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A N N U A L R E P O R T. 0 9 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK AR AB FUND FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BANGLADESH BELGIUM BRAZIL CANADA CHINA COLOMBIA COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNIT Y CÔTE D’IVOIRE DENMARK AR AB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT FINLAND FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS FORD FOUNDATION FR ANCE GERMANY GULF COOPER ATION COUNCIL INDIA INDONESIA INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE TRIBUTE INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTUR AL DEVELOPMENT TO CGIAR ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IR AN IRELAND ISR AEL MEMBERS ITALY JAPAN KELLOGG FOUNDATION KENYA REPUBLIC OF KOREA LUXEMBOURG MALAYSIA MEXICO MOROCCO NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND NIGERIA NORWAY OPEC FUND FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PAKISTAN PERU PHILIPPINES PORTUGAL ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION ROMANIA RUSSIAN FEDER ATION SOUTH AFRICA SPAIN SWEDEN SWITZERLAND SYNGENTA FOUNDATION FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE SYRIAN AR AB REPUBLIC THAILAND TURKEY UGANDA UNITED KINGDOM UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGR AMME UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGR AMME UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WORLD BANK An enduring commitment to agricultural research is necessary to ensure that the knowledge generated by scientists of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research and their research partners finds appropriate and sustainable application by end users such as farmers, forest and fishing communities, and national agricultural research systems. Such dedication is fundamental to transforming research into development results. Since 1971, the CGIAR partnership The reforms to the CGIAR adopted has steadfastly supported research in 2009 promise to strengthen its to reduce hunger and poverty in the research to meet the challenges of developing world. The reforms to the CGIAR adopted in 2009 promise to strengthen its research to meet the a new era challenges of a new era. The CGIAR thanks its Members as of December 2009 for their ongoing support to agricultural research for development through the CGIAR. CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 1 CGIAR PERSPECTIVES 3 Message from the Chair and Director 2009: At the Tipping Point CONTENTS Special Section: Key Questions about the CGIAR Winds of Change: Real Change Comes to the CGIAR Science Council: Primed for Partnership Alliance of the CGIAR Centers: Alliance to Consortium PARTNERS’ PERSPECTIVES 16 Global Forum on Agricultural Research: The CGIAR Reform in a Changing World International Federation of Agricultural Producers: Partners for Livelihoods CENTERS SUPPORTED BY THE CGIAR 19 CGIAR CHALLENGE PROGR AMS 35 ACHIEVEMENTS 41 Science Awards: Recognizing Excellence in 2009 Performance Measurement: Centers Measure Up in 2009 CGIAR in the Media: Newsworthy and Noted A Global CGIAR EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE 53 2009 CGIAR FINANCIALS WHO’S WHO 65 CGIAR Members The CGIAR in 2009 The CGIAR, 1971–2009 ABBREVIATIONS 71 2 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS CGIAR Perspectives CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 3 Message from the CGIAR Chair and Director 2009 What especially distinguishes the award winners are their high-quality science, open sharing of AT THE knowledge, selfl ess teamwork and innovative partnerships that, taken together, power a TIPPING relentless drive from research to results. Our focus on results. In 2009, the CGIAR’s collabora- POINT tive research on crops, livestock and natural resource management offered many new examples of our focus on results derived from better crop varieties and other technologies, as well as from improved policies. Some International agricultural research of the outcomes are featured in the pages that follow. crosses the threshold into a new era The products of CGIAR research are highly relevant of achievement and impact through to challenges that have seized the attention of world collaborative science focused on leaders in recent years, particularly global food development results security and climate change. Our work addresses other mounting problems as well, including the rampant destruction of biodiversity, worsening water scarcity Katherine Sierra Ren Wang CGIAR Chair CGIAR Director One of our most gratifying duties as chair and director and soil degradation, and the continuing exclusion of is the annual presentation of CGIAR awards. These women from agricultural development — issues that recognize a small cross-section of professionals whose have yet to gain the attention they deserve, even dedication and outstanding work reflect the essence of though resolving them is critical for securing food what our organization is about (see pages 42-43). supplies and finding climate change solutions. The awards ceremony itself is always a brief, formal The point is that climate change, hunger, rural poverty affair held in the context of major meetings with CGIAR and poor management of natural resources are all stakeholders. The moment is one of special significance closely linked and must be dealt with together through for us and many others because it highlights the a comprehensive agenda of research for development. qualities that account in large part for our historic That was a central message underlying the CGIAR’s and more recent achievements, which are the same persistent efforts throughout 2009 to ensure that qualities upon which our future performance depends. farms, forests and fisheries figure prominently in the 4 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS new climate agreement that will replace of the Kyoto translate the climate change threat into an The Executive Council of the CGIAR gave its approval Protocol after 2012. unprecedented opportunity for reducing hunger to the reform elements, opening the way for further and poverty in developing countries. It calls for more refinement and final decisions at our Business Meeting A collective voice for inclusion. Alarmed that climate rapidly deploying technologies now available — like in December. During that meeting, CGIAR Members negotiators had so far ignored agriculture, our hardier crop varieties and more efficient ways to unanimously endorsed a declaration of the key researchers marshaled strong evidence in 2009 manage water, trees, soils, livestock, fish and forests principles and components of the reform. These will that it is both part of the climate change problem — as well as for new research needed to develop more be implemented in 2010 under the leadership of the and part of the solution. Their case rested in part potent climate change solutions in the future. Consortium Board. The appointment of its new chair, on detailed estimates of climate change impacts on Carlos Pérez del Castillo was announced during the agriculture in developing countries, as well as of the Toward a new era of impact. The CGIAR will be Business Meeting. likely costs of adaptation. better able to pursue comprehensive solutions to the problems of climate change, poverty and After building momentum throughout the year, Those and other efforts culminated in a series of food insecurity, as a result of far-reaching reforms the CGIAR reforms thus reached a tipping point, events held during the 15th Conference of the Parties approved by our Members late in 2008. In 2009, which we believe marks the beginning of a new era (COP15) to the United Nations Framework Convention we made steady progress in creating the major of achievement and impact through collaborative on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which took place at building blocks of a revitalized CGIAR, as described research for agricultural development. As the reforms Copenhagen, Denmark, in December. They included on pages 12-13. go into effect, they will bring important shifts in Agriculture and Rural Development Day, the first such familiar roles and patterns of work, including the event in the history of the UNFCCC, and Forest Day 3, A transition management team guided the reform functions of the CGIAR chair and director, with 2009 which reflected growing commitment to mitigating process, in close consultation with various groups being the final year in which these titles apply. But the climate change by slowing and reversing deforestation responsible for the individual elements of change. We reforms will also reaffirm the outstanding qualities of and forest degradation. are extremely grateful to all who took part for their our scientists and partners, which the CGIAR awards generous contributions of resources, time and ideas. have celebrated year after year. An event organized jointly by the CGIAR, World Bank and other partners drew on outcomes from both days By midyear, they had prepared a set of founding to produce a joint statement that stressed the documents, which lay the groundwork for the new importance of confronting hunger, rural poverty and CGIAR. These included a draft constitution for the the climate change threat by means of an integrated Consortium of the CGIAR Centers and draft KATHERINE SIERRA approach that embraces agriculture and forestry. frameworks for developing the strategy that will guide CGIAR Chair our results-oriented research, for establishing the Reinforcing that message, CGIAR researchers at COP15 CGIAR Fund, and for monitoring and evaluating the REN WANG tabled a comprehensive strategy that promises to effectiveness of our more balanced partnership. CGIAR Director CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 5 Special Section key questions ABOUT THE CGIAR Answers tell how the CGIAR addresses some of the most pressing problems in developing countries today: hunger, malnutrition, poverty, and the degradation of the ecosystems upon which rural communities and global society depend 6 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO CONVERT RESEARCH INTO BENEFICIAL RESULTS ON THE GROUND? The products of CGIAR research include improved During the early years of the CGIAR, our work focused varieties and breeding lines of major food crops and sharply on boosting food production through crop new knowledge, methods and tools that can enhance improvement and related agronomic research. Those the management of crops and livestock, their diseases efforts gave rise to global networks for delivering and pests, and vital natural resources. experimental genetic materials to national agricultural research institutions, which provide farmers with the Some of those products have rewarded us with finished products of crop breeding through national extraordinary results, as with the widespread adoption extension agencies. In recent years, active collabora- in Asia of high-yielding rice and wheat varieties. tion with the private sector has extended the reach Together with better farming practices, they have and effectiveness of our research on both crop and brought dramatic production increases since the livestock production by making better products more 1970s. The impacts of other CGIAR research have been widely available. more modest but still significant. As the CGIAR expanded its research during the 1990s Successful outcomes depend on the quality of our in pursuit of sustainable development, we broadened science and on its relevance to people’s needs. Just as our partnerships to include more national institutions important is the character of the collaboration through and civil society organizations. New partnerships which we develop and share research products with proved to be indispensible for translating the results of our national partners, who do the hard work of making research on natural resources into development them available to farmers on a large scale and often in outcomes. The results of that research often consist of remote locations. complex, knowledge-based products, whose develop- growing conditions greatly complicate the development ment and promotion demand intensive interaction with and spread of new technologies. Over the years, the CGIAR Centers have built up an diverse actors — found all the way from local communi- extensive array of partnerships with diverse actors in ties to national governments and beyond. Results in agricultural research come not just from research for development. These are not just virtual, new technologies but also from better policies that long-distance arrangements but reflect the presence of To ensure that research results truly address local offer rural people the means and incentives to invest Center scientists throughout the developing world, where needs, CGIAR researchers and their partners have in sustainable agricultural production and resource they work closely with national partners in the field. Since developed and promoted farmer-participatory use. To create more enabling conditions, CGIAR the effectiveness of our collaboration depends on the methods that fuse knowledge derived from formal Centers conduct policy research and strive to influence capacity of individual colleagues, we have made a major science with what farmers know from experience. Such decision making by widely disseminating results from commitment to training, providing this service to more methods have proved especially useful for fostering policy analysis as well as two-way communication than 75,000 people over the past 3 decades. innovation in regions where marginal and diverse with key institutions. CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 7 WHAT IS THE CGIAR DOING TO IMPROVE CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY? Sustainable improvements in the productivity of declined markedly — in the case of wheat, for example, smallholder farming are “the main pathway out of to about 1%. This is well below rates of population poverty,” according to the World Bank’s World Develop- growth and far from sufficient to meet projected ment Report 2008. And that is precisely the goal toward demand in the coming decades. which the CGIAR directs most of its collaborative effort. While agricultural research is not the only ingredient With land and water becoming less available to required for success, it is an especially potent one, as agriculture, rising demand for wheat and other staples numerous impact studies have shown. will have to be met primarily by sustainably intensifying production. Climate change will complicate the task by In recent decades, improved varieties have accounted depressing production as a result of higher temperatures, for as much as half of the crop productivity increases more intense disease and pest outbreaks, and more achieved in developing countries. Many of those severe weather. varieties have resulted from research at CGIAR Centers on major cereals, roots and tubers, and various grain The CGIAR Centers pursue various strategies to meet legumes. Improved animal breeds adapted to tropical the challenge. One strategy is to seek novel ways to and subtropical conditions have also had a profound break through current yield ceilings by, for example, impact on livestock and fish productivity. fundamentally altering photosynthesis in rice and wheat. Another is to boost the hardiness of new crop For smallholder farmers, the appeal of improved crop varieties and livestock breeds by deploying more stress varieties lies not just in their higher yields but also in resistance genes that scientists fi nd in heretofore But just as important, if not more so, are much-needed their resistance to diseases and pests and their underutilized genetic resources such as the wild improvements in farmers’ management of crops, adaptation to environmental stresses like drought. cousins of crops and livestock and then transfer using purchased inputs and natural resources. Those traits translate into more stable yields over time, new tools from biotechnology. which are just as important as higher yields for many Among the many options that CGIAR researchers farmers, particularly those with little or no access to A third option is to concentrate on closing yield have helped develop are conservation agriculture, irrigation and chemical inputs. CGIAR research aimed gaps — the difference between crop yields that better integration of nitrogen-fixing legumes into at reducing the devastating disease burden on researchers know are possible with optimal manage- cropping systems, more effi cient fertilizer application, livestock is similarly important for making production ment of improved varieties and those obtained by and innovations in irrigation and water harvesting. In more efficient and resilient. farmers using their current practices. This is partly a livestock research, they concentrate on improving the matter of strengthening plant-breeding “pipelines” use of major crops for animal feed and of leguminous Over the past 15 years or so, annual rates of growth and seed systems, so that farmers can replace their forages, fodder trees and shrubs, which help livestock in cereal production in developing countries have current varieties more rapidly with improved ones. thrive while nourishing exhausted soils. 8 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS WHAT IS THE CGIAR DOING TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE? Harsh and variable weather has always been one of change and its impacts, opening the way for more farmers’ biggest worries. So, CGIAR researchers have accurate scenarios to guide the development of new spared no effort to develop crop varieties and farming and more robust practices that better enable the rural practices that offer rural people in developing poor to mitigate and adapt to climate change. countries at least basic protection. Though it has taken a while for this research to bear fruit, drought- and Whether these and other efforts prosper depends to a flood-tolerant crops, and resource-conserving great extent on political commitment to a new global practices like conservation agriculture, have reached climate accord and to increased support for mitigation farmers’ fields and are spreading rapidly. and adaptation in developing countries. For that reason, the CGIAR and its partners are working hard to position Convincing evidence of human-induced climate change farming, forests and fisheries in climate negotiations has lent greater significance and urgency to this work. taking place under the auspices of the United Nations CGIAR scientists project negative impacts on agricul- Framework Convention on Climate Change. Together, ture, especially in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, these three sectors account for about a third of global where farmers and consumers are most vulnerable. greenhouse gas emissions. But they also hold significant The recent food price crisis has provided new cause for potential for reducing emissions while, at the same time, concern, casting serious doubt on the world’s ability to adapting to climate change impacts. feed a future population of 9 billion people in the face made a strong case that, along with forestry, it is both of climate change and the rampant degradation of With respect to forests, that message has apparently part of the climate change problem and part of the land and water resources. gotten through. It now seems likely that so-called solution. They will continue to press the case for REDD schemes for reducing emissions from deforesta- greater investment in agricultural renewal on behalf of In response to this multifaceted challenge, the CGIAR tion and forest degradation will figure importantly in a rural people in developing countries, who account for has created a new program on climate change, new climate regime. To help secure successful three-fourths of the world’s 1 billion poor and hungry agriculture and food security, which complements and outcomes at the international and national levels, and who will bear the brunt of a harsher climate. builds on work already under way, while broadening CGIAR scientists seek to identify the best practices for the partnerships on which a more concerted effort estimating and managing carbon stocks in tropical The climate agenda is only beginning to consider must be based. Under the banner of this new program, forests and the most effective policies, governance impacts on fisheries and possible opportunities in our researchers will intensify the development and arrangements and payment mechanisms for aquaculture. A recent CGIAR study has, however, promotion of hardier crops; better ways to manage implementing REDD schemes. identified several fishery-dependent countries in trees, livestock, water, soil and fish; and new policies tropical Asia, Africa and South America most at risk that foster the adoption of climate-proofing technologies. Agriculture has yet to be fully incorporated into the from climate-induced disruption to fisheries (see They will also improve our understanding of climate climate agenda. Even so, CGIAR researchers have Future Shock for Fishers on page 34). CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 9 HOW IS THE CGIAR LEVER AGING AGRICULTUR AL RESEARCH TO IMPROVE HUMAN HEALTH AND NUTRITION? in 1994 a multidisciplinary effort to determine the and control Rift Valley fever in East Africa, improve tools scientists would need to develop crops rich in homestead food production in Cambodia and Burkina micronutrients. Since 2003, the CGIAR has pursued a Faso, and predict and adapt to aflatoxin risk under collaborative program to develop staple food crops climate variability and change in West Africa. Another with more vitamin A, zinc and iron to reduce ongoing study seeks to estimate the direct effect of micronutrient malnutrition in South Asia and Africa. malaria infection on the productivity and income of Orange sweet potato that is rich in vitamin A was agricultural workers in Nigeria. In India, following recently disseminated through pilot programs in stakeholder consultation, a new initiative addresses Uganda and Mozambique. Preliminary results the enduring paradox of persistently high child indicate that women and children consumed malnutrition in a country that has sustained substantially more orange sweet potato as a result rapid economic growth over the past 2 decades. of the intervention, more than doubling their vitamin A intake. This bodes well for the These projects and other initiatives by CGIAR Centers development of nutrient-rich staple foods, which and partners have paved the way for the forthcoming is just one approach to contributing to better Mega Program on agriculture, nutrition and health. nutrition and health. In 2006, the CGIAR endorsed a combined platform Linking agriculture and health is essential for on agriculture and health as a basis for further reducing poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition. research, capacity strengthening and policy communi- Agriculture is the primary livelihood for most of the cations — within and beyond the CGIAR — on agriculture, world’s poor, who are also the most vulnerable to ill nutrition and health. The goal of the platform is to health. Agriculture can expose its practitioners promote and coordinate research on the two-way to occupational hazards and worsen the spread of linkages between agriculture and health, with the water-related disease, and a significant proportion aim of alleviating food and health insecurity through of the global burden of disease is linked to livestock. enhanced policy and program effectiveness. In recent Nutrition is thus a pivotal link between agriculture years, strong links have developed with the health and health — an input and an outcome of policies and sector, notably with the World Health Organization. programs