JINGZHU NATIONAL ARTERY HIGHWAY v ' JUNSHAN YANGTZE RIVER BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Prepared by .: t. - * .* A - MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS SHANGHAI SHIP £ SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE AUGUST 1996 laI '1 . wk. I ~km i7,~ ~ ~~~~i <~~4 Y,,52 2t1 01l 0| 462l 'F4s] 200135 tag, 8856638 a * % *Pk ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT EIA Compilation Institute Ministry of Communication Envirorunental Impact Assessment(EIA) Division of Shanghai Ship & Shipping Research Institute Director of EIA Division Cai Fudi EIA Team Leaders Cai Fudi Associate Research Fellow Zhang Limirg Assistant Research Fellow EIA Team Members Cai Fudi Associate Research Fellow ./Zhang Limin Assistant Research Fellow Wang Xingtao Research Probationer Wu Tianjian Associate Research Fellow Chen Zhengmin Assistant Research Fellow Qian Wei Research Probationer Tang Riurong Engineer Zhu Qong Research Probationer Yang Lianghua Associate Research Fellow Zhang Liqing Staff Associated Organization Caidian District Environmnental Monitoring Station, Wuhan, I4ubei Province SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE . it ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Key to Abbreviation ASG Aciprnser Senensis Gray EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EM Environmental Management EP Environmental Protection EPB Environmental Protection Bureau HPCA Hubei Provincial Communication Administration H'PHA Hubei Provincial Highway Administration HRNAH Hu-Rong National Artery Highway LVM Lipotes Vexilliber Miller MOC Ministry of Communication JYRB Junshan Yangtze River Bridge JZNAH Jing-Zhu National Artery Highway NEPA National Environmental Protection Agency of China PGM Psephurus Gladius Martens TOR Terns of Reference SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ii a If ENV'IRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Table of Contents Page No. Preface 1 Overview I 1.1 Purpose of the EIS Compilation 1.2 Basis of the EIS Compilation 1.3 Scope, Standards, Factors and Duration of EIA 1.4 Targets of Environmental Protection 1.5 ELA Procedure and Approaches 1.6 Main EIA Contents, Institutes and Study Team 2 Project Description 9 2.1 Geographical Location 2.2 Bridge Site and Structure Selection 2.3 Construction Scale, Technical Criteria and Main Technical Indexes 2.4 Resettlement and Land Requisition 2.5 Investment Estimate and Fund Raising 2.6 Construction Schedule 2.7 Identification of Environmental Impact * SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE iii ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3 Investigation of Environment Statuis Quality 17 3.1 Natural Condition 3.2 Socio-economic Condition 3.3 Investigation and Assessment on Existing Air Quality 3.4 Investigation and Assessment on Existing Noise Status 3.5 Investigation and Assessment on Existing Vibration Condition 3.6 Investigation and Assessment on Existing Water Quality 3.7 Investigation and Assessment on Existing Ecological Enviromnent 4 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment 59 4.1 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment on Air Quality 4.2 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment on Noise 4.3 Environmental lmpact Prediction and Assessment on Vibration 4.4 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment on Water Quality 4.5 Eco-environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment 4.6 Impact Analysis on Cultural and Historic Relics and Aesthetics 4.7 Socio-economic Impact Analysis 5 Environmental Protection Mitigation Measures and Environmental Cost/Benefit Analysis 113 SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE iv ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 5.1 Environmental Protection Mitigation Measures 5.2 Environmental Cost/Benefit Analysis 6 Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan 125 7 Public Participation 130 8 Alternatives 139 8.1 Alternatives on Bridge Siting 8.2 Altematives on Bridge Structure 9 Conclusions and Recommendations 145 9.1 Conclusions 9.2 Recommendation Appendix The Statement About the Present Situation of LVM Figure I Geographical Location of Hubei Province in China Figure n Geographical Location of the Project in Hubei Province Figure III Location of JYRB of JZNAH Figure IV Environmental Monitoring Chart for JYRB of JZNAH SHANQHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE v I ENSVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Preface The JYRB is located in the suburb of Wuhan, which is the extra large bridge in the line of both JZNAH and HRNAH so that it is the key engineering indispensable to two national highway construction. The JZNAH and HRNAH is the two of the four proposed national highways with the two of south-north direction and the rest of east-west direction, which are the key highway construction engineering in the country's integrated transportation network establishment. It is overwhelmingly significant to enhance highway transportation capacity of China and improve the national integrated transportation layout. Moreover, the JZNAH passes through the country's important economic centre from the north to the south, and HRNAH goes from the east to the west along with the Yangtze River, which could support the opening and development of Pudong New Area. Therefore it will undoubtedly play an crucial role in speeding up the economic development, readjusting the economic layout and promoting the development of central and westem China. The two highways are basically arranged as a Greek Cross type in the boundary of Hubei Province, which forms the main highway framework of the province. Accordingly it is significant to improve the layout of the provincial communication network, enlarge the exchange outward and promote the further development of Hubei. The construction of two national highways can be quickened and finally completed once the bridge is set up. Accordingly, the function of the project in the integrated transportation network can be described as follows: the project is not only the key engineering in national arterial highway construction, but also it is the pioneer engineering for out-ring way construction of Wuhan City, so that the completion of the project will be greatly beneficial to the establishment of national highway framework, alleviating the urban traffic pressure, mitigating the traffic accidents and pollution, the bridge can also connect the Wuhan's existing inner road network and outer roads system to become the important pathway which can link the whole province including the rural areas, different counties and districts, it will consolidate the socio-economic development of the areas along the route and promote the further opening of Wuhan SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING.RESEARCH INSTITUTE vi ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT City. In addition, it is important to the development of railway, navigation and aviation transportation in the area after the bridge being completed. The coal and mineral raw materials for industrial and domestic use in Wuhan mainly relies on railway transportation, so does the products exportation. But for a long period of time, the input of the railway development is far from enough, The Beijing-Guangdong Railway has already seriously overloaded, and the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge suffered from bottleneck limitation as well, its innovation seem to be very difficult and in fact no such plan has been mapped out. For these reasons, the project will ease the insufficiency of existing railway transportation capacity, on the other hand, it is able to share the railway passenger and freight transportation so as to speed up the railway circulating rate. The water transport in the area is very convenient, the proposed bridge will link all concerning ports to strengthen the materials collecting and distributing capacity, and benefit to develop a comprehensive and well-equipped ports system, as a result the water transport can be developed more efficiently. The aviation transport in the area is being developed vigorously, the existing airport is planned to relocate in the suburban area, the Wuhan international airport is under construction, the construction of the proposed bridge will provide a express pathway to all directions, therefore it is going to play a promoting role in development of aviation business in Wuhan. In short, the construction of the project will play an important promoting role in developing and perfecting the integrating transport network so as to stimulate the provincial and even national economic development. In accordance with Environmental Protection Management Guideline for Construction Project issued by NEPA of China (No 86-003) and Environmental Protection Management Methodfor Communication Construction Project issued by MOC (No 90-17 Minister Decree), for large and medium scale construction project, the environmental impact statement should be prepared in principle. For this reason, Hubei Commurnication Plarning and Design Institute entrusted Shanghai Ship & Shipping Research Institute(hereinafier referred to as the Institute) to undertake EIA study of JYRB. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE vii ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT In the light of EIA procedure, the TOR was formulated by the institute on the basis of the feasibility study report and field survey, which has been reviewed and approved by NEPA in July 1994. This EIS is compiled in accordance with the approved TOR. The study team would express its sincere thanks to the Development Division of NEPA, Environmental Protection Office of MOC, Hubei Provincial EPB for their guidance and help, thanks also goes to Hubei Communication Planning and Design Institute and Wuhan Caidian District Environmental Monitoring Centre for their positive support and cooperation. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE viii 4, OVERVIEW Overview 1.1 Purpose of the ETA Compilation In accordance with Environmental Protection Management Guideline for Construction Project issued by NEPA of China (No 86-003) and Environmental Protection Management Guideline for Communication Construction Project issued by MOC (No 90-17 Minister Decree), for large and medium scale construction project, the environmental impact statement should be prepared in principle. The JYRB is a large-scale engineering project with far-reaching significance and huge investnent, the EIA study team has assessed the positive and negative environmental impact at the stage of the bridge construction and operation objectively, comprehensively and scientifically, and set forth the necessary envirorunental protection measures in order to alleviate the adverse environmental impacts of the project and draw more benefits from the bridge construction. 1.2 Basis of the EIA Compilation Environmental Protection Management Guideline for Construction Project issued by NEPA of China (No 86-003) ii Environmental Protection Management Guideline for Communication Construction Project issued by MOC (No 90-17 Minister Decree) iii Tke Feasibility Study Report of JYRB prepared by Hubei Communication Pianning and Design Institute. Sept, 1995 iv Commission issued by Hubei Communication Planning and Design Institute for *EIA of JYRB. May, 1994 v EU Management for Hubei Construction Project and Environmental Protection Facilities Acceptance Managementfor Hubei Construction Project Docunent No 113 issued by Hubei EPB in Oct, 1993 vi Official Response to TOR Reviewing Conclusions of JYRB, Docunent No 182. July 1994 by NEPA SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1 OVERVIEW vii Official Letter concerning the Confirmation of JYRB EIA Standard, Document No 68. Sept, 1994 by Hubei EPB viii TOR of JYRB EL4( Rivision Edition) prepared by Shanghai Spip & Shipping Research Institute of MOC, August 1994 ix Circular on Strengthiening ELA and its Management of the Project Funded by Internation Financial Organization Document No. 324(1993) jointly issued by NEPA, State Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance and Bank of China x Other relevant environmental protection laws, regulations and policies 1.3 Scope, Standards, Factors and Duration of EIA 1.3.1 Scope Air: The area within 200m from both sides along the line of the proposed bridge Noise: Same as above Vibration: The area within 30m from both sides along the line of the proposed bridge Water Quality: 500m long waters lower reaches of each site of JYRB, including the water intakle of Wuchan Water Plant Vegetation and Soil: The area within 200m from both sides along the line of the proposed bridge Along with the longitudianl direction, its norht end is near Yutailin (K173), and the south end is near Simalin (K178), including the bridge and its alignment with total length of 5km. The EIA scope may relatively extend at the special sensitive targets. 1.3.2 Standard The main EIA standards cited in this EIA are: i Air: Class II standard of "Air Quality Standard" (GB3095-82) ii Noise: "Ambient Noise Standard in Urban Area"(GB3096-93) SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 2 OVERVIEW and "Permissible Noise Level at Construction Site"(GB 12523-90) iii Water Quality: Class III standard of " Surface Water Quality Satnadrd"(GB3838- 88) iv Vibration: "Ambient Vibration Standard in Urban Area"(GB10071- 88) With regard to some pollution factors which have no official standards, the related other standards will be adopted. 1.3.3 Factors i Air NOx, CO, TSP ii Noise Leq(dBA) iii Vibration VLz1o(dB) iv Water pH, SS, BOD5, Oil, Permanganate Index 1.3.4 EIA Duration The assessment duration is from 1994 to 2020, which is divided into three phase: short term to year 2000, medium term to year 2010, long term to year 2020. 1.4 Environmental Protection Targets There are two selection schemes of bridge site, one is in Weijiawan which is the recommended site, the other in Houshan is the optional site. The lands in both sides of the river at the recommended bridge site are mainly dry, sloping low land and spare open space, so there are almost no sensitive environmental targets except small amount of scattered houses. On the contrary, several sensitive environmental targets are involved if the optional site is considered. On the left bank of the river, there are the residential area of Junshan Town and Junshan Primary School etc. The Water Purification Plant of Wuchang County and the military camp is located on the right bank of the river. The identified environmental protection targets are listed in table 14-1. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 3 OVERVIEW Table 1-4-1 The Identified Envirornmental Protection Targets(IEP Ts) Bridge Site No of Sensitive Nearest IEPTs Remarks Piles at Spots Distance Sensitive from the spots Road(m) Recommended K174+250 Zhangjiadun 200 Small About 20 Weijiawan of Junshan Villages and Households Site Town Residents K176+350 Zhoujiagang 100 Small About 35 Villages and Households Residents K177+600 HuangjiaWa 20 Small About 20 n Villages and Households Residents Optional K174+300 Junshan 10 Teachers About 410 Housnan Site Primary and Students People School K 174+500 Junshan 10 Main About 120 Town Residential Households Area K176+50 Wuchang 30 Water Intake Providing Water 50,000 ton Purification water a day Plant K176+100 Military 30 Army Several Camp persons 1.5 EIA Procedure and Approaches 1.5.1 EIA Procedure The procedure of EIA is shown in figure 1 -5-1. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 4 OVERVIEW Comrnission of Eltask Enginering A ,alysis Documents from jEnginenng Analysis 1 lnigadDsg __________ __________Planniing and Desipi Estab;ishmnent of Field Survey and TOR < Review the References Prediction MSodel Fomulation and NMaTenals Invesugaion and Assessmen: of Existing Environment Physical Environment. Social En%iornniental, PoUution Sources, Air Quality, Noise. Vibration. Water Quality, Vegetation. Soil Erosion. Aquantc Ecology, Aesthencs,Culrure and Historic Relics Environmental Impact Predicion of Constructon Stage Air Pollunon. Construction Noise, Vibraoon. Soil Erosion, Water Pollunon. Aquatic Ecology, Culrure and Hfstonc Relics Environmental Standards -> Analysis on Environmenul Compliance Envtronmental Impact Prediction of Operation Stage Air. Noise. Vibration, Aesthetcs. Socio-economy, Aquatic Ecology Environmentai Protecton Mingation Measures and Environmental Cost/Betefit Analvsis Draftng Enviromnental Impact Statement | Review and Approval of Environmental Impact Statement i The End Fig 1-5-1 The EIA Procedure SELANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEAR.CH INSTITUTE 5 OVERVIEW 1.5.2 EIA Approaches In the light of the features of bridge and highway construction (including the connected road), the EIA is carried out by means of spots reflecting whole line, partial. spots and whole line combination and finally feedbacking the whole line, the prediction assessment is to identify the environmental impact to sensitive targets and/or road sections caused by proposed project, so that the concerning environmental mitigation measures can be stipulated to control the environmental pollution. The prediction assessment of traffic noise, air quality, vibration is carried out by means of mathematics model calculation, the assessment on socio-economy , public participation and aquatic ecology and so on is conducted by means of survey and analysis. 1.6 Main EIA Contents, Institutes and Study Team 1.6.1 Main EIA Contents i investigate the physical and social environment within the EIA area ii investigate and study the traffic volume and types, analyze and compute the traffic pollution load iii monitor and assess the existing environmental quality in the EIA area, which include air, noise, vibration, water and ecology iv environmental impact prediction(air, noise, vibration, water quality and ecology at construction stage and operation stage) v. envirorunental protection mitigation measures vi public participation vii compile EIA SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING.RESEARCH INSTITUTE 6 OVERVIEW 1.6.2 EIA Institute and EIA Team The EIA study is carried out by Shanghai Ship & Shipping Research Institute, which is affiliated to Ministry of Communication of China and possesses Class A EIA certificate issued by NEPA. Its subsidiary EIA division is mainly engaged in EIA, environmental research and design of communication projects. Up to now, the institute has completed over 30 EIA study in the fields of highways, extra-scale bridges, ports, harbours and navigation, including the EIA study of Guangdong Fokai Express Highway loaned by the World Bank, which is highly valued by environmental officials of the World Bank, it has been proved that the institute is competent to conduct the EIA study which project is loaned by international financial organization such as the World Bank and Asian Development Bank(ADB). The EIA study team is listed in table 1-6-1. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 7 OVERVIEW Table 1-6-1 EIA Studv Team Name Title Specialties Responsibilities Cai Fudi director, associate chemical team leader, overall research fellow engineering responsibility Zhang Liming assistant research environrnental EIA compilation, air fellow engineering quality assessment, environmental protection mitigation measures Wang Xingtao research probationer environmental noise and EIA science revision Wu Tianjian associate research machinery noise and vibration fellow Chen Zhenmin assistant research environmental air quality modelling fellow monitoring Qian Wei research probationer environmental ecology, water science quality, aesthetics Tang Riurong engineer environmental ecology, water _____________________ ____________________ analysis quality, aesthetics Zhu Jong research probationer environmental socio-economic engineering analysis,public participation, cost/benefits analysis Yang Lianghua associate research meteorology pollution fellow meteorology analysis Zhang Liqing staff data entry SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 8 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2 Project Description 2.1 Geographical Location The JYRB is located in the south-west of Wuhan city, 28km upper reaches of Wuhan Guan section of Yangtze River. on the north end of the bridge is Junshan Town of Caidian district while Jingkou Town of Wuchang County on the south end of the bridge, the detail geographical location is illustrated in Figure Iand Figure II. 2.2 Bridge Site and Structure Selection In the light of the results of technical research, the conceming proposal has been set forth as follows: 3 recommended site : Weijiawan site * optional site H Houshan site * recommended structure : consecutive T type rigid-frame structure bridge and cable stayed bridge The loaction of the bridge is shown in Figure III. 2.3 Scale, Technical Criteria and Main Technical Parameters 2.3.1 Scale of JYRB The JYRB is the extra size river-cross bridge in the lane of JZNAH and HRNAH, the construction scale of recommended proposal is described as below: The total engineering length is 5km. Scheme A Consecutive T type rigid-frame structure bridge: bridge length 2010m SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 9 PROJECT DESCRIPTION total connected road length 299Cm in which 1575m at left side of the river 1415m at right side of the river Scheme B Cable stayed bridge: bridge length 1934m total connected road length 3066m in which 1 628m at left side of the river 1438m at right side of the river K173+000 and K178+000 are the pile No. of two ending points, the formner is the north section end point of JZNAH in Hubei Province, and the later is the south section starting point of JZNAH in the province. The cross section of bridge floor and the connected road are shown in figure 2-3-land 2-3-2 respectively. The project will be carried out by once investment and once construction, SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE I0 PROJECT DESCRIPTIOQN Consecutive T type rigid-frame structure. SI'C0 3X37 x 200 3x37-5 __0 A Cable stayed bridge e : 1-m; 3 2 37x . 200 3 X 37S ;c 300i The approach of the cable stayed bridge 3OC. ron 3X375 200 31375 300 Figure 2-3-1 Cross Section of Bridge Floor * 3350 _ 33z75 S0c, > Figure 2-3-2 Cross Section of the Connected Road SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 11 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.3.2 Technical Criteria highway grade plain area express highway 6 lanes width of connected road base 33.5m width of bridge floor 31.5m (T type bridge); 34.1m (cable stayed bridge) designed load grade-extra 20 for normal vehicles, grade-120 for hanging vehicles designed flood frequency road base 1/100; bridge 1/300 navigation grade inland waters navigation standard Grade I and Class II navigation path T type bridge with three openings, cable stayed bridge with two openings quake proof standard earthquake degree 7 traffic control grade separation and non-branch charge method charge at entrance 2.3.3 Main Economic and Technical Parameters The main economic and technical parameters are shown in table 2-3-1. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 12 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Table 2-3-1 Main econoniic and technical P rameters(T type bridge at Weijiawan site) Index The value of parameters Technical Grade hilly area express highway u,ith 6 lanes Designed Vehicle Velocity (km/hr) 120 Designed Load grade extra 20 for normal vehicle, grade 120 for hanging vehicle Total Length (Iam) 5 Connected Road Length (m) 2990 Width of Road Base (m) 33.5 Minimum Flat Curve Radius (m) none Maximum Vertical Slope (%) 3 Minimum Slope Length (m) 600 Minimum Vertical Curve Length (m) 19000 convex, 7000 concave Bridge Length (m) 2010 Structurc consecutive T type rigid frame structure Designed Flood Frequency 1-300 Navigation Grade inland waters navigation standard Gradc I and Class II Quaklc proof Standard earthquake degree 7 Bridge Opening Layout main opening 160+3x240+160m Width of Bridge Floor (m) 31.5 Vertical Slope of Bridge Floor (%) 3 Vertical Curve Length (m) 19000 Others Land Requisition (mu) 390 Earthwork(m3) (earth/stone) 53414/2413 Slope Protection Engineering (m3) 7420 Special Road Base (km) 0.5 Medium and Small Bridges (m/number) 60/2 Culverts 13 Highway Grade Separation/Pathwavs 2/10 Total Budget (RMB yuan) 1,030,000,000 SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTlTUTE 13 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.3.4 The Prediction of Traffic Volume The result of prediction is presented in table 2-3-2 Table 2-3-2 The result of prediction on traffic volume Prediction Year 2000 2010 2020 amount equivalent to 18458 37354 59902 passenger car (per day) absolute vehicle 10370 21592 36304 volume (per day) __ 2.4 Resettlement and Land Requisition The lands in both sides of the river at the recommended bridge site are mainly dry, sloping low land and spare open space, so only a little resettlement is needed. On the contrary, a large amount of resettlement is required if the houshan bridge site is considered. On the left side of the river, the resettlement should be made to the Junshan Town residential area, Junshan Primary School, vehicle ferry station and its office building etc. Part of Water Purification Plant of Wuchang County and some of the military camp and facilities have to be relocated on the right side of the river. 