. Climate decision making and enhance change will further challenge water and sustainable development. energy management by causing more water variability and more extreme weather Why was the initiative created? events, such as severe floods and droughts. Significant amounts of water are needed in Despite these disturbing trends, current almost all energy-generation processes— energy planning and production often fail from producing hydropower and for to take into account existing and future p cooling and other purposes in thermal water constraints. extracting power plants, to ext t and processing the fuels. Conversely, thh water sector needs treat, energy to extract, trr and transport water. wa are required to grow Both energy and water w crops, including those thoo used to generate energy through biofuels. bioof While population growth and rapidly y expanding economies additional are placing addition n demands on the water and energy sesectors, e several regions around the world arear already experiencing a water significant wa a and energy shortages. How will th h initiative help the those address thoss challenges? Enerr demonstrates the Thirsty Energy import importance of combined enerr and water energy mann management approaches e infographic at the (see WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 19 bottom of this page) through demand- The energy-water challenge is too large for in the energy and water sectors, a Private based work in several countries. It tailors any organization to tackle alone. Thirsty Sector Reference Group (PSRG) has approaches to individual countries, Energy seeks to engage diverse partners and been established to share expertise and taking into account the country’s share knowledge as well as best practices. knowledge, to provide technical and policy available resources, modeling experience, The team collaborates with several advice, and to scale-up outreach efforts. and institutional and political realities. international organizations working on Abengoa, Alstom, Veolia, and Électricité In order to ensure client ownership and the topic such as the International Energy de France (EDF) have already joined. The successful integrated planning, Thirsty Agency (IEA), UN Water, UN Sustainable initiative has not only received funding Energy focuses on building the capacity Energy for All, the Deutsche Gesellschaft Für from the WPP, but also from the Energy of relevant stakeholders and leveraging Internationale Zusammenarbeit or German Sector Management Assistance Program existing efforts and knowledge. Federal Enterprise for International (ESMAP) and the Korea Green Growth Cooperation (GIZ), and others. Moreover, Partnership Trust Fund. due to the pivotal role of the private sector 20 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Results Thirsty Energy was launched in January facing similar challenges can also duly 2014 at the joint closing session of the address the water-energy issues, thereby World Future Energy Summit (WFES) ensuring a more sustainable development. and the International Water Summit (IWS) in Abu Dhabi. 2.2 Cutting-Edge Tools The initiative has published its first and Knowledge working paper: Thirsty Energy. The paper introduces the energy-water nexus, 2.2.1 COLD SANITATION: examines the water requirements of UNIQUE CLIMATE, TAILORED power generation, and outlines some SOLUTION potential technical and institutional solutions for managing this nexus. In countries where extremely low temperatures are the norm, providing What’s next? water and sanitation services can be very Thirsty Energy is an ongoing initiative. challenging. This is particularly the case As long as countries demand tools to at higher elevations in many countries assess their water-energy challenges, including the Kyrgyz Republic and it will try to provide these and help Tajikistan in Central Asia, northern India countries implement a more integrated and Pakistan in South Asia, Peru and other approach to water and energy resource Andean countries in South America, and planning to ensure a sustainable future. Mongolia in East Asia. Pipes, pumps, and other ancillary equipment exposed to Case studies are ongoing in South Africa, such temperatures, be they above or below where the team has partnered with the ground, are prone to freezing. Designing Energy Research Center of the University infrastructure to withstand variations in of Cape Town to properly incorporate the cold environment, keeping it from water constraints into the Center’s energy- freezing, and making provision for thawing planning tools; in Morocco, where the it if necessary, requires careful and timely team is working with ONEE (the Office planning, design, construction, and National de l’Electricité et de l’Eau Potable— maintenance, which is more expensive and the recently merged water and power complex than in milder climates. government-owned utility) to identify synergies and evaluate trade-offs between What is the initiative about? energy and water resource planning; and The Improving Sanitation in Cold in China, where the team is collaborating Regions initiative aims to introduce with the National Energy Administration stakeholders in Mongolia, Tajikistan, (NEA) to incorporate potential water and the Kyrgyz Republic to concepts, constraints into their upcoming 5-year technologies, approaches, and tools (2016–20) energy plan. The case studies relating to wastewater collection and will be documented and shared, together treatment, based on actual experiences with the tools developed, so that countries with water supply and sanitation in very WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 21 In Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia’s capital, the popu- lation has grown from some 600,000 in 1989 to more than 1 million in 2007 and is expected to reach 1.3 million by 2015. Despite Mongolia being the least densely populated nation, Ulaanbaatar faces one of the biggest housing shortages in the region, with 60 percent of the population living in gers, traditional Mon- golian tents. Many residents of ger areas have little or no access to water, sanitation, and other basic infrastructure. Source: World Bank, Enhancing Policies and Practices for Ger Area Development in Ulaanbaatar, 2010. Photo: Maryanne Leblanc/ World Bank cold climates such as Alaska. Thus, this Consequently, many people in Mongolia, activity involves an innovative exchange Tajikistan, and the Kyrgyz Republic lack among Alaska and Mongolia, Tajikistan, adequate water supply, and even fewer and the Kyrgyz Republic. have access to adequate sanitation. Efforts to improve sanitation and introduce Why was it created? other technologies, such as EcoSan toilets, In Mongolia, as in many countries that have had only limited success. were part of the former Soviet Union, most citizens, engineers, utilities, and How will it help address those challenges? local authorities are familiar with The Improving Sanitation in Cold Regions only three options for the disposal initiative comprises case studies for of human excreta: (i) conventional, at least three countries: the informal, centralized sewerage and wastewater periurban settlements, called ger areas, treatment; (ii) pit latrines; and (iii) of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, and smaller open defecation. In these countries, the towns in the Kyrgyz Republic and in utility infrastructure has suffered from Tajikistan. Through these case studies, inadequate maintenance and investment, the experiences, issues, and potential deteriorating steadily over decades. solutions for deficient sanitation services Demand for utility services has often in cold regions will be analyzed and increased, while the capacity to provide synthesized. them has remained low. 22 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 A comprehensive analysis will yield lessons and recommendations that should be broadly applicable to cold regions globally, and provide a basis for further work on water supply and sanitation (WSS) in cold regions. The analysis will integrate insights from stakeholder consultations and local institutions like the Ulaanbaatar municipal utility company (USUG). What’s next? The initiative will produce a conceptual design of sanitation options based not only on technical solutions, but also on a socio-economic, institutional, regulatory, and financial analysis of the case studies in the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Mongolia. This initiative will also leverage the support from the WPP’s Water Expert Team (WET) in cold regions by documenting the operational issues in providing water and sanitation services to target households. The initiative will help World Bank teams, clients, and other stakeholders—such as Tsanjid, owner of an improved latrine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Photo: Maryanne Leblanc/ World Bank municipal authorities or utilities’ staff— efficiently identify, select, and apply technologies and approaches to improve and the models used for forecasting large spatial domains and time periods, sanitation in cold regions. It will also purposes as a basis for sound water has become apparent. This is not always fund outreach activities to disseminate the resources management. From year to possible and sometimes just too expensive. newly gained knowledge, aiming to spur year these models and their applications In developing countries, groundwater investments in water in these countries as are continually improved (more accurate, information, water quality data, and even well as in other cold regions. less costly) but countries often do not basic hydrometeorological data may be have the latest options readily available hard to come by. Furthermore, developing 2.2.2 A VIEW FROM SPACE  or know how to best use them. countries are facing budgetary constraints, REMOTE SENSING TOOLS a factor that has negatively affected their FOR WATER RESOURCES In situ observations have been the basis existing hydrometeorological networks. MANAGEMENT of applied hydrology for many years. However, as water resource situations What is the initiative about? Development institutions like the World have become increasingly complex, the The WPP Global Initiative on Remote Bank try to promote greater scientific need to extract more information in Sensing for Water Resources Management understanding of hydrological processes large quantities from river basins, over was launched in October 2013 in WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 23 response to the demand from World Bank is advantageous and where in situ data How will the initiative help address those teams for a clearer picture of the trade- are limited. This initiative also aims to challenges? offs involved when using remotely sensed provide a guiding tool on the use of RS in Since the use of RS for hydrology and data in water operations. The overarching World Bank operations to fill the data gap water resources for operational purposes objective of this initiative is to improve and complement in situ water-related, is a new and vast field, this initiative the quality and effectiveness of water physical measurements to better inform will be executed in two phases. Phase I resources management (WRM) planning national policy, programs, and projects in will pave the way for more systematic and project design by effectively using WRM (see infographic below). support to World Bank teams in using RS remote sensing (RS) technology when it technology to inform water lending and 24 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 technical assistance. First, a brief internal The scoping study includes: shared their knowledge and provided assessment will provide a perspective of input to obtain a clear picture of the the existing use of RS technology in the • A clear picture of the RS products applicability, benefits, and limitations Bank’s water operations and map these to available; of RS tools for WRM. The workshop specific needs of Bank teams. It will also • The main water challenges, including also facilitated the identification of key provide key hydrometeorological data scale, or situations at hand to which global players in the application of Earth needed to address those challenges and they can be applied; Observations to water resources. This an overview of the existing “windows” of • An explanation of how to obtain element is particularly relevant