Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY RePOt NNO. P-5255-MAG MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT OF SDR 19.8 MILLION TO THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF MADAGASCAR FOR AN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM MARCH 20, 1990 Thi documnt has a restictd dstdbuon and may be usd by rdpiets ody In the performncue of ter offcl dutis Its contents may not otberwise be disclosed without Wrld Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit - Malagasy Francs (FMG) US$ 1.00 MG 1,650 PMG 1,000 - USS 0.61 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1 meter (m) - 3.3 feet (ft) 1 kilometer (km) a .62 mile (ml) 1 square kilometer (Km2) - .39 square mile (sq.m) 1 hectare (ha) - 2.47 acres 1 kilogram (kg) 3 2.20 pounds (lb) 1 metric ton (m.ton) - 2,205 pounds (lb) ABBREVIATIONS AMAE - National Association for Environmental Actions (Association Nationale d'Actions Environnementales) ANGAP - National Association for the Management of Protected Areas (Association Nationale pour la Gestion des Alres Frotegoes) DEF - Forestry Department (Departement des Eaux et Forts) DPRA - Cadastral Agency (Direction du Patrimoine et de la Rforme Agraire) EAP - Environment Action Plan FTM - National Cartographic Agency MPAEF - Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Forests (Ministere de la Production Animals, des Eaux et Forkts) ONE - National Office for the Environment (Office National de l'Enlvironnement) VWF World Wide Fund for Nature FISCAL YEAR Goverment of Madagascar January 1 - December 31 and its ministries and agencies FOR OFmICIAL USE ONLY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF MADAGASCAR ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM4 Credit and Proiect Summary Iorrowert Democratic Republic of Madagascar Deneficiaries: About 100,000 farm families in selected areas and buffer zones around parks and reserves. Imolenting Agencies: Ministry of Economy and Plan; Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Forests; the National Association for the Management of Protected Areas; the National Association for Environmental Actions; the National Mapping Agency; the Ministry of Agriculture; and the Ministry of Scientific Research. Amounts SDR 19.8 million (USS 26.0 million) le nms Standard, with 40 years maturity Onlendint Termst On a grant basis, but will be reviewed during the mid-term review depending on the amount of revenues generated by ANGAP, FTM and ANAE. Friuncinf Plans Government $ 17.2 million 1/ Other Donors $ 42.3 million 2/ IDA S 26.0 million ______________ Total $ 85.5 million 11 Including US$ 13.2 million of taxes and duties 21 UNDP, UNESCO, USAID, French, German, Norwegian and Swiss Aids, KFW (the Federal Republic of GermaAy), World Wide Fund for Nature, Conservation International. Economic rate of returns Not applicable Staff Appraisal Report: Report No 8348-MAG MM: Priority Protected Areas, IBRD No 21799 This document has a resticted distribution and may be used by recipints only in the perfonrance of their official duties. Its contents may not oftrwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF MADAGASCAR FOR AN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM 1. The following memorandum and recommendat.on on a proposed development credit to Madagascar for SDR 19.8 million (US$ 26.0 million equivalent) is submitted for approval. The proposed credit would be on standard IDA terms, with 40 years maturity and help finance an Environment Program (the Program). Parallel and co-financing in the amount of US$42.3 million equivalent would be provided by UNDP, TUNESCO, USAID, French, German, Norwegian and Swiss Aids, RFW (the Federal Republic of Germany), the World Wide Fund for Nature and Conservation Internatinal. 2. Background. Madagascar has been identified by the international community as one of the ecologically richest countries of this planet and one where the heritage of biological diversity is most at risk. At the same time, Madagascar is one of the economically poorest. This contrast, as in many similar situations elsewhere in the world, has generated tensiont between the proponents of conservation and those of development. But It is clear that one cannot be obtained without the other. Their integration is, in fact, the key principle at the foundation of the proposed Program. It is in line with the recommendations of the UN Commission for theo Environment ('Our Common Future') and with the UNESCO concept of 'Man and Biosphere". 