in both sectors. The geographic focus of the platform is sub-Saharan Recognizing that agricultural research could be Africa and South Asia. In 2009, multi-partner studies leveraged to improve nutrition, the CGIAR launched were launched on cross-sector cooperation to prevent 10 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS HOW WILL THE CGIAR DO ITS WORK DIFFERENTLY? The food, fuel and financial crises have, along with strengths of Centers and their partners to deliver mounting environmental concerns regarding climate research with development impact on the ground. change and worsening natural resource scarcity, ushered in a new era of complexity for development Under the new business model, funding will be and raised the bar for the efforts of agricultural directly linked to results through performance research to provide solutions to poor farmers and agreement contracts that finance Mega Programs. consumers. Amid uncertainty in this new global These contracts — between the Consortium and the context, one thing is clear: Business as usual is no Fund, and the Consortium and their research longer an option. So, the CGIAR is changing to better partners — will provide clear incentives to deliver meet the challenges of a rapidly changing world. results and make both the funders and the implementers of CGIAR research accountable for development In December 2009, the CGIAR adopted a new outcomes. Monitoring and evaluation will come under business model that streamlines governance a unified framework, streamlining review processes, structures and emphasizes a results-oriented clarifying core responsibilities and reducing duplication research agenda. The new model establishes a while ensuring the CGIAR’s accountability to stakeholders balanced partnership between those who do research and meeting the fiduciary requirements of the Fund and those who fund it. The two core pillars of this new and the Consortium. partnership are the CGIAR Fund, which harmonizes donor contributions and increases the quantity of Greater emphasis will be placed on partnerships funding available, and the Consortium of the CGIAR and engagement with users of research. The biennial Centers, which unites the international agricultural Global Conference on Agricultural Research for research Centers under one legal entity. Development (GCARD) will help to achieve this by replacing the CGIAR’s annual general meeting with The two pillars will be linked by a new results-oriented broad consultation and engagement with stakeholders research agenda that will guide the work of the entire so that their input can inform the development of the system. This will be set out through the Strategy Strategy and Results Framework. The GCARD process setting, the Fund to harmonize donor investments for and Results Framework with clear priorities and will help ensure that the strategy aligns with national scaled-up impact, and a system open to partners and development targets that will engender greater and regional priorities. Partners will also be involved in stakeholders — promise to bring new strategic focus coherence in Center research. The strategy will be designing and implementing Mega Programs. and effectiveness to the CGIAR. implemented through a set of large research initiatives, or Mega Programs, that will emphasize a programmatic These changes — the Consortium to unite the Centers, See pages 12-13 for more details on how the new approach to agricultural research to draw together the the programmatic approach to research agenda model was developed in 2009. CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 11 Food and financial crises in 2008, combined with new CGIAR with multilateral organizations), Derek concern over the mounting development challenges Byerlee, CGIAR Science Council member (on scientific WINDS OF facing developing countries because of climate change and natural resource depletion, brought the winds of matters), and Vicki Wilde, director of the CGIAR Gender & Diversity Program (on gender and diversity matters). CHANGE change to the CGIAR. A change management process led to the approval of a new business model for the CGIAR at the December 2008 Business Meeting in Iftikhar Mostafa, governance advisor of the CGIAR Fund Office served as secretary to the TMT while Rudy Rabbinge, Science Council chair served as advisor to Maputo, Mozambique, that would allow the CGIAR to the chair of the TMT. The team had a demanding “to operate more effectively and efficiently, grow its do” list over the course of the year, each member resource base, and better provide agricultural research leading where comparative advantage dictated: solutions for development. The model provided a basic Develop a framework for accountability across the sketch of the elements of such a new CGIAR. Over the new system (Wadsworth). course of 2009, CGIAR Members, Centers and Establish the Consortium of the CGIAR Centers (Hall). Real change comes to the CGIAR as partners were engaged in the task of translating this Create the new CGIAR Fund (Wang). the elements of the new business sketch into detailed blueprints for each of the new Develop the Strategy and Results Framework (Hall). elements and how they would fit together. Launch the Global Conference for Agricultural model take shape Research for Development (GCARD) (Holderness). A transition management team (TMT) composed Design a monitoring-and-evaluation system of Stephen Hall, executive chair of the Alliance of the (Wadsworth). CGIAR Centers; Mark Holderness, executive secretary Address systemwide issues and foster culture of the Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR); change across the system (all TMT). Jonathan Wadsworth, senior agricultural research advisor of the United Kingdom’s Department for The Alliance of the CGIAR Centers pursued the International Development; and Ren Wang, CGIAR development of the Consortium of the CGIAR Centers. director, led the process throughout 2009 with A consortium planning team was established to help guidance from the CGIAR Chair Katherine Sierra, who manage the transformation of the Alliance into the also chaired the TMT. In addition, a group of advisors Consortium. Supported by consultants, the team provided the TMT with guidance on specific topics: developed design options for the Consortium, Isabel Alvarez, director of the Research and Extension drafts of the Consortium constitution, a Board Division, Natural Resources Management and charter, and terms of reference for a new Consortium Environment Department, Food and Agriculture chief executive officer. The Alliance oversaw the Organization of the United Nations (on connecting the development of a proposal for the design, location 12 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS and functions of a Consortium Office and a review the Strategy and Results Framework with regional and informal and electronic consultations were held to of possible opportunities for common administrative, subregional priorities and global challenges. bring the different elements of the CGIAR system financial and research support services for Consortium together and ensure that change was on the right Centers. The Alliance further appointed a team Jonathan Wadsworth took the lead in addressing track and provided an opportunity for stakeholders to develop the Strategy and Results Framework system accountability and developing procedures for to express their views on reform. in consultation with partners and stakeholders monitoring and evaluating research. Discussions on (see page 15). accountability focused on moving from the CGIAR This effort culminated in the approval of the founding principles of donor sovereignty, Center founding documents for the new CGIAR — including The CGIAR Secretariat took the lead in developing the autonomy and decision by consensus to a new the joint declaration, Consortium constitution, Fund institutional setting for the new CGIAR Fund with the operational mode based on empowerment, clear framework document, and monitoring-and-evaluation World Bank as trustee. This work included articulating rules, contractual arrangements and controls. The framework — at the CGIAR Business Meeting in Fund goals, its operational mechanism and fiduciary relationships binding the Consortium, Centers and December 2009. A draft of the Strategy and Results responsibilities, the key expectations of the trustee, Fund were developed around the concepts of mutual Framework was submitted to the meeting for trusteeship scenarios, the roles and responsibilities of accountability for outputs and shared responsibility for consideration. The new Consortium Board chair, the Fund, the accountabilities of the governing bodies outcomes and were woven into the key founding Carlos Pérez del Castillo was announced in conjunction of the Fund, the responsibilities of the Fund Office, and documents for the new CGIAR and the joint declaration with the Business Meeting. procedures for the Funders’ Forum. These items for outcomes between the Consortium and Fund. were developed into the Fund framework document. A systemwide monitoring-and-evaluation framework This final CGIAR Business Meeting marked the end of A prototype performance contract between the was developed to articulate the responsibilities, timing one era and the beginning of another for the CGIAR. Consortium and the Fund was developed in close and reporting of various evaluations, including Clear and concrete progress in developing the elements collaboration with the Alliance. independent evaluation, with harmonized and of the CGIAR was made in 2009. As the year closed, the simplified procedures. task for 2010 remained to make the core elements — the GFAR took the lead in developing the GCARD CGIAR Fund and Consortium — fully operational with an process with consultations in the second half of 2009 Over the course of 2009, the Science Council laid the active research portfolio. To learn more about how the culminating in the inaugural GCARD in March 2010 in foundation to transform itself into the Independent new CGIAR will function, see page 11. Montpellier, France. The consultation process engaged Science and Partnership Council (see page 14). an estimated 2,000 research and development workers through regional e-consultations and regional In addition to developing these elements, the transition face-to-face meetings that resulted in regional reports management team actively engaged in building and a global synthesis paper setting out issues and support for reform among CGIAR Centers, donors priorities for agricultural research for development. and partners. CGIAR members met to take stock of The consultations provided important input to align progress at two Executive Council meetings. Several CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 13 Science Council In 2009, the work of the Science Council focused on that arise in public-private partnerships. By contributing PRIMED FOR creating conditions for a more outward-looking CGIAR and more inclusive thinking within the CGIAR in relation to global science. expert studies on the stewardship of the intellectual property of third parties — and the liabilities of poor stewardship — it addressed a key concern of private PARTNERSHIP The Science Forum held in June 2009 at Wageningen partners engaged in development-oriented research. in the Netherlands brought together more than 300 A staged review in 2009 of social science in the scientists from advanced research centers, national CGIAR produced a hard-hitting report that will be agricultural research systems, nongovernmental of value when forming new teams of scientists for organizations and every CGIAR Center — from 55 Mega Programs and framing policy-related activities. countries in all — to explore recent scientific advances in A year of more fully engaging six domains: (1) resilient natural resource systems; (2) the In the new CGIAR, the Independent Science and CGIAR scientists with colleagues future of food: developing more nutritious diets and safer Partnership Council (ISPC) will, like the Science outside the system foreshadowed food; (3) information and communication technologies Council before it, provide independent scientific the new Independent Science and transforming agricultural science, research and technology advice to the CGIAR Fund Council and assist generation; (4) beyond the yield curve: exerting the the scientific judgments of the Consortium Board. Partnership Council power of genetics, genomics and synthetic biology; (5) It will relinquish some of the former Science Council eco-efficiencies in agro-ecosystems; and (6) agriculture role in evaluating Center performance, concentrating beyond food: science for a bio-based economy. more directly on assessing the relevance and quality of science in new Mega Program proposals. The ISPC Parallel workshops examined each domain regarding its will also have a strengthened role in providing foresight real potential for development impact, the most pressing perspectives for the development of future strategy, research needs, and the kinds of partnerships and mobilizing science to enhance research that addresses linkages to nurture. Besides the published proceedings, CGIAR goals, and assessing system impacts for the another output of the meeting that may yield benefits in information of its investors. years to come was the exposure of scientists outside of the CGIAR to its mission-oriented research. The meeting A strong ISPC with broad expertise and an able also celebrated the career of 2009 World Food Prize secretariat will be necessary to carry out these laureate and Science Council member Gebisa Ejeta. expanded duties. Fortified with commitment from the donor community, support from Centers, The collective networks of Science Council members demand from CGIAR members and cooperation embrace many scientific and related communities that on the part of all players in international agricultural can contribute to CGIAR programs, including the research, the ISPC will be equal to the task. emerging universities and strong national agricultural research systems of the South. As the private sector continues to invest large sums in improving staple crops, the Science Council organized in 2009 a joint RUDY RABBINGE meeting with private sector partners to look at issues Science Council Chair 14 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS Alliance of the CGIAR Centers The Alliance of the CGIAR Centers recommitted itself and comments provided by a range of partners and ALLIANCE TO in 2009 to moving forward with the reform of the system. The Alliance was active on two fronts: designing its successor Consortium of the CGIAR stakeholders. The Alliance submitted a draft report on the Strategy CONSORTIUM Centers and developing the CGIAR Strategy and Results Framework. and Results Framework for consideration at the Business Meeting 2009. The report highlighted what was new about the strategy and how Centers would One Alliance team had been established at the Annual work together in the future. For the first time in the General Meeting 2008 in Maputo, Mozambique, to design nearly 40-year history of the CGIAR, the strategy — an a constitution for the Consortium based on interviews evidence-based, results-oriented strategy focused with Center leadership and benchmarking with similar explicitly on poor people — will apply to the whole A transitional year saw the Alliance organizations outside of the CGIAR. The Executive CGIAR system. It will address current and emerging of the CGIAR Centers designing the Council commented on the Alliance-drafted constitution, threats to the global food system at scale through consortium that will replace it and as did an Alliance-donor reference group, after which a research that produces global public goods. the framework of the research revised version was formulated in appropriate legal Partnership and gender inclusion are conceived as language for final approval by the Alliance. working at the system level in ways that will undergo program it will execute further development with partners. The new strategy, A task force with representatives from the Alliance, currently a work in progress, will integrate traditional the Global Forum on Agricultural Research and CGIAR approaches, such as commodity programs, in a donors searched for and selected the Consortium systems framework. Board, the chair of which gave a welcoming address via video link to the CGIAR Business Meeting in Washington, As the portfolio of Mega Programs promises to create DC, in December 2009. further synergies across the system, the Alliance articu- lated a rationale for sharply increasing system funding. The Alliance commissioned a proposal for the design, location and functions of the Consortium Office. It With input from meetings with partners and stakeholders, submitted the results of this work to the Consortium including the Global Conference on Agricultural Board, along with a review and analysis that the Research for Development, the Alliance pursued the Alliance had commissioned, with funding from the next steps toward developing the Strategy and Results Rockefeller Foundation, of the opportunities for Framework and the portfolio of Mega Programs derived common administrative, financial and research from it. The Consortium will lead this work in the future. support services. A second Alliance team worked on developing the GUIDO GRYSEELS Strategy and Results Framework and related Mega Alliance Board Chair Programs. It engaged in various background research activities and consultations and produced four STEPHEN HALL progress reports to generate and report on feedback Alliance Executive Chair CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 15 Partners’ Perspectives 16 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS as well as address their fragmented nature and development. The draft CGIAR Strategy and Results THE CGIAR numerous bottlenecks. Framework was presented and discussed during each face-to-face dialogue, enabling national and regional REFORM IN A The reform of the CGIAR, an important GFAR constituency, is an opportunity for collective stakeholders to contribute directly to molding the new CGIAR. CHANGING international action and research to be directed more effectively toward large development outcomes. Strategies, plans and implementation must reflect local Over 2,000 stakeholders took part in GCARD regional consultations. In addition to research themes, common WORLD and national priorities and commitments and the needs of end users. priorities were identified for boosting the value of research around the world. These included improving research-for-development partnerships with end users; The Global Forum on Agricultural To ensure that the CGIAR’s new focus aligns with the strengthening investment and capacity development Research helps steer CGIAR reform development needs of poor farmers and consumers in agricultural research, education and innovation; by managing the new biennial Global and with the roles of national and regional agencies, formulating knowledge, information and advice in Conference on Agricultural Research GFAR manages the new Global Conference on agri-food systems; making better forecasts of future Agricultural Research for Development (GCARD), a needs to better address them; recognizing the role of for Development biennial process that replaces GFAR triennial women in agriculture and research; benefiting the conferences and CGIAR annual general meetings. poor through public-private partnerships; defining new GCARD establishes innovative cycles of consultation roles for fast-growing economies; and managing risks and action to transform agricultural research for and system resilience in times of change. development around the world and build the complex jigsaw of partnerships that pull together civil society, The first GCARD — held in Montpellier, France, The Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR) public and private research institutions, farmers’ in March 2010 — is the beginning of a continuing is an initiative bringing together all those concerned organizations, universities, the CGIAR, United Nations process of discussion and partnership toward about the future role of agriculture for open and agencies, and funding agencies. transforming agricultural research for development inclusive dialogue and action on strategic issues and thereby, through our collective efforts, abolishing in agricultural research for development. Since its Throughout 2009, six regional research fora hunger and poverty. inception in 1996, GFAR has mobilized partners conducted consultations in the Asia-Pacific, Latin across science and society to reform and strengthen America and the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, West agricultural research and innovation systems to bring Asia and North Africa, Central Asia and the Caucasus, global impact to benefit the poor. and Europe.1 Consultation occurred in three phases: MARK HOLDERNESS regional reviews of priority needs and national and Executive Secretary Despite past benefits from agricultural research, regional policies conducted by expert consultants, Global Forum on Agricultural Research hunger and poverty still afflict one in six people, most electronic consultations, and face-to-face dialogues. of whom live by agriculture. To overcome enormous These were combined into regional syntheses to help economic, social and environmental challenges, we shape CGIAR programs and align them with the work must greatly increase investments and capacity in of others and to build the global framework for agricultural research, innovation and outreach systems reforming and strengthening agricultural research for 1 Asia-Pacifi c Association of Agricultural Institutions (AAPARI), Forum for the Americas on Agricultural Research and Technology Development (FORAGRO), Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), Association of Agricultural Research Institutions in the Near East and North Africa (AARINENA), Central Asia and Caucasus Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (CACAARI), and European Forum for Agricultural Research for Development (EFARD) CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 17 Regular collaboration between researchers and resource that is accessible to farmers, in the farmers’ organizations makes it possible for farmers absence of government-run extension services, PARTNERS to offer the active and continuous participation that is crucial for designing well-oriented and efficient partnerships can offer services that effectively contribute to agricultural development and the FOR research projects. Formalized partnerships that provide positions for farmer representatives in the governance structures of research institutions, for efficient dissemination of research results. Where government-run extension services exist but are hamstrung in periods of budgetary constraint, LIVELIHOODS example, lend farmers the stature necessary to leverage fundamental changes in strategies for partnerships may help defray costs and complement public investments in agricultural research development with long-term benefits. research and extension. By reconnecting agricultural research with farmers’ The International Federation of needs and concerns, farmers can play a pivotal role in Research is a major asset toward the development Agricultural Producers promotes ensuring that the research is relevant to farmers and of solutions that make farmers stronger and better that the results can be translated into implementable able to adapt to challenges. Research can help partnerships of farmers and research practices that they can understand. farmers increase their revenues, strengthen their institutions to leverage agriculture bargaining power in the marketplace and improve research for the greatest