2.5 Investment Estimate and Fund Raising It is estimated that 1,030 million RMB is needed for T type bridge construction. The total investment is composed of two parts: BOT loan 815 million RMB appropriation from government 215 million RMB 2.6 Construction Schedule 0 In accordance with the general schedule of JZNAH, the schedule of the bridge SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 14 PROJECT DESCRIPTION construction is shown in table 2-6-1. Table 2-6-1 The schedule of the bridge construction Contents Schedule Initial Preparation To July 1, 1997 Construction Preparation From January 1, 1997 to June 31, 1997 Construction From July 1, 1997 to Dec. 31, 2000 Completion Dec. 31, 2000 2.7 Environmental Impact Identification The lands in both sides of the river at the Weijiawan bridge site are mainly dry, sloping low land and spare open space, there are no villages with dense population. At Houshan bridge site, the approach at the south bank will get through the adjacent part of Wuchang Water Purification Plant and the military camp, on the north bank, the approach will get through the Junshan vehicle ferry station, Junshan Primary School. The bridge construction will spend a long period of time and require large amount of workers, living and working lands, materials and equipment transport as well as kinds of extensive operation. After the bridge is completed and opened to traffic, the impact on regional socio-economy and living condition will also be tremendous. The construction of the bridge can be divided into four phases, i.e. preparation phase, foundation construction phase, bridge construction phase and operation phase. The related environmental impacts are set forth in table 2-7-1. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 15 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ferry Station improvement, traffic enhancement, resettlement, promoting regional development, Fundation Bridge Open to ntrucio lPrepaTation Engineering Cosrcinand Reacb !Phase Consrurction Pbaiserct Desien l ~~~~~~~~Pbase Capacity resettlement and land foundation excavation, ....Ie floor assembling end of cotnstructio[i requisition piling machinary and paving, macbinary and open to traffic operation, foundation and electrical facilities casting installation land excavation. transport increase, noise, viabration, air pollution, taTIfit congestion, traffic congestion. man-made notsc, slurry and dust, noise, construction landscape navigation tree relocation, noise, creation, soil limitatiou. l Iocalized farmland construction oesion, soil erosion, ; localsoile armlasnd viabration, dust, temporary ecological loss, soil emasion. tcmpoary ecology air pollution, ecology damage recovery damage water pollution, soil erosion, temporary ecology damage Table 2-7-1 Table of evironmental impact identification SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 16 rNVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO 3 Investigation of Environment Status Quo 3.1 Physical Condition' 3.1.1 Geomorphologic Condition The region generally belongs to hilly land. Junshan Mountain and houshan Mountain are situated in the belt pattern, the summit of the region is Da Junshan with an altitude of 193m above sea level, the next summit is Houshan with an altitude of 125.6m above sea level, the altitude at flat area is 18-35m. There are plenty of rivers and lakes in this region, the ground water level is relatively high. 3.1.2 Geological Condition The fourth sediment widely exists in the engineering area, the fault is found at the NNE and NNW direction, which fault scale is so slight that almost no impact toward the project. 3.1.3 Climatic Condition 3.1.3.1 Climatic Characteristics The area of EIA study (hereinafter called "study area") belongs to the moist and seasonal wind climatic zone in which mid-subtropical zone transmits to north subtropical zone. The climate is changeable and rainy in spring, hot and dry in summer, clear and little rain and quick temperature drop in autumn, cold and freeze in winter with snow quite often, it is recorded that Yangtze River was iced up for several time in the history. The annual mean temperature is 15.8-17.0°C in The Area, the extremely lowest temperature is -1 8.1°C, the extremely highest temperature is 41.3 'C. The annual rainfall is I ]00-1450mm, and it is concentrated in July to October, which amounts for 84-88% of the total annual rainfall. There are about four days in a year in which heavy rain with daily rainfall is over 50mm, while about forty days for rainfall SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 17 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO over I Omm in a year averagely. The flood may happen in the monsoon season. The monsoon climate is prevailing in the study area, the annual prevailing wind direction is north with the frequency of 14%, the next one is ESE and SE with the frequency of 8% each, the frequency of static wind is 11%. ESE and SE is prevailing in spring while N in winter. annual mean wind velocity is 1.9m/s with the maximum of 2.3m./s in July, the mean wind velocity of NNE and SW is 2.4m/s with maximum of 29.6m/s. The atmospheric stability belongs to the medium condition. 3.1.3.2 Meterological Analysis on Air Pollution The local meterological condition is closely related to the diffusion and transfer of air pollutants, for this reason, the conceming meterological data ( 1988-1992 ) in Caidian District has been collected, the analysis was undertaken as follows: i Boundary Layer Wind Field Wind Direction Wind direction is one of the crucial factors which affect atmospheric diffusion direction. The direction of pollutant transferring is determined by wind direction, Table 3-1-1 shows the 1988-1992 annual and seasonal wind direction frequency, the related wind roses are illustrated in frgure 3-1-1. . SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING.RESEARCH INSTITUTE 18 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO N N C= tO s I c= 9 2 w EE il_ E Suier It N w < E 11 W E Auturn Winter N *w*X** Ei* - units Frequency of wind Direction Year Figure 3-1-1 The rose chart of annual and seasonal wind direction frequency SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 19 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Table 3-1-1 The mean frequency(%) of wind direction of Wuhan in 1988-1992 WD N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW L SP1 12 5 -8 4 5 129 5 7 4 5 3 2 3 5 7 10 SU 8 3 6 2 3 1 13 9 16 7 9 2 2 2 4 3 9 AU l8 9 12 2 5 5 5 2 2 1 2 2 3 4 10 8 17 WI 16 12 1315 6 S 5 3 2 2 2 3 2 4 9 7 9 Y 14 7 10 3 5 8 8 5 7 4 5 3 2 3 7 6 l l NOTE:WD: wind direction SP: spring SU: summner AU: Autumn WI: Winter Y: Year The above meteorological data suggest that the annual prevailing wind direction is N with frequency of 14%, the next one is NE with 10%, the frequency of ESE and SE is 8% each, the frequency of static wind is 1 1%. Seasonally, N and ESE is prevailing in spring with the frequency of 12% and followed by SE of 9%, the static wind is 10%. In summer, S is the prevailing wind direction with the frequency of 16% followed by SE of 13%, the static wind is 9%. In autumn, the prevailing wind direction is N with the frequency of 18% followed by NE of 12%, the static wind is 17%. In winter. the prevailing one is N with the frequency of 16% and followed by NE of 13%, the static wind is 9%. Conclusively, the southward wind is dominated in spring and summer, while northward wind is prevailing in autumn and winter. Wind Velocit, Wind velocity is the another important factor which determines the dilution and transference speed of air pollutants. Table 3-1-2 shows the annual and seasonal mean wind velocity at 16 direction, the related wind roses are illustrated in figure 3-1- SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING.RESEARCH INSTITUTE 20 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO N N I C= i0 C= 9: X E w- g E I IS Sprisng Summer N N C= 17: C- 9 Autumn Hinter N C= 11 S I t L E FE1 1 unit Slind Velocity Year Figure 3-1-2 The rose chart of annual and seasonal wind velocity SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 21 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO It suggested that the maximum annual mean wind velocity is 2.4m/s at the direction of NNE and SW, while 1.6m/s is the minimum at W. Seasonally, SW of 3.0m/s is-the quickest one in spring followed by NNW of 2.8m/s, the slowest one is SSW of 1.4m/s. In summer, SSW, SW and WSW are on the top with the velocity of 3.7m./s, 3.3m/s and 3.2m/s respectively, N and W is on the bottom with 1.8m/s each. In autumn, NNE of 2.6m/s is the quickest one, while WSW of 1.Om/s is on the opposite. In winter, the top wind velocity is 2.2m/s of NNE, and 1.2m/s of S and SW is on the other end. The mean wind velocity in summer is the quickest at various wind direction in four seasons. Table 3-1-2 The annual and seasonal mean wind velocity(m/s) of Wuhan in 1988-1992 WD N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE E SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW sP 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.6 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.6 2.2 1.4 3.0 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.8 SU 1.8 2.6 1.9 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.9 3.7 3.3 32 1.8 2.3 2.1 2.0 AU 1.9 2.6 1.3 1.8 2.4 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.0 2.2 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.9 WI 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.9 Y 2.0 2.4 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 NOTE:WD: wind direction SP: spring SU: summer AU: Autumn WI: Winter Y: Year Table 3-1-3 shows monthly mean wind velocity in 1988-1992. Table 3-1-3 The monthl mean wind velocity(mts) Month I 1 2 3 4 5 661 7 8 _ 10 11 12 IMeani MWV 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.3 1.8 2.1 1.6 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.9 Note MWV: mean wind velocity SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 22 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO It is shown that the maximum monthly wind velocity is 2.3mIs in July, while the minimum one is 1.6m/s in October and December, annual mean wind velocity is l1.9mIs. Pollution Coefficient The transference and diffusion of air pollutants are affected by both wind direction frequency and velocity. The higher wind direction frequency, the more pollution probability will be in that wind direction, on the contrary, the quicker wind velocity companies with lower pollution possibility at its leeward, therefore the pollution coefficient(PC) can be applied to represent the impact level of pollutants in the air, which is: wind direction frequency Pollution Coefficient = average wind velocity Table 3-1-4 shows the coefficient calculated with the data presented in table 3-1-1 and table 3-1-2, and figure 3-1-3 is the corresponding rose. It is suggested that the maximum pollution coefficient in The Area is 7.00 at N direction, while the minimum is 1.25 at W direction. Seasonally, the highest PC in spring occurs at N and ESE leeward which are 5.71 and 5.45 respectively. While 1.25 at W is the lowest. In summer, the highest PC is at SE and S leeward which are 5.65 and 5.51 respectively. While 0.63 at WSW is the lowest. In autumn, the highest PC is at N and NE leeward which are 9.47 and 9.23 respectively. While 0.91 at SW is the lowest. In winter, the highest PC is at N and NE leeward which are 8.00 and 6.50 respectively. While 1.25 at SSW and W is the lowest. It is summarised that the highest PC occurs at N, NE, ESE and SE wind directions, while the lowest one occurs at W, ENE and WSW wind directions. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 23 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO N N CZ 10XZ CZ=9 H~~~~~~~7 c; gi N ~~~~~~~~~E W E Autun ~~~~~~~~~~~~ur er~ N N CZ 17 % C-92x H E W E A.utusn winter N cZ t1 Z H \1; E ' - _ s~~~~~~~~~~~n iinitS Po!lluted Couefficient Year Figure 3-1-3 The rose chart of annual and seasonal mean pollution coefficient SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 24 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Table 3-1-4 The annual and seasonal mean pollution coefficient of Wuhan in 1988-1992 WD N NNE NE ENE E ESE I SE SSE s SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW SP 5.71 2.27 4.21 1.54 2.50 5.45 4.29 3.12 3.18 2.86 1.67 1.67 1.25 1.67 2.50 2.50 SU 4.44 1.15 3.16 0.80 1.30 5.00 5.65 3.75 5.51 1.89 2.73 0.63 1.11 0.87 1.91 1.50 AU 9.47 3.46 9.23 1.11 2.08 2.94 2.63 1.05 1.54 1.00 0.91 2.70 2.31 2.86 5.88 4.21 Wr 8.00 5.45 6.50 2.78 3.33 2.63 2.63 1.76 1.67 1.25 1.67 1.58 1.25 2.50 4.74 3.68 Y 7.00 2.92 5.56 1.36 2.38 4.00 3.81 2.63 3.68 2.35 2.08 1.50 1.25 1.67 3.68 2.73 NOTE:WD: wind direction SP: spring SU: summer AU: Autumn WI: Winter Y: Year ii Boundary Layer Temperature Field The air near the land surface can absorb both short-wave sunshine radiation and long wave radiation reflected from land surface, it results in remarkable surface temperature fluctuation and impacting the air pollutants diffusion. Table 3-1-5 shows the annual mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature in the area. Table 3-1-5 The tempnerature in Wuhan Items Annual Average Extremely Low Extremely High Temperature(OC) 15.8-17.0 J18.1 41.3 It is known that the distinct temperature change exists in the area, the temperature rises vigorously in spring and decrease in autumn, it is sultry in summer and cold in winter, which results from Hanzhong basin effect. 3.1.3.3 Catastrophic Climate i Thunderstorm The annual rainfall in the area is 1100-1450mm which is concentrated in April to October and especially in May to July. SHAiNGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING.RESEARCH INSTITUTE 25 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO There are about 15 days with rainfall over 25mm, 4 days over 50mm and one day over IOOmm. The one-day maximum rainfall may exceed 200mm. The statistics of thunderstorm days in Wuhan is listed in table 3-1-5. Table 3-1-6 The statistics on thunderstorm (3 50mM) Month | 1 2 j3 l4 15 16 7 8 |9 |10 I I 12 |Mean | Days 0.1 0.2 00.7 0.4 0.1 0.1 / 4.7 It is known that the thunderstorm is concentrated in June and July with 1.2 days in June and 1.0 day in July, which covers 46.8% of the whole year thunderstorm days. ii Fog The formation of fog is determnined by various factors including temperature and its inversion pattem. Fog is the adverse meteorologic condition to pollutants diffusion and dilution and may accelerate the chemical conversion of pollutants. On the other hand, it is a serious threat against the security of the traffic. table 3- 1-7 shows the statistics of foggy days in Wuhan annually. Table 3-1-7 The statistics of foggy days in Wuhan Month 1 2 3 4 5 1 6 7 1 8 9 10 I 1 12 Mean Days 3.4 2.6 2.9 3.3 2.1 1.1 0.3 0.3 1.5 3.3 3.6 4.2 28.6 It is known that the annual mean foggy day is 28.6 days, it mainly happens in spring and winter and scarce in summer. 4.2 foggy days in December is on the top followed by 3.6 and 3.4 in November and January respectively. The daily fog change pattern is consisted with national one. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 26 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO 3.1.4 Hydrology The flow direction of Yangtze River in the area is from SW toward NE, the waterway in the downstream of Junshan is quite straight and stable, no notable course change is found in the history, however, certain fluctuation remains and results in silting up. The width of the river is not broader than 2km, the stability condition also remains in Tiebanzhou which is at upper reaches of Houshan bridge site. Statistically, the annual water volume of Yangtze River is 660 billion cubic meter. At normal water level, it is normally 1000 to 1700m in width and 17 to 26 in depth, the maximum flow rate is 78800 m /s while the minimum one is 4060 m3/s, the historic highest water level at the bridge site is 27.f4m and lowest one is 10.08m, annual mean water level is 19.15m (Yellow China See Svstem). 3.2 Socio-economic Condition 3.2.1 Municipal Economy Status of Wuhan City 3.2.1.1 Municipal Economy Status Wuhan is situated in the eastern part of Jianghan Plain and in the middle stream of Yangtze River, which is the conjunction area of Yangtze Riyer and Han River. The urban district is divided into Wuchang, Hankou and Hanyang by two rivers which is taditionally called "Wuhan Three Towns". Wuhan is the historic metropolis, which is the provincial capital and the political, economic and cultural centre, it is also an important regional and even national centre on industry, commercial, economy and trade. The manifold industries has been established and developed, which include light industry, chemical, pharrnaceutical, electronic and construction material industries, steel making, mechanical manufacture and textile is the pillar industries of the city. Undoubtedly, Wuhan is the trade centre in Mid China and the largest integrated hub of communication in China. Wuhan is the important education and research base in China with the powerful scientific research and education strength. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 27 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO By the end of 1992, the total population in Wuhan is 6.845 million. Tne area of waters is 2,100 km2 which covers 25.1 % of the total area, the resource of ground water, hydraulic energy and. mineral deposits are abundant. The economic development in Wuhan is vigorous along with the progressive opening and reform. The concerning data are listed in table 3-2-1. Table 3-2-1 The growth rate of socio-economic indicators of 1992 over 1985 (%) Items GNP National GOIA GOIA per Income capita(yuan) Wuhan City 7.38 11.42 7.91 6.32 Caidian District 15.17 16.43 18.39 16.96 Wuchang County 16.24 21.71 19.91 Note GNP: Gross National Product GOIA: Gross Output of Industry and Agriculture The north bank of the proposed JYRB is Junshan Town of Caidian District, and Jingkou Tovwn of Wuchang District is located in its south bank. Caidian District is situated in the south-west of Wuhan with total area of 1091.01km2, by the end of 1992, the total population is 50,302 with density of 461 people per square kilometer. Caidian is planned to become the satellite town of Wuhan. There are over 420 industrial enterprises at town level and above in Caidian. District, the industrial sectors are relatively manifold, there are main industries such as machinery, construction materials, textile, chemistry and foodstuff as well as paper making, forage and leather process. With the abundant waters, fertile soil and cosy weather, Caidian District is one of the farning and side-line production base of Wuhan. Junshan Town lies in south-east of Caidian District with total area of 61.9km2. By the end of 1993, the population is 9414 with the density of 152 people per square kilometer, the area of farm land is 14529 mu, in which irrigated land is 7279mu and dry land is 7250mu. The total output of rural industries in 1993 is 44.45 million yuan (1990 equivalent price), the total agricultural output is 14.97 million yuan (1990 reference price), among which, farming output 7.16 million yuan, forestry 0.12 million yuan, animal husbandry 2.18 million yuan, fishery 5.51 million yuan. The net income is 881 yuan per capita in 1993 with 9.4% increase over 1992. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 28 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Wuchang County lies in southern suburb of Wuhan with the total area of 2008.98 kM2. By the end of 1992, the population is 0.595 million with the density of 296 km2/capita. Wuchang County is another planned satellite town of Wuhan. There are about 4000 industrial enterprises in the boundary with manifold sectors such as metallurgy, chemistry, construction materials, textile, foodstuff and so on. A developing pattem has been formed in agriculture production. It is noted that the nonmetallic deposits in the county is quite abundant, there are nine kinds of deposits with large amount, which covers 98% of the total nonrmetallic deposits of Wuhan City. Table 3-2-1 illustrate the detail economic situation of Wuchang County. Junshan Town is located in westem area of Wuchang County, by the end of 1993, the total population is 24,688 with rural labour population of 2710. The area of farming land is 3417mu, including 767mu irrigated land and 2650mu dry land. The total agricultural output is 10.49 million yuan (1990 equivalent price), among which, farming output 5.84 million yuan, forestry 0.21 million yuan, animal husbandry 2.22 million yuan, fishery 2.22 million yuan. The gross output of rural industries is 1.798 billion yuan(I 990 reference price), the net income is 1232 yuan per capita in 1993 with 51.1% increase over 1992. 3.2.1.2 Economic Development Plan The dated economic development plan is to fulfil the "Seventh Five Year Plan" and realize the twin double of GNP by 1997, to make people well off and turn Wuhan into the centre in mid China and a international metropolis. The industries layout will focus on consolidating the basic sectors such as steel-making, automobile manufacture and chemical industry, the special attention will be also paid to municipal infrastructure facilities such as communication, energy and telecommunication. It is planned to speed up the industries renovation, develop hi-tech industry, rationalize the industries structure. Two preferential policies has been made out, one is to concentrating capital and strengthen to renovate the existing enterprises with advanced technologies, the other is to consolidate the basic industries and related infrastructure development. In agriculture, it is planned to carry out the agricultural integrated development, readjust the agricultural structure, improve the facilities and capacities on management and services, speed up modernization process and build up the capacity of rural industries, and constitute the new pattem of suburban agriculture gradually. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 29 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO The main economic planning indicators of different periods are listed in table 3-2-2. Table 3-2-3 Main.economic planning indicators in study area Region Economic Seventh-five Period eighth-five Period Ninth-five Pefiod Indicator Annual Growth Rate Annual Growth Rate Annual Grow%th Rate I Wuhan City TSO(' 10') 9.8 GNP(' 10') 9.00-10.00 12.3-12.78 Nl(' 10') GOIA(' 10') 9.00 PP(I 1O4) 1.11 1.56 Caidian TSO(' 10) 14.54 District GNP(' 10') 12.30 14.70 NlC 10') 12.30 12.80 GOIA( I 10') 15.00 15.00 I PP(' 10') __1.01 0.90 Wuchang TSO( 10') 14.4 6.80 7.30 County GNP(' 10') 12.90 7.50 7.30 Nl(- 10') 10.50 6.20 7.20 GOIA(' 10') 15.70 7.40 7.40 PP(' 10') 1.40 1.40 1.20 Note: TSO Total Social Output GNP Gross National Product NI National Incime GOIA Gross Output of Industry and Agriculture PP Population 3.2.2 Sensitive Targets and Resettlement The north bank of Weijiawan bridge site is mainly dry, slopy low land and spare open space, where little resettlement is needed, however its dry land is main cotton producing area of Junshan Town, so it will affect the cotton production and a part of runal labours have to leave the land, for these reasons the proper resettlement is indispensable by means of developing rural industries, diversified economy and participating road construction to settle the surplus labour force. The dry and slopy land is dominated in the south bank of Yangtze River with little resettlement. 3.2.3 Traffic Status Wuhan is in the middle of the country with superior geographic situation, which is SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 30 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO always one of the comrnunication hub in the history. So far, an integrated transport network has been set up including railway, highway, navigation, aviation, which is dominated in railway, express and navigation. Table 3-2-3 shows the volume of various transport modes. Table 3-2-3 Comparison of transport volume on different transport modes (unit: %) Mode Railway Highway Navigation Aviation Passenger 23.56 58.50 16.25 1.39 Transport Freight 39.06 33.43 27.50 0.01 Transport _ 3.2.3.1 Highway There are 4 national highways in the boundary of Wuhan, i.e. No 106, 107, 316, 318, and another 10 provincial highways, all these highways constitute the traffic network of Wuhan, see table 3-2-5. In addition, the network has connected with many railways, harbours and airports in the country to conduct the medium and/or short distance transport tasks. By the end of 1992, the total mileage of highway is 2712.88km including 234.9km national highway. However, the communication is still week as compared with quick development of entire economy due to the drawback communication facilities, irrational transport structure, poor transport capacity and imperfect network layout. JYRB is the independent project of JZNAH, which is in the line of both JZNAH and HRNAH and meet the out-ring road plan. As a result, the implementation of this project will greatly promote the socio-economic development in Wuhan, and will benefit to establish and enhance the provincial highway network, city's out- ring road construction, ease the urban traffic congestion and improve the transport capacity. Therefore this project is significantly important and imperative. 