3. Madagascar is locked in a spiral of environmental degradation that increasingly threatens sustainable development and what remains of the country's unique ecological heritage. The protection of Madagascar's biodiversity is commanding increasing international support and galvanizing, in tne process, a growing recognition of the fundamental causes of environmental degradation. As in most of Africa, environmental issues cannot be Addressed in isolation of the impact of demographic pressure end inadequate farming methods which lead to the unsustainable exploitation of available resources. The need to deal simultaneously with a series of interdependent Issues is another guiding principle of the proposed Program. 4. To arrest this spiral of degradation, Madagascar has been the first country in Africa to prepare an Environmental Action Plan (EAP). It has been a joint enterprise between Government, a group of donors, including IDA, and NGOs. Government mobilized Malagasy technicians (about 150 have been involved), and donors provided financial and technical support. Special efforts have been made to include and give a prominent role to NOOs, and to integrate the results of their grass roots experience. This proved successful as reflected in the design of the Program and its evolutive and progressive approach, especially on the institutional side. Efforts have also been made to mobilize the population at large through national campaigns. More efforts will have to continue to be made to include resource users and beneficiaries in this large scale national and international cooperation effort. As an essential underpinning of this effort, the EA? is being formalized into the National Charter for the Environment. 5. Madagascar still enjoys a very good potential for development in terms of climate diversity, important irrigation schemes that could be expanded, land reserves, and minerals. However, despite its resources, Madagascar, with a per capita income of US$ 225 in 1987, has become one of the poorest countries in the world in the last decade, largely due to the economic policies of the 1970's which seriously distorted incentives for production. In addition, strong demographic pressures and the lack of modernized and readily available farming methods have led to the extension of traditional cultivation practices with dramatic environmental consequences (slash and burn on steep hills poses setious erosion and soil conservation problems). The impact of tnvironmental degradation is difficult to assess with reliable accuracy, but economic losses resulting from lower agricultural productivity due to soil loss, damaged infrastructure, and the reduced life span of infrastructure are estimated to range from 5 to 15 percent of Madagascar GNP annually. 6. IDA has been active in tne Malagasy environment sector through several environmentally related projects, and as one of the main promoters of the EAP. The Second Agricultural Institutions Projects (Credit 1709-MAG) finances an inventory of natural resources; the Titanium Mining Engineering (Credit 1928-MAG) is helping to carry out an environmental assessment study of the proposed project; the Energy I Project (Credit 1787-MAG) stresses energy policy formulation and implementation; the Forests Management and Protection Project (Credit 1878-MAG) includes conserving four natural reserves, forest exploitation planning in the Antananarivo region and promoting private sector in reforestation; and the National Agricultural Research Project (Credit 2041- MAG) includes programs in soil conservation, watershed management and development of technologies for sustainable exploitation of natural forests. Two projects, soon to be submitted to the Executive Directors, also address environmental questionss the Pilot Agricultural Extension Project and the Antananarivo Plain Development Project. Other donors are also currently active in environment (e.g. USAID and WWF in the management of parks and reserves and the French, German and Cooperation in soil conservation and reforestation). 