impact Partnerships also maximize the effective use of agricultural production in sustainable ways, while resources and reduce costly duplication of effort. establishing and sustaining food security for all. Coordinated partnership strategies further nurture The farmers’ organizations around the world the credibility of the results. Partnerships strengthen This convergence of farmers, researchers and the that form the membership of the International stakeholders’ ability to take a multidisciplinary and world’s agricultural institutions is the only way to Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP) holistic approach to research that concretely improves translate commitments into action and promises believe that agricultural research should have food security and farmers’ livelihoods by addressing into results, thereby improving farmers’ livelihoods one main focus: improving farmers’ livelihoods socioeconomic issues, including through initiatives to throughout the world. and incomes. With that in mind, partnerships organize farmers, improve markets, and promote in agricultural research play critical roles in equitable legal and political frameworks. ensuring effective impact on the ground. Supporting collaboration between farmers’ A broad range of extension services can be put in AJAY VASHEE organizations and research centers helps place on the ground through collaborative projects President International Federation of Agricultural Producers incorporate farmers’ views in every step of the between research centers and farmers’ organizations. process, from defining agricultural research While IFAP stresses that government support of priorities to disseminating research results. agricultural research is critical to creating a public 18 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS Centers Supported by the CGIAR CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 19 The lag between the development of an improved crop Irrigated systems have the highest yield potential FARMERS’ variety to its official release can be as long as 14 years in sub-Saharan Africa because functional variety-release because of better water control and reliability. Using technologies developed by AfricaRice and its CALL systems are lacking in most countries. Stakeholders have long called for changing this inefficient system, which limits farmers’ access to new varieties. partners, irrigated systems in Senegal and Mali have produced tremendous yield increases over the past 20 years, from approximately 2 tons per hectare to nearly 6 tons in 2008. However, attainable yields in these Farmer participatory varietal selection can shorten systems can be 8-12 tons. that lag. In 2009, the government of Senegal issued a decree recognizing participatory varietal selection as AfricaRice has developed high-yielding short-duration part of the official pre-release process. The decree varieties under the name of Sahel that are suitable for came in response to a recommendation from the double cropping in rice irrigation schemes. Three Sahel Allowing farmers to select crop Africa Rice Center and demand from farmers. varieties are grown in more than 70% of the Senegal varieties for national release fast-tracks River valley. improved cultivars’ contributions to The impact of this decision was immediately food security in Senegal felt in Senegal as 16 new rice varieties selected by To enable farmers to get the most out of improved farmers were released for widespread cultivation. varieties and enhance the sustainability of irrigated Fifteen of these varieties were developed by rice farming in Senegal, AfricaRice has introduced an AfricaRice, including 11 for irrigated systems and integrated crop-management package that includes four for upland (dryland) conditions. options for improved fertilizer, weed and water management; efficient postharvest technologies; and Senegal is one of the biggest rice markets in decision-making tools. Studies have shown that rice sub-Saharan Africa, annually consuming 800,000 farmers’ adoption of these technologies, though only tons. National production satisfies only 20% of this in part, brought a 60% increase in farm yields and an demand, with the remaining 80% met with rice 85% increase in profits. imports at a cost of US$240 million. To reduce postharvest losses from manual threshing In the wake of the crisis caused by soaring prices for and ease workloads, especially for women, AfricaRice food, particularly rice, that caused several riots in the and several partners developed a rice thresher based country, the government launched an ambitious plan on a prototype from the International Rice Research to make Senegal self-sufficient in rice by 2015. The Institute. Since its commercial release in 1997, it has sustainable intensification of irrigated rice production become the most widely used thresher in the Senegal in the Senegal River valley, which accounts for almost River valley, adopted by 80% of those exposed to it. 70% of national rice production, was selected as a Its contribution was recognized in 2003 when the major priority. president of Senegal presented its development team with his special prize for scientific research. Participatory varietal selection enables scientists to develop varieties that suit local conditions and meet farmers’ needs. africa rice center | headquarters: cotonou, benin | www.africaricecenter.org 20 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS Minor millets, long a focus of Bioversity International’s would consumers think? The project brought BIG ON work in India, are now being used to make products that offer lower costs, higher profits, better nutrition in a panel of trained food testers from the food laboratory of the University of Agricultural LITTLE MILLET and greater environmental sustainability. Partners included women in Karnataka State, members Sciences at Dharwad to assess the traditional and millet-based dishes, and the millet-based dishes passed with flying colors. of self-help groups that make a range of snacks and foods for sale to boost household incomes. A project To top it off, millet flour is generally cheaper funded by the International Fund for Agricultural than the ingredients it replaces. Whereas Development enlisted their help to test new recipes for chickpea flour costs about 50 rupees per paddu (dough balls traditionally made from a slightly kilogram, millet flour costs just a quarter as fermented mixed flour of rice, black gram, chickpea and much, at 12-14 rupees per kilogram. New recipes for Indian foods substitute pigeon pea) and laddu, which are a bit like doughnuts little millet for traditional ingredients made from chickpea flour. Both have been adapted to So using millet reduces the cost of ingredients, to produce comparable fi nal products use millet, with flour from little millet (Panicum sumat- the time it takes to make the food and the more cheaply and sustainably rense) replacing rice flour in paddu and foxtail millet amount of fuel used to produce a final product flour (Setaria italica) replacing half of the chickpea flour that is every bit as good as the original. Farmers in laddu. The results are very encouraging. win because they have more options in the crops they can grow and sell. The women who produce Grinding rice to make paddu took longer than the food win by having products that make their grinding little millet, and it took 9 minutes to bake lives easier and earn them more money. Urban rice-based paddu, half as much again as the 6 minutes consumers win with foods that are familiar, tasty needed for the millet-based mix. So the new recipes and healthy and that can be made from local materials. save time and energy. Further, the millet paddu Growing the raw materials is also better for the wider expanded more while baking to give a larger final environment, because they are adapted to local product and hence more profit. Similar savings were growing conditions and so less likely to need seen with laddu. Roasting millet flour to golden brown energy-intensive and possibly polluting inputs. took 35 minutes, 5 minutes quicker than with chickpea flour, and cooking up a batch took only 20 minutes “Our pilot studies showed us that we really ought using millet dough, only two-thirds the 30 minutes to call these minor millets nutritious millets instead,” required for chickpea laddu. says project leader Stefano Padulosi. “Now we are discovering that the lessons learned are much more Cooks were happy, as millet fl our made their jobs widely applicable. That helps to increase the impact quicker and easier and burned less fuel. But what of our research.” Women plant finger millet (Eleusine coracana) beside a mixed crop field of finger millet and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajanus). bioversity international | headquarters: rome, italy | www.bioversityinternational.org CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 21 Researchers from the International Center for Tropical of soil management recommendations for specific UP CLOSE Agriculture embarked on a ground-breaking initiative in 2009 called the African Soil Information Service locations, based on recent research results. For this purpose, the project will carry out diagnostic trials WITH (AfSIS), which will permit far better targeting of integrated soil fertility management, water harvesting and other practices that have emerged from recent at sites in the sentinel landscapes to pinpoint major soil constraints such as specific nutrient deficiencies. Next, it will conduct agronomic trials to validate AFRICAN SOIL research and can enhance eco-efficiency across the continent’s diverse agricultural landscapes. best-bet options for integrated soil fertility management determined through previous research. The results will take into account the various economic Funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and and social conditions that influence the adoption of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, the AfSIS those technologies. A digital soil map of Africa is project forms part of a larger effort to create a digital under development to measure soil map of the globe. This map, according to a recent In the project’s first year, researchers developed soil degradation and guide local article in Science, “is essentially a spatial database of and tested methodologies such as protocols for choices of research-enhanced soil properties, based on statistical sampling.” The field surveys and diagnostic trials, and they started techniques to reverse it authors explain that the spatial distribution of the collecting data for analysis. The final product properties, which are measured in laboratories, of their labors will be an indispensable tool for is determined on the basis of field sampling. soil management, providing farmer associations, extension services, researchers and other users In the case of AfSIS, which covers 18.1 million across the continent with reliable information about square kilometers, this sampling is being carried actual soil status and, therefore, the type and amount out by survey teams in 60 “sentinel landscapes,” of amendment needed. each measuring 100 square kilometers and together representing the variability of the entire project area AfSIS should enormously boost efforts to halt soil in terms of climate, topography and vegetation. degradation in Africa, which is rapidly undermining Using data collected in the sentinel landscapes, the essential ecosystem services such as food production, digital map will be able to estimate soil properties hydrological cycling and biodiversity conservation. accurately at locations not sampled. Demand for those services will increase dramatically in the next few decades, as Africa’s population Within about 4 years, AfSIS should be generating doubles. Reversing land degradation is thus one high-resolution, up-to-date information on such soil of the continent’s most pressing imperatives. properties as depth, texture and organic matter content. It will also provide useful tools that draw on such information, such as an indexes of land The African Soil Information Service promises to boost efforts to halt soil degradation and soil fertility. degradation in Africa, which is rapidly undermining essential ecosystem services. As the digital soil map takes shape, researchers will add another powerful feature that involves the delivery international center for tropical agriculture (ciat) | headquarters: cali, colombia | www.ciat.cgiar.org 22 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows industrialized countries to meet their emission targets by financing projects in developing HELPING countries that act as carbon sinks. However, establishing forestry projects under the CDM has proved difficult. HAND “Designing forestry projects for the CDM is very complicated, and this has acted as a deterrent,” explains Markku Kanninen, a scientist at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). “So we designed a project to help organizations and communities in Latin America overcome the barriers.” An initiative helps forestry projects Funded by the Spanish government and managed by CIFOR in Latin America meet the design and and the Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education validation requirements necessary to Centre (CATIE, by its Spanish abbreviation), a project to collect carbon-offset credits strengthen CDM projects in the forestry and bio-energy Scientists examine a project in Colombia for compliance with Clean Development Mechanism rules for afforestation and reforestation. sectors in Latin America, called FORMA, began in 2005. FORMA’s aim was to improve understanding of CDM projects in the forestry sector; provide technical, scientific “Six of the projects are now well on the way to being recog- that TARAM, although complicated for first-time and financial support to selected projects; and develop tools nized, or already have been recognized, by the CDM or users, is ultimately very useful.” and guidelines to formulate and assess projects. voluntary carbon markets,” says Salinas. “All the feedback we received confirms that FORMA improved our partners’ Auditors also are using TARAM, among them FORMA identified 10 projects to work with over 2 years. capacity to design and present projects.” German company TÜV SÜD, which recently Project leaders attended workshops at CATIE headquar- validated the Campo Verde Project, a FORMA ters in Costa Rica to acquire skills and knowledge to help Forestry schemes constitute a tiny fraction of CDM project in Peru and the first commercial reforestation them negotiate the complexities of joining the CDM. projects because project developers face many scheme using native species to be validated under technical barriers, especially the complexity of the voluntary carbon standard. By August 2009, the “The documents the project developers had for guidance assessing carbon stocks. During the FORMA project, project had planted 919 hectares out of the planned were written in scientific language and were dense with scientists developed a tool to calculate the amount of 18,900 hectares. equations,” explains Zenia Salinas, who managed the carbon that will be saved or sequestered by forestry FORMA project at CATIE before moving to the World projects. The tool for afforestation and reforestation “This project seeks to break the cycle of deforestation Bank’s BioCarbon Fund. approved methodologies (TARAM) is currently being in the Amazon, whereby the exploitation of high-value used and refined by the World Bank’s BioCarbon Fund. timber is followed by a period of cattle ranching and, FORMA helped project developers interpret CDM once the land is exhausted, by its abandonment,” says documents, work out how to measure carbon stocks, “TARAM has helped us to estimate emission reductions Gonzalo Castro de la Mata, executive vice-chairman of assess the social and environmental impacts of their for our whole portfolio,” explains fund analyst Mirko Sustainable Forestry Management and chairman of projects, and ensure their land was eligible. Serkovic. “We have had feedback from our projects Ecosystem Services. center for international forestry research (cifor) | headquarters: bogor, indonesia | www.cifor.cgiar.org CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 23 EVERYONE WINS Dissemination ramps up for conservation agriculture, which slashes fuel and water costs, enhances In Mexico, CIMMYT is gathering and sharing CA Maize grown in long-term trials at CIMMYT’s El Batán research station soil fertility, and cuts carbon emissions information using key training locations that support shows contrasting tolerance to severe drought in 2009, as conventionally grown maize struggles to survive (right) and plants sown using to mitigate climate change nearly 60 CA plots on farmers’ fi elds. Participating conservation agriculture flourish (left). farmers receive crop management assistance from private partners or government technicians, who are a vital part of the CA outreach and In 2009 over 40 training and capacity-building events For nearly 40 years, the International Maize and Wheat research initiative. Information gathered from these were centered on these plots, and since 1996 over 80 Improvement Center (CIMMYT by its Spanish abbreviation) plots is uploaded to Conservation Earth, a prototype researchers from 20 countries have benefited from has tested and fine-tuned agronomic practices that interactive online database. This virtual globe shows such events. A new generation of researchers has improve soil quality and encourage a seed’s full the exact location and conditions of each farm plot, taken note of CA’s importance, and 15 students have potential to germinate, grow and produce grain. One facilitating later analysis. CA research and outreach recently worked with CIMMYT on issues related to the such practice is conservation agriculture (CA), which in Mexico receives funding and support from long-term trials. combines reduced tillage, adequate residue retention, at least 10 public, private and governmental and sensible crop rotations. organizations and institutions. CA work in Mexico complements efforts in Africa and Asia. In South Asia, 3 million hectares of irrigated wheat In 2009, there were 150 families in Central Mexico CIMMYT’s CA activities are supported by long-term are sown using zero tillage after puddled rice, which is a using CA practices on over 1,000 hectares. They trials on Mexican research stations. Run continuously stepping stone to full CA. The Cereal System Initiative experienced savings of US$110-300 per hectare in since the early 1990s, the trials compare CA for South Asia introduces and promotes improved seed 2008, compared with the costs shouldered by farmers practices with other maize and wheat cropping and cropping practices like CA to South Asian small- who sowed conventionally. They also experienced practices and look at effects on yield, soil quality holder farmers to reduce hunger and strengthen food many CA ecological benefits, such as increased soil and other system factors. Results from these and income security. Jointly funded by the Bill & Melinda organic matter, reduced soil erosion, and lower carbon experiments clearly show that CA practices produce Gates Foundation and the United States Agency for dioxide emissions. CA also cuts farmers’ fuel costs and stable and high yields over time and improve soil International Development, the initiative brings together consumption and requires up to 25% less water than health. They also underline the dangers of improper public and private sector organizations to support conventional practices. or partial application of CA methods. international agricultural research. international maize and wheat improvement center (cimmyt) | headquarters: texcoco, mexico | www.cimmyt.org 24 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS and a negotiated price that leaves them with a profit GOING margin of 20-40%. NATIVE “Selling our native potatoes to industry has changed our life,” says Victoriano Meza, a farmer in Pomamanta, a rural community in the Central Andes in Peru. One of hundreds of farmers benefitting from a new boom in the market for native potatoes, he has earned enough additional income to build An emerging market for native a house for his family and equip it with satellite potatoes is good for consumers, internet so that, he says, “my children can learn processors and business, and, with quickly and get a better future.” the help of participatory market chain Nolberta Inostroza, a farmer in Chicche, another innovation, for improving the lives of community in the Central Andes, tells a similar story. small-scale farmers. “Now I produce and sell with less work, earn more, and take pride in sharing my native potatoes,” she says. Andean farmers have a deep understanding of potato diversity. In 2009, demand for native potatoes reached A decade ago, native potatoes were largely Their efforts led to the launch of several new products. 