for the specialized assistance in the Bank for RS better results by using them jointly initiative’s second phase—a period to applications and products. with in situ measurements, and; consult and collaborate with external • An explanation of how they can be partners. Under its first phase, the team is validated and evaluated, to better completing a scoping study of available inform the client and enhance Bank What’s next? operational RS products in hydrology water-related operations. Once the brief internal assessment and water resources. Once the study is and scoping study are concluded done, it will provide a practical tool to The scoping study was validated at a (by the end of 2014), the initiative’s assess the benefits and limitations of RS workshop entitled Understanding Water Phase II will be implemented through: products, based on a factual comparison through Space – How to Navigate (i) implementation in World Bank of conventional methods with new RS through Remotely Sensed Data projects in selected countries, in order technologies. Both the brief assessment and Applications for Improved of World Bank demand for RS and the Water Resources Management, scoping study will focus on the data held in April 30 and May 1, and information requirements for water 2014 at the Netherlands Space policy making, strategy development, Office in The Hague. World- and planning. Jointly, they will also class RS experts from several serve as a one-step source to assess the countries (US, China, South options available for designing and Africa, Nigeria, Brazil, and the operationalizing hard and soft solutions Netherlands, as well as organizations to present and future water-related such as the National Aeronautics problems. and Space Administration (NASA); European Space Results Agency (ESA); Group on The scoping study is based on the Earth Observations findings of an assessment of the Bank’s (GEO); Faculty of water projects and analytical work, Geo-Information as well as water components in non- Science and Earth water operations, and conducted Observation of in partnership with Australia’s the University of Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Twente (ITC); the Research Organisation (CSIRO). It Institute for Water provides a guiding tool for assessing Education (UNESCO-IHE); when, how, and where RS can be Delft University of Technology advantageously used. (TU Delft); University of Arizona; and consultants from the European Union) WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 25 to develop approaches and procedures 2.2.3 WATERRELATED DISASTER between 2002 and 2011. In developing that can be replicated in other countries RISK MANAGEMENT: A JOINT countries, ongoing population growth facing similar challenges; (ii) specific, GLOBAL INITIATIVE OF THE WPP in flood-prone areas and increased short-term interventions of world- AND THE GLOBAL FACILITY FOR agricultural development on marginal class experts to advise on and provide DISASTER RISK REDUCTION lands will further increase exposure orientation for specific problems related GFDRR and vulnerability to such risks. The to Bank operations; and (iii) knowledge Intergovernmental Panel on Climate dissemination, advocacy, and capacity- Floods and droughts are part of the Change (IPCC)’s Special Report building activities, in partnership with natural hydrological cycle but they are on Managing the Risks of Extreme leading global and regional RS and also the natural hazards that cause the Events and Disasters to Advance capacity-building organizations. highest economic losses on a global Climate Change Adaptation, known as scale, accounting for 60 percent of losses IPCC SREX, advised that increasing 26 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 vulnerability and exposure to water- DRM-specific expertise from GFDRR manage droughts, for example by building related hazards are critical issues that and the DRM Global Expert Team. a drought monitor/early warning system. need to be addressed. Externally, it draws on the expertise of Other activities supported by the DRM qualified organizations such as the World window include a multi-sectoral impact What is the initiative about? Meteorological Organization (WMO); assessment and a vulnerability analysis of The Disaster Risk Management (DRM) the United Nations Educational, Scientific the current drought. These activities will initiative is a joint partnership between and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); enable a more coordinated and systematic the WPP and the Global Facility for the International Groundwater Resources response to droughts and the development Disaster Risk Reduction (GFDRR), Assessment Centre (IGRAC); the Food of a long-term mitigation strategy. operating worldwide. It is a high-level and Agriculture Organization of the technical facility whose purpose is to United Nations (FAO); the Global Water DRM support is also being provided improve the quality and effectiveness Partnership (GWP), and others. to the Sahel Disaster Resilience Project of drought- and flood-related DRM to assess surface and groundwater programs, projects, and analytical work, Results resources in the region and the role by helping governments, sectors, and In order to make the best use of the they can play in strengthening disaster institutions better manage disaster risk synergy from other WPP activities, a resilience. This activity will help identify related to floods and droughts in their two-phase approach has been initiated priority investments for strengthening decision-making processes. The initiative whereby the WPP’s WET provides the national disaster risk management focuses on reducing the vulnerability and support for rapid assessment of potential capacity in Mali, Burkina Faso, and exposure of people and communities to pilot activities, setting the stage for Niger. In collaboration with GFDRR, water-related hazards. broader support to be provided using the the planning of an activity towards DRM facility. strengthening of hydrometeorological How will this initiative address those services has also been initiated. challenges? First, the WET has provided support The DRM initiative aims to help to a wide range of Bank lending The DRM initiative also catalyzes the countries manage disaster risks operations working on DRM including expertise of middle- and upper-income by understanding where the risks reduction of flooding hazards in Sri countries to develop solutions for are geographically and socio- Lanka, Mozambique, China, Niger, water-related hazards in other countries. economically within a given country, and Nigeria and on drought mitigation This year, study tours to China (see and understanding the likely impacts. and resilience through Southern Africa Chapter 3) and the Netherlands (see The initiative will do this through: (i) and Sahel regional initiatives. Second, Box 2) helped clients in Africa and Latin developing and mainstreaming new the DRM initiative has provided direct America see firsthand experiences of knowledge as well as facilitating the support to World Bank operations that how cities are building more integrated mainstreaming of existing knowledge; aim to increase resilience to droughts and solutions to mitigate impacts. and (ii) leveraging direct, innovative improve government capacity in drought support for Bank operations through management. What’s next? on-demand technical assistance to World The initiative will continue supporting Bank task teams working with client One of the most severe multi-year Bank teams in the diagnosis and analysis country national planning organizations, droughts in decades has plagued of water-related hazards (floods and finance ministries, and disaster risk Northeast Brazil since 2010. The DRM droughts) as well as the quantification of reduction organizations. initiative supports the dialogue for a resulting losses. Moreover, the initiative policy framework at the federal level and will focus on improving WRM-related The DRM initiative draws on the a pilot program at the state level in the data acquisition and monitoring— expertise brought together in the WPP’s Northeastern region. Both tracks focus on including the modernization of Water Expert Team, combined with enhancing the government’s capacity to hydrometeorological services and WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 27 Cruzeta, Northeastern Brazil. Photo: Mariana Ceratti/World Bank. products in line with demand—in coordination with GFDRR and specialized international agencies (such as Box 2: Resilience for Africa: Learning from the Experts WMO, UNESCO, IGRAC, and others). The WPP will organize a workshop, The WPP’s DRM initiative supported a study tour to the Netherlands in September of 2013 for delegations from Southern and West Africa in collaboration with GFDRR, on WKDWLQFOXGHGPD\RUVGHFLVLRQPDNHUVDQGXUEDQSODQQLQJDQGµRRG flood modeling tools and another one FRQWUROVSHFLDOLVWV'XULQJWKHYLVLWWKHJURXSGLVFXVVHGµRRGFRQWURO on building drought resilience. The and urban planning in the context of port development for Beira, main objective of the flood workshop Mozambique, and in the context of water supply and sanitation for Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Urban water challenges in Dakar, Senegal, is to inform Bank task team leaders of and Cotonou, Benin were also presented. Site visits to the cities of various flood modeling tools that can be Rotterdam, Dordrecht, and Amsterdam provided relevant examples used in decision-making processes. The RILQWHJUDWHGFLW\GHYHORSPHQWSRUWGHYHORSPHQWDQGµRRGFRQWURO measures. The tour was hosted by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign objective of the drought workshop is to Affairs and the Netherlands Water Partnership, with the support of increase awareness of the importance of the WPP and Deltares. droughts, their socio-economic costs, and existing tools and methodologies used to forecast, monitor, and mitigate the impacts of these phenomena. 28 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 2.2.4 CLIMATE CHANGE (GCM) outputs, the results have not of possible future “mean” climates, no DECISION TREE been entirely satisfactory (according to insight whatsoever into climate extremes, a recent World Bank evaluation). The and the sense that only the tip of the Investments in water-related lack of success with the use of climate iceberg of climate uncertainty has infrastructure have always been fraught projections to inform decisions is not been revealed. As a result, the project with uncertainties; climate change only for lack of trying—many attempts have planner faces a difficult path forward adds to these. Although the Bank has been made to translate model outputs if investments must be designed and developed methods to cope with these into “data” that are relevant for decision operated under these uncertainties. uncertainties, mostly based on the makers. Often, the results of a climate downscaling of global circulation model change analysis present a wide range WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 29 What is the initiative about? Results The objective of this initiative is to A learning session was held during the develop a practical, risk-based, bottom- World Bank Sustainable Development up, decision-making aid instrument—a Forum in 2013—pointedly entitled decision tree—to help improve the quality Including Climate Uncertainty in Water and effectiveness of WRM planning and Resources Planning and Project Design— project design under climate variability to discuss the need for a climate change and change uncertainty. Such a tool could decision tree. A side event at the SIWI be used operationally by practitioners World Water Week 2013 discussed the and World Bank teams in projects at conceptual basis of the initiative with site-specific locations (see infographic on external partners, and was followed by a the previous page). More specifically, this workshop in June to present the initial initiative conforms to the requirements of version of the decision tree. the IDA 17 replenishment directive that the effects of climate variability and change be taken into account in all projects and investments. The decision tree links with the screening tool developed by the Bank and makes use of the information provided by the climate change portal, which was funded under WPP Phase I. Several organizations are involved in this initiative: among others, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Conservation International, and the University of Massachusetts, all belonging to the Alliance for Global Water Adaptation (AGWA), which the Bank co-chairs with the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). 