SFG2945 Federal Republic of Nigeria Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development (FMARD) Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) Pest Management IntegratedEnhancement Nigeria Agro-Processing, Productivity and Plan (IPMP) Livelihood Improvement Support Project (APPELISP) Kogi State Staple Crop Processing Zone (SCPZ) December 2016 Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Table of Contents PART 1: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................1 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................1 1.2 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE...............................................................................................................3 1.3 PROJECT TARGETED BENEFICIARIES...............................................................................................................3 1.4 PROJECT COMPONENTS: ...................................................................................................................................3 1.5 RATIONAL FOR THE IPMP ...............................................................................................................................5 1.6 SCOPE OF THE IPMP ........................................................................................................................................6 PART 2: DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AREA ................................................................................................................7 2.1 THE BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES .........................................................................................7 2.1.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT..............................................................................................................8_TOC469558991 2.1.2. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT.................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 DESCRIPTION OF SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 THE DEMOGRAPHICS ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 ETHNIC GROUPS AND RELIGION ................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.3 LAND USE PATTERN ....................................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.4 LAND TENURE IN NIGERIA ............................................................................................................................................ 15 2.2.5 PUBLIC HEALTH FEATURES .......................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.6 POVERTY........................................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.7 ECONOMICS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.8 LITERACY ............................................................................................................................................................................ 16 2.2.9 FACILITIES: TRANSPORTATION, ELECTRICITY, AND EDUCATION ........................................................................... 17 2.2.10 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND LIVELIHOODS .......................................................................................................... 17 2.2.11 WOMEN AND THEIR RIGHT TO OWNERSHIP OF FARMLAND IN NIGERIA ...................................................................... 18 2.2.12 VULNERABLE PEOPLE ................................................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.13 LAND COMPETITION AND CONFLICT..................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.14 LAND TENURE AND LAND USE ACROSS THE ABIR INFLUENCE COMMUNITIES ............................................. 19 2.2.15 INFRASTRUCTURE (ROAD AND ELECTRICITY) ........................................................................................................ 20 2.2.16 WATER SUPPLY FOR AGRICULTURAL USE ............................................................................................................... 21 PART 3: PEST MANAGEMENT CONCERNS AND CONTROL MEASURES IN NIGERIA ..................... 22 3.1 PEST AND DISEASES PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURE IN NIGERIA .................................................................. 22 3.2 CONTROL METHODS OF PESTS AND DISEASES IN NIGERIA .......................................................................... 22 3.3 ASSESSMENT OF CAPACITY OF NIGERIA ON INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT ....................................... 23 PART 4: EXISTING LEGISLATIONS ON AND POLICIES ON USE OF CHEMICAL FOR PEST MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 4.1 EXTANT LAWS OF NIGERIA ON PESTICIDES MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 25 4.2 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS & TREATIES RELEVANT TO PEST MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA .............. 27 4.3 WORLD BANK OP 4.09 ................................................................................................................................ 29 PART 5: IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY ADVERSE IMPACTS OF PESTICIDES ...................... 32 5.1 GLOBAL CONCERNS ON THE USE OF PESTICIDES ......................................................................................... 32 i|Page Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 5.1.11 PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS) ......................................................................................................... 32 5.2 PESTICIDES AND HUMAN HEALTH ................................................................................................................ 32 5.3 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH PESTICIDES 33 5.3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL............................................................................................................................................................ 33 5.3.2 HEALTH ............................................................................................................................................................................ 34 5.4 IMPACT MITIGATION THROUGH IPMP ........................................................................................................ 37 PART 6: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE APPEALS ............................................ 38 6.1 IPMP OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................... 38 6.2 SPECIFIC IPMP OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 38 6.3 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT METHODS SUITABLE FOR THE VALUE CHAINS WITHIN THE PROJECT AREA 39 6.4 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) .............................................................................................. 68 6.5 PEST MANAGEMENT PLANNING MATRIX ..................................................................................................... 68 1. TEST AND PROMOTE BOTANICAL ALTERNATIVES TO SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES. ............................................... 72 PART 7: IMPLENTATION STRATEGY ............................................................................................................ 73 7.1 CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................................................ 73 7.2 CAPACITY BUILDING ..................................................................................................................................... 74 7.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTATION.......................................... 76 7.3.1 ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UNITS (NATIONAL AND STATE COORDINATION OFFICES) ........................................................................................................................................................ 76 7.3.9 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROJECT BENEFICIARIES................................................................................... 77 7.3.10 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) ..................................... 77 7.3.11 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF DONOR AGENCIES (WORLD BANK) ............................................................. 78 7.4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF FEDERAL MINISTRIES ............................................................................................... 78 7.4.1 FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT (FMARD) ............................................. 78 7.4.2 FEDERAL MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES ......................................................................................................... 78 7.4.3 FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................. 79 7.5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................................................... 79 PART 8: WORKPLAN AND BUDGET............................................................................................................... 81 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................... 82 ANNEXES................................................................................................................................................................. 83 ANNEX 1: LIST OF CROP AND LIVESTOCK PROTECTION PRODUCTS APPROVED FOR USE BY NAFDAC.............. 83 ANNEX 2: GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES GUIDE AND PESTICIDES MANAGEMENT MEASURES ..................... 85 ANNEX 3: WHO CLASSIFICATION (CLASS I & II) .................................................................................................. 92 ANNEX 4: LABELLING, PACKAGING, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL (FAO) .............................................................. 104 ii | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS List of Tables Table 1.1: APPEALS Participating States ...................................................................................... 2 Table 1.2: APPEALS Value Chains ................................................................................................ 2 Table 2.1: Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standard ...................................................................... 10 Table 2.2: Air Quality Classification Based on TSP Values......................................................... 10 Table 2.3: Land-use and Land Cover Distribution of Kogi state (Area (Km2) ............................ 12 Table 2.4: Nigeria Population figures, 2006 ................................................................................. 14 Table 5.1: Matrix of Some WHO Classified Pesticides and their Effects .................................... 35 Table 6.1: Value Chain Pests and Control methods in Nigeria ..................................................... 39 Table 6.2: Value Chain Diseases and Control methods in Nigeria ............................................... 53 Table 6.3: Planning matrix for the APPELISP ............................................................................. 69 Table 6.4: Components activities and expected results of the IPMP ............................................ 70 Table 7.1 Capacity Building.......................................................................................................... 74 Table 8.1: Budget summary (US$) ............................................................................................... 81 ACRONYMS ABIR Agribusiness Investment Region APP Agricultural Promotion Policy APPEALS Agro-Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood ABU Ahmadu Bello Improvement University Support Project ADP Agricultural Development Project AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome APP Agricultural Promotion Policy ATA Agricultural Transformation Agenda BP Bank Procedure CADP Commercial Agriculture Development Project CBOs Community Based Organizations CO Carbon Monoxide CRIN Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria CSP Centre du Secteur Privé DDT Dichlochphenyl trichloroethane DFID Department for International Development EA Environmental Assessment ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EMC Executive Management Committee EMC iii | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan EU European Union FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FCT Federal Capital Territory FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FMARD Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development FMEnv. Federal Ministry of Environment FMARD FMH Federal Ministry of Health FMLP Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity FORMECU Forestry Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinating Unit GDP Gross Domestic Product GEMS Growth and Empowerment in States GDP GNI Gross National Income IDA International Development Association IFC International Finance Corporation IITA International Institute for Tropical Agriculture IPM Integrated Pest Management IPMP Integrated Pest Management Project ITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence International Institute Zone Agriculture for Tropical IPMP KADP Kogi Agricultural Development Project LFN Laws of the Federation of Nigeria LGA Local Government Area M&E Monitoring & Evaluation MARD Ministry of Agricultural Resource Development MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MRL Maximum Residue Levels NAFDAC National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control NBS National Bureau of Statistics NCO National Coordinating Office NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NOX Nitrogen Oxide NGR Nigerian Naira MRL Maximum Residue Levels NESREA National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement OHS Occupational and Health Safety Agency OP Operational Policy PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls PDO Project Development Objectives PEIA Poverty Eradication Initiative in Africa pH Power of Hydrogen PIC Prior Informed Consent PIU Project Implementation Unit PLM Participatory Learning Modules POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants PPE Personal Protective Equipment iv | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS PPP Public-Private-Partnerships RAP Resettlement Action Plan PPP RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SCO State Coordinating Office SCPZs Multiple Staple Crop Processing Zones SMA State Ministry of Agriculture SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises SO2 Sulphur dioxide Small and Medium Enterprises SPV Specific Purpose vehicle TRIMING Transforming Irrigation Management in Nigeria UN United Nations UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USA United States of America WAAPP West Africa Agriculture Productivity Program WAFRINET West Africa Network WHO World Health Organization UNITS Km kilometer µg/m3 Micrograms per Cubic Metre μmhos/cm Micromhoms per Centimetre mm Millimetre v|Page Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES 1 Context The Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) of the Nigeria Staple Crop Processing Zone (SCPZ) project, was prepared, consulted upon reviewed and subsequently disclosed in Nigeria and World Bank InfoShop on April 23, 2015 and April 29, 2015 respectively. This IPMP has now been updated to incorporate the changes in the original design of the project as requested by the borrower. These changes include geographical extension to other states and additional value chains. These changes did not trigger new World Bank safeguard policies. In addition, the potentially significant adverse impacts are not envisaged to exceed what was expected in the original design of the SCPZ project. Overall, impacts are expected to positively foster and help ensure environmental sustainability and social inclusion. The project concept is embodied in transforming small subsistence farmers’ production system (farming 1-5 ha) become a market-oriented agricultural undertaking and support middle size farmers (5-10ha) address constraints in enhancing productivity and their effective participation in value chains. The project concept is embodied in transforming small subsistence farmers’ production system (farming 1-5 ha) become a market-oriented agricultural undertaking and support middle size farmers (5-10ha) address constraints in enhancing productivity and their effective participation in value chains. The agriculture sector of Nigeria is characterized by low productivity; little and untimely access to inputs; lack of seed funds for establishing agro-processing plants by producer cooperatives; lack of access to supportive infrastructure; challenging business environment; limited access to markets; and low level of technology adaption; weak quality control mechanism; and low capacity at all levels. The project will address some of these challenges: (i) improving access to seed capital through grants and matching grants; (ii) support to productivity enhancement through introduction of new technologies and agricultural inputs; (iii) improve access to infrastructure by supporting investment; (iv) improving the capacity of producer cooperative through training and TA, especially for targeted women and youth groups; (v) facilitate market linkage through out-growers schemes; and (vi) facilitate on-farm value addition by targeting limited value chains and linking farmers to the supply chain. Within that context, the project-support will allow to achieve three priority goals: exploit export potential, improve food security and enhance livelihoods. The type of value chains to be supported will be aligned towards the achievement of these priority goals – in the immediate, short-run and medium-term. vi | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS The objective of the APPELIS Project is to support agricultural productivity growth and value addition by greater inclusion of smaller categories of farmers, production and processing units and opening it up beyond the model SCPZ in Alape, Kogi State to more states in Nigeria along the APP priority value chain corridor for better representation of various agro-ecological and geo-political zones of the country. The project is also aimed to use the existing implementation structures of the World Bank funded Commercial Agriculture Development Project (CADP) to fast track implementation of the new project and to take advantage of the achievements and experiences already gained in the 5 CADP participating states (Cross River, Enugu, Kaduna, Kano and Lagos), working on 8 value chains (rice, maize, poultry, aquaculture, dairy, milk, cashew, oil palm and cocoa). Kogi State which was the basis for the preparation of this project in its early design will also be added for the development and agro-processing of the cassava value chain. The Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support Project (APPEALS) Project, which seeks to obtain funding to the sum of US$200m from the World Bank, is in line with the Agriculture Promotion Policy1, which intends to build on the legacy of the ATA and to support policy thrusts on Food Security, Import Substitution, Job Creation and Economic Diversification. The policy thrust has three key thematic areas: Productivity Enhancement, Crowding in Private Investment, and FMARD’ Institutional Realignment. The proposed project will support the government new policy thrust and priorities for the agriculture sector across the three thematic areas of the APP, focusing more on Theme 1- productivity Enhancements 1, and contributing to some extend to Theme 2 Crowding in Private Investment and Theme 3- FMARD Institutional realignment. The proposed project is expected to cover the five states being supported under CADP, plus Kogi state which was the basis for the preparation of this project in its early design Project direct beneficiaries are estimated at a minimum of 60,000 individuals living in the six participating states, with about 10,000 per state, constituted mostly by farmers and their cooperatives societies, as well as individuals and owners, associates and workers of small and medium scale business enterprises along and around the supported priority value chains. It is anticipated that 35 percent of the total direct beneficiaries will be women. By design, the project has a dedicated sub-component to benefit women and youth that will allow them to develop agri-business that is expected to create jobs and improve their livelihoods. vii | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS ES3: Relationship of the OP 4.09-Pest Management with other triggered Safeguard Policies Safeguard policies potentially triggered by the APPEALS based on EA screening result are: S/N Safeguard Policies Triggered by the APPEALS Yes No 1 Environmental Assessment (OP/OB/GP 4.01) * 2 Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) * 3 Pest Management (OP 4.09) * 4 Indigenous peoples (OP 4.10) * 5 Physical Cultural Heritage (OP 4.11) * 6 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) * 7 Forest (OP 4.36) * 8 Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) * 9 Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP/GP 7.50) * 10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60) * OP/BP 4.01 takes into account the biophysical and social environments. The Bank requires Environmental Assessment to help ensure that projects which it is financing are environmentally sound and sustainable. Since land use change and construction works will occur at the project sites (extensive cultivation of land, building of the processing plants, access roads construction and rehabilitation, provision of jetties, etc) this project thus triggers OP/BP 4.01. In Bank-financed agricultural projects, pest infestations/ populations are controlled through integrated pest management methods (biological, cultural etc), since the APPEALS is a major agricultural project, for the purposes of Bank involvement and the obvious need to address pest management, OP 4.09 is triggered. The objective of OP 4.11 on Physical Cultural Resources is to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of Bank financed development projects on cultural resources. This is usually addressed in an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) or specifically, in and Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) or Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). However, because the developments associated with this project will be implemented on brown fields majorly, this safeguard policy is not triggered for this project. The APPEALS is also likely to cause involuntary resettlement of farmers, hunters, herdsmen, farm land and lands used for other purposes originally part of the project locations. If farmers or other project affected people are to lose their farms, lands or livelihood, under Bank safeguard policies, a resettlement policy framework (RPF) is needed for this project. A Resettlement Action Framework (RPF) was prepared as a separate instrument to address the involuntary resettlement issues that might result from project implementation. Simultaneously, an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) was prepared to provide guidance and principles for addressing potential environmental and social impacts that may result from civil works activities. However, the ESMF does not completely address the concerns that relate to pest control for the project. Thus, the preparation of this Integrated Pest viii | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Management Plan (IPMP) becomes necessary to complement the ESMF as it is intended to proffer suitable Integrated Pest Management (IPM) methods for the project sites and ensure that pesticides application are minimized or completely avoided. Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37): Small dams, dykes and weir will be constructed by the project. This because the provision of water for agro processing; productivity enhancement and livelihood improvement support activities might impound streams water and require the establishment of weirs and/or dams. These are small dams and generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineer should be sufficient. ES4: Rationale for the IPMP Integrated Pest Management (IPM) brings together, into a workable combination the best strategies of all control methods that apply to a given problem created by the activities of pests. IPM has been defined in various ways but a more scientific definition describes it as, "the practical manipulation of pest populations using sound ecological principles to keep pest populations below a level causing economic injury". Considering the land mass required for the large-scale cultivation, breeding and processing of the value chains, there is undoubtedly the likelihood of infestation by pests, currently within the proposed area or migratory pests. In line with the World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies, an agricultural development project such as this will trigger World Bank’s Operational Policy OP 4.09 (Pest Management), hence the need for an Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) which is the suitable safeguard instrument for tackling pest management issues. ES 5: Scope of the IPMP This IPMP covers the existing national and international legislations on the use of chemicals for pest management. It also assesses the Nigerian experience in pest management and in-country capacity in implementing integrated pest management approaches. Other areas addressed by it include training and awareness creation for the public and users of pesticides on safety measures, description of pesticides banned for use in Nigeria as well as those approved for use. Specifically, it also identifies institutional responsibility with regards to mitigation measures and monitoring indicators to be observed in order to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the IPMP. The IPMP will be reviewed and cleared by International Development Association (IDA) prior to disclosure country wide in Nigeria and InfoShop along with the ESMF report. ES6: Legislative and Regulatory Framework A number of legislations, policies and treaties were considered in this study. They include National extant laws, International conventions and treaties and the World Bank Operational ix | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Policy 4.09. These legislations are listed below, while comprehensive details are contained in the body of this report; National Laws and Policies  Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development (1988)  National Policy on the Environment, 1989  FEPA Decree 58 of 1988 as amended by Decree 59 of 1992 and 1999 but complemented by rules and regulations such as FEPA S.1.5, FEPA S.1.9 dealing with disposal and distribution/use of pesticides.  