2,000 tons in Peru, generating close to US$1 million unknown in urban markets. But their superior T’ikapapas are native potatoes that have been washed in revenues for farmers. Demand for native potatoes nutritional and cooking qualities appealed to new and bagged for sale in supermarkets. The product has has revealed the need to improve quality and increase trends in consumer taste and held great potential won prestigious international prizes like the BBC World yields while safeguarding the sustainable and natural for increasing and diversifying incomes for poor Challenge and UN Seed Awards. Colored native potato production methods valued by consumers. CIP smallholder farmers in the Andes. jalca chips were developed industrially after an original scientists, nongovernmental organizations and experiment by CIP scientists, opening a promising farmers jointly work to develop environmentally To unleash the potential of native potatoes, niche at airport duty free shops in Lima. friendly fertilization and pest management, as well the Papa Andina Initiative of the International as better postharvest techniques. Potato Center (CIP) and its partners applied the Following the United Nations International Year of the participatory market chain approach, a methodology Potato in 2008, large multinationals took interest in Another critical step to consolidate the market developed by CIP to trigger innovation along the emergent native potato market. The Papa Andina is to position the potato in the political agenda pro-poor market chains by enhancing stakeholder Initiative facilitated an innovative partnership of of Andean countries. Interested stakeholders have collaboration and trust. The approach helps link poor farmers, nongovernmental organizations and a joined together to form lobbying platforms such as farmers to new competitive markets to increase their multinational company that included training farmers newly created national potato days in Peru and gains and improve their livelihoods. In Peru, CIP invited to boost their bargaining power and helping corpora- Ecuador, as well as several quality norms for researchers, farmers, private companies and gourmet tions find effective ways to meet their Corporate Social potatoes and their processing. chefs to participate in market chain innovation for Responsibility mandate. The resulting supply chain native potatoes. has given over 200 farmers access to a stable market international potato center (cip) | headquarters: lima, peru | www.cipotato.org CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 25 Research collaboration between the International vulnerability to disease, primarily ascochyta blight, LEGUME Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural wilt and root rot. Now, four high-yielding kabuli varieties that resist multiple diseases have been REVOLUTION Research (EIAR) has helped spark a “legume revolution” in one of Africa’s most populous countries. The benefits are seen across Ethiopia developed from ICARDA material and released for cultivation. Between 2001/02 and 2006/07, the chickpea area increased by 23% and production by but especially in the highlands, where huge gaps 60%. Ethiopia’s chickpea exports have grown in exist between potential and actual crop yields. volume and even more in value. Lentils are important in the highlands, but yields ICARDA-EIAR collaboration has similarly improved are limited by waterlogging, plant diseases, frost and other legume crops. Traditional faba bean varieties A research partnership has generated the growth cycle of traditional varieties. The new are being replaced by improved varieties, and faba new varieties of lentil, chickpea, field varieties address each constraint. When planted early bean production in Ethiopia increased by 47% from pea and faba bean for the Ethiopian under the improved ridge-and-furrow system, they 2001/02 to 2006/07. Eight new varieties of field pea highlands, multiplying farm yields yield over 3 tons per hectare, or six times as much as from ICARDA have been released for commercial and profits traditional landraces. production, and several others are used as parents in the EIAR breeding program. To develop the new varieties, ICARDA shipped several hundred germplasm and breeding lines to Expanded legume cultivation has generated massive EIAR’s Debre Zeit Research Center for testing and benefits. Poor farm households enjoy better nutrition selection. Ten lentil varieties selected from this with protein-rich legumes and higher income from material are now grown in Ethiopia, including crop sales. Because legumes improve soil fertility, Alemaya, a high-yielding, widely adapted variety cereals grown after legumes require less fertilizer. that is the most popular in the country. Surveys show evidence of improved living conditions, better education for children and asset building, with Ethiopian farmers have been quick to adopt the new subsistence farmers opening bank accounts, which varieties and expand lentil cultivation. In the past 10 was once unheard of in Ethiopia. years, the lentil area has doubled and production has tripled from 31,000 tons to 94,000 tons. With assured, Farmers using new legume technologies now supply high-quality harvests, entrepreneurs have set up many certified seed to public seed companies and large small processing units in the Sendafa and Ginbichu cooperatives for resale to other farmers. Exports areas of the highlands to supply split lentils to Addis of lentil, chickpea, faba bean and field pea increased Ababa and other markets. from 16,000 tons in 2005 to more than 100,000 tons in 2008, generating foreign currency earnings for Researchers evaluate new lentil lines for resistance to Farmers in Ethiopia’s highlands traditionally grow Ethiopia and diversifying exports away from coffee. fusarium wilt at a test site in Ethiopia. desi chickpea varieties. Kabuli varieties, which could Growth in the domestic market has brought new potentially quadruple yields to 4 tons per hectare marketing opportunities, new processing units and fetch higher market prices, were ruled out by and thousands of new jobs. international center for agricultural research in the dry areas (icarda) | headquarters: aleppo, syrian arab republic | www.icarda.org 26 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS Earth science modelers have been warning of climate a dual strategy of (1) farmers’ greater application CLIMATE OF change for years, but 2009 brought the issue to a head. Scientists the world over met and met again, of improved crop, soil and water management innovations and (2) better targeted approaches to OPTIMISM special symposiums and workshops were organized, and world leaders convened in Copenhagen to discuss global measures to cope with the looming threat. crop improvement that are more explicitly focused on adapting to climate change. Between 2005 and 2007, ICRISAT partnered Chief among the possible diverse effects of with national agricultural research organizations climate change are those on natural resources and and meteorological agencies, other CGIAR Centers, food-production systems. As at other agricultural and leading climate researchers worldwide to research institutes, interdisciplinary teams of crop develop and initiate eight proof-of-concept projects Interdisciplinary teams of researchers modelers, geographic information system experts, centered on managing both current and possible foresee likely success as they consider crop physiologists and plant breeders at the International future climate-induced risk in sub-Saharan Africa. their options for helping farmers adapt Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Three more such projects have since been funded. to climate change using available (ICRISAT) convened to find solutions to the problem. Of particular importance is the project funded technology by the Asian Development Bank, which has Using a range of tools driven by weather data, the expanded this work to Bangladesh, China, India, scientists initiated research to test this hypothesis: Pakistan and Sri Lanka. “In the medium term (2010-2050), ICRISAT is well placed to mitigate the challenges and exploit the Three key lessons have already emerged from opportunities that are posed by climate change ongoing projects: through (1) the redeployment and retargeting of the Current season-on-season rainfall variability has a existing germplasm of its mandate crops and (2) the strong influence on farmers’ perceptions and application of existing knowledge on crop, soil and practice. water management innovations.” While the work New climate-driven tools are very useful for initiated during this meeting in May 2009 continues, characterizing climate-induced risk and early outputs support the hypothesis. Specifically, ex supporting farmer decision making. ante analysis showed the following: Institutional and information support mechanisms Climate change will modify the length of the to enable the effective use of climate information growing period across the regions of interest, but are essential. this can be largely mitigated by retargeting and redeploying existing germplasm. Access to more detailed information on ICRISAT’s Predicted temperature increases have, through research on climate change adaptation is available their effect of speeding crop development, worse at www.icrisat.org/aes-climatechange-sat.htm. To get ahead of climate change, ICRISAT has ready-adapted products such effects on crop production than the relatively small Farmers may not be able to avoid climate change, as early, extra-early, and super-early chickpea cultivars. changes in rainfall of 10%. but ICRISAT and its partners are working hard to Yield gap analyses show that the negative impacts provide them with more stable crop yields in an of climate change can be largely mitigated through unpredictable future. international crops research institute for the semi-arid tropics (icrisat) | headquarters: patancheru, india | www.icrisat.org CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 27 Nowhere is agriculture more important than in sub-Saharan Africa. Most Africans live by farming, and the sector supplies 30-40% of gross domestic product INFORMATION and almost 60% of export earnings. Yet, public investment in agricultural development in IN DEMAND Africa has lagged behind that of other developing regions. African governments spent only 5-7% of their national budgets on agriculture between 1980 and 2005, while their Asian counterparts plowed in 6-15%. A new economic information system A renewed commitment to Aware that hunger and malnutrition afflicted about for Africa enables evidence-based evidence-based decision making is one-third of their people, African leaders committed driving agricultural growth across policymaking that prioritizes public Africa. Here, Zambians harvest locally in 2003 to spending at least 10% of their budgets on developed high-yielding cassava. investment in agricultural development agriculture and to expanding the sector by at least 6% per year. The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development across the continent prepared with technical assistance from IFPRI. Burkina Program (CAADP) was born, and would generate demand Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Malawi, Mali, Niger and for evidence-based policy options and analytical capacity. Senegal have committed more than 10% of their budgets to agriculture. Ten countries have achieved or At the request of the African Union and the New Driven by demand from national governments, the exceeded 6% agricultural growth. Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), Economic Community of West African States, and the which lead the initiative, the International Food Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa, “The CAADP agenda reflects a fundamental shift in Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) collaborated with ReSAKSS has produced more than 27 working papers the way Africa’s leadership looks at agriculture and its local experts to produce more than 100 background and 18 accompanying issues briefs. Its interactive potential contribution to ending poverty and hunger,” documents on agricultural growth and investment platform for tracking more than two dozen key observes Ibrahim Assane Mayaki, chief executive options for poverty reduction. Some 20 countries indicators is a major destination for information on officer of the NEPAD Secretariat. have adopted national policy documents and agricultural development, growth and poverty investment plans based on this work. reduction across Africa (www.resakss.org). A November 2009 external evaluation commissioned by bilateral donors found that CAADP stakeholders IFPRI worked with four CGIAR-supported sister IFPRI worked with the African Union Commission and working across Africa, subregionally and in individual Centers — the International Institute of Tropical the NEPAD Secretariat to raise the profile of African countries agreed overwhelmingly that IFPRI’s Agriculture, International Livestock Research agriculture and garner support for CAADP among efforts added value to national policy, program Institute, International Water Management Institute, donors. This has secured financial commitments to design, budgeting, funding, implementation, and International Crops Research Institute for the further strengthen local capacity to sustain the monitoring and evaluation. Semi-Arid Tropics — to develop the Regional Strategic transition to evidence-based policy planning. Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS), IFPRI’s assistance to Africa’s agricultural resurgence is an economic information system to aid African Eighteen governments have so far signed a CAADP in keeping with the CGIAR’s vision and the Millennium policymakers and their international partners. Compact and adopted official policy documents Development Goals of reducing poverty and hunger. international food policy research institute (ifpri) | headquarters: washington, dc, usa | www.ifpri.org 28 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS Aflatoxins are chemical poisons produced mainly by the fungus Aspergillus flavus in maize, groundnuts, cassava and yam chips. They undermine human ATOXIGENIC health, are potent causes of cancer, suppress the immune systems of humans and livestock, and stunt the growth of children. ASSETS Trade suffers, too, with US$1.2 billion in global commerce lost annually to contamination from fungal toxins. African economies bear nearly $450 million of that loss. Aflatoxins are a target A new product introduces into crops of nontariff barriers to international trade in and fields benign fungus strains that agricultural products, as shipments contaminated outcompete their aflatoxin-producing above permissible levels are rejected. cousins to keep grain fit for consumption To address aflatoxin contamination in Africa, the and trade A maize farmer happily shows a tub of Aflasafe® before applying it in his field. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and its partners have developed a safe and natural biocontrol method that dramatically cuts aflatoxin contamination in African food crops. The resulting for several years to provide multi-crop and In 2009, Nigeria’s National Agency for Food product is called aflasafe® , which is a trademark of IITA. multi-year protection against aflatoxins after and Drug Administration and Control provisionally a single application. registered aflasafe ® and permitted the treatment Collaborating with the United States Department of up to 100 hectares of farmers’ fields. Farmers of Agriculture‘s Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), This competitive exclusion principle of biological participating in the field trials of aflasafe ® attest IITA demonstrated the ability of several safe strains of control will be used as a new type of intervention that the quality of their maize grain significantly the Aspergillus fungus naturally found in Nigeria to strategy, initially in Nigeria, to mitigate the negative improved after the product’s application in their significantly reduce concentrations of aflatoxins in effect of aflatoxins on human health and trade. fields. On average, the farmers who treated their maize. On-station trials of aflasafe® in Zaria, Ikenne, maize field with aflasafe ® achieved nearly 80% Mokwa and Ibadan showed a drop in aflatoxin Competitive exclusion works by applying aflatoxin reduction in grains at harvest. All grain contamination in maize by 50-99%. selected native atoxigenic strains to outcompete harvested from treated fields passed Nigerian and exclude afl atoxin-producers during the aflatoxin safety standards. In contrast, maize With aflasafe® , a mixture of four atoxigenic native colonization of grains, thereby reducing levels of harvested from more than a quarter of the strains of A. flavus — strains that do not produce aflatoxin contamination. IITA and USDA-ARS have untreated fields was considered unsafe to eat. aflatoxins — are applied to crops and throughout a identified several atoxigenic strains native to Nigeria The trials were coordinated by the Kaduna State growing area to alter the fungal community so that and Kenya that are useful for reducing aflatoxins. Agriculture Development Program and funded crops become less contaminated with aflatoxins. Similar atoxigenic strains of A. flavus native to by the African Agricultural Technology Foundation When properly applied, these native atoxigenic strains Burkina Faso, Mozambique and Senegal are also and the European Union’s MycoRed project. competitively exclude aflatoxin producers and persist being identified for aflatoxin biocontrol. international institute of tropical agriculture (iita) | headquarters: ibadan, nigeria | www.iita.org CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 29 Throughout the tropics, a lack of feed keeps farm The researchers incorporated fodder quality traits in FEED PLUS animals underweight and underproductive, thereby preventing some 600 million poor farmers and India´s sorghum crop breeding trials and, in so doing, led breeders to identify sorghum varieties that FOOD herders from meeting fast-rising global demand for milk and meat. But thanks to a partnership between India´s National Research Centre for give high yields of both grain and stover, as well as improved stover quality. The result is dual-purpose, food-plus-feed sorghum varieties that are now helping Sorghum (NRCS), the International Crops Research India’s 208 million livestock farmers close the livestock Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the feed gap and feed India’s growing human population. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), new varieties of sorghum are being developed that can The initiative has proved groundbreaking in New varieties of sorghum are bred to provide both nutritious food for humans and demonstrating that traits for stover fodder quality better meet the needs of India’s 208 high-quality feed for livestock. and quantity can be incorporated into existing breeding programs to improve grain yields and million livestock farmers for animal The single most important source of animal feed on has led the way for similar work on other major crops feed, as well as to feed its growing many small farms in Asia and Africa is not grass but such as millet, groundnut, rice, maize and cowpea. human population rather the stalks, leaves and other residues of crop New initiatives are also beginning for wheat and plants after harvesting. In India, for example, 44% various leguminous crops. of the feed that annually sustains all the country´s cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep and camels is made up of such crop wastes. The rest comes from planted forages and a shrinking area of pastures and other common lands. Expensive feed concentrates — the mainstay of livestock production in rich countries — are used only occasionally. Although crop residues (also known as stover) have become the main source of feed for farm animals in developing countries, crop breeders have continued to focus their efforts solely on increasing grain yields and not on improving the yield and quality of stover. The NRCS-ICRISAT-ILRI partnership seeks to redress this oversight by focusing on sorghum, an important staple crop in India that is grown on nearly 10 million hectares throughout the country. Small-scale entrepreneurs in India are developing new livestock feeds using new dual-purpose, food-plus-feed sorghum varieties. international livestock research institute (ilri) | headquarters: nairobi, kenya; addis ababa, ethiopia | www.ilri.org 30 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS Limited scope for expanding rice production area experiments, total organic carbon and total nitrogen in INTENSIVE necessitates intensive rice farming to meet growing demand. However, some people contend that modern, the topsoil — which serve as measures of soil organic matter — were not only consistently maintained but YET intensive farming is unsustainable. It is said to degrade soil, eventually causing it to lose its ability to support crops. In the case of rice, this is untrue. even increased slightly during 15 years. “The floodwater overlying soil during rice cultivation SUSTAINABLE Most rice, unlike other major food crops, is grown on submerged soil, which supports fundamentally is a favorable environment for the growth of aquatic biomass such as algae, which, upon death, settle onto the soil and add carbon to soil,” explains Buresh. In different biological and chemical processes and addition, organic matter in submerged soil decomposes Irrigated rice fields are found to be requires different management practices. Conclusions more slowly than in aerated soil. Thus, under intensive fertile after continuous cropping for on the sustainability of intensive rice farming must rice cultivation, soil organic matter is maintained. therefore consider the unique features of rice production decades using chemical fertilizers, compared with other major food crops. Furthermore, the unique properties of the flooded rice which debunks the notion that intensive system help sustain soil fertility because of biological rice farming is unsustainable Scientists at the International Rice Research Institute nitrogen fixation, in which soil and floodwater organisms (IRRI) established experiments in the 1960s that convert atmospheric nitrogen into a nutrient usable by subsequently served as “living laboratories” for plants. The nitrogen produced through biological strategic research quantifying the sustainability of fixation per hectare per crop is equivalent to all the intensive rice farming. One of these experiments, the nitrogen in a 50-kilogram bag of urea fertilizer. Long-Term Continuous Cropping Experiment, had by the end of 2009 produced 137 crops of irrigated rice The findings reveal that farmers need not apply with fallows of only 3 weeks between harvesting one crop residues to fields to maintain soil organic crop and planting the next. matter as long as the nutrients that have been removed are replaced by appropriate applications A report published in the Soil Science Society of of chemical fertilizers. Contrary to widely held belief, America Journal by Roland Buresh, Mirasol Pampolino the long-term application of manufactured fertilizer and Eufrocino Laureles of IRRI and Hermenegildo does not damage soil health. Gines of the Philippine Rice Research Institute used findings from four long-running experiments to show The unique features of flooded soils help sustain that, with proper fertilizer management, continuous intensive irrigated rice systems that now occupy 24 rice cultivation on submerged soils can sustain soil million hectares in tropical and subtropical Asia, on organic matter and the capacity of soil to supply which 1.5 billion rice farmers and consumers depend. nitrogen that is available to plants. In fact, in all four But more research is needed. “Scientists must increasingly develop management practices to ensure continued sustainability as Farm workers transplant rice in plots of the Long-Term Continuous Cropping Experiment, the longest—duration rice experiment in the world. irrigation water becomes limited,” Buresh concludes. international rice research institute (irri) | headquarters: los baños, philippines | www.irri.org CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 31 Gujarat is one of India’s driest states and long had one of the country’s most volatile agrarian econo- mies. Because public irrigation was limited, the A HANDLE ON government encouraged groundwater irrigation by subsidizing farm electricity supply during the 1970s and 1980s. However, by the 1990s this policy had THE PUMP bankrupted the government electric utility and severely depleted Gujarat’s aquifer. The agricultural economy continued to falter. During the past decade, however, Gujarat’s agricul- After the rapid growth of irrigated tural economy has turned around, thanks to a clutch agriculture in Gujarat severely of initiatives. One such is the Jyotirgram scheme, under which the electric utility imposed strict depleted its aquifer, the Indian rationing on farm power supply, but dramatically state now has a plan to sustain improved its quality and reliability. Agricultural this vital resource production boomed, but continued reliance on groundwater irrigation brought a looming crisis of groundwater depletion. Groundwater irrigation has made agriculture one of Two articles by Swaminathan Anklesaria Aiyar, Gujarat’s most important economic sectors. Agriculture in Gujarat may now look forward to a one of India’s most influential journalists, in the sustainable future. This is because the water advisor Sunday Times in May 2008 summarized key ideas to the chief minister of Gujarat has given the green and arguments from Shah’s 2009 book, Taming the light to a plan to manage aquifer recharge, which will Anarchy: Groundwater Governance in South Asia. reserves. The task force report has broad ownership, help to sustain the state’s increasingly groundwater- This media coverage prompted the water adviser to with representation from the Groundwater Board, based agricultural economy. Developed by an expert Gujarat’s chief minster to contact Shah and invite Irrigation Department, Agriculture Department and task force chaired by Tushaar Shah, a senior fellow at him to chair a task force on managing groundwater electric utility. News coverage has made the general the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), recharge. The task force report, entitled First approxi- public more aware of the importance of groundwater the plan has a budget of US$700 million. mation report to increase