30 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 A new approach to climate change Planning for applying the decision tree in adaptation World Bank operations is also under way. The initiative has produced an eBook Initial discussions have been held between entitled “Beyond Downscaling – A World Bank teams and the University of Bottom up Approach to Climate Massachusetts for pilot applications for Change Adaptation for Water Resources hydropower in Nepal, investments for Management,” launched at a seminar of coastal adaptation in Kenya, the largest the Stockholm World Water Week on aqueduct system in Mexico (Cutzamala), September 4, 2014. The eBook brings and drought in Brazil. together collaborations from 19 authors and, rather than design for an uncertain What’s next? situation selected a priori, it explains The follow-up of this initiative involves the so-called “bottom-up” approach publishing and distributing the eBook pioneered by several researchers to and the decision tree report; organizing explore the sensitivity of a project’s training events; developing a web-based chosen metric (safe water yield, levelized decision tree; and implementing pilot cost, total net benefit, etc.) to the effects applications in World Bank projects in of uncertainties caused by climate Nepal, Kenya, Mexico, and Brazil. change. The eBook thus provides a conceptual base for the decision tree. Box 3: The Science of Delivering Water Supply and Sanitation In India, one in 10 deaths is due to poor sanitation, and the quality of life of millions of others is greatly affected. Universal access to water and sanitation is thus a critical element of the World Bank’s mandate to reduce poverty. The World Bank has decades of experience in improving Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) service delivery in countries like India, but has failed to adequately capture and share— both internally and with its clients—the lessons learned in Urban WSS sector reform. The Science of Delivery in Urban WSS Initiative seeks to remedy this knowledge gap by (i) conducting a review of the lessons learned from successes and failures in delivering sustainable Urban WSS services over recent decades, with a view to (ii) informing the elaboration of a Science of Delivery for the Urban WSS sector toolkit; and (iii) providing guidance on addressing environmental sustainability of Urban WSS services through Integrated Urban Water Management. The Science of Delivery in Urban WSS Initiative is led by the Water Global Practice of the World Bank, in partnership with the Water Partnership Program (WPP) and the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF). Other partners include the Dartmouth Center for Health Delivery Science, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), and the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). The initiative was launched in early 2014 with a series of internal and external workshops to gather feedback on the scope of the initiative, including How to Turn Utilities Around and Provide Services for All with Neil Macleod, WKHKHDGRIH7KHNZLQL:DWHUDQG6DQLWDWLRQLQ'XUEDQ6RXWK$IULFD7KH´UVWGDWDEDVHRI8UEDQ:66SURMHFWV implemented by the World Bank in the last 20 years has been created under this initiative. A review of the lessons learned in Urban WSS sector reform is now under way, and a toolkit addressing the most common Urban :66VHFWRUFKDOOHQJHVZLOOEHSURGXFHGWKLVFRPLQJ\HDU7KHORQJWHUPREMHFWLYHRIWKLVLQLWLDWLYHLVWRHQDEOH Bank staff and clients to readily access available information on what works and what doesn’t in urban water reform—from how to get infrastructure to the urban poor, to how to build consensus for reforms. WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 31 2.3 Strategic Support in on local economies. Low rainfall in It was agreed in Dakar (see Box 5) Priority Geographic Areas 2011 led to serious food shortages the that an international coalition would following year; an estimated 14 million support the Sahelian countries in 2.3.1 CONTRIBUTIONS TO FOOD people are affected by such droughts. addressing irrigation challenges (policy, AND WATER SECURITY IN THE In November 2013, the World Bank planning, and implementation capacity), SAHEL Group (WBG) pledged $1.5 billion galvanizing political commitment, and over 2 years to support major regional ensuring high value for money from The Sahel is a semi-arid region between development priorities in the Sahel. investments through a sub-regional the Saharan desert and the humid These include the introduction of social approach. For such a significant Savanna and grasslands of West Africa, safety nets to help families weather the irrigation expansion, it will be essential encompassing parts of Burkina Faso, worst effects of economic adversity and to realize economies of scale in designing Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and natural disasters, the improvement of and installing locally adapted, low-cost Senegal. Rainfall is highly variable and basic infrastructure, and the creation of irrigation equipment for the region. droughts and floods have a huge impact new opportunities in rural areas. Box 4: Results-Based Financing: Bringing an Old Approach to New Frontiers 5HVXOWVEDVHG´QDQFLQJ 5%) LVDQLQQRYDWLYHZD\WRHQVXUHWKDWSURMHFWVDQGFRQWUDFWVGHOLYHURQWKHLU intended results, be they implemented by donors, the private sector, or government. The Water Partnership Program (WPP) and the Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) partnered to mainstream the GHYHORSPHQWDQGXVHRIUHVXOWVEDVHG´QDQFLQJPHFKDQLVPVDFURVVDOOZDWHUVXEVHFWRUVVXFKDVFOLPDWH change adaptation, irrigation, environmental and ecosystem services, water reuse, and hydropower. The Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) is a World Bank-administered trust fund that has experience implementing OBA schemes in WSS, but little experience in other water sub-sectors. RBF is any funding scheme that rewards the delivery of one or more outputs or outcomes by using one RUPRUHLQFHQWLYHV´QDQFLDORURWKHUZLVHXSRQYHUL´FDWLRQWKDWWKHDJUHHGXSRQUHVXOWKDVDFWXDOO\EHHQ GHOLYHUHG7KLV´QDQFLQJSDUDGLJPIRFXVHVRQLPSURYLQJHIIHFWLYHQHVVE\ L FUHDWLQJDQGDFKLHYLQJWDQJLEOH SURMHFWUHVXOWVDQGORQJWHUPRXWFRPHVDQG LL E\VKLIWLQJWKHLQYHVWPHQWULVNIURPWKH´QDQFLHUWRWKH implementer. RBF mechanisms can be used either as an alternative or a complement to more traditional, LQSXWEDVHGRI´FLDOGHYHORSPHQWDVVLVWDQFH 2'$ ©JUDQWVORDQVDQGJXDUDQWHHV©ZKLFKLVW\SLFDOO\ disbursed in advance of delivery. 7KHLQWURGXFWLRQRI5%)LQWKHZDWHUVHFWRUVHHNVWRUHGUHVVWKHIDLOXUHRIZDWHUSURMHFWVWRGHOLYHUWKH quality and quantity of services promised due to poor planning, corruption, and lack of capacity or funds to maintain and operate infrastructure in the long run. Development programs are often limited by their capacity to hold implementers responsible for long-term outcomes. ,Q0D\RI:33DQG*32%$SXEOLVKHGDMRLQWVWXG\HQWLWOHGApplying Results-Based Financing in Water Investments7KHVWXG\FODUL´HVWKHEHQH´WVDQGFRVWVRI5%)YHUVXVLQSXWEDVHG´QDQFLQJDUUDQJHPHQWV exposes water sector professionals in developing countries to RBF mechanisms, and explains how these PHFKDQLVPVFDQFRQWULEXWHWRSURMHFWUHVXOWVDQGRXWFRPHV7KHVWXG\PDLQO\WDUJHWV:RUOG%DQNWDVN team leaders and takes a closer look at some of the practical aspects of implementing various RBF schemes in water-related investments. The study also stimulates the debate on the suitability of the use of RBF LQVWUXPHQWVLQZDWHUVXEVHFWRUVZKHUHWKHDSSURDFKKDVVFDUFHO\EHHQWHVWHGVXFKDVLUULJDWLRQµRRG protection, water conservation, and hydropower. 32 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Map 2: WPP Support to the Sahel Box 5: Spurring 20 W 10 W 0 10E 20 E Cooperation in the Sahel ATLAN TIC OCE A N TUNISIA MALTA MOROCCO Mediterranean Sea Madeira AFRICA A High-Level Forum on (Port) 0°N Irrigation entitled Beating the Canary Is. (Sp) ALGERIA odds, building resilience in LIBYA ARAB REP. OF EGYPT the Sahel was held in Dakar, Western Sahara Senegal, on October 31, 2013, Re d Lake Nasser Se and supported by the WPP. a 0°N MAURITANIA The forum consolidated le Ni Nouakchott MALI NIGER Faya a coalition among the six Rosso Saint Tombouctou Agadez Louis Gao ERITREA Sen eg Dakar SENEGAL CHAD al Sahelian countries to boost Diourbel Tahoua Banjul THE Tambacounda Kayes Nig er Mopti Dori Mao SUDAN Segou Niamey Zinder Abeche GAMBIA Bol Ati Ziguinchor BURKINA Maradi Diffa Lake Kolda Bamako Blu White Nile Ouagadougou FASO irrigation development in the Chad Gulf of Aden e N Mongo Lake DJIBOUTI N’Djamena ile GUINEA- Sikasso Diapaga Tana Bobo Dioulasso BISSAU GUINEA Po Am Timan Sahel while increasing the NIGERIA 10°N Banfora BENIN Bongor n ue Lai Sarh SOMALIA 10°N CÔTE TOGO Be Moundou Doba resilience of the agricultural SIERRA LEONE D'IVOIRE GHANA CENTRAL AFRICAN REP. SOUTH SUDAN ETHIOPIA sector to climate-induced LIBERIA 0° Gulf of Guinea CAMEROON Uban gi Lake Rudolf shocks. The forum called for EQUATORIAL GUINEA Co n go UGANDA the doubling of the current SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE KENYA CONGO GABON DEM. REP. Lake 0 irrigated area from 387,000 ha 0° OF CONGO Victoria Annobón I. ATLANTIC (Eq. Guinea) RWANDA THE SAHEL OCEAN INDIAN to 800,000 ha over the next BURUNDI OCEAN 5 years (approximately a 10 Lake Tanganika Kwa IBRD 41341 DECEMBER 2014 Ka sa SEYCHELLES TANZANIA ngo i This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. percent increase per year), and The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information m do not imply, on the part of The World Bank shown on this map GSDPM Map Design Unit Group, any judgment judg on the legal status of any territory, or any Lake Ascension endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Mweru up to 1,000,000 ha by 2020. (UK) 0° 10°S Aldabra I The WBG’s funding in particular will achieve the quantitative and qualitative create more hydropower and other objectives set at the High-Level Forum sources s ene to greatly of clean energy in Dakar, including ways to raise expand e irrigation; protect p and agricultural productivity; value chains expand pastoralism for more than for food production and export; private 80 million people living l in the sector participation in new irrigation Sahel, who rely on it as a major development; and access to land and source of food anand livelihoods; private finance for smallholders. expand health services se for women and girls; and improve im regional Finally, the WPP is providing upstream communications and connectivity funding for national and regional between countries. countrie assessments of surface and groundwater resources to determine a pipeline of I support of the Bank’s In B contribution bankable projects and develop a plan for t this agenda, the WPP to W is funding transboundary management. Securing a new framework for fo irrigation the water supply will help the region development, d and a comprehensive build on high-value niche markets assessment a availa water of available thanks to its hot and dry climate, resources. First, a strategic st framework combined with few pests and disease is paving the way towards to a major risks. These three activities combined shift s in the speed, soundness, so and have enabled the Bank to respond impact i of irrigation investment in quickly to the climate crisis by designing the Sahel. Second, the t subsequent a multi-sector strategy underpinned by a regional r roadmap details de how to sound analysis of water resources. WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 33 2.3.2 BUILDING RESILIENCE IN The region is experiencing rapid THE VIETNAM’S MEKONG DELTA socio-economic changes accompanied by increases in agricultural and The Mekong Delta is the economic jewel aquaculture production, and greater of Vietnam, and critical for regional food liberalization and diversification of rural security. The Delta produces 50 percent markets. Those trends have improved of Vietnam’s total rice production (90 opportunities for poor people. Yet, percent destined for export) and 70 the new economic developments have percent of its aquaculture products. highlighted many environmental, The wetlands and estuaries of the delta economic, and