NAFDAC Decree 15 of 1993, as amended by Decree 19 of 1999.  The Factories Acts 1990 being implemented by the Factories Inspectorate Division of FMLP.  The Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions etc.) Decree 42 of 1988 being implemented by FMEV. International conventions & Treaties  Montreal Protocol  Bamako Convention on Hazardous Wastes  Basel Convention on Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal  Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP)  International Code of Conduct for the Distribution and Use of Pesticides  Rotterdam Convention World Bank OP 4.09 This policy supports safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management and promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. It states that the assessment of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management should be undertaken for any project that involves pest management. Projects that include the manufacture, use, or disposal of environmentally significant quantities of pest control products are classified as Category A. Depending on the level of environmental risk, other projects involving pest management issues are classified as A, B, C, or FI. The national extant laws in Nigeria are consistent with international laws, World Bank Operational Policy 4.09 as well as annex C of OP4.01 on the procurement, use, handling and disposal of pesticides. However, in the event of any discordance between the existing laws in Nigeria and the World Bank safeguard policies the more stringent of the two will take precedence. ES7: Assessment of the Capacity of Nigeria on the Implementation of IPMP In order to reduce the incidences of pest in Nigeria a number of project based interventions have been carried including those funded by the World Bank and FAO on IPM. They include the x|Page Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Cocoa farmers training on the use of IPM for pest control, the IPM for pest control in the National FADAMA Agricultural Development in Nigeria, Commercial Agriculture Development Project (CADP) and the farmer’s training on IPM under the Transforming Irrigation Management in Nigeria (TRIMING) project. There are also other IPM implementation cases addressing key crops in Nigeria, for example, for control of root knot nematodes in tomato and for downy mildew control in maize. Similarly, there was the IPM recommendations for control of the African Rice Gall Midge including the combination of resistant crop varieties with seed dressing, timely planting, and pest monitoring to guide pesticide applications. Based on the successes recorded in the aforementioned IPM cases, it can be concluded that there exists capacity within the country on the use of IPM. However, for the proposed project, additional training and awareness creation will be required as detailed in this report. ES8: Adverse Environmental & Health Impacts This IPMP identified a number of environmental and health risk that may be encountered through unsafe use of synthetic chemical pesticides in the project areas. Environmental 1. Soil contamination Pesticides which are still used in agricultural land in and around the project sites could enter soil during spraying resulting in wash-off or run-off into soil. Some pesticides such as soil fumigants and nematocides which are applied directly into soil to control pests and plant diseases are often retained in the soil. Long-term excessive use of pesticides will cause higher pesticide residues in the soil which will cause soil contamination within the area. 2. Surface and Groundwater Contamination Generally, there are four major routes through which pesticides reach the water: they may drift outside of the intended area when sprayed, may percolate, or leach through soil, may be carried to the water as runoff, or may be spilled. Pesticides typically enter surface water when rainfall or irrigation water exceeds the infiltration capacity of soil and resulting runoff then transports pesticides to streams, rivers, and other surface-water bodies. Groundwater contamination may occur when pesticide residue in surface water, such as drainages, streams, and municipal wastewater is leached downward into groundwater. Contamination of groundwater is likely to occur if pesticide applications are adopted by the proposed project as the most preferred measure for pest management. 3. Air Pollution Vapour from sprayed pesticides will be released into the air, and if the chemical compound is very stable, vapour may travel beyond the project intervention sites. Whether pesticides are applied by spraying or by surface application, air is usually the medium through which the chemicals move to their intended and unintended targets. xi | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS While some of the active ingredients in pesticides stay in the atmosphere for only a short while, others may last longer and may have the potential to contaminate the air, affecting humans and animals. Reliable data on how pesticides behave in air, such as distance travelled, are lacking, because adequate monitoring is unavailable. 4. Harm to Non-target Species The environmental impact of pesticides consists of the effects of pesticides on non-target species. Over 98 percentof sprayed insecticides and 95 percentof herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, because they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields. Runoff can carry pesticides into aquatic environments while wind can carry them to other fields, grazing areas, human settlements and undeveloped areas, potentially affecting other species. Other problems emerge from poor production, transport and storage practices. Over time, repeated application increases pest resistance, while its effects on other species can facilitate the pest's resurgence. Potential Site-related Health Concerns 1. Consumption of crops and plants grown under chemical pest control could cause health hazards to humans and animals within and around the project site. 2. Certain kinds of chemical intoxication especially after drinking pesticide contaminated water is a medium to high likelihood. This is a crucial potential impact considering that most of the locals within the project areas get drinking water from surface and groundwater sources. 3. Skin, eye, and nose irritation 4. Possibility of cancers, neurologic, endocrine and reproductive problems form direct and indirect exposure to pesticides 5. Occupational health and safety risks: Long term inhalation of toxic pesticides sprayed, could eventually result in respiratory illnesses or disease conditions ES9: Integrated Pest Management Plan The IPMP for the APPEALS is developed to reduce dependency on pesticides and encourage integrated pest control methods. It considers a) IPM methods before planting (site selection, soil improvement practices, selection of appropriate value chain varieties and selection of planting materials; and IPM methods to be applied after planting such as biological, cultural, physical, chemical methods. It also designs a program for capacity building in IPM. By identifying institutional responsibilities, the IPMP also provides an information basis for stakeholder groups to establish functional mechanisms which will help project actors and Partners understand and respond to IPM needs. ES10: Framework for Implementation Consistent with the National Draft Policy document for SCPZs, the IPMP also identified implementation arrangements and describes responsibilities at the State and National levels. The xii | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS institutions will carry out joint supervision missions with the World Bank and provide administrative and technical support to the project intervention sites to ensure compliance with this IPMP. Some of these include the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, APPEALS State Coordinating Offices (SCOs), State FADAMA III and Agricultural Development Project (ADP), and other MDAs ES12: Capacity Building and Awareness Capacity building and awareness will be very important to the project beneficiaries in the understanding and implementation of this IPMP. The training modules and communication strategy are well spelled out in this report. xiii | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS ES13 Budget for Implementation Approximately US$ 1,200,000 will be required to effectively implement the IPMP over a Seven-year period. Line item Yr. 1 Yr. 2 Yr. 3 Yr. 4 Yr. 5 Yr. 6 Yr. 7 Total 1. Capacity building & Awareness All training programs (See table 6.0) 168,000 140,000 140,000 60,000 60,000 55,000 30,000 653,000 Radio jingles and handbill on IPM 20,000 14,000 8,200 8,200 5,000 0 0 55,400 Sub-total 188,000 154,000 148,200 68,200 65,000 55,000 30,000 708,400 2. Environmental management Equipment; bed nets; improved species 7,200 10,800 10,800 7,200 3,600 3,600 3,000 46,200 Support to IPM research and development 14,300 18,000 18,000 7,200 7,200 7,200 5,700 77,600 Pest/vector surveillance 3,500 5,700 5,700 5,700 3,600 3,600 3,600 31,400 Sub-total 25,000 34,500 34,500 20,100 14,400 14,400 12,300 155,200 3. Occupational Health & Safety Personal Protective Equipment 36,000 36,000 25,000 25,000 21,500 18,000 14,000 175,500 (Hand gloves, gas mask, safety boot and overall wear) Chemical Neutralizer and first Aid 25,000 18,000 14,300 14,300 14,300 6,500 0 92,400 Sub-total 61,000 54,000 39,300 39,300 35,800 24,500 14,000 267,900 4. Project management IPMP coordination 2,600 2,900 2,600 2,600 2,600 2,600 2,600 18,500 Monitoring and evaluation 5,800 7,300 7,250 7,250 7,200 7,200 8,000 50,000 Sub-total 8,400 10,200 9,850 9,850 9,800 9,800 10,600 68,500 Grand total 282,400 252,700 231,850 137,450 125,000 103,700 66,900 1,200,000 xiv i | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background The Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) of the Nigeria Agro-Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support Project (APPEALS) was prepared, consulted upon reviewed and subsequently disclosed in Nigeria and World Bank InfoShop on April 23, 2015 and April 29, 2015 respectively. This IPMU has now been updated to incorporate the changes in the original design of the project as requested by the borrower. These changes include geographical extension to other states and additional value chains. These changes did not trigger new World Bank safeguard policies. In addition, the potentially significant adverse impacts are not envisaged to exceed what was expected in the original design of the SCPZ project. Overall, the changes in the scope of the SCPZ project are expected to positively foster and help ensure environmental sustainability and social inclusion. 1. Introduction Agriculture has been acknowledged to possess the greatest potential for sustainable economic development especially in terms of its resource-based approach to growth. This notwithstanding, Nigeria’s comparative advantage in many agricultural products is being hampered by poor access to reasonably priced infrastructure and low cost financing along with problems in securing regular feedstock supplies. Also, the issue of instability in the policy and regulatory environment, which has been cited over the years to be the most common challenge to investment in building processing facilities across Nigeria, has been a factor militating against Nigeria's agricultural potential. Nigeria’s food import bill of over two trillion naira annually is not only exceptionally high vis -à- vis its national income, but also has an unsustainable annual growth rate of 11%. Thus, in addition to Nigeria’s high rates of population growth, the rapid rate of urbanization and changing tastes as well as an ageing farming population would seem to dictate an even greater potential danger of its dependence on basic food imports. Such a high import dependency hurts Nigerian farmers, displacing local production and domestic unemployment (which grew from 4.3 percent in 1970 to 6.4 percent in 1980 and to 24 percent in 2011) while contributing to employment elsewhere. The high food import dependency also fuels domestic inflation and exposes the country, with high susceptibility, to shocks in global markets. This trend of dependency on food imports, with its attendant great danger for national food security, in a world where even the exporting countries are mindful about food adequacy, would therefore appear to be unacceptable and unsustainable fiscally, economically or politically. 1|Page Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS It is consequent upon this that the Government of Nigeria came up with several initiatives, amongst which is the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) (2011-2015) to redress the situation. The ATA policy thrust was to addressing the constraints inherent in the Nigerian Agricultural Sector with a view to unlocking its widely acknowledged potentials through a paradigm shift from government-controlled to private-sector led agriculture, ATA achieved some level of success through deregulating the seed, fertilizer and mechanization sectors; improving farmers’ access to modern farm inputs. However, the ATA could not deliver on its entire mandate as post-harvest losses still persists with growth in food production still limited due to gaps in input supplies. Today, Nigeria still import food for domestic consumption and is unable to earn significant foreign exchange from agricultural sector. Based on the aforementioned gaps, the new federal Agricultural Promotion Policy (APP) is a strategy that focuses on maximizing the gains of the ATA while closing the gaps inherent. The Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development (FMARD) in consultation with partners has identified an initial pool of crops and related activities that will be driven through Agro Processing; Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support Project to tackling the aforementioned gaps. First, FMARD will prioritize improving productivity into a number of domestically focused crops and activities. These are rice, wheat, maize, fish (aquaculture), dairy milk, soya beans, poultry, horticulture (fruits and vegetables), and sugar. It is believed that the gap can be closed by partnering closely with private investors across farmer groups and companies to develop end to end value chain solutions. The project provides opportunity for agro-investors, off takers, farmers, processors, agro-research organizations, State governments and MDAs to partner mutually to boost productivity and enhance value addition. Second, FMARD will prioritize for export markets the production of the following crops and activities: cowpeas, cocoa, cashew, cassava (starch, chips and ethanol), ginger, sesame, oil palm, yams, horticulture (fruits and vegetables), beef and cotton. FMARD will also work with a network of investors, farmers, processors and other stakeholders to deepen the supporting infrastructure to ensure that quality standards are defined and maintained across the value chain. That will involve adding more testing laboratories, improving traceability of crops, disseminating intelligence on export markets and consumer preferences, etc. The goal is to build a high quality brand for Nigerian foods based on rigorous data and processes that protect food safety for both domestic and export market consumers. The objective of this project is to support agricultural productivity growth and value addition by greater inclusion of smaller categories of farmers and processing units and opening it up to more states in Nigeria along the APP priority value chain corridor for better representation of various agro-ecological and geo-political zones of the country. The project is also aimed to use the existing implementation structures of the Commercial Agriculture Development Project (CADP) to fast track implementation of the new project and to take advantage of the achievements and experiences already gained in the World Bank funded CADP participating states in Nigeria. 2|Page Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Project Overview and Setup The Agro Processing; Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support Project, which seeks to obtain funding to the sum of US$200M from the World Bank, is in line with the Agriculture Promotion Policy, which intends to build on the legacy of the ATA and to support policy thrusts on Food Security, Import Substitution, Job Creation and Economic Diversification. The policy thrust has three key thematic areas: Productivity Enhancement, Crowding in Private Investment, and FMARD’ Institutional Realignment. The proposed project will support the government new policy thrust and priorities for the agriculture sector across the three thematic areas of the APP, focusing more on Theme 1- productivity Enhancements 1, and contributing to some extend to Theme 2 Crowding in Private Investment and Theme 3- FMARD Institutional realignment. Project Development Objective The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to enhance agricultural productivity of small and medium scale farmers and improve value addition of priority value chains in participating States. The PDO will be achieved through supporting farmers productivity and their linkage to markets, facilitating consolidation of agricultural product and cottage processing, facilitating farmers and small and medium businesses’ clustering and connection to infrastructure network and business services, and providing technical assistance and institutional support both to beneficiaries, federal and state government for value chain development. Creation of jobs along the value chains will be contingent to increased productivity, production, and improving processing and marketing of the targeted value chains. The Project will focus its support on priority value chains as identified in the Green Alternative- the Agricultural Promotion Policy (2016-2020), through business alliance, promotion of greater farmers-agribusiness linkages and support to critical infrastructures in value chain development. In the period 2016-2020, the APP prioritizes the development of the following value chains: (a) rice, wheat, maize, soybean, dairy milk, tomatoes, sorghum, poultry, sugar cane, horticulture (fruits and vegetables), crops for the domestic market as well as for food security; and (b) cocoa, cassava, oil palm, sesame, and gum Arabic for the export market. Cassava, ginger, cowpea, cotton, fish (aquaculture), horticulture (fruits and vegetables), yam, and cashew nuts will be developed for both the domestic and export markets. 1. The proposed project is expected to initially cover 6 states across the six geo-political zones of Nigeria. The States are Cross River, Enugu, Kaduna, Kano, Kogi and Lagos, Additional states may be added during project implementation based on funding availability, states readiness to participate, and potential for expanding agribusiness clusters and corridors in the prospective participating states. A. Project Beneficiaries Project direct beneficiaries are estimated at a minimum of 60,000 individuals living in the six participating states, with about 10,000 per state, constituted mostly by farmers and their cooperatives societies, as well as individuals and owners, associates and workers of small and medium scale business enterprises along and around the supported priority value chains. It is 3|Page Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS anticipated that 35 percent of the total direct beneficiaries will be women. By design, the project has a dedicated sub-component to benefit women and youth that will allow them to develop agri-business that is expected to create jobs and improve their livelihoods. B. PDO-Level Results Indicators  Increase in productivity of agricultural produce by project supported farmers  Increase in processed output by project beneficiaries  Number of beneficiaries supported by the Project (% women, % youth) 4|Page Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 1.1.1 Direct Investment Components of the Project The Project has 5 components as follows: 1: Production and Productivity Enhancement 2: Primary processing, Value Addition, Post-Harvest Management and Women and Youth Empowerment. 3: Infrastructure Support to Agribusiness Clusters 4: Technical Assistance, Knowledge Management and Communication 5: Project Management and Coordination Component 1: Production and Productivity Enhancement (US$40 m: The objective of this component is to improve farmer’s participation to agribusiness supply chains and response to the market requirement. Project will support small and medium scale farmers and their cooperative societies through business alliances, linking farmers to off-takers. To ensure consistent supply to off-takers, the project will support increase of small and medium farmer’s productivity and total output in the participating states through the use of improved and appropriate technology, and structuring farmers/out-growers contracts. A matching grant mechanism will be used as an incentive to stimulate farmer’s participation, and unlock the financing constraint which dramatically limits small farmer’s access to improved inputs and technologies. It is expected that 30 percent of project supported farmers (about 30,000) will adopt at least one of 100 improved technologies that will be disseminated with the project support. The activities to be funded under this component include: (a) structuring of contract farming and out-grower schemes based on value chain investment plans and stakeholder mapping for each of the three priority value chains in each of the 6 participating states (b) introduction and demonstration of improved technologies, and support to farmers through matching grants mechanism for their adoption; and (c) strengthening FMARD inputs control and quality assurance. Component 2: Primary processing and Value Addition Post-Harvest Management and Women and Youth Empowerment. (US$92m): The component will address post-harvest losses, facilitate consolidation of produce and primary processing by farmers’ cooperative societies, and small and medium scale enterprises in project intervention areas, focusing on gender sensitive activities along the core segment of the value chains (production, processing marketing) and ancillary businesses (agro-dealership, haulage, packaging, business management, etc.). The component will support common goods for cooperatives, producer organizations, women and youth, through construction/rehabilitation of aggregation facilities, procurement and installation of equipment from cottage processing, storage, as well as quality assurance facilities, provision of business development services (technical assistance in business management, marketing, access to market information and financial services). The expected outcomes include the construction or rehabilitation of about 90 aggregation facilities; 10,000 farmers reached with agricultural assets under the project and Women and Youth empowered through grants, start-ups and mentorship. Activities to be financed under this component are organized around three subcomponents: (i) Women and Youth Empowerment, consisting of provision of grants for start-up of new business or consolidation of existing business, to individuals or group beneficiaries following agreed 5|Page Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS eligibility criteria and selection procedures; (ii) Commodity aggregation and cottage processing; through rehabilitation or construction of about 90 units of simple design aggregation centers, and provision of income generating assets such as equipment and machinery for post-harvest handling, storage and quality management, clearing, sorting, processing and packaging for organized group beneficiaries in target production clusters; (iii) Market development and linkage to business services, including support to market information and grain exchange platforms and facilitating value chains coordination around the aggregation centers. It is expected that about 10,000 women and youths will directly benefit from the grant mechanism under subcomponent (i), while another 10,000 cooperative and group members will benefit from the assets provided for the 90 aggregation centers under subcomponent (ii). Component 3. Infrastructure Support to Agribusiness Clusters (US$40m): This component aims at improving the physical environment (last mile connection to roads and utilities) for agro- industrial and cottage processing units in defined agribusiness clusters with significant potential for greater inclusion of small to medium size farmers in to the agribusiness supply chains through the business alliances. It will tackle major constraints to make efficient the supply of raw materials and competitive agro-processing. The component will provide such support in collaboration with other project such as such as the World Bank–assisted Rural Access and Mobility Program) and by aligning with the federal and state government’s programs on infrastructure. The project will not finance construction or rehabilitation of dams, or extracting water from existing dams. However if there is need for construction of small dams, dikes, and weirs, a qualified engineer will hired to supervise the construction and ensure compliance with the World Bank Operational Policies 4.37 on safety of dams. Activities to be financed under this component are clustered around the following subcomponents Infrastructure support to production, consisting of design and construction or rehabilitation of access roads, provision of jetties and water for production; and Infrastructure support to processing and value addition, consisting of provision of last mile connection to roads networks and utilities (water, energy, etc.). Component 4. Technical Assistance, Knowledge Management and Communication (US$12.5m). The objectives is to build capacity of project staff and partners in the relevant areas of value chains development, harness knowledge acquired an generated under the project, facilitate exchanges of experience and build capacity of stakeholders participating in the implementation of the project, and support the FMARD on strategic and technical studies for scaling up agricultural productivity and processing programs. Activities to be financed under this component are clustered around the following subcomponents: (i) Capacity Building and support to collaborating institutions: activities to be finance include preparation and implementation of project capacity building and training plan, and support to collaborating institutions at federal and state level; (ii) Communication and outreach: preparation and implementation of project communication strategy and plans, including the development of communication and reporting tools, and facilitating public access to project information. . Component 5. Project Management and Coordination – (: US$15.5m): 6|Page Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS The objective is to ensure effective management and coordination of the project for proper accomplishment of project related goals and objectives. This component will carry out technical, financial, administrative, monitoring & evaluation activities during the entire project period. Activities to be financed under this component are organized around the following subcomponents This component will be implemented through 3 subcomponents as it follows: (i) Project management and coordination, which include additional works and equipment for upgrading NCO and SCO offices, consultant services, salaries for NCO and SCOS staff competitively selected; operating costs, equipment and tools necessary to carry project day to day activities by NCO and SCOs; (ii) Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E): equipment, operating cost, workshops, and consulting services for conducting M&E related activities, including periodic surveys to inform project performance, beneficiary assessments and impact evaluations, reporting on project performance, and for implementing the Gender tracker; (iii) Environmental and Social Safeguards and Grievance Redress Mechanism, consisting of consultancy services, workshops and operating cost related to the preparation, implementation and monitoring of environmental and social safeguards instruments, as well as establishment of an effective grievance redress mechanism (GRM). 