7. Rationale for IDA involvement. It is important for environmentally related activities to be: (i) fully integrated in the macroeconomic program of the Government to ensure their long-term sustainability and (ii) compatible with the Government's complementary efforts to address the social dimension of development. IDA's involvement will help to ensure these essential links and to bridge the potential gap between conservation and development. It will also assist Government in coordinating the many donors interested in protecting Madagascar's threatened environment. The successful donor meeting held in Paris on February 14-15, 1990 which resulted in the full funding of the Program and the donors' willingness to channel their contributions through the Program's framework are good examples of the coordinating role played by IDA. 8. Program objectives. Long-term objectives are to reconcile the Malagasy population with its environment by starting a long-term processt first to conserve threatened sites of world-renowned biodiversity while providing support to the surrounding communities to make them partners in conservation, to impr-ve their living conditions and to help them develop sustainable farming systems; second, to stop, or at least to slow down, soil losses and sedimentation in priority areas where erosion has the most destructive impact; and third, to establish the institutional and legal framework, the policies, and the incentives conducive to environmentally sustainable development. In this context, immediate objectives will be: (i) to establish solid bases for WAP implementation by developing human resources, progressively building new institutions and strengthening existing ones, establishing sound environmental methods and procedures, and reinforcing management tools; (ii) to begin operations of an urgent nature, namely, protecting the patrimony of biodiversity, fighting erosion by protecting most notably the country's major economic infrastructure, and better defining and improving land security; and (iii) to prepare the second slice of the EAP through studies and pilot operations. 9. Program descrittion. The pr-gram would cover implementation of the first five years of the EAP, the completion of which would stretch over 15 years. It would consist of seven components under the overall coordination of the National Office for the Environment (ONE): (i) protecting and managing unique ecological systems together with the development of peripheral zones (including the execution of field activities by NGO's under contract with the Association for the Management of Protected Areas -- ANGAP -- within the framework of policies approved by the responsible ministries); (ii) promoting soil conservation, agroforestry, and other rural development activities in priority zones, including several large watershed areas (mostly through mini- projects involving the full participation of local communities financed by a private -- NGO run -- National Association for Environmental Actions, ANAE); (iII) developing maps and geographic information on Program areas; (iv) Improving land security through the establishment of clear boundaries for protected zones and land titling in priority areas; (v) ti ining environmental spocialists and promoting environmental awareness and education at all levels of Malagasy society; (vi) launching environmental research programs on land, coastal and marine ecosystems to better protect and manage natural resources on a sustainable basis; and (vii) developing support activities, composed of institution building, the adoption of environmental assessment procedures (and the provision of adequate funding for environmental assessments), strengthening the environmental data base, monitoring and evaluation of the different components of the program, and studies. Total costs have been estimated at US$ 85.5 million equivalent, of which US$ 37.9 million (44 percent) in foreign exchange. A breakdown of costs and the financing plan are shown in Schedule A. Amounts and methods of procurement and of disbursements and the disbursement schedule are shown in Schedule B. A timetable of key processing events and the status of Bank Group operations in Madagascar are given in Schedules C and D respectively. A map is also attached. The Staff Appraisal Report, No.8348-MAG of March 19, 1990 Is being distributed separately. 