social problems are important sources of biodiversity. facing vulnerable groups. Most of the Map 3: WPP Support to the Mekong Delta The Delta produces 50 percent of Vietnam’s total rice production (90 percent destined for export) 34 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 population in coastal areas live in rural to climate change, but they are not The planning tool consists of an communities and depend on rice or integrated with other sectors or “proof interactive map with supporting database shrimp farming for their livelihoods. tested” against the wide range of possible and data analysis tools, which allow These households are “near poor” and futures to ensure a robust analysis of users to overlay investment plans onto still susceptible to external shocks investments and needs across users. animations of future scenarios. Using pushing them back over the poverty line. this tool, and the approach of resilient It is an opportune moment to support and adaptive planning, existing priority The Mekong Basin is at a critical point improved planning processes; the infrastructure will be analyzed under where decisions made now could have government of Vietnam, with the a wide range of scenarios, including irreversible, long-term impacts on support of the Dutch, has developed a spatial and temporal analysis, to the delta. The government needs to an initial Mekong Delta Plan in which determine whether they may be make far-reaching decisions regarding it evaluated a number of development considered “low-regret” investments. development strategies in the basin. strategies. It is the mid-point of the However, projections of many important 5-year 2011–15 Socio-Economic climate parameters remain deeply Development Plan (SEDP), when new uncertain and development is highly investment plans for the 2016–20 SEDP reliant upon upstream development, over will start to be developed which the government of Vietnam has little or no influence. The WPP is supporting the government of Vietnam in developing an investment There is an enormous amount of program based on informed, adaptive data and analysis available and a large planning at the provincial level by number of development partners are improving the use of existing knowledge, financing R&D projects in the Mekong looking at inter-sectoral trade-offs and Delta. At the same time, extensive taking into account how uncertainty may scientific assessments and studies are impact choices. This work will build the being conducted on issues such as research capacity and planning capabilities salinity monitoring, water quality, of key provincial authorities through the sedimentation, and erosion. However, development of an integrated, user- the data are fragmented. Further friendly tool to enhance resilient and compounding the situation, these studies adaptive development. This integrated are often localized and usually very system will be used to analyze priority narrowly scoped. infrastructure and screen for “low-regrets” investments in selected provinces of In parallel with Delta-level planning, the Mekong Delta. The findings from sectoral plans are being supported at the this analysis will potentially feed into provincial and regional levels. In many the design of an investment operation locations these plans are being supported focusing on key sectors (agriculture, to ensure that those areas will be resilient water, transport) in selected provinces. WPP WPP ANNUAL WP NN AN NU NUA UA U R REPO EPO P RT 2013/14 AL REPORT 2013/1 201 /14 | 35 WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 37 3. Mid-Program Results 38 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 The WPP is implementing 94 activities in 44 countries, accounting for about three quarters of the program’s budget. All activities, including the Global Initiatives described in Chapter 2, contribute toward meeting the WPP’s overarching objectives. Building on WPP Phase I experience, toward economic growth coupled with the WPP has developed a comprehensive sustainable development. These impacts program targets (to be achieved by 2016) results framework for Phase II reflecting signify the ultimate, long-term goals that along with results (as of June, 2014) for the development priorities of the the program promotes. each sub-indicator. Selected qualitative program’s donors as well as the World examples of activities and global initiatives Bank’s priorities (see Table 1). The results framework deconstructs these are provided to further illustrate the ambitious impacts into six measurable results under each outcome. The results framework translates the outcomes that the program aims to WPP’s objectives into two main impacts: achieve during Phase II (see Table A3 As of June 2014—the mid-term of the (i) vulnerable populations have been and Table A4). In turn, each of those program—the WPP has made significant provided with an enhanced quality of life; outcomes is systematically monitored progress on the majority of its sub- and (ii) climate-resilient green growth has over time through various indicators and indicators. Moreover, the program has been made possible through water-smart sub-indicators. This Chapter synthesizes met or is on track to meet (has achieved at development. The first impact represents the results of each of the 6 outcomes by least half ) of its targets for 60 percent of the program’s progress toward social providing progress toward each sub- the sub-indicators. and human development goals, while indicator target under each outcome. The the second represents the program’s goal tables throughout this section provide Table 1: WPP Phase II Results Framework (Abbreviated) Objective Poverty Reduction through Improved WRM and Service Delivery, and Climate-Resilient Green Growth Impact Climate-resilient green growth enabled through water- Vulnerable populations provided with an smart development enhanced quality of life Outcome WPP strategic Knowledge and operational tools created, Plans & strategies designed and capacity funding disseminated and used enhanced for improved WRM and service delivery mobilization Indicator (A) Strategic (B) Events and training (C) Web-based (D) New plans & strategies (E) Capacity use of WPP supported by WPP outreach and promoted by WPP activities enhancement activity funds use of WPP in client countries publications Outcome Downstream loans supported through improved design and Vulnerability reduced via Water cont’d implementation pro-poor and gender- mainstreamed into sensitive interventions other sectors Indicator (F) Amount of Bank lending (G) Physical and natural + 3HRSOHEHQH´WLQJIURP (I) Cross-sectoral cont’d LQµXHQFHG DGGLWLRQDOIXQGLQJ assets protected projects supported by WPP mainstreaming of leveraged through WPP activities activity WRM WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 39 Building boats. Bangladesh. Photo: Thomas Sennett/World Bank Outcome 1: WPP strategic funding mobilization More than half of The WPP leverages funding from other More than half of the total value of the total value of sources and ensures that all resources approved activities is supporting Africa, are used effectively and efficiently to greatly surpassing the donor target of 30 approved activities produce high-quality outputs that meet percent. Internal co-funding of WPP is supporting Africa, geographic demands. Strategic funding activities (sub-indicator 3), although mobilization is measured through four currently off track, is expected to increase greatly surpassing the sub-indicators, as listed in Table 2. Three as more activities are approved. donor target of 30%. of the four sub-indicators are on track. Table 2: INDICATOR A: WPP strategic funding mobilization Sub-Indicators Target Progress as of June, 2014 1) Percentage of the value of approved WPP activities in Africa (%) 30% 51% 2) Percentage of the value of firm contracts (in programmatic window) 50% 94%1 adopting Quality-Based Selection (QBS) procurement (%) 3) Bank internal co-funding for WPP activities ($) $10 million $1,279,531 4) External co-funding for WPP activities ($) $1 million $671,000 Note: Indicator 3 “Co-funding” refers to additional funds that were mobilized to implement the WPP activity itself (it does not include funding for :RUOG%DQNSURMHFWVVXSSRUWHGLQµXHQFHGE\:33DFWLYLWLHV  1 This number includes contracts procured through (a) a selection process whereby technical quality was given at least 90% weight; and (b) single-source selection. 40 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Case Study STRATEGIC FUNDING IN AFRICA: EFFICIENCY AND EQUITY AS CRITERIA FOR PROJECT SELECTION In 2013, the Bank approved a traditional climate analysis tools Ministry of Environment, Water and $180 million loan to improve cannot do. The results of the study National Resources to design the long-term water availability in will allow the government to select scope of work for a Groundwater the coastal region of Kenya. the water-storage solutions that Master Plan based on international With WPP funding, the project generate the most cost-effective good practices and taking into team is bridging existing climate DQGHTXLWDEOHEHQH´WV account local constraints. In models to quantify the expected addition, the WET validated a economy-wide and equity impacts The recent discovery of study on deep groundwater of the project under a wide groundwater reserves in the mapping in Turkana and advised range of climate scenarios. The Turkana Region offers one such on institutional support and water methodology is unique in its ability adaptation option, as long as management plans needed to to account for indirect costs and exploitation is done sustainably. ensure sustainable use of aquifers EHQH´WVIRUHFRQRPLFVHFWRUVDV WPP’s WET service provided in the medium term. well as geographic areas, which advice to the project team and the Case Study CO-FUNDING LEVERAGED: IMPROVED FLOOD RESILIENCE IN URBANIZING SRI LANKA Through the WET service, the WPP which lie below sea level, is in need the selection of new projects will is providing hydrological expertise to of better stormwater discharge improve resilience and help the the $200 million Sri Lanka Strategic systems and improved drainage government accommodate the Cities Development Project and management. Key WET support in rapid pace of urbanization. helping to identify investment projects for the City of Galle. The WET support, worth $29,000, is leveraged through $270,000 in Bank internal co-funding and a $300,000 grant from AusAID. 5HJXODUµRRGLQJLQUHFHQW\HDUV has resulted in social protest and high economic costs. The project aims to improve the living conditions of vulnerable KRXVHKROGVVHWWOHGLQµRRGSURQH low-lying areas. The city, parts of WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 41 Outcome 2: Knowledge and operational tools created, disseminated, and used The WPP’s publications and events WPP publication downloads. However, introduce new research, findings and the program is not on track to reach other knowledge from activities, and the goal of 50 percent and will target engage stakeholders on key topics and dissemination efforts over the next year. programs. The WPP measures results in The WPP supported this area by monitoring the likelihood WPP publications are among the most 26 events with over that participants will apply new downloaded publications in the World knowledge from an event to their work Bank water publications spectra. Over 1,000 participants (see Table 3). Nine out of the eleven sub- the past 16 months, out of the 81 indicators under this outcome have been top-downloaded publications, 27 (or met or are on track. 