ground water resources and its recharge, and highlighted the potential for through artificial recharge in Gujarat State, was replicating Gujarat’s success in other states. Over the past decade, IWMI scientists in the IWMI-Tata submitted in August 2009. The water adviser has Water Policy Program have intensively researched the accepted its recommendations in principle and will Elements of the plan are now being piloted. Fully issues of groundwater depletion and recharge. IWMI soon forward them to the chief minister. implemented, the plan will cover 4-5 million hectares research was at the heart of the Jyotirgram scheme, in the regions of Kutch, North Gujarat and Saurashtra. which is now being replicated in Andhra Pradesh, The plan acknowledges that groundwater is the basis Nearly 2 million smallholder farmers stand to benefit Haryana and Punjab . Other areas of IWMI focus have of the agricultural revolution in Gujarat, which may be from improved groundwater supply for irrigation. Many been the energy-groundwater nexus and the socio- the first Indian state to accept recharging severely more households will benefit from reduced fluoride economic impact of groundwater recharge. depleted aquifers as a legitimate use of surface water contamination of drinking water. international water management institute (iwmi) | headquarters: battaramulla, sri lanka | www.iwmi.cgiar.org 32 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS The message that agroforestry is widespread came through loud and clear when a report on global tree cover was released during the 2nd World Congress of DATA ON Agroforestry in August 2009. The World Agroforestry Centre study shows that TREES over 1 billion hectares of agricultural lands — or 43% — have more than 10% tree cover, and that these areas are home to almost a third of the 1.8 billion people who live on farmland. Some 600 million hectares of agricultural lands have more than 20% tree cover A new study, Trees on Farm , and 160 million hectares more than 50%. measures the extent of tree cover on The release of the report during the congress in agricultural land and demonstrates Nairobi, Kenya, which was attended by over 1,200 that agroforestry is being practiced participants from across the world, further signified extensively worldwide agroforestry’s coming of age. From a vaguely defined Farmers in Zambia plant fertilizer trees to improve the health of soils. concept, it has matured into a robust, science-based discipline and a land use that can address many of the world’s most pressing problems. Trees provide farmers Agroforestry is a feature of agriculture landscapes The global figures for tree cover are almost certainly with a range of goods and services from fruit to throughout the world, but the extent to which it is conservative. There are large areas of agroforestry livestock fodder and fuelwood to green fertilizer. practiced varies from region to region. It is particularly that are excluded from agricultural lands, such as significant in Central America and less so in East Asia. jungle rubber systems in Indonesia and cocoa agrofor- Previously, researchers could only guess at how much There is a strong positive correlation between tree estry in West Africa. These areas are usually classified land was devoted to agroforestry. This study now provides cover and humidity, but the relationship between tree as forests, not as agricultural lands, in global land some solid figures — and a clear message about the cover and population density is less clear. This is cover databases. importance of agroforestry. It used remote sensing data to presumably because such other factors as markets, analyze the extent of tree cover on agricultural lands and government policies, development programs and local Trees on Farm contains some important messages for its relationship with population density and climate. history also influence tree cover on farmland. politicians, climate-change negotiators, development specialists and others in a position to influence policy. “Before we conducted the study, the only figures The study has several limitations. For example, tree available were guesstimates,” explains Richard Coe, cover estimates are based on computer analysis of co-author of Trees on Farm: Analysis of Global Extent remote sensing at 1 square kilometer per pixel. Fifty and Geographical Patterns of Agroforestry. These percent tree cover in a square kilometer could mean varied wildly, with one as low as 50,000 hectares one large block of trees — in other words, a small forest and another at over 307 million hectares, the latter — or an even scattering across farmland. And the figure being based on the assumption that 20% of analysis provides no information about the nature and agricultural lands are covered with trees. use of trees on farmland. world agroforestry centre | headquarters: nairobi, kenya | www.worldagroforestrycentre.org CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 33 same time, lowering water levels as rainfall decreases FUTURE and evaporation increases. SHOCK FOR In South Asia, worsened bleaching of coral reefs, caused by rising ocean temperatures, is of grave concern. Other threats come from changes in river FISHERS flows resulting from reduced snowfall and melting glaciers. Scientists predict a nearly two-thirds reduction in the summer flows of the Ganges River, for example, which could diminish what are now highly productive river and floodplain fisheries. In A worldwide study is the fi rst to addition, Bangladesh could see its coastal catch identify which fishery-dependent reduced, as a result of predicted increases in the countries are the most vulnerable frequency and intensity of tropical storms. Across to climate change — and they are Southeast Asia, inland freshwater habitats could be already poor damaged by saltwater intrusions as sea levels rise. In northern South America, climate change will alter coastal upwellings, which sustain huge catches of Fishing communities in the tropics and subtropics will likely suffer Millions of people who depend on fisheries in Africa, the most from the effects of climate change effects on fisheries. anchovies, sardines and other small fish. Evidence of Asia and South America could face greater hardship changes induced by the warming effects of El Niño as a result of climate change, according to a study events indicates that a rise in ocean temperatures conducted by the WorldFish Center with funding from can cause a decline in Peruvian anchovy populations, the United Kingdom’s Department for International identifying the most vulnerable countries, because the though sardine numbers may tend to increase. Development. The 10 most imperiled places are damage will be greatly compounded unless national the coastal African nations of Guinea and Senegal; governments and international institutions act now to “The problems driven by climate change are bad the landlocked Africa states of Malawi and Uganda; include the fish sector in plans for helping the poor enough by themselves,” says Steve Hall, director Bangladesh, Cambodia, Pakistan and Yemen in tropical cope with climate change.” general of WorldFish. “What will make them much Asia; and, in South America, Peru and Colombia. worse are the economic and institutional weaknesses Two-thirds of the most vulnerable nations are in of the vulnerable countries identified in this study. “Countries in temperate regions will see the most tropical Africa, where fish often supply more than half Fisheries are already under tremendous pressure pronounced climate change impacts on fishing,” says of animal protein consumed. Along coasts, climate from overfishing, habitat loss, pollution and other Edward Allison, director of policy, economics and social variations can significantly alter the flow of nutrient- factors. Climate adaptation measures must go hand science at WorldFish and the lead author of the paper. rich waters — known as upwellings — that sustain fish in hand with efforts to confront other threats if these “But people in the tropics and subtropics will likely populations. In eastern and southern Africa, rising countries are to succeed in building sustainable suffer most, because they depend so heavily on fish temperatures in freshwater lakes over the past century livelihoods for fish-dependent people.” and have limited capacity to develop other sources of have already reduced fish stocks. Future climate income and food. We believe it is urgent to start change is expected to worsen this trend while, at the worldfish center | headquarters: penang, malaysia | www.worldfishcenter.org 34 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS CGIAR Challenge Programs CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 35 challenge program on climate change, agriculture and food security | www.ccafs.cgiar.org ONE FINE DAY The Alliance of the CGIAR Centers prepared a synthesis of agriculture into the post-Copenhagen climate agenda CGIAR work that delivered a positive message: “We have and to discuss strategies and actions needed to address the knowledge right now to make vast improvements climate change adaptation and mitigation in agriculture. to agricultural systems — improvements that can compensate for the negative impacts of climate ARDD was an excellent example of what CGIAR Agriculture and Rural Development change.” Decision-makers are urged to take the steps collective action can deliver. The CGIAR communica- Day places farmers’ concerns needed to put this research into action. tions unit worked with the Global Donor Platform to prominently on the agenda at the organize a large group of communicators including United Nations climate change Agriculture and Rural Development Day (ARDD) took those from four Centers. CGIAR Chair Katherine Sierra place midway through the conference in Copenhagen. opened the day, emphasizing the need for comprehensive negotiations in Copenhagen This event was facilitated by the newly established national strategies on agriculture and climate change Challenge Program on Climate Change, Agriculture adaptation and mitigation. Roundtable panelists and Food Security and the Global Donor Platform, in included directors general from two Centers. As the Global Donor Platform for Rural Development partnership with the International Fund for Agricultural Six of the twenty stalls at the Ideas Marketplace recently reported, significant progress was made inside Development, Food and Agriculture Organization were led by CGIAR scientists. and outside the United Nations Framework Convention of the United Nations, University of Copenhagen, on Climate Change negotiations in relation to agriculture, Earth Systems Science Partnership, Global Forum on The consensus developed at ARDD was further forestry and food security, even though the overall Agricultural Research and International Federation of elaborated with the forestry community at a side outcome of the 15th Conference of the Parties was Agricultural Producers. Over 350 participants included event. Forestry and agriculture are where poverty disappointing. The CGIAR played, together with a representatives of governments, United Nations and reduction, food security and climate change come multitude of partners, a key role in putting agriculture international agencies, businesses, nongovernmental together, and this must be recognized in agreements on the agenda in 2009. organizations, academia, and farmers. after the first Kyoto commitment period ends in 2012. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) The first full-day focus on agriculture at the conference, facilitated the production of a series of policy briefs on ARDD brought together the “biggest names on the the nexus of agriculture and climate change, and global agriculture scene” as The Ecologist reported participated in numerous events leading up to the on 14 December. Jeff Sayer, a member of the CGIAR conference. IFPRI analyses show that unchecked climate Science Council, noted, “ARDD was playing catch up change will have widespread impacts on crop produc- and used science to argue — apparently successfully tion, food security and nutrition. They estimate the — for remedying the present lack of attention given to costs of alleviating those impacts to be at least US$7 agriculture in the climate change negotiations.” ARDD billion per year. aimed to build consensus on ways to fully incorporate No agriculture, no deal: Agriculture must be a part of any climate change agreement. 36 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS challenge program on water and food | www.waterandfood.org FISHING SEASON holdings. Large flooded beels, as many seasonal floodplains are called in Bangladesh, offer potential as communal fishing resources, the benefits from which can be extended throughout the village when The Community- communities agree to share access to them. The landless poor benefit alongside based Fish Culture Project explored farmers when communities organize One premise of CBFC is that fish production from how to maximize opportunities themselves to collectively enhance beels can be enhanced by stocking them with locally for poor landless and manage fi sh stocks in seasonal important fish species, providing local communities families during the flood season. floodplains with affordable fish for home consumption and sale. CBFC motivates collective action by sharing investment approach elsewhere, the cooperative has secured a costs among participants. Success depends on lease extension until 2013. communities’ ability to agree to share resources and Seasonal floodplains in Asia and Africa provide on the suitability and sustainability of community “There was no system before,” says Mohd. Azharul Islam livelihoods for millions. In Bangladesh, fl oodplains arrangements to manage the stocked fish. It is vital that Bablu, a local landowner. “Fishers could catch and eat occupy 3 million hectares, or nearly a fifth of the communities set up committees to stock and manage whatever fish came naturally. Now fish production is country’s 14 million hectares of agricultural land, water bodies held in common during the flood season. sustainable, and increased production allows fishers to which must be productively managed to feed lead better lives.” a national population of 140 million. “Fish culture is managed by a floodplain management committee made up of representatives from all Farmer and fisher Mujibur Rahman reports that, Several projects of the Challenge Program on Water communities surrounding the floodplain, with the whereas before the project a team of fishers might land and Food (CPWF) have improved the productivity of rice participation of landowners and the landless,” fish worth 500 taka, now they can land fish worth for those with land in floodplains. However, many poor explains Natasja Sheriff, the project leader. “1,000, 2,000 or even 2,500 taka.” He adds, “To build people with no land must depend on wage labor or my house I saved money from farming and fishing, but fishing. The CPWF’s Community-based Fish Culture The CBFC Project has improved livelihoods in the mostly from fishing.” (CBFC) Project, led by the WorldFish Center, explored village of Melandi, Rajshahi, where beneficiaries how to maximize opportunities for poor landless include 34 landowners as well as 80 fishers and landless “Though the project was successful in Melandi, the families during the flood season. households. As the local floodplain, Beel Mail, is publicly complexities of access to and ownership of land, water owned, the project provided financial support to permit and fishing rights can create serious challenges,” While land ownership is clearly demarcated during the the Melandi Fishing Cooperative to lease the beel from cautions Sheriff. “Applying lessons from the project may dry season, when farmers grow rice, deep flooding the government. With the support of local fishery help to develop a suite of options from which to select during the wet season submerges borders between authorities, who hope to try the same successful those most appropriate for local conditions and needs.” CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 37 generation challenge programme | www.generationcp.org MIDLIFE META- MORPHOSIS countries, including a comprehensive set of support services to help breeders access marker technologies and learn how to integrate them into their selection scheme. A notable molecular breeding success is the development of rice cultivars for Asia that tolerate As the Generation Challenge Programme submergence. Recent ex ante analyses confirm the matures, its past research on modern potential of this technology to have impact on breeding breeding technology supports the in developing countries (see www.generationcp.org/ creation of tools and their delivery sp5_impact/exante-norton). to partners The Integrated Breeding Platform pulls As a first step, the platform will pilot 14 existing projects, together existing molecular breeding or user cases, for molecular-assisted breeding covering efforts and provides tools and technical support to enhance eight crops across 16 countries in sub-Saharan Africa plant-breeding efficiency in developing With the beginning of the second and final phase of the and Asia: Angola, Burkina Faso, China, Ethiopia, Ghana, countries and beyond. 10-year Generation Challenge Programme (GCP), the India, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Senegal, emphasis shifted in 2009 from exploration and discovery Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. trait, primarily to improve drought tolerance. To ensure to application and impact. The Integrated Breeding focus and maximize impact on plant breeding by 2013, Platform (IBP), which was launched in September 2009, The development of the IBP is driven by demand, and each initiative targets no more than two or three is 5-year, multi-partner project that will pull together the specific needs of use cases will help mold and priority countries. With at least half of the GCP research existing molecular breeding efforts and provide tools and prioritize the tools and services the platform offers. budget now devoted to challenge initiatives, they technical support to enhance plant-breeding efficiency in Once the platform attains suitable functionality represent a clear shift from a broad set of activities the developing world and beyond. (probably by the end of 2012), it will be open to any toward a more focused agenda geared for impact. institutes working in crop breeding to meet develop- Molecular breeding is an advanced approach that employs ment goals that ensure food security. “The service aspects of the platform are very attrac- genetic markers to select plants with desirable traits. When tive,” notes Paul Kimurto of Egerton University in Kenya. combined with reliable phenotyping, or observing actual The IBP is jointly funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates “Access to markers, germplasm and molecular analysis crop traits when grown, it is a precise, rapid and cost-effective Foundation, United Kingdom’s Department for Interna- systems is a constraint for most breeding programs. method whose efficiency has been extensively reported by tional Development, and European Commission. Therefore, standardized technology and specialized the private sector working across several crops. services through contracted laboratories — where all the Several of the use cases are in the seven challenge administrative and logistic details as well as negotiations The online IBP is a one-stop shop providing solutions initiatives that are the main focus of the GCP in Phase II. with suppliers are taken care of — would be a big step and innovations in plant breeding for developing Each initiative pairs one or more of nine crops with a ahead. It is a brilliant concept whose time has come.” 38 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS harvestplus challenge program | www.harvestplus.org GEM OF A CROP of them came from the private sector, with at least 60 based on hybrid parents and breeding lines from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). With funding from the HarvestPlus Challenge Program, ICRISAT began enhancing the iron Pearl millet’s ability to thrive on and zinc content of pearl millet in 2004. More than marginal land and its nutritional 5,000 lines have been screened, and several with iron profi le attract public and private exceeding 100 parts per million and zinc exceeding 50 partners to research on raising its parts per million are being further analyzed. iron and zinc content More than 50 seed companies are involved in develop- ing and marketing pearl millet hybrids in India. Twenty Pearl millet is a natural candidate for of them, capturing more than 80% of the pearl millet providing not only dietary iron but also much-needed zinc through biofortification. Pearl millet is the dietary mainstay for millions of poor hybrid seed market, are members of the ICRISAT-Pri- households in India, which is the world’s largest vate Sector Hybrid Parents Research Consortium. The producer of this crop. Pearl millet is extremely adaptable consortium seed companies provide grants to partly and Rajasthan representing the diverse regions to adverse growing conditions and has a superior support ICRISAT’s research and participate, along with where pearl millet is grown, and seven consortium seed nutritional profile compared with other grains, containing public sector research organizations, in information companies with test locations in these states, joined the at least 10 times more iron and 50% more zinc than rice. exchange. The consortium provides a ready platform HarvestPlus research efforts in multilocation evaluation Meanwhile, in north and northwestern India, 70% of for rapidly disseminating improved breeding lines and to identify high-yielding and micronutrient-dense lines children under 5 are anemic, mainly from iron deficiency. hybrid parents. The seed companies’ close contacts with and hybrids. Several promising hybrids and breeding Pearl millet thrives in these drier regions, which account famers allow them to assess their needs, which depend lines were identified in 2009, generating considerable for more than 85% of the total area devoted to this crop. on farming practices in various target regions. While enthusiasm and promising greater progress as the Pearl millet is thus a natural candidate for providing not some pearl millet lines and populations may have high collaborative network matures. This prompted two only dietary iron but also much-needed zinc through iron content, this can be dramatically affected by additional seed companies to join the biofortification biofortification, or breeding crops with higher micronutrient agronomic conditions across regions. research effort. content. The Indian private sector plays a vital role in developing and disseminating new varieties of high-iron For this reason, in 2009, ICRISAT went one step further This partnership between two CGIAR entities, state and -zinc pearl millet. to expand the role of the private and public sectors as agricultural universities and private seed companies is research partners to test new micronutrient-dense lines likely to grow and should accelerate the development of More than 80 pearl millet hybrids are cultivated in India and prospective hybrids in multiple locations. Five state high-yielding and biofortified pearl millet varieties and today, compared with no more than 6 before 1990. Most agricultural universities in Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra hybrids for release in India by 2012. CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 39 sub-saharan africa challenge program | www.fara-africa.org/networking-support-projects/ssa-cp BRAND NEW IN AFRICA accounts and handling cash transfers from traders Enter the Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Program to farmers. Farmers have so far opened over 120 (SSA-CP), which strives to bring together the various accounts, each depositing an average of 1.8 million stakeholders in the agricultural value chain through Ugandan shillings (US$870) in the bank. the Lake Kivu Pilot Learning Site. SSA-CP is a research- driven effort to address the common interests of all When maize farmers got into the act by tying up with Marketing and trademark partnerships those along the value chain. Phinta Investment Ltd., hybrid maize production in an IP centered on the Lake Kivu Pilot Learn- area in Uganda increased from less than 1 hectare in 2008 ing Site strengthen links and improve The turnaround came when innovation platforms (IPs) to 200 hectares in 2009. Further, when the price of maize incomes all along the value chain were created in response to market demand. Clear in the country recently dropped from US$0.40 per win-win benefits stimulated the participation of the kilogram to 0.10, the price never went below US$0.25 private sector, and credit institutions like Equity Bank in the IP area. and Mecrego, as well as various processing firms, The face of the agricultural economy of sub-Saharan started to show interest. As a result, SSA-CP IPs One of the most important benefits derived from the Africa is changing. Until recently, agricultural develop- produced several products with added value. new IPs is brand recognition. The Mamera brand on ment was driven largely by supply. Farmers did not bushera from Kabale District in Uganda, for example, know for whom they were producing crops or how to Some shining examples include the Mamera trademark, gives it a clear edge over bushera made elsewhere. deal with unstructured markets. As a result, the quality which has been registered for the IP for sorghum growers of agricultural produce was low. in Uganda, Kasiksi banana wine in the Democratic Republic Success breeds new challenges. When they emerge, of Congo; tropical mixed fruit juice, jam and crisps in new stakeholders come on board to constitute task Moreover, collective marketing was practically unknown, Rwanda; and corn oil in Chahi, Uganda. Mamera has teams to study the issues and derive solutions. The and traders were not organized. Production would increase successfully penetrated supermarkets with its fermented process brings new hope to farmers only recently only when markets appeared promising. Even when yields nonalcoholic porridge, bushera. The trademark will be caught in a downward spiral of poverty. were high, farmers faced many risks: price fluctuations, used for a number of other products that will be produced poor market access, weak infrastructure and perishability. by the Bubare sorghum growers IP, including malted Frequently, production was further hampered by untimely sorghum flour, a ready-to-use flour for homemakers and marketing, poor postharvest handling and preservation small commercial bakers. methods, storage pests, and the lack of modern processing technology. So it was natural that farmers were amenable Potato traders organized themselves into the Kampala Innovation platforms produced to the overtures of middlemen and their agents when they Potato Traders Group and signed agreements with the several products with added value, offered to undertake market functions like bulking, sorting, Chahi and Bufundi potato IPs. Equity Bank took note including bottled sorghum porridge, marketed under the Mamera grading, packing and transporting. and agreed to support the value chain by accepting trademark. 