10. Monitoring and coordination. Perhaps more than any ether development activity, this Program does not lend itself to a rigid imple entation blueprint; by its very nature, it will continue to be a joint learning process with permanent adjustments. The Program does provide monitoring and feedback mechanisms to do so. A Steering Committee is to be established under Government's chairmanship with donor participation and that of NGOs and representatives of beneficiaries to guide Program implementation. This Committee will provide a joint forum to review implementation and draw lessons; to review and approve proposed annual plans of the Program's various components; and to agree on funding. Furthermore, donors have decided to create a Multi-Donor Secretariat (MDS). It is being established at IDA Headquarters, with USAID support. MDS is an attempt to deal with a large number of donors, international and bilateral agencies, NGOs, universities, museums, zoological and botanical gardens. MDS will aim to ensure - 4 - coordination and the circulation of information. It will also hblp ensure that funding is planned in advance, meets priority needs in Madagascar, and is delivered on time. UNDP is also financing a local consultant to help monitor program implementation in Madagascar. 11. Actions a"reed at negotiations: Three types of agreements have been reached: (a) Institution buildinat (i) a draft decree for the creation of ONE and draft statutes for ANGAP have been prepared and reviewed. Formal establishment of ONE and ANGAP will be conditions of effectiveness as will be operationalization of the recently created National Association for Environmental Actions (ANAE); (£i) a draft National Charter for the Environment has been approved by the Cabinet and its legislative text will be published as a condition of effectiveness; (iII) a Steering Committee is to be created for reviewing annual action and financing plans for the Program; and (iv) satisfactory arrangements to delineate the respective responsibilities of the cartographic (FTM) and the cadastral (DPLA) agencies have been made before negotiations; (b) land laws and rexistrationS (i) a draft proposal for cadastral surveys and land titling in common property areas will be presented to the Association for review; (ii) legislation providing for mandatory registration of all new land transfers in are"s with a cadaster, for fee exemption for registration works where systematic eadastral surveys will take place, and for the transfer of individual topographic surveys for private properties to the private sector will be a zondition of disbursement for the mapping and cadastral components; (c) o2erations: (i) a draft legislation for environment assessment procedures has 'ten prepared and reviewed; it is expected to be enacted by decree befor the end of 1990; (ii) a timetable for the legal creation of all par3s and reserves has been agreed; and (iii) transition arrangements between MPAEFIDEF, ANGAP and field operators have also been agreed. 12. Benefits. The Program will help Madagascar to put in place the legal and institutional framework and, over time, to develop the skills and tools needed to manage its environment heritage. Sites of worle renowned biodiversity will be conserved. Soil loss will be stemmeO nd environmentally sustainable programs of rural development will begin. , Program will generate fiscal revenues through taxes from land, touri&s nd development of private enterprises and create jobs, mostly in the private sector (agriculture, soil conservation, tourism, transport...). 13. Risks. As with most innovations, this Program involves substantial risks. This is the first coherent effort in Madagascar, or indeed In Africa, to tackle environmental problems and it inevitably starts with a number if unknowns - institutional, technical and sociological. Several institutions have to be established or reinforced, new legislation passed, staff with rare skills found and the public at large, and farmers in particular, have to be convinced. However, problems need to be urgently addressed in a way that minimizes inherent risks. To do so, the Program scope has been reduced from initial proposals. And the implementation strategy provides for a flexible institutional framework, balancing responsible initiative with coordination; a progressive implementation rhythm punctuated by periodic reviews (including a formal mid-term review in 1993); and a supportive policy environment. Not all questions can be answered in advance, and some others will undoubtedly be discovered during implementation. But built-in monitoring and implementation mechanisms should ensure that problems are rapidly identified and tackled as -5- implementation proceeds. Flexibility and constant monitoring vill be particularly important on the institutional side, to avoid creating bureatucracies and to ensure that resources are used mainly to support field activities. 