3.2.3.2 Railway There are several railways with all directions pass through the study area including Beijing-Guangdong Artery Railway at NS direction, Wuhan-Dazhi Railway and Wuhan-Dandong Railway in EW direction, it can reach Shanghai to the east while SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 31 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Chongqing and Chendu to the west. 3.2.3.3 Navigation Wuhan is in the mid-reach of Yangtze River with flourishing navigation. Yangtze River and Han River are the main navigation way. The most prosperous belt is along the line of golden Yangtze waterway. Wuhan port has developed into the important modem navigation hub of China and connected with terrestrial communication, which can stretch to Shanghai in the east and Chongqing in the west. 3.2.3.4 Aviation In recent years, the aviation in the stud' area has been developed with about 50 aviation routes connecting 37 domestic cities. However, its impact to road transport is limited. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING.RESEARCH INSTITUTE 32 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO 3.3 Investigation and Assessment on Existing Air Quality 3.3.1 Existing Air Quality Investigation 3.3.1.1 Monitoring Siting The monitoring siting is mainly based on local climatic features, topography, sites of sensitive targets and typical project character and so on, monitoring spots are set in the area where high concentration may occur and intensive protection is needed, therefore total 6 monitoring spots are determined at the two sides of the bridge site. see detail in table 3-3-1 and Figure IV. Table 3-3-1 Monitorin Spots Arrangement Location No Name Type South side of bridge I Huangjiawan sensitive target(residents) site 2 Wuchang County Water sensitive target(water Purification Plant plant) 3 Zhoujiagang sensitive target(residents) North side of bridge 4 Junshan Vehicle Ferry heavy traffic site Station 5 Junshan Primary School sensitive target(school) 6 Junshan Snail Fever sensitive target I Prevention Station 3.3.1.2 Monitoring Factors NOx, CO, TSP are determined as monitoring factors considering the exhausted gas released by vehicles and flying dust and so on 3.3.1.3 Monitoring time and Frequency The monitoring was conducted form Sept. 23-27, 1994 and last consecutive five SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 33 INVESTtGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO days. The sampling frequency is 4 samples per day at 9:00, 12:00, 15:00 and 17:00 respectively. 3.3.1.4 Monitoring Analysis Methods The sampling and analysis method of air quality are adopted in accordance with the relevant regulation in "Technical Standard of Environmental Monitoring" and "Analysis Methods of Environmental Monitoring" issued by NEPA. Details of sampling and analysis methods refer to table 3-3-2. Table 3-3-2 Air Sampling and Analysis Methods Item Sampling Method Analysis Method NOx Air sampler, U-absorb tube N-( I -Naphthyl)ethylene diamine dihydrochloride spectrometric analysis CO Bladder Non-dispersed infrared absorption TSP Large flow rate sanpler, filter membrane Gravimetric method 3.3.1.5 Monitoring Results Through five day's investigation of existing air environment status, large arnount of data were obtained, the results of data process is shown in table 3-3-3 to table 3-3-10. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 34 . INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Table 3-3-3 Overall Air Quality Status in the Study Area Factors Range of single Standard Single Standard of Daily mean value Daily mean value measurement value of any measurement daily mean range exceeding value single value exceeding value (mg/mr) standard (mg/mr) measurement standard (mg/rn3) percentage (mg/m3) percentage NOx 0.007-0.109 0.15 0 0.10 0.008 -0.088 0 CO 0.6-8.4 10.00 0 4.00 0.6-3.5 0 T.S.P 0.016--0.613 1.00 0 0.30 0.067-0.384 6.7% Table 3-3-4 Analysis Results on Each Monitoring Spots(mgJm3) Monitoring Point NOx CO T.S.P South I1 Huangiawan 0.024 1.3 0.198 Approach 2 Wuchang County Water Plant 0.048 2.6 0.157 3 Zhoujiagang 0.031 0.6 0.165 North 4" Junshan Ferry Station 0.023 1.3 0.191 Approach 5" Junshan Primary School 0.018 0.6 0.208 6 Junshan Snail Fever Prevention 0.024 0.6 0.227 __ __ _ Station Note: Daily traffic volune of Junshan ferry Station is 500. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 35 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMIENTAI. STAT US QIJO Table 3-3-5 Monitorinig Resuilts on NOx Concenitration in the Air (nig/ni') (1994.9.23-9.27) Effeclive nidividtial ndividiial Max. Mill. Any time Daily mean Max. ES Sampleple Deeloi ie-Md.Miiydal dil Ei nies of M o nuimber iaed rte Max. Maill iviea- daily daily ES S E S dailY Monlitorinig Poinit number erate vali,e value inai ineaii iiek iine percent-lme peESit dnail ________ _______ ________ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~age age V tiangjiawan 20 20 100" 0.038 0.013 0.024 0.031 0.014 0 0 0 0 0 5outli 2 2 uchang County 20 20 100% 0.109 0.025 0.048 0.088 0.029 0 0 0 0 0 pproch ater Planit . loiaganig 20 20 100% 0 070 0.009 0.031 0.049 0.018 0 0 0 0 0 4Nshan Ferry 20 20 1 00oo 0.030 0.019 0.023 0.026 0.019 0 0 0 0 0 lortli 5, unSh, n ritlary 20 20 100% 0.034 0.009 0.018 0.027 0.01' 0 0 0 0 O pproach _ uchoo _ .__ 6' ever Prevenition 20 20 100% 0.075 0.007 0.024 0.062 0.008 0 0 0 0 0 tatioti Note E exceeding standard SIIANGIHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCIJ INSTITUTE 36 INVusE(rArl ON Ol ENVIRONMIFNl Al. STlA'l US QlJO Table 3-3-6 Monitoring Results on CO Concentrationi in the Air (mi6g/mn)_ (1994.9.23-9.27) Efrective . ndividiual ndividtial Max. Mill. Any titne Daily mean Max. ES Simple e_ct__Fie-ay_ _ lines of n.umber sample rate Max. Mill. Fiveaday daily daily ES ES ES tXSdaily Momtitoritig Poilit ntuinber valtie value mean mean b percent- percent- age anumber mean . ltugjinwanl 20 20 40% 5.4 06 1.3 2.2 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 outli 2' tcliang Coulnty 20 20 S0% 7.6 0.6 2.6 3.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 pproach ater Plantt l houijiagang 20 20 0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 .tislian Ferry 20 20 30% 8.4 0.6 1.3 3.5 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 tation lorti 5 uliami Primary 20 20 0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 Approac i chool pproacli _ uuisllati Snail __._._. 6' ever Prevention 20 20 0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 tation SIIANGIIAI SIIIP & SlIlPIING RESEA11C1 INSTITUTE 37 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Table 3-3-7 Monitoring Results on TSP Concentration in the Air (ing/lin) (1994.9.23-9.27) Effective n * jidivi(aliti ndiividitial Max. Miin. Any time Daily mean Max. ES Sample Detection Fiv-dy a tines or ntiniber sample rate Max. Min ivie(aiy daily daily ES ES ES ES s daily Monitoring Point numliber valie valIe tican mean iunber percent- b percent- mean age age IN htanigjiawin 20 20 100% 0.354 0.065 00198 0.280 0.095 0 0 0 0 0 oputh 2 ichang County 20 20 100% 0.400 0.032 0.157 0.241 0.080 0 0 0 0 0 Approach ater Plant__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ 3- houJl~~agng 20 20 100% 0 304 0 045 0 165 0 215 0 087 0 0 0 n 0 4 unstan rry 20 20 100% 0.374 0.051 0.191 0.254 0.118 0 0 0 0 0 North 5# unshin Primary 20 20 100% 0.613 0.016 0.208 0.384 0.067 0 0 I 20% 0.28 Akpproacii _ chool pproacl tinshan Snail 6 ever Prevention 20 20 100% 0.466 0.067 0.227 0.313 0.080 0 0 I 20% 0.04 tation SIIANCHAI SiIIP & SHIlPPING RFESEARCII INSTITlTE 38 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Table 3-3-8 Daily Average NOx Concentration (mg/m 3) Monitoring Point 1st Day 2nd Day 3rd Day 4th Day 5th Day Five-day Mean South IT Huangiiawan 0.025 0.031 0.028 0.014 0.020 0.024 Approach _ 2** Wuchang County 0.088 0.043 0.052 0.029 0.030 0.048 Water Plant _ 37 Zhoujiagang 0.049 0.022 0.040 0.024 0.018 0.031 North 4 Junshan Ferry 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.019 0.026 0.023 Approach Station 5 Junshan Primary 0.027 0.017 0.023 0.011 0.013 0.018 School 6# Junshan Snail 0.062 0.028 0.020 0.008 0.011 0.024 Fever Prevention Station _ Table 3-3-9 Daily Average CO C ncentration (mg/m ) Monitoring Point 1st Day 2nd Day 3rd Day 4th Day 5th Day Five-day _______________ ________ Mean South I Huangiiawan 2.2 1.0 1.1 0.6 1.8 1.3 Approach _ 27 Wuchang County 3.5 3.4 2.2 2.6 1.5 2.6 Water Plant 3 Zhoujiagang 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 North 47 Junshan Fer-y 3.5 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.3 Approach Station 7 Junshan Primary 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 School 6 Junshan Snail 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Fever Prevention ________ Station SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 39 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Table 3-3-10 Daily Avera TSP Concentation (mg/m3) Monitoring Point 1 st Day 2nd Day 3rd Day 4th Day 5th Day Five-day ________ Mean South 1 Huangiiawan 0.215 0.198 0.280 0.095 0.208 0.198 Approach - Wuchang County 0.146 0.200 0.241 0.080 0.119 0.157 Water Plant 3' Zhoujiagang 0.140 0.213 0.251 0.087 0.172 0.165 North 7 Junshan Ferzy 0.254 0.211 0.155 0.118 0.218 0.191 Approach Station S Junshan Primary 0.384 0.178 0.144 0.067 0.266 0.208 School _ 6 Junshan Snail 0.290 0.313 0.270 0.080 0.180 0.227 Fever Prevention Station SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 40 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO 3.3.1.6 Analysis on Results of Monitoring i NOx By five days monitoring, it is found that NOx concentration of any single measurement ranged from 0.007mg/m3 to 0.109 mg/m3 with no value exceeding the standard. The daily mean concentration is in the range of 0.008-0.088mg/m3, its exceeding standard percentage is zero. It suggests that NOx concentration in the study area meets the Class II national air quality standard. The possible reason for the high NOx values at the Wuchang Water Plant is the effect of gas including nitrogen given off by a matured compost site neaby. ii CO By five days monitoring, it is found that CO concentration of any single measurement ranged from 0.6mg/m3 to 8.4 mg/m3 with no value exceeding the Class II standard. The daily mean concentration is in the range of 0.6-3.5mg/m3, its exceeding standard percentage is zero. It suggests that CO concentration in the study area is commonly low and its detection rate is low as well. iii TSP By five days monitoring, it is found that TSP concentration of any single measurement ranged from 0.016mg/m3 to 0.613 mg/m3 with no value exceeding the standard. The daily mean concentration is in the range of 0.067-0.384mg/m3, its exceeding standard percentage is 6.7%. The daily mean TSP concentration in the monitoring spots of Junshan Primary School exceeded the standard occasionally, and its maximum exceeding multiple is 0.28. The reason of high TSP concentration of Junshan Primary School is the students' exercising on the playground. The maximum exceeding multiple of Junshan Snail Fever Prevention Station is quite low, no over standard occurs in the rest of the monitoring spots. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 41 rNVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO 3.3.2 Existing Air Quality Assessment 3.3.2.1 Assessment Method Mono-index method is adopted to assess the existing air environment, that is: ci Pi = Co in which Pi: mono-index Ci monitoring concentration of i pollutant Co standard value of i pollutant Mean concentration value in five days of each monitoring points will replace Ci in our assessment 3.3.2.2 Assessment Standard Class II standard of "National Air Environmental Quality Standard" is applied, the concrete values are listed in table 3-3-1 1. Table 3-3-11 The Standard for Air Quality Assessment Concentration limit (mg/rn') Time Class I Standard Class 11 Standard Class III Standard T.S.P. Daily Mean 0.15 0.30 0.50 Any Single Time 0.30 1.00 1.50 NOx Daily Mean 0.05 0.10 0.15 Any Single Time 0.10 0.15 0.30 CO Daily Mean 4.00 4.00 6.00 ___Any Single Time 10.00 10.00 20.00 Note: i) "Daily Mean" in table is the limit that mean concentration of any day can't exceed, while "Any Single Time" is the limit that concentration of any monitoring time can't exceed ii) Class II standard is the air quality that health of people animals and plants in city and rural area can't harmed after long or short contacting. Class II standard is suitable for the Class II Area of air quality, cultural areas, places of historic interest and scenic beauty, and the vast countryside determined in city planning. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 42 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO 3.3.2.3 Assessment Results The mono-index of each assessment factor in each monitoring spot is calculated by means of above method, which refers to table 3-3-12. Table 3-3-12 The mono-index of each assessment factor in each monitoring spot Ma itoring Spots NOx CO TSP Remarks South I Huangptawan 0.24 0.32 0.66 about 20 households Approach 2 Wuchang County Water 0.48 0.65 0.52 providing 50,000 ton Purification Plan water a day 3 Zhoujiagang 0.31 0.15 0.55 about 35 households North 4 Junshan Vehicle Ferry 0.23 0.32 0.64 about 500 vehicles Station per day Approach 5 Junshan Pximary School 0.18 0.15 0.69 about 410 people 6 Junshan Snail Fever 0.24 0.15 0.76 deserted Prevention Station Average 0.28 0.29 0.64 Polhltion Shire Rate (0/%) 23 24 53 As shown in table 3-3-12, all mono-index values of NOx, CO, TSP are less than 1 at six monitoring spots along the line of proposed bridge, it means the 5 days average concentration of NOx, CO and TSP met Air Environmental Quality Class II Standard. In addition, It is found that the main air pollutant along the line is TSP in terms of the value of pollution share rate. 3.3.2.4 Assessment Conclusions the background NOx, CO and TSP is fair, which 5 days average concentration is within the range of the assessment standard, i.e. Air Environmental Quality Class II Standard. ii The main air pollutants along the line is TSP. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 43 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO 3.4 Investigation and Assessment on Existing Noise Status 3.4.1 Existing Noise Status Investigation 3.4.1.1 Monitoring Siting The noise monitoring arrangement was considered for both recommended Weijiawan bridge site and optional Houshan bridge site, and focused on the former. Six monitoring spots was selected along the bridge to survey the existing noise status, in which, the spot at Junshan Primary School was monitored in the pattem of 24 hour consecutive measurement. 3.4.1.2 Measurement Instrument PAS-5633 digital acoustic level meters, ND-6 precision acoustic level meters and NC-I statistic acoustic level meters are used. 3.4.1.3 Measurement Method Noise monitoring is carried out according to the relevant regulations in National Standard GB/T 14623-93"Measurement Method of Urban Area Ambient Noise" Measuring time: consecutive measuring for three days. Monitoring is taken in daytime and night, and the representative time is 8:00-10:00 and 22:00-02:00. Only for Junshan Primary School monitoring spot, which measuring time is 24 hour consecutive measuring for three days. Measuring Condition: no rain, snow weather, wind velocity is less than 5.5m/s. 3.4.1.4 Assessment Standard The assessment standard are in accordance with the relevant permissible values defined in "GB3096-93 Ambient Noise Standard for Urban Area", Class n standard is applied at school and key residential area, and Class IV standard is adopted at the sides of traffic line and other residential areas. The pernissible values of GB3096-93 are listed in table 3-4-1 SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 44 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Table 3-4-1 GB3096-93 Ambient Noise Standard for Urban Area(dBA) Class Daytime Night 0 50 40 1 55 45 2 60 50 3 65 55 _ 4 70 55 Note: Class 0 standard is suitable for areas needing special quiet environment such as convalescent area, first-class villa area and hotel area, etc. Class I standard for residential areas and areas of culture and education. Class 2 standard for mixed areas of resident, commerce and industry. Class 3 standard for areas of industry. Class 4 standard for both sides of main communication lines in city and both sides of river channel through urban area. 3.4.2 Monitoring Results The monitoring results of exist noise status along the proposed bridge is shown in Table 3-4-2, the daily noise variation at Junshan Primary School (about 410 teachers and students) monitoring spot is illustrated in figure 3-4-1. The noise value close to 60 dB(A) sometime in daytime was caused by exercising and physical education. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 45 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Table 3-4-2 Monitoring Results of Existing Noise Status at Proposed Bridge Site unit: dB(A) Location Monitoring Time LIO L50 L90 Leq Remark Point I South Wuchang Daytime 56 48 46 53.6 highway along the Bank Water Plant I_river,suppling 50000 Night 52 46 44 50.2 ton water a day Zhoujiagang Daytime 55 47 44 51.5 highway along the river,about 35 Night 46 45 43 44.6 households Huangjiawan Daytime 43 39 38 41.0 remote village,about Night 43 41 40 41.5 20 households North Junshan Daytime 63 54 49 58.9 ferry station, traffic Bank Vehicle Ferry noise, about 500 Station vehicles per day Night 51 47 45 49.6 Junshan Snail Daytime 47 43 42 45.7 deserted, Fever no resi-jents Prevention Station ________ ________ Night 49 44 _ 41 47.5 Note: i) LIO, L50 and L90 separately mean which is exceeding by sound levels in 10%, 50% or 90% time between monitoring period ii) Leq means the energy average value between stipulated period. Len dBA) 70 I so' I 50 50 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 et no Figure 3-4-1 The daily noise variation at Junshan Primary School site SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 46 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO 3.4.3 Assessment Results According to monitoring result of the existing noise status together with the noise assessment standard, the noise assessment results of communities, school, vehicle ferry station and so on along the proposed bridge refers to table 3-4-3, in which the daytime and night noise at Junshan Primary School monitoring spot is the equivalence acoustic level Leq(dBA) drawn from three days monitoring values, the daytime is taken from 07:00 to 18:00, while night is taken from 19:00 to 06:00. In the light of noise assessment results, it is found that the noise values at all monitoring spots along the proposed bridge do not excess the permissible noise value stipulated in the standard, it is demonstrated that the existing acoustic status in the study area remains good. Table 3-4-3 Noise Assessment Results Location Measuring Spot Time Measuring Standard Assessment Value Value Result Leq(dBA) Leq(dBA) South Wuchang Water Daytime 53.6 70 MS Section Purification Plant Night 50.2 55 MS of the Zhoujiagang Daytime 51.5 70 MS Bridge Night 44.6 55 MS Huangjiawan Daytime 41.5 70 MS Night 41.0 55 MS North Junshan Vehicle Daytime 58.9 70 MS Section Ferry Station Night 49.6 55 MS of the Junshan Snail Fever Daytime 47.5 70 MS Bridge Prevention Station Night 45.7 55 MS Junshan Primary Daytime 51.5 60 MS _ School Night 43.8 50 MS Note MS: meet the standard SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 47 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO 3.5 Investigation and Assessment on Existing Vibration Condition 3.5.1 Existing Vibration Investigation 3.5.1.1 Monitoring Siting The vibration monitoring arrangement was considered for both recommended Weijiawan bridge site and optional Houshan bridge site, and focused on the former. Six monitoring spots was determined along the bridge to survey the existing vibration status. 3.5.1.2 Monitoring Instrument YEI14100 Accelerometer, YE5930 Vibration Level Meter and YE Ambient Vibration Data Processor were employed to monitor the existing vibration status. 3.5.1.3 Monitoring Method The monitoring was carried out according to the relevant regulations in National Standard GB10070-88"Measurement Method of Urban Area Ambient Vibration". The sensors should be put at the flat and hard land, the measuring interval is 5s, and total consecutive 200 data were recorded. VLIo was taken as assessment factor. 3.5.1.4 Assessment Standard The assessment was conducted in accordance with the relevant vibration permissive values defined in GB10070-88 "Urban Area Ambient Vibration Standard" which is shown in table 3-5-1. 3.5.2 Monitoring Results The monitoring results are listed in table 3-5-2. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 48 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Table 3-5-1 Urban Area Ambient Vibration Standard unit: dB Area Daytime Night Special Residential Area 65 65 Residential and Culture Area 70 67 Mixed Area 70 67 Both Sides of Artery Road 75 72 Table 3-5-2 Existing Vibration Monitorin > Results (dB) Location Monitoring Point VLIO VL50 VL90 South Wuchang Water Plant 55.3 <50 (50 Bank Zhoujiagang <50 <50 (50 _______ Huangjiawan <50 <50 (50 North Junshan Primary School 60.1 54.3 (50 Bank Junshan Snail Fever 59.3 <50 (50 Prevention Station Beside the mechanized 60.1 <50 (50 X farmiand I I I Note: the monitoring is conducted at daytime VLI 0,VL50 and VL90 separately mean which is exceeding by vibration levels in 10%, 50% or 90% time between monitoring period. 3.5.3 Assessment Results From table 3-5-2, it is found that vibration environment in the study area is good, the vibration level at all monitoring spots do not excess the standard permissive value. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 49 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO 3.6 Investigation and Assessment on Existing Water Quality 3.6.1 Existing Water Quality Investigation 3.6.1.1 Sampling Time The investigation is carried out twice, one is in late of Sept. and the other is at beginning of October. 3.6.1.2 Sampling Section Arrangeinent There are three sampling sections, which are Weijiawan section, Houshan section and a section in the midst of above two sections, each section has two measuring points, the water sarnples 0.5m below the water surface are collected, a additional deep layer water sample is collected at the water plant intake of Houshan bridge site. The selected monitoring sections are shown in figure 3-6-1. North (Junshan town) A -2# 3 B water flow' -6# ~51 4* water plant : 7# 10m under water surface I South (Jinkou town) Note: A is Houshan bridge site (optional), B is W'eijiawan bridge site (recommended) Figure 3-6-1 The Layout of Monitoring Section SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 50 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO 3.6.1.3 Monitoring Factors Monitoring factors are pH, SS, permanganate index, BODs and Oil. 3.6.1.4 Analysis Method Analysis is carried out according to "Water and Wastewater Monitoring and Analysis Method" issued by NEPA 3.6.1.5 Assessment Standard The assessment was conducted in terms of Class IJI standard of GB3838-88 "Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard", Because there is no appropiate standard for SS, we only list the monitoring value. See detail in table 3-6-1. Table 3-6-1 Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard(mg/l except pH) Factor I II I i IV V pH 6.5-8.5 6-9 PMI 2 4 6 8 10 I BOD5 s3 3 4 6 1 0 il 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 1.0 Note PMI Permanganate Index Class III standard is mainly suitable for class II protection area of centralism style drinking water source, normal fish protection area and swimming region. prrn ckc SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 51 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO 3.6.1.6 Assessment Method The mono-index method was adopted, the assessment factors are pH, SS, permanganate index, BOD5 and Oil. The mono-index method mainly concems with detective rate of individual factor at every monitoring section and average concentration so that water quality at each monitoring sections and/or whole study area can be identified, meanwhile mono- index classification assessment on each pollution factor can be available and determnine the water quality level according to the worst value drawn from the monitoring. 