1.5 Rational for the IPMP Integrated Pest Management (IPM) brings together, into a workable combination the best strategies of all control methods that apply to a given problem created by the activities of pests. IPM has been defined in various ways but a more scientific definition describes it as, "the practical manipulation of pest populations using sound ecological principles to keep pest populations below a level causing economic injury". Considering the land mass required for the large-scale cultivation, breeding and processing of the value chains sites, there is undoubtedly the likelihood of infestation by pests, currently within the proposed area or migratory pests. In line with World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies, an agricultural development project such as this will trigger World Bank’s Operational Policy OP 4.09 (Pest Management), hence the need for an Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) which is the suitable safeguard instrument for tackling pest management issues. 1.6 Scope of the IPMP This IPMP covers the existing national and international legislations on the use of chemicals for pest management. It also assesses the Nigerian experience in pest management and capacity on integrated pest management approach. Other areas addressed by it include training and awareness for the public and users of pesticides on safety measures, description of pesticides banned for use in Nigeria as well as those approved for use. Specifically, it also identifies institutional responsibility with regards to mitigation measures and monitoring indicators to be observed in order to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of 7|Page Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS the IPMP. The IPMP will be reviewed and cleared by IDA prior to disclosure country wide in Nigeria and Info-Shop along with the ESMF report. PART 2: DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AREA 2.1 The Bio-Physical Environmental Features Nigeria is situated in West Africa lying between latitudes 4°00 N and 14°00N and longitudes 2°50’ E and 14°45’ E, bordered to its south by the Gulf of Guinea for about 850km, by the Republic of Benin to the West for 773km, Republic of Niger to its North for 1497km, Chad at its North Eastern boundary (Lake Chad water boundary) for 87km and Cameroon to its East for 1,690km (see map below). Figure 2.1: Map of Nigeria showing the 36 states and FCT, Africa Map inset 3°45'0"E 9°0'0"E 14°15'0"E 0°0'0" 30°0'0"E · 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N NIGER REPUBLIC Lake ChadChad Sokoto 0°0'0" 0°0'0" 12°0'0"N 12°0'0"N BENIN REPUBLIC Katsina Jigawa Yobe Zamfara Kebbi Kano Borno 8|Page 30°0'0"S 30°0'0"S Kaduna Bauchi Gombe Niger Sabon Ga Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Figure 2.2: Map of Nigeria showing the 6 geopolitical zones with the 36 states and FCT 9|Page Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Nigeria has a total area of 923,768 sq. km of which the total land area is 913,768 sq. km while 10,000 sq. km is water. Nigeria is blessed with abundant water resources estimated at 226 billion m3 of surface water and about 40 billion m3 of ground water. Administratively, Nigeria is a federation with 36 federating units (states) and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The federating states are divided into Local Government Areas (LGAs). Presently, there are 774 LGAs in Nigeria. Synoptically, Nigeria is divided into six different geopolitical zones; these are North-west, North-east, North-central, South-east, South-west, and South-south. There are no administrative buildings or headquarters for these zones. The main characteristics of the biological, physical, and socio-economic environment of Nigeria are summarized below. 2.1.1 Physical Environment 2.1.1.1 Climate Nigeria’s climate varies from arid in the north, tropical in the center and equatorial in the south. The climate is largely controlled by prevailing winds and the country’s proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. The two dominant air masses are the dry wind from the Sahara and the wet wind from the Atlantic Ocean. Marginal alterations have been recorded due to landform characteristics, configuration of surrounding shoreline and the generally flat topography of the country. Important climatic variables within the tropics as related to Nigeria are summarized below. 2.1.1.2 Rainfall Rainfall is the single most important element for defining the climatic seasons in the tropics. Hence, Nigeria has two dominant seasons; the wet and the dry seasons. Rainfall throughout Nigeria depends on the interaction of the tropical maritime air mass and the tropical continental mass which meet along the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ). The annual average rainfall around the country is between 2000mm and 3000mm. 2.1.1.3 Temperature Nigeria’s climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures. The average annual maximum ranges from 350C in the north to 310C in the south; the average annual minimum is from 230C in the south to 180C in the north. However, on the Jos plateau and the eastern highlands, altitude makes for relatively lower temperatures, with the maximum no more than 280C and the minimum sometimes as low as 140C. 10 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 2.1.1.4 Wind Two principal wind currents affect Nigeria. The south-westerlies dominate the rainy season of the year while north-easterlies dominate the dry season. Depending on the shifts in the pressure belts in the Gulf of Guinea, these winds are interspersed respectively by south-easterlies and north-westerlies in different parts of the year. The wetter winds prevail for more than 70% due to the strong influence of the breeze from the Atlantic Ocean. Mean annual wind speed varies between 2 to 6 m/s. Speeds in dry season (November -March) are lower. In the wet season (April–October), daily average speed could rise to 15 m/s. Values of up to 25 m/s are sometimes experienced particularly in the North when rain is about to fall and it is characterized by sand storm due to inducement by convective rainfall activities and relative diffusion. 2.1.1.5 Ambient Air Quality Generally, air quality in the Nigeria complies with regulatory standards. However, variations have been noticed in major industrial cities like Lagos, Ibadan, Aba, Kano, Port Harcourt and Kaduna, and Agbara section of Ogun state. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) has established national standards (Table 4.1) for gaseous emissions against which air quality parameters monitored are compared in order to ascertain its quality. Table 2.1: Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standard Air Pollutants Emission Limits Particulates 250 (μg/m3) SO2 0.1 (ppm) Non-methane Hydrocarbon 160 (μg/m3) CO 11.4 (μg/m3) or 10 (ppm) NOX 0.04-0.06 (ppm) Photochemical Oxidant 0.6 (ppm) Source: FMEnv, 1991 Table 2.2: Air Quality Classification Based on TSP Values Range of TSP Values (Pg/m3) Class of Air Quality 0 – 75 High Quality 76 – 230 Moderate Quality 231 – 600 Poor Quality Source: Jain, et. al (1976) 11 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Geology Nigeria lies on the southern portion of the West African Craton. The geological setting comprises broadly crystalline basement complex rocks and sedimentary formations. They occur in equal proportions around the country. The former are highly mineralized and give rise to soils of high nutrient status, although variable from place to place. The latter are found in the south- east, north-east and north-west of the country, and give rise to sandy and less variable soils that are deficient in plant nutrient. Topography Nigeria has varying landforms and much of the country is dominated by plains, generally less than 610m above mean sea level. The eastern border with the Republic of Cameroun is lined by an almost continuous range of mountains which rise to about 2,419m at Chappal Waddi, Taraba state - the highest known point in Nigeria. In the North, the Jos Plateau rises abruptly from a general level of about 609.5m in the Hausa Plains to an average level of some 1,219m, but reaches 1,781.6m in Shere Hills. The area west of the River Niger is dominated by the plain, which rises gently from the coast northwards ’to the area of crystalline rocks where inselbergs rise abruptly above the surrounding plains. The Idanre Hills, the highest point of these inselbergs, rises to about 981m above sea level. In general, the land surface of the country could be classified into three broad physical units or major relief features namely: the plains; the highlands; the troughs and the river valleys. Soils Characteristics The broad pattern of soil distribution in the country reflects both the climatic conditions and the geological structure; heavily leached, reddish-brown, sandy soils are found in the south, and light or moderately leached, yellowish-brown, sandy soils in the north. The difference in color relates to the extent of leaching the soil has undergone. Nigeria soils are highly weathered and are characterized by light texture, low pH value, low organic matter, low potassium levels, variable phosphorous levels with clay contents ranging between 7 percent to 43 percent. Surface and Ground Water Hydrology Nigeria has two major rivers, the Niger and the Benue, which traverse the northwest and northeast portion of the country, then merge at Lokoja before draining down to the Atlantic. There are several other rivers and quite a number of minor streams and rivulets that crisscross the entire Nigerian land mass. These include the Ogun, Oshun, Imo, Cross, Osse, Nun and the Anambra rivers in the south and the Kaduna, the Gongola, Sokoto – Rima and the Hadeija in the North. Generally, the water quality in the rivers of Nigeria is very good. The average electrical conductivity in the main rivers ranges between 48-65 Umhos/cm2, although higher values have 12 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS been reported in swamps and floodplains with levels of 100-150 Umhos/cm2. Total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in the rivers is about 100mg/l while pH is less than 6.5. These rivers are also low in nutrients, with an average nitrogen content of 0.32mg/l and a total phosphorous content of 0.1 mg/l. The records indicate water of high quality according to FMEnv limits. 2.1.2. Biological Environment Fauna Animals found both in forests and savannas include leopards, golden cats, monkeys, gorillas, and wild pigs. Today these animals can only be found in protected places as the Yankari Park, Gashaka Gumti Park, and Cross River Park. Rodents such as the squirrel, porcupine, and cane rat constitute the largest family of mammals. The northern savannah abounds in guinea fowl. Other common birds include quail, vultures, kites, bustards, and gray parrots. The rivers contain crocodiles, hippopotamuses, and a great variety of wild marine life. In the rain forest, few large animals notably gorillas, chimpanzees, baboons and monkeys are present. Crocodiles, lizards, and snakes of many species are also present. Hippopotamuses, elephants, giraffes, leopards, and lions now remain only in scattered localities and in diminishing number. Wildcats, however, are more common and widely distributed. Wildlife in the savanna includes antelope, lions, leopards, gazelles, and desert hyenas. Nigeria also abounds in bird life with a great number of species being represented. Flora Vegetation varies dramatically in relation to climate, soil, elevation, and human impact on the environment. In the low-lying coastal region, mangroves line the brackish lagoons and creeks, while swamp forest grows where the water is fresh. Farther inland, this vegetation gives way to tropical forest, with its many economy species of tropical hardwoods, including Mahogany, Iroko, and Obeche. North of the forest is the Guinea Savannah, a region of tall grasses and shrubs. The southern margin of the Guinea Savannah has been so altered by humans that it is also called the derived savannah. Beyond the Guinea savannah lies the Sudan Savannah, a region characterized by shorter grasses and more scattered, drought-resistant trees such as the baobab, tamarind, and acacia. In the northeastern corner of Nigeria, the very dry semi-desert Sahel Savannah abounds. 2.1.2.1 Drivers of Vegetation Cover Change Three dominant drivers of vegetal cover changes in Nigeria have been identified. Asides the climatic variations, it has been noted that oil prospecting or exploration has shaped the landscape in the South-South, while small holder rainfed agriculture through fallow and over grazing is 13 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS responsible for the vegetal changes in the south-west, South east and the Northern part of the country. In addition, other anthropogenic activities such as Landuse/Landcover change for housing and industrial spaces are culprits. For instance, in a seasonal trend analysis for the period between 2000-2010 studies derived from the forestry monitoring and evaluation coordinating unit (FORMECU) by Adeofun, et al, land use land cover and rainfall were observed to be drivers of vegetation change in Kogi State. The study revealed that conversion to land use types such as built-up-area and agricultural land was attributed to a high population growth rate from 2,147,756m2 in 1991 to 3,314,043m2 in 2006 (FGEG 2007). Also, Nathaniel (2012) revealed in his study that there was a decrease of about -50.9 percentin vegetation cover between 1986 and 2007(Table 4.3). For instance, this conversion of vegetation into other land use land cover, coupled with climatic variation, has influence on vegetation greening-up and greening-down in Kogi state and Nigeria in general. 2 Table 2.3: Land-use and Land Cover Distribution of Kogi state (Area (Km ) Land cover categories Year 1976 Year 1995 Agricultural land 21902.65 23081.94 Built-up-area 20.77 124.23 Disturbed forest 568.76 299.94 Forest plantation 2.20 39.14 Fresh water march/swamp 1319.37 333.32 Riparian forest 1777.46 1027.92 Rock outcrop/un-vegetated area 73.11 65.10 Tree crop plantation 1.63 1.60 Undisturbed forest 1142.26 427.22 Water body 5.17 73.88 Woodland savannah 2097.00 3100.22 Grassland 57.56 393.43 Total 28967.94 28967.94 Source: Osunmadewa, B. And Christine Wessollek, C.(2012) 2.1.2.3 Ecological Problems Commencement and operations of developmental projects often result in the direct removal or disturbance of plants, animals, and habitats/biotic communities. Ecological problems in Nigeria (which had led to scarcity, extinction or migration of plants and animal species) vary from states or regions to another. For instance, over grazing and lack of succulent grasses for animals feed in the north had forced the herdsmen to migrate southward for grazing which often leads to perpetual conflicts between herdsmen and the host communities. 14 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS In the south, particularly within the oil producing states where gas is flared for 24 hours continuously, this results in ecological problems for plants and animal (nocturnal animals) and Plants that need light (photosynthesis) and dark hours to be productive. However, these oil producing states with 24 hours light from gas flaring has resulted in ecological issues in the south-south. In the same vein, leaching and massive gully erosion is the prevailing ecological problems in south-west (rainforest zone) and south -eastern and north-east respectively. These problems are compounded by the annual bush burning of the savannah that further exposes the top soil to more erosion. Floods pose a problem on the flood plains during the rainy season, while aridity is a problem to several areas at short distances from the rivers during the dry season. Much damage is done to land and property as a result of these phenomena. 2.2 Description of Social Environment 2.2.1 The Demographics Presently, Nigeria is one of the seven most populous countries; and the most populous back nation in the world with an estimate of 186,988 million people (UN, 2016) with an average population density of 205.3 persons per sqkm. This makes Nigeria the largest country by population, in Africa. According to the 2015 UN new report on population estimates and projections, Nigeria might be overtaking the United States to become the world’s third largest country around 35 years from now. Presently, Nigeria’s annual average population growth rate is 2.7 while the average urban growth rate is 4.7 (UN, 2015). The reason for the increase in the population and annual growth rate is attributed to high-fertility rate However, according to the National Population Census conducted in 2006, Nigeria population by state is shown in the table 4.4 blow. Table 2.4: Nigeria Population figures, 2006 S/N State Population State Population 1 Abia 2,845,380 20 Kano 9,401,288 2 Adamawa 3,178,950 21 Katsina 5,801,584 3 Akwa Ibom 3,902,051 22 Kebbi 3,256,541 4 Anambra 4,177,828 23 Kogi 3,314,043 5 Bauchi 4,653,066 24 Kwara 2,365,353 6 Bayelsa 1,704,515 25 Lagos 9,113,605 7 Benue 4,253,641 26 Nasarawa 1,869,377 8 Borno 4,171,104 27 Niger 3,954,772 9 Cross River 2,892,988 28 Ogun 3,751,140 10 Delta 4,112,445 29 Ondo 3,460,877 15 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 11 Ebonyi 2,176,947 30 Osun 3,416,959 12 Edo 3,233,366 31 Oyo 5,580,894 13 Ekiti 2,398,957 32 Plateau 3,206,531 14 Enugu 3,267,837 33 Rivers 5,198,716 15 Abuja 1,406,239 34 Sokoto 3,702,676 16 Gombe 2,365,040 35 Taraba 2,294,800 17 Imo 3,927,563 36 Yobe 2,321,339 18 Jigawa 4,361,002 37 Zamfara 3,278,873 19 Kaduna 6,113,503 Total 140, 431,790 Source: NBS Nigeria total population as at 2006 was 140, 439, 790 with male of 71,345,488 and the female total number was 69,086,302 representing 50.8 percentand 49.19 percentrespectively. These figures show that there is a close margin between Nigeria male and female populations. The real significance of Nigeria’s demographic situation is that it simultaneously has a large population and one of the highest rates of growth in the world, causing its projection to move up so rapidly in total population. Many known factors could alter the above estimate. Insurgence, militancy, and other factors such as AIDS are factors that could have a dramatic impact on Nigeria’s future demographics. While AIDS is not the critical national health concern, because it is so in other sub-Saharan countries, it may grow to become a problem of great concern. Rural – Urban migration in Nigeria, like in most other countries is fueled by the pursuit for increased economic/ livelihood opportunities. Presently, it is estimated that 47.8 percentor 90.1 million people live in the urban centers. About 68.8 percentor 40.3million of this urban population are considered to be low-income earners. This pressure has forced changes in urbanization patterns, for instance, giving rise to a significant increase in peri-urban growth centers, as migrants from rural communities particularly the youths move daily and permanently into the cities to work but can only afford to live in new sprawling growth centers outside these cities, often where basic infrastructure and social services are either very poor or not available. 2.2.2 Ethnic Groups and Religion Nigeria, has more than 250 ethnic groups, the larger of which are the Hausa and Fulani who are predominantly from the Northern part of Nigeria and represent approximately 29 percentof the population, the Yoruba, predominantly from the South (South West) and represent approximately 21 percent of the population and the Igbo, predominantly from the East represent about 18 percent of the population. The other large groups are the Ijaw with about 10%, the Kanuri with about 4%, the Ibibio with about 3.5 percent and the TIV with about 2.5%. The Middle Belt region of Nigeria shows the greatest degree of ethnic diversity, particularly in Adamawa, Taraba and Plateau States. 16 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS English is the official language while the vast majority of the population conducts commercial activities in their ethnic language and “pidgin” English. The literacy level of the population is 57.1 percent (male: 67.3%, female: 47.3%). Predominantly the people are Muslims (50%) and Christians (40%) with few animists (10%). 2.2.3 Land Use Pattern The estimated land area of Nigeria is 924,000 km2. Land use varies based on location and the needs of the community. However, the different uses of land revolve around agriculture, industry and social needs such as the provision of infrastructure. Recent data shows that between 50%- 60 percent of the land area of Nigeria is under various forms of intensive rainfed small holder agriculture (crop and animal) production and forest plantation. 2.2.4 Land Tenure in Nigeria The Land Use Decree of 1978 vests all land in the state through the office of the governor. Land is to be held in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians according to the provisions of the Act. By this legal instrument, the state replaced the traditional institutions of traditional rulership and chieftaincy in their roles as keepers of communal land. Control and management of land in urban areas is the responsibility of the state governor, while all other land (rural, public, etc.) is the responsibility of the Local Government of the area. The governor is empowered to designate certain areas as urban land and to grant statutory rights of occupancy of fixed periods and rights of access to any person, subject to rental arrangements fixed by and payable to the state. The local government can grant a customary right of occupancy to land in the local government area (LGA) to any person or organization for agriculture, grazing, residential or other purposes. 2.2.5 Public Health Features The increase in urban and slum area population over the years, coupled with the significant decline in the performance of the State Water Agencies to provide potable water (it is estimated that only 50 percent of the urban and 20 percent of the peri-urban have access to reliable water supply), and with poor or no acceptable sanitation or drainage infrastructure in many of these areas, the prevalence rate for diseases such as diarrhea, malaria, dysentery and other serious health conditions are high. 2.2.6 Poverty Recent economic down-turn in Nigeria has further increased the existing poverty level. Present inflation rate in Nigeria as at September 2016 was 17.91%. According to the World Bank national account data file, the latest value for GNI per capita, Atlas method in Nigeria fell from US$2,970.00 as of 2014 to US$2820 in 2015 as against US$6050 for South Africa in the same period 17 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS It is estimated that 60 percent of the total population of Nigeria live below the poverty line. The average percentage of the urban poor (i.e. % of population below national poverty line) is a staggering 45 percent compared with the USA average of 32%. 2.2.7 Economics The Nigerian economy rests on two pillars: oil/gas and agriculture. Both sectors contribute 65 - 70 percent of GDP, while the secondary sector (manufacturing) contributes about 7 percent and the tertiary sector (transport, trade, housing etc) contributes about 25%. Nigeria’s major industries are located in Lagos, Agbara and Sango Otta (Ogun State), Port Harcourt, Ibadan, Aba, Onitsha, Calabar, Kano, Jos and Kaduna. 2.2.8 Literacy Nigeria literacy level varies from one state to another and it also varies among male and female population. Literacy level is higher in the south compared to the northern region. According to UNESCO 2015 survey, 65 million Nigerians are illiterate. This figure represents about 35%. Illiteracy has adverse effects on individual and society. Recent data shows that Ekiti state, one of the states in the southern region is the highest literacy state in Nigeria. 2.2.9 Facilities: Transportation, Electricity, and Education The main transportation means in Nigeria is the road. Water transportation is fairly developed in some coastal areas such as Lagos, Delta, Akwa-Ibom and River states. Air transportation is considered fair with major airports in Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt, Kano and Kaduna. There are airport/airstrip facilities at least in 20 states of Nigeria. The railway sector has experienced a major decline in the last decades but efforts are being made to revive it and extend its geographical links. There is a regular/daily movement of rail in Lagos from Sango-to Iddo/Apapa. Recently, Abuja - Kaduna rail system was recently commission while effort to initiate the construction of Lagos – Kano and Lagos-Calabar is also in top gear. There are two main sources of electric power in Nigeria; they are hydro and gas turbine. Recently, several companies have had their purchase agreements concluded and awaiting their licenses to generate power from Solar which will be added to the national grid to further boost the present power generation which has been fluctuating between 3800 -5070 megawatts. Nigeria power sector had been sectionalized into three; the generation, transmission, and the distribution. The Transmission is solely by the Federal government while generation and distribution had been privatized. Electricity is supplied through the national grid. Though the power supply is still erratic, significant progress in improving the power supply situation has been made in recent years; and government is promoting the development of independent power supply to augment the current inadequate supply. 