14. Recommendation. I am satisfied that the propossed credit would comply with the Articles of Agreements of the Association and recamend that the Executivo Directors approve the proposed credit. Barber B. Conable Attachments Washington D.C March 20, 1990 7- Schodule A Page 1 of 2 MADAGASCAR ENYIRO T PROR Estimated Coats ---- S$'0000 -------- Z Total 2 Foreign Base Local Foreign Total Exchange Costs nmmm. 0=mmin =, ,wie M I. INVESTIENT A. Civil works 2,996 2,701 5,697 47 8 3. Field works 1,771 292 2,064 14 3 C. Vehicles 2,879 3,225 6,104 53 9 D. Equipment 4,103 5,889 9,992 59 15 S. Tchnical Assistance 494 10,321 10,815 95 16 P. Training 3,917 574 4,491 13 7 G. Complementary Studies 5,469 4,450 9,919 45 1; Total INVESTHMENT COSTS 21,629 27,453 49,081 56 72 I;. OPERATIONAL COSTS A. Salaries 6,872 - 6,872 - 10 B. Indemnities 1,198 2 1,200 - 2 C. Maintenance 4,751 3,089 7,840 39 12 D. Supplies 1,090 1,873 2,963 63 4 Total OPERATIONAL COSTS 13,911 4,964 18,874 26 28 Total BASELINE COSTS 35,539 32,416 67,956 48 100 Physical Contingencies 2,257 1,560 3,817 41 6 Price Contingencies 9,825 3,936 13,762 29 20 Total PROJECT COSTS 47,622 37,912 85,534 44 126 8ched%ule A Pago 2 of 2 MADAGASCAR ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM Financing Plan US$ million Local Foreign Total Government 1/ 16.74 0.51 17.25 Other Co-financiers 21 21.05 21.22 42.27 IDA 9.83 16.13 26.02 s=wasM _ TOTAL 47.62 37.91 85.53 11 Inclusive of US$13,2 million for identifiable txes and duties. 21 UNDP, UNESCO, USAID, French, German, Norwegian and Swiss Aids, KFW (the Federal Republic of Germany), World Wide Fund for Nature, and Conservation International Schedulo B Page 1 of 2 MADAGASCAR ENVIRONMENT PR0GRMI Procurement Methods (US$ million) Ir.B LCB ILS Other Total I. Civil Works 0.64 10.20 10.84 (0.56) (0.00) (0.56) II. Vehicles and 7.57 1.54 9.41 18.52 Equipments (5.26) (1.32) (0-00) (6.58) III* Consultants, Training 29.57 29.57 and Studies (10.29) (10.29) IV. Salaries, Allowances 22.61 22.61 and Maintenance (6.47) (6.47) V. Documents and 2.45 1.54 3.99 Supplies (2.13) (0.00) (2.13) Total 7.57 2.18 2.45 73.33 85.53 (5.26) (1.88) (2.13) (16.76) (26.02) Notes Figures in parenthesis are the respctive amunts financed by IDA Keys ICB s International Competitive Bidding LCB : Local Competitive Bidding I. t International or local shopping Other t Non Applicable, or finaneed by other procedures or by other sources and procured under own procedures. - 10 - Schedule B Page 2 of 2 MADAGASCAR ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM Disbursements Amount of IDA financing Disbursement Categories (USS million) X of total expenditures I. Civil Works 0.44 902 II. Vehicles and equipments 5.24 1001 III. Consultants, training and studies 6.91 100X IV. Operating expenses 6.85 80S V. Refinancing of PPF 1.50 VI. Unallocated 5.08 Total: 26.02 Estimated IDA Disbursements: .191 PY92 FY93 FY94 FY95 FY96 -U-------- _ S$ million -------------------- Annual 11 3.43 6.72 5.47 4.26 4.12 2.02 Cumulative 3.43 10.15 15.62 19.88 24.00 26.02 1, Including an advance of US$1.5 million from the Project Preparation Facility. - 11 - SCHEDULE C MADAGASCAR ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM Timetable of Processina Events A. First IDA Mission November 1988 B. ?repared by Government C. Appraisal Mission July 1989 D. Post Appraisal Mission December 1989 E. Board Presentation April 1990 F. Planned Date of Effectiveness January 1991 SCHEDULE D - 12 - Page I of 2 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF MADAGASCAR STATUS OF BANK GROUP OPERATIONS A. Statement of Bank Loans and IDA Credits (as of December 31. 1989) (Ameut USS al lions Loan or lcss canellati@n) Credit Number Year Borrower PurO Bank IDAt Undisbursedb/ Twenty-three credit. *nd five loans havo been fully disbursed. 