3.6.2 Existing Water Quality Assessment The water quality monitoring results are shown in table 3-6-2 and table 3-64. Table 3-6-5 refers to the summnary of water quality classification at all monitoring points, table 3-6-6 shows the water pollution mono-index. Table 3-6-2 Monitoring Results on Existing Water Quality in Sept. =_______ __ __ ___ _______(ngll except pH) Monitoring pH SS BOD5 Oil PMI Point _ I- 7.92 269 0.66 £0.02 2.22 2' 7.95 330 0.74 £0.02 2.54 3# 7.96 350 0.63 £0.02 2.42 4* 8.01 372 0.58 £0.02 2.55 5# 7.91 306 0.66 £0.02 2.72 6' 7.89 194 0.72 £0.02 2.51 7' 7.97 167 0.85 £0.02 2.92 Note PMI Permanganate Index SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 52 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Table 3-6-3 Monitoring Results on Existing Water Quality in Oct. g/ except pH) Monitoring pH SS BODs Oil PMI Point I 1 7.96 268 0.68 £0.02 2.82 2# 8.03 254 0.82 £0.02 3.43 3# 7.95 441 0.65 £0.02 2.52 4# 7.97 372 0.86 £0.02 3.04 5" 8.03 333 0.88 £0.02 2.83 6" 7.97 178 0.80 £0.02 2.30 7# 7.94 417 1.12 £0.02 2.88 Note PMI Permanganate Index Table 3-6-4 The Average Values for Each Monitoring Factor (mg/i except pH' Monitoring pH SS BOD5 Oil PMI Point __ _ _ 1 7.94 268.5 0.67 £0.02 2.52 2" 7.99 292 0.78 £0.02 2.98 3" 7.95 395.5 0.65 £0.02 2.47 4 7.99 372 0.72 £0.02 2.79 5_ 7.97 319.5 0.77 £0.02 2.75 6" 7.93 186 0.76 £0.02 2.40 7" 7.95 292 0.99 £0.02 2.90 SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 53 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Table 3-6-5 Water Quality Classification fro Each Monitoring Point MonitoringPoint pH BOD5 Oil PMI 1 I | I r I T II 2" 1 I I II 4" 1 I I II 6t ~ ~I I I II 6 1 I I II Note PMI Perrnanganate Indes ES Exceeding Standard Table 3-6-6 Pollution Mono-indlex of Water uQj ________ IMonitoring PMI BOD5 Oil Total Point ! _ _ _ _ _ .__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 " 0.42 0.17 0.2 0.79 2 0.50 0.20 0.2 0.90 3" 0.41 0.16 0.2 0.76 4" 0.47 0.18 0.2 0.85 5" 0.46 0.19 0.2 0.85 6" 0.40 0.19 0.2 0.79 7" 0.48 0.25 0.2 0.93 SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RE:SEARCH INSTITUTE 54 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO From the above data, the following features on existing water quality in the study area can be found: i Among five monitoring factors being investigated, pH, BOD3, and Oil attain Class I water quality standard, the mean pH value at every monitoring point is in the range of 7.93-7.99, while mean BOD5 is 0.64- 0.99mg/l, the mean Oil concentration is below the detective limit of 0.02mg/1. The mean value of permanganate index ranges from 2.40mg/i to 2.98mg/i, which meet the Class II water quality standard. ii Among five monitoring factors being investigated, SS concentration at all monitoring points is on a high level and the average valume is between 186.6-395.5 mg/l which is related to high sand content in the Yangtze River. Together with the mono-index assessment method, the water quality in the study area was assessed to determine the water quality status and classification. Generally, the water quality in the study area is fair, PH,BOD5, Oil and PMI can attain Class I or II water quality standard. 3.7 Investigation and Assessment on Existing Ecological Environment 3.7.1 Aquatic Ecological Environment Yangtze River is the key habitat and pathway for river migratory fishes, the proposed bridge is located in the boundary of Wuhan City and cross Yangtze River, to identify the potential ecological impact on aquatic animals, the investigation was undertaken by means of references review and visiting interrelated experts complying to suggestion of World Bank. The expert opinion can be seen in the appendix. Lipotes Vexilliber Miller(L VM) LVM is the featured precious aquatic animal in China, which belongs to beast class, whale order, vexilliber miller general family and LVM family. LVM is the largest mammal living in the river and use lung to breath. China has listed LVM as the Class I national conservative animal, World Natural Conservative Association also listed it as one of 12 most endangering animals. In 1950s, it was distributed in down SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 55 INVEST'IGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO reaches of Yangtze River and Fuchun River, but now along with the declining of habitat, the number of LVM is descending seriously and LVM is facing the menace of living. i Living Habits LVM is a kind of social aquatic animal which move in groups, which migrate along with the movement of backwater area. The large backwater area with stable flow and soft flow velocity is helpful to their rest, and what more important is: large arnount fertile soil settled on islets and shoals with wild grass, settled organic materials in the large backwater area where is inundated during the flood period, all these areas possesses superior condition for growth of aquatic animal due to lots of plankton and other species; The rich jelly animals, aquatic insects and shellfish congregates in the silt area with sand substrate, which is good for growth and reproduction of fishes, and offers LVMs abundant food resources and cosy habitat condition. Living Area Originally, LVMs lived in the area from Yangtze River Estuary to The Three Gorges, they also frequently entered several large lakes such as Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, they also could be found in Qiangtang River and Fuchun River. Since the Xinan River Hydraulic Power Station had been constructed in 1957, the water level of Fuchun River decreased, which resulted in the disappearance of LVMs in those areas. Owing to the activities of mankind the number of LVM is descending seriously. No many LVMs can be found now in the 1700km long water course from Zhicheng of Yichang to Yangtze Estuary. According to the recent investigation by some experts, there are about tens LVMs in the Yangtze River now. The Yangtze River section in Junshan of Wuhan is in the range LVMs dispersed, but not in the main region of activities. There are little possibilities of LVMs passing the Junshan water course, and it passes through once in a while even if one LVM appears. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 56 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO AciprmserSinensis Gray(ASG) ASG is a kind of aquatic chordate, which is the only fish with hard scales. ASG belongs to fish class, gray order and gray family. ASG is originally a large economy fish with up to 400cm long, over 3501kg weigh, because of over catching for long period, its resources is in reducing trend. ASG is quite famous in the world and is Class I national conservative animal. i Living Habits ASG is the large migratory fish living in the middle and lower layer of waters, and prefer to live.in the area with sand pits and stable flow velocity. It commonly lives in the offshore area of east coast of Asia, in July-August ASG enters the river at Yichang waters for reproduction. The baby ASG normnally eats plankton, aquatic insects, small fishes and shrimps as well as jelly fishes, while the adult ASG takes benthon animals and residues of animals and plants. ii Living Area ASG mainly distributes in Pinshan at down reaches of Jinsha River, Yangtze River and coastal area of China. The adult ASG distributes in the waters from down reaches of Jinsha River to Yangtze Estuary, while the distribution of baby ASG is in down reaches of Yangtze River to the estuary. Psephurus Gladius Martens(PGM) PGM is a kind of the featured large economy fish in China ranked first among freshwater fishes. It belongs to fish class, ,artems order and martens family. PGM is over 4m long and 500kg weigh, which is the largest freshwater fish. Due to over fishing, such kind of fishes is facing extinction. It is now listed as Class I national conservative animal. i Living Habits The habitat environment of PGM is similar to one of ASG but only living in freshwater, it can live in the upper reaches or middle reaches of Yangtze River at whole life period although the migration back to upper reaches of Yangtze River for reproduction can also be found. PGM is a kind of carnivourous fish which can catch shrimps and crabs at down reaches of Yangtze River, the baby PGMs are fed themselves at Yangtze SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 57 INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUO Estuary. The reproduction period of PGM is in March and April. ii Living Area PGM can be found in Jinsha River, Yangtze River, the mouth of Qiantang River and coastal shadow water area of the East China Sea. It mainly inhabits in middle aid down reaches of Yangtze River. The baby fish got birth in upper reaches will swim down along the water flow and appears in every May in the waterway of Yichang river section and the river connecting with Dongting Lake, the baby PGM appears at its peak in Yangtze River Estuary in the second half of June. For all living stages from baby fish to sexual mature, PGM can always be found in Yangtze River artery waters. 3.7.2 Terrestrial Ecological Environment The area which the proposed engineering will pass through is a part of Jianghan Plain, where soil is mainly violet soil, yellow lime soil and yellowish red soil, due to the long history cultivation, soil layer is deep and fertile with high fertilization rate and production capacity, which is the key area for grain, vegetables and cash crops production.The vegetation in the study area belongs to Mid Asia green broadleaf forest belt which is normally distributed in the area under an elevation of 1300m. Unfortunately, the vegetation has suffered severe damage due to deforestation and the vegetation coverage along the line is quite low, which will result in further soil erosion at hilly area and become the bald rock irreversibly, on the other hand, the soil is getting thin and infertile. Conclusively, the ecological system in the study area is fragile. 3.7.3 Existing Soil Erosion There are three patterns of soil erosion in the area, which are area erosion, gully erosion, and gravity erosion. The soil erosion in the proposed engineering area mainly attribute to area erosion and gully erosion, the soil erosion occurs severely in the violet sand shale area, the erosion for ViOiL. sand shale is quite strong, the alternate weathering effect and erosion effect quickens the soil erosion rate. A large amount of soften fragments mix in the runoff. The gravity erosion in the study area is rare. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 58 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT 4 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment 4.1 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment on Air Quality 4.1.1 Air Quality Impact Analysis in Construction Period Main impact on the air quality in the bridge and road construction period is dust and smog pollution generated in the asphalt paving period. The concrete pavement mainly results in dust pollution, whereas main pollution of asphalt pavement are asphalt smog and dust. The proposed bridge and connected road will be paved with concrete so that-air pollution will mainly result from dust in the construction period. 4. 1. 1.1 Dust Pollution There are three types of dust pollution: flying dust caused by concrete blending, blowing dust caused by materials transport and dust pollution from the stock piles. I dust caused by concrete blending There are two kinds of concrete blending in the construction stage: on- site blending and station blending. On-site blending is conducted during the roadbed construction along the newly built highway. Station blending is the concentrated blending according to concerning standard and regulation at blending station, the blended materials are directly transported to construction site by vehicles. The characters are: dust pollution.moves along with the construction road sections, yet the impact scope is narrow; the pollution caused by station blending is mainly focused in blending station, but the impact scope is broader than on-site blending, especially in leeward of blending station, the pollution distance will extend longer. According to the monitoring undertaken by Highway Institute of MOC fro several concrete blending stations of Jingjintang expressway during its construction(monitoring result is shown in table 4-1-1), it is found that: SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 59 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Table 4-1-1 Monitoring Results on TSP for Jing*intang Expresswa in Construction Period Location Constructio Wind Velocity Distance from Monitoring Result n Style (M/s) monitoring MoM3 point(m) I# 2# At the side of On-site 0.9 50 0.389 overcross bridge of blending 100 Yangchunzhen lou 150 0.271 Blending station at Station 1.2 50 9.078 8.849 Yangchun blending 100 1.599 1.703 150 1.130 0.483 Blending station at On-site midst 9.84 Shibalidian blending 50 1.97 100 0.54 _ reference point 0.40 Note: the monitoring point is set at leeward, the reference point is set at 200m windward, the data of Chouzhuang and Shibalidian are daily average values TSP pollution caused by on-site blending is slight, it can meet the Class II standard of GB3095-82 at the distance of 150m; Nevertheless, the pollution led by station blending is heavier, which TSP still exceed Class II standard of GB3096-82 at 200m distance in both leeward and windward. In accordance with the construction plan, the concrete will be produced by means of station blending. Therefore, the dust pollution to surroundings of roadside will not be serious. However, the location selection of the blending station is quite important, the station should be far from the residential area and sensitive targets( at least over 500m). In addition, dust pollution impact will be greatly mitigated by means of strengthening the labour protection measures and providing dust removing facilities at the blending station. ii Dust generated from materials transport Heavy dust pollution will be brought about by transport, loading and unloading of the construction matenals and by secondary road dust caused by vehicles. According to the monitoring results on vehicle fly dust in construction stage of Jingjintang Expressway, (which is listed in table 4-1-2) the monitoring was conducted by Highway Institute of MOC, the TSP SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 60 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT concentration is 5.039mg/mr3 at 150m of leeward(instant TSP of national C;ass II standard is 1.0 mg/m3), which exceeded five times of the standard, so the pollution was apparently serious. Table 4-1-2 Monitoring Results on Vehicle Flying Dust in Construction Period of Jingjintang Expressway Location Dust Pollution Sampling Point Monitoring Sources Distance(m) Results(mg/m3) Construction road Vehicle flying dust 50 11.652 side of Wuqingyang generated in road 100 19.694 Village pavement 150 5.039 Note: sampling points are located at leeward, the results are instantaneous values. The materials storage sites for this project are show in figure 4-1-1. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 61 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Z Jm/ -'s C /, J/ iHu5ns2i o X \ S ~~~~~~Wuch:=g ,zAS~~~~~~~~~~to **. R~~~~~~~~~~~7- : A!gk\ou_ .\ ' O CemenS *t \ \ a . ~~~~~~~~~~Other materias B /=7 Noise Variation 0 +2 +3 +5 ii) Pavement Roughness Pavement roughness does not have great influence on heavy vehicles at low running speed, but has some influence on the noise generated by the light vehicles at high running speed, which refers to table 4-2-7 Table 4-2-7 The correction noise values due to pavement roughness Pavement Type Noise Correction(dBA) Tar concrete 0 Concrete pavement with ordinary roughness 3-4 Pavement with severe roughness 5-6 SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 84 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT iii) Noise Barrier Factor AS2 Noise barrier factor includes traffic noise attenuation by acoustic shadow area formed by high flyovei crossing bridge and high embankment, which refers to figure 4-2-1. The noise attenuation amount is determined by the distance difference of the sound wave propagation. Sound attenuation arnount of the acoustic shadow area is obtained by Fresnel diffraction principle. Road central line jj\- Figure 4-2-1 Fresnel Number Calculating Sketch iv) Ambient Impact Factor a is an empirical parameter, a factor relevant to the characteristic of the covering of earth surface between measuring point and central traffic line. The surroundings along the proposed bridge can impact the noise propagation, such as land coverings, vegetation, green, etc. Considering mainly farm land along the line with better noise absorbing effect, a is taken as 0.5. 4.2.2.3 The Results of Traffic Noise Prediction In accordance with the actual situation and incorporating the sensitive points distribution along the proposed bridge, the prediction is conducted mainly towards SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 85 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT two sides of approach section and connected road section. Due to the constant height change along the approach section and the connected road section, the traffic noise of measuring points at both sides of road is computed based on different heights. The traffic noise prediction at roadbed H=Om and H=2m of the connected road section are shown in table 4-2-8 and table 4-2-9, the prediction at H=5m, 8m, 10, 1 5m and 20m of both sides of the approach section refers to table 4-2-10 to table 4-2-14. Table 4-2-8 The Traffic Noise Prediction at Both Sides of Bridge Connected Road (H=O.Om) dB(A) Type Road higher than Measuring Point O.Om Year 2000 2010 2020 Time Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Distance 10 73.1 72.4 65.5 76.2 75.5 68.5 78.1 77.4 70.3 away from 20 70.5 69.9 62.1 73.7 73.0 65.0 75.5 74.8 67.0 bridge (m) 40 67.5 66.8 57.7 70.6 69.9 60.8 72.5 71.7 62.6 60 65.3 64.7 55.1 68.4 67.8 58.0 70.3 69.8 59.9 80 63.9 63.2 52.9 66.9 66.2 56.0 68.8 68.1 57.8 100 62.5 61.9 51.3 65.6 65.0 54.2 67.5 66.9 56.1 120 61.6 60.8 49.9 64.6 63.8 52.8 66.5 65.8 54.7 140 60.7 59.9 48.7 63.7 62.9 51.6 65.6 64.9 53.5 160 59.9 59.1 47.6 63.0 62.2 50.6 64.8 64.1 52.5 180 59.2 58.4 46.7 62.2 61.5 49.7 64.1 63.7 51.5 200 58.5 57.8 45.8 61.6 60.9 48.8 63.6 62.8 50.7 SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 86 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Table 4-2-9 The Traffic Noise Prediction at Both Sides of Bridge Connected Road (H=2.0m) dB(A) Type Road higher than Measuring Point !.Om Year 2000 2010 2020 Time Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Distance 10 69.1 68.5 61.7 72.5 71.8 64.9 74.6 73.9 66.9 away from 20 6&5 67.7 59.9 71.5 70.9 63.1 73.8 73.0 65.0 bridge (m) 40 66.7 66.0 57.0 69.9 69.2 59.9 71.8 71.2 61.9 60 64.8 64.0 54.4 67.9 67.3 57.4 70.0 69.2 59.3 80 63.7 63.0 52.8 66.8 66.0 55.7 68.7 67.9 57.4 100 62.5 61.8 51.0 65.4 64.8 53.9 67.3 66.6 55.9 120 61.3 60.7 49.7 64.5 63.8 52.5 66.3 65.7 54.5 140 60.4 59.8 48.5 63.6 62.9 51.3 65.4 64.8 53.2 160 59.6 59.0 47.4 62.8 62.1 50.4 64.6 63.9 52.1 180 58.9 58.3 46.5 62.1 61.4 49.4 63.9 63.2 51.2 ___________ 200 58.4 57.7 45.6 61.4 60.6 48.6 63.3 62.6 50.3 Table 4-2-10 The Traffic Noise Prediction at Both Sides of Bridge Approach (H=5.Om) dB(A) Type Road higher than Mcasuring Point 5.0m Year 2000 2010 . 2020 Time Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Distance 10 60.6 59.9 53.1 63.6 63.0 56.1 65.7 64.9 58.0- away from 20 60.3 59.6 51.7 63.4 62.7 54.8 65.3 64.8 56.7 bridge (m) 40 61.1 60.4 51.3 64.5 63.7 54.7 66.7 66.2 56.9 60 60.5 59.7 50.0 63.9 63.2 53.3 66.3 65.7 55.6 80 60.7 60.0 49.7 63.9 63.3 52.9 66.1 65.5 55.0 100 59.4 58.8 48.0 62.7 62.0 51.2 64.9 64.2 53.3 120 59.4 58.7 47.7 62.7 61.9 50.8 64.7 64.1 52.8 140 58.9 58.1 46.8 62.2 61.4 49.9 64.3 63.7 52.1 160 58.8 58.1 46.5 62.0 61.3 49.6 64.1 63.4 51.5 180 58.1 57.3 45.5 61.3 60.6 48.6 63.4 62.7 50.7 ____________200 57.5 56.8 44.6 60.6 60.0 47.8 62.7 62.2 49.7 SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 87 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Table 4-2-1 1 The Traffic Noise Prediction at Both Sides of Bridge Approach (H=8.0m) dB(A) Type Road higher than Measuring Point 8.Om Year 2000 _ 2010 2020 Time = Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Distace 10 58.2 57.6 50.8 61.4 60.7 53.8 63.3 62.6 55.6 away from 20 58.1 57.4 49.7 61.2 60.5 52.7 63.1 62.6 54.5 bridge (m) 40 57.4 56.7 47.7 60.5 59.9 50.8 62.5 61.8 52.7 60 58.6 57.9 48.2 62.0 61.4 51.5 64.3 63.7 53.1 80 57.4 56.8 46.3 60.7 60.1 49.7 63.0 62.3 51.9 100 57.5 5C.8 46.0 61.0 60.3 49.4 63.3 62.6 51.7 120 57.6 56.9 45.8 60.7 60.1 48.9 62.8 62.1 50.9 140 56.7 56.0 44.7 59.9 59.3 47.7 61.9 61.4 49.7 160 56.6 55.8 44.2 59.8 59.2 47.4 62.0 61.3 49.6 180 55.9 55.2 43.3 59.2 58.4 46.5 61.3 60.6 48.5 200 56.3 55.6 43.5 59.5 58.8 46.6 61.6 61.0 48.6 Table 4-2-12 The Traffic Noise Prediction at Both Sides of Bridge Approach . (H=1O.Om) dB(A) Type Road higher than Measuring Point I O.Om Year 2000 2010 2020 Time Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Distance 10 57.2 56.5 49.7 60.3 59.5 52.7 62.2 61.5 54.7 away from 20 57.0 56.3 48.6 60.1 59.3 51.6 62.0 61.3 53.4 bridge (m) 40 56.4 55.8 46.8 59.6 58.9 49.9 61.5 60.8 51.8 60 55.7 55.1 45.4 58.9 58.2 48.3 60.8 60.1 50.3 80 56.9 56.3 45.9 60.4 59.8 49.3 62.8 62.0 51.5 100 56.1 55.4 44.6 59.5 58.7 47.9 61.7 61.0 50.1 120 55.3 54.5 43.4 58.6 58.0 46.7 60.8 60.2 48.9 140 55.6 54.8 43.4 59.0 58.3 46.8 60.4 60.6 49.0 160 55.7 55.1 43.5 58.9 58.4 46.6 61.0 60.4 48.6 180 55.2 54.5 42.6 58.4 57.7 45.7 60.5 59.7 47.7 200 55.2 54.5 42.4 58.5 57.7 45.6 60.7 59.9 47.6 SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 88 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Table 4-2-13 The Traffic Noise Prediction at Both Sides of Bridge Approach (H=l 5.0m) dB(A) Type Road higher than Measuring Point 5.Om Year 2000 2010 2020 Time Peak Day Night Peal, Day Night Peak Day Night Distance 10 55.5 54.7 48.1 58.6 57.9 51.1 60.5 59.9 52.9 away from 20 55.0 54.2 46.6 58.1 57.4 49.6 60.0 59.4 51.5 bridge (ni) 40 54.6 53.9 45.0 57.7 57.0 48.0 59.6 59.0 49.8 60 54.1 53.4 43.8 57.2 56.5 46.8 59.1 58.4 48.6 80 53.6 52.9 42.7 56.7 56.0 45.6 58.6 58.0 47.6 100 53.1 52.4 41.8 56.2 55.5 44.7 58.2 57.5 46.7 120 54.5 53.9 42.7 57.8 57.3 46.0 60.3 59.5 48.2 140 53.9 53.1 41.7 57.2 56.6 45.1 59.5 58.8 47.2 160 53.3 52.5 40.9 56.7 56.0 44.1 58.9 58.2 46.4 180 52.8 52.0 40.1 56.1 55.4 43.4 58.3 57.7 45.6 200 53.3 52.6 40.4 56.8 56.1 43.8 59.0 58.4 461 Table 4-2-14 The Traffic Noise Prediction at Both Sides of Bridge Approach (H=20.0m) dB(A) Type Road higher than Measuring Point 0.0m Year 2000 - 2010 2020 Time Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Distance 10 54.4 53.8 47.0 57.5 56.9 50.1 59.5 58.9 52.0 away from 20 53.7 52.9 45.3 56.8 56.1 48.2 58.7 58.1 50.1 bridge (m) 40 53.2 52.1 43.6 56.3 55.6 46.6 58.1 57.5 48.4 60 52.8 52.1 42.3 55.9 55.2 45.4 57.9 57.1 47.3 80 52A 51.7 414 55.5 54.7 44.5 574 56.8 46.4 100 52.0 51.3 40.7 55.1 54.4 43.7 57.1 56.3 45.7 120 51.6 50.9 39.9 54.7 54.0 42.9 56.6 55.9 44.9 140 51.2 5O.S 39.2 54.3 53.5 42.2 56.3 55.7 44.1 160 S2.8 52.0. 40.4 56.1 55.5 43.6 58.4 57.7 45.9 180 52.2 51.6 39. 55.6 55.0 42.9 57.9 57.2 45.4 200 51.8 51.1 39.0 55.2 54.5 42.1 57A 56.7 44.4 SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 89 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT From the results of traffic noise prediction, it is known that the noise level generally decreases with the distance far away with the line, on the other hand, due to the sound barrier effect, the noise level is getting lower with the increase of bridge height. Tle sensitive points and its traffic noise prediction results along the line of Weijiawan bridge site(recommended site) and Houshan bridge site( optional site) are listed in table 4-2-15. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 90 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Table 4-2-15 The Noise Prediction Results of the Concerning Sensitive Points dBA) Site Sensitive Point Pilc No. Min. distance. 2000 2010 2020 away from the road Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Peak Day Night Weijiawan Zhangjiadun K174+250 200 59.1 58.5 48.7 61.8 61.0 50.4 63.5 62.9 51.6 Zhoujiagang K176+350 100 57.4 56.9 47.5 60.1 59.5 49.6 62.1 61.5 51.2 ( Huangjiawan K177+600 20 49.4 48.8 43.5 52.2 51.6 45.2 54.0 53.3 46.5 J Houshan Junshan Primary K 174+300 10 55.0 54.7 47.3 57.0 53.8 49.2 58.5 57.8 50.7 School Junshan Town K 174+500 10 58.1 57.5 51.2 60.8 60.0 53.5 62.5 61.9 55.2 Wuchang water Plant K 176+50 30 67.5 66.7 59.4 70.5 69.9 61.4 72.5 71.9 63.3 Military Camp K176+100 30 68.9 68.2 59.8 71.8 71.1 62.7 73.7 73.1 64.5 SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 91 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT 4.2.2.4 Assessment on Traffic Noise Prediction i Prediction Assessment on Traffic Noise along the Proposed Bridge Class IV standard of GB3096-93"Ambient Noise Standard in Urban Area" is applied as the basis of traffic noise impact assessment, that is, 7OdBA at daytime and 55 dBA at night along the both sides of the traffic artery highway. The assessment results are shown in table 4-2- 16, it can be found that: H=Om noise level exceeding standard to some extent at different assessment year and time; H=2m same as the situation at H=Om except at peak and daytime in 2000 when noise level can meet the standard along the entire line; H=5m, 8m the noise level can meet the standard in most case; H>=8m all the noise level can meet the standard in any case. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 92 -ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Table 4-2-16 The Standard Attaining Situation of Traffic Noise along the Proposed Bridge Embankment Time 2000 2010 2020 Height H=Om Peak 0-20mn ES 0-40m ES 0-60m ES Daytime 0-1 Om ES 0-20m ES 040m ES Night 0-60m ES 0-80m ES 0-lOOm ES H=2m Peak MS 0-40m ES 0-60m ES Daytime MS 0-20m ES O-40m ES Night 0-40m ES 0-80m ES 0-lOOm ES H--Sm Peak MS MS MS Daytime MS MS MS Night MS 0-lOnm ES 0-80m ES H-8m Peak MS MS MS Daytime MS MS MS Night MS MS 0-lOm ES H=lOm Peak MS MS MS Daytime MS MS MS Night MS MS MS H=15m Peak MS MS MS Daytime MS MS MS Night MS MS MS H=20m Peak MS MS MS Daytime MS MS MS Night MS MS MS Note ES exceed standard MS meet standard SHANGIAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 93 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PRED -TION AND ASSESSMENT ii Noise Prediction on Sensitive Points and Villages Class II standard of GB3096-93"Ambient Noise Standard of Urban Area" is applied as the basis of traffic noise impact assessment to schools and large residential areas (Junshan Primary School, Junshan Town and Military Camp) and Class IV standard is adopted to other residential areas and mixed areas, the standard exceeding situation at sensitive points along the highway refer to table 4-2-17 to table 4-2-21. Table 4-2-17 shows the sensitive points with 5dB(A) or more over the standard in 2005 Table 4-2-18 shows the sensitive points with 5dB(A) or more over the standard in 2010 Table 4-2-19 shows the sensitive points with SdB(A) or more over the standard in 2020 Table 4-2-20 shows the sensitive points with 5dB(A) or less over the standard in 2020 Table 4-2-21 shows the sensitive points with OdB(A) over the standard It is found that the noise level of three sensitive points at recommended bridge site can meet the standard, accordingly it suggests that the construction of the bridge will impose little impact on the surrounding sensitive points. On the contrary, the noise level of sensitive points at optional bridge site will exceed the standard to different extent, the noise level at the military camp will be over the standard 9.8 dBA in short term and 14.6 dBA in long term. Therefore the construction at optional bridge site will result in relatively severe noise pollution to the surroundings. In addition, the sensitive points along Weijiawan bridge site is relatively far from the proposed bridge and the scale of village is small, so the noise impact on surroundings is comparatively slight. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 94 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Table 4-2-17 The sensitive points with 5dB(A) or more over the standard in 2005 No Pile No Sensitive Standard Over Standard Remark Point ________ _________ Day Night 2000 2010 2020 1 K176+100 Military 60 50 9.8 12.7 14.6 optional site _______ Cam p_ _ _ _ _ _ Table 4-2-18 The sensitive points with 5dB(A) or more over the standard in 2010 No Pile No Sensitive Standard i Over Standard Remark Point I _ _________ Day Night 2000 2010 2020 _ K176+50 Wuchang 70 55 1 4.4 6.4 8.3 optional site Water Plant Table 4-2-19 The sensitive points with 5dB(A) or more over the standard in 2020 No Pile No Sensitive Standard Over Standard Remark Point Day Night 2000 2010 2020 1 K174+500 Junshan 60 50 1.2 3.5 5.2 optional site A S Town S SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPINsG RESEARCH INSTITUTE 95 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Table 4-2-20 The sensitive oints with SdB(A) or less over the standard in 2020 No Pile No Sensitive Standard Over Standard Remark Point Day Night 2000 2010 2020 I K174+300 Junshan 60 50 / / 0.7 optional site Primary School Table 4-2-21 The sensitive points with OdB(A) over the standard No Pile No Sensitive Point Standard Remark Day Night I K 174+250 Zhangjiadun of 70 55 recommended site Junshan Town 2 K176+350 Zhoujiagang 70 55 recommended site 3 K177+600 Huangjiawan 70 55 recommended site SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 96 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT 4.3 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment on Vibration 4.3.1 Vibration Impact Analysis in Construction Period 4.3.1.1 Construction Facilities and Vibration Level During the bridge construction stage, a large amount of various machines will be employed, because the construction site is not far away from the residential area and most of machines are operated or moved in the open air, as a result, the vibration generated by some facilities will adversely impact the neighbouring people and buildings. Table 4-3-1 lists the vibration level of some construction facilities. Table 4-3-1 Vibration Level of Various Construction Facilities (unit: dB) Facilities Distance from the vibration source 5.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 Diesel piling drivers 104 98 92 88 Vibration piling driver 100 93 86 83 Ball-type grinder 91 89 86 Jaw plate grinder 94 86 4.3.1.2 Survey on Piling Vibration Piling vibration is a kind of shock vibration caused by long daily construction activities, in order to further investigate and analyze the vibration impact caused by piling practice, the vibration impact data of the diesel piling driver are collected and shown in table 4-3-2. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 97 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Table 4-3-2 Measuring Result of Piling Vibration (unit: dB) Type Distance to pile 5 10 20 VLz Ave. 94.4 89.9 83.6 Max. 94.6 90.3 84.6 Min. 94.1 89.6 82.6 VALz Ave. 103.3 98.0 89.7 Max. 103.6 98.3 90.1 Min. 103.0 97.6 89.3 4.3.1.3 Piling Vibration Analysis and Assessment No matter the shock vibration or other kinds of vibration, its energy will disperse to all directions through the surrounding media, and will weaken and disappear gradually with increasing distance. the attenuation calculation of the shock vibration is presented as below: If vibration level at the place r(m) apart from the source is Vlzo(dB), vibration level at the place r (m) apart from the source can be predicted by the following formula: Viz = Vlzo - IOlg(r/ro) - 8.7a(r-ro) in which: Vlz vibration level at the distance of r(r3ro) (dB) Vizo vibration level at the distance of ro a coefficient relied on soil and frequency To put the data of table 4-3-2 in above equation, a value can be obtained, which is 0.034. Using a=0.034 substitute in the above equation: lgr + 0.87axr = (Vlzo - Vlz)/10 + 0.87aro + Igro SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 98 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Using Vlz=75dB(standard daytime value) and 72dB(standard night value) to substitute in the equation respectively, r value can be worked out, which is: at day time: r = 40.Om at night: r = 48.Om Within the scope of r distance is the over-standard area, in this case, the consideration is only attached to pleasure rather impact to surrounding buildings because of no relevant standard. There will be no explosive practices during the construction, so the consideration of vibration caused by explosion is unnecessary. 4.3.2 Traffic Vibration Impact Analysis in Operation Period Once the bridge is put into operation, the vibration generated by traffic will disperse to the surrounding land surface due to the increase of traffic load. Considering the character of traffic vibration, the traffic vibration level is not only related to vehicle's running velocity and amount, but also to the pavement levelling degree and dominated vibration frequency and will attenuate with the distance. Based on the actual situation of the proposed bridge and our experience on the vibration prediction to the similar bridge construction which we had conducted, the vibration level generated by high grade pavement in the operation period only has little impact on surrounding environment, the traffic vibration level can meet the concerning standard, therefore, the further detail prediction is omitted. 4.4 Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment on Water Quality 4.4.1 Impact of Construction Camp During the Construction Period Junshan Bridge will be constructed from July 1997 to December 2000, namely three years ani five months. The construction period is long and it's a fairly gigantic project. There are many workers and building materials on the construction site, which will cause pollution problems. The domestic sewage and domestic refuse of the workers at the construction site will cause water pollution if they are directly discharged to river without centralised treatment. The building materials (cement, sand, oil and embankment) will flow to river with rain and put SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 99 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT effect on surroundings nearby without being piled properly. In this project the boring pile constraction process will be employed, and the waste mud produced from boring will be shipped and piled up to appointed site. The waste mud may drop to river and cause silt suspension because of some operation means. 4.4.2 Storm Water runoff Management During the Construction Period There is plenty of rain in this area, especially storm rain in summer. We put forward some management measures according to the project characteristic to mitigate the impact of the runoff. The management measures are as follows. i Establish and amplify rules and regulations to strengthen management and supervision. Set up a storm rain responsibility team and make definite the duty of everyone to give the responsibility into play when storm rain breaks out. ii Pile the building materials (sand, cement and oil etc.) at appropriate site far from the river in order to avoid the building materials being washed into the river by the storm rain. iii Someone must be put in charge of the management of the building materials and must supervise them regularly. Problems must be reported to the leadership and be solved at once when the accident sign is found. 4.4.3 Management of Emergency Response Capabilities (the emergency plan and measures avoiding the water area being polluted by oil) The emergency accident will endanger the surroundings greatly when it happens even if its probability is small, so we must take it seriously. The emergency plan as follows avoiding the water area being polluted by oil must be executed to control the impact range and extend and reduce the losses and harm when the accident breaks out which can protect the water resources and the living aquatic resources in Yangtze river. i Organise a emergency setup led by the person in charge of Junshan Bridge Project Company including the persons in protecting and safety department, which can be organisation guarantee to promptly deal with the accident -SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 100 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT suddenly appeared. ii Work out a emergency plan, make clear the duty of command setup, define the emergency technology and treatment step, and provide and manage some necessary facilities. iii The responsibility person, post and duty must be defined and the training of emergency response capabilities must be strengthen in order to have a quick response when the accident happens. iv Provide oil absorption materials and oil recovery equipment so as to take emergency measures without delay when oil spilling breaks out. Some one must put in charge of the storage of emergency facilities in normal times, and the facilities must be examined regularly. v Report the accident to leadership at once and sound the alarm when oil pollution accident breaks out. Give awards to person who reports promptly and pay severe penalties to person who conceals the accident which he knows. vi Take notes of the accident scene accurately including time, space, cause, condition, range and quantity etc. 4.4.4 Impact of Materials Transportation On the Navigation traffic There are plenty of stones in the area where the proposed project will be constructed especially in Caidian District of Wuhan and the hill land of Wuchang County. The sand user in bridge and highway constructing mainly rely on buying from other parts because of the small quantity in the locality. the sand and other materials (cement, wood and steal, etc.) is transported mainly by land and ship. So the navigation traffic in the Yangtze river will increase during the construction period. It can cause the channel crowded and blocked up fcr the large freight volume. Sometime it can take effect on the safety of navigation traffic, and it can also cause environmnent pollution. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 101 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT 4.5 Eco-environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment 4.5.1 Aquatic Ecology Impact of Bridge Construction 4.5.1.1 Impact on Aquatic Animals during the Construction Period As described in section of existing aquatic ecological environment, Yangtze River is the key habitat and pathway of river-migratory fishes. The Junshan section of Yangtze river is in the range LVM, ASG, PGM dispersing, but not in the main region of activities. In recent year, the number and scale of such species are getting diminished, some are in the edge of extinction, for years ecological investigation at mid and down reaches of Yangtze River has shown that the people's activities such as over fishing and high developed navigation are the main reason for such unfortunate situation. For example, there are three abnormal death reason for lipotes vexilliber miller(LVM), i.e. i) killed by hannful fishing facilities; ii) killed by high developed navigation business; iii) killed by being stranded without any effective protection. For past decades, several bridge was established over the Yangtze River, no evidence is available that the aquatic animals is hurt due to the bridge construction. During the construction period, the management must be strengthen to avoid water pollution accident breaking out and reduce the impact of bridge construction on water quality and aquatic ecological to minimum extend. Engage some interrelated experts to strengthen the observation to precious aquatic animals. Take necessary measures of keeping away and protecting if by and case some precious aquatic animals passing occasionally. 4.5.1.2 Impact on Aquatic Animals during the Operation Period The main adverse impact on the aquatic animals during the operation period is lead pollution to water body caused by vehicle's exhaust gas, and furthermore impact the aquatic ecology. The amount of lead contained pollutants discharging to water body can be predicted on the base of traffic load prediction, table 4-5-1 refers to the predicted traffic load. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 102 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Table 4-5-1 Predicted Traffic Volume cars/day Year 2000 2010 2020 Traffic Volume 18458 37354 59902 The lead contained pollutants settle down on the bridge floor first, then enter the river due to wind and rain runoff, which pollution can be figured out by the following equation. Q = (G x L x S x g)fd in which: Q the theoretical rate of lead contained pollutants of exhausted gas entering water body (mg/s) G average gasoline consumption of car (IlOOkm) L the length of bridge(km) S the predicted trafric load at some prediction year(cars/day) g the lead content in gasoline (g/l) d time(second) Table 4-5-2 Pollution Status of Lead Contained Exhausted Gas Entering Water Body in the Prediction Year(Houshan Bridge Site) Year Theoretic Rate of Lead Content at Comparison with Lead Entering Water Most Dry Season Class III Standard of Body GB3838-88 2000 4.93mg/s 0.0012mg/m3 42000 times lower 2010 5.64mg/s 0.0021mg/m3 24000 time lower 2020 13.94mg/s 0.0034mg/m3 15000 times lower Note: i comparison with Class m Water Quality Standard of GB3838-88 ii the average gasoline lead content is taken, which is 0.1358gll (from MOC) iii the average gasoline consumption for car is 15 1/1OOkm iv water flow rate at most dry season is 4060 m3/s SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 103 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Table 4-5-3 Pollution Status of Lead Contained Exhausted Gas Entering Water Body in the Prediction Year(Weijiawan Bridge Site) Year Theoretic Rate of Lead Content at Comparison with Lead Entering Water Most Dry Season Class III Standard of Body GB3838-88 2000 4.98 0.0012mg/m3 42000 times lower 2010 8.81 0.0022mg/m3 23000 times lower 2020 14.28 0.0035mg/m3 14000 times lower It is found that on obvious lead pollution occurs even if lead contained pollutants from all exhausted gas discharged by cars passing the bridge get into the river at Weijiawan bridge site in 2020. In fact, part of vehicles passing through the bridge are diesel engines without lead content, and some lead contained exhausted gas will diffuse to the air rather than enter the river water, in addition, the lead content data using for, the calculation is rather higher than the actual situation, it is reported that only 50% of lead contained chemicals in gasoline will enter into the water. For these reasons, it is believed that the amount of lead contained chemicals entering the river water is far less than the predicted value, so that no adverse impact on the aquatic animals will occur. 4.5.1.3 The Impact of River Silt Dredge and Discard on Aquatic Ecology The substrate in river bed is resulted from long time substance settlement in the river, which composition is closely related to the local climate, geology, hydrology, soil characters and water pollution history. Along with the increasing water pollution, the hazardous pollutants in water body will transfer partly into air and the remains will get into the substrate along with water flowing towards down stream in various ways. During the submersed construction stage, some substrate silt will be stirred and resuspended and the dredge practice may cause some dredged silt redrop into the river, in addition water diffusion can also result in water stir and silt resuspension. The substrate silt pollution status is the key factor to determine whether dredge practice will cause adverse impact on water quality. In accordance with the data drawn from the substrate silt survey for Wuhan section of Yangtze River, the substrate silt condition near the Junshan bridge site is shown in table 4-5-4. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 104 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT Table 4-5-4 The River Substrate Silt Condition at Wuhan Section of Yangtze River Section Hg Cu Cd Cr Zn Pb Left 0.055 33.8 0.25 61.9 86.5 27.0 Middle 0.032 14.2 0.22 50.2 54.3 16.1 Right 0.051 11.9 0.20 32.8 45.0 14.8 Assessment 0.2 30 0.5 80 80 25 Standard* Note: * there is no unified national standard on the substrate silt, the standard applied in "The Integrated Investigation of Coastal Line and Tidal Zone Resources of China" was cited. From table 4-5-4, it is found that the substrate silt quality at Yangtze River Wuhan section is fair and basically within the assessment standard except that Cu and Pb of left section exceed the standard slightly, so the dredge practices will not cause significant pollution. On the other hand, the boring pile process is adopted during the underwater pier construction according to JYRB construction scheme, which can greatly reduce the adverse impacts caused by substrate silt resuspension and so on due to pier piling. the boring pile process can isolate the practices by steel cofferdam form flowing river water, the waste silt generated by drilling will be disposed at a designated site by barge, therefore, little impact will be caused by the engineering dredge practises and water silt disposal. 4.5.2 Terrestrial Ecology Impact of Bridge Construction The total length of JYRB is 5km including main bridge body, approaches and alignment, the land around the recommended bridge site is uncultivated land, waste low-lying land and spare open space, while factories, schools and residential areas are around the optional bridge site, no precious wild animals which belong to the national conservative species are found around the bridge sites, even ordinary wild animals are rare in the area, so no adverse impact on wild animals is existing. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 105 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT 4.5.3 Impact Analysis and Prediction on Soil Erosion 4.5.3.1 Soil Erosion Impact Analysis Due to no enough existing data on soil erosion, so the theoretical and analogical analysis is carried out instead. i Relationship between Surface Erosion and Slope In regard with surface erosion, the souring intensity is not linear with slope, if water souring capacity is presented with slope water layer shearing stress xo, while xo is related with sloppy angle a and water layer thickness ha, see figure 4-5-1. to = 7y^xhaxsina in which yw is the special gravity of water, under the circumstance of certan rainfall and slope length, the slope's rain-exposed area is related with slope(figure 4-5-2), as land is level, the rain-exposed area is OA, suppose the thickness of water layer is ho, when the land is sloppy with slope a, the rain-exposed is getting reduced to OA'(OA' = OA°cosa), therefore, water layer thickness ha at the sloppy land with slope a has the relationship with water layer thickness ho at the flat land as follows: ha = hox cosa to combine the above two equation, thus to = ywxhox (lI2sin2a) in which slope function is f(s)=l/2sin2a, the limited slope value is 450, under this value, the scouring capacity is in direct proportion to slope, once over this value, the scouring capacity is in inverse proportion to slope. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPIN'G RESEARCH INSTITUTE 106 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT rainfall u A' A Figure 4-5-2 Water flow shearing stress on slope Relationship between Soil Erosion and Vegetation The soil erosion amount is great difference between with vegetation and without vegetation, which differ about 1000-10000 times, it is demonstrated that vegetation is the only important element for borrowing amount. the function of vegetation consists in: a. intercept rainfall; b. eliminate the attack by rain drop so as to protect the soil particles from loss due to drop of rainfall and prevent from the formation of poor infiltration layer; c. improve the soil composition and infiltration; d. intercept and scatter the surface runoff; e. consolidate the soil due to roots. There are two group data presented in figure 4-5-3, with the similar slope length and slope, but different vegetation, it is shown that the surface runoff and scouring volume is decreasing greatly with increase of vegetation, accordingly the soil erosion is related closely with the runoff amount. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 107 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT I 0. 1 5 10-_ Iio 103. f ao 0 J 10.000 q annual runoff(mm) Figure 4-5-3 Impact of vegetation on runoff and soil erosion iii Relationship between Soil Erosion and Rainfall Intensity The rainfall intensity is the another important element to determine the soil erosion amount, the big raindrops from stormn have greater impact on soil consolidation and dispersion, while storm rainfall will surplus the infiltration volume and produce surface runoff. A empirical equation by Wisthmale and Smith defines the relationship among total soil erosion volume, rainfall intensity and energy at medium slope with scattered vegetation: T=(0.00094+0.00006)Ei30 with 95 percentage in which: T total soil erosion volume 130 storn volume at max. 30 minutes, m/hr E total energy of storm Jlm2, which is detenrined by: e=13.32+9.78logloi (J/m2rn/mm rainfall) in which: i instantaneous rainfall intensity(mm/hr) .SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 108 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT In accorc-..ce with the actual situation of the proposed area, the Weshman empirical equation is applied to study the relationship between local soil erosion and rainfall intensity. the mentioned equation: R=Y-1.735 X 10(IlgPip-O.8188) (i=I to 12) in which: P rainfall volume(mm) R erosion capacity of rainfall, the high R, the great energy of rainfall is, thus probability of soil erosion is greater. By calculation, R value for the proposed area is 200-300, although R is related with rainfall volume, the variation trend of R and rainfall volume is different, R value reflect the rainfall energy. 