30%) were supported by the WPP. At any given time, half (51%) of the 10 As of June 2014, 20 technical documents top-downloaded publications in water were published with WPP support. Web- were WPP publications. Moreover, WPP based communications and dissemination publications represented 2 out of the efforts helped raise the visibility of WPP top 3 downloaded publications in water. WPP publications publications (see Table 4). Audiences These numbers show the popularity of represented 2 out of the from developing countries, an important WPP outputs, and indicate that the stakeholder to the program’s work, WPP products reach a large audience top 3 World Bank water account for roughly a third of the overall and are of good technical quality. publications downloaded Table 3: INDICATOR B: Events and training supported by WPP Sub-Indicator Target Progress as of June 2014 1) Number of Participants (#) 4,000 1,102 2) Percentage of Participants that indicate they are likely to apply 70% 51% knowledge in their work (%) 3.1) Number of agencies/firms represented by Participants (#) 200 205 3.2) Percentage of Govt. Agencies (%) 60% 49% 3.3) Percentage of Private firms (%) 40% 51% 42 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Case Study APPLIED KNOWLEDGE – BEIJING ON GREEN WATER DEFENSE Cities and towns across China face levels. The international expertise recommend this type of forum serious challenges in managing shared during the workshop to their colleagues; WKHHIIHFWVRIµRRGV5HFHQW included a presentation on the Green • More than 90 percent of µRRGHYHQWVKDYHFRQYLQFHGWKH :DWHU'HIHQVHDSSURDFKWRµRRG participants rated the quality of government to move away from screening and management, also information presented as either traditional engineering approaches funded through the WPP. The event 4 or 5 out of 5; to more adaptive measures that KDVGH´QLWHO\KDGDQLPSDFWRQWKH • 75 percent said the information integrate the qualities and strengths way large cities think about and was directly relevant to their of nature. In 2013, the WPP and PLWLJDWHµRRGULVN work and their organization’s China’s Ministry of Water supported needs, although most added DZRUNVKRSRQLQWHJUDWHGµRRG The 120 workshop participants measures would have to be risk management options for cities rated the information and exchange adapted to local conditions; throughout China. Participants platforms in the following way: • 77 percent of participants said LQFOXGHGGHFLVLRQPDNHUVDQGµRRG WKH\KDGOHDUQHGDERXWQHZµRRG infrastructure planners and designers • 100 percent of participants risk management technologies at the national, municipal, and basin indicated that they would during the workshop. Case Study ENGAGING THE PRIVATE SECTOR – TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS In commemoration of 2013 as cooperation, such as inter-sectoral Highlights of the event: the United Nations International cooperation at the basin level, use Year of Water Cooperation, the of geospatial technologies to assess • 400 people attended the WPP- WPP supported a High-Level water allocation, and cooperation supported presentations at the International Conference on among potable water users and high-level conference; Water Cooperation in Dushanbe, agricultural water users. The • Six government agencies and 30 Tajikistan, by convening a session information will help participants be SULYDWH´UPVZHUHUHSUHVHQWHG entitled Water Cooperation Creates better positioned to innovate in the • 80 percent of participants Economic %ene´ts. The World Bank way they design, implement, and indicated they were likely to assembled experts to present on the monitor development programs. apply the knowledge learned in PXOWLSOHEHQH´WVRIWUDQVERXQGDU\ their work. WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 43 Case Study WORLD BANK FLAGSHIP - FOSTERING AN ACTIVE GLOBAL CONVERSATION ON THE WATER-ENERGY NEXUS The WPP’s Thirsty Energy initiative, of the topic through the right In addition, very strong media DVDµDJVKLSSURGXFWLPSOHPHQWHG messaging. A communication outreach resulted in increasing a comprehensive communications and awareness package was visibility and in continuously strategy right from its inception. created that includes a multi- reinforcing the initiative’s brand Its aim is to raise visibility of and section infographic that focused identity and overall perception as a build support for the initiative on explaining the relationship, strong, necessary, and well-focused among an array of key stakeholders challenge, impact and solutions to initiative. including country governments, the water-energy nexus, a working global organizations, the private paper as background on the topic, Thirsty Energy data: sector, NGOs, and civil society. The several blogs from World Bank initiative was formally launched experts and senior management, a From January 17–31 (during and in January 2014. A large number brochure, and several tweets . after the launch of the initiative), of communication, advocacy and the online package received: media engagement activities were Communications efforts around • Over 23,000 page views (an conducted during and since the Thirsty Energy moved beyond the average of over 1,500 page launch. web-presence to establish working views/day) groups of partners on key messages • More than 500 publication Thirsty Energy communications and leveraged partners’ resources downloads efforts were successful because for communicating those messages. • Fareed Zacharia tweeted about they not only focused on increasing They also focused on capacity Thirsty Energy, which reached publication downloads but also building in case-study countries and over 500 million followers in on advocating for the importance south-south knowledge exchanges. Twitter 44 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Table 4: INDICATOR C: Web-based outreach and use of WPP Publications Progress as Sub-Indicators Target of June 2014 1.1) Downloads per document after announcement (#) 300 692 1.2) Percentage of downloads from developing countries (%) 50% 31% 2.1) Downloads per flagship document after announcement (#) 2,000 1,721 2.2) Percentage of downloads from developing countries (%) 50% 21% 3) Percentage of visitors of the WPP website that visit at least 2 pages (%) 40% 66% 4) Average quality assessment scoring of WPP knowledge products by client 4 out of 5 4.6 country governments (and WET products scoring by Bank project teams) Case Study CLIENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT – CONTINUITY FOR STRENGTHENING RESILIENCE ,Q$XJXVWDµRRGLQ1LDPH\ in downstream urban municipalities “The WET consultant resulted in extensive damages and and irrigated perimeters. managed to establish a losses to Niger’s infrastructure. The government of Niger requested The government of Niger is constructive dialog with assistance from the World Bank SURSRVLQJWRUHGXFHµRRGULVNV the government of Niger, to strengthen the country’s with the construction of two to demonstrate underlying resilience through selected capacity dams on the Sirba River and GHYHORSPHQWDQGµRRGULVN three on the Gouroubi River. factors related to the 2012 management investments in targeted WPP’s WET service supported flood impacts, and to propose areas. The World Bank project aims the World Bank team to devise a different scenarios for realistic at simultaneously addressing runoff proposal that includes protection solutions in light of limited responses from upstream catchments of each dam respectively by two ZKLOHUHGXFLQJYXOQHUDELOLW\WRµRRG upstream gabion thresholds. capacity. The government was events downstream. 7KHHI´FLHQF\DQGFRVWEHQH´W fully convinced by the WET ratio of this proposed technical approach, and has allocated Risk reduction will require integrated RSWLRQZLOOEHVFLHQWL´FDOO\ µRRGPDQDJHPHQWVWUXFWXUHV evaluated and compared to other IDA funding to undertake the sustainable land and water possible investments. As a result recommended feasibility study management practices, and land-use of the WET’s groundwork, the for flood control.” PRGL´FDWLRQVLQRQH 6LUED RUWZR government of Niger has decided (Sirba and Gouroubi) watersheds to use IDA funds for a complete Richard James, Task Team Leader, Social, on the right bank of the Niger River, IHDVLELOLW\VWXG\WRDVVHVVµRRG Urban, Rural and Resilience Specialist, in order to reduce the potential control options. World Bank GDPDJHVIURPIXWXUHµRRGLQJHYHQWV WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 45 Outcome 3: Plans and strategies designed and capacity-enhanced for improved WRM and service delivery As of June, 2014, there were 28 WPP looking to understand the low level of “planned” figures3 (i.e. the target values activities directly or indirectly (via uptake in these areas to bolster demand expected to be reached at completion supported WB projects) promoting the during the last year of the program. of the project) along with the latest launch of a new plan or strategy for available progress to give a sense of improved WRM and service delivery. WPP activities also strengthen client what is expected from influenced Table 5 shows World Bank project institutional capacity to improve projects in the long run. When planned teams’ expectations regarding how these water security and manage climate results are considered, three of the four strategies and plans will be developed uncertainties. Table 6 illustrates how sub-indicators are on track. The sub- into long-term investments. Three of local capacity has been enhanced indicator on early warning systems is off these five indicators are on track to be (directly or indirectly) as measured track but the program’s global initiative reached by the end of the program. through three sub-indicators. Due to the on disaster risk management should However, the number of strategies nature of the WPP—which influences yield more results for this sub-indicator accounting for competing water uses, projects with long life cycles—results for in the coming year. and the number endorsed by clients this indicator are mostly delivered in the are lower than expected. The WPP is long term. Therefore, table 6 also shows Table 5: INDICATOR D: New plans and strategies promoted by WPP activities in client countries Progress as of Sub-Indicator Target June 2014 1.1) Number of non-water policies/strategies that incorporate water (#) 10 9 1.2) Number of policies/strategies accounting for competing water uses (#) 40 6 2.1) Number of policies/strategies endorsed by a client agency (#) 30 6 2.2) Number of policy or strategy investment plans endorsed by clients (#) 15 9 3) Budget Allocated for policy/strategy implementation ($) 150 million TBD 7KHªSODQQHG«´JXUHVDUHWKHWDUJHWVIRUDJUHHGLQGLFDWRUVWKDWDUHVHWZKHQD:RUOG%DQNSURMHFWLVDSSURYHGE\WKH%RDUGRI([HFXWLYH Directors. They are credible estimates of the expected results, provided by the team at appraisal stage. Project teams periodically report the SURJUHVV DFWXDO´JXUHV IRUHDFKLQGLFDWRU,GHDOO\WKH´QDODFWXDO´JXUHVKRXOGPDWFKWKHSODQQHGRQHZKHQD:RUOG%DQNSURMHFWUHDFKHVFRP- pletion—unless a project has been restructured or cancelled. 46 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Photo: Trung Son Hydropower Project site, Vietnam. Mai Ky/World Bank Case Study HOW NON-WATER STRATEGIES INCORPORATE WATER Hydropower: Getting NGOs The Hydropower Sustainability of the Protocol in a World Bank- and Industry on the Same Page Assessment Protocol, developed ´QDQFHGSURMHFW/HVVRQVIURP through a consultative process its application were subsequently Hydropower infrastructure can with industry leaders, governments, compiled in a new publication to EULQJWUHPHQGRXVEHQH´WVWR and civil society, is a suite of guide World Bank teams and clients developing countries, but often tools designed to measure and on the use of the protocol to assess HQWDLOVVLJQL´FDQWHQYLURQPHQWDO guide performance in individual project preparation, implementation, VRFLDODQG´QDQFLDOULVNVDVZHOO hydropower projects against or operation. In order for hydropower to be an globally applicable criteria. acceptable, low-cost power source, The Vietnamese government- projects need to be based on The WPP funded the application owned utility has since requested rigorous analysis and emphasize of the Protocol for the Trung Son further training on the tool and effective management of risks. Hydropower Project in Vietnam. plans to conduct more assessments They must also be implemented Conducted by a team of accredited of its projects in the future. Globally, and operated responsibly. DVVHVVRUVLWZDVWKH´UVWDSSOLFDWLRQ the World Bank hydropower WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 47 Pomegranate Farm. Tajikistan. Photo: © Gennadiy Ratushenko/World Bank team is looking to broaden the Revamping Irrigation in established institutional framework applicability of the protocol from Tajikistan for the sector), which includes the an auditing tool to being part establishment of an I&D Agency of a larger approach to building $:33JUDQW´QDQFHGDFWLYLW\ and Water User Associations capacity for country clients, under the Tajikistan Irrigation (WUAs); a review of the issues helping governments improve the Strategy Project assists the World of low water productivity, to sustainability of their hydropower Bank in prioritizing its irrigation be tackled through a system of projects over time. The protocol and drainage (I&D) investment water charges and investments has the potential to transform plans and strategies, and provide in technology; and a framework the way industry, government, an analytical foundation for for the prioritization of irrigation and civil society convene around further dialogue between the infrastructure rehabilitation hydropower sustainability issues. government of Tajikistan, the based on their economic and Against this background, the Bank World Bank, and development ´QDQFLDOYLDELOLW\7KHVWXG\LVDOVR seeks to expand the reach of partners on potential assistance in expected to increase awareness this innovative tool in developing the I&D sector. The grant supports RIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIHI´FLHQWDQG countries by providing guidance to the World Bank in preparing a sustainable use of water. its clients. strategy note on the I&D sector in Tajikistan (focusing on the newly 48 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Table 6: INDICATOR E: Capacity enhancement Reached as of June 2014 Sub-Indicator Target Actual1 Planned1 1.1) Early Warning Systems (EWS) installed (#) 8 1 3 1.2) (Upon installation of EWS), relevant threat information is disseminated 90% 100% NA to stakeholders on a timely basis (Yes/No) (Yes) (Yes) 2) Operational water users associations created/strengthened (#) 20 1,448* 2,344 3) Government Agencies (#) with strengthened capacity to address: 33 15 73 3.1) Climate change 5 45 3.2) Water Security 8 0 16 3.3) River Basin issues 20 15 12 Note: Sub-indicator 2 “Water Users Associations strengthened” includes small and large WUAs. A project in Indonesia where numerous small WUAs were strengthened resulted in outperformance of this sub-indicator. 