82.7 289.0 CR 1165-MAG 1981 Madagascar Accounting A Audit 11.66 *.6i CR 1298-MAG 1082 Madagascar Tet-iroro Heavy Oil Exploration 11.60 9.61 CR 1837-MAG 1982 Madagascr Lac Alootra 18.05 8.95 CR 1891-MAG 1983 Madagascar Sixth Highway 25.0 9.09 CR.Fae4-MAO 1983 Madagasear 26.0 6.11 CR 1488-MAG 1988 Madagascar Cotton Developmnt 7.90 6.77 CR.F058-MA0 198 Madagascar a * 9.0 8.61 CR 1497-MAG 1988 Madagascar Urban 12.96 0.8 CR 1526-MAG 1984 Madagascar Cyclone RehabilItation 16.0 9.18 CR 1541-MAG 1985 Madagascar Industrial Assistance 4e88 4.19 CR.AGO7-MAG 1985 Madagascar * * (SFA) 205 6.69 CR 1689-M4A 1985 Madagascar Irrigation Rehabilitation 1957 8.94 CR 1681-MAO 1986 Ma M gascar Accounting A 1ot. Training 1U.39 11.89 CR 162-1-M4AO 1986 Madagascar Cyclone Supplemntal 19.0 6.87 CR 1691-MAO 1986 Madagascar Ag. Sector Adust Credit 29.0 10.87 CR A91g-MAO 1986 Madagascar * a a880 20688 CR 1694-MAG 1986 Madagascar Third Railway 12.U 4.86 CR 1709-MAO 1980 Madageaer Second Ag. Institutions IS. 6509 CR 1762-MAO 1987 Madagascar Port Rehabi lI tttion 10.05 12.79 CR 1787-MAO 1987 Madagaocar Energy 26."0 21.6U CR 1804-MAO 1987 Madagacar Second Agricultural Credit 19.10 5.88 CR 1834-MAO 1987 Madagascar Industry and Tre Policy AdJut. 10.0 5.28 CR A032-MAC 1987 Madagascar * * a * 07.05 29.54 CR 1878-MAO 1988 Madagascar Forest Mgt. A Protection 7.05 6.64 CR 1905-MAO 1988 Madagascar Seventh Hih ay 40.05 37.82 CR 1928-MAO 1988 Madagascar Ilnite M ning Eng. 8.56 6.16 CR 1941-MAO 1988 Madagascar Public Sector Adjustment 125i.0 80.89 CR 1941-1-MAO 1989 Madagascar * (Supplement) 1.49 6.08 CA 1941-2-MAG 198 Madagascar ' * (Supplement) S/ 1.20 1.19 CR 1987-MAO 1988 Madagascar Econouic Management A Social Action 22.eo 21.21 CR 2042-MAG J/ 1989 Madagascar Nat'l Agricultural Research 24.08 24.58 TOTAL 82.57 9497t 885.6e of whbch has been repaid 12.4t 1D.42 TOTAL now outstanding 26.19 919.28 Amount sold 8.86 of which hot been repaid - 0.89 TOTAL now held by Bank and IDA 20.19 989.28 TOTAL undisbursed 8865.0 g/ The status of projects listed In Part 'Al Is deecribed In a separate rport on all Bank/IDA- financed projects In execution, which Is updated twice yearly and circulated to the Executtve Directors on Aprtl 80 and October 91. k The undisbursed balance of IDA 6 and 7 In USI was calculated at the SOR rate of 12/81/89. c Not y t signed. f Not yet effective. - 13 - SCHEDULED Page 2 -of 2 MADAGASCAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PILOT PROJECT 3. STATEMENT OF IFC INVESTMENTS IN MADAGASCAR, EXPRESSED IN USS (As of June 30, 1989) Amount in US$ Million FY Obligator Type of Business Loan Equity Total 1984 Nossi-Be Fishing 1.7 1.0 2.7 1986 Cotona Textiles 9.3 0.2 9.S 1987 Sot.m. Textiles 14.7 0.3 15.0 1989 Cotona Textiles 1.5 0.0 1.5 1989 No.,i-3* Fishing 3.6 0.2 3.7 Total Gross Commitments 30.7 1.6 32.4 Lese cancellations, terminations, repayments, and sale 11.7 0.9 12.6 Total comitents nov held by IFC 19.0 0.7 19.8 IBRD 21799 4t1e 44a 4l o Ambre Ecolgical MpleX () 120 MADAGASCARt 'ka t2 LOCATION OF PROTECTED AREAS Nosy Tanikely LEVELS 1, 2, AND 3 (LI, 2, 3) (L12) Daramna * NIOn Pwbks LakSahaka tL-l 0 fPoposed Na1to .. I*teg NSb5S R A Vahimarlna * Spedl Resrs Tsaratanana | ( ) * ptopo#dspEdtl Manongarhvo (1.2) C TO 143 t A Pdrffitftesrs- 4 8 PLpe3jd Ecological CAp3 (a roJd I Marojjy (I -Ii An manantribe ,t Antaiaha Paved Roads t 2) ~ t.'suutsl CatIal Ialy -%an '0/ N."w Katsepy (1-3) | ,aIl oads | R Mahaan8g' - l / -_ ; MasIal '~ ~ ~ ~ ~~naans ' Uk r t s kr . aloouoyMggb 160 -l 1' IomI k ibo ., . Mananara (L-1) o rsing y de tamoroka Com ' emarnnoza (L- 2) 'i± Point L-2) Manangoza (L-2) S \ S<7-St Marie (L-2) . .,t) Zahamena (L.I4l arotandrano L-2) Aloza oin/ O -.;, , taniely , W Fenaalvo -Caused lflvI -180 ( f717171I \Maintriro B e (1 Mar is de, 1 etampona (-1-) 18 Mangerivola tL-21 Mano,nbojo * hid/an~~~~~~~njo TsinuembO 111dial) Nod Banwp11 t ;,i Miuandi azo_ * a Andasibe EcologIcal Complex M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~antadia (1.1) Basse Tsiribihina - >/- Ecological Comle Anxi ( ,t o \ \d5~~~~~Fand iau3a fg o <, 3 I~~~~~~~~tremo (L-31/ Belo Sur Mer Makay (1.3) a Ecological Complex (L-3) Ra (L-aI Moo Manigoky_ ilao -22LaC IhotryJ 220 Morombet Zombitsy Ancrngitra Ecological Vohibasia (2) Pic d'lvohlbe Complex (L-2) I* (L2) 1 K~~~~~J~J ZZ /= salo Sud '-it r 3;: 5 T4¢4ryy 1 , 8 Kalamb Citra MdnV(X ; _ Recifs Corailliens f . 62ss . de Tollara de Toglical eeza-Mahafaly 240 / (L-2) t* > (L-1) -/ Chaine AFRICA ~) Plateau Mahafaly (1(3) Ecological Complex (12) Andahahela (6-1) ,A 6zQmb. T6lanaio o'.|1..'1 - l9 UWUQ? 10 C IS1 - ' r_ e, 1k Karimbola Cao Sainte Mane 4O0 Ecological Cornplex (L-2) OCTOBER 1989