40 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS Achievements CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 41 Science Awards 2009 Vegetable Center have labored jointly across the Sahel crucial for disadvantaged children’s physical RECOGNIZING to improve local vegetable varieties and create viable systems for their production, using inexpensive drip irrigation and traditional water-harvesting techniques. development but can have positive effects on their economic productivity and incomes in adulthood. For decades, some experts have insisted that such EXCELLENCE Market gardens have proved highly profitable, giving returns of up to US$1,500 from an area of only 500 interventions, while clearly good for children, compete with investments in economic growth. square meters. Women capture most of the profits, since they dominate vegetable production and marketing. To test this assumption, lead author John Hoddinott, a senior research fellow at the International Food Water front and center. The Sahelian market gardens Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and his colleagues show how smallholder farmers in dry regions can interviewed individuals in rural eastern Guatemala who improve the productivity of land and scarce water had received nutritional supplements under a program CGIAR awards celebrate dramatic resources alike. The scientist who put water productivity carried out 25 years earlier. Using cutting-edge statistical advances in strengthening food at the center of renewed debate about global food analysis, the authors showed that providing nutritious and nutrition security, as well as in security received the award for Outstanding Scientist. supplements to children before the age of 2 had a natural resource management He is David Molden, deputy director general for research significant effect on their hourly wage rate as adults. at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The second study, published during 2008 in the Soil Molden coordinated the recent Comprehensive Science Society of America Journal, belies the widely Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, which held notion that intensive agriculture is necessarily encompassed 50 years of global experience. The study’s incompatible with soil health. Based on analyses of The CGIAR presented seven awards at the Global findings are considered the benchmark for gauging soil samples collected over 15 years from experiments Conference on Agricultural Research for Development future efforts to cope with water scarcity in agriculture. begun in the 1960s, Roland Buresh, a senior soil held in late March 2010 in Montpellier, France. The In addition to leading the development of a conceptual scientist at the International Rice Research Institute awards highlight an emerging vegetable boom in the framework for the assessment, Molden ensured that (IRRI), and his colleagues determined that continuous West African Sahel, trailblazing research on human and a widely dispersed team of more than 1,000 scientists rice monoculture on submerged soils consistently soil health, key advances in confronting water scarcity, stayed on track and translated their key findings into maintained or actually increased soil organic matter and extraordinary successes in rice improvement. a compelling set of messages for policymakers. (see Intensive Yet Sustainable on page 31). The vegetable boom, driven by the spread of market False dilemmas debunked. Two pioneering studies, Staggering record of success. The scientists respon- gardens in Niger and other countries of Africa’s dry whose results struck down persistent false dilemmas sible for maintaining a continuous supply of new rice Sahelian region, is offering subsistence farmers an in development, shared the award for Outstanding varieties for irrigated production were recognized with innovative solution to chronic hunger. The two interna- Scientific Article. the award for Outstanding Scientific Support Team. tional Centers leading the vegetable drive were recog- Under the leadership of Parminder Virk, a senior plant nized with the award for Outstanding Partnership. A study published nearly 2 years ago in The Lancet breeder at IRRI, the Irrigated Rice Breeding Team has (arguably the world’s top biomedical journal) was developed hundreds of new rice lines since the late Over the past decade, the International Crops Research the first ever to give direct evidence that interventions 1970s that offer higher yield potential, better grain Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the World to improve nutrition in early childhood are not only quality, and resistance to diseases and insect pests. 42 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS One variety that epitomizes the team’s contribution is IR64, which has been estimated to occupy more than 13 million hectares in 12 countries. It is among the 300 IRRI breeding lines that have been released as more than 600 varieties in all of the major rice-growing countries of Asia and other regions. Tools for rural learning. As growing numbers of Outstanding Scientist Promising Young Scientist Outstanding Scientific Article Outstanding Scientific Article farmers in developing countries take up new rice David Molden Jonne Rodenburg John Hoddinott Roland Buresh varieties, they are gaining assistance in building new IWMI AfricaRice IFPRI IRRI (far left) knowledge about improved production and processing techniques. One approach that has proved extraordi- narily successful for that purpose in Africa is the Rice Rural Learning Initiative, which earned the award for Outstanding Communications. Launched by the Africa Rice Center and many partners in 2005, the initiative has demonstrated how farmer-to- farmer videos, combined with the use of mass media, not only convey information about improved practices Outstanding Partnership Outstanding Scientific Support Team Outstanding Communications Outstanding Agricultural Journalism Vegetable production in the Sahel, by The Irrigated Rice Breeding Team Paul Van Mele Busani Bafana effectively but also stimulate further innovation. the World Vegetable Center and ICRISAT IRRI AfricaRice Inter Press Service, Africa Under the leadership of Paul Van Mele, a learning and (second from left) innovation specialist at AfricaRice, the initiative has developed a set of 11 videos with farmers, translated them into 33 African languages and distributed them to more than 600 organizations in 44 countries. In addition, the content has been developed into radio scripts, which have Since Africa’s smallholder rice farmers can rarely In a story entitled A Better Banana for Africa, which been distributed to more than 300 radio programs with a afford to use herbicides, they need alternatives, Bafana wrote for the Inter Press Service Africa, he combined audience of 850,000 rural people. including improved varieties. Rodenburg has focused reports on efforts in Kenya to improve banana yields much of his work, quite successfully, on identifying rice and health, which are keys to “Africa’s potential banana A way with words and weeds. One of the Rice varieties that possess resistance to parasitic weeds as boom.” A letter endorsing Bafana’s nomination lauds Rural Learning Initiative videos shares a new approach well as a strong ability to compete with weeds generally. the reporter for his efforts to “portray the realities of for dealing with weeds, which are among the most the agricultural sector, with a particular emphasis on serious constraints on African rice production. Journalism serving agriculture. Another professional the voices and experiences of the small farmers who The scientist who developed the approach and helped who has put his way with words at the service of are the backbone of the continent’s food security.” prepare the video — Jonne Rodenburg, weed specialist African agriculture is Zimbabwean journalist Busani at AfricaRice — received the award for Promising Bafana, recipient of the award for Excellence in Young Scientist. Agricultural Science Journalism. CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 43 Performance Measurement achievement of outputs and output targets as Reuters ISI and another 1.1 externally peer-reviewed CENTERS defined in Centers’ medium-term plans. Figure 1 shows a composite measure of Center research publications that aims to reflect, in a balanced way, Centers’ articles elsewhere, for a total of 2.3 externally peer-reviewed articles per scientist. Of scientifi c papers Centers publish in refereed journals and MEASURE UP contribution of knowledge to a wide international audience and the quality and usefulness of conference and workshop proceedings, 47% listed developing country partners among the authors. IN 2009 that knowledge, as determined by peers in the internationally recognized journal database Thomson Reuters ISI; Interested CGIAR stakeholders can track the 2009 outputs of individual research projects contribution of peer-reviewed knowledge and by visiting http://www.cgiar.org/publications/ information for targeted stakeholder audiences performancemeasurement/index.html, which CGIAR monitoring and evaluation (not including major international journals); and provides rich insight into Centers’ research products tracks Center research results research quality and originality, as shown by their in 2009 and before, in terms of materials, and potential to perform in the future ability to reach top-quality journals with a portion policy strategies, practices, capacity and other as measured by institutional and of all publications. kinds of knowledge. fi nancial health In 2009, Center scientists published on average 1.2 Research outcomes. Centers were asked to report articles in high-quality journals listed in Thomson on their most significant research outcomes in terms of external use, adoption or influence on partners, stakeholders and clients in 2009. The interim Independent CGIAR reform will extend to monitoring and evaluation. FIGURE 1 Science and Partnership Council (previously the Science Under the new accountability framework, the Consor- Composite Score on Publications Council) assessed and scored Center-reported outcomes tium of the CGIAR Centers is responsible for monitoring on a scale of 1-10 by their linkage to research outputs and and evaluating Centers and their contributions to Mega the significance and magnitude of outcome. Figure 2 10.0 10 Programs, and for reporting to the Fund Council on the shows the 2009 results along with the average results 8.5 performance of Mega Programs toward obligations set over the 3 years 2007-2009. The top five research 7.9 8 7.6 7.4 7.3 out in their performance agreements. Performance outcomes in 2009 are briefly described on pages 46-47. 7.0 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.2 measurement will be adapted to these changing 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.3 SCORE 5.1 5.0 5.0 conditions as they become more clearly developed Culture of impact assessment. The CGIAR 4.8 4.5 4.3 and implemented. In the meantime, the CGIAR Performance Measurement System tracks Centers’ 3.7 4 Performance Measurement System remains in place. efforts to document impact from past research and Full 2009 performance measurement results are 2 institutionalize a culture of impact assessment among publicly accessible at http://www.cgiar.org/publications/ their researchers and partners. The interim Indepen- performancemeasurement/index.html. 0 dent Science and Partnership Council assessed AFRICARICE BIOVERSITY CIAT CIFOR CIMMYT CIP ICARDA ICRISAT IFPRI IITA ILRI IRRI IWMI WORLDFISH WORLD AGROFORESTRY Center’s reports on a scale of 1-10 using three criteria: Research outputs. The Performance Measurement (1) ex-post impact assessment (epIA) studies and System measures outputs primarily in terms of advancement of epIA methods (weighted at 45%); (2) PUBLICATION SCORE AVERAGE PUBLICATION publications, while also collecting data on the IN 2009 SCORE IN 2007-2009 building a culture of impact assessment at the Center, 44 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 Assessment of Centers’ Research Outcomes Centers’ Culture of Impact Assessment Overall Governance Score 98.4 95.7 10 95.7 10 95.6 95.1 94.1 100 93.5 93.6 92.9 92.0 93.0 90.2 90.8 9 9 9 9 87.5 86.1 85.9 85.9 85.6 85.0 8.4 80.8 8.2 8.1 82.1 81.3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 81.3 7.5 79.7 79.9 78.3 7.8 78.1 7.6 77.2 8 7.5 8 7.5 7.5 7.5 80 7.3 7.4 73.9 73.4 7.1 7.0 7.1 7.1 7 7 7.1 7.1 7.1 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6.8 6.6 6.2 6.1 6.0 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.8 6 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 60 5.4 RATING 5 SCORE SCORE 4 4 40 2 2 1.5 20 0 0 0 AFRICARICE BIOVERSITY CIAT CIFOR CIMMYT CIP ICARDA ICRISAT IFPRI IITA ILRI IRRI IWMI WORLDFISH WORLD AGROFORESTRY AFRICARICE BIOVERSITY CIAT CIFOR CIMMYT CIP ICARDA ICRISAT IFPRI IITA ILRI IRRI IWMI WORLDFISH WORLD AGROFORESTRY AFRICARICE BIOVERSITY CIAT CIFOR CIMMYT CIP ICARDA ICRISAT IFPRI IITA ILRI IRRI IWMI WORLDFISH WORLD AGROFORESTRY RATING AVERAGE IMPACT CULTURE IMPACT CULTURE AVERAGE OVERALL GOVERNANCE OVERALL GOVERNANCE RATING IN 2009 IN 2007-2009 IN 2009 IN 2007-2009 SCORE IN 2009 SCORE IN 2008 including communication, dissemination and Centers scored on average 88 points out of 100 and relevance of research depends on Centers’ capacity enhancement (20%); and (3) the quality (Figure 4). Two-thirds of the Centers raised their regular investment in developing staff, securing of one published epIA study during the past score in 2009 over the previous year, most staff satisfaction, evaluating its own effectiveness, 3 years that effectively demonstrates the impact significantly the International Center for Tropical and expanding its human and intellectual capital of the Center’s research on poor and food-insecure Agriculture (CIAT) and WorldFish. Most of the Center by seeking greater diversity. The average score people and the environment, as judged by peer boards have at least two members with professional is 54 points out of 100 on a checklist of Center reviewers appointed by the Standing Panel on qualifications in financial management, and 11 Centers practices (Figure 6). Impact Assessment (35%). Figure 3 shows the provide their full board with information on key 2009 score and the average score for 2007-2009. financial indicators every quarter to help members Financial health. Centers’ fi nancial health fulfill their fiduciary responsibilities. is measured by two core indicators: long-term Institutional health. Measures of Center governance, fi nancial stability (adequacy of reserves) and culture of learning and change, and diversity are Women occupied 28% of management positions cash management on restricted operations.1 used as indicators of institutional health. at Centers in 2009, up from a 3-year average Only one Center fell below the stability The governance indicator is a summary score of 26%, despite only six Centers’ bettering the benchmark, and all Centers met the of a range of governance policies and practices 3-year average in 2009 (Figure 5). cash-management benchmark (Table 1). modeled on the recommendation of the 2006 Stripe Review on Corporate Governance and the A vibrant culture of learning and change is critical for CGIAR Guidelines on Center Governance. Centers’ long-term success. Sustaining the quality 1. Long-term financial stability (adequacy of reserves) is computed as unrestricted net assets less net fixed assets divided by operating expenses per day excluding depreciation. The lower benchmark is 75 days, which shall be increased to 90 days over time. Cash management on restricted operations is computed as restricted donors’ accounts receivable divided by restricted donors accounts payable, expressed as a ratio. CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 45 RESEARCH TABLE 1 5 FIGURE 5 Percentage of Management Positions Financial Health TOP Occupied by Women 80 71 Long-term financial stability Cash management on restricted OUTCOMES 70 (benchmark operations 60 57 Center 75 days) (benchmark < 1) 50 PERCENT 50 44 AfricaRice 152 0.8 43 The top five research outcomes in 40 40 36 Bioversity 82 0.2 33 32 33 2009, as assessed by the interim 29 27 30 25 25 25 CIAT 56 0.3 Independent Science and Partnership 23 22 20 22 22 20 17 18 17 17 17 16 Council, are to (1) improve cassava 14 CIFOR 175 0.1 10 10 5 marketability as a cash crop, (2) CIMMYT 153 0.1 0 enhance national partners’ capacity 0 CIP 90 0.1 AFRICARICE BIOVERSITY CIAT CIFOR CIMMYT CIP ICARDA ICRISAT IFPRI IITA ILRI IRRI IWMI WORLDFISH WORLD AGROFORESTRY in crop breeding assisted by molecular ICARDA 121 0.3 techniques, (3) sharpen estimates of ICRISAT 132 0.1 methane emissions from livestock in IFPRI 108 0.3 Africa, (4) validate and extend to Asian IITA 161 0.1 rice farmers water-saving irrigation PERCENTAGE OF MANAGEMENT AVERAGE PERCENTAGE OF technology, and (5) domesticate a novel POSITIONS OCCUPIED BY MANAGEMENT POSITIONS ILRI 151 0.3 oilseed tree for African smallholders. 1 WOMEN IN 2009 OCCUPIED BY WOMEN IN 2007-2009 IRRI 206 0.1 IWMI 140 0.1 FIGURE 6 Culture of Learning and Change Score World Agroforestry 165 0.2 Cassava for cash. In response to demand for specialty traits in cassava, WorldFish 118 0.6 100 scientists at the International Center 100 for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) used 88 conventional plant breeding to develop a 80 70 waxy cassava starch without amylase. 67 65 60 62 60 CIAT’s discovery of an amylase-free 60 57 56 56 52 53 SCORE 51 50 52 51 50 mutant spurred the development of a 45 46 47 46 44 44 37 40 37 public-private partnership with National 40 35 32 Starch, a subsidiary of AkzoNobel, which 21 is a global supplier of specialty starches 20 with operations in 22 countries. 0 AFRICARICE BIOVERSITY CIAT CIFOR CIMMYT CIP ICARDA ICRISAT IFPRI IITA ILRI IRRI IWMI WORLDFISH WORLD AGROFORESTRY CIAT and National Starch signed a collaborative agreement in 2009 to research and evaluate the properties of waxy cassava, aiming to create new uses 2009 SCORE 2008 SCORE 46 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS 5 that add value and benefit farmers. This backcross breeding to enhance water-use refine estimates of their livestock Seeds of hope. Allanblackia is an collaborative agreement encourages the efficiency, pest and disease resistance, systems’ contribution to global methane indigenous African tree with seed use of cassava as a cash crop along with yield, and quality; and improved in vitro emissions. This will benefit poor livestock oil excellent for food spreads such as 4 its traditional use as a food crop. The regeneration protocols for genetic keepers in Africa, who could be hurt by margarine. As current wild harvesting new cassava will fetch a premium price, transformation. The Institute National de miscalculated policies designed to reduce in Ghana, Nigeria and Tanzania extracts bringing higher income per hectare la Recherche Agronomique of Morocco, GHG emissions by cutting herds. only small volumes, domesticating and strengthening markets for cassava for example, now uses molecular markers allanblackia is a goal of the Novella products. The collaboration is an to analyze the genetic diversity of wheat, Project, a public-private partnership example of how a public-private olive, sugar beet and alfalfa, and this work Irrigate less for more. The International of the World Agroforestry Centre, partnership can enable the public is being extended to other crops. Rice Research Institute and partners Unilever, World Conservation Union, sector to help poor farmers while started systematically investigating in TechnoServe, and forestry research 23 earning profits for the private sector. 