18 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS With regard to educational facilities, Nigeria is reasonably served. All the Nigerian states have a federal university. There are over 150 universities consisting of federal, state, religious, and private owned schools. High schools in most states are insufficient and are in dilapidated state, except for states in the southern part of the country. The Federal Government concluded the refurbishing of existing tertiary health institutions nationwide in 2014. There is at least one primary health care facility in each of the 774 local government areas of the country. 2.2.10 Agricultural Production and Livelihoods Agriculture in Nigeria is largely subsistence and is characterized by intensive small holder rainfed farming and extensive grazing. Various schemes had been put in place to further boost agricultural production, these includes medium to large irrigation schemes, FADAMA projects, grazing zones/routes, and Agro-allied business such as fertilizer production. In addition to fish farming activity, some coastal/riverine communities also engage in fishing activities and other aquatic resources Agricultural produce in Nigeria varies from one region to the other. Major produce in the north are cereals (such as millet, millet), rice, maize, beans, soya beans and vegetables. Irish potato, yam, and potato are the main agricultural produce in the middle belt while cassava, cash crops such as cocoa, coffee, cola nuts and cashew nuts are grown in the south-western Nigeria. Also, red oil production and cassava are exceptionally produced at the south-eastern region. Taking the Kogi state as a case study, the agricultural land used in the model Kogi state SCPZ is characterized by arable land that supports the cultivation of cassava, yam, maize, sorghum, and vegetables. In Kogi state alone, about 90 percent of the population engages in agricultural activities as a major means of livelihood; although a large proportion of this (about 98%) consists of subsistence farming while the Fulani nomadic are engage in cattle grazing activities. Pastoralism is a livelihood in Nigeria and it is essentially practiced by the Fulani settlement / herdsmen. Prior to the SCPZ project, there has been a recent effort, to increase agricultural production, by The Federal Government of Nigeria and the World Bank aimed at the enhancement of farming production and processing in the area. This is through the FADAMA projects and Commercial Agriculture (CADP). Positive outcome of the impact of the FADAMA 3 programmes on productivity, income and welfare of the people is evident as all year cultivation and production of farm produce is available, particularly the food crops such as beans etc. 2.2.11 Women and their right to Ownership of Farmland in Nigeria In Nigeria, farmland is majorly owned by men especially in the north; meanwhile women, particularly in the southern Nigeria have access to their husband’s or family’s farmland either as 19 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS inheritance or otherwise. The Survey carried out in Kogi state for instance corroborated that lands are not culturally owned by women. Some of the women interviewed during field studies indicated that they own farms and have access to farmland from their husbands and/or community heads on non-payment conditions. It is only in Alape, Kabba-Bunu through GEMS 3 systematic land titling report that land ownership to about 20 percent by women is recorded. The study traced the development to, widows who have direct transfer of the right to their late husband’s land inheritance and other categories to those who received land from the community for residential purposes. 2.2.12 Vulnerable people Large proportion of the population in Nigeria depend on agriculture and land based resources for livelihood. Significant acquisition of land for this project without proper mitigation measures will expose some social groups to economic vulnerability. This might include women farmers and women heads of households as well as aged people and people with disabilities. While the proportion of the potential vulnerable women and aged persons are not readily determined at this stage, the ratio of disabled people is estimated to account for less than 1 percent of the population of the communities. 2.2.13 Land Competition and Conflict Nigeria is a peaceful nation until recently where pockets of violence and insecurity had been recorded in the North-east and South-south regions. The recent conflicts between Nigerians subsistence farmers (in Kaduna, Benue, Enugu and some states in the South-west) and herdsmen’s is unprecedented owing to the search for animal feed at the expense of cultivated lands. In Kogi state model SCPZ area for instance, there is largely peaceful co-existence in the communities and among indigenes and settlers with respect to land use and social interactions. However, there was a major incessant conflict, across the 5 local government areas, over the use of land by the Fulani pastoralists for grazing their cattle. Nomadic pastoralists have no land use rights and depend largely on the hospitality/generosity of their hosts. They may have access to routes, corridors/passageways for wildlife and domestic animals, indicating a desire by government to provide grazing land for both nomadic and settled pastoralists. However, existing grazing reserves are only rudimentary lacking any facilities. Thus, generally, nomads move to open pasture to raise stock as well as avoid contact with agricultural communities. The cattle movements avoid areas of tsetse fly infestation and other diseases and follow the location of farming communities for crops residues and markets for their products, thus trampling into the farm land. The increasing human population, irrigation and expansion of town and villages accelerated the encroachment of land cultivation and urbanization into grazing area and stock routes, leading to competition for resources and create farmer/herder clashes which have resulted in heavy losses of lives and properties. The local farmers claim that the Fulani’s 20 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS cattle frequently destroy their crops, resulting in conflict which are sometimes violent. However, efforts are on-going both at the state and federal level to curtail these incessant conflicts. 2.2.14 Land Tenure and Land Use across the ABIR influence communities Detailed Nationwide evaluations of land rights and use in rural areas as a whole has not yet been conducted. However, a number of important assessments have been undertaken with respect to the land tentatively earmarked for the Model SCPZ in Kogi state, namely the PEIA Report and the Initial Land Tenure Assessment prepared by GEMS3. The area tentatively slated for principal tenant is currently inhabited by a number of different communities, including so-called “indigene” Bunu communities, presided over by a number of different chiefs arrayed in a complex hierarchy. Other groups include “settlers” (mainly Tiv and Igbira) who obtain usufructory rights by paying small annual tribute to the Bunu chiefs. Also, Fulani communities reside in and graze animals in the area, and in some cases, engage in settled agriculture. Estimates vary as to the number of potentially affected people who live in the 30,000 hectare area, and final figures will depend on the configuration of the area, which is reportedly being revised to exclude some of the larger nucleated villages. In any event, it is likely that at least several thousand people utilize land within the area that the principal tenant anticipates including in its farm. Land rights in the area are generally undocumented, governed by custom and few if any formal certificates of occupancy have been issued, especially with respect to agricultural land. 2.2.15 Infrastructure (Road and Electricity) Lack of good roads to evacuate agricultural produce had caused a huge lost to Nigerians farmers and had frustrated many of them out of the business. Unlike Lagos and Abuja, road infrastructure in many states of Nigeria are grossly inadequate; some of the existing ones are either in bad shapes or had been abandoned by the motorists. Regarding electricity, although most parts of the country have been connected to the National Grid, this development however, does not in any way translate to power availability as many households in Nigeria are either in blackout or make use of local generators for energy supply for those that could afford them. 2.2.16 Water Supply for Agricultural Use Nigeria has the potential to irrigate about 3.1 million hectares of farmland but only 150,000 hectares has been fully developed. Irrigation has potential of increasing agricultural productivity by as much as ten-fold. Fishery can be greatly enhanced by effective utilization of dams/irrigation facility. Therefore, the proposed project will benefit from the irrigation potential of the country. 21 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS PART 3: PEST MANAGEMENT CONCERNS AND CONTROL MEASURES IN NIGERIA 3.1 Pest and diseases Problems of Agriculture in Nigeria Pests and disease vectors constitute serious hazards to public health, food security and general welfare of the citizenry in Nigeria. It is estimated that agricultural pests destroy about 50 percent of crops, fruits, ornamental plants, vegetables and livestock annually. Household pests also destroy property such as furniture items, clothing, books, etc. Estimated cost of damage caused by pests runs into millions of Naira annually. Vectors transmit several diseases of public health importance in Nigeria. Malaria, which is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquitoes, is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality particularly among children less than 5 years and pregnant women. Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) transmitted by Black flies is responsible for the high incidence of blindness in most rural and remote areas of Nigeria. This disease has resulted in depopulation of many fertile 22 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS farming areas thus contributing significantly to food insecurity and poverty. Lassa fever and Yellow fever transmitted by M. natalensis (rats) and Aedes mosquitoes respectively have been reported to occur in epidemic proportions in some parts of Nigeria. Farmers often respond to pest infestations in crops by heavy applications of pesticides which threaten environmental quality and pose risks to human and livestock health. Pesticides used in vegetable agro-ecosystems, for example, include WHO toxicity Class 1a materials such as parathion, and Class 1b materials such as Furadan/carbofuran. The incautious dependence on chemical pest control options undermines national economic growth through farmers’ non - compliance with trade barriers on pesticide residues in export produce. According to EC directive 91/414, for example, approximately 80 percent of the active ingredients used in Africa will be banned for use in Europe, and IPM is a fast-emerging trade policy issue. 3.2 Control methods of pests and diseases in Nigeria Pest management methods in Nigeria vary with the type of pests and agriculture. Most of the pest control operations in Nigeria today are by the use of pesticides. Pesticides were once seen as the only answer to most of the pest problems. Now, due to the increasing concerns about the environment, the development of pest resistance to pesticides and the increasing economic pressures on farming and the food Industry they are increasingly being seen as just one of a range of control measures available. Mainly pest management controls used in Nigeria include: 1. Cultural control: which refers to the adjustment of crop husbandry techniques by the farmer. These to a minimum include:  Crop Rotation  Alteration of planting date  Disposal of crop residues  Choice of resistant crop variety  Management of Irrigation 2. Biological Control: which involves either encouraging or introducing natural enemies of the pest or interfering with the life cycle of the pest 3. Chemical controls: which employs the use of toxic pesticides to kill pests. The use of spray for the application of pesticides and herbicides has been in long use in Nigeria. It has been estimated that about 125,000 - 130,000 metric tons of pesticides are applied every year in Nigeria. They have been applied to control pests in cereals, vegetables and cash crops 23 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS like cocoa. In 1991, cocoa pesticides accounted for about 31 percent of the total agro-chemical market of which fungicides accounted for 65 percent and insecticides 35 percent (Ikemefuna, 1998). Pesticide application equipment has been introduced into the Nigerian cocoa farming system, together with the pesticides to be applied, ever since they were used in the industrialized world. Practically, all the different techniques available have, at a given time, been introduced more or less successfully along with the screening of new insecticides, fungicides and herbicides, new spraying pumps are usually evaluated by the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), for their efficiency before they are recommended for use in the application of cocoa pesticides. CRIN has the mandate to screen and recommend potential cocoa pesticides and spraying equipment in Nigeria. However, with the new European Union (EU) Legislation on Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) allowed on cocoa beans and products, some of the pesticides still undergoing screening and the previously recommended pesticides were banned. This new regulation, which came into effect September 1, 2008, has left very few pesticides for use on cocoa both on farm and post farm activities in Nigeria. 3.3 Assessment of Capacity of Nigeria on Integrated Pest Management Although, the cultural and physical control measures to pest control have been in use in Nigeria, some of them have not provided sufficient and environmentally friendly options for pest management. For instance, bush burning as a way of controlling pest causes deforestation and loss of biodiversity and therefore should be discouraged. Other practices as outlined in the previous section are not in line with best practices and cannot support large-scale agriculture. The conventional chemical control has been the means generally used to control crop invasions by pests in large agricultural programs in Nigeria. This approach has led to numerous cases of recorded intoxications each year, the resistance of numerous pests to many chemicals (case of Helicoverpa armigera to pyrethroids), the destruction of useful species, the perturbation of the ecological balance, the dependence towards synthetic chemical pesticides and the growing debt of farmers compelled to use increasingly expensive products, the deviances in the use of cotton pesticides on some food crops such as cowpea, etc. In order to reduce the incidences of pest in Nigeria a number of project based interventions have been carried out on IPM. They include the Cocoa farmers training on the use of IPM to pest control and the IPM for pest control in the National FADAMA Agricultural Development in Nigeria, the IPM for pest control in the Commercial Agriculture Development Project (CADP), and the farmer’s training on IPM under the Transforming Irrigation Management in Nigeria (TRIMING) project. There are also other IPM implementation cases amongst the key crops in Nigeria. For example, for control of root knot nematodes in tomato and okra, farmers are encouraged to integrate resistant crop varieties with seed dressing and compatible crop rotation schemes to prevent build-up of the pests. For downy mildew control in maize, farmer training by 24 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS the Rice/Maize center in Ibadan has promoted the integration of resistant crop varieties with seed dressing (using Apron plus), timely identification, rogueing and burning of affected plants and general farm hygiene. Similarly, IPM recommendations for control of the African Rice Gall Midge include combination of resistant crop varieties with seed dressing, timely planting, pest monitoring to guide pesticide applications. Based on the successes recorded in the aforementioned IPM case studies, it can be concluded that there exists capacity within country on the use of IPM. PART 4: EXISTING LEGISLATIONS ON AND POLICIES ON USE OF CHEMICAL FOR PEST MANAGEMENT 4.1 Extant Laws of Nigeria on Pesticides Management A number of other legislations and institutional framework are available using five main organizations (FMEnv, FMARD, FMH, NAFDAC and FMLP) exist for the regulation of the distribution and use of pesticides in Nigeria. The existing legislative tools are:  Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development (1988)  National Policy on the environment, 1989  FEPA Decree 58 of 1988 as amended by Decree 59 of 1992 and 1999 but complemented by rules and regulations such as FEPA S.1.5, FEPA S.1.9 dealing with disposal and distribution/use of pesticides.  NAFDAC Decree 15 of 1993, as amended by Decree 19 of 1999.  The Factories Acts 1990 being implemented by the Factories Inspectorate Division of FMLP.  The Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions etc) Decree 42 of 1988 being implemented by FMEV. Nigerian Agricultural Policy (1988) 25 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS The general pest control objectives in the existing (1988) agricultural policy for Nigeria are to:  Control, and/or eradicate and maintain good surveillance of the major economic pests whose outbreaks are responsible for large-scale damage/loss to agricultural production.  Provide protection to man and animals against vectors of deadly diseases. National Policy on the Environment 1989 This Policy aims to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria, and in particular to:  secure a quality of environment adequate for good health and wellbeing;  conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations;  restore, maintain and enhance the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity and the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems;  raise public awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkages between the environment, resources and development, and encourage individuals and community participation in environmental improvement efforts; and  co-operate with other countries, international organizations and agencies to achieve optimal use of trans-boundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental degradation. Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act 58 of 1988 as amended by Decree 59 of 1992 into This Act specifies the guideline and rules guiding the dealing with distribution, use and disposal of pesticides in Nigeria. The Act also mandates the Agency to establish instruments for air quality standards, water quality standards, atmospheric protection and ozone layer protection. In discharging the mandate, the FEPA in 1991 published a number of regulations for the protection of the environment, including the waste management and Hazardous Waste Regulation- which provides a comprehensive list of chemicals and chemical wastes by toxicity classification. National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act 2007 NESREA is charged with the responsibility for the protection and development of the environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural resources in general and environmental technology, including coordination and liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matters of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines. The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) 26 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS NAFDAC was established by Decree 15 of 1993 as amended by Decree 19 of 1999 and now Act Cap N1 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN) 2004, to regulate and control the manufacture, importation, exportation, distribution, advertisement, sale and use of food, drugs, cosmetics, chemicals, medical devices and packaged water in Nigeria for the protection of human health. In discharge of its statutory responsibility, NAFADAC has approved the list of chemicals allowed in Nigeria for the control of pest. This list is attached in the annex 2 of this report. The Factories Act 1990 The Factories decree 1990 was a landmark in legislation in occupational health in Nigeria. It provides a substantial revision of the colonial legislation, Factories Act 1958, in which the definition of a factory was changed from an enterprise with 10 or more workers to a premise with one or more workers thereby providing oversight for the numerous small-scale enterprises that engage the majority of the workforce in Nigeria. It stipulates the enforcement of compliance on factories, industries and organizations that employ labour on the protection of the right of workers to friendly environment, health and safety. The Harmful Wastes (Special Criminal Provision) Act 42 of 1988 This Act which was established on the 25th of November 1988 was necessitated by the illegal use and dumping of toxic wastes in the port town of Koko in Southern Nigeria. The Act defines harmful waste to mean any injuries, poisonous or toxic substances which are capable of subjecting anybody to the risk of health. As contained in the section 1, it is an offence to purchase, sale, import, transit, transport, deposit and/or store any banned or obsolete chemical or any other form of wastes in the Nigeria territory or water. 4.2 International Conventions & Treaties Relevant to Pest Management in Nigeria Nigeria is a signatory to many conventions on the protection of the environment, which lay credence to the IPMP under study. Some of these conventions pertinent to this study include:  Montreal Protocol  Bamako Convention on Hazardous Wastes  Basel Convention on Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal  Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)  International Code of Conduct for the Distribution and Use of Pesticides  Rotterdam Convention Among the aforementioned conventions, a certain number of them have a direct importance with pesticides and the fight against pollution, particularly the Stockholm Convention on persistent 27 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS organic pollutants. This convention, in accordance with Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environmental and Development, aims at protecting human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants such as aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, endrin, heptacholic, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene, DDT and PCBs. It is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from highly dangerous, long‐lasting chemicals by restricting and ultimately eliminating their production, use, trade, release and storage. The Convention was adopted in Stockholm, Sweden on May 22, 2001. It calls for outright banning and destruction of 12 Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of which are pesticides. These are: Pesticides POPs: Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, Toxaphene. The Industrial POPs: Dioxins, Furans, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The Rotterdam Convention The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent on Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade is a global treaty that came into force in February 2004. It is designed to protect public health and the environment by promoting informed decision–making by importing countries in relation to products that have been banned or severely restricted by at least two other Parties to the Convention. It formalizes the voluntary principles established in the International Code of Conduct. The Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) aims to help participating countries make informed decisions about the potentially hazardous chemicals that might be shipped to them, and to facilitate communication of these decisions to other countries. The Convention requires exporting Parties to honour the decisions of importing Parties. The key principles of PIC are:  International shipment of a pesticide included in the PIC list should not occur against the wishes of the importing country.  In the absence of a decision from an importing country, the export may proceed if the pesticide is registered in the country, or if it has previously been used or imported into the country.  If an importing country decides not to consent to further imports, the decision must be applied to imports from all sources, and domestic manufacturing and use must cease.;  Recommendations for inclusion of banned and severely restricted chemicals in the PIC procedure must be supported by risk evaluations reflecting prevailing conditions at the national level. Basel Convention The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of - Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal was concluded in Basel, Switzerland on March 22, 1989, and entered into force in May 1992. The Basel Convention contains specific provisions for the monitoring of implementation and compliance. A number of articles in the Convention oblige Parties (national governments which have acceded to the Convention) to take appropriate measures to implement 28 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS and enforce its provisions, including measures to prevent and punish conduct in contravention of the Convention. The key principles/outcomes of the Basel convention are:  In order to minimize the threat, hazardous wastes should be dealt with as close to where they are produced as possible.  Transboundary movements of hazardous wastes or other wastes can take place only upon prior written notification by the State of export to the competent authorities of the States of import and transit (if appropriate).  Each shipment of hazardous waste or other waste must be accompanied by a movement document from the point at which a transboundary movement begins to the point of disposal. Hazardous waste shipments made without such documents are illegal.  Outright bans on the export of these wastes to certain countries; however, Transboundary movements can take place, if the state of export does not have the capability of managing or disposing of the hazardous waste in an environmentally sound manner. There is also the support for the document of harmonization of rules governing the pesticide agreement in the ECOWAS zone adopted at the 60th ordinary session of the ECOWAS Council of Ministers held at Abuja on 17 and 18 May 2008. The aim of this common regulation is to:  Protect the West African populations and environment against the potential hazards of pesticide use;  Facilitate intra and inter-state trade in pesticides through the establishment of rules and principles accepted by common consent at the regional level to remove the trade barriers;  Facilitate an appropriate and timely access by farmers to quality pesticides;  Contribute to the creation of a suitable environment for private investment in the pesticide industry, and;  Promote public-private sector partnership. This regulation is applicable to all activities involving the experimentation as well as authorization, trade in utilization and control of pesticides and bio pesticides in the member countries. 