1 Results under “planned” are the targets established at the project’s appraisal stage and expected to be reached upon completion; whereas re- sults under “actual” are those results reached and reported in project documents as of June 2014. Case Study STRENGTHENED CLIENT CAPACITY – A KYRGYZ FARMER’S ALMANAC In the Kyrgyz Republic, the WET service, the WPP supports the system for farmers; and installing agricultural sector employs 50 Weather Information for Farmers a few small-scale meteorological percent of the workforce and (WIF) component of the project, stations for data collection on contributes 30–40 percent of which aims to strengthen the Kyrgyz agricultural microclimates. Moreover, GDP. In 2009, crop production Agency on Hydrometeorology by the WET is helping the agency to use fell by more than 7 percent as a upgrading its outdated equipment the systems and data by training staff result of adverse weather events, and improving staff skills. to better measure weather variables demonstrating the importance and to pinpoint developing weather of the farmers’ ability to adapt to WET support is expanding the patterns. As a result, once vulnerable changing weather patterns. In 2012, agency’s current, publicly available, farmers will soon be empowered to the Bank approved a $6.85 million 1-day weather forecast span to 3-day take the measures needed to protect loan to eliminate continued food forecasts; implementing an SMS- animals and crops, thereby improving security vulnerabilities. Through the based weather forecast dissemination food security for the entire country. WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 49 Outcome 4: Downstream loans supported through improved design and implementation WPP activities support improvements to Figure 2: WPP-supported World projects in the World Bank’s existing and Bank lending across regions future portfolio. As of June 2014, WPP, including WET activities, supported $10.2 billion in World Bank lending, 8% The WPP leveraged of which 28 percent was for projects in Sub-Saharan Africa, the region with the 28% $10 billion in WB largest share of WPP funds, followed 19% investments by 19 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 16 percent in East Asia and the Pacific (see Figure 2). 28% 28% The leverage of WPP funding is measured through four sub-indicators 28% (see Table 7). Three of them are on The WPP helped track, and information on the fourth is Africa improve 70+ project to be retrieved from final reports once activities have closed. Europe and Central Asia designs (DVW$VLDDQG3DFL´F WPP activities also work to protect global public goods. Similar to indicator E, Middle East and North Africa results for indicator G come from World Latin America and Caribbean Bank projects, and WPP support to these South Asia projects depends on demand from clients and task teams. Table 8 shows the seven sub-indicators monitored by the WPP, only two of which are on track to meet the planned figures. Table 7: INDICATOR F: Amount of Bank lending influenced & additional funding leveraged through WPP activities Progress as Sub-Indicator Target of June 2014 1) Value of (WB) investments supported ($) 15 billion 10.2 billion 2) Total project value of influenced investments in which the Bank is involved ($) 25 billion 15.3 billion 3) Value of additional investments (in which WB is not involved) ($) 500 million TBD 4) Number of project designs improved through a WPP activity (#) 100 71 50 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Case Study INFLUENCING WORLD BANK PROJECTS – INVESTING IN CROP-WATER COMPETITIVENESS IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA WPP funds were leveraged through support services subcomponent investing in a rapid assessment of a joint IFC-World Bank initiative to LQµXHQFHGE\WKHJUDQW´QDQFHG opportunities for private sector address the Water-Food nexus in activities is valued at $22 million. intervention; crop-water economic India as part of the West Bengal With the involvement of the IFC, studies to understand price trends Accelerated Development of Minor WKHJUDQW´QDQFHGDFWLYLWLHVDLPWR and market potential for each Irrigation Project (WBADMIP). The strengthen the impact of investment commodity; and promotion of objective of the WBADMIP is to in agricultural support services by private sector investments in West enhance agricultural production providing private sector knowledge Bengal. The interventions may of small and marginal farmers in and advice on developing value also enhance the design of the the project area, where average chains, improving market links, next generation of World Bank- productivity levels are low compared introducing market innovations, supported I&D programs, and may with those of advanced agricultural and improving community water be replicated in other agricultural states in India. The agricultural management. The partnership is competitiveness projects. WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 51 Case Study IMPROVING PROJECT DESIGNS Irrigation and Poverty in use of infrastructure, and soil Project through a WET activity Madagascar and water resources. Agriculture supporting the preparation of a remains the foundation of feasibility study on the rehabilitation WPP’s WET service supported Madagascar’s domestic economy, of the drainage system in the City of the technical review of a large- contributing approximately one Beira in Mozambique. Beira, a delta scale irrigation scheme that third of the country’s total GDP. As city located in a low-lying area, is supplies water to a hurricane- part of the project, a new diversion considered the city most vulnerable prone area of Madagascar that weir for the water system was to current and future climate risks in primarily produces rice, vanilla, designed. The WET reviewed this 0R]DPELTXHIUHTXHQWµRRGVEHLQJ coffee, and cloves. The review was design, focusing on the hydrology caused by the rising groundwater conducted as part of the Irrigation and hydraulic design features table and storm surges. The World and Watershed Management of the structure. This resulted in Bank and several donors, including 3URMHFWLQµXHQFLQJOHQGLQJLQ detailed recommendations and the government of the Netherlands, the amount of $6 million. The a clear description of proposed DUHXQGHUWDNLQJDVLJQL´FDQWMRLQW project aims to help reduce rural design improvements. effort aimed at increasing Beira’s poverty through investments resilience. The preparation of the that increase productivity and Better Drainage Reduces drainage feasibility study for Beira agricultural income in three regions Vulnerability in Beira will inform the implementation of with high potential for agricultural PHDVXUHVWRFRQWUROµRRGVDQG development. At the same time, it The WPP contributed to the $120 erosion, and help mitigate the seeks to promote the sustainable million Cities and Climate Change effects of climate change. Vegetable market. Madagascar. Photo: © Yosef Hadar/World Bank 52 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Table 8: INDICATOR G: Physical and natural assets protected Reached as of June 2014 Sub-Indicator Target Actual1 Planned1 1) Coastline and freshwater under biodiversity protection (km) 1,200 0 0 2.1) Area brought under enhanced biodiversity protection (ha) 1 million 0 0 2.2) Number of studies incorporating ecosystem valuation (#) 7 0 0 3) Water Storage capacity increase (m3) 12 billion 0 0 4) Aquifer pumping reduction (m3/yr) 20 million 14.3 million 20.6 million 5) Areas provided with irrigation/drainage services (ha) 2 million 93,492 0.7 million 6) Hydropower generated (MW) 3,000 16 285 1 Results under “planned” are the targets established at the project’s appraisal stage and expected to be reached upon completion; whereas re- sults under “actual” are those results reached and reported in project documents as of June 2014. The fact that no results were achieved hectares of land. However, while projects that some, although not all, of these on several sub-indicators does not mean use a variety of indicators (including indicators will see progress by the end of that the WPP did not support any World those listed above) to measure impacts the program. These results also indicate a Bank projects related to natural asset on natural resources, the WPP results need to reassess the results framework as protection. For example, WPP activities framework includes only a discrete a tool to capture a more comprehensive are supporting projects that plan to: number of indicators. Due to the picture of the WPP’s contribution to generate 58 million cubic meters of demand-driven nature of the program, natural asset protection, and to keep treated wastewater for agriculture; reduce work in areas on biodiversity protection, rigorous targets while also ensuring that flooding and erosion on 7,600 hectares; ecosystem services and water storage indicators are relevant for achieving the and help countries adopt sustainable land capacity have not yet been approved program’s overarching objectives. management practices to benefit 1,850 under Phase II. There is a high likelihood WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 53 Case Study WATER SAVINGS – EFFECTIVELY MANAGING PRECIOUS GROUNDWATER IN SANA’A, YEMEN Through its WET service, the exacerbated throughout the and produced a technical note WPP conducted a groundwater Middle East, where the reliance summarizing the approaches as availability study for the city of on groundwater is higher than ZHOODVWKH´QGLQJVRIWKHWZR Sana’a water supply, as part of the global average. With limited VWXGLHV7KH´QGLQJVWRXFKRQ the Yemen Water Sector Support data analysis of groundwater policy, institutional, and social Project. One of the development in the larger cities of Yemen, a implications of groundwater objectives of the project is to practical approach was needed to management in Yemen, among stabilize and reduce groundwater understand the current situation other areas. The WET’s work may abstraction for agricultural use and take the necessary steps also provide valuable lessons and in critical water basins. The over- in groundwater management. potential for replication by other use and inadequate planning The WET conducted two deep cities in the region. of groundwater resources is aquifer water-availability studies Case Study EXPANDING IRRIGATION–ACCELERATING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA Between 2006 and 2010, irrigation institutions for the management services collapsed in Georgia, of infrastructure; water pricing DVUHµHFWHGLQWKHZLGHQLQJ and cost recovery; prioritization of DJULFXOWXUDOWUDGHGH´FLW%\ investments in I&D infrastructure leveraging $50 million of IDA improvement and modernization; By supporting a investment in the Irrigation and and increasing resilience to Land Market Development Project, climate change through improved $50 million IDA WKH:33JUDQW´QDQFHGDFWLYLW\ irrigation management. The investment, the supports the development of a National Irrigation and Drainage WPP activity is National Irrigation and Drainage Improvement Strategy will be key Improvement Strategy, in to fostering sustainable growth in promoting a new cooperation with the Ministry of Georgia. National Irrigation Agriculture of Georgia. The target and Drainage area to be provided with improved $UHSRUWFRQVROLGDWLQJNH\´QGLQJV irrigation under this project is set at and recommendations of the grant- Improvement 26,000 hectares. ´QDQFHGDFWLYLWLHVZLOODOVRLQIRUP Strategy for Georgia the management of investments 7KHVWUDWHJ\ZLOOGH´QHWKH in institutional development and regulation and monitoring of I&D infrastructure under the IDA- services; the development of I&D ´QDQFHGSURMHFW 54 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Outcome 5: Vulnerability reduced via pro-poor and gender-sensitive interventions The WPP monitors the number of Table 9 shows the number of direct is mainly due to the diversity of WRM people that benefited from WPP- beneficiaries and the number of people project objectives, which range from supported Bank projects in two ways: that are estimated to be reached upon increasing crop yields or farmer incomes, completion of Bank projects. Two out to extending irrigation networks or 1) Target Population: people living of five indicators are met or on track. building flood protection structures. in areas targeted by Bank projects While the indirect beneficiary target While such investments undoubtedly through WRM-related interventions. has already surpassed, the program benefit large numbers of people, World The people in those areas can be has reached only 30 percent of its Bank projects measure impacts on land seen as indirect beneficiaries of Bank intended direct beneficiaries. While the and water resources - which are more projects. program will likely achieve its intended easily quantified, and not included in the 2) Direct beneficiaries: people that water supply and sanitation results, WPP results framework. directly benefit from Bank projects beneficiaries of WRM and irrigation supported/influenced by the WPP. and drainage programs are lacking. This Table 9: INDICATOR H: People benefiting from projects supported by WPP activities Progress As Of June 2014 Target Actual (Number) Women (%) Planned (Number) 1) Target Population in project area (#) 0.5 billion 1.2 billion NA* NA* 2.1) Direct beneficiaries from the project (#) 100 million 12.9 million 47.8% 27.1 million 2.2) WSS beneficiaries (#) 35 million 12 million 52.6% 17.4 million 2.3) Water users with new/improved 30 million 0.7 million 35.5% 0.8 million irrigation & drainage services (#) 2.4) Other WRM beneficiaries (#) 35 million 100,000 51% 8.9 million 1RWH'LUHFWLUULJDWLRQDQG:50EHQH´FLDULHV 6XELQGLFDWRUVDQG DUHDOPRVWQHYHUWUDFNHGLQ%DQNSURMHFWV2IWHQSURMHFWWHDPVXVH QRQVWDQGDUGLQGLFDWRUGH´QLWLRQVWKDWFDQQRWEHDJJUHJDWHG)RULQVWDQFHLQOLHXRIVXELQGLFDWRUSURMHFWWHDPVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRXVHSHU- centages of farmers reached, crop yield or income increases. 5HVXOWVIRUVXELQGLFDWRUFDQQRWEHGHWHUPLQHGIRUSODQQHGEHQH´FLDULHVJLYHQWKDWWKHVHGHSHQGRQSRSXODWLRQJURZWKUDWHSURMHFWLRQVWKDW cannot be captured in the results framework monitoring system. WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 55 Case Study MORE RELIABLE WATER SUPPLY – LISTENING TO BENEFICIARIES: WOMEN, MEN, AND THE POOR WPP support was critical to the water services. Poor households electrical appliances, which entail design of the $474 million Lebanon asked that they be allowed to pay large coping costs ($400–$600 per Water Supply Augmentation Project, WKHH[LVWLQJµDWWDULIILQPRQWKO\ year) during intermittent supply. which aims to improve water supply installments rather than once a Men, on the other hand, often services for 1.6 million people year, a billing system adjustment UHSRUWHGKDYLQJWRPLVVZRUNWR´OO through construction of the Bisri that the participating utility is now the family water tank or purchase Dam. The completed assessments rolling out. Many participants also mineral water, and sometimes get not only ensured a sustainable supported volumetric charges that involved in neighborhood disputes social and technical project design, require the installation of meters. over water. This analysis of the but also generated new data that The project will enable households water provision and allocation will be used in poverty-mapping to switch from poor-quality, private tasks of men and women has exercises as well as future climate wells, to piped, public services that substantially informed the project’s change assessments. use renewable surface water. economic analysis and will be used in the design of future reforms. With regard to the project’s social The decrease in the total cost of and economic aspects, a WPP- water will yield immediate, positive Climate Change Analysis: funded socioeconomic survey and EHQH´WVIRUWKHSRRU2IWKH :(7GHVLJQHGDVLWHVSHFL´F study analyzed the project area’s people across the Greater Beirut and hydrological model to study potential water users’ willingness Mount Lebanon area living below potential climate change impacts to pay for water, empowering the $4 per day national poverty rate, on the project area. Data gathered the team to recommend the best 460,000 reside in the project area. through remote sensing technology volumetric tariff pricing policy. (Project Appraisal Document) was used to determine a 4 percent Extensive poverty and gender UHGXFWLRQLQLQµRZWRWKHGDPRYHU analyses were also included, and Gender Analysis: The focus groups the life of the project, compared are summarized below. assessed the differentiated needs ZLWKKLVWRULFDOLQµRZVRIWKHODVW of men and women throughout three decades. The model created Poverty Analysis: Through 1,200 the process of resettlement and for this project will also be used household surveys and 12 focus construction, as well as differences by national agencies to analyze group discussions, the team in demand for better quality and climate change impacts on other captured critical information on quantity of water. For example, catchment areas of the country. poverty statistics, which indicate women stressed the impact of that low-income households spend low-quality water on children’s up to 15 percent of their income on health and hygiene, and damage to 56 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Outcome 6: Water mainstreamed in other sectors. One of the WPP’s main objectives is to and providing concrete suggestions on under Outcome 6 have been affected by ensure that WRM is mainstreamed into how to incorporate these into project the re-organization of the World Bank planning for other sectors, including designs. which has been ongoing for the most WSS, urban, energy, agriculture, and part of 2014. For instance, Sector Boards environment. To ensure implementation As of June 2014, two new guidance (sub-indicator 2) no longer exist as they across the World Bank, the WPP has notes are under development concerning did when the results framework was proposed to formulate sectoral guidance the urban sector and the water-energy approved. The WPP will propose new notes for teams designing projects, nexus (see Table 10). For several other sub-indicators once the new structure detailing which characteristics should be sectors, initial discussions on guidance of the Water Global Practice is fully in taken into account to address resource notes have started or are planned. place and new roles and responsibilities constraints and impacts on water quality, Progress on two of the sub-indicators have been defined. Table 10: INDICATOR I: Cross-Sectoral mainstreaming of WRM Progress as of Sub-Indicator Target June 2014 1) Guidance Notes created including an assessment on improvements required in 5 2 Operational Policies for specific sectors (#) 2) Guidance Notes for specific sectors endorsed by respective Sector Board (#) 4 NA 3) Agreement by Operational Policy and Quality Department (OPCSPQ) to move forward 2 NA on modernization of Operational Policies for mainstreaming of WRM (# of sectors) WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 57 Case Study IUWM: WHERE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MEETS SERVICE DELIVERY The WPP is using knowledge water resources planning into generated in the Science of WSS projects, and is in the process Delivery in WSS (see Box 3) to of developing complementary inform a new Guidance Note on documents and tools—checklists, mainstreaming WRM in WSS. The diagnostic and analytical tools, By standardizing note is being prepared by World and the like—to guide World Bank the World Bank’s Bank and non-Bank utility reform specialists during program design. specialists to harvest knowledge By standardizing the World Bank’s approach to on integration, based on the approach to mainstreaming WRM, mainstreaming experiences of the best urban the WPP will effectively improve WRM, the WPP will water reform cases in the world. the way practitioners think about The team will use an Integrated water—future project designs effectively improve Urban Water Management (IUWM) will be more holistic and more the way practitioners framework as a tool for integrating sustainable. think about water New household connection, Morrocco. Photo: Arne Hoel/World Bank 58 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Annex I: Financial Summary Financial Summary WPP until June 2014, a total of 94 activities DONOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO Phase II (July 2012 – June (including 44 for WET) were approved THE WPP 2014) under Phase II for a total amount of $14.4 million. This represents 67 percent Total donor contributions to the This annex provides financial of the total allocation approved under second phase of the WPP amount to information concerning the second phase the different windows. When proposed $36.4 million. In November 2013, the of the WPP on donor contributions, activities and program management are WPP welcomed the government of approvals, disbursements and included, the total amount increases to Austria as its fourth donor, joining its commitments of activities, and program $20.7 million, representing 51.3 percent three existing donors: the Netherlands’ management and administration costs. of the total available contribution to the Directorate-General for International This financial report covers a 24-month Program. Most approved activities are Cooperation (DGIS), the United period, from July 2012 to June 2014.4 currently under implemenatation—only Kingdom’s Department for International Subsequent annual reports will follow four WPP and 18 WET activities had Development (DFID), and the Danish the World Bank’s Fiscal Year from July been closed by June 2014. International Development Agency 1 to June 30. From Phase II inception (DANIDA). As detailed in Table A1, Table A1: Overview of Donor Contributions to the WPP Phase II Contributions to WPP Donor Currency Amt pledged Amt pledged (US$) Amt received (US$) (donor curr.) Austria EUR 4,000,000 5,515,200 5,515,200 Denmark (DANIDA) DKK 20,000,000 3,613,220 2,683,220 Netherlands (DGIS) USD 12,500,000 12,500,000 12,500,000 United Kingdom GBP 12,000,000 19,001,850 15,800,250 (DFID) Balance Phase I 4,558,165 4,558,165 Contribution WPP Total 45,188,435 41,056,835 Administration fee (2%) (821,137) Investment Income 139,029 WPP Total Funds 40,374,727 7RSURYLGHFOHDUDQGDFFXUDWHGDWDDOO:333KDVH,,´QDQFLDOVDUHLQFOXGHGLQWKLVUHSRUW7KHVHFRQGSKDVHRIWKHSURJUDPRI´FLDOO\VWDUWHG LQ-XO\VRWKLV´QDQFLDOUHSRUWLQFOXGHV´JXUHVIURPWKDWGD\RQZDUG+RZHYHUVLQFHGRQRUIXQGVZHUHUHFHLYHGLQWKHEHJLQQLQJRI PRVWDFWLYLWLHVRQO\VWDUWHGDIWHUWKH´UVWTXDUWHURI©RQO\WKH:(7VHUYLFHVZHUHFRQWLQXHGIURP-XO\GXHWRWKHVSHFL´FQDWXUHDQG high demand from the Regions, using remaining WPP Phase I funds. WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 59 the WPP donors pledged $45.2 million amount increases to $7.7 million when percentage of the allocation approved (including the $4.6 million remaining commitments are included and to $9.1 for activities combined with the level balance from WPP Phase