4.5.3.2 Engineering Impact Analysis In accordance with the project feasibility study, the earthwork amount for the recommended bridge site T structure scheme is 53414m3, masonwork amount is 2413m3, land requisition is 390mu, it will be favourable to farmland reservation and avoid soil erosion if the borrowing practices are conducted at small barren hills. SHANGHAI SHIP & S4PPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 109 SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 109 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT 4.6 Impact Analysis on Cultural and Historic Relics and Aesthetics 4.6.1 Impact on Cultural and Historic Relics Full consideration has been taken during the project siting, it is investigated that there is no important cultural and historic relics conservation sites along the proposed 5km long construction line, therefore no such impact is existed. If there is any cultural and historic relic discovered in the construction site, the prompt notification should be sent to the concemning cultural department. 4.6.2 Impact on Landscape 4.6.2.1 Harmronization between Bridge and Existing Landscape The construction of the bridge is the new scene for local area, the newly-built bridge should harmonize with the surrounding landscape, JYRB is a modem construction in different style with the local scenes which features natural and elegant, it is believed that the JYRB will brighten the area up and improve the aesthetic and tourism value of local landscape. 4.6.2.2 Impact of Side Slope and High Road Levee Approach on Landscape Because the Height of side slope and approach of JYRB is higher than surroundings, it is necessary to beautify the both sides of side slopes by means of greening which is not only good for aesthetics. 4.6.2.3 Aesthetic Impact on JYRB to Local Area Due to the existing landscape of the area is not outstanding, JYRB will undoubtedly rich the scenes type and deployment, accordingly JYRB will create the incomparable tourism value to the local and even whole province. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 110 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT 4.7 Socio-economic Impact Assessment 4.7.1 Consummating National Communication Layout and Matching National Economic Strategy Development JZNAH and HRNAH are two of four national artery highways , which are key construction projects in "Eighth-Five Year" Plan. JZNAH starts form Beijing verse Hebei and passes through Henan, Hubei and Hunan, finally end in Zhuhai of Guangdong Province, which is the country's comnmunication artery at south-north direction. HRNAH starts from Shanghai and passes through Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, and finally end in Chengdu of Sichuan Province, which is anther country's communication artery at east-west direction. JZNAH and HRNAH passes through the city and intercross at Junshan area, therefore JYRB is serving for both artery highwvays, it %ill play an important role in quickening economic development. 4.7.2 Enhancing Existing Traffic Condition of Wuhan and Promoting Local Economic Development The existing road system in Wuhan is not only the hub of local road traffic, but also connecting with railways, harbours and airports, which bearing a great burden due to large amount of short and medium distance transport tasks. In recent year, although annual 8% traffic progress is remained along with economic development and opening, the technical condition of most roads can't match the increase of communication load and has become a week loop of national economic development. accordingly the construction of this project will benefit to alleviate the traffic burden on Wuhan, promote the economic development. 4.7.3 Enhancing Living Condition and Improving Living Quality The convenient communication will bring about prosperity to local economy, the excellent chances will emerge along with the development of rural industry and foreign investment, as a result, the agriculture productive capacity and industrial output and quality will be improved greatly, the construction of JYRB will also be helpful to perfect the public facilities, raise people's income and social benefits, thus the living condition and quality will be enhanced gradually. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE ll ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT The construction of the proposed bridge .Nill cause some inconvenient to local residents such as houses demolition and relocation and land requisition. it need a long period of time to adopt themselves to new living conditions and plenty of time and energy to build new houses and move furniture. Moreover, it will cause inconvenient transportation to local residents by the road separation. department of bridge construction must pay attention to the unfavourable impact as above and must tak-e some measure during designing and construction to reduce it as far as possible. 4.7.4 Improving Investment Environment and Promoting Economic Development Wuhan Economic Development Zone is situated in the boundary of Caidian District with Wuchang County across the River to the east and downtown area to the north, which is officially established in June 30,1992 with total area of 31.5 knm2, its former is Wuhan Automobile Industrial Development Zone. Car manufacture is the pillar industry in the zone. In addition, Jingkou Toxn in the study area is a satellite city of Wuhan. Therefore the project will undoubtedly play a innumerable promoting role in improving the traffic condition, investment environment, developing outward economy etc. SHI-ANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 112 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MITIGATION MEASURES AND COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS 5 Environmental Protection Mitigation Measures and Cost/Benefit Analysis 5.1 Environmental Protection Mitigation Measures 5.1.1 Environmental Protection Consideration in Design Stage 5.1.1.1 Soil Borrowing for Bridge Connected Road Construction The left side of the recommended bridge site just pass through the main cotton production base in Junshan Town, where land utilization is advanced with high output and it is the key agricultural revenue source of Junshan Town, meanwhile the irrigation facilities in the area is manifold. On the other hand, the topography of the area belongs to low hilly land, so it is unsuitable to borrow soil in this area , as a result, the borrowing can be conducted in near small hills so that little farmland is required. The hilly lands at left bank} are mainly located in Weijiawan and Junshan, as far as bridge construction is concemed. the excavation and transport is relatively easy and can basically meet the demands. The rich soil source is available for borrowing at right bank of the bridge site such as Fujiawan, Simalin and Huangiawan etc. 5.1.1.2 Rational Design of Crossing Passway The bridge and its approach construction will bring about difficulties to the activities of residents, animals and vehicles as well as the local mechanical cultivation practices. So the design has fully considered these aspects, 11 passways (one pathway per average 278m) are design along 3066m approach in order to make convenience to all parties. 5.1.1.3 Drainage and Roadbed Protection The well equipped drainage system and roadbed protectiori measures have been designed, which cost has been listed in the project budget. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 113 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MITIGATION MEASURES AND COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS 5.1.2 Mitigation iMIeasures in Construction Stage 5.1.2.1 Air Pollution Control Measures in Constructio.n Stage i The vehicles and boats loading fine materials in bulk should be covered with canvas to prevent from dispersing, the ones loading stone and sand must not be overloaded and fallen apart. ii According to the dust pollution analysis of construction stage, it is known that the main construction materials such as sand and cement are purchased from outside areas so no fly dust pollution impact. On the contrary, the stone comes from local quarry, which will cause dust pollution to some extent, therefore the watering cars should be equipped at the quarries such as Zhuru Mountain and Little FengHuang Mountain of Caidian District, Yunjin Mountain, Gezi Mountain and Dinaguan Peak of Wuchang County. In addition, the watering cars should be also equipped at the route of transport line to water regularly so that the fly dust generated by quarrying, loading and unloading and transport can be restricted effectively. iii Lime, cement, sand and stone should be blended in stations which location must be carefully selected so that it is far from the residential area and sensitive points( at least 250m), the blending stations are not suitable to be located in the residential area and sensitive points such as Zhangjiadun(kl 74+250), Zhoujiagang(kl 76+350), Huangjiawan(kl77+600), on the other hand, the effective duster should be installed in the blending stations to improve the operation environment, the labour protection measure should also be strengthened. iv Although asphalt demand in the construction stage is quite little, its melting is quite harm.fiul, for this reason, the melting process should be conducted in a sealed process with dust removing equipment and be 500m far away from residential area. 5.1.2.2 Noise Pollution Control Mitigation Measures in Construction Stage i Various kinds of mechanical eqL ment used in construction will SHAkNGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 114 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MITIGATION MEASURES AND COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS produce heaxy noise, which impose significant adverse impact on operation personnel, accordingly, it is suggested that proper arrangement should be made to protect wvork-ers from long time exposure to high noise such as shift operation pattern and so on. ii It is indispensable to select the low noise construction machines, approaches, sites, regular maintenance should be available to keep the facilities in good condition. iii The facilities X ith noise over 100 dBA such as piling drivers should not be operated at the area of village and at night. A reasonable operation timetable should be mapped out. 5.1.2.3 Water Pollution Control Measures in Construction Stage i IlTe boring pile construction process will be employed for underwater piers construction, which can deeply reduce the substrate silt resuspension, the waste silt vbill be disposed at a designated site so that the probability of water pollution caused by silt redrop is low. ii The domestic sewage of the workers at the construction site must be centralisedly treated and reach the standard before be discharged to water. iii The building materials can't be piled near the river and must strengthen the management and take necessary covering measures in order to avoid the building materials being washed into river by the storm rain. iv Take effective management measures, set up a emergency organization and work out a emergency plan to avoid oil pollution accident to water area breaks out. Emergency actions must be taken to clear up the oil pollution once the accident happens.. v enhance the cooperation with the shipping management department and intensify the management of ships passing through or used for construction in order to maintain the unblocked channel and the safe navigation. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 115 ENVIRONNIENTAL PROTECTION MITIGATION MEASURES AND COSTIBENEFIT ANALYSIS 5.1.2.4 Ecological Conservation in Construction Stage The sewage generated by labour camp should not be discharged directly into the river, which should be collected and treated on the bank to prevent aquatic animals from water pollution. ii Engage some interrelated experts to strengthen the observation to the precious aquatic animals in construction stage. Take necessary protective measures to protect the precious aquatic animals if by any case some precious aquatic animals are found passing occasionally such as breaking off the construction having impacts on the aquatic animals, let the ships passing through pass away, etc. ii Setting up national natural conservation area is the best way to protect rare animals at present. The section of Yangtze river from Luoshan to Xintankou has been established as the natural conservation area for LVM, and some semi-natural breeding farm has been set up at Tongling of Anhui and Tiane Islet of Shish. But there are no remarkable effects because of thc insufficient funds. In order to protecting the rare animals awvay from extinction, more manpower and material resources must be thrown in. iv The area where soil borrowing practices is completed should be reinforced in time, after the earthwork is finished, afforestation should be carried out as soon as possible to restore vegetation and prevent from soil erosion. v The excavation and refill is staggered along the connected road, the different protective measures will be taken to consolidate the roadbed such as protection wall, side slope greening and so on. 5.1.2.5 Cultural relics Protection If the fossils, ancient coins, valuable articles or antiquity and structures with geological or archaeological interests are discovered during the construction stage, the prompt information should be given to concerning department, the contractor shall tak-e necessary steps to prevent his workers or any other persons from removing or darnaging such articles, the construction activities should be quitted if necessary. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 116 ENVIRONMNIENTAL PROTECTION MITIGATION MEASURES AND COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS 5.1.3 Environmental Protection Mitigation Mleasures in Operation Stage 5. 1.3.1 Air Pollution Control Measures in Operation Stage i The fundamental approach to eliminate the pollution caused by traffic is to reduce the exhausted gas, which can be realized by means of improving vehicle's quality, installing wast- gas purification facilities, applying lead-free gasoline and so on. ii The canvas should be used to cover the vehicles loaded with dust containing materials and control the spilling of materials. iii The service installations such as car park, gas station shall not be located in the air sensitive area such as Zhangjiadun(k174+250), Zhoujiagang(k176+350)and Huangjiawan(kl77+600) to ensure the air environment in fair quality. iv The exhausted gas can be absorbed by tree and grass, so it is suggested that plantation of tree and grass at the sides of road and side slope is quite helpful to protect air environment and beautify the surroundings. v In accordance with air prediction conclusions, a 100m long and 20m wide green belt shall be set up at the Huangjiawan road section(k177+600) so as to reduce the adverse impact on air environment and noise, which will cost 0.1 million RMB. 5.1.3.2 Noise Control in Operation Stage i Once the bridge is put into operation, the strict vehicle management should be carried out on the aspects of speed limit, vehicle performance, and surface level of the road. ii The traffic noise level is closely related with the performance of vehicles. Accordingly, it is necessary to improve the technical level of vehicle manufacture and repairing and develop low noise vehicles to reduce the SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING.RESEARCH INSTITUTE 117 - ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MITIGATION MEASURES AND COSTIBENEFIT ANALYSIS traffic noise sources and enhance the acoustic environment along the line of bridge. iii In accordance with the noise prediction result, the noise in three sensitive points at the recoimmended bridge site in short, medium and long term can meet the standard, so no noise protective measure is necessary. The noise at the optional bridge site is temporarily not considered. 5.1.3.3 Emergency Plan for Hazardous Chemicals Leakage in Traffic Accident At operation stage, the main water pollution w ill result from hazardous chemicals leak-aoe in traffic accident, Junshan Bridge Project Company should organize a leading group handling with the emergency, and reinforce the management on vehicles loading hazardous chemicals. The hanzrdous chemicals transport should be registered in the public security department, and marked with dangerous article sign, set time for getting through. Once the accident happens, the emergency arrangement, such as personnel, vehicles, facilities, medicines, should be taken to limit the accidental damage in minimum. In order to avoiding the hazardous chemicals leaked in the accident directly flovNing into water installation leading water to two sides of bridge should be installed on the surface of bridge in design stage. And set up settling basins having proper capacity on each side of the bridge, which can gather the hazardous chemicals flowing from the leading-water installation when accident breaks out. If measures as above are taken, the hazardous chemicals wouldn't flow to water directly and can be treated by emergency department. 5.1.3.4 Afforestation along the Bridge At operation stage, the bushes and grass shall be planted in central divider at the connected road section to reduce dust, noise and beautify environment. it will cost 0.2 million RMB. The cost of afforestation at side slope along the line has been included in the project budget. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 118 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MITIGATION MEASURES AND COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS 5.2 Environmental Cost/Benefit Analysis 5.2.1 Economic Losses i Concept of Environmental Cost(EC) EC is the cost of economic resources tak-en in project environmental protection and pollution reductiori. It consist of the cost of land requisition, environmental protection facilities with materials, installation and transport, labour force and energy, etc. ii Environmental Protection Facilities Input In accordance with the EIA results for JYRB Weijiawan bridge site and its connected road engineering, and environmental protection facilities investment experiences for highway both at home and abroad, the special environmental protection investment for the reconmmended bridge site proposal is estimated to be about 0.85 million RMB. See table 5-2-1. In addition, the other investment which is beneficial to environmental protection is shown in table 5-2-2. Table 5-2-1 Cost Estimate of Environmental Protection Measures for JYRB of JZNAH(NVeijiawan Brid e Site) Item Cost Share Rate(%) Afforestation 200,000 28.6 Green Belt for Air Pollution Control 100,000 14.3 Watering Car 400,000 57.1 Total 700,000 100.0 Note: a) afforestation refers to bushes and grass plantation in th, central divider b) green belt is set at Huangjiawan(k 177+600) where air quality is predicted over the standard c) watering cars are used for reducing fly dust on the road surface, 2 vehicles at least, about 200,000 RMB per vehicle, so total 400,000 RMB SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 119 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MITIGATION MEASURES AND COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS Table 5-2-2 Entineering Investment related to Environmental Consideration Item Cost(million RMB) Share Rate(%) Drainage Protection 1.588 7.31 Special Roadbed Treatment 1.536 7.08 Pathway 4.939 22.75 Seedling Compensation 12.719 58.58 Resettlement 0.929 4.28 Total 21.71 100.0 Note: the cost of afforestation of the side slope is including in the total project budget iii Annual Running Cost of Environmental Protection Facilities The facilities running cost for JYRB Weijiawan bridge site proposal is mainly on facilities depreciation, maintenance, energy consumnption(water, electricity), remuneration and contingency, etc. The annual running cost is roughly estimated to be 44,000 RMB, it is showsn in table 5-2-3. Table 5-2-3 Running Cost of Environmental Protection Facilities Item Cost(RMB) Share Rate(%) Depreciation 5000 11.4 Maintenance 10000 22.7 Energy 3000 6.8 Remuneration 24000 54.6 Contingency 2000 4.5 Total 44000 100.0 5.2.2 Benefit of Environmental Protection 5.2.2.1 Benefit i Direct Benefit As mentioned above, after the project is completed and put into SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 120 ENVIRONNIENTAL PROTECTION MITIGATION MEASURES AND COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS operation, the huge traffic volume wNill cause considerable environmental problems such as air and noise pollution and undermine the local productive and living resources. As long as proper environmental protection measures are tak-en, the partial economic loss caused by hi ehway construction can be retrieved. The retrieved part includes the health cost ( loss of production capacity due to illness caused by pollution, medical care expenses paid by social welfare funds and medical care department), the loss on production and consuming articles consists of devaluation of the real estate. As listed in details in table 5-2- 4, the total direct benefit for WVeijiawan bridge site is 47,16ORMB. Table 5-2-4 Direct Economic Benefit Estimation Item Estimate Basis Cost Health Loss by loss on net loss on net production 15000 Pollution production output output: 25ORMB/capita due to illness labours: 60 persons medical expenses welfare fee: 6000 paid by social 5ORMB/capita welfare patient: 120 persons medical expenses health care fee: 200 24000 paid by health care RMB/capita department patient: 120 persons Production and devaluation of real houses: 90 rooms 2160 Living Materials estate rent price: 2ORMB/month Loss devaluation rate: 10% Total 47160 Note: there are 30 household with about 120 residents who are influenced by the project at the recommended bridge site in the study area. ii Indirect Benefit The existing traffic condition is very crowded and chaotic because all national highway and city road are intercrossed and pass through the crowd downtown, the traffic congestion and accident are increasingly upgraded. JYRB is just at the intersect of.JZNAH and HRNAH and located in Wuhan City, which become the traffic hub naturally. Accordingly, once JYRB opens to traffic, then SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 121 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MITIGATION MEASURES AND COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS (i) perfect the traffic hub function and development layout of Wuhan, i.e. form the out-ring road which will divert the traffic flow, alleviate traffic congestion of downtomtn area reduce the traffic accident risks. (ii) improve the traffic efficiency, save the transporting and travelling time. (iii) because the construction materials of this project comes mainly from local area, it is convenient to construction arrangement such as concentrated borrowing, borrowing site can be reused after proper reformation (used as fishing pond), which can create some economic benefits. iii Social Benefit Wuhan is divided into three Towns by the Yangtze River and Han River, the municipal traffic system of three Towns is formed by natural axis of the rivers, which is relatively independent and also reliance upon each other. JYRB is just at the intersect of JZNAH and HRNAH, which is the kev engineering of national artery highways construction, moreover, it is also the pioneer engineering for Wuhan out-ring highway construction, as a result, the project is significant for national highway network forrmation, perfecting the overall traffic layout of China, alleviate the urban traffic pressure of Wuhan, mitigating urban environmental pollution and traffic accidents. Meanwhile, by combining with the existing road network and newly built outward highwvay, the overall road system connecting all suburbs and counties can be established to make the Wuhan traffic layout perfect. The construction of JZNAH and HRNAH will connect all parts of Hubei Province, which will play a remarkable promoting role in provincial economic development. Wuhan is the political, economic and cultural centre of Hubei Province and one of the extra large cities in China, which "Dragon Head" function is increasingly powerful. As a result, the construction of JYRB will connect not only all suburbs and counties of Wuhan City but also other areas in or out of Hubei Province, it will promote the local socio-economic development as well as the economic SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 122 ENVIRONMwIENTAL PROTECTION MITIGATION MEASURES AND COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS relation vith the area outside of Wuhan, in addition, it is crucial to ease the pressures on urban infrastructure and ecological environment, improve the investrnent environment and promote Wuhan's further opening. 