4.3 World Bank OP 4.09 The policy supports safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management and promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. It encourages the assessment of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. Projects that include the manufacture, use, or disposal of environmentally significant quantities of pest control products are classified as Category A. Depending on the level of environmental risk, other projects involving pest management issues are classified as A, B, C, or FI. 29 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS The World Bank OP 4.09 ensures that EA covers potential issues related to pest management and considers appropriate alternative designs or mitigation measures. It places premium on using biological pest control measures, but where chemical pesticides must be used, it encourages the country’s capacity to manage the procurement, handling, application and disposal of pest control products be evaluated and the capacity to monitor the precision of pest control and the impact of pesticide use, and to develop and implement ecologically based pest management program. OP/BP4.01 annex C exempts procurement of impregnated bed nets and WHO Class III insecticides for intra-domiciliary malaria control from the requirement of preparing a pest management plan. In those cases, preparation of a hazard assessment would suffice. A hazard assessment identifies risks associated with the transport, storage, handling and use of the pesticides and provides measures to minimize these risks. The policy further provides that the PMP may be limited to pest control product screening when all of the following conditions are met:  Expected quantities of pest control products are not significant from a health or environment standpoint,  No significant environment or health concerns related to pest control need to be addressed,  The project will not introduce pesticide use or other non-indigenous biological control into an area, or significantly increase the level of pesticide use;  Products to be financed fall in class 111 or table 5 of the WHO Classification of pesticides by hazards. The OP 4.09 principles provide general guidance that will be followed during appraisal on how to address pest management issues in different categories of projects to which OP 4.09 applies. These are provided as follows: 1. Do no harm All projects: The do-no-harm principle applies to all projects under any circumstances. Its concerns entail that pest management activities in Bank projects are sustainable and that health and environmental risks of pesticide use are minimized and can properly be managed by the user. Projects that directly or indirectly finance pesticides: For pesticides, directly or indirectly procured under Bank financed projects the policy states that it needs to be established that their use is justified under an IPM approach. It stipulates that optimum use should be made of available non-chemical pest management techniques to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides and that adequate measures be incorporated in the project design to reduce risks associated with the handling and use of pesticides to a level that can be managed by the users. The policy encourages monitoring of the effectiveness of these measures in order to achieve projectbobjectives. 30 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Projects that do not finance pesticides, but nevertheless indirectly increase or alter pesticide use, or affect pest management: If no pesticides are procured under the project, but if the project nevertheless affects pest management by maintaining or expanding pest management practices that are unsustainable, not based on an IPM approach, and/or pose significant health and environmental risks, then it would be appropriate to set out clear targets for moving current practices towards IPM and to provide the necessary support to this process. Immediate measures may be required to reduce risks associated with the handling and use of pesticides to a level that can be managed by the users. These may be addressed via:  Determining justification of pesticide use (that is whether pesticides use is justified under an IPM approach;  Determining if pesticides use is justified in economic terms;  Determining appropriateness or otherwise of products through selection and procurement of pesticides  Identification of risks and risk management to mitigate environmental and health concerns. 2. Do-Good Principle The do-good principle calls for enhancing policy reform and strengthening the regulatory framework and institutional capacity for the implementation of IPM and the control of pesticides. The expected level of project involvement depends on the circumstances and the scope of the project. Relevant factors in this respect are the:  Magnitude of the activity involving or affecting pest management.  Nature of the risks involved.  Size of the gap between actual practices and good practices.  Geographical scope of the project.  Degree to which policy reform and capacity building fit in the project. 31 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS PART 5: IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY ADVERSE IMPACTS OF PESTICIDES 5.1 Global Concerns on the Use of Pesticides Pesticides are toxic substances released most times intentionally into our environment. This includes substances that kill weeds (herbicides), insects (insecticides), fungus (fungicides), rodents (rodenticides), and others. The use of toxic pesticides to manage pest problems has become a common practice around the world. Pesticides are used almost everywhere not only in agricultural fields, but also in homes, parks, schools, buildings, forests, and roads. Though they could be very useful in managing pest problems, they are also a great environmental and health risk. 5.1.11 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) In May 2001 Nigeria became a signatory to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, and ratified in 2004. Under Annex A (listed for Elimination) of the convention, Parties must take measures to eliminate the production and use of the chemicals listed under Annex A. These obsolete pesticides are characterized by a high persistence in the environment (e.g. half-life for DDT in soil ranges from 22 to 30 years, Toxaphene -14 years, Mirex -12 years, Dieldrin- 7 years, Chlordecone up to 30 years), low water solubility and thus potential to accumulate in fatty tissue of living organisms including humans and toxicity to both human and wildlife. Due to intensive releases to the environment in past several decades, and tendency to long-range trans-boundary atmospheric transport, they are now widely distributed and are found around a globe. Most agricultural pesticides could constitute any of the POPs chemicals, which if are in use pose adverse environmental, animal and human health risks. Considering that Nigeria is a Signatory, the country is obligated to stop the use of POPs pesticides if still in use. For other pesticides, which are not POPs, the issue of toxicity still remains and the consequence of application on agricultural farm land, and resultant wider environmental and social impacts. 5.2 Pesticides and Human Health Pesticides have been linked to a wide range of human health hazards, ranging from short-term impacts such as headaches and nausea to chronic impacts like cancer, reproductive abnormalities, and endocrine disruption. Chronic health effects may occur years after even minimal exposure to pesticides in the environment, or result from the pesticide residues, which we ingest through our food and water. Pesticides can cause many types of cancer in humans. Some of the most prevalent forms include leukemia, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, brain, bone, breast, ovarian, prostate, testicular and liver cancers. 32 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 5.3 Identification of Potential Environmental and Health Risks Associated with Pesticides Potential adverse environmental and health risks of pesticides applications that are of concern to the proposed project may include: 5.3.1 Environmental 1. Soil contamination Pesticides which are still used in agricultural land in and around the proposed sites could enter soil during spraying resulting in wash-off or run-off into soil. Some pesticides such as soil fumigants and nematocides which are applied directly into soil to control pests and plant diseases are often retained in the soil. Long-term excessive use of pesticides will cause higher pesticide residues in the soil which will cause soil contamination within the area. 2. Surface and Groundwater Contamination Generally, there are four major routes through which pesticides reach the water: they may drift outside of the intended area when sprayed, may percolate, or leach through soil, may be carried to the water as runoff, or may be spilled. Pesticides typically enter surface water when rainfall or irrigation water exceeds the infiltration capacity of soil and resulting runoff then transports pesticides to streams, rivers, and other surface-water bodies. Groundwater contamination may occur when pesticide residue in surface water such as drainages, streams, and municipal wastewater is leached downward into groundwater.. Groundwater contamination may also occur from pesticide residue in surface water, such as drainages, streams, and municipal wastewater. 3. Air Pollution Vapour from sprayed pesticides will be released into the air, and if the chemical compound is very stable, the vapour may travel beyond the project intervention sites. Whether pesticides are applied by spraying or by surface application, air is the usual the medium through which the chemicals move to their intended and unintended targets. While some of the active ingredients in pesticides stay in the atmosphere for only a short while, others may last longer and may have the potential to contaminate the air, affecting humans and animals. Reliable data on how pesticides behave in air, such as distance travelled, are lacking, because adequate monitoring is unavailable. 4. Harm to Non-target Species The environmental impact of pesticides consists of the effects of pesticides on non- target species. Over 98 percent of sprayed insecticides and 95 percent of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, because they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields. Runoff can carry pesticides into aquatic environments while wind can carry them to other fields, grazing areas, human settlements and undeveloped areas, potentially affecting other species. Other problems emerge from poor production, 33 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS transport and storage practices. Over time, repeated application increases pest resistance, while its effects on other species can facilitate the pest's resurgence. 5.3.2 Health General Pesticides can enter the body through inhalation of aerosols, dust and vapour that contain pesticides; through oral exposure by consuming food and water; and through skin exposure by direct contact. The effects of pesticides on human health depend on the toxicity of the chemical and the length and magnitude of exposure. Farmer, farm workers and their families experience the greatest exposure to agricultural pesticides through direct contact. Children are more susceptible and sensitive to pesticides, because they are still developing and have a weaker immune system than adults. Children may be more exposed due to their closer proximity to the ground and tendency to put unfamiliar objects in their mouth. Hand to mouth contact depends on the child's age. Children under the age of six months are more apt to experience exposure from breast milk and inhalation of small particles. Pesticides can bioaccumulate in the body over time. Potential Site-related Health Concerns 1. Consumption of crops and plants grown under chemical pest control could cause health hazards to humans and animals within and around the project site. 2. Certain kinds of chemical intoxication especially after drinking pesticide contaminated water is a medium to high likelihood. This is a crucial potential impact considering that most of the locals get drinking water from surface and groundwater sources. 3. Skin, eye, and nose irritation 4. Possibility of cancers, neurologic, endocrine and reproductive problems form direct and indirect exposure to pesticides. 5. Occupational health and safety risks. Long term inhalation of toxic pesticides sprayed, could eventually result in respiratory illnesses or disease conditions. 34 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Table 5.1: Matrix of Some WHO Classified Pesticides and their Effects Pesticides Result of accidental exposure WHO Class Effects of acute intoxication Effects of chronic intoxication Clorpyriphos ethyle (1) II (Moderatly dangerous) Nausea. Dizziness. Vomiting. Cough. Loss of consciousness. The substance may have effects on the nervous system, Convulsions. Constriction of the pupil. Muscle cramps. Salivation. cholinesterase inhibitor A severe exposure may cause inhibition of cholinesterase Exposure above the Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) may result in death Fenitrothion(1) II (Moderatly dangerous) Cramps. Diarrhea. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Loss of The substance may have effects on the nervous system, consciousness.A severe exposure may cause inhibition of cholinesterase inhibitor cholinesterase exposure above the OEL may result in death Malathion (1) III (Slightly hazardous) The substance may have effects on the nervous system, causing A prolonged or repeated contact may cause skin convulsions, muscle cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sensitization. Cholinesterase inhibitor; possibility of salivation, sweating, difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness. A cumulative effects severe exposure may cause inhibition of cholinesterase Exposure above the OEL may result in death. Dizinon II (moderatly hazardous) The main symptom of soft acute diazinon poisoning are headache, Cholinstrase inhibitor.Accumulation of acetylcholine at nausea, dizziness, pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, tightness in the junctions between nerves and glands results in gland chest, difficulty in breathing, muscle weakness or twitching, secretion;and accumulation between nerves in the brain difficulty in walking, vomiting abdominal cramps and diarrhea causes sensory and behavioral disturbances. Effects on the central nervous system may include confusion, anxiety, drowseness, depression, difficulty in concentrating, slurred speech, poor recall, insomnia, nightmares and a form of toxic psychosis resulting in bizarre behavior. Cypermethrin II (moderatly hazardious) Symptoms of acute poisoning include abnormal facial sensations, Chronic symptoms include brain and locomotry dizziness, headache, nausea, anorexia and fatigue, vomiting and disorders, polyneurophasy and immuno-suppression and increased stomach secretion resembles the multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome Carbosulfan II (Modrately hazardous The acute symptoms of carbosulfan in humans are characterstics of - other organoposphate and carbamate insecticides. Signs include dizziness, salivation, excess salivation, nausea, abdominal cramps, 35 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Pesticides Result of accidental exposure WHO Class Effects of acute intoxication Effects of chronic intoxication vomiting, diarrhea, blurred vision, pi-point pupils, difficulty breathing and muscle twitching Carbaryl II (Modrately hazardous >> >> >> - Profenofos II (Modrately hazardious Muscarinic, nicotinic and central nervous system manifestations There is no available data concerning chronic toxicity of profenofos 36 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 5.4 Impact Mitigation through IPMP Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of multiple practices with a view to reduce reliance or use of pesticides. IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment. By applying basic IPM principles historical and future pest with respect to the proposed project site will be managed in an environmentally safe manner thus reducing increased dependency on pesticides or other environmentally unsafe approaches. Specifically, knowledge on biological, cultural and mechanical control measures that have been used in other agricultural programs in Nigeria by the FADAMA projects, IITA, FAO, CADP, TRIMING project etc, will provide a strong platform for proffering practicable safe measures towards mitigating adverse impacts of identified pests in the project area. Compared to traditional pesticide applications which pose immeasurable health and environmental risks, and may result in severe current and future losses (environmental, public, health, occupational health, social and financial), an Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) will be the most appropriate pest management approach for the proposed project. The IPMP for the project will lay down mitigation measures, institutional responsibilities and capacity building needs. 37 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS PART 6: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE APPEALS 6.1 IPMP Overview Considering that the project is seeking financial support from the World Bank, it is of essence to note that World Bank’s lending operations are performed in line with the Bank’s environmental and social safeguard policies. The policies recommend that certain safeguard instruments are prepared to proactively manage projects which may triggered safeguards. This Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) is intended to help manage the adverse effects of identified pests and pesticides on the value chains in the project sites to acceptable levels. The plan is designed to minimize potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment and to advance ecologically based IPM. This IPMP also recommends practical and cost-effective actions to prevent or reduce significant impacts to tolerable levels. It also establishes institutional arrangements and personnel capacity building needs. It shall complement the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and other safeguards instruments of the project. The IPMP for the proposed project is developed to reduce dependency on pesticides and encourage integrated pest control methods such as biological, cultural, physical, chemical methods and design a program for capacity building in IPM. By identifying institutional responsibilities, the IPMP also provides an information basis for stakeholder groups to establish functional mechanisms which will help the project actors and partners understand and respond to IPM needs. 6.2 Specific IPMP Objectives 1. Assist the target State governments to plan and design location specific IPM activities. 2. Promote participatory approaches in IPM to learn, test, select and implement “best-bet” IPM options. 3. Promote biodiversity monitoring to serve as early warning systems on pest status, alien invasive species, beneficial species, and migratory pests. 4. Establish linkages to drive the draft policy document for SCPZ in Nigeria and ensure compliance with national and international conventions and guidelines on pesticide use in agriculture. 5. Monitor and evaluate the benefits of IPM including its impact on the environment and health. 38 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 6.3 Integrated Pest Management Methods Suitable for the Value Chains within the Project Area In implementing IPM for the proposed project, the use of highly persistent and highly toxic chemicals must be avoided in pest management. Natural pest control methods should be employed to effectively reduce or eliminate pest or disease infestation without harming humans, crops and other organisms like chemicals sometimes do. Tables 6.1 and 6.2 present effective control methods (cultural, biological and chemical) for managing common pests and diseases of the value chains within the project area. It is only when natural methods are not adequate or available to manage the type or scale of pests and/or disease in a situation should chemical methods be applied. The combination of two or more natural methods may produce a more effective result when applied strategically. The IFC Guidelines on Pesticide Handling and Application provides a criterion for choosing pesticides based on the following factors in decreasing order of importance: i) Biodegradability; ii) Toxicity to mammals and fish; iii) Occupational health and safety risks; and iv) Costs Table 6.1: Value Chain Pests and Control methods in Nigeria CONTROL METHODS S/N CROPS PESTS CULTURAL BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL 1. Rice Nematodes (Apelenchoides besseyi; Land fallow and planting of trap Encouraging or - Hirshmanniella grazilis; crops introducing natural H.oryza;H.spinicaudata) enemies of the pest or Adopting crop rotation interfering with the life Stem borers techniques cycle of the pest 2. Wheat Quelea birds Land fallow technique and Encouraging or - planting of trap crops introducing natural Grasshoppers enemies of the pest or 39 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Nematodes Adopting crop rotation interfering with the life techniques cycle of the pest. Termites Aphids Use of scare-crows to scare the birds Stem borers 3. Cassava Green mite Crop Rotation Encouraging or - introducing natural Cassava mealy bug Alteration of planting date enemies of the pest or Variegated grasshopper. interfering with the life Disposal of crop residues cycle of the pest Choice of resistant crop variety Management of Irrigation. 4. Maize Quelea birds Bird scaring using Scare-crows Encouraging or Aerial spraying of introducing natural organophosphorus pesticides Grass cutters Use of traps for rats, grass enemies of the pest or Rats cutters, bush fowls interfering with the life cycle of the pest Bush fowls Removal and destruction of Termites and Mole cricket infested plants and plant residue Stem borers (applicable to Stem borers, armyworms & termites) Shoot flies Armyworms 5. Soya bean Caterpillars Adopting crop rotation Encouraging or -- Whitefly techniques introducing natural enemies of the pest or Removal and destruction of interfering with the life infested plants and plant cycle of the pest. residues 6. Horticulture Nematode Use of resistant species Soil solarisation - (fruits & Vegetables) Caterpillars (Moths and Butterflies) Adoption of crop rotation techniques. Beetles 40 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Grasshoppers Stem borers 7. Sugar Cane Nematode Use of resistant species. Soil solarisation - Stem borers Adoption of crop rotation techniques. 