2002 a form of intermittent irrigation institutes and companies in Ghana Measures of livestock methane. called alternate wetting and drying (AWD), and Tanzania. The aim is to bring the African countries can now develop which can save 30% of water input without best traits found in the wild — regular Building biotech capacity. Many more sophisticated estimates of their compromising rice yield. Research fruiting, large fruit and vigorous countries hope that biotechnology greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions enhanced understanding of agro-hydrolo- growth — together in superior trees research in agriculture can boost following Intergovernmental Panel gy, soil and plant responses to water stress, that smallholders can sustainably and productivity and strengthen food security, on Climate Change (IPCC) approval and appropriate nutrient and weed profitably cultivate. Unilever estimates but see it constrained by the lack of of 18 new methane-emission factors management. Since 2004, IRRI has the current market potential for oil at trained staff, suitable laboratory facilities, for African domestic ruminants developed organized training to enhance national more than 100,000 tons annually and specialized equipment and technical by the International Livestock Research partners’ capacity to carry out participa- aims eventually to use allanblackia for expertise. The International Center for Institute (ILRI). The IPCC had previously tory research to validate AWD and develop 10% of its vegetable oil needs. Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas assumed, for lack of data, an average extension materials to help farmers responded by developing the capacity of of 32 kilograms of methane per animal implement it. Tens of thousands farmers in Since the World Agroforestry Centre was national programs to use biotechnology per year for all African ruminants, Bangladesh, more than 60,000 in the invited in 2004 to bring to the initiative with targeted training, scientist-to-scientist irrespective of production system, Philippines and thousands in Vietnam’s An its experience in domesticating wild exchanges and collaborative research. diet type or other factors. Giang Province have adopted AWD. fruit trees, researchers have From 2007 to 2009, capacity building characterized the genetic diversity directly benefited 241 young researchers, ILRI has actively improved GHG emission A study conducted by the Bangladesh of allanblackia, identified superior traits students, junior scientists and technicians factors for African domestic ruminants Rice Research Institute reports a and individuals, and developed improved from 30 countries. since 2005. Combining state-of-the-art consequent reduction in water use vegetative propagation for multiplying spatial information on animal numbers, of 15-30%, cutting costs by US$67-97 allanblackia planting material. An integrated multidisciplinary approach production systems and seasonal feed per hectare. Adoption potential exists A participatory approach to across national and regional centers, use with detailed models of animal in most of Asia’s irrigated rice area, domestication (local collection universities and advanced research production, ILRI was the first to especially where water can become and selection of germplasm) is institutions has widened the adoption disaggregate methane emission factors scarce and farmers have to pay for being applied to maximize livelihood in national agricultural research systems by production system for all African pumping. AWD promises to help alleviate benefits for farmers. Market supply of molecular characterization and countries. With the IPCC’s adoption of the water scarcity that is otherwise likely chains have been established for diversity analysis for drought, salt and the factors, 12 for cattle and 6 for sheep to affect 15-20 million hectares of seed, and smallholders planted heat tolerance; molecular marker-assisted and goats, African countries can now irrigated rice by 2025. 22,000 trees in 2009. CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 47 CGIAR in the Media FIGURE 1 CGIAR Press Hits in 2009 NEWSWORTHY AND NOTED 3,500 3,000 3,204 NUMBER OF ARTICLES 2,500 2,453 2,000 2,000 1,778 1,809 The CGIAR boosted its presence in 1,500 1,442 1,519 1,407 the media in 2009, as outlets covered 1,000 1,127 1,257 1,239 908 research on an array of subjects 500 affecting food security and rural 0 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER poverty in a changing world MONTH IN 2009 Source: Meltwater News, 2010 Throughout the year, CGIAR communicators African soils revealed. In January, the Tropical poor of climate change impacts on fisheries worldwide. highlighted to the public the relevance and impact Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of the International The study identified fishery-dependent countries that of agricultural research and demonstrated how Center for Tropical Agriculture launched the African Soil were most vulnerable (see Future Shock for Fishers on research translates to results on the ground, earning Information Service, an initiative funded by the Bill & page 34). Nearly 50 news stories resulted, including over 20,000 press hits globally in 2009. Collaboration Melinda Gates Foundation (see Up Close with African Soil coverage by Agence France-Presse (AFP), Bloomberg, between the CGIAR Secretariat Communications Team on page 22). Media outreach surrounding the launch BBC News, Reuters, New Scientist, Nature Reports and the 15 CGIAR Centers to promote agricultural resulted in about 40 news agency, print, broadcast and Climate Change, Voice of America, and Radio France research contributed significantly to this coverage. online stories, including original stories by Kenya’s Business Internationale’s Quotidien de la Mer program. The following are main CGIAR stories promoted to the Daily, Time magazine, Nature, Science and Reuters. media through this collaboration in 2009. A spike in Wheat stem rust. In March, a story promotion centered September (Figure 1) coincided with the passing of Sea change. February saw the promotion of a World- on a Borlaug Global Rust Initiative workshop in Mexico. Norman Borlaug, the father of the Green Revolution. Fish Center study on the expected implications for the Funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the 48 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS United States government and others, the initiative is farmer-to-farmer extension generated strong media coordinated by Cornell University in the USA, with the interest in June. Carried out by Africa Rice Center International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center researchers, the study was published in the Interna- (CIMMYT by its Spanish abbreviation) and International tional Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. Extensive Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas media coverage included an interview broadcast by (ICARDA) playing major roles. At the workshop, wheat Channel Africa of the South African Broadcasting experts from 40 countries reported on advances in Corporation (SABC), a New Scientist article and monitoring the spread of a new stem rust pathogen numerous online stories. Ug99, in developing wheat lines with durable resistance to it, and in gearing up national seed systems to replace Reclaiming land. Another story promoted extensively susceptible varieties with resistant ones to forestall a in sub-Saharan Africa in June concerned an innovative rust pandemic in the Middle East and South Asia. Media approach to reclaiming degraded lands. Developed outreach gave rise to more than 40 stories from nearly by the International Crops Research Institute for a dozen news services, including Spain’s EFE, AFP, the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), it includes rebuilding Associated Press and Reuters; a similar number of print the fertility of degraded soils, water management and publications, such as the Guardian and New Scientist in general land reclamation using drought-tolerant trees A study by the Center for International Forestry Research and partners showed that forest the United Kingdom, The Hindu in India, and El Universal conservation would preserve the habitat of some of the world’s most threatened mammals and annuals, with significant involvement of women and La Jornada in Mexico; and various online outlets. farmers. The story was picked up by the BBC World Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) that by 2050 Service, Voice of America, a number of African Conservation through carbon. The promotion climate change will have rendered nearly a million newspapers such as Nigeria’s Financial Standard, of a study by the Center for International Forestry square kilometers of African farmland unsuitable even and online outlets. Research (CIFOR) and partners that quantifi ed for subsistence crops, with important implications for the potential of carbon payments to safeguard the role of livestock in human livelihoods. Several wire Afghan rehabilitation. Media outreach carried out threatened tropical mammals and reduce greenhouse services, including Bloomberg and the Pan African during July regarding CGIAR research to support gas emissions resulted in significant global media News Agency, covered the study, and the BBC World agricultural renewal in Afghanistan stoked interest in coverage, including stories by several wire services, Service aired an interview with the ILRI researcher. The CIMMYT and ICARDA wheat improvement to bolster such as Associated Press, Reuters and AFP, as well as promotion generated extensive online pickup, includ- the country’s food security. Coverage included an Inter original online stories by BBC News, Discovery News ing by The Citizen in South Africa, The Straits Times of Press Service story and a Voice of America interview. and Scientific American Online. Singapore and Scientific American. VIPs for women scientists. A visit in August by Cropland to pasture. Another climate change Farmer to farmer. A story promotion on using radio US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Secretary story cited a prediction by the International and video to drive innovation in agriculture and of Agriculture Tom Vilsack with African Women in CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 49 role of agroforestry in climate change adaptation and mitigation, as well as in combating hunger and poverty in developing countries. Prominently covered was a new study that used detailed satellite imagery to show that nearly half of all farmed landscapes worldwide include significant tree cover (see Data on Trees on page 33). Highlights included stories by several wire services, including China’s Xinhua News Agency and Spain’s Agencia EFE; extensive online coverage, including excellent stories by TIME.com and New Scientist Online; radio interviews broadcast by Radio France Internationale, Voice of America and others; and newspaper articles published in Kenya and many other countries around the world. Dry discussions. Climate change and new developments A visit by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton with the African Women in Agricultural Research and Development program in Nairobi highlighted the importance of putting women at the center of efforts to reduce hunger and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. in monitoring and assessing dryland degradation constituted the story promoted in connection with the Agricultural Research for Development in Nairobi report called for restoring neglected irrigation global scientific conference Understanding Desertification generated significant media interest. In presentations systems in Asia to prevent the need in coming decades and Land Degradation Trends, which took place in to the dignitaries, Kenyan women scientists stressed for massive food imports. Highlights of the coverage September in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The event was the importance of putting women at the center of included a front-page story in the Guardian and stories organized by the Dryland Science for Development efforts to reduce hunger and poverty in sub-Saharan in the Financial Times and New Scientist in the United Consortium, in which ICARDA and ICRISAT play key Africa. This message was conveyed by BBC Network Kingdom, France’s Le Figaro and Le Monde, the Irish roles. The promotion resulted in significant coverage, Africa, several top regional wire services and a number Times, and in India, the Hindustan Times. The promotion including stories in six languages reaching 18 countries. of African newspapers, including Kenya’s Nairobi Star generated several wire stories and radio interviews by Highlights of the coverage were wire stories by AFP, and Uganda’s Daily Monitor. the BBC World Service and others. Agencia EFE, Germany’s Deutsche Presse-Agentur and the Inter Press Service; interviews broadcast by Water management. Important new research findings Focus on agroforestry. The Second World Agroforestry BBC Network Africa, the Earthbeat Program of Radio presented in August by the International Water Congress, jointly hosted by the World Agroforestry Netherlands and SABC’s Channel Africa; and original Management Institute (IWMI) at World Water Week in Centre and the United Nations Environment Programme stories on the United Kingdom’s SciDev.Net and Stockholm drew strong media coverage. An IWMI in August, generated significant media interest in the Argentina’s La Nación. 50 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS A comprehensive new study of irrigation in Asia by the International Water Management At Agricultural and Rural Development Day and Forest Day, events held in conjunction with the United Nations Institute and partners warns that, without major reforms and innovations in the way Framework Convention on Climate Change meetings in December, dignitaries, farmers, researchers and water is used for agriculture, many developing nations face the politically risky prospect development experts called on negotiators to address food security, rural poverty and the threat of climate of having to import more than a quarter of the rice, wheat and maize they need by 2050. change through an integrated landscape approach. Anticipating climate change. A story promotion publications, notably Die Zeit, Berliner Zeitung and Security. A dozen journalists attended the event, conducted in November centered on a report published Focus magazine. including reporters from the BBC, The Economist, in the peer-reviewed journal Agricultural Systems on Reuters and SciDev.Net, who placed stories in key the use of simulation models to project the likely Climate conference. In the run-up to the 15th international outlets. Several prominent journalists impacts of climate change on East Africa’s vital maize Conference of the Parties (COP15), the CGIAR also attended Agriculture and Rural Development Day and bean harvests over the next 2 to 4 decades. launched a blog called Rural Climate Exchange on December 12 (see One Fine Day on page 36), Revealing great diversity within and between countries, (http://cgiarclimatechange.wordpress.com/), which including reporters from the Associated Press, the results guide countries toward seizing opportunities created a steady stream of news on agriculture and Reuters, Der Spiegel in Germany, Inter Press Service, to intensify farming in favored locations and cushioning climate change, emphasizing CGIAR research and Nature News, ABC Radio in Australia and Bloomberg. the blow on rural people in more vulnerable areas. The advocacy. During the first week of COP15, four CGIAR promotion yielded coverage by several international experts on climate change held a press briefing to outlets, including a story by Deutsche Presse-Agentur launch a report prepared by the CGIAR Challenge that was picked up by more than a dozen major Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 51 A GLOBAL CGIAR Placement markers are approximate and indicate city locations. CENTER REGIONAL OFFICES CGIAR MEMBERS (as defined through December 2009) 52 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS Executive Summary of the 2009 CGIAR Financial Results CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 53 TABLE 1 FIGURE 1 Summary of 2009 CGIAR-Approved Program vs Actual Outcome CGIAR contributions, 2009 ($ million) ($ million) 250 Actual 2009 Plan Actual 2009 Approved 2008 220 Outcome at AGM082 Outcome 200 213 Expenditure 150 Centers 530 508 474 121 125 Centers 29 24 34 100 Challenge Programs 92 92 Partners 25 34 18 79 78 System-level activities 1 19 10 16 50 33 28 9 8 Total expenditure 603 576 542 19 20 0 EUROPE NORTH AMERICA INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC RIM DEVELOPING FOUNDATIONS NON-MEMBERS AND REGIONAL COUNTRIES Revenue ORGANIZATIONS Funding 2009 2008 Centers 534 473 463 Challenge Programs 53 38 52 System-level activities1 19 10 16 and foundations stayed at about the Contributions from the top 15 Subtotal funding 606 521 531 same as in 2008. Members accounted for 66% Earned income 23 20 22 of funding in 2009. The United Total revenue 629 541 553 Included in overall contributions was States of America was the largest $7.6 million from 15 donors for transition donor, followed by the World Bank. Net operating result 26 (35) 11 management, as shown in Table 2.3 India was the highest contributor among developing countries. The top 1 System Offi ce units, governance and transition management 2 CGIAR Annual General Meeting 2008 Members contribute in their national contributors among all Members and currency, which Centers then report those among developing countries in in US dollar equivalent. In 2009, the 2009 and 2008 are shown in Table 4. impact of exchange rate movements As shown in Figure 1, the increase in 2009 by $18 million (42%) from $43 million in on contributions was a net gain of about Resource Allocation contributions came mainly from North 2008 to $61 million in 2009. Changes in $2 million, compared with a net loss Total CGIAR expenditure in 2009 America and non-members, especially contributions from other member groups of about $3 million in 2008. increased by $61 million (11%) the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The were as follows: Europe increased by to $603 million. The following United States of America increased its $7 million (3%), the Pacific Rim increased The movement of the US dollar against paragraphs summarize at the contribution by $21 million (36%) from by$5 million (18%), developing countries selected currencies of contribution and System level, resource allocation by $58 million in 2008 to $79 million in decreased by $1 million (5%), and expenditure during 2009 is shown in object of expenditure and by CGIAR 2009, while Gates increased its contribution international and regional organizations Table 3. developing region. 3 A separate report on the use of these contributions, Implementing Change and Reform in the CGIAR, was published in May 2010 and shared with contributing donors. 56 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS TABLE 2 TABLE 3 CGIAR Transition Management Funding, 2009 Movement of USD versus Other Major Currencies ($ million) Australia 0.21 Contribution Currencies Expenditure Basket Canada 0.08 Currency Currency Unit per USD Movement1 Currency Currency Unit per USD Movement 1 China 0.03 2008 2009 2008 2009 YEN 90.38 92.24 2% EUR2 0.71 0.70 -1% France 0.04 GBP 0.69 0.63 -9% COP 2,251.71 2,064.63 -8% Germany 1.13 CAD 1.22 1.01 -17% INR 49.72 46.89 -6% Ireland 0.07 NOK 7.06 5.81 -18% NGN 141.07 152.35 8% SEK 7.77 7.19 -7% KES 84.00 79.17 -6% Italy 0.15 CHF 1.06 1.04 -2% PHP 47.69 46.42 -3% Netherlands 0.50 1 Negative movement indicates depreciation of the USD vs the other currency. New Zealand 0.27 2 Euro is prominent in both expenditure and contributions. CAD = Canadian dollar, CHF = Swiss franc, COP = Colombian peso, EUR = euro, GBP = United Kingdom pound, Norway 0.15 KES = Kenyan shilling, INR = Indian rupee, NGN = Nigerian naira, NOK = Norwegian kroner, PHP = Philippine peso, SEK = Swedish kroner, USD = United States dollar, YEN = Japanese yen. Rockefeller Foundation 0.50 Switzerland 0.24 TABLE 4 United Kingdom 1.61 Top Member Contributions ($ million) USA 0.15 2009 2008 World Bank 2.46 Industrialized Countries and Multilateral Organizations Total 7.60 United States of America 78.9 United States of America 58.0 World Bank 50.0 World Bank 50.0 Canada 42.4 United Kingdom 45.4 United Kingdom 41.6 Canada 34.1 Expenditure by Object. As shown in Figure 2, the European Commission 40.7 European Commission 32.6 pattern of expenditure by object did not change significantly from 2008, with personnel cost Developing Countries maintaining the largest share at 42%. India 7.2 India 7.5 China 3.1 Nigeria 2.6 Expenditure by Region. As shown in Figure 3, the Mexico China 1.2 1.1 allocation of expenditure by region in 2009 broadly Colombia 1.1 Kenya 1.0 reflects the pattern seen in the past several years, Brazil 0.8 Mexico 0.8 confirming the CGIAR’s focus on sub-Saharan Africa. CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 57 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 Expenditure by Object Expenditure by Region Central and West Asia Central and West Asia Depreciation 6% Depreciation 3% & North Africa 7% & North Africa 10% Travel 7% Travel 8% Latin America Latin America & Caribbean & Caribbean Collaboration Collaboration 13% 12% & partnerships & partnerships 18% 16% Personnel Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan 2009 Personnel 2008 44% 2009 Africa 51% 2008 Africa 47% 42% Supplies & services Supplies & services Asia 29% Asia 31% 27% 29% FIGURE 4 Center Perspectives Figure 4 illustrates the financial The contribution increase noted at results by Center. Financial Results by Center the System level is the aggregate 6.5 6.0 6.1 of a range of outcomes at individual Exhibit 3 provides the 2009 financial 5.5 5.0 Centers. Total contributions for results by Center and for the System 4.5 4.7 12 Centers increased in 2009, as a whole, including results for those 4.0 3.5 $ million as was the case in 2008. Contributions portions of Challenge Programs imple- 3.0 2.5 3 to WorldFish and Bioversity decreased mented by CGIAR partners, and compares 2.6 2.0 2.2 2.1 by 7% and 3% respectively. ICRISAT these with 2008. Exhibit 4 provides an 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 remained at the same level. overview of the System’s finances 0.5 0.6 -0.2 -0.2 -0.5 0.0 (expenditure allocation and financing). -0.5 CIMMYT IFPRI IWMI AFRICARICE CIAT ICRISAT WORLD AGROFORESTRY CIP IITA CIFOR ILRI ICARDA IRRI WORLDFISH BIOVERSITY Financial results (contributions Exhibit 5 summarizes the System’s overall -1.0 plus Center-earned income, less financial position from 2005 to 2009. expenditure) showed that 12 Centers ended the year with a surplus, as in Summary of Challenge Programs POSITIVE OUTCOME DEFICIT OUTCOME 2008. As a percentage of total During the year, $58 million was revenues, AfricaRice and CIMMYT available for Challenge Programs, had surpluses of 12%, IWMI and IFPRI compared with $45 million in 2008, had surpluses of 11% and 8% respectively, or an increase of 29%. Expenditure of Conclusion and eight Centers had surpluses of 5% $54 million in 2009 resulted in the net The increase in funding demonstrates management. The positive results or less. Bioversity, IRRI and WorldFish increase of $4 million to the cumulative a global recommitment to agriculture further strengthen the financial position had defi cits of 2% or less, which were balance of Challenge Program funds. and donor support for the reforms, of the Centers, positioning them to planned as measures to increase Exhibit 6 summarizes Challenge as well as the Centers’ continuing better cope with both internal and investments in research. Program funding and expenditure. strong capacity for fi duciary external challenges in the coming years. 