5.2.2.2 Loss The series effective measures will be tak}en during construction and open to traffic periods of JYRB, wvhich will reduce the adverse environmental impacts to the limited degree. Environmental protection input is the lump-sum investment for pollution control facilities, in which the main part is the afforestation engineering and air pollution control green belt establishmnent and so on, which is up to 850,OOORMB, it can be taken as capital investment. Accordingly, the actual environmental protection economic loss is the annual facilities' running expenses needed after the highway is put into operation, which is 44,000RMB. 5.23 Environmental Cost/Bcncfit Analvsis i Comparison of Environmental Protection Investment with Project Inv estment Total investrnent of JYRB(consecutive T type rigid structure proposal at Weijiawan Bridge Site) is 1.146 billion RMB, while environmental protection investment is 0.70 million RMB, only a very small proportion of 0.07% of the total capital investment which indicates that the environmental protection investment is not a main part. ii Economic Benefit of annual Environmental Protection Cost economic benefit of annual enviromnental protection can be shown by the ratio of retrieved economic loss due to carrying out certain environmental, protection measures to annual environmental protection investment, that is: Ej = (I:Si)/H-F (i = I to n) in which: SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 123 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MITIGATION MEASURES AND COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS Ej economic benefit of annual environrnental protection cost Si economic value of retrieved loss or direct economic benefit HF annual environmental protection expense investment Calculation result: After effective environmental protection measures are tak}en, a direct economic loss of at least 47160 RMB can be retrieved every year, fuirthermore, a lot of indirect benefit and unestimated social benefit can be achieved. If the annual running cost of environmental protection facilities is 44000RNIB as shown in table 5-2-3, thus the economic profit of annual environmental protection input is 47160:44000, i.e. 1.07:1. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 124 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PALN 6 Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan 6.1 Environmental Management Plan(EMP) 6.1.1 Environmental Management Institutes and their Responsibilities There are two parts of environmental management institutes in the project: one is mananement institute, the other is supervision institute. Management Institute: EP Department of Hubei Provincial Communication Administration(HPCA) is overall rcsponsible for the project management, which responsibilities are to organize the feasibility study, map out EP plan, coordinate EM among administrative agencies and proponents, instruct the proponents to carry out the various EM measures. In details, EP Department of WB loan project office of HPCA is responsible for the preparation of EP plan and its implementation and management in the construction stage, the Project Company of Junshan Bridge is responsible for its implementation and rnanagement in the operation stage. 6.1.2 Supervision and Implementation InstituteS and their Responsibilities: It will be carried out in stages i In Feasibility Study Stage NEPA, EM Committee of MOC, Hubei Provincial EPB, WB and HPCA will be jointly responsible for the supervision. NEPA: It is the highest administrative agency, which supervises nationwide overall routine EM. It will be fully responsible for EM of this project, including review the terms of reference(TOR) of EIS, review and approve EIA, direct provincial EPB to carry out various laws and SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 125 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITOING PALN regulation. EMf Committee of MOC: Be in charge of EP of comnrnunication sector and pre-reviewing the terms of reference of ELA. Hubei Provincial EPB Be in charge of supervising EM of this project, organizing and coordinating relevant organization to serve for the project EM, reviewing EIS or revie%wing and approving TOR and EIS on behalf of NEPA, supervising the implementation of EAP. Be in charge of EP facilities acceptance,confirming EM laws and standards necessary to the project, instructing the municipal and/or county EPB to environrmentally supervise and manage the project at its construction and operation stages. ii In Design and Construction Stage Project Company of Junshan Bridge, Hubei Provincial EPB and local EPB ,ill be responsible for the supervision. Municipal and County EPB: Under the direction of the provincial EPB, be in charge of supervising the proponent to implement EPA, enforcing relevant EM laws and standards, coordinate all related departments to fulfil EP, checking and supervising the construction, completion, operation of the EP facilities within own administrative jurisdiction. iii In Operation Stage Project Company of Junshan Bridge and Hubei Provincial EPB as well as their subsidiary agencies will bear responsibility for the concerning supervision. iv Environmental monitoring in construction and operation stage will be executed by environmental monitoring department having qualif cations belonging to Hubei Provincial Communication Administration. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 126 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PALN 6.1.3 Environmental Training Program Since the highway bridge like JYRB in China is quite few, and EP management experience is poor, the personnel training programn should be prepared by Project Company of Junshan Bridge. It is suggested that some selective technicians can be sent to learn the latest EP management technology and experience from the advanced country. Meanwhile, on-post training should also be undertaken to improve the management level. 6.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan 6.2.1 Monitoring Objectives The main environmnental impacts due to the construction of JYRB result from the pollution caused by construction work-ers, water pollution caused by underwater foundation construction, noise generated from various construction machinery and blasting practices as well as soil erosion, flying dust and asphalt smog caused by earthworks, paving operation. when the bridge is put into operation, the waste gas, flying dust and noise caused by high speed vehicles running through the bridge will pollute the surroundings. In addition, the pollution resulted from the traffic accidents should also be considered. For these reasons, a overall environmental monitoring should be carried out to identify the pollution level and local environmental quality change timely and comprehensively, the monitoring is absolutely crucial to the bridge's environmental management. 6.2.2 Monitoring Institutes environmental monitoring department having qualifications belonging to H PCA will be responsible for the whole line monitoring during construction and operation period. 6.2.3 Routine Monitoring The monitoring will focus on air, water quality and noise. The monitoring patterns SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 127 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ENVIRONMENTTAL MONITORING PALN includes the fixed place monitoring, mobile style monitoring, fixed time and random time one or their combination. 6.2.3.1 Air Monitoring i Monitoring items: NOx, CO, TSP, Dust, THC (Dust only at stone pits and shortcuts) ii M91onitoring time and frequency construction stage: three times a week for dust, the rests are 6 phases a year, 3 days per phase and 4 times per day. operation stage: dust is excluded, the rests are 4 phases a year, 5 days per phase and 5 times per day. iii Monitoring points: Zhangjiadun of Junshan Town(KI74+250), Zhoujiagang(KI76+350), Huangjiawan(KI77+600), materials transport road(KI75+900)(except operation stage), Quarry Site of Zhuru Mountain of Caidian District(except operation stage) iv Monitoring technical criteria According to the existing Air Monitoring Standard Method issued by NEPA 6.2.3.2 Surface Water Monitoring i Monitoring items: pH, BOD5, DO, SS, Temperature, Oil ii Monitoring time and frequency: Construction stage: once a week Operation stage: 3 times a year(rainy, dry and normal season) iii Monitoring sections SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 128 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. PLAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PALN JYRB section (Weijiawvan Cross-section) two sampling points lOOm away from the both banks and one sampling point 0.5km down steam of JYRB, there are total 3 samnpling points. iv lMlonitoring technical criteria According to the present Water Quality Monitoring Standard Method issued by NEPA. 6.2.3.3 Noise Monitoring i Monitoring time and frequency Construction stage: three days a week, two times per day (including daytime and night) Operation stage: 4 phases a year, 3 days per phase and 2 times per day(including Sunday) ii Monitoring points: Zhangjiadun of Junshan Town(KI74+250), Zhouj iagang(K 176+350), Huangjiawan(K177+600), materials transport road(K175+900)(except operation stage), Quarry Site of Zhuru Mountain of Caidian District(except operation stage) iii Monitoring Technical Criteria: According to the present Noise Monitoring Standard Method issued by NEPA. 6.2.4 Monitoring on Unexpected Accident Although the occurrence possibility of such accident is small, its pollution level to local area is quite serious, as a result, a quick response group should be organized with mobile monitoring facilities to handle the monitoring in time. SHA.NGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 129 I PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 7 Public Participation JYRB is significant for final formation of JZNAH, HRNAH, Wuhan communication hub and out-ring road system, it has draw the great attention by all concerning parties. 7.1 Investigation Method In Sept. 1994, with the help of the relevant authorities of Wuhan City, a field survey and investigation to both Houshan and Weijiawan bridge sites of proposed JYRB was carried out. In order to solicit opinions from the public, twvo kinds of questionnaire sheets with multiple choice and filling sheet was distributed to local people, which is shown in table 7-1-1 and table 7-1-2, the summary is shown in table 7-1-3. 100 copies choice sheets and 95 copies sheets for filling were distributed, and 100 copies and 95 copies got back, the return rate is 100% and 98.8% respectively 7.2 People involving the Investigation In order to ensure the representativeness of the investigation, the people who attended the investigation was classified as follows: i Local government officials and experts who are familiar with local environment, they are from county level congress, political consultation committee, land administration, environment protection authorities, highway administration, etc. ii Neighbouring residents affected by the bridge who are from rural enterprises, Snail Fever prevention station, schools, villages and residential areas Among the above mentioned people, the youngest is 18 years old, the oldest is 66 years old, 97.9% involved people age from 20 to 60 years old with 78.7% of them whose eduction level is at high school or above. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 130 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Table 7-1-1 Questionnaire for JYRB of JZNAH Pr ject (Choice Sheet) Name Wang Zaiyun Occupation Teacher Education High School Age 36 Nationality Han Address Caidian District Junshan Primary School 1. The attitude to the project construction: (1) (1) support (2) indifferent (3)against 2. If the project need to move your house, your attitude is: (I) (1) cooperate actively (2) indifferent (3)against 3. If the project need to take over your land, your attitude is: (1) act according to the policy (2) unwillingness i 4. The effect of the project on economy to your living area (1) (1) promotion (2) on effect (3) negative effect 5. During construction, the most serious environmental problem is (1) (1) piling noise (2) dust (3) others 6. After the bridge open to traffic, the most harnful impact is (2) (I) exhausted gas of vehicles (2) traffic noise (3) others 7. The impact of the project on your employment opportunity (1) (I) increase (2) no impact (3) reduction 8. After the bridge open to traffic, what about your contact with outside (1) (1) more convenient (2) no impact (3)inconvenient SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 131 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Table 7-1-2 Questionnaire for JYRB of JZNAH Project (Filling Sheet) Name Yao Dunvou Occupation Deputy Education Training director School Age 42 Nsationality Han Address Junshan Town People's Government of Caidian District, Wuhan Attitude to the Project fully support Suggestions on the alignment Junshan Town selection and design of the bridge .- Effect of the project on local promoting local economic development economy Impact on resident's income the income of local people will be raised, their cultural live and cultural live Xill be improved Impact on local water None resource and historic sites Impact on local natural and None social environment Any local customs and social there are historic sites at Three Nations period(Large, Little background Junshan) Opinions to the land proceed on the official regulations requisition Opinions to houses proceed on the relevant policies demolition and relocation Opinion to the resettlement support and cooperate positively according to the relevant policies SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 132 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Table 7-1-3 Summarv of Public Participation No Item Percentage for each choice _____ ____ ____ _____ ____ ____ ____ _____ ____ ____ ____ (1) (2) (3) I The attitude to the project construction: 95.0 5.0 - (1) support (2) indifferent (3)against 2 If the project need to move your house, your attitude is: 91.0 9.0 (I) cooperate actively (2) indifferent (3)against 3 If the project need to takle over your land, your attitude is: 99.0 1.0 - (1) act according to the policy (2) unwillingness 4 The effect of the project on economy to your living area 97.0 2.0 1.0 (1) promotion (2) on effect (3)negative effect 5 During construction, the most serious environrnental problem is 37.0 55.0 8.0 (_I_ ) piling noise (2) dust (3) others 6 After the bridge open to traffic, the most harnful impact is 44.0 51.0 5.0 (I) exhausted gas of vehicles (2) traffic noise (3) others 7 The impact of the project on your employment opportunity 76.0 24.0 - (I) increase (2) no impact (3) reduction 8 After the bridge open to traffic, what about your contact with 95.0 5.0 - outside (1) more convenient (2) no impact (3)inconvenient SHA,NGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 133 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 7.3 Public Participation Investigation According to the statistics of the investigation results, the opinions and requirements of the local people to the proposed bridge can be summarized as follows: 7.3.1 Opinion on the Bridge Site and its Design i most people along the proposed bridge have no objection on the design ii local government hope that the entrance and exit can be built at the alignment of the bridge, in addition the grade separation can also be built at intersect to facilitate the local people. iii people hope that design and layout will be reasonable and rational, which should circumvent the existing buildings, hydraulic facilities and occupy as less arable land and houses as possible. 7.3.2 Attitudes on Bridge Construction rAmong the received 94 questionnaire sheets, 96.8% people support the bridge construction, 3.2% people hold the indifferent attitude. ii The development of communication and transport can speed up reform- and opening, ti is beneficial to both country and the people. iii The construction of the proposed bridge will not only improve the traffic system, but also bring about the regional economic prosperity. iv The public sincerely hope the bridge will be built and open to traffic as soon as possible. 7.3.3 Impact of Project on Local Economy All people think that the bridge construction will promote the local economic development. SHA.NGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 134 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ii Although the construction activities will occupy some farmland and influent agriculture production to some extent, the completion of the project can improve the investment environment, attract foreign input, promote the development of tertiary industry and speed up local economy. 7.3.4 Impact of Project on Local Natural and Social Environment i Impact on Rural Eco-environment: some plants have to be cut, animals have to be resettled; the natural environment including water source and air will be polluted more or less. ii Impact on Social Environment: part of farnland will be occupied, the kinds of crops have to be changed; the population in the region may increase, the economic and cultural live quality of local people will be improved. 7.4 Investigation on Sensitive Issues 7.4.1 Culture Background and Customs of People living along the Bridge Wuhan City is situated at the convergence of Yangtze River and Han River, Jing- Guang railway line passes through the city, which is the intersect of the proposed JZNAH and HRNAH as well, the city is composed of three Towns, i.e. Wuchang, Hankou and Hanyan by river separation. In ancient times, Hankou was called Xiakou which is one of most famous cities in ancient China, Wuchang and Hanvan was also well-known in history. At present, Wuhan has become the political, economic and cultural centre in Hubei Province, as a result, the advanced communication is desperately indispensable. 7.4.2 Opinion on Resettlement Houshan bridge site get through Junshan Town in north bank, where is near the vehicle ferry station, it is adjacent to No. 669 military camp and Wuchang Water Plant in south bank, where large amount of resettlement is needed including residents, houses, small factories and a prirnary school. SHRANGHI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 135 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Weijiawaan bridge site is located in lkm down strearn from Houshan bridge site, farmland is in its north bank and hilly area in south bank, which circumvents the town and ferry station, the resettlement load is little, which mainly is the scattered houses. The affected residents have to leave their original neighbourhood where they have been used to, and resettle in a new and strange environment. Even if they can get some economic compensation to set up new houses, they need to spend much time and efforts to restore production and life order. On the other hand, the original friendlv neighbourhood relationship may be estranged due to get apart. However, the investigation results is demonstrated that most people are cooperative willingly, they hope the demolition and resettlement shall be reduced to its minimum and save farmland and village as much as possible. As for the resettlement problem caused by the project construction, both production and living quality of residents should be taken into account, the detail plan should be made in advance so that the resettlement can be finished well, fast in one batch. Meanwhile, the careful ideological work should also be done. the farmland occupation by the construction will undoubtedly interfere with the local agriculture production, for instance Junshan in north bank of Weijiawan is mainly the cotton land, the proper arrangement should be made to satisfy the impacted fanners. Meanwhile, lots of rural labours will have to leave their job on fields, local authorities shall develop rural enterprises so that this part of farrners can get new occupation or participate in the project construction. This will alleviate the burden of the country, and also enable the farmers to have a satisfactory prospects. To those who need to build new houses, the economic compensation and house-base field should be taken into account, enable them not to suffer losses and have a better living quality as soon as possible. 7.4.3 Impact on water source, noise and landscape tourism site The proposed bridge is on the Large Junshan section of Yangtze River, the impact on water environment is mainly due to the pollution caused by pier construction which is easy to result in oil leakage, substrate silt resuspension, water stirring, etc. The contractor should draw great attention to mitigate the water pollution. Meanwhile, the self-purification of Yangtze river is helpful to cure the pollution due to its broad span and huge water volume. As far as water source protection is concerned, the recommended bridge site is superior to the Houshan bridge site. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 136 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Noise pollution in this project mainly result from construction facilities operation (such as concrete mixer, piling driver and so on) and quariy explosion practice as well as traffic noise when the bridge is opening to traffic. As long as the contractor formulate the strict operation regulation and require the workers to abide by it, the impact of noise can be reduced to its minimum. There are several scenic spots and historical sits scattered in Wuhan "Three Town", such as Wuchang East Lakle Landscape Zone, Hanyan Guiyuan Temple, the original address of Central Peasant Movement Lecture and representative office of No. 8 Army, Wuhan Yangtze River and so on, but all there locations are quite far from the proposed bridge site, so no adverse impact will be caused by project construction. On the contrary, after the bridge open to traffic, more tourists will come here due to facilitation of traffic, as a result, it will bring about the tourism prosperity, promote the development of tertiary industry and local economy. 7.5 Conclusions of Public Participation To sum up, the social and environrnental impact caused by JYRB construction can be summarized as following three aspects: i Impact on Economy The easy communication is absolutely significant to the prosperity of local rural economy, development of rural enterprises, attraction foreign investment. improving rural production output and living quality as well as income. The project is beneficial to reform agricultural structure, develop secondary and tertiary industries, harmonize the economic layout of Wuhan. it will play an promoting role in regional socio- economic development. ii Impact on Environmental Quality The project, regardless at the preparation stage, construction stage or operation stage, will undoubtedly have some impact on environmental quality, such as noise, dust, pollution of water, air and ecology. However, provided enough attention is paid with the proper measures, it is believed that the impact can be reduced to its minimum. iii Sensitive Issues on Land Requisition, Resettlement. Minorities and Tourism Sites SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 137 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION The land requisition and resettlement can result in farmland reduction, problems on employment and house demolition and rebuild, it is believed that all these can be solved as long as relevant laws and regulations is fully executed (such as land administration law) and proper arrangement is made. In addition, the secondary and tertiary industries will be developed vigorously and the economic structure will be built up harmonically. there is no any minorities living the concerning area, so no such impact is present. Along the line of proposed bridge, no tourism sites are found, therefore the impact on this issue is zero, on the contrary, the bridge construction uill promote the tourism development. Generally, the attitudes and opinions of local people to the project have been collected by means of broad enquiry. The proponent should fully take into account these opinions and suggestions and guarantee the living quality of the people concemed will not deteriorate owing to the project. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING-RESEARCH INSTITUTE 138 $ A I ALTERNATIVES 8 Alternatives 8.1 Alternatives on Bridge Siting In accordance with reviewing conclusions of project pre-feasibility study, two altemative bridge sites were set forth, i.e. Weijiawan bridge site and Houshan bridge site. the followning is the comparison analysis of two bridge site in views of environmental impact. Weijiawan bridge site is located in lkrn doNvn stream from Junshan Town, the width between two bank- levees is 1100-1200m, the bridge axis intersects the water flow and main navigation line in right angle, the river bed is in U type with lowest water level of minus 5.9m, the width of river is 800-1 00m at the normal water level, the highest flood level is 27.64m, the h.ighest navigation water level(1/20 frequency) is 27.1 Om, the maximum flood peak flow rate is 78800m3/s with minimum one of m3/s, ordinary annual mean flow rate is 20600m3/s, the maximum surface flow velocity is 3m/s. Houshan bridge site is situated in Junshan Town and Junshan vehicle ferry station to its left bank-, the approach and the connected road get through Junshan Town and hilly area, its right bank} is 200m upper strearn from Longchuanji, which pass through the adjacent area of Wuchang Water Plant and the military camp, the terrain of both banks is higher than that in Weijiawan bridge site, while the hydrographic and geological status is similar to one in Weijiawan bridge site. Because Houshan bridge site is near Tieban Island of upper reaches, so water flow and navigation way varies with water level greatly, especially the last end of Tieban Island is quite near the bridge site, the navigation adjustment distance for ships is very short, it will undermine the navigation. In addition, the river flow rate in Houshan bridge is quicker than one in Weijiawan bridge site, and the bridge axis intersects the water flow and main navigation line in a angle of 80 degree, it is difficult to be adjusted to 90 degree. There are five altemative bridge sites put forward in pre- feasibility study stage, after screening, Houshan bridge site and Weijiawan bridge site are selected to fiurther study, at that time, Houshan bridge site was recommended, but after detail investigation and study in EIA stage, the preference situation is changed: The advantages of Houshan bridge site are: short bridge length, high terrain and comparatively low construction cost, while its disadvantages is remarkable: the alignment at left bank pass through Junshan Town with heavy resettlement amount. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 139 ALTERNATIVES ii impact the vehicle ferry station and its administration building at left bank. iii at right bank, the military camp and Wuchang Water Plant as well as its subsidiary facilities such as underground pipe lines will have to be demolished and/or relocated, so the difficulty and compensation expenses are high. iv an oil wharf will be impacted at right bank. v the geological condition of the right bank is bener than one of the left bank-, but it is generally inferior to one in Weijiawan bridge site. vi the navigation and flood proof will be undermined due to the present of Tiebangzhou and Longchuanji. Apart from relatively longer bridge line and lower terrain of its connected road, the Weijiawan bridge is obviously superior to Houshan bridge site in all other aspects. the followings are the environmental impacts imposed by the bridge site: Requisition and Compensation The left bank of Houshan bridge site mainly concems Junshan Town of Caidian District and Junshan Vehicle Ferry Station, the alignment of bridge head will pass through the town centre, ferry station and its administration building, lots of neighbourhood houses, some small factories, one primary school, existing vehicle ferry left station and its administration building as well as part of existing road need to be demolished and/or resettled. On the right bank, part of Wuchang water plant and non-important houses and facilities of military camp will be resettled, a fuel wharf of military camp will also be affected. The consultation was conducted with all conceming parties, although most of them agree resettlement, it is quite difficult to settle the new address and need a lot of compensation budget, the interference to production and live is serious, some key requisition project require overelaborate procedures, especially for military camp resettlement. Weijiawan bridge site is located 1 km down reaches from Houshan bridge site, which circunvent the Junshan Town, Junshan Water Plant, the military camp and its fuel wharf, the left bank of it is mainly dry, low and spare lands with little resettlement, the dry and slope lands are SHAiNGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 140 ALTERNATIVES dominated at the right bank, only small amount of residents need to be resettled, therefore less requisition and compensation is required for Weijiaxvan bridge site. Conclusively, Weijiaawan bridge site is superior to Houshan bridge site on the issues of requisition, compensation, impacts on production and live, etc. ii Impact of agricultural and forestry layout and other planning on engineering The engineering area is located in the southwest of Wuhan City, it is investigated that no agricultural and forestry plan is made for this area, in addition, in views of natural condition of planning scope, the planned Wuhan Jingkou Industrial Development Zone and its harbour will be affected a little by Weijiawan bridge site, to Houshan bridge site, more impacts may be occurred, because there is no any detail arrangement but a overall development aims is set for the zone and harbour, it is difficult to identify the detail impact. iii Impact on air, water and noise Due to Houshan bridge site will pass through the Junshan Town centre, neighbours to Wuchang water plant and military camp, therefore the proposed bridge do have some impacts on surroundings. In accordance with EIA, after the bridge is opening to traffic, the traffic exhausted gas discharge will not cause serious air pollution to the area closely near the two bridge sites, however, the air condition in the area of Junshan Primary School and Junshan Town in long term at Houshan bridge site will exceed the standard, while only Huangjiawan of Weijiawan bridge site is over standard with small impact due to small amount of villagers there. According to the results of noise assessment, the sensitive targets along the Weijiawan bridge site are far from the noise source, and the village scale is small, so the impact caused by noise is quite slight, the noise levels in short, medium and long termn all attain the standard. On the contrary, there are several sensitive targets near Houshan bridge site, the noise levels at the military camp and Wuchang Water Plant in medium and long term exceed the standard to some extent. As far as water environmental impact is concerned, Houshan bridge site SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 141 ALTERNATIVES is quite near Wuchang Water Plant, the bridge construction will bring about some adverse impact on the water intake. From above analysis, it is demonstrated that Weijiawan bridge site is superior to Houshan bridge site on the aspects of air, noise and water impacts. To sum up, a summary table can be drafted according to the results of above engineering and environment comparison, which is shown in table 8-1 -1 . Table 8-1-1 The sumrnmary of bridge sites comparison Indicator Weijiawan | Houshan Highway Grade hilly area express highway with 6 lanes Design Load grade extra 20 for normal vehicle, grade 120 for hanging vehicle Navigation Grade inland waters navigation standard grade I and class II Mileas2e(m) 5000 Geological Condition good generally good at right bank, poor at left bank Impact on Navigation little adverse Requisition and small arnount of large amount of resettlement including Resettlement resettlement, easy to Junshan Town, Junshan Primary handle School, Wuchang Water Plant, Junshan Vehicle Ferry Station and Military Camp, difficult to handle Impact on Air very little little LInpact on Noise very little a bit large Impact on Water little a bit little Investment similar comparatively low 8.2 Alternatives on Bridge Structure Yangtze River is the largest river and the golden inland navigation waterway in China, the bridge structure determination and its construction must consider in depth including geology, navigation, waterways, hydrology, topography and so on. According to the initial reviewing result of pre-feasibility study, three bridge SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 142 ALTERNATIVES structure altematives are put fornvard for companson, i.e. consecutive rigid structure bridge, cable stay bridge and suspension bridge. The consecutive T type rigid structure bridge is featured simple construction process, low cost, easy maintenance, but less beauty, more underwater construction, interfering with navigation during construction, and long construction period due to climate reasons. The cable stay bridge is featured moderate span, good navigation capacity, lower in cost, beauty, few underwater construction, less construction difficultv, which can represent China's engineering design and construction level of 1990s. The suspension bridge is featured: i single span, the structure looks magnificent and harmony ii excellent navigation capacity without piers in the river, which is favourable to levee stability and security. iii very few underwater construction operation iv large steel consumption, high construction cost v due to large span, difficult to construction Among three altemative bridge structures, the consecutive T type rigid structure is the ideal structure due to its low cost, simple construction process, easy maintenance, however, the strict navigation management must be enforce during the construction stage. The cable stay bridge structure own the characters of large span, beauty, rich experience in design and construction, but high cost and difficulty in construction arrangement. The suspension bridge structure is featured high construction cost, great difficulty in construction, and relatively poor stability, the geological condition of bridge site can match the requirement of such structure, therefor this proposal is on bottom of the list. As far as the environmental impact is concerned, it is mainly the impact on water quality during the overwater construction. As mentioned in section of water quality impact assessment, the cable stay bridge has wide span with fewer underwater piers(Weijiawan bridge site, 460m of single span, 2 underwater piers), which impact on water quality is less than the consecutive T type structure(Weijiawan bridge site, 240m of single span, 6 underwater piers). No underwater pier is needed for the suspension bridge, so the impact on water quality is least, but for the reasons mentioned above, this proposal will not be considered any more. Table 8-1-2 refers SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 143 ALTERNATIVES to the sumrnary of bridge structure comparison. Table 8-1-2 Surnmarv of Bridee Structure Comparison Item T Type Rigid Cable Stay Bridge Suspension Bridg-e Structure Bridge_ Length(m) 2010 1934 1987 Main Opening Span(m) 240 460 1020 Structure Stability good good fair Number of Piers in 6 2 0 Riverbed Navigation Navigation 3 2 1 Openings Assessment fair good excellent Constructio Upper easy not easy very difficulty n Structure Foundation difficulty not easy easy Key Element underwater underwater upper structure construction construction and upper structure Construction Duration 3.5 years 3.5 years 4 years Cost(billion RMB) 1.15 1.44 1.92 Technical Level normal advanced advanced Water Quality Impact by some little slight Construction Reconimendation No.1 recommended No.2 proposal reconmmended proposal Conclusively, it is reasonable to recommend the consecutive T type rigid structure bridge and the cable stay bridge as two altematives at the stage of feasibility study, the further optimization is required in preliminary design stage to satisfy both engineering benefits and environmental benefits. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 144 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9 Conclusion and Recommendation 9.1 Conclusions The following conclusions have been made according to the results of the engineerng analysis, existing environment investigation and prediction as well as environmental protection mitigation measures for proposed JYRB. 9.1.1 Bridge Construction i Wuhan JYRB is at the intersect of JZNAH and HRNAH, the construction of twvo national artery highway constitute the key highway framework of Hubei Province, which will play an important role in improving provincial communication network, expanding outward exchange and promoting further economic development. ii JYRB and its stretching section is a part of out-ring road of Wuhan, it is positive to alleviate city's traffic congestion and form traffic network initially. To satisfy the demands of communication development, the express highway standard is adopted to construct the bridge and its connected road with 6 lanes, Grade I Class II inland waters navigation standard is adopted to ensure the navigation clearance. All these decisions are suitable and reasonable. iii By comparison, Weijiawan bridge site is superior to Houshan bridge site, the recommended bridge structures are the consecutive T type rigid structure and the cable stay bridge. 9.1.2 Existing Environmental Quality i Air Quality According to the results of existing air quality investigation and assessment, the background status of NOx, CO TSP is fair, their five-day mean concentration meet the assessment standard, i.e. Class II standard of "National Air Environmental Quality Standard". SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 145 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ii Noise and Vibration The acoustic and vibration environment is fair along the proposed line, the noise levels at all measuring points are lower than the permissible values of the standard. iii Water Quality The results of water quality monitoring are demonstrated that pH, BODs, Oil, Permanganate Index at six sampling points all attain the Class I-II water quality standard, which meet the assessment standard. The average value of SS at all monitoring points is from 186 to 395.5 mg/I. iv Eco-environment (i) Yangtze River is the key habitat and pathway for river migratory fishes. The Yangtze River section where the proposed project located is in the dispersing range of Class I national conservative aquatic animals such as LVM, ASG and PGM, but not in the main region of activities. (ii) The area which the proposed engineering will pass through is a part of Jianghan Plain, where is the key production area for grain, vegetables and cash crops. The vegetation cover along the line is quite low, most species are in the situation of bushes and grassy hill. The soil erosion in the proposed engineering area mainly attribute to area erosion and gully erosion. 9.13 Environmental Impact at Construction Stage i Impact on Air Quality During construction, the main air pollution results from short term dust pollution which is due to concrete mixing, vehicle transport and quarry operation. As long as effective measures are taken, the dust pollution can be reduced to its minimnum. ii Noise During construction, the noise level of the area 15m away from the construction SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING:RESEARCH INSTITUTE 146 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS machines can reach 75-105dB(A), which will cause significant impact on surroundings, so the effective measures is necessary. iii Impact on Water Quality During construction, water stirring and substrate silt resuspension will result in adverse impact on water quality, the boring pile construction process is applied in this project with slight impact on water quality. Provided the effective measures are taken, the water quality impact caused by domestic sewage of work}ers and stormn rain runoff can be reduced to minimum extend. iv Impact on Aquatic Ecology (i) For years ecological investigation at mid and down reaches of Yangtze River has shown that human activities such as over fishing and high developed navigation are the main reasons for decrease of the precious aquatic animals such as LVM, ASG and PGM. The bridge construction will not endanger aquatic animals and their living environment so long as necessary measures are taken. (ii) The boring pile process is adopted during the underwater pier. construction, which can greatly reduce the adverse impacts caused by substrate silt resuspension, the waste silt generated by drilling will be disposed at a designated site by barge, therefore, little impact will be caused by the engineering dredge practises and water silt disposal. The substrate silt quality at Wuhan section of Yangtze River is fair, small amount of silt resuspension caused by dredging practices will not result in serious pollution. (iii) No precious wild aniimals which belong to the national conservative species are found around the bridge sites, even ordinary wild animals are rare in the area, so no adverse impact on wild animals is existing. v Impact on Cultural Relics and Historic Sites No important cultural relics and historic sites are found along the proposed JYRB, therefore no impact needs to be considered. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 147 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9.1.4 Environmental Impact at Operation Stage i Impact on Air Quality Once JYRB is completed and open to traffic, under the prevailing wind condition, the air pollution caused by vehicle exhausted gas is limited in short and medium term, the air quality can attain Class II air quality standard, NOx may be over standard at some sensitive points in lonQ term. ii Noise As prediction, for recommended bridge site, the noise impact on the sensitive points is quite limited due to the relatively long distance from the bridge and small village scale, the noise level in short, medium and long term can meet the relevant standard. At Houshan bridge site, noise level at several sensitive points will exceed the standard, especially at the military carnp and Wuchang Water Plant in medium and long term. iii Impact on Aquatic Animals It is believed that the amount of lead containing chemical emitted from exhausted gas is low enough, so that no adverse impact on the aquatic animals will occur. iv Impact on Socio-economy JYRB is a part of JZNAH and HRNAH as well as planned Wuhan out- ring road, which is combined with national artery highway construction, city expansion and Wuhan out-ring road construction, so it is significant to perfect country's overall communication layout, promote national economic development. The construction of JYRB will greatly alleviate the traffic congestion situation of Wuhan, improve the investment environment and speed up economic development of Wuhan. SLANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 148 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9.1.5 Environmental Protection Mlitigation Mleasures To draw maximum socio-economic benefits from JYRB and mitigate its adverse impact, the following evrnntal protection measures have been considered at the planning and design stage of JYRB: (i) rational soil borrowving for bridge connected road construction (ii) set up enough crossing passway to easy local people (iii) set up well equipped drainage system and roadbed protection system ii The following mitigation measures are set forth to reduce the envirorinmental impact during the construction stage (i) the vehicles and boats loading dusty materials in bulk should be covered with canvas to prevent from dispersing, the ones loading stone and sand must not be overloaded and fallen apart (ii) the watering cars should be equipped at the route of tranisport line to water regularly so that the fly dust can be restricted effectively. (iii) lime, cement, sand and stone should be blended in stations which location must be carefully selected. (iv) the asphalt melting process should be conducted in a sealed process with dusters. (v) it is indispensable to select the low noise construction machines, approaches, sites, regular maintenance should be available to keep the facilities in good condition. (vi) the facilities with high noise such as piling drivers should not be -opemated at the area of village, and at night. A reasonable operation timetable should be mapped out. (vii) the boring pile construction process will be employed for piers foundation construction to reduce the substrate silt resuspension, the waste silt will be disposed at a designated SHAiNGHAI SHIP & SHIIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 149 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS site. (viii) the sewage generated by worker camp should not be discharged directly into the river, which should be collected and treated on the bank. (ix) Strengthen the observation to precious aquatic animals and take necessary protecting measures such as keeping away if by any case some precious aquatic animals passes through. (x) If any cultural relics and historic remains are discovered during the construction stage, the prompt information should be given to concerning department, the construction activities should be quitted if necessary. iii The following environmental protection measures are recommended when the bridge is opening to traffic (i) improving vehicle's quality, installing waste gas purification facilities, reducing pollutants discharge and noise. (ii) the service installations such as car park, gas station shall not be located in the air sensitive area, the lands should be utilized rationally with different function zoning, plantation of tree and grass at the sides of road and side slope should be encouraged to reduce air pollution, noise and beautify the surroundings. (iii) a 100m long and 20m wide green belt shall be set up at the Huangjiawan road section where air quality may exceed the standard. (iv) a leading group should be arranged to handle with the unexpected accidents, once the accident happens, the emergency arrangement, such as personnel, vehicles, facilities, first aid, should be taken to limit the accidental scope in minimum. SHA4NGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 150 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9.1.6 Environmental Mlanagement Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan A bridge environmental protection administration institute should be established to implement the environmental protection plan and monitoring plan of each stage and cope with the unexpected accidents. 9.1.7 Public Participation By' means of extensive inquiry of all concerning authorities and local people, most people hold a understanding and support attitude to the bridge construction, the opinions and suggestions which is closely concemed by local people should be considered properly and adopted reasonably. 9.1.8 Alternatives In views of both construction condition and environmental protection, the recommended Weijiawan bridge site is superior to optional Houshan bridge site. it is reasonable to recomnmend the consecutive T type rigid structure bridge and the cable stav bridge as two altematives at the stage of feasibility study, the fiurther optimization is required in preliminary design stage. 9.2 Recommendation JYRB of JZNAH possess not only the magnificent socio-economic benefits, the bridge itself will also generate remarkable benefits. Although it may cause some environmental impact, such negative impacts can be mitigated provided that effective monitoring and environmental protection measures are carried out so as to protect the living environment and improve the living quality of local people. Conclusively, in consideration of either environmental protection, social benefits, economic benefits, the JYRB construction is feasible. SHANGHAI SHIP & SHIPPING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 151 a K 4 APPENDIX The Statement About the Present Situation of LVM Due to the influence of.human activities, the quantity of LVM decreased seriously. We think that there are about 1fiTLVMs in the Yangtze River by the means of photo judging in 1989 and 1990. We found only one LVM three times through the investigation from Wuhan to Yangtze River Estuary in the later half of 1994. In recent years, catching operations are taken at the Tiane Islet (the natural conservation area) and Tongling (the breeding farm) yearly, and sometimes few LVMs can be found, sometimes no one can be found in several months. According to these situations, we consider that there are tens of LVMs living in Yangtze River. c 1o "The Yangt7i River section irK Junshan of Wuhan', is in the range LVM dispersi but not in the main area of-activitie§--nhw. The possibility ofTLVVM appearing is little, and it is passing through occasionally if someone is found. Suggestion is that the observation must be strengthened and protection measures must be taken when LVM is found. To conserving the LVMs, the natural conservation area of 135 km long in the Yangtze River section from Luoshan to Xintankou and the semi-natural breeding farms at Ton_ling of Anhui and Tiane Islet of Shishou have been set up. Zhou Kaiya (professor) Biology Department of Nanjing Normal University August 19,1996 Note: Professor Zhou Kaiya is Member of Cetacean Specialist Group of IUCN/SSC, the Chairman of Asian River Dolphin Committee. IiutI C.cograph~ic Location of JlucjW pn)vij~cr in Chlina \j.7 I. --~------ 7j-1 I\~ 14~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L L|y clwrid g aLlollfC 11 t[Gographic liocafion or thc Prvjccl in IlIbci riwitfcC Coy Cntlv 1.¢v1- t r ; Shanxi Plf)vnkCe' .Nttc so- .49us ,dl e,2Xpoic ~ >, B- > |tEn2nmo"ct ...rs _____ _ - / J= A nh In~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I S X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- t X. Vt AnW. J ^OsO( toV) - - t >: f ~ J,,,sxj Pro-MCC I~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I,t _ l >~~~~~~~ri ~~~50 Figmv HI The Locaioni of JYRB of JZNAH .~~~~ ~ -,d' . .c~ -c t v~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -' I~ ~~~~~~~~~' C3 - - *1___ -__~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Lce Ii - ,-.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i-o. MO-o - Figui-e V Enviromental Mnitoiin Chai fo__JYR I