8. Fish Flukes Avoid introduction of raw plants -- Use of organophosphates or snails Leeches Potassium Permanganate bath against fresh water parasites or salt water bath for fresh Anchor worm water parasites Lice Nematode 9. Cocoa Cocoa Mirids Erection or planting of Shade as The black ant Application of canopy management helps to (Dolichoderus Actellic/Talstar and reduce the pest population thoracicus) has been Promecarb insecticides. used in some farms as a Insecticides are applied as Alternative hosts of Mirid pests control measure against foliar spray four times per should not be used as shade Mirids. year at monthly intervals trees on cocoa farms Cocoa pod borer (CPB) Sanitation practices involving Ants such as the black Improved control using the complete harvesting of ripe ant (Dolichoderus relatively small amounts of or damaged pods, burying of thoracicus) and the contact pyrethroid or pod husk, placenta, rotten pods weaver ant (Oecophylla carbamate insecticides, and all harvest remains smaragdina) are very applied to the undersides of important for biological lower branches, keeps the Regular pruning of the cocoa control CPB population below canopy to less than 4 m in height economic damage levels The fungus Beauvaria Pod-sleeving with plastic bags bassiana has been found also reduces attacks of CPB to infect larvae and pupae of the cocoa pod borer, causing a 100% 41 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS death rate Pod Borer Moths and some other insects secret pheromones which serve as traps to the male Pod Borers, thereby interrupting the reproduction cycle of the Pests Mistletoe Cultural control is so far the -- chemicals are not effective, as only method that has proven to it is impossible to apply them be effective; safely and efficiently Good maintenance of top shade to prevent germination of Mistletoe seeds is a useful long- term measure Cutting-out/removal of Mistletoes is recommended every other year Stem borer Pruning of infested branches The fungus Beauveria does reduce stem borer bassiana infects the -- populations but is labour larvae of Stem borer intensive Ants (Oecophylla and Hand picking of adults and Anoplolepis species) removal of larvae using pieces have in some cases of wire can achieve good results served to reduce Stem but it must start as soon as borer larvae population infestation is spotted Planting of barrier crops such as dense stands of Leucaena glauca, taro or sweet potato or Pueraria species, at least 15m 42 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS away from the cocoa plant Termites Deep ploughing or hand tilling Ants are the greatest Some controlled-release breaks open underground nests enemies of termites and formulations of non- and exposes termites to drying under natural conditions persistent insecticides (e.g. out under the sun and to limit their numbers. permethrin and deltamethrin) predators Driver ants are useful can be used as barriers in the natural enemies to soil around roots Burning straw at the entrances termites as they feed on of termite knolls suffocates and termite larvae. kills the colony. Flooding nests with water washes away or drowns the termites A traditional method for mound building termites has been to break open the nest and remove the queen Removal of plant debris from farms can reduce the potential termite food supply and lead to starvation of the colony 10. Cotton Aphids (Cotton aphid) – Aphis If aphid population is limited to -- Insecticidal soaps or gossypii just a few leaves or shoots then horticultural oils such as the infestation can be pruned out neem or canola oil are usually to provide control the best method of control Application of reflective mulches such as silver colored plastic can deter aphids from feeding on plants Armyworm – Spodoptera exigua Application Application of chemicals of Bacillus such as Spinosad, and thuringiensis, Methoxyfenozide as a natural enemy, which parasitize the 43 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS larvae Tillage of the farm to a depth of Application of some Helicoverpa - Helicoverpa at least 10 cm will damage or beneficial insects can -- disturb pupae, seal their affect armigera and H. punctigera emergence tunnels and trap all Helicoverpa life emerging moths stages: eg. Assassin bug, green lacewing and Tillage of the farm also leaves tachinid flies survivors open to attack by birds, mice, earwigs, and wasp parasites Post-harvest cultivation (pupae busting) to reduce the overwintering stage of Helicoverpa is one of the most important cultural control practices available Monitor plants for eggs Increased utilization of Use of Organophosphates like Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) and young larvae no-till practices results in bifenthrin against larvae and increased in-field adults populations of fire ants, which are excellent predators on caterpillars of cotton bollworm pests Bacillus thuringiensis or Entrust SC may be applied to control insects on organically grown plants 44 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Removal of all plant residue -- These pests are chemically Cutworms (Blackcutworm, from soil after harvest or at least controlled, by the addition or two weeks before planting spraying of insecticides like Variegated cutworm) - Agrotis carbaryl, and deltamethrin ipsilon plastic or foil collars fitted around plant stems to cover the bottom 3 inches above the soil line and extending a couple of inches into the soil can prevent larvae severing plants Hand-pick larvae after dark Spread diatomaceous earth around the base of the plants 11. Oil Palm Mealy Bugs (Dysmicoccus brevipes) -- Mealy bugs can -- potentially be controlled by the introduction of natural enemies such as lady beetles Rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes Destroying of any decaying logs -- -- rhinoceros) in plantation by chopping and burning to kill any larvae that may be inside Removal of any dead trees from plantation and destroy by burning Planting of cover crop to deter egg laying by females as they do not lay eggs in areas covered by vegetation Hooked wire can be used to extract larvae that are boring into young crowns 12. Yam Mealy bugs (Rastrococcus Spp) Pruning out of heavily infested Introduction of natural Horticultural oils or soapy branches Mealy Bug enemies like solutions can be used to treat 45 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Ants etc. heavy infestations It is not advised to use chemicals for control, as they may decrease the population of natural enemies, leading to Mealy bug outbreak White Scale insects – Aspidiella Inspection of yams in storage Use of white oil (made from hartii regularly, and removal of scale -- vegetable oils), soap solution infested tubers or horticultural oil (made from petroleum) on yams Use of scale-free seed-yam for infested with scale: (i) after planting harvest and before yams are stored; (ii) during storage, on yams when infestations begin; and (iii) at the time of planting before the tubers are cut Commercial horticultural oil can also be used. White oil, soap and horticultural oil- sprays work by blocking the breathing holes of insects causing suffocation and death. Spraying the undersides of leaves; the oils must contact the insects. The application of malathion is useful against scales insects, but it is likely to kill natural enemies 13. Cowpea Cowpea aphid Use insect resistant varieties -- Spray using pesticides like Aphis craccivora Bacillus thuringiensis (branded as Multiplication plots and Cyber Force or Cyber environs should be weed and 46 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS ants free Diforce) Cowpea pod borer -- -- Spray using pesticides like Maruca vitrata Bacillus thuringiensis (branded as Cyber Force or Cyber Diforce) Cowpea Weevil Host-Plant Resistance. Resistant -- Fumigation of the storage Callosobruchus spp varieties are available at facility Research Institutes in Nigeria Seed treatment with Harvesting at the right time to Phostoxin prevent infestation of pods in the field Cold storage at 4 degrees Celsius Army worms -- Biological control by Use available chemicals such Spodoptera exigua natural enemies which as Bifenthrin parasitize the larvae Corn earworm Monitor plants for eggs and Biological control of Bacillus thuringiensis or Helicoverpa zea young larvae natural enemies that Entrust SC may be applied to could be damaged by control the insects on chemicals organically grown plants 14. Cashew Tea Mosquite Dead trees and those which are -- -- Helopaltis antonii beyond recovery should be removed from the plantation Cashew weevil Remove bark from infested -- -- Mecicorynus loripes areas and destroy any larvae or 47 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS pupae found, this process should be repeated every month for up to six months; severely infested trees should be removed and destroyed; remove all adult weevils from tree prior to destruction and also remove bark and kill all larvae and pupae Helopeltis bugs Monitor crop regularly for signs Conserve populations of -- Helopeltis schoutedeni natural enemies, weaver of damage. ants can reduce avoid interplanting cashew with populations other crops which are hosts for African weaver ants helopeltis bugs such as tea and cotton (Oecophylla longinoda) have proved to be very effective as bioagents to Helopeltis and other sucking bug control Stem borers Control approach is basically -- -- physical confrontation to adults Mecocorynus loripes and larvae Mealy bug -- Use of bioagents such as -- Pseudococcus longispinus Ladybird beetles (Chilocorus spp) and Lacewing flies (Chrysopa spp) have proved to be useful 15. Ginger Shoot borer Collect all emerged adult and Treatment of shoots with destroy. Beaveria bassiana Install light trap during Mid May to June. July month for 48 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS adult mass trapping. In the Stem borer infested field collection of dead heart and destruction of the same White grub Leaving the land fallow for 2 Application of Beauveria Holotrichia spp years reduce the pest population. bassiana or Metarhizium Growing of resistant crops such anisopliae mixed with as sunflower also checks the vermicompost @5g/kg build-up of grub. or drenching the soil Sowing of Trap crops with these entomopathogenic fungi @5g/l Leaf roller Field Sanitation should be Application of Bacillus Udaspes folus maintained. thuringiensis Shoot boring weevil Remove alternate host plants -- Spraying of Nimbicidine or such as wild turmeric and Carbofuran cardamom. The congregating adult beetles can be collected and destroyed. 16. Sesame Hawk Moth Deep ploughing exposes the Use common biological -- practices pupae for predation to insectivorous birds. • Hand picking (collection) and destruction of caterpillars Bihar hairy caterpillar Dig the trenches of 1 inch depth Use common biological -- between the fields to kill the practices larvae in pits. Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid-season drought to prevent pre-harvest infestation Gall Fly Use common Cultural methods Use common biological -- practices Leaf Roller Use common Cultural methods Use common biological -- 49 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS practices Leaf Hopper Use common Cultural methods Use common biological Application of Oxydemeton– practices methyl 17. Dairy Milk Cattle Tail Lice Applications for tail lice should -- Tail louse control can be (Cow) be timed to obtain control of readily achieved by timed both flies and lice. This treatments with insecticides optimum timing of proper like permethrin. pesticides can result in the control of more than one pest for the cost of controlling one species. Deer Flies Traps have been effective when There are no effective Application of Emulsified biological control GardStar spray used around cattle that are programs for controlling confined to manageable areas tabanids. There are native beneficial insects that target tabanids. Eggs are parasitizied by such Hymenopteran families as Trichogrammatidae, Scelionidae, and Chalcididae. Diapriidae and Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera), and Bombyliidae and Tachinidae (Diptera) parasitize the larvae and pupa. Tabanid adults are used as provisions for nest building wasps. Cattle egrets and killdeer are also tabanid feeders Mosquitoes The most effective control -- -- method available is source 50 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS reduction by removing or draining mosquito breeding sites. Scabies Mite -- -- Application of Scabicur lotion on the affected areas Spinose ear tick -- -- Application of Scabicur lotion on the affected areas 18. Tomato Cutworms Elimination of weeds around -- -- garden beds at least two weeks before planting. Hand-picking cutworms at night may help Aphids Crushing aphids by hand or -- -- blasting them off with a strong jet of water Hornworms Hand-picking caterpillars in the General predators, such Bacillus thuringiensis (1) or early evening, when they are as praying mantises or spinosad (1) sprays, both most active, is quite effective. wasps, also reduce organic, can help with control Rototilling or using thickly populations sheet-mulch beds to destroy pupae between seasons StinkBugs Hand-picking of stinkbugs; -- - Elimination of weeds around garden beds at least two weeks before planting Snails and Slugs Raising of tomato plants and -- -- especially fruit off the ground by using cages or staking 19. Sorghum Lesser cornstalk borer Rescue treatments, once damage -- Preventive insecticides, such is detected, are not effective as systemic seed treatments applied at planting in a band over the row, best controls LCSB. Billbugs Preventive treatment is most -- - 51 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS effective using systemic seed treatments or at-planting insecticides, but rescue treatments are rarely effective. Cutworms Control weeds several weeks -- Cutworms can be controlled before planting. Cutworm rescue preventively using at planting treatments using a foliar-applied soil insecticides or by pre- insecticide may be useful plant, at-planting or post at- planting or post emergence foliar sprays. Spay in a band over the row Chinch Bug In seedlings, treat when two or -- Post-emergence applications more adults are found on 20 should be directed at the base percent of seedlings. On taller of plants using enough final plants up to 6 inches, treat when spray and pressure to ensure 75 percent of plants are infested good coverage. Getting good OR five or more chinch bugs per spray coverage becomes more plant are present difficult in larger plants Aphids and Greenbug Systemic seed treatments Usually natural enemies In larger plants, an insecticide normally are not justified such as lady beetles, treatment may be needed if specifically for aphid control, hover fly larvae, aphids are causing the but if used they will control parasitic wasps and discoloration and death of aphids for about 20 days after others will control aphid two or more leaves. planting. infestations 52 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Table 6.2: Value Chain Diseases and Control methods in Nigeria CONTROL METHODS S/N CROPS DISEASES CULTURAL BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL 1. Rice Blast (Pyricularia oryza) Adopting crop rotation -- -- techniques Brown leaf spot (Cochliobolus miyabeanus) Black kernel (Curvularia spp) 2. Wheat Foot and root rot Land fallow and the planting -- -- of trap crops. Rusts (stem rust, brown rust and leaf rust) Adopting crop rotation Smut; loose smut techniques. Use of scare-crows to scare the birds. 3. Cassava Cassava Mosaic Crop Rotation -- -- Bacterial blight Alteration of planting date Anthracnose Disposal of crop residues Root rot Choice of resistant crop variety 53 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 4. Maize Rust Use of crop rotation Use of resistant varieties Spraying with systemic fungicides eg. Benomyl Turcicum blight planting technique. and Dithane M45. Curvularia leaf spot Seed dressing with Removal and burning of Furadan or Apron plus. Maydis blight infected plants Smut. Use of Furadan 3G and other fumigant Nematode nematicides 5. Soya bean Rust Use of Crop rotation planting Plant resistant varieties Use of Foliar fungicide techniques Bacterial pustule Treatment of seeds with systemic insecticides Phytophthora seedling blight and root and and application of one stem rot or two foliar sprays of insecticides to reduce Frogeye leaf spot the insect vector during pre-flowering stage Cowpea mild mottle Soyabean mottle mosaic 6. Fish Coccidiosis -- -- Use of coccidiostat monensin, Hexamitosis sulfamidimine or Streptococcosis amprolium Dropsy Vibrio 7. Cocoa Witches’ Broom – Crinipellis perniciosa Phytosanitary pruning is an A very effective biocontrol -- effective means of control of agent for Witches’ Broom is Witches' Broom Trichoderma stromaticum 54 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Complete removal of all infected material is advocated, but it is an impossible task because hidden inoculum sources always remain Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) – Seedlings should be raised -- -- Oncobasidium theobromae well away from infected areas to ensure that stock transplanted into the field is initially disease-free. Nurseries should be protected by growing seedlings in a shade house or under a plastic shelter, which keeps the leaves dry for all but a few hours after watering Covering nurseries with roofs also stop spores falling on the young cocoa seedlings. Ensure Monthly inspection and pruning of infected stems with the first sign of yellowing Frosty Pod Rot - Crinipellis roreri Removal of diseased pods Application of antagonistic Copper fungicides and from the cocoa trees is the fungi or bacteria is effective in organic protectants main cultural approach to reducing the incidence of Frosty (especially Frosty Pod control Pod chlorothalonil) applied 55 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Diseased pods must be Application of Bacteria from on the early stages of removed from the tree, genera Bacillus and pod development, from weekly during peaks of pod- Pseudomonas the start of the main set and development, but less pod-set peaks until frequently when fruiting is most pods are 3 months sparse old have generally proven effective and may be economical Black Pod -Phytophthora species Cultural control is quite Conserving natural beneficials Using fungicides of effective by making it by maintaining leaf litter mulch copper oxide or copper more difficult for the to cover the soil will contribute sulphate either singly or fungi to spread through to the break-down of Black in combination with the crop. Field Pod-infected crop debris and metalaxyl, combined inspections should begin reduces the level of inoculum at with cultural method is at the start of the rainy soil level. an integrated approach season. After 2-3 days of continuous rainfall, check for and remove primary infections on pods. Infected plant material needs to be disposed of carefully. Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus – CSSV Isolating new cocoa -- -- plantings from infected cocoa by using barriers of CSSV-immune crops. 8. Cotton Plow crop residue into the Provide plants with adequate Applications of Alternaria leaf spot - Alternaria soil to reduce inoculum irrigation and nutrients, appropriate foliar macrospora levels particularly potassium fungicides may be required on susceptible cultivars. 56 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Asochyta blight – Asochyta gossypii Plow crop debris into soil -- -- after harvest Cercospora Leaf Spot – Carcospora Plow crop residue into the -- Applications of gossypina soil to reduce inoculum appropriate foliar levels fungicides may be required on susceptible provide plants with adequate cultivars irrigation and nutrients Fusarium wilt - Fusarium oxysporum Use on certified, disease-free -- Fumigating the soil seed may reduce disease incidence Application of chemicals like Metalaxyl, Triadimenol, Mefenoxam,and Iprodione 9. Oil palm Bacterial Bud rot – Erwinia Spp Plant oil palm varieties with -- Palm buds can be resistance to the bacteria protected using copper- based fungicides Rotting tissue on spear leaves should be removed to prevent bacteria spreading to buds Ganoderma butt rot – Ganoderma Spp Palms should be monitored -- -- closely for signs of disease, especially if a palm has died or been removed nearby as fungi can colonize old stumps and release spores Avoidance of replanting 57 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS palm in soil where an infected palm has been removed Oil Palm Witt – Fusarium oxysporum Dead or dying trees should -- Treatment of soil within be felled and burned to a 3m radius of infested prevent spread in plantations stumps with dazomet, and subsequent If palms are replanted, then covering with leaves for new palm should be planted a period of 30 days a distance of 3.9m from infested stump Pestalotiopsis Leaf spot – Pestalotiopsis Removal and destruction of -- Application of Spp severely diseased palms from appropriate broad plantation, spectrum foliar fungicides can be used Adequate spacing during as a chemical method planting of palms to allow air for control of Leaf Spot to circulate between trees disease Removal of weeds from palm plantation 10. Yam Anthracnose - Colletotrichum The most effective method -- The use of Benomyl, gleosporoides of controlling the disease is thiabendazole as a to plant yam varieties that chemical method of are resistant to anthracnose control of yam such as TDA 291 or TDA anthracnose had been 297 proven effective Dry rot disease – Scutellonema bradys Treating tubers with hot -- -- water for 40 min at 50-55 C before sowing and after harvest to reduce disease 58 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS both in field and storage Follow crop rotation with non-host or antagonist crops like ground nut, sorghum, maize, chill pepper etc. Yam Mosaic diseases – Yam Mosaic Use of healthy, large and potyvirus disease free tubers or setts for planting Regular weeding of farm land Collection and destruction of crop debris 11. Cowpea Antracnose (Collectotrichum spp) Use of resistant varieties for -- -- planting is the best method of control practice of good field sanitation such as removing crop debris from field after harvest to reduce levels of inoculum Bacteria blight (Fungi) Use of certified seeds and -- Spraying of plants with Xanthomonas campestris resistant varieties an appropriate protective copper based fungicide before appearance of symptoms Treatment of seeds with an appropriate antibiotic prior to planting to kill off bacteria 59 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Brown blotch (Fungi) Use of resistant varieties for -- -- Collectrichum capsici planting is the best method of control Use of only certified disease- free seed Good field sanitation practice such as removing crop debris from field after harvest to reduce levels of inoculum Brown Rust (Fungi) -- -- Sprays of sulphur or Uromyces spp potassium carbonate can help to control the disease 12 Cashew Anthracnose -- -- A protective coating of Collectotrichum gloeospoides copper-based fungicide on susceptible parts of plant can prevent the disease. Fungicide should be applied when buds begin to expand through to fruit set but are not required during dry periods Die Back or Pink Disease This disease can be -- -- controlled by the pruning of the affected branches below the spot of infection and destroying them, protecting the cut surface by application of Bordeaux paste and spraying of Bordeaux mixture 1% twice in May - June and the second in October. Damping off of Seedling It can be controlled by -- -- provision of adequate 60 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS drainage in the nursery and dranching the beds/polybags with 0.1 % Cersen, Bordeaux mixture 1%, Diathane - M- 45 0.25% or Feltef 0.1%. Powdery Mildew disease -- -- Powdery is basically controlled by use of Sulphur dust, but due to likely environmental acidification problems, alternative fungicides have been tested and registered for use in Nigeria Leaf and nut blight disease -- -- - 13. Ginger Bacterial Wilt Use of disease free seeds. Treatment with Sowing should be done on trichoderma viride or T. disease free land based on Herzianum + previous history. Pseudomonas florescens before 4 to 5 years of crop rotation sowing. will prevent disease incidence Provide proper drainage will prevent water stagnation Dry Rot Seed rhizomes are to be -- Application of selected from disease free Trichoderma harzianum garden along with neem cake @ 1 kg/bed helps in preventing the disease. Use Bordeaux mixture or copper fungicides@ 2.5 gm / lit water as spot drenching Soft Rot Use disease free, healthy Bio fumigation with residues of Application of neem rhizome for planting. cruciferous crops like mustard, cake @ 2.5 quintals Provision of good drainage toria, rapeseed along with Trichoderma viride @ 2.5 kg/ha at 61 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS the time of planting. Drenching with Bordeaux mixture @1% or COC @0.3% for effective management of the disease. Leaf Spot Growing the crop under -- Application of partial shade Bordeaux mixture at 1% or COC at 0.3% 14. Sesame Alternaria leaf blight Avoid planting overlapping Use resistant/tolerant varieties. Treatment with crops in adjacent area. Crop rotations, viz., sesame-maize Use healthy, certified and weed Trichoderma @ 4 g/Kg cabbage, okra- sesame - seed free seeds. of seed, Pseudomonas maize, maize - sesame - Use sowing in lines to facilitate fluorescens @ 2 g/Kg maize and sesame - finger millet-egg plant are reported inter culture operations. seed or Bacillus subtilis effective in reducing disease Adopt stale seed bed technique @ 2 g/Kg seed or incidence. Crop rotation with non-host to control early germinating NSKE 4% crops, particularly with weeds. paddy. Use straw mulch to control Provide good drainage weed growth and to conserve soil moisture Phytophthora blight Avoid planting overlapping Use resistant/tolerant varieties. Treatment with crops in adjacent area. Crop Use healthy, certified and weed rotations, viz., sesame-maize seed free seeds. Trichoderma @ 4 g/Kg cabbage, okra- sesame - Use sowing in lines to facilitate of seed, Pseudomonas maize, maize - sesame - inter culture operations. fluorescens @ 2 g/Kg maize and sesame - finger Adopt stale seed bed technique millet-egg plant are reported to control early germinating seed or Bacillus subtilis effective in reducing disease weeds. @ 2 g/Kg seed or incidence. Use straw mulch to control Crop rotation with non-host weed growth and to conserve NSKE 4% crops, particularly with soil moisture paddy. Provide good drainage Dry root rot Avoid planting overlapping Use resistant/tolerant varieties. Treatment with crops in adjacent area. Crop Use healthy, certified and weed 62 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS rotations, viz., sesame-maize seed free seeds. Trichoderma @ 4 g/Kg cabbage, okra- sesame - Use sowing in lines to facilitate maize, maize - sesame - inter culture operations. of seed, Pseudomonas maize and sesame - finger Adopt stale seed bed technique fluorescens @ 2 g/Kg millet-egg plant are reported to control early germinating seed or Bacillus subtilis effective in reducing disease weeds. incidence. Use straw mulch to control @ 2 g/Kg seed or Crop rotation with non-host weed growth and to conserve NSKE 4% crops, particularly with soil moisture paddy. Provide good drainage Phyllody Intercropping of sesamum + Use common biological Spray neem oil @ 5 redgram (6 : 1) practices ml/l for vector (leaf hopper) control 15. Beef Tetanus Undertaking surgical -- Keep magnesium procedures (such as additions to mineral castration) properly, in a supplements available clean environment, with from May until disinfected instruments and October. Commercial surgical area, will mineral mixes that are significantly reduce the risk high in magnesium are of tetanus. The same rules readily available. A mix apply to calving, be as clean can be made at home, as possible and minimise which also features a contamination. selenium supplement, Antitoxin can be useful as a with the following short-acting (up to 21 days) recipe (Wahlberg, preventative if used at high 1995): 22.5% trace- risk times, however on some mineralized salt, 22.5% farms vaccination may be dicalcium phosphate, better, as a three dose course 10% of a 0.06% of vaccination can result in selenium mix; 22.5% protection for over three magnesium oxide, and years. 22.5% ground corn. Cattle should eat about one-fourth of a pound of the mixture daily. An emergency treatment includes 63 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS preparing 200mL of a saturated solution of epsom salts. This solution should be injected under the skin of the animal in at least multiple sites with 10 mL injected at each site. A veterinarian should be consulted to provide intravenous magnesium supplements Prussic acid poisoning During grazing management: -- -- use certified seed select varieties low in prussic acid follow fertilizer application recommendations do not begin grazing until plants have reached a height of 18 to 20 inches allow frosted sudangrass to thoroughly dry before pasturing dilute intake of infected material with hay and other forages Acetonaemia (ketosis) Prevention depends on When using corticosteroids, it is A quick-acting glucose adequate feeding and important to supply an adequate supplement is required management practices amount of glucose either as a immediately. Follow-up high carbohydrate diet and/or treatment is aimed at propylene glycol drenches to providing a long term 64 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS prevent excessive breakdown of supply of glucose. muscle protein Foot and Mouth Disease As a result of the loss of -- Infected carcasses must production and the infectious be disposed of safely by state of the disease, infected incineration, rendering, animals are usually culled burial or other techniques. Milk from infected cows can be inactivated by heating to 100°C (212°F) for more than 20 minutes. Slurry can be heated to 67°C (153°F) for three minutes. Vaccination with one serotype does not protect the animal against other serotypes, and may not protect the animal completely or at all from other strains of the same serotype. Currently, there is no universal FMD vaccine. Leptospirosis Antibiotic therapy should be In some cases streptomycin is chemoprophylaxis and prescribed for animals with added as a precautionary vaccination of leptospirosis. Antibiotics can measure to semen from bulls replacement stock also eliminate persitant held at artificial insemination infections. centres. Infected animals should be segregated from others to avoid transmission of the disease. 