I), of which million when program management of disbursements and/or commitments. $41.1 million had been received as of and administration expenditures are The average activity size is approximately June 2014. After deducting the 2% taken into account. Table A2 and Figure $200,0005–$173,000 for the regional administration fee and adding the A1 show the current allocations of the windows, and $241,000 for the global earned investment income, this leaves an six regional windows and five global windows (excluding the WET window, available balance of $40.4 million. windows, the pipeline and approval for which the average activity budget is status, and what has been spent to date about $32,0006). Compared to WPP OVERVIEW OF THE WPP under each window. The number of Phase I, which saw an average activity ALLOCATIONS AND ACTIVITY activities per window is also indicated. size of less than $140,000,7 the Phase II PORTFOLIO activities are significantly larger. As can be seen in these figures, the Since the inception of its second global and East Asia and Pacific phase, the Program has disbursed $5.0 Region (EAP) windows show the million through 94 activities. This highest level of progress in terms of Table A2: WPP Phase II Financial Overview (as of June 30, 2014) Pipeline Activities Approved Activities % of % of Approved No. Approved Window Allocation Allocation Under Approved Disbursed+ of Disb/ Approved Draft revision Amount Disbursed Committed Committed Act. Comm AFR 3,000,000 180,000 592,545 1,124,975 112,911 126,000 238,911 3 37.5% 21.2% EAP 1,500,000 - - 1,493,535 311,364 363,926 675,290 9 99.6% 45.2% REGIONAL ECA 1,500,000 - 362,272 756,000 100,770 120,497 221,267 5 50.4% 29.3% LCR 1,500,000 - 200,000 1,396,100 100,851 182,687 283,538 9 93.1% 20.3% MNA 1,500,000 615,000 135,000 300,000 79,597 4,607 84,204 1 20.0% 28.1% SAR 1,500,000 645,000 422,200 644,120 50,266 137,790 188,056 3 42.9% 29.2% Anchor 1,500,000 - 214,000 1,282,289 624,300 322,626 946,926 9 85.5% 73.8% GLOBAL Programmatic 3,500,000 150,000 49,500 2,852,151 1,164,631 778,294 1,942,925 8 81.5% 68.1% DRM 1,400,000 350,000 - 694,936 260,654 110,348 371,002 3 49.6% 53.4% WET 3,100,000 117,500 - 2,516,229 1,660,213 438,834 2,099,047 44 81.2% 83.4% Dissemination 1,300,000 - - 1,300,000 556,395 87,148 643,542 n/a 100.0% 49.5% TOTALS 21,300,000 2,057,500 1,975,517 14,360,336 5,021,953 2,672,757 7,694,710 94 67.4% 53.6% 7KLV´JXUHLQFOXGHVRQO\VXSHUYLVLRQEXGJHWUHODWHGWRWKHDSSURYHGDFWLYLWLHVQRWWKHHQWLUHZLQGRZVXSHUYLVLRQEXGJHW 7KLV´JXUHGRHVQRWLQFOXGH:(7PDQDJHPHQWDQGDGPLQLVWUDWLRQFRVWV 7KLV´JXUHGRHVQRWLQFOXGHDFWLYLWLHVXQGHUWKH:(7(67ZLQGRZ 60 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Figure A1: WPP Phase II Financial Overview (as of June 30, 2014) 3.5 3.0 2.5 Million US$ 2.0 1.0 1.0 .5 0 AFR EAP ECA LCR MNA SAR Anchor Progra- DRM WET mmatic Approved Allocaton Approved Amount Pipeline Disbursed and Committed OVERVIEW OF WPP FUNDING BY percent, the costs to date are justified SUBSECTOR by the program’s front-end needs. As common in trust-funded programs, many Seventy-two percent of the WPP Phase initial expenses are primarily geared to II funds are focusing on the three major program management and administration, water sub-sectors: WRM, WSS, and related to the design and setup of the AWM (see Figure A2). program structure and procedures. Also, although the official start date of the PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND second phase of the WPP was July 2012, ADMINISTRATION COSTS the main donor contributions arrived in the beginning of 2013. Only then could Program Management and teams start preparing their window work Administration (PMA) costs are costs plans, which are required before activities incurred by the WPP Team and the can be proposed. This is illustrated in World Bank’s Technical experts who Figure A3, which shows relatively low provide strategic advice and support. activity disbursements in the first year of These include expenditures on general the program, but exponential growth of program management, monitoring and this figure since July 2013. As this trend evaluation, and donor coordination, is expected to continue, PMA costs will among others. Total PMA disbursements decrease further relative to activity costs and commitments under Phase II from over the coming years. The program has inception to June 30, 2014 are about set limitations in the financial systems 15 percent of total disbursements and to ensure that PMA spending cannot commitments. While significantly higher go over 9 percent of the total Phase II than the WPP cap on PMA costs of 9 contributions. WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 61 Figure A2: WPP Funding Across Figure A3: WPP Activity vs. PMA Disbursements (July 2012 – 2014) Sub-sectors 1.2 17% 1.0 30% 3% 0.8 Millions USD 8% 0.6 20% 22% 0.4 0.2 Water Resources Management 0.0 Activity disbursements Program Management disbursements Water Supply & Sanitation Trendline Activity Disbursements Agricultural Water Management Water for Energy Water for Environmental Services Other or Not assigned 62 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Annex II: Results Framework The key underlying assumption of the Results by indicator and sub-indicator WPP results monitoring system is that are monitored through a database that WPP activities, offering strategic support captures progress at level 1 (WPP activities) to the design and implementation of and level 2 (Bank projects influenced much larger World Bank lending and by WPP activities) in a standardized knowledge projects, can indirectly and systematic way. The WPP Phase II contribute to (or “influence”) their database is the first of its kind for tracking achievements towards the above described the progress of global water programs in impacts and outcomes. Hence, the results the World Bank. Therefore, while the framework is designed to capture and link database will enable results tracking for the results at two different levels: program, it will also provide insight into the feasibility of tracking various indicators 1. WPP activity level (short-term using Bank systems. The WPP agreed with output that stem directly from its donors to treat this as a pilot database to a WPP-funded activity such as be continuously improved as the program funding, training, and knowledge is implemented. dissemination) 2. World Bank project level (indirect, long-term results and impacts of the World Bank projects receiving WPP’s support). Table A3: WPP Phase II Results Framework (Part 1 of 2) Objec- Poverty Reduction through Improved WRM and Service Delivery, and Climate-Resilient Green Growth tive Impact Climate-resilient green growth enabled through water-smart development Vulnerable populations provided with an enhanced quality of life Outcome WPP strategic Knowledge and operational tools created, disseminated Plans & strategies designed and capacity enhanced for funding mobilization and used improved WRM and service delivery Indicator (A) Strategic use of (B) Events and training (C) Web-based outreach and (D) New plans & strategies (E) Capacity enhancement WPP activity funds supported by WPP use of WPP publications promoted by WPP activi- ties in client countries Sub- Target: Target: Target: Target: Target: Indica- 1) Percentage 30  ¢1XPEHURI3DU- 4000 1.1) Downloads per docu- 300  ¢1XPEHURI 10 1.1) Early Warning Systems 8 tors & of the value of ticipants (#) ment after announcement non-water Policies/ (EWS) installed (#) Targets approved WPP (#) Strategies that activities in Africa  ¢3HUFHQWDJHRI 70 incorporate water (#) 1.2) (Upon installation of 90% (%) Participants that 1.2) Percentage of down- 50 EWS), relevant threat Yes indicate they are loads from developing 1.2) Number of 40 information is disseminated 2) Percentage 50 likely to apply countries (%) policies/strategies to stakeholders on a timely of the value of knowledge in their accounting for com- basis (Yes/No) ´UPFRQWUDFWV LQ work (%) 2.1) Downloads per 2000 peting water uses (#) programmatic µDJVKLSGRFXPHQWDIWHU 30 2) Operational water users 20 window) adopt-  ¢1XPEHURI 200 announcement (#)  ¢1XPEHURI associations created / ing QBS procure- DJHQFLHV´UPV Policies/ Strategies strengthened (#) ment (%) represented by 2.2) Percentage of down- 50 endorsed by a client Participants (#) loads from developing agency (#) 15 3) Government Agencies 33 3) Bank internal 10 countries (%) (#) with strenghtened co-funding for mil-  ¢3HUFHQWDJH 60 2.2) Number of policy capacity to address: WPP activities ($) lion of Govt. Agencies 3) Percentage of visitors 40 or strategy invest- (%) of the WPP website that ment plans endorsed 150 3.1) Climate change 5 4) External visit at least 2 pages (%) by clients (#) mil- co-funding for 1 mil-  ¢3HUFHQWDJH 40 lion 3.2) Water Security 8 WPP activities ($) lion RI3ULYDWH´UPV 4) Average quality as- 4 out  ¢%XGJHW$OORFDWHG (%)” sessment scoring of WPP of 5 for policy/strategy 3.3) River Basin issues 20 knowledge products by implementation ($) client country govern- ments (and WET products scoring by Bank project teams) WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 | 63 Table A4: WPP Phase II Results Framework (Part 2 of 2) Objective Poverty Reduction through Improved WRM and Service Delivery,and Climate-Resilient Green Growth Impact Climate-resilient green growth enabled through water-smart Vulnerable populations provided with an enhanced development quality of life Outcome Downstream loans supported through improved design and Vulnerability reduced via pro-poor Water mainstreamed into implementation and gender-sensitive interventions other sectors Indicator (F) Amount of Bank lending (G) Physical and natural assets + 3HRSOHEHQH´WLQJIURPSURMHFWV (I) Cross-sectoral LQµXHQFHG DGGLWLRQDOIXQGLQJ protected * supported by WPP activity mainstreaming of WRM leveraged through WPP activities 64 | WPP ANNUAL REPORT 2013/14 Sub- Target: Target: Target: Target: Indicators  ¢9DOXHRI :% LQYHVW- 15 billion 1) Coastline and freshwater under 1200 1) Target Population in project 0.5 billion 1) Guidance Notes created 5 & Targets ments supported ($) biodiversity protection (km) area (#) including an assessment 100 million on improvements required  ¢7RWDOSURMHFWYDOXHRI 25 billion 2.1) Area brought under enhanced 1 million  ¢$FWXDOEHQH´FLDULHVIURP in Operational Policies for LQµXHQFHGLQYHVWPHQWV biodiversity protection (ha) the project (#): VSHFL´FVHFWRUV  in which the Bank is involved ($) 2.2) Number of studies incorporat- 7  :66EHQH´FLDULHV  35 million 2) Guidance Notes for 4 ing ecosystem valuation (#) VSHFL´FVHFWRUVHQGRUVHGE\  ¢9DOXHRIDGGLWLRQDO 500 2.3) Water users provided with 30 million respective Sector Board (#) investments (in which million  ¢:DWHU6WRUDJHFDSDFLW\LQ- 12 billion new/improved irrigation & WB is not involved) ($) crease (m3) drainage services (#) 3) Agreement by Operation- 2 al Policy and Quality Depart- 4) Number of proj- 100  ¢$TXLIHUSXPSLQJUHGXFWLRQ P 20 million  2WKHU:50EHQH´FLDULHV 35 million ment (OPCSPQ) to move ects designs improved /yr) (#) forward on modernization through a WPP activity of Operational Policies for (#) 5) Areas provided with irrigation / 2 million 2.5) For 2.1 to 2.4: Women (%) 50 (*) mainstreaming of WRM (# drainage services (ha) of sectors) 2.6) For 2.1 to 2.4: Vulnerable 35 6) Hydropower generated (MW) 3000” (%) 1RWHRQWDUJHWVIRURXWSXW * LQ´JXUH6RPHVXELQGLFDWRUVDUHQHZ:RUOG%DQNFRUHLQGLFDWRUVZKLFKZLOOEHWUDFNHGLQDQGEH\RQG)RUVRPHLQGLFDWRUVLWLVTXLWHOLNHO\WKDWRQO\D couple of Bank projects will be tracking them, and the WPP cannot guarantee that it will be requested to support these projects. Due to these uncertainties, the WPP proposes to evaluate these indicators and targets after two years. The following assumptions were made to determine the targets: 1) Estimate based on assumption of 4 Bank projects with 300km each 2) 2.1) WPP Phase I: 1 project, 0.5 million ha; estimate for WPP Phase II: 2 projects 3) Estimate of TWIWA hydro team: 2 large storage projects per year, average 3 billion m3 storage per project. 50% support by WPP Phase II. 4) WPP Phase I: 1 project, 10 MCM; estimate for Phase II: 2 projects 5) WPP Phase I: 2 projects, 0.43 million ha; estimate for Phase II: 8 projects. 6) 2002-2012: 800 MW/yr in WB projects, FY11-12 1,600 MW/yr. FY13-16 estimate: 1,500 MW/yr, of which 50% supported by WPP. IHPDOHRIWRWDOGLUHFWEHQH´FLDULHVLVDFRUHVHFWRULQGLFDWRUIRU%DQNSURMHFWVZKLFKDOORZVIRUGHWDLOHGVSHFL´FDWLRQ