58 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS EXHIBIT 1 CGIAR Program and Resource Highlights Actual 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Revenues ($ million) Agenda funding 450 426 495 531 606 (of which unrestricted) 43% 42% 36% 36% 34% Earned income 10.3 22.4 25.2 22.3 23.3 Total 460 448 520 553 629 Agenda funding ($ million) Members Europe 197 169 222 213 220 North America 91 88 91 92 121 Pacific Rim 24 22 22 28 33 Developing countries 15 14 15 20 19 Foundations 14 14 12 8 9 International and regional organizations 72 74 76 78 79 Subtotal 413 381 438 439 481 Non-members 37 45 57 92 125 Total 450 426 495 531 606 Top three Member contributors USA USA EC USA USA World Bank World Bank USA World Bank World Bank United Kingdom United Kingdom World Bank United Kingdom Canada Staffing (number) Internationally recruited 1,100 1,115 1,096 1,163 1,238 Nationally recruited 6,774 7,039 6,986 6,904 6,922 Total 7,874 8,154 8,082 8,067 8,160 Object of expenditure Personnel costs 45% 47% 44% 44% 42% Supplies & services 27% 27% 30% 29% 27% Collaboration & partnerships 16% 14% 15% 16% 18% Travel 8% 8% 7% 8% 7% Depreciation 4% 4% 4% 3% 6% Total expenditure ($ million) 452 458 506 542 603 Expenditure by region Sub-Saharan Africa 46% 48% 48% 47% 51% Asia 30% 29% 29% 31% 29% Latin America & the Caribbean 14% 14% 13% 12% 13% Central and West Asia & North Africa 10% 9% 10% 10% 7% Result of operations [surplus/(deficit) in $ million] 8 (10) 14 11 26 Center financial information ($ million) Unrestricted net assets excluding fixed assets 158 145 159 165 199 Liquidity indicators Working capital (days expenditure) 155 149 161 150 159 Current ratio 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 Adequacy of reserve indicator Net assets excl. fixed assets (days expenditure) 137 124 127 123 134 Fixed asset indicators Capital expenditure ($ million) 15.8 16.8 18.7 21.2 30.9 Capital expenditure/depreciation 101% 107% 110% 119% 95% Efficiency of operations indicator Indirect cost ratio 21% 20% 20% 19% 17% CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 Cash management on restricted operations 59 Restricted accounts receivable ratio 0.80 0.46 0.33 0.36 0.18 EXHIBIT 2 CGIAR Funding by Member, 2009 ($ million) Unrestricted Restricted Total EUROPE Austria - 2.3 2.3 60 Belgium 8.9 1.7 10.6 Denmark 5.5 0.9 6.4 European Commission - 40.7 40.7 Finland 4.3 0.5 4.8 France1 2.0 3.3 5.3 Germany1 10.6 13.2 23.8 Ireland 1 6.2 3.5 9.7 Italy1 3.4 2.9 6.3 Luxembourg - 0.8 0.8 Netherlands1 8.3 6.2 14.5 Norway1 12.5 3.0 15.5 Portugal 0.2 0.2 0.4 Spain 0.1 2.5 2.6 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS Sweden 8.3 6.7 15.0 Switzerland1 9.6 10.1 19.7 United Kingdom1 21.3 20.3 41.6 Subtotal 101.2 118.8 220.0 NORTH AMERICA Canada1 14.7 27.7 42.4 United States of America1 23.9 55.0 78.9 Subtotal 38.6 82.7 121.3 PACIFIC RIM Australia1 5.2 7.9 13.1 Japan 2.5 13.6 16.1 Korea, Republic of 0.4 1.1 1.5 New Zealand1 1.2 0.9 2.1 Subtotal 9.3 23.5 32.8 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Bangladesh 0.1 0.01 0.1 Brazil - 0.8 0.8 China1 0.7 2.4 3.1 Colombia - 1.1 1.1 Cote d’Ivoire 0.01 - 0.01 Egypt, Arab Republic of 0.3 0.2 0.5 India 0.8 6.4 7.2 Indonesia 0.1 0.1 0.2 Iran, Islamic Republic of 0.2 0.4 0.6 Kenya - 0.3 0.3 Malaysia 0.01 0.1 0.1 Mexico - 1.2 1.2 Nigeria - 0.2 0.2 Pakistan - 0.4 0.4 Peru - 0.5 0.5 Philippines 0.2 0.4 0.6 South Africa 0.5 - 0.5 Syria, Arab Republic of 0.5 0.1 0.6 Thailand 0.1 - 0.1 Turkey 0.03 0.2 0.2 Uganda 0.02 0.3 0.3 Subtotal 3.5 15.0 18.5 Total Member Countries 152.7 240.0 392.7 FOUNDATIONS Ford Foundation - 0.5 0.5 IDRC - 3.6 3.6 Kellogg Foundation - 0.3 0.3 Rockefeller Foundation1 0.5 1.5 2.0 Syngenta Foundation - 2.1 2.1 Subtotal 0.5 8.0 8.5 INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ADB - 3.1 3.1 AfDB - 0.7 0.7 Arab Fund - 1.3 1.3 FAO 1.3 4.2 5.5 Gulf Cooperation Council - 0.7 0.7 IDB - 1.5 1.5 IFAD - 9.1 9.1 OPEC Fund - 0.5 0.5 UNDP - 2.4 2.4 UNEP - 4.7 4.7 World Bank1 50.0 50.0 Subtotal 51.3 28.2 79.5 Total Organizations 204.5 276.2 480.7 Non-members Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 61.0 61.0 Others 0.5 63.5 64.0 Subtotal 0.5 124.5 125.0 Grand Total 205 401 606 1 Includes contribution for CGIAR transition management. EXHIBIT 3 Financial Results by Center ($ million) 2009 2008 Agenda Earned Total Agenda Earned Total Center funding 1 income revenue Expenditure Result funding income revenue Expenditure Result AfricaRice 22.3 0.1 22.4 19.8 2.6 12.5 0.3 12.8 10.9 1.9 Bioversity 35.7 0.1 35.8 36.3 (0.5) 37.0 1.1 38.1 37.9 0.2 CIAT 48.0 1.2 49.2 47.0 2.2 46.3 1.9 48.2 47.3 0.9 CIFOR 23.6 0.3 23.9 22.7 1.2 21.3 0.6 21.9 20.6 1.3 CIMMYT 48.8 1.6 50.4 44.3 6.1 40.8 2.3 43.1 41.7 1.4 CIP 32.7 0.6 33.3 31.8 1.5 27.4 0.5 27.9 27.6 0.3 ICARDA 31.8 1.3 33.1 32.5 0.6 30.1 1.8 31.9 32.0 (0.1) ICRISAT 47.8 4.2 52.0 49.9 2.1 48.0 2.6 50.6 47.9 2.7 IFPRI 62.5 0.6 63.1 58.4 4.7 49.9 0.4 50.3 48.3 2.0 IITA 48.9 3.8 52.7 51.3 1.4 48.4 2.9 51.3 51.0 0.3 ILRI 54.7 3.8 58.5 57.3 1.2 39.9 4.2 44.1 42.6 1.5 IRRI 48.1 1.8 49.9 50.1 (0.2) 37.5 0.3 37.8 41.4 (3.6) IWMI 28.2 0.5 28.7 25.7 3.0 26.1 0.7 26.8 25.2 1.6 World Agroforestry 33.5 3.0 36.5 34.9 1.6 29.3 2.0 31.3 28.3 3.0 WorldFish 17.3 0.4 17.7 17.9 (0.2) 18.6 0.7 19.3 20.8 (1.5) Subtotal 584 23 607 580 27 513 22 535 523 12 System level System-level activities 18.9 18.9 18.9 16.1 16.1 16.1 Unallocated Member funding (0.7) (0.7) (0.7) (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) Subtotal 18.2 18.2 18.9 (0.7) 15.5 15.5 16.1 (0.6) Less inter-Center activities (20.3) (20.3) (20.3) (15.8) (15.8) (15.8) Subtotal System level (2.1) (2.1) (1.4) (0.7) (0.3) (0.3) 0.3 (0.6) Total 582 23 605 578 27 513 22 535 524 11 Plus Challenge Program partners 24.0 24.0 24.5 (0.5) 18.3 18.3 18.3 Total CGIAR Program 606 23 629 603 26 531 22 553 542 11 1 Funding may differ from Centers’ audited financial statements due to system-level adjustments. CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 61 EXHIBIT 4 Center Finances, 2009 ($ million) Expenditure allocation Financing Member funding Reserves Supplies & Collaboration North Pacific Developing Intl & regnl Non- Inter-Center Total Earned Addition / Center Personnel services & partnerships Travel Depreciation Total Europe America Rim countries Foundations organizations members activities funding 1 income (Draw) AfricaRice 6.4 5.6 5.7 1.0 1.0 19.8 4.0 4.3 6.4 1.2 2.6 1.4 2.4 22.3 0.1 2.6 Bioversity 20.6 7.3 6.3 1.6 0.5 36.3 21.4 1.9 1.0 0.8 0.2 7.3 2.6 0.5 35.7 0.1 (0.5) CIAT 22.6 8.9 10.3 2.9 2.3 47.0 16.0 9.0 1.5 0.9 0.8 4.8 13.1 1.9 48.0 1.2 2.2 CIFOR 9.4 5.5 5.5 1.7 0.6 22.7 14.1 1.7 1.6 0.1 1.0 2.9 1.9 0.3 23.6 0.3 1.2 CIMMYT 17.9 12.9 8.1 2.4 3.0 44.3 10.3 9.1 4.5 2.4 0.7 2.8 15.9 3.1 48.8 1.6 6.1 CIP 12.7 10.9 4.3 2.4 1.5 31.8 13.8 6.3 1.3 0.8 0.7 3.1 5.4 1.3 32.7 0.6 1.5 ICARDA 12.4 10.9 4.1 3.8 1.3 32.5 10.0 3.9 2.7 2.4 0.3 6.7 5.7 0.1 31.8 1.3 0.6 ICRISAT 23.6 12.9 7.7 3.5 2.2 49.9 12.9 6.9 1.5 5.4 0.8 5.3 13.7 1.3 47.8 4.2 2.1 IFPRI 25.3 10.0 18.2 4.1 0.8 58.4 23.6 14.3 1.1 0.6 0.7 7.1 14.2 0.9 62.5 0.6 4.7 IITA 19.9 18.0 8.3 3.7 1.4 51.3 13.3 19.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 4.6 7.4 3.7 48.9 3.8 1.4 ILRI 19.3 15.1 6.2 3.2 13.5 57.3 15.2 26.7 0.3 0.4 1.4 2.9 5.0 2.8 54.7 3.8 1.2 IRRI 19.6 13.0 10.6 3.8 3.1 50.1 9.0 6.3 6.3 2.0 0.5 6.0 17.6 0.4 48.1 1.8 (0.2) IWMI 12.0 8.0 2.8 2.3 0.6 25.7 16.1 2.5 1.2 0.9 0.2 3.8 2.7 0.8 28.2 0.5 3.0 World Agroforestry 14.3 13.1 3.7 3.0 0.8 34.9 14.1 4.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 3.9 9.4 0.9 33.5 3.0 1.6 WorldFish 8.8 3.8 3.4 1.7 0.2 17.9 7.3 4.5 1.9 0.8 1.7 1.0 0.1 17.3 0.4 (0.2) Subtotal 245 156 105 41 33 580 201 120 32 19 8 65 117 20 584 23 27 System-level System-level activities 18.9 4.1 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.5 13.5 18.9 Unallocated Member (0.7) (0.7) (0.7) funding Subtotal 18.9 4.1 0.3 0.5 (0.6) 0.5 13.5 18.3 (0.7) Less inter-Center (20.3) (20.3) (20.3) activities Subtotal System-level (1) 4 0 1 (1) 1 13 (20) (2) (0.7) Total 245 156 105 41 33 579 205 121 33 19 8 79 117 0 582 23 27 Plus Challenge 10.3 6.6 4.4 1.7 1.5 24.5 15.0 0.4 0.2 0.4 8.0 24.0 (0.5) Program partners Total CGIAR program 255 163 109 43 34 603 220 121 33 19 9 79 125 0 606 23 26 1 Funding may differ from Centers’ audited financial statements due to system-level adjustments. 62 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS EXHIBIT 5 CGIAR System Financial Position ($ thousand) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 221,853 255,899 329,054 360,051 480,239 Accounts receivable Members 83,907 56,363 65,101 79,766 68,824 Employees 4,105 4,726 3,727 3,437 3,765 Others 22,280 20,952 26,689 27,171 30,729 Inventories 4,593 6,001 5,539 5,833 4,662 Pre-paid expenses 3,401 3,140 4,063 4,354 4,165 Other current assets 6,580 943 1,812 2,283 2,437 Total current assets 346,719 348,024 435,985 482,895 594,821 Noncurrent assets Net property, plant and equipment 77,869 78,277 76,177 78,507 75,892 Investments 46,642 41,020 52,819 61,265 80,204 Other assets 1,223 7,076 6,748 2,279 3,704 Total noncurrent assets 125,734 126,373 135,744 142,051 159,800 Total assets 472,453 474,397 571,729 624,946 754,621 Liabilities and net assets Current liabilities Accounts payable Members 119,497 112,065 172,599 196,601 230,828 Employees 14,514 19,024 19,727 17,890 19,770 Others 44,430 49,254 63,378 86,142 136,122 Accruals and provisions 24,086 25,938 30,563 32,869 39,667 Total current liabilities 202,527 206,281 286,267 333,502 426,387 Long-term liabilities 31,897 42,383 48,016 46,184 51,548 Total liabilities 234,424 248,664 334,283 379,686 477,935 Net assets Unrestricted Unrestricted net assets excl fixed assets 157,966 145,089 158,867 164,599 198,752 Fixed assets 77,869 78,277 76,177 78,507 75,892 Unrestricted net assets 235,835 223,365 235,044 243,106 274,644 Restricted 2,194 2,368 2,402 2,154 2,042 Total net assets 238,029 225,733 237,446 245,260 276,686 Total liabilities and net assets 472,453 474,397 571,729 624,946 754,621 CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 63 EXHIBIT 6 Summary of Challenge Programs, 2009 ($ million) Funds Available HarvestPlus Water & Food Generation SSA CCAFS Total Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 12.8 5.4 18.2 European Commission 3.4 10.2 2.2 15.8 France 0.7 0.7 Italy 0.7 0.7 IFAD 0.3 0.3 Sweden 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 Switzerland 1.2 0.4 1.6 Syngenta Foundation 1.0 0.04 1.0 United Kingdom 3.2 4.8 4.7 12.7 USA 0.04 0.04 Zinc Project Consortium 0.3 0.3 World Bank 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.3 6.3 Earned Income 0.2 0.1 0.3 Total 19.6 12.5 22.9 2.9 0.3 58.2 Expenditure HarvestPlus Water & Food Generation SSA CCAFS Total Center Others Center Others Center Others Center Others Center Others Center Others AfricaRice 0.02 0.3 0.3 Bioversity 0.3 0.5 0.8 CIAT 2.0 0.4 1.1 1.4 4.9 CIMMYT 1.0 0.2 1.1 0.5 2.8 CIP 0.4 0.7 1.1 ICARDA 0.03 0.4 0.3 0.7 ICRISAT 0.6 2.0 2.6 IFPRI 4.8 0.7 0.1 5.6 IITA 0.7 0.3 0.1 1.1 ILRI 0.5 0.5 IRRI 0.6 0.2 1.4 2.2 IWMI 5.1 5.1 WorldFish 1.4 1.4 Subtotal 10.2 8.6 8.9 1.3 7.6 9.5 2.5 4.3 0.8 29.2 24.5 Total 18.8 10.2 17.1 6.8 0.8 53.7 2009 balance 0.8 2.3 5.8 (3.9) (0.5) 4.5 2008 cumulative balance 23.8 6.6 7.5 37.9 2009 cumulative balance 24.6 2.3 12.4 3.6 (0.5) 42.4 64 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS Who’s Who CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 65 COUNTRIES REPRESENTATIVES ORGANIZATIONS CGIAR Australia Nick Austin Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research MEMBERS Austria Bangladesh Belgium Elisabeth Foerg Nurul Alam Joseph Kalders Austrian Development Agency Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs, (as defined through December 2009) Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation Brazil Elisio Contini Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) Canada Hélène Corneau Canadian International Development Agency China Huajun Tang Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Colombia Arturo Vega Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Côte d’Ivoire Tiemoko Yo Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources Denmark Lars Christian Oxe Ministry of Foreign Affairs Egypt, Arab Republic of Ayman Abou Hadid Agricultural Research Center Finland Tuula Pehu Ministry of Foreign Affairs France Michel Dodet French National Institute for Agricultural Research Germany Marlene Diekmann Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development India Subbanna Ayyappan Indian Council for Agricultural Research Indonesia Wahjudi Wardojo Forestry Research & Development Agency Iran, Islamic Republic of Jahangir Porhemmat Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization Ireland Emma Leonard Irish Aid Israel Yakov Poleg Ministry of Agriculture and Science Italy Gioacchino Carabba Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan Keiichi Sugita Ministry of Foreign Affairs Kenya Romano Kiome Ministry of Agriculture Korea, Republic of Hong Kil Moon Rural Development Administration Luxembourg Miguel Marques Ministry of Finance Malaysia Abdul Shukor bin Abdul Rahman Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute Mexico Pedro Brajcich-Gallegos Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias Morocco Zouttane El-Madani Ministry of Agriculture Netherlands Wijnand Van Ijssel Ministry of Foreign Affairs New Zealand Andrea Stewart New Zealand Agency for International Development Nigeria Baba Yusuf Abubakar Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria Norway Ruth Haug Norwegian University of Life Sciences Pakistan Muhammad Qureshi Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock Peru Miguel Barandiaran Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria Philippines Nicomedes P. Eleazar Department of Agriculture Portugal Jorge Braga de Macedo Ministry of Science and Higher Education Romania Nicolae Hristea Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Russian Federation Olga Glukhovtseva Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences South Africa Joseph Sebola Department of Agriculture Spain Paloma Melgarejo Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria Sweden Philip Chiverton Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Switzerland Carmen Thoennissen Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation Syrian Arab Republic Adel Safar Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform Thailand Margaret Yoovatana Department of Agriculture Turkey Masum Burak Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Uganda Denis Kyetere National Agricultural Research Organization United Kingdom Jonathan Wadsworth Department for International Development United States Robert Bertram United States Agency for International Development 66 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS FOUNDATIONS Ford Foundation Charles Bailey International Development Research Centre Jean Lebel Kellogg Foundation Rick Foster Rockefeller Foundation James K. Nyoro Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture Marco Ferroni INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS African Development Bank Aly Abou-Sabaa Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development Al-Hamad Abdulatif Asian Development Bank Katsuji Matsunami European Commission Marc Debois Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Alexander Müller Gulf Cooperation Council of the Arab States Hilal Ambusaidi Inter-American Development Bank Hector R. Malarin International Fund for Agricultural Development Rodney Cooke OPEC Fund for International Development Suleiman Al-Herbish United Nations Development Programme Philip Dobie United Nations Environment Programme Angela Cropper World Bank Juergen Voegele CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 67 THE CGIAR IN 2009 EXECUTIVE COUNCIL EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, EXCO CGIAR CHAIR Ren Wang Katherine Sierra Chair: Katherine Sierra Vice President, Sustainable Development Network, CGIAR SECRETARIAT Co-sponsors: Iftikhar Mostafa World Bank Jason Yauney Juergen Voegele (World Bank) Rodney Cooke (IFAD) CGIAR DIRECTOR Alexander Müller (FAO) STANDING COMMITTEES Ren Wang Alliance of the CGIAR Centers Executive Chair: Stephen Hall ADVISORY COMMITTEES Science Council Chair: Roelof (Rudy) Rabbinge COSPONSORS AND THEIR Global Forum on Agricultural Research Chair: SCIENCE COUNCIL REPRESENTATIVES Adel El-Beltagy Roelof (Rudy) Rabbinge, Chair Beatriz da Silveira Pinheiro Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: OECD/DAC Gebisa Ejeta Alexander Müller Ken Fischer International Fund for Agricultural Development: Americas: Robert Bertram (USA) Hans Herren Rodney Cooke Asia-Pacific: Hong-Kil Moon (Korea) Jeffrey Sayer United Nations Development Programme: Europe: Derek Byerlee (ex-officio) Philip Dobie Marc Debois (EC) STANDING PANEL ON IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SPIA) World Bank: Ruth Haug (Norway) Derek Byerlee, Chair Juergen Voegele Jonathan Wadsworth (UK) Ross Conner Mywish Maredia DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Zenda Ofir Americas: Eliseo Contini (Brazil) Asia-Pacific: Mangala Rai (India) STANDING PANEL ON MONITORING AND EVALUATION (SPME) CWANA: Jahangir Porhemmat (Iran) Ken Fischer, Chair Regional Fora: Mario Allegri (FORAGRO) Osvaldo Feinstein SSA: Baba Yusuf Abubakar (Nigeria) Paul Vlek FOUNDATIONS SCIENCE COUNCIL SECRETARIAT Marco Ferroni (Syngenta) Temporarily vacant, Executive Director Chris Deane, Senior Agricultural Research Officer PARTNER Peter Gardiner, Senior Agricultural Research Officer William Niebur Sirkka Immonen, Senior Agricultural Research Officer (Private Sector Committee Chair) Timothy Kelley, Senior Agricultural Research Officer 68 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS THE CGIAR, 1971-2009 CGIAR CHAIRS, CGIAR DIRECTORS, SCIENCE COUNCIL INTERIM SCIENCE TECHNICAL ADVISORY 1971-2009 2001-2009 CHAIRS, 2004-2009 COUNCIL CHAIR, COMMITTEE EXECUTIVE 2001-2003 SECRETARIES, Katherine Sierra, 2006- Ren Wang, 2007- Roelof (Rudy) Rabbinge, 2007- 1971-2003 Ian Johnson, 2000-2006 Francisco J.B. Reifschneider, Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2004- Emil Q. Javier, 2001-2003 Ismail Serageldin, 1994-2000 2001-2007 2006 Shellemiah Keya, 1996-2003 V. Rajagopalan, 1991-1993 TECHNICAL ADVISORY Guido Gryseels, 1995-1996 Wilfried Thalwitz, 1990-1991 CGIAR EXECUTIVE SCIENCE COUNCIL COMMITTEE CHAIRS, John Monyo, 1985-1994 W. David Hopper, 1987-1990 SECRETARIES, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, 1971-2001 Alexander von der Osten, S. Shahid Hussain, 1984-1987 1972-2001 2004-2009 1982-1985 Warren Baum, 1974-1983 Philippe Mahler, 1976-1982 Emil Q. Javier, 2000-2001 Richard H. Demuth, 1971-1974 Alexander von der Osten, Temporarily vacant, 2009- Peter Oram, 1971-1976 Donald Winkelmann, 1994-1999 1989-2001 Ruben Echeverria, 2004-2009 Alex McCalla, 1988-1994 Curtis Farrar, 1982-1989 Guy Camus, 1982-1987 Michael Lejeune, 1975-1982 Ralph Cummings, 1977-1982 Harold Graves, 1972-1975 Sir John Crawford, 1971-1976 70 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS ABBREVIATIONS AB Alliance Board of the CGIAR CWANA Central & West Asia and North Africa ILRI International Livestock Research Institute, ADB Asian Development Bank DAC Development Assistance Committee of OECD Kenya AfDB African Development Bank EC European Commission IP innovation platform AFP Agence France-Presse EIAR Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AfSIS African Soil Information Service Embrapa Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa IRRI International Rice Research Institute, AE Alliance Executive of the CGIAR Agropecuária (Brazilian Agricultural Philippines AGM Annual General Meeting of the CGIAR Research Corporation) ISPC Independent Science and Partnership ARDD Agriculture and Rural Development Day epIA ex-post impact assessment Council of the CGIAR AWD alternate wetting and drying FAO Food and Agriculture Organization IWMI International Water Management Institute, (intermittent irrigation) of the United Nations Sri Lanka BBC British Broadcasting Corporation FORAGRO Fondo Regional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development CA conservation agriculture (Forum for the Americas on Agricultural OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Research and Technology Development), and Development Development Program Guatemala OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting CATIE Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación GCARD Global Conference on Agricultural Research Countries y Enseñanza (Tropical Agriculture Research for Development REDD reducing emissions from deforestation and and Higher Education Centre), Costa Rica GCP Generation Challenge Programme degradation in developing countries CBFC community-based fish culture of the CGIAR ReSAKKS Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge CDM Clean Development Mechanism GFAR Global Forum on Agricultural Research Support System of the Kyoto Protocol GHG greenhouse gas SABC South African Broadcasting Corporation CGIAR Consultative Group on International GRPC Genetic Resources Policy Committee SPIA Standing Panel on Impact Assessment Agricultural Research of the CGIAR of the CGIAR CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical IBP Integrated Breeding Platform of the GCP SPME Standing Panel on Monitoring International (International Center for ICARDA International Center for Agricultural and Evaluation of the CGIAR Tropical Agriculture), Colombia Research in the Dry Areas, Syria SSA-CP Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Program CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research, ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for of the CGIAR Indonesia the Semi-Arid Tropics, India TARAM tool for afforestation and reforestation CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de IDB Islamic Development Bank approved methodologies Maiz y Trigo (International Maize and Wheat IDRC International Development Research Centre TMT Transition Management Team of the CGIAR Improvement Center), Mexico IFAD International Fund for Agricultural UK United Kingdom CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa Development UN United Nations (International Potato Center), Peru IFAP International Federation of Agricultural UNDP United Nations Development Programme COP15 15th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC Producers UNEP United Nations Environment Programme CPWF Challenge Program on Water IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute, UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on and Food of the CGIAR United States Climate Change IITA International Institute of Tropical US, USA United States of America Agriculture, Nigeria CGIAR. ANNUAL REPORT. 2009 71 72 FROM RESEARCH TO RESULTS PHOTOGRAPHY CREDITS Cover 1 and CD: Neil Palmer/CIAT P1: Neil Palmer/CIAT P3: Mike Goldwater/CGIAR G&D Program P4: CGIAR P6: Neil Palmer/ CIAT P7: Mike Goldwater/CGIAR G&D Program P8: Dominic Chavez P9: Neil Palmer/CIAT P10: Neil Palmer/CIAT P11: Neil Palmer/CIAT P14: IRRI P15: Neil Palmer/CIAT P16: Neil Palmer/CIAT P19: Mike Goldwater/CGIAR G&D Program P20: R. Raman/AfricaRice P21: S. Padulosi/Bioversity International P22: Neil Palmer/CIAT P23: Zenia Salinas P24: CIMMYT P25: S. De Haan/CIP P26: Geletu Bejiga/ICARDA P27: ICRISAT P28: Michele Pietrowski/IFPRI P29: R. Bandyopadhyay/IITA P30: Stevie Mann/ILRI P31: Gene Hettel/IRRI P32: Sharni Jayawardena/IWMI P33: World Agroforestry Centre P34: A. Ribier/WorldFish Center P35: Neil Palmer/CIAT P36: Neil Palmer/CIAT P37: Mark Prein/WorldFish Center P38: IRRI P39: Wolfgang Pfeiffer/HarvestPlus P40: SSA-CP P41: Neil Palmer/CIAT P43: Photos courtesy of CGIAR Science Award 2009 recipients P49: CIFOR P50: AWARD P51: IWMI (far left photo); Neil Palmer/CIAT (other photos) P53: Neil Palmer/CIAT P55: Neil Palmer/CIAT P72 and Cover 3: Curt Carnemark/World Bank PRODUCTION CREDITS Design: Patricia Hord.Grafik Design Editing: Peter Fredenburg Printing: District Creative Printing Inc Production: CGIAR Fund Office CGIAR Fund Office 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA TELEPHONE: 1 202 473 8951 FAX: 1 202 473 8110 EMAIL: cgiar@cgiar.org cgiarfund@cgiar.org Printed on environmentally friendly paper www.cgiar.org www.cgiarfund.org September 2010