16. Tomatoes Early Blight Avoid getting water on the -- -- leaves whenever possible, change the locations where you plant your tomatoes, mulch well around each 65 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS plant, and clear away all dead or infected plant material at the end of each season. Picking off infected leaves may slow the progression of the disease until the weather is more favorable Speck and Spot Prevent and control these -- Chemical controls are diseases as you would Early usually not needed. Blight, above. Bacterial spots stop spreading in dry, warm weather. Late Blight Avoid sprinkler irrigation, -- -- very dense planting, or other things which keep humidity high. Remove volunteer potatoes or tomatoes, and clean up debris at the end of the season. Mulching may help prevent initial infection Fusarium Wilt Cleaning up all tomato The typical solution in an -- debris, including old roots, infected garden is to grow and solarizing the soil may resistant varieties help. Powdery Mildew -- -- No control is necessary on mature plants, but in the case of young or severely affected plants, sulfur dust (1) provides good control. 17. Sorghum Anthracnose Plant resistant varieties; -- -- remove other susceptible plants. rotate crops; plow crop debris into soil after harvest Charcoal rot Plant varieties with strong -- -- stems; plant sorghum in fertile soil and avoid 66 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS overcrowding unless using irrigation; use irrigation during flowering and grain- filling to reduce drought stress; rotate crop with cotton to reduce disease severity Gray Leaf spot Disease can be controlled by -- -- planting sorghum varieties that or tolerant or resistant to the disease Rough spot Sorghum varieties with a -- -- high level of resistance should be planted in areas where the disease is problematic but the disease generally causes only minor losses when present Smut Disease can be controlled by -- Through the application growing resistant varieties of appropriate fungicides 67 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS The Project will benefit from CADP experience in implementing IPMP. A lot of experience and success has been gained in Nigeria under CADP, FADAMA II and III projects, and WAAPP including application of IPM operations. Therefore, the project stands to gain from shared experience and capacity of these existing projects in terms of challenges and success drivers of IPM operations and other similar areas. That way, project beneficiaries would not require much experimentation time lag in the implementation of this IPM. 6.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) It is highly important that farmers and personnel who will be involved in the application and handling of pesticides under the Project wear and use adequate personal protective gears in the course of their activities. Wearing PPE can greatly reduce the potential for dermal, inhalation, eye, and oral exposure, of humans to pesticides and thereby significantly reduce the chances of a pesticide poisoning. PPEs for pest handling include the following:  Protective gloves  Shoes and socks  Coveralls or Long-Sleeved shirt and full trousers made from closely woven fabric  Respiratory Masks Pesticide stained clothing must be kept from other cloths. PPE should be cleaned and dried in a well-ventilated place before storage. 6.5 Pest Management Planning Matrix Table 6.2 outlines the matrix of activities, expected results, milestones and performance indicators of the IPMP. 68 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Table 6.3: Planning matrix for the APPEALS Narrative summary Expected results Performance indicators Assumptions/risks Goal: Empower the project to contribute  Enhanced in-country value chain  Evidence of improvements in value chain  National security significantly to household and national production capacity enhanced, production, availability and sales remains stable economies through environmentally friendly environmental quality (investors will ensure that their processes are  Increase in partnerships between farmers and off-  Government policies pest management practices. takers continue to support environmentally compliant, and that waste the project in the is properly and safely managed). Improved  Increase in employment (short and Long-term) country. crop and productivity (resistant, and high for skilled and unskilled persons yielding varieties will be used). Employment opportunities, youth  Environmental protection empowerment and increased income for target states. Purpose Medium-term results/outcomes  Availability of sufficient agricultural products.  Perception of state agencies regarding the 1. In the immediate future, halt and reverse  Target states are able to prioritize pest value of IPM in agriculture. losses cause by pests in order to increase problems and identify IPM opportunities profitability of the project. to mitigate negative environmental and  Level of compliance with World Bank social impacts associated with pesticides. safeguards, and compliance parameters of other 2. In the longer term, strengthen national donors etc.  Participating states are able to adopt and local capacity to reduce environmental ecologically sound options to reduce  Level of chemical control practices and health risks associated with pest cassava crop losses with minimal personal management practices in the project and environmental health risks.  Types and level of use of alternatives to synthetic pesticides intervention areas  Project decision makers provided with clearer guidelines enabling them to promote IPM approaches and options in agriculture  Collaborate linkages established to develop a national IPM policy to promote compliance with international conventions and guidelines on pesticide use 69 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Table 6.4: Components activities and expected results of the IPMP Activities Expected results Milestones Performance indicators Assumptions/risks 1. Record stakeholders’ overviews Result 1: Staple crop farmers  Pest problems diagnosed and related  Type and nature of participatory Social, economic on staple crop pests. and other relevant stakeholder IPM opportunities identified methods for problem analysis and political groups develop common  Potential constraints farmers may face  Documented information on the status situation remain 2. Conduct field diagnosis to understanding of key pest stable in the use of the technologies specified of pests and natural enemies of pest specify pests that undermine staple problems and agree on and pollinators in project intervention crop production.  Pest lists including quarantine pests areas corrective action. and alien invasive species developed. 2. Identify farmers’ coping  Inventory of alien invasive species and  Potential for improving existing pest quarantine pests mechanisms and researcher control practices assessed recommended IPM options against  Types and availability of natural  Pest monitoring schemes for early enemies for use in biological control of the pests. warning on alien invasive species and named pest migratory pests are organized and 3. Develop and explain historical functional  Types and availability of microbial profile of pesticide use and other pesticides and botanical pesticides to pest control practices in the project  Action plan for location-specific IPM replace chemical pesticides activities developed intervention areas  Type and number of crop rotation  PMP implementation mechanism schemes to reduce build-up of named 5. Specify partnership developed by in all participating states pest species opportunities at local, national and international levels to assist in the  Type of composting and mulching as implementation of the PMP alternatives to mineral fertilizers  List of principal actors and of partners 70 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Activities Expected results Milestones Performance indicators Assumptions/risks 1. Develop participatory learning Result 2: Human resource PLM for pest Type and number of PLMs developed NCO/SCO adopt modules (PLM) in line with capacity for IPM delivery and management practices developed and and apply new identified training needs implementation developed. adapted to suit local needs Type of IPM skills covered in study improved visits by agric staff technologies. 2. Conduct short to medium term In partnership with training of trainers programs are training of farmers, potential Nigeria/FAO project completed Training of farmers’ learning groups Farmers, other project staff and support groups on TCP/NIR/2903 (T) on implemented project beneficiaries skills relevant to the PLMs sustainable legumes and At least 3 sets of study visits organized and partners cereal production through for technical support staff Gender and number of extension agents comply with 3. Organize international study integrated production and pest and of farmers trained. international visits on specialized IPM skills of management for synergy of Project staff accurately relate pests to conventions guiding relevance to the PLMs efforts in participatory respective damage symptoms; Gender and number of trained farmers pesticide use and learning approaches, and with recognize natural enemies/biological engaged in participatory extension MRLs in trade 4. Intensify training of men and the CGIAR System-wide control agents against the pests; test a Critical mass of women farmers in IPM knowledge Program on IPM (SP-IPM) for range of IPM options and select “best- Extent to which new knowledge/skills staff trained remain and skills. supporting IPM resources bet” options to implement and adopt. are used by extension agents & farmers within the to promote adoption of IPM options communities 5. Promote farmer-led extension to Trained farmers undertake participatory increase secondary adoption of extension; and also adopt new IPM Number & type of IPM information proven IPM options options materials developed/disseminated 6. Strengthen researcher-farmer- At least 70 percentof information Number and type of new IPM options extension linkages through materials developed is disseminated and introduced and adopted. participatory research on issues used by extension agents and farmers. emerging from farmer training Gender and number of farmers adopting Significant reduction in pest damage IPM technologies. 7. Develop/disseminate IPM decision-support information Area of crops under IPM resources for field agents, farmers, policy makers, and the general Incremental benefits due to pest control public Type and number of user-friendly taxonomic keys for pest and natural enemy recognition by farmers and extension workers 71 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Table 6.4 (contd.): Components activities and expected results of the PMP Activities Expected results Milestones Performance indicators Assumptions/risks 1. Test and promote botanical Result 3: Harmful pesticide  Local commercial enterprises initiated  Level of reduction in chemical pesticide Government and alternatives to synthetic pesticides. regimes replaced by and/or strengthened to produce and/or use; type and number of pesticides development environmentally friendly market botanical pesticides replaced by botanical or microbial partners remain 2. Test and promote microbial pesticides alternatives to synthetic pesticides alternatives  At least one botanical pesticide widely committed to 3. Develop/update a national IPM used in place of chemical pesticides  Number of commercial enterprises international In partnership with the: engaged in the production of botanical conventions and policy including legislation to  At least one microbial pesticide pesticides; and quality of the products govern the manufacture, registered and widely used in place of guidelines on safe 1. SP-IPM for sustainable importation, distribution and use access to microbial pesticides. chemical pesticides  Volume of sale of microbial and pesticide use of pesticides botanical pesticides  Surveillance systems to protect project Critical mass of 4. Establish a state IPM advisory 2. Nigeria node (at IAR/ABU) areas from banned/harmful pesticide  Level of compliance with World Bank staff trained remain and oversight committee to guide of the West African Network regimes is fully operational safeguard policies by NCO/SCO and national and local compliance with within the project for Taxonomy (WAFRINET) pesticide dealers/service providers World Bank safeguard Policies,  Existing pesticide regulations are fully intervention areas and IITA biodiversity center enforced  Effectiveness of the IPM advisory and OP 4.09; OP 4.01, OP 4.12 and other international conventions for identification services. oversight committee  A multi-stakeholder State/National concerning pesticide use IPM advisory and oversight committee  Number of pest surveillance groups and 5. Sensitize the population on IPM established to guide compliance with pesticide law enforcement mechanisms issues and activities through international conventions and guidelines on pesticide use, and  Effectiveness of public awareness of formal and informal educational promote the IPM development campaign channels and public awareness campaigns  Radio and other public campaigns on impact of pesticides in agriculture, environment and health conducted through radio and TV spots, mass field days, rural market days, information workshops, and focus groups discussions 72 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS PART 7: IMPLENTATION STRATEGY 7.1 Context To ensure that this IPMP is optimally implemented a number of steps are required to be taken. These include: i. Measures that will ensure capacity building among stakeholders that will implement the IPMP as well as farmers associations and youth expected to be involved in agriculture under the proposed project; ii. Measures to ensure that POPs pesticides and WHO class I and II pesticides considered to be extremely/highly and moderately hazardous respectively are not procured and/or used; iii. Measures that will ensure that farmers get the relevant technical aids and education on the implementation of safe and alternative pest control measures rather than the use of chemicals iv. Measures that ensure that pest resistant varieties of the value chains are procured as a better pest control alternative 73 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 7.2 Capacity Building Training is a fundamental component of the APPEALS’s IPMP. A series of trainings have been proposed and are as follows: Table 7.1 Capacity Building Modules Targets Responsibility Arrangement Budget in US$ World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards NCO/SCOs; SMA; State Safeguards Consultant 55,000 (emphasis on OP 4.09) ADP Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Basics in NCO/SCOs; SMA; State Independent Consultant 83,100 chemical pest applications ADP, Farmer Organizations, Youth farmers, extension workers Safe Management of Chemical Pesticides NCO/SCOs,; SMA; State Independent Consultant, CADP, FADAMA III, 62,000 (transportation, storage, handling, storage of empty ADP, Extension works, pesticide containers and final disposal) Decision making on the selection of IPM approaches or NCO/SCOs; SMA; State Independent Consultant, FADAMA III 70,300 options ADP, farmers IPM Implementation and Monitoring NCO/SCOs; SMA; State Independent Consultant, FADAMA III, CADP 108,800 ADP Small group consultations NCO/SCOs; Independent Consultant, FADAMA III, CADP 63,550 SMA; State ADP; farmers 74 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Modules Targets Responsibility Arrangement Budget in US$ Environmental management in pest control NCO/SCOs; Independent Consultant 87,400 SMA; State ADP; farmers Breeding of natural enemies of pests NCO/SCOs; Independent Consultant 122,850 SMA; State ADP TOTAL 653,000 75 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 7.3 Institutional Arrangements and Framework for Implementation 7.3.1 Role and Responsibilities of the project Implementation Units (National and State Coordination Offices) The overall responsibility for the implementation of the Project will be under the auspices of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD). FMARD will execute the Project using the existing structure of the on-going IDA-financed Commercial Agriculture Development Project (CADP). To account for new project activities, associated design and to reflect lessons learned from the execution of CADP, the relevant executing agencies and implementation arrangements both at Federal and State levels will be strengthened. There will be two levels of organizational structures both at Federal and State levels consisting of (a) the oversight organs at each level: the National Steering Committee (NSC) at federal level and the State Steering Committees (SCO) in each participating states, and (b) the operational organs which are the Project Implementation Units with a National Coordinating Office (NCO) at federal level, and the State Coordinating Offices (SCOs) in the participating states. At the Federal level, the NCO will coordinate Project activities on behalf of the FMARD, and will implement cross cutting activities that benefit all participating states and beyond (in particular under Component 4, and Component 5. The NCO has gained sufficient direct experience in managing the Bank-funded CADP. The NCO will be responsible for managing the designated Account at federal level and financial management, managing procurement at Federal level, coordinating environmental and social safeguards, administering the M&E system, coordinate the work of the different partners at Federal levels, prepare periodic reports and provide support to SCOs. The NCO will be responsible for coordinating and consolidating the preparation of the project Annual Work Plan and Budgets (AWPB), including any safeguards related studies and management plans. A mix of skills needed for the NCO will include an Environmental Specialist and a Social Development Specialist, with responsibility for coordinating environmental and social safeguards. The Environmental and Social Safeguards specialists will supervise and guide the implementation of the IPMP and the other safeguards instruments of the project at state level. At the State level, project day to day execution will be carried out by the SCO that will be strengthened in those states that have the established structure under CADP; and a new one will be established for those states that do not have such entity at present. The SCOs will coordinate and facilitate project coordination at their respective States and will be responsible for preparing monitoring reports, annual work plans and budgets, facilitating the work and provide periodic reports to SSCs and NCO. SCOs will serve as a Secretariat for the SSCs. As such, the SCOs will have a reporting responsibility both to their respective SSCs and NCO. They will also be responsible for environmental and social safeguards aspects of project execution except. 76 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS The State Ministries of Agriculture, through its local structure such as ADPs, will perform a technical support role for the SCOs. SMAs will be responsible for ensuring agricultural personnel availability, to enable sensitization programs and capacity building on IPM practices. SMAs will also be responsible for preparing State-based IPM guidance manuals to foster IPM in the zone and state as a whole. To support the intervention project in technical expertise and advisory. Technical responsibilities will include:  Development of subsequent IPM training programs for the project  Advice on selection of best value chain varieties to ensure project outputs are achieved and also foster IPM.  Ensure that proffered IMP controls as contained in this report are applied. They will be vital for providing guidance and directives on pest control applications and monitoring and evaluation (M&E).  Breeding of natural enemies: Through the provision of funding by the Project, each actor will be responsible for setting up facilities for breeding natural enemies and provide advice on subsequent capacity building needs in breeding of natural hosts. 7.3.9 Roles and Responsibilities of Project Beneficiaries leader of producer associations and manager of partnering agribusiness companies and SMEs would be adequately sensitized and organized to perform the following roles: a) Integrate community developmental goals with those of the project for economic and social transformation. b) Promote group formation and establishment of relevant security personnel for safeguarding the activities within the Zones and its environs. c) Provision of appropriate security measures to protect lives and properties of Investors d) Cooperate with the SCO and other partners to ensure that activities carried on consistently with the project manuals and guidelines e) Organization of farmers into cooperatives for easy access to goods and services for production and processing facilities 7.3.10 Roles and Responsibilities of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) The roles of NGOs in project locations and to the benefiting communities would include the following: a) Encouragement of beneficiary participation b) Participation in identification of beneficiary communities’ project needs c) Assistance in funding community development projects 77 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 7.3.11 Roles and Responsibilities of Donor Agencies (World Bank) The roles of the World Bank: The borrower shall be responsible for ensuring that World Bank Safeguards Policies and extant laws in Nigeria are complied with. The World Bank will conduct supervision and due diligence missions to the project: The Bank will provide capacity building and technical support to the borrower as needed; The World Bank shall share information, including best practices for the sustainability of the project. 7.4 Responsibilities of Federal Ministries 7.4.1 Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) The FMARD, through its Agric Business & Market Development Department will provide overall leadership and direction to the other Ministries in the facilitation of the desired operational environment for APPEALS. Specific roles will include: a) Provision of the policy and legal framework in Nigeria with a view to ensuring stability and sustainability. b) Facilitating the provision of funding to support the development and sustenance of project activities c) Engaging all the critical stakeholders and securing their support, cooperation and participation in the implementation of this policy d) Establishing, through the APP, FMARD’s Development Partnership Projects like the CADP, FADAMA and other donor Projects, a coordinated and sustainable system of support to production activities in the project intervention areas 7.4.2 Federal Ministry of Water Resources a) Assist in the determination of hydrology potentials of project sites where necessary b) Facilitate full utilization of irrigation potentials in project intervention areas, including ensuring dam safety as relevant, and support development and maintenance of collection wells, pump stations and irrigation canals c) Exploration and utilization of appropriate technologies to provide potable and industrial water to agribusiness clusters. 78 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 7.4.3 Federal Ministry of Environment a) Establishment of environmental and social policy guidelines to reduce delays in obtaining approvals for project development b) Ensuring compliance of to specific environmental and social policy guidelines 7.5 Monitoring and Evaluation The objectives of monitoring and evaluation for the IPMP are as follows:  Providing timely information about the success or otherwise of the IPM operation process outlined in this report. This will ensure continuous improvement in the project areas  To make a final evaluation in order to determine whether the mitigation measures incorporated in the IPMP have been successful. This section sets out requirements for the monitoring of the environmental and health impacts of the pesticides management activities. Monitoring and evaluation of the agricultural support IPM will be mainstreamed into the overall monitoring and evaluation system for the project’s ESMF. The key issues to be considered in the monitoring process are whether a pesticides procurement checklist is available and used during procurement and screening to 1) ensure that POPs pesticides and WHO class Ia and Ib pesticides are not procured or used. 2) Monitor the progress of the IPM implementation vi-a-viz the results. In specifics, the following are monitoring indicators required to achieving IPM project development objectives:  Reduction in the use and application of pesticides in the area  Performance ratings in pest management using proffered IPM controls  Number of farmers and stakeholders aware of the pollution, contamination and toxicity associated with pesticides  Decline or increase in crop pests in project intervention areas  The number of farmers or farmers association using biological methods of pest control  Number of persons trained in the method of spraying and handling of chemical pesticides  The reported incidences of pest and herbicides concerns among farmers  The level of use of resistant and improved species of cassava  Improvement in production/harvest of crops/livestock from use of IPM vi-a-viz the pre- IPM baseline  Level of understanding of IPM processes  Level of understanding of World Bank operational policy on pest management among SCOs and farmers associations  Level of involvement of youth and women in agriculture activities 79 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS  Level of unemployment/employment especially in project communities Towards the course of the above monitoring indicators the following action indicators will be incorporated into a participatory monitoring and evaluation plan. Capacity to inform: Types and number of participatory learning modules (PLM) delivered; category and number of extension agents and farmers trained and reached with each PLM; category and number of participants reached beyond baseline figures; practical skills/techniques most frequently demanded by extension agents and farmers; and crop/livestock management practices preferred by farmers. Capacity to motivate: Category and number of agricultural workers and farmers who correctly apply the skills they had learnt; new management practices adopted most by farmers; category and number of other farmers trained by project trained farmers; types of farmer-innovations implemented; level of pest damage and losses; rate of adoption of IPM practices; impact of the adoption of IPM on production performance. Major benefits: Increase in production in project intervention areas; increase in farm revenue; social benefits: e.g., improvement in the health status of farmers; level of reduction of pesticide purchase and use. Sustainability of Process and Results Short-term technical study visits FADAMA agriculture projects and other ADP projects with proven success in IPM development and implementation will help to create favourable conditions for continuity of IPM processes and results. Scientific information, adapted into user- friendly format will strengthen training and extension delivery, and increase IPM literacy for project beneficiaries. Evaluation of Results The evaluation of results of IPM in the project can be carried out by comparing baseline data collected in the planning phase with targets and post project situations. 80 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS PART 8: WORKPLAN AND BUDGET Approximately US$ 1,200,000 will be required to effectively implement the IPMP over a seven-year period (Table 8.1). This cost covers IPM orientation workshop, capacity building and awareness program, and project management including the cost of monitoring. It will be implemented over the 7-year project cycle. Detail of the work plan and cost are presented in table 8.1. Table 8.1: Budget summary (US$) Line item Yr. 1 Yr. 2 Yr. 3 Yr. 4 Yr. 5 Yr. 6 Yr. 7 Total 1. Capacity building & Awareness All training programs (See table 6.0) 168,000 140,000 140,000 60,000 60,000 55,000 30,000 653,000 Radio jingles and handbill on IPM 20,000 14,000 8,200 8,200 5,000 0 0 55,400 Sub-total 188,000 154,000 148,200 68,200 65,000 55,000 30,000 708,400 2. Environmental management Equipment; bed nets; improved species 7,200 10,800 10,800 7,200 3,600 3,600 3,000 46,200 Support to IPM research and development 14,300 18,000 18,000 7,200 7,200 7,200 5,700 77,600 Pest/vector surveillance 3,500 5,700 5,700 5,700 3,600 3,600 3,600 31,400 Sub-total 25,000 34,500 34,500 20,100 14,400 14,400 12,300 155,200 3. Occupational Health & Safety Personal Protective Equipment 36,000 36,000 25,000 25,000 21,500 18,000 14,000 175,500 (Hand gloves, gas mask, safety boot and overall wear) Chemical Neutralizer and first Aid 25,000 18,000 14,300 14,300 14,300 6,500 0 92,400 Sub-total 61,000 54,000 39,300 39,300 35,800 24,500 14,000 267,900 4. Project management IPMP coordination 2,600 2,900 2,600 2,600 2,600 2,600 2,600 18,500 Monitoring and evaluation 5,800 7,300 7,250 7,250 7,200 7,200 8,000 50,000 Sub-total 8,400 10,200 9,850 9,850 9,800 9,800 10,600 68,500 Grand total 282,400 252,700 231,850 137,450 125,000 103,700 66,900 1,200,000 81 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS REFERENCES The Agricultural Promotion Policy, Policy and Strategy Document – FMARD (2016) IPMP for the Youth Empowerment Social Support Operation –YESSO (2012) IPMP National FADAMA 2 PMP for Nigeria (2005) IPMP of the West African Agricultural Productivity Programme (2010) IPMP Transforming Irrigation Management in Nigeria - TRIMING (2013) Pest Control in Cassava Farms; IPM Guide for Field Extension Agent –IITA (2000) PIC (1998). Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in the International Trade. Text and annexes. UNEP and FAO. POPs (2001). Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Text and annexes. UNEP and FAO The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification –WHO (2009) EHS Guidelines for Pesticide Handling and Application, IFC 82 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS ANNEXES Annex 1: List of crop and livestock protection products approved for use by NAFDAC a) Insecticides Organochlorines Organophosphorus Carbamates Pyrethroids insecticides insecticides 1. Endosulfan Organophosphorus i 1. Carbaryl 1. Lambda – Cyhalothrin 2. Helptachlor 1. Diazinon 2. Carbofuran 2. Cypermethrin 3. Lindane (Restricted to 2. Dichlorvos (DDVP) 3. Propoxur 3. Deltamethrin use on Cocoa only) 3. Chlorpyrifos 4. Carbosulfan 4. Phenothrin 4. Chlorpyrifos – Methyl 5. Furathiocarb 5. Permethrin 5. Dicrotophos 6. Temik (Aldicarb 6. Tetramethrin 6. Dimethoate 7. Cyfluthrin 7. Monocrotophos 8. Allethrin 8. Perimiphos – Ethyl 9. Perimiphos – Methyl 10. Ethion 11. Rugby (Cadusofas) 12. Malathion 13. Temeguard (Temephos) 14. Isazofos 15. Parathion – Methyl 16. Phosphamidon 17. Methidathion 83 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS b) Herbicides and fungicides Organophosphorus Carbamates Other herbicides Fungicides Organophosphorus 1. Asulam 1. Dimethachlor 1. Benomyl (Nitroheterocyclic 1. Anilofos 2. Metazachlor Compound) 2. Piperophos 3. Monosodium Methyl 2. Dazomet (Thiadiazine Arsonate (MSMA) Fungicide) 3. Glyphosate 4. Fluxixpyr 3. Folpet (Phthalimide 4. Glyphosate Trimesium Fungicide) (Touchdown or Sulfosate) 5. Imazaquine 4. Metalaxyl (Acylalamine 5. Amideherbicides 6. Triassulfuran (Amber) Fungcide) (Acetochlor; Alachlor; Propanil; Butachlor; 7. Osethoxydim 5. Cyproconazole (Alto – Metalochlor) 100SL) 8. Oxadiazon (Ronster) Triazines and Triazoles 6. Bavistin (Carbon) – 9. Clomaone (Atrazine; Ametryn; Benzimide Desmetryn; Terbuthalazine; 10. Trifluralin Terbutrex Terbutryne) 7. Triadmenol (Bayfidon 11. Stamp 500 GR Conzole Fungicide) Chlorophenoxy herbicides (pendimethalin) (Prometryn; Simazine; 2.4-D (2.4 Dichlorphenoxy 12. Fluazifop – P.butyl acetiacid) 7. Urea and guadinidines ; (Diuron ; Linurex (=Linuron); Fluometurone; Chloroxuron; Neburon) Quaternary nitrogen compounds (paraquat; diquat) 84 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Annex 2: Good Management Practices Guide and Pesticides Management Measures a. Required measures for the reduction of pesticides-related risks Safe use of pesticides Pesticides are toxic for pests and for humans. However, if sufficient precautions are taken, they should not constitute a threat either for the population or for non-targeted animal species. Most of them can have harmful effects if swallowed or in case of prolonged contact with the skin. When a pesticide is sprayed in the form of fine particles, there is a risk of absorbing them with the air we breathe. There is also a risk of water, food and soil contamination. Specific precautions should therefore be taken during the transportation, storage and handling of pesticides. The spraying equipment should be regularly cleaned and well maintained to avoid leakages. The individuals using pesticides should learn how to use them safely. Insecticides registration Reinforce the registration process of insecticides by ensuring:  Streamlining, between the national pesticides registration system and other products used in Public Health;  Adoption of WHO specifications applicable to pesticides for national registration process purposes;  Reinforcement of the pilot regulatory body;  Collection and publication of data relating to imported and manufactured products;  Periodical review of registration. When planning to buy pesticides to control vectors, consult the guiding principles issued by WHO. For the acquisition of insecticides intended for public health use, the following guidelines are recommended:  Develop national guidelines applicable to the purchase of products intended for vector control and ensure that all the agencies buying them strictly comply with those guidelines;  Use synthetic Pyrethroids: Deltamethrin SC, Permethrin EC, Vectron, Icon, Cyfluthrin, as recommended by the national policy;  Refer to the guiding principles issued by WHO or FAO on calls for tenders, to FAO recommendations regarding labeling and to WHO recommendations regarding products (for indoor spraying); 85 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS  Include in calls for tenders, the details regarding technical support, maintenance, training and products recycling that will be part of the after-sale service committing manufacturers; apply the back-to-sender principle;  Control the quality and quantity of each lot of insecticides and impregnated supports before receiving the orders;  Ensure that the products are clearly labeled in French and if possible in local language and in the strict respect of national requirements;  Specify which type of package will guarantee efficiency, preservation duration as well the human and environmental security of handling packaged products while strictly complying with national requirements;  Ensure that donated pesticides intended for public health, comply with the requirements of the registration process in Mali (CSP) and can be used before their expiry date;  Establish a consultation, before receiving a donation, between the ministries, agencies concerned and the donors for a sound use of the product;  Request users to wear protective clothes and equipment recommended in order to reduce their exposition to insecticides to the strict minimum;  Obtain from the manufacturer a physic-chemical analysis report and the product acceptability certification;  Request the manufacturer to submit an analysis report of the product and of its formulation along with guidelines to follow in case of intoxication;  Request the buying agency to perform a physic-chemical analysis of the product before shipping and arrival. Precautions Labeling Pesticides should be packaged and labeled according to WHO standards. The label should be written in English and in the local language (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba as applicable); it should indicate the content, the safety instruction (warning) and any action to be taken in case of accidental ingestion or contamination. The product should always remain in its original container. Take all appropriate precautionary measures and wear protective clothes in accordance with recommendations. Storage and transportation Pesticides should be stored in a place that can be locked up and is not accessible to unauthorized individuals or children. The pesticides, should, in no event, be stored in a place where they could be mistaken for food or beverage. They should be kept dry and out of the sun. They should not be transported in a vehicle that also carries food products. In order to ensure safety during storage and transportation, the public or private agency in charge of managing purchased insecticides and insecticide-impregnated supports, should 86 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS comply with the current regulations as well as the conservation conditions recommended by the manufacturer regarding:  Preservation of the original label;  Prevention of accidental pouring or overflowing;  Use of appropriate containers;  Appropriate marking of stored products;  Specifications regarding the local population;  Products separation;  Protection against humidity and contamination by other products;  Restricted access to storage facilities;  Locked storage facilities to guarantee product integrity and safety.  Pesticides warehouses should be located far from human residences or animal shelters, water supplies, wells and channels. They should be located on an elevated surface and secured with fences with restricted access for authorized individuals only.  Pesticides should not be stored in places where they could be exposed to sunlight, to water or to humidity, which could harm their stability. Warehouses should be secured and well ventilated.  Pesticides should not be transported in the same vehicle with agricultural products, food products, clothes, toys or cosmetics as these products could become dangerous in case of contamination.  Pesticides containers should be loaded in vehicles in order to avoid damages during transportation, that their labels will not tear off so that and they would slip off and fall on a road with an uneven surface. Vehicles transporting pesticides should bear a warning sign placed conspicuously and indicating the nature of the cargo. Distribution Distribution should be based on the following guidelines:  Packaging (original or new packaging) should ensure safety during the distribution and avoid the unauthorized sale or distribution of products intended for vector control;  The distributor should be informed and made aware of the dangerous nature of the cargo;  The distributor should complete delivery within the agreed deadlines;  The distribution system of insecticides and impregnated supports should enable to reduce the risks associated with the numerous handlings and transportations;  In the event the purchasing department is not able to ensure the transportation of the products and materials, it should stipulated in the call for tenders that the supplier is expected to transport the insecticides and impregnated supported up to the warehouse;  All pesticides and spraying equipment distributors should have an exploitation permit in accordance with the current regulation in Mali. 87 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Disposal of pesticide stocks After the operations, the remaining stocks of pesticides can be disposed of without risk by dumping them in a hole dug specifically or in a pit latrine. A pesticide should not be disposed of by throwing it in a place where there is a risk of contaminating drinking water or for bathing or where it can reach a pond or a river. Some insecticides, such as pyrethroids, are very toxic for fish. Dig a hole to at least 100 meters from any stream, well or habitat. If in hilly areas, the whole must be dug below. Pour all waters used for hand washing after the treatment. Bury all containers, boxes, bottles, etc. that have contained pesticides. Reseal the hole as quickly as possible. Packaging or cardboard, paper or plastic containers— the latter cleaned — can be burnt, if allowed, far away from homes and drinking water sources, regarding the re-use of containers after cleaning. Pyrethroid suspensions can be discharged on a dry soil where they are quickly absorbed and then will go through a decomposition process making them harmless for the environment. If there is an amount of insecticide solution left, it can be used to destroy ants and cockroaches. Simply pour a little bit of solution on infested areas (under the kitchen sink, in corners) or to rub a sponge soaked with water on it. To temporarily prevent insect proliferation, a certain amount of solution can be poured inside and around latrines or on other breeding places. Pyrethroid suspensions for mosquito nets treatment and other fabrics can be used days after their preparation. It can also be used to treat mats and rope mattresses to prevent mosquito to bite from the bottom. Mattresses can also be treated against bugs. Cleaning of empty pesticide packaging and containers Re-using empty pesticide containers is risky and it is not recommended to do so. However, it is estimated that some pesticide containers are very useful to be simply thrown away after use. Can we therefore clean and re-use such containers? This depends both on the material and the content. In principle, the label should indicate the possibilities for re-using containers and how to clean them. Containers having contained pesticides classified as hazardous or extremely dangerous should not be re-used. Under certain conditions, containers of pesticides classified as dangerous or that do not present any risk under normal use, can be re-used unless they are not used as food or drink containers or as food containers for animal food. Containers made of materials such as polyethylene that preferentially absorb pesticides, must not be re-used if they have contained pesticides whose active ingredient has been classified as moderately or extremely dangerous regardless of the formulation. Once a recipient is empty, it should be rinsed, then filled 88 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS completely with water and allowed to stand for 24 hours. Then it should be emptied and this process should be done over again. General Hygiene Do not eat, drink or smoke when handling insecticides. Food should be placed in tightly closed containers. Measurement, dilution and transfer of insecticides should be done with the adequate material. Do not shake or take liquid with unprotected hands. If the nozzle is blocked, press the pump valve or unblock the opening with a flexible rod. After each fill, wash hands and face with water and soap. Eat and drink only after washing hands and face. Take a shower or a bath at the end of the day. Individual protection  Adapted coveralls covering hands and legs  Dust, gas and respirator masks, based on the type of treatment and product used  Gloves  Goggles  Hoods (facial shield) Protection of the population  Minimize the exposure of local populations and livestock  Cover wells and other reservoirs  Sensitize populations on risks Protective clothing Treatments inside homes: Operators should wear coveralls or a long sleeves shirt over a pair of pants, a flapped hat, a turban or any other type of headgear as well as boots or big shoes. Sandals are not suitable. Nose and mouth should be protected using a simple method, for example a disposable paper mask, a disposable surgical or washable mask or a clean cotton cloth. Once the fabric is wet, it should be changed. Clothing must be in cotton for easy washing and drying. It must cover the body and contain no opening. In hot and humid climates, it can be uncomfortable to wear additional protective clothing; therefore, one will be forced to spray pesticides during hours when it is very hot. Preparation of suspensions People responsible for bagging insecticides and preparing suspensions, particularly for the treatment of mosquito bed net units must take special precautions. In addition to the abovementioned protective clothing, they must wear gloves, an apron and eye protection, for example a facial shield or glasses. Facial shields protect the entire face and keep less warm. Nose 89 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS and mouth should be covered as indicated for treatment in homes. They should ensure that they do not touch any part of their body with gloves during pesticide handling. Treatment of nets To treat mosquito nets, clothes, grills or with tsetse traps with insecticides, it is necessary to wear long rubber gloves. In some cases, additional protection is required, for example against vapours, dusts or insecticide dusting that could be dangerous. These additional protective accessories should be mentioned on the product label and may consist of aprons, boots, facial masks, coveralls and hats. Maintenance Protective clothing should always be impeccably maintained and should be checked periodically to verify tearing, wearing that could lead to skin contamination. Protective clothing and equipment should be washed daily with water and soap. Particular attention should be paid to gloves and they must be replaced once they are torn or show signs of wear. After usage, they should be rinsed in water before removing them. At the end of each working day, they will need to be washed inside and outside. Safety measures During spraying Spurt form the sprayer must not be directed towards a part of the body. A leaking sprayer must be repaired and skin must be washed if it is accidentally contaminated. The household and animals must stay outside during the whole spraying activity. Avoid treating a room where there is a person — a sick person for example — who cannot be taken outside. Before starting spraying activities, kitchen utensils should be taken out and all utensils as well as dishes containing drinks and food. They can be gathered in the centre of the room and covered with plastic film. Hammocks and paintings should not be treated. The bottom part of furniture and the side against the wall should be treated while ensuring that surfaces are effectively treated. Sweep or wash the floor after spraying. Occupants should avoid contact with walls. Clothing and equipment should be washed every day. Avoid spraying organophosphate or carbamate for more than 5 to 6 hours daily and wash hands after each filling. If Fenitrothion is used or old stocks of Malathion are used, operators should control the level of cholinesterase in their blood every week. Monitoring exposure to organophosphate 90 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS There are country kits available on the market to control cholinesterase activity in the blood. If this activity is low, it can be concluded that their excessive exposure to organophosphate insecticide. These dosages should be done every week with people handling such products. Any person whose cholinesterase activity is very low should be stopped from working until it returns to normal. Fabric spraying When handling insecticide concentrates, or preparing suspensions, gloves should be worn. Attention should be paid particularly to spraying in the eyes. A big bowl not too high should be used and the room should be well ventilated to avoid inhaling smokes. b. Measures to minimize transportation, storage, handling and usage risks 91 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Annex 3: WHO Classification (Class I & II) Extremely hazardous (Class Ia) technical grade active ingredients in pesticides 92 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Highly hazardous (Class Ib) technical grade active ingredients in pesticides 93 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 94 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Moderately hazardous (Class II) technical grade active ingredients in pesticides 95 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 96 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 97 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 98 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 99 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 100 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 101 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 102 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Source: WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazards and Guidelines to Classification, 2009 103 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS Annex 4: Labelling, Packaging, Storage and Disposal (FAO) Code of Conduct - 2001 revised version Code of Conduct - 1989 amended version 10.1 All pesticide containers should be clearly 10.1 All pesticide containers should be clearly labelled in accordance with applicable labelled in accordance with applicable international guidelines, at least in line with the FAO guidelines, such as the FAO guidelines on good guidelines on good labelling practice (3). labelling practice. 10.2 Industry should use labels that: 10.2 Industry should use labels that: 10.2.1 comply with registration requirements 10.2.1 include recommendations consistent with and include recommendations consistent with those of the recognized research and advisory those of the recognized research and advisory agencies in the country of sale; agencies in the country of sale; 10.2.2 include appropriate symbols and 10.2.2 include appropriate symbols and pictograms pictograms whenever possible, in addition to whenever possible, in addition to written written instructions, warnings and precautions instructions, warnings and precautions; in the appropriate language or languages (3); 10.2.3 comply with national or international 10.2.3 in international trade, clearly show labelling requirements for dangerous goods in appropriate WHO hazard classification of the international trade and, if appropriate, clearly contents (11) or, if this is inappropriate or show the appropriate WHO hazard inconsistent with national regulations, use the classification of the contents (3,35,36); relevant classification; 10.2.4 include, in the appropriate language or 10.2.4 include, in the appropriate language or languages, a warning against the reuse of languages, a warning against the reuse of containers and instructions for the safe containers, and instructions for the safe disposal disposal or decontamination of used or decontamination of empty containers; containers; 10.2.5 identify each lot or batch of the product 10.2.5 identify each lot or batch of the product in in numbers or letters that can be understood numbers or letters that can be read, transcribed without the need for additional code and communicated by anyone without the need references; for codes or other means of deciphering; 10.2.6 clearly show the release date (month and 10.2.6 are marked with the date (month and year) year) of the lot or batch and contain relevant of formulation of the lot or batch and with information on the storage stability of the relevant information on the storage stability of the product (21). product. 104 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 10.3 Pesticide industry, in cooperation with 10.3 Industry should ensure that: government, should ensure that: 10.3.1 packaging, storage and disposal of 10.3.1 packaging, storage and disposal of pesticides pesticides conform in principle to the relevant conform in principle to the FAO guidelines for FAO, UNEP10, WHO guidelines or regulations packaging and storage, the FAO guidelines for the (27,28, 37, 39, 40) or to other international disposal of waste pesticides and containers, and guidelines where applicable; WHO specifications for pesticides used in public health; 10.3.2 packaging or repackaging is carried out 10.3.2 in cooperation with governments, only on licensed premises where the packaging or repackaging is carried out only on responsible authority is satisfied that staff are licensed premises where the responsible authority adequately protected against toxic hazards, that is convinced that staff are adequately protected the resulting product will be properly packaged against toxic hazards, that the resulting product and labelled, and that the content will conform will be properly packaged and labelled, and that to the relevant quality standards. the content will conform to the relevant quality standards. 10.4 Governments should take the necessary 10.4 Governments should take the necessary regulatory measures to prohibit the regulatory measures to prohibit the repacking, repackaging or decanting of any pesticide into decanting or dispensing of any pesticide into food food or beverage containers and rigidly enforce or beverage containers in trade channels and punitive measures that effectively deter such rigidly enforce punitive measures that effectively practices. deter such practices. 10.5 Governments, with the help of pesticide industry and with multilateral cooperation, should inventory obsolete or unusable stocks of pesticides and used containers, establish and - new paragraph in revised Code - implement an action plan for their disposal, or remediation in the case of contaminated sites (41), and record these activities 10.6 Pesticide industry should be encouraged, with multilateral cooperation, to assist in disposing of any banned or obsolete pesticides - new paragraph in revised Code - and of used containers, in an environmentally sound manner, including reuse with minimal risk where approved and appropriate. 105 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 10.7 Governments, pesticide industry, international organizations and the agricultural community should implement policies and - new paragraph in revised Code - practices to prevent the accumulation of obsolete pesticides and used containers (36). Source: International Code of conduct on the Distribution and Use Pesticides, FAO 